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diff --git a/28641.txt b/28641.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81b4a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/28641.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23274 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The History of Dartmouth College, by Baxter Perry Smith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The History of Dartmouth College + +Author: Baxter Perry Smith + +Release Date: April 30, 2009 [EBook #28641] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE *** + + + + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: Portrait] + + + + +THE HISTORY + +OF + +Dartmouth College. + +BY + +BAXTER PERRY SMITH. + +BOSTON: + +HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY. + +The Riverside Press, Cambridge. + +1878. + + + + +Copyright, 1878, + +by Baxter Perry Smith. + +The Riverside Press, Cambridge: + +_Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company._ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +In the preparation of this work the writer has deemed it better to let +history, as far as possible, tell its own story, regarding reliability +as preferable to unity of style. + +The imperfect records of all our older literary institutions, limit +their written history, in large measure, to a record of the lives and +labors of their teachers. + +To the many friends of the college, and others, who have kindly given +their aid, the writer is under large obligations. + +The following names deserve especial notice: Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, +Hon. Charles L. Woodbury, Hon. R. R. Bishop, Wm. H. Duncan, Esq., +Richard B. Kimball, Esq., Rev. Eden B. Foster, D.D., Hon. James +Barrett, N. C. Berry, Esq., Dr. F. E. Oliver, Hon. J. E. Sargent, Dr. +C. A. Walker, Hon. A. O. Brewster, Hon. A. A. Ranney, Dr. W. M. +Chamberlain, Hon. James W. Patterson, Rev. Carlos Slafter, Hon. J. B. +D. Cogswell, Gen. John Eaton, Rev. H. A. Hazen, Rev. S. L. B. Speare, +H. N. Twombly, Esq., Caleb Blodgett, Esq., Hon. Benj. F. Prescott, Dr. +C. H. Spring, Prof. C. O. Thompson, Hon. Frederic Chase, Rev. W. J. +Tucker, D.D., L. G. Farmer, Esq., and N. W. Ladd, Esq. + +With profound gratitude he mentions also the name of Hon. Nathan +Crosby, but for whose valuable pecuniary aid the publication of the +work must have been delayed; and the names of Hon. Joel Parker, Hon. +William P. Haines, Hon. John P. Healy, Hon. Lincoln F. Brigham, John +D. Philbrick, Esq., Dr. Jabez B. Upham, Hon. Harvey Jewell, and Hon. +Walbridge A. Field, who have aided in a similar manner. Particular +mention should also be made of the kindness of gentlemen connected +with numerous libraries, especially that of Mr. John Ward Deane, and +Mr. Albert H. Hoyt, and the late J. Wingate Thornton, Esq., of the New +England Historic-Genealogical Society, by whose kindness the writer +was furnished with the valuable letter from David McClure to General +Knox, and Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, D.D., and Dr. Samuel A. Green, of the +Massachusetts Historical Society, to whom he is indebted for the +invaluable list of English donations given in the Appendix. Valuable +aid has been rendered also by Messrs. Kimball and Secor, of the New +Hampshire State and State Historical Society Libraries, at Concord. In +this connection the well known names of W. S. Butler, Prof. F. B. +Dexter, Hon. C. J. Hoadley, F. B. Perkins, Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull, +and Hon. E. P. Walton also deserve notice. + +The writer is deeply indebted to Hon. John Wentworth, of Chicago, for +his kindness in examining the more important portions of the work +previous to its publication. + +For the carefully-prepared draught of the original college edifice, +the writer is indebted to the artistic skill of Mr. Arthur Bruce +Colburn. + +In closing, especial mention should be made of the kindness of Prof. +Charles Hammond, Marcus D. Gilman, Esq., and others representing the +family of the founder, of the family of Hon. Elisha Payne, an early +and honored Trustee, of the Trustees and Faculty of the college, and +the courteous liberality of the publishers. + +BAXTER P. SMITH. + +Brookline, Mass., _June_, 1878. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +CHAPTER I. + + Introduction 1 + +CHAPTER II. + + Ancestry and Early Life of Eleazar Wheelock.--His Settlement + at Lebanon.--Establishment of the Indian Charity + School.--Mr. Joshua More 6 + +CHAPTER III. + + Education in New Hampshire.--Action in Regard to a + College.--Testimonial of Connecticut Clergymen.--Legislative + Grant to Mr. Wheelock 15 + +CHAPTER IV. + + A College Contemplated by Mr. Wheelock.--Lord + Dartmouth.--Occom and Whitaker in Great Britain 23 + +CHAPTER V. + + Sir William Johnson.--Explorations for a Location.--Advice + of English Trustees 29 + +CHAPTER VI. + + A College Charter 40 + +CHAPTER VII. + + President Wheelock's Personal Explorations in New + Hampshire.--Location at Hanover 49 + +CHAPTER VIII. + + Commencement of Operations.--Course of Study.--Policy of + Administration 57 + +CHAPTER IX. + + Progress to the Death of President Wheelock.--Prominent + Features of his Character 65 + +CHAPTER X. + + Progress During the Administration of the Second President, + John Wheelock 76 + +CHAPTER XI. + + Lack of Harmony Between President Wheelock and Other + Trustees.--Removal of the President From Office.--Estimate + of His Character 88 + +CHAPTER XII. + + Administration of President Brown.--Contest Between The + College and the State.--Triumph of the College 100 + +CHAPTER XIII. + + Character of President Brown.--Tributes by Professor + Haddock And Rufus Choate 117 + +CHAPTER XIV. + + Progress From 1820 to 1828.--Administrations of President + Dana and President Tyler 126 + +CHAPTER XV. + + Inauguration of President Lord 143 + +CHAPTER XVI. + + The Policy of the College, its Progress and Enlargement + under President Lord's Administration from 1828 to 1863 157 + +CHAPTER XVII. + + Character of President Lord 168 + +CHAPTER XVIII. + + Administration of President Smith 177 + +CHAPTER XIX. + + Inauguration of President Bartlett 190 + +CHAPTER XX. + + Prof. John Smith.--Prof. Sylvanus Ripley.--Prof. Bezaleel + Woodward 211 + +CHAPTER XXI. + + Prof. John Hubbard.--Prof. Roswell Shurtleff 225 + +CHAPTER XXII. + + Prof. Ebenezer Adams.--Prof. Zephaniah S. Moore.--Prof. + Charles B. Haddock 241 + +CHAPTER XXIII. + + Prof. William Chamberlain.--Prof. Daniel Oliver.--Prof. + James Freeman Dana 256 + +CHAPTER XXIV. + + Prof. Benjamin Hale.--Prof. Alpheus Crosby.--Prof. Ira + Young 276 + +CHAPTER XXV. + + Prof. Stephen Chase.--Prof. David Peabody.--Prof. William + Cogswell 298 + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + Prof. John Newton Putnam.--Prof. John S. Woodman.--Prof. + Clement Long.--Other Teachers 316 + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + Medical Department.--Professors Nathan Smith, Reuben D. + Mussey, Dixi Crosby, Edmund R. Peaslee, Albert Smith, and + Alpheus B. Crosby--Other Teachers 339 + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + + The Chandler Scientific Department.--The Agricultural + Department.--The Thayer Department of Civil Engineering 367 + +CHAPTER XXIX. + + Benefactors.--Trustees 380 + +CHAPTER XXX. + + Labors of Dartmouth Alumni.--Conclusion 395 + + + + +DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The most valuable part of a nation's history portrays its institutions +of learning and religion. + +The alumni of a college which has moulded the intellectual and moral +character of not a few of the illustrious living, or the more +illustrious dead,--the oldest college in the valley of the +Connecticut, and the only college in an ancient and honored +State,--would neglect a most fitting and beautiful service, should +they suffer the cycles of a century to pass, without gathering in some +modest urn the ashes of its revered founders, or writing on some +modest tablet the names of its most distinguished sons. + +The germ of Dartmouth College was a deep-seated and long-cherished +desire, of the foremost of its founders, to elevate the Indian race in +America. + +The Christian fathers of New England were not unmindful of the claims +of the Aborigines. The well-directed, patient, and successful labors +of the Eliots, Cotton, and the Mayhews, and the scarcely less valuable +labors of Treat and others, fill a bright page in the religious +history of the seventeenth century. To numerous congregations of red +men the gospel was preached; many were converted; churches were +gathered, and the whole Bible--the first printed in America--was given +them in their own language. + +This interest in the Indian was not confined to our own country, in +the earlier periods of our history. In Great Britain, sovereigns, +ecclesiastics, and philosophers recognized the obligations +providentially imposed upon them, to aid in giving a Christian +civilization to their swarthy brethren, who were sitting in the +thickest darkness of heathenism in the primeval forests of the New +World. Societies, as well as individuals, manifested a deep and +practical interest in the work. + +We can only touch upon some of the more salient points of this +subject. But it is especially worthy of note, that the elevation of +the Indian race, by the education of its youth, was not an idea of New +England, nor indeed of American, birth. + +In Stith's "History of Virginia" (p. 162), we find in substance the +following statements: At an early period in the history of this State, +attempts were made to establish an institution of learning of a high +order. In 1619, the treasurer of the Virginia Company, Sir Edwin +Sandys, received from an unknown hand five hundred pounds, to be +applied by the Company to the education of a certain number of Indian +youths in the English language and in the Christian religion. Other +sums of money were also procured, and there was a prospect of being +able to raise four or five thousand pounds, for the endowment of a +college. The king favored the design, and recommended to the bishops +to have collections made in their dioceses, and some fifteen hundred +pounds were gathered on this recommendation. The college was designed +for the instruction of English, as well as Indian, youths. The Company +appropriated ten thousand acres of land to this purpose, at Henrico, +on James River, a little below the present site of Richmond. The plan +of the college was, to place tenants at halves on these lands, and to +derive its income from the profits. The enterprise was abandoned in +consequence of the great Indian massacre, in 1622, although operations +had been commenced, and a competent person had been secured to act as +president. This is believed to have been the first effort to found a +college in America. + +Passing to the middle of the century, we find the distinguished +Christian philosopher, Robert Boyle, appointed governor of "a company +incorporated for the propagation of the gospel among the heathen +natives of New England, and the parts adjacent in America," and that, +after his decease, in 1691, a portion of his estate was given, by the +executors of his will, to William and Mary's College, which was +possibly, in a measure, the outgrowth of the efforts of Mr. Sandys and +his coadjutors, for the support of Indian students. + +In 1728, Col. William Byrd, in writing upon this subject, laments "the +bad success Mr. Boyle's charity has had in converting the natives," +which was owing in part, at least, to the fact, that the interest of +their white brethren in their welfare was confined chiefly to their +residence at college. + +Pursuing these researches, we come to the name of another +distinguished British scholar and divine, George Berkeley, who has +been styled "the philosopher" of the reign of George II. + +We quote a portion of a letter relating to his educational plans, from +Dean Swift to Lord Carteret, Lieutenant of Ireland, dated Sept. 3, +1724, in which he says: + +"He showed me a little tract which he designs to publish, and +there your Excellency will see his whole scheme of a life +academico-philosophic, of a college at Bermuda for Indian scholars and +missionaries. I discourage him by the coldness of courts and +ministers, who will interpret all this as impossible and a vision, but +nothing will do. And therefore I do humbly entreat your Excellency +either to use such persuasions as will keep one of the first men in +this kingdom for learning and virtue quiet at home, or assist him by +your credit to compass his romantic design, which, however, is very +noble and generous, and directly proper for a great person of your +excellent education to encourage." + +The pamphlet alluded to begins, as one of his biographers informs us, +by lamenting "that there is at this day little sense of religion and a +most notorious corruption of manners in the English colonies settled +on the continent of America, and the islands," and that "the Gospel +hath hitherto made but very inconsiderable progress among the +neighboring Americans, who still continue in much the same ignorance +and barbarism in which we found them above a hundred years ago." After +stating what he believes to be the causes of this state of things, he +propounds his plan of training young natives, as missionaries to their +countrymen, and educating "the youth of our English plantations," to +fill the pulpits of the colonial churches. His biographer is +doubtless correct in the opinion, that "it was on the savages, +evidently, that he had his heart." + +He obtained a charter from the crown for his proposed college, and a +promise, never fulfilled, of large pecuniary aid from the government, +and early in 1729 he arrived in America, settling temporarily at +Newport, R. I. Failing to accomplish his purpose, he remained in this +country but two or three years, yet long enough to form the +acquaintance of many eminent men, and among them President Williams, +of Yale College. + +Finding that there was no prospect of receiving the promised aid for +his college, Berkeley returned to England in 1731. Soon after, in +addition to a large and valuable donation of books for the library, he +sent as a gift, to Yale, a deed of his farm in Rhode Island, the rents +of which he directed to be appropriated to the maintenance or aid of +meritorious resident graduates or under-graduates. + +Although he failed to carry out his plan of establishing a college +himself, in America, perhaps he "builded better than he knew." Most +fitting is it, as we shall see hereafter, for the current literature +of our day to place in intimate association, the names of Boyle, +Berkeley, and Dartmouth. + +Passing to 1734, we find Rev. John Sergeant commencing missionary +labor among the Indians at Stockbridge, Mass. After a trial of a few +years, he writes in a manner showing very plainly that he believes +civilization essential to any permanent success. In one of his letters +to Rev. Dr. Colman, of Boston, he says: "What I propose, in general, +is, to take such a method in the education of our Indian children as +shall in the most effectual manner change their whole manner of +thinking and acting, and raise them as far as possible into the +condition of a civil, industrious, and polished people, while at the +same time the principles of virtue and piety shall be instilled into +their minds in a way that will make the most lasting impression, and +withal to introduce the English language among them instead of their +own barbarous dialect." + +"And now to accomplish this design, I propose to procure an +accommodation of 200 acres of land in this place (which may be had +gratis of the Indian proprietors), and to erect a house on it such as +shall be thought convenient for a beginning, and in it to maintain a +number of children and youth." He proposes "to have their time so +divided between study and labor that one shall be the diversion of the +other, so that as little time as possible may be lost in idleness," +and, "to take into the number, upon certain conditions, youths from +any of the other tribes around." His plan included both sexes. Mr. +Sergeant died in 1749. Besides accomplishing much himself, he laid the +foundations for the subsequent labors of Jonathan Edwards. + +This rapid glance at the earlier efforts in behalf of the Aborigines +of our country, shows that the next actor upon the stage, undaunted by +any lack of success on their part, measurably followed in the +footsteps of learned and philanthropic predecessors. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE OF ELEAZAR WHEELOCK.--HIS SETTLEMENT AT +LEBANON, CONN.--ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDIAN CHARITY SCHOOL.--MR. +JOSHUA MORE. + + +Eleazar Wheelock, the leading founder of Dartmouth College, was a +great-grandson of Ralph Wheelock, a native of Shropshire, in England, +through whom Dartmouth traces her academic ancestry to the ancient and +venerable Clare Hall, at Cambridge, where he graduated in 1626, the +contemporary of Thomas Dudley, Samuel Eaton, John Milton, John Norton, +Thomas Shepard, and Samuel Stone. + +Coming a few years later to this country, he became a useful and an +honored citizen of the then new, but now old, historic town of Dedham, +from which place he removed to Medfield, being styled "founder" of +that town, where he remained till his death. He devoted his time +largely to teaching, although, having been educated for the ministry, +he rendered valuable service to the infant community as an occasional +preacher. His name is also conspicuous among the magistrates and +legislators of that period.[1] + + [1] His daughter Rebecca married John Craft, whose birth is the + earliest on record among the pioneer settlers at Roxbury. Some + of his descendants (by another marriage) are conspicuous in + history. Medfield records connect the names of Fuller, + Chenery, and Morse with the Wheelock family. + +In the character of his son, Eleazar Wheelock, of Mendon, we are told +there was a union of "the Christian and the soldier." Having command +of a corps of cavalry, he was "very successful in repelling the +irruptions of the Indians," although he treated them with "great +kindness," in times of peace. From him, his grandson and namesake +received "a handsome legacy for defraying the expenses of his public +education," and from him, too, he doubtless acquired, in some +measure, that peculiar interest in the Indian race which so largely +moulded his character and guided the labors of his life. + +Near the time of Ralph Wheelock's arrival in America, were two other +arrivals worthy of notice: that of Thomas Hooker, at Cambridge, "the +one rich pearl with which Europe more than repaid America for the +treasures from her coasts," and that of the widowed Margaret +Huntington, at Roxbury, of which there is still a well-preserved +record, in the handwriting of John Eliot. The guiding and controlling +influence of Hooker's masterly mind upon all, whether laymen or +divines, with whom he came in contact, must be apparent to those who +are familiar with the biography of one, to whom the learned and +religious institutions of New England are more indebted, perhaps, than +to any other single person. Hooker's settlement at Hartford is fitly +styled "the founding of Connecticut." + +When a little later the family of Margaret Huntington settled at +Saybrook, their youthful pastor, who was just gathering a church, was +James Fitch, a worthy pupil of Thomas Hooker. Not satisfied with their +location, pastor and people sought an inland home, and in 1660 laid +the foundations of what is now the large and flourishing town of +Norwich. From this time Huntington and Fitch are honored names in the +history of Connecticut. + +A quarter of a century after the settlement of Norwich, an English +refugee from religious oppression began the settlement of the +neighboring town of Windham. To this place, Ralph Wheelock the +younger, a grandson of the Dedham teacher and preacher, was attracted, +marrying about the same time, Ruth, daughter of Dea. Christopher +Huntington, of Norwich. Mr. Ralph Wheelock was a respectable farmer, +universally esteemed for his hospitality, his piety, and the virtues +that adorn the Christian character, and in his later years was an +officer of the church. + +Of Mrs. Wheelock, it is said:[2] "Every tradition respecting her makes +her a woman of unusual intelligence and rare piety. Her home, the main +theatre of her life, was blessed equally by her timely instructions, +her holy example, and the administration of a gentle yet firm +discipline." Their son Eleazar was born at Windham, April 22, 1711. + + [2] Huntington Family Memoir, p. 78. + +The first minister of this honored town was Rev. Samuel Whiting, a +native of Hartford, and trained in the "Hooker School." For a helpmeet +he had secured a lineal descendant of that noble and revered puritan, +Gov. Wm. Bradford. The labors of this worthy pair were largely blessed +to their people. At one period, in a population of hundreds, it is +said "the town did not contain a single prayerless family." + +Thus kindly and wisely did the Master arrange, by long and closely +blended lines of events, that the most genial influences should +surround the cradle of one for whom He designed eminent service and +peculiar honor. + +The mother of Eleazar Wheelock having died in 1725, for a second wife +his father married a lady named Standish, a descendant of Myles +Standish, whose heroic character she perhaps impressed, in some +measure, upon her adopted son. "Being an only son," says his +biographer,[3] "and discovering, at an early age, a lively genius, a +taste for learning, with a very amiable disposition, he was placed by +his father under the best instructors that could then be obtained." At +"about the age of sixteen, while qualifying himself for admission to +college, it pleased God to impress his mind with serious concern for +his salvation. After earnest, prayerful inquiry, he was enlightened +and comforted with that hope in the Saviour, which afterwards proved +the animating spring of his abundant labors to promote the best +interests of mankind." At the time of his admission to the Windham +church, the distinguished Thomas Clap was its pastor. + + [3] Memoirs of Wheelock, by McClure and Parish. + +Having made the requisite preparation, he entered Yale College, of +which President Williams was then at the head, "with a resolution to +devote himself to the work of the Gospel ministry." Among his college +contemporaries were Joseph Bellamy and President Aaron Burr. + +"His proficiency in study, and his exemplary deportment, engaged the +notice and esteem of the rector and instructors, and the love of the +students. He and his future brother-in-law, the late Rev. Doctor +Pomeroy of Hebron, in Connecticut, were the first who received the +interest of the legacy, generously given by the Rev. Dean Berkeley," +for excellence in classical scholarship. + +Soon after his graduation, in 1733, he commenced preaching. Having +declined a call from Long Island, to settle in the ministry, he +accepted a unanimous invitation from the Second Congregational Society +in Lebanon, Connecticut, and was ordained in June, 1735. + +This town occupies a conspicuous place in American history; for, +whoever traces the lineage of some of the most illustrious names that +grace its pages, finds his path lying to or through this "valley of +cedars," in Eastern Connecticut. Here the patient, heroic Huguenot +aided in laying foundations for all good institutions. Here the +learned, indefatigable Tisdale taught with distinguished success. Here +lived those eminent patriots, the Trumbulls. By birth or ancestry, the +honored names of Smalley, Ticknor, Marsh, and Mason, are associated +with this venerable town. + +Mr. Wheelock's parish was in the northern and most retired part of the +town, and the least inviting, perhaps, in its physical aspects and +natural resources. The products of a rugged soil furnished the +industrious inhabitants with a comfortable subsistence, but left +nothing for luxury. It was at that period a quiet agricultural +community, living largely within itself. As at the present day, there +was but one church within the territorial limits of the parish. The +"council of nine," selected from the more discreet of the male +members, somewhat in accordance with Presbyterian usage, aided in the +administration of a careful and thorough discipline. + +There can be no doubt that Mr. Wheelock was accounted one of the +leading preachers and divines of his day. Both as a pastor, and the +associate of the eminent men who were prominent in the great revival +which marked the middle of the last century, his labors were crowned +with large success. Rev. Dr. Burroughs, who knew him intimately, says: +"As a preacher, his aim was to reach the conscience. He studied great +plainness of speech, and adapted his discourse to every capacity, that +he might be understood by all." His pupil, Dr. Trumbull, the +historian, says: "He was a gentleman of a comely figure, of a mild and +winning aspect, his voice smooth and harmonious, the best by far that +I ever heard. He had the entire command of it. His gesture was +natural, but not redundant. His preaching and addresses were close and +pungent, and yet winning beyond almost all comparison."[4] By an +intermarriage of their relatives, he was allied to the family of +Jonathan Edwards, whose high regard for him is sufficiently indicated +in a letter dated Northampton, June 9, 1741, from which we make brief +extracts. "There has been a reviving of religion of late amongst us, +but your labors have been much more remarkably blessed than mine. May +God send you hither with the like blessing as He has sent you to some +other places, and may your coming be a means to humble me for my +barrenness and unprofitableness, and a means of my instruction and +enlivening. I want an opportunity to concert measures with you, for +the advancement of the kingdom and glory of the Redeemer." + + [4] The venerable Prof. Stowe states that, when a professor in the + College, he was informed by an aged man, living in the + vicinity, that President Wheelock's earnestness in preaching + at times led him to leave the pulpit, and appeal to + individuals in his audience. + +We are fortunate in having the testimony of a member of his own +family, in regard to the beginning of Mr. Wheelock's more practical +interest in the unfortunate Aborigines. His grandson, Rev. William +Patten, D.D., says,[5] "One evening after a religious conference with +a number of his people at Lebanon, he walked out, as he usually did on +summer evenings, for meditation and prayer; and in his retirement his +attention was led to the neglect [from lack of means] of his people in +providing for his support. It occurred to him, with peculiar +clearness, that if they furnished him with but half a living, they +were entitled to no more than half his labors. And he concluded that +they were left to such neglect, to teach him that part of his labors +ought to be directed to other objects. He then inquired what objects +were most in want of assistance. And it occurred to him, almost +instantaneously, that the Indians were the most proper objects of the +charitable attention of Christians. He then determined to devote half +of his time to them." + + [5] Memoirs of Wheelock, p. 177. + +We will now allow this eminent Christian philanthropist to speak for +himself. In his "Narrative," for the period ending in 1762, after +referring to the too general lack of interest in the Indian, he says: + +"It has seemed to me, he must be stupidly indifferent to the +Redeemer's cause and interest in the world, and criminally deaf and +blind to the intimations of the favor and displeasure of God in the +dispensations of His Providence, who could not perceive plain +intimations of God's displeasure against us for this neglect, +inscribed in capitals, on the very front of divine dispensations, from +year to year, in permitting the savages to be such a sore scourge to +our land, and make such depredations on our frontiers, inhumanly +butchering and captivating our people, not only in a time of war, but +when we had good reason to think (if ever we had) that we dwelt safely +by them. And there is good reason to think that if one half which has +been expended for so many years past in building forts, manning, and +supporting them, had been prudently laid out in supporting faithful +missionaries and schoolmasters among them, the instructed and +civilized party would have been a far better defence than all our +expensive fortresses, and prevented the laying waste so many towns and +villages; witness the consequence of sending Mr. Sergeant to +Stockbridge, which was in the very road by which they most usually +came upon our people, and by which there has never been one attack +made upon us since his going there." After referring to the ordinary +obligations of humanity, patriotism, and religion, he says: + +"As there were few or none who seemed to lay the necessity and +importance of Christianizing the natives so much to heart as to exert +themselves in earnest and lead the way therein, I was naturally put +upon consideration and inquiry what methods might have the greatest +probability of success; and upon the whole was fully persuaded that +this, which I have been pursuing, had by far the greatest probability +of any that had been proposed, viz.: by the mission of their own +[educated] sons in conjunction with the English; and that a number of +girls should also be instructed in whatever should be necessary to +render them fit to perform the female part, as house-wives, +school-mistresses, and tailoresses. The influence of their own sons +among them will likely be much greater than of any Englishmen +whatsoever. There is no such thing as sending English missionaries, or +setting up English schools among them, to any good purpose, in most +places, as their temper, state, and condition have been and still +are." In illustration of his theory, he refers to the education, by +the assistance of the "Honorable London Commissioners,"[6] of Mr. +Samson Occom, "one of the Mohegan tribe, who has several years been a +useful school-master and successful preacher of the Gospel."[7] + + [6] Agents of the Corporation in London referred to on page 2, of + which Robert Boyle was governor. + + [7] See Appendix. + +"After seeing the success of this attempt," he continues, "I was more +encouraged to hope that such a method might be very successful, and +above eight years ago I wrote to Rev. John Brainerd [brother of the +distinguished David Brainerd], missionary in New Jersey, desiring him +to send me two likely boys for this purpose, of the Delaware tribe. He +accordingly sent me John Pumpshire in the fourteenth, and Jacob +Woolley in the eleventh years of their age. They arrived December 18, +1754. + +"Sometime after these boys came, the affair appearing with an +agreeable aspect, I represented it to Col. Elisha Williams, late +Rector of Yale College, and Rev. Messrs. Samuel Moseley, of Windham, +and Benjamin Pomeroy, of Hebron, and invited them to join me. They +readily accepted the invitation. And Mr. Joshua Moor,[8] late of +Mansfield, deceased, appeared, to give a small tenement in this place +[Lebanon], for the foundation, use and support of a charity school, +for the education of Indian youth, etc." Mr. More's grant contained +"about two acres of pasturing, and a small house and shop," near Mr. +Wheelock's residence. + + [8] Mr. M.'s own orthography is More. + +This gentleman was one of the more prominent of the early settlers at +Mansfield. He owned and resided upon a large estate on the Willimantic +river, a few miles north of the present site of the village bearing +that name. There is sufficient evidence to warrant the belief, that +the first husband of Mr. More's mother was Mr. Thomas Howard (or +Harwood), of Norwich, who was slain in the memorable fight at +Narragansett Fort, in December, 1675, and that her maiden name was +Mary Wellman. From the church records, he appears to have been of a +professedly religious character, as early as 1721. As his residence +was in the neighborhood of Mr. Wheelock's early home, and but little +farther removed from Lebanon "Crank," as the north parish in that town +was styled, Mr. More had ample opportunities for a thorough +acquaintance with the person to whom he now generously extended a +helping hand. It is not known that this worthy man left any posterity, +to perpetuate a name which will be cherished with tender regard, so +long as the institution to which he furnished a home, in its infancy, +shall have an existence. + +In a summary of his work for the eight years, Mr. Wheelock says: "I +have had two upon my hands since 1754, four since April, 1757, five +since April, 1759, seven since November, 1760, and eleven since +August, 1761. And for some time I have had twenty-five, three of the +number English youth. One of the Indian lads, Jacob Woolley, is now in +his last year at New Jersey College." + +There is reason to believe that Occom would have taken a collegiate +course, but for the partial failure of his health. On the whole, we +are fully warranted in the opinion that, from the outset, Mr. Wheelock +designed to have all his missionaries, whether Indian or English, +"thoroughly furnished" for their work. + +Before closing the "Narrative," he gives an interesting account of +material resources. + +"The Honorable London Commissioners, hearing of the design, inquired +into it, and encouraged it by an allowance of L12 lawful money, by +their vote November 12, 1756. And again in the year 1758 they allowed +me L20; and in November 4, 1760, granted me an annual allowance of L20 +for my assistance; and in October 8, 1761, they granted me L12 towards +the support of Isaiah Uncas, son of the Sachem of Mohegan, and L10 +more for his support the following year. In October, 1756, I received +a legacy of fifty-nine dollars of Mrs. Ann Bingham, of Windham. In +July, 1761, I received a generous donation of fifty pounds sterling +from the Right Hon. William, Marquis of Lothian; and in November, +1761, a donation of L26 sterling from Mr. Hardy, of London; and in +May, 1762, a second donation of L50 sterling from that most honorable +and noble lord, the Marquis of Lothian; and, at the same time, L20 +sterling from Mr. Samuel Savage, merchant in London; and a collection +of ten guineas from the Rev. Dr. A. Gifford, in London; and L10 +sterling more from a lady in London, unknown, which is still in the +hands of a friend, and to be remitted with some additional advantage, +and to be accounted for when received. And, also, for seven years +past, I have, one year with another, received about L11 lawful money, +annually, interest of subscriptions. And in my journey to Portsmouth +last June, I received, in private donations, L66 17_s._ 7-1/4_d._, +lawful money. I also received, for the use of this school, a bell of +about 80 lb. weight, from a gentleman in London. The Honorable Scotch +Commissioners,[9] in and near Boston, understanding and approving of +the design of sending for Indian children of remote tribes to be +educated here, were the first body, or society, who have led the way +in making an attempt for that purpose. While I was in Boston they +passed a vote, May 7, 1761, 'that the Reverend Mr. Wheelock, of +Lebanon, be desired to fit out David Fowler, an Indian youth, to +accompany Mr. Samson Occom, going on a mission to the Oneidas; that +said David be supported on said mission for a term not exceeding four +months; and that he endeavor, on his return, to bring with him a +number of Indian boys, not exceeding three, to be put under Mr. +Wheelock's care and instruction, and that L20 be put into Mr. +Wheelock's hands to carry this design into execution.' In November, +1761, the Great and General Court or Assembly of the Province of +Massachusetts Bay, voted that I should be allowed to take under my +care six children of the Six Nations, for education, clothing, and +boarding, and be allowed for that purpose, for each of said children, +L12 per annum for one year."[10] + + [9] Agents of the Scotch "Society for Propagating Christian + Knowledge." + + [10] For tribes represented in the school, and other donors to the + school and college, see Appendix. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +EDUCATION IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.--ACTION IN REGARD TO A +COLLEGE.--TESTIMONIAL OF CONNECTICUT CLERGYMEN.--LEGISLATIVE GRANT TO +MR. WHEELOCK. + + +The importance of education to the welfare of any community, has been +duly appreciated by the people of New Hampshire from the earliest +periods of her history. + +Such an item as the following is worthy of notice: + +"At a publique Town Meeting held the 5: 2 mo. 58 [1658,] It is agreed +that Twenty pounds per annum shall be yearly rayzed for the +mayntenance of a School-master in the Town of Dover."[11] Harvard +College being in need of a new building in 1669, the inhabitants of +Portsmouth "subscribed sixty pounds, which sum they agreed to pay +annually for seven years to the overseers of Harvard College. Dover +gave thirty-two pounds, and Exeter ten pounds for the same +purpose."[12] Very few towns at the present day are as liberal, in +proportion to their ability. + + [11] Dover Town Records. + + [12] Adams's Annals of Portsmouth, p. 50. + +Classical schools were established in all the more populous towns, and +these were furnished with competent teachers, who were graduates of +Harvard College, or European universities. + +In 1758, in the midst of the din and tumult of the French war, we find +the clergy--ever among the foremost in laudable enterprise--making an +earnest effort for increased facilities for liberal education. + +We give official records: + +"The Convention of the Congregational Ministers in the Province of New +Hampshire, being held at the house of the Rev. Mr. Pike in +Somersworth on the 26th day of Sept. 1758: The Rev. Joseph Adams was +chosen Moderator." After the sermon and transaction of some business: + +"The Convention then taking into consideration the great advantages +which may arise, both to the Churches and State from the erecting [an] +Academy or College in this Province, unanimously Voted that the +following Petition shall be preferred to the Governor, desiring him to +grant a Charter for said purpose: + +"To his Excellency, Benning Wentworth, Esq., Capt.-General and +Governor-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's Province of New Hampshire +in New England. May it please your Excellency,-- + +"We, the Ministers of the Congregational Churches in this Province of +New Hampshire under your Excellency's Government now assembled in an +Annual Convention in Somersworth, as has been our custom for several +years past, the design of which is to pray together for his Majesty +and Government, and to consult the interests of religion and virtue, +for our mutual assistance and encouragement in our proper business: +Beg leave to present a request to your Excellency in behalf of +literature, which proceeds, not from any private or party views in us, +but our desire to serve the Government and religion by laying a +foundation for the best instruction of youth. We doubt not your +Excellency is sensible of the great advantages of learning, and the +difficulties which attend the education of youth in this Province, by +reason of our distance from any of the seats of learning, the +discredit of our medium, etc. We have reason to hope that by an +interest among our people, and some favor from the Government, we may +be able in a little time to raise a sufficient fund for erecting and +carrying on an Academy or College within this Province, without +prejudice to any other such seminary in neighboring Colonies, provided +your Excellency will be pleased to grant to us, a number of us, or any +other trustees, whom your Excellency shall think proper to appoint, a +good and sufficient charter, by which they may be empowered to choose +a President, Professors, Tutors, or other officers, and regulate all +matters belonging to such a society. We therefore now humbly petition +your Excellency to grant such a charter as may, in the best manner, +answer such a design and intrust it with our Committee, viz.: Messrs. +Joseph Adams, James Pike, John Moody, Ward Cotton, Nathaniel Gookin, +Woodbridge Odlin, Samuel Langdon, and Samuel Haven, our brethren, whom +we have now chosen to wait upon your Excellency with this our +petition, that we may use our influence with our people to promote so +good a design, by generous subscriptions, and that we may farther +petition the General Court for such assistance, as they shall think +necessary. We are persuaded, if your Excellency will first of all +favor us with such a charter, we shall be able soon to make use of it +for the public benefit; and that your Excellency's name will forever +be remembered with honor. If, after trial, we cannot accomplish it, we +promise to return the charter with all thankfulness for your +Excellency's good disposition. It is our constant prayer that God +would prosper your Excellency's administration, and we beg leave to +subscribe ourselves your Excellency's most obedient servants. + + Joseph Adams, Moderator. + "Proceedings attested by Samuel Haven, Clerk." + +"The Convention of Congregational Ministers in the Province of New +Hampshire being held at the house of the Rev. Mr. Joseph Adams in +Newington on the 25th of September, 1759, the Rev. Mr. Adams was +chosen Moderator. We then went to the house of God. After prayer and a +sermon: + +"A draught of a charter for a college in this Province being read: +Voted, That the said charter is for substance agreeable to the mind of +the Convention. Whereas a committee chosen last year to prefer a +petition to his Excellency the Governor for a charter of a college in +this Province have given a verbal account to this Convention of their +proceedings and conversation with the Governor upon said affair, by +which, notwithstanding the Governor manifests some unwillingness, at +present, to grant a charter agreeable to the Convention, yet there +remains some hope, that after maturer consideration and advice of +Council, his Excellency will grant such a charter as will be agreeable +to us and our people, therefore, Voted, that Rev. Messrs. Joseph +Adams, James Pike, Ward Cotton, Samuel Parsons, Nathaniel Gookin, +Samuel Langdon, and Samuel Haven, or a major part of them, be and +hereby are a Committee of this Convention, to do everything which to +them shall appear necessary, in the aforesaid affair, in behalf of +this Convention; and, moreover, to consult upon any other measures for +promoting the education of youth, and advancing good literature in the +Province, and make report to the next Convention. + + Attested by Samuel Haven, Clerk." + +The Convention was holden at Portsmouth, September 30, 1760, and at +the same place in September, 1761, but nothing appears in the +proceedings of those years concerning the charter. But at the +convention held at Portsmouth, September 28, 1762, the Rev. Mr. John +Rogers having been chosen moderator, after prayer and sermon, the +following testimonial was laid before the Convention: + +"Chelsea, Norwich, July 10, 1762. + +"We ministers of the gospel and pastors of churches hereafter +mentioned with our names, having, for a number of years past, heard of +or seen with pleasure the zeal, courage, and firm resolution of the +Rev. Eleazar Wheelock of Lebanon, to prosecute to effect a design of +spreading the gospel among the natives in the wilds of our America, +and especially his perseverance in it, amidst the many peculiar +discouragements he had to encounter during the late years of the war +here, and upon a plan which appears to us to have the greatest +probability of success, namely, by a mission of their own sons; and as +we are verily persuaded that the smiles of Divine Providence upon his +school, and the success of his endeavors hitherto justly may, and +ought, to encourage him and all to believe it to be of God, and that +which he will own and succeed for the glory of his great name in the +enlargement of the kingdom of our divine Redeemer, as well as for the +great benefit of the crown of Great Britain, and especially of his +Majesty's dominions in America; so we apprehend the present openings +in Providence ought to invite Christians of every denomination to +unite their endeavors and to lend a helping hand in carrying on so +charitable a design; and we are heartily sorry if party spirit and +party differences shall at all obstruct the progress of it; or the old +leaven of this land ferment upon this occasion, and give a watchful +adversary opportunity so to turn the course of endeavors into another +channel as to defeat the design of spreading the gospel among the +heathen. To prevent which, and encourage unanimity and zeal in +prosecuting the design, we look upon it our duty as Christians, and +especially as ministers of the gospel, to give our testimony that, as +we verily believe, a disinterested regard to the advancement of the +Redeemer's kingdom and the good will of His Majesty's dominions in +America, were the governing motives which at first induced the Rev. +Mr. Wheelock to enter upon the great affair, and to risk his own +private interest, as he has done since, in carrying it on; so we +esteem his plan to be good, his measures to be prudently and well +concerted, his endowments peculiar, his zeal fervent, his endeavors +indefatigable, for the accomplishing this design, and we know no man, +like minded, who will naturally care for their state. May God prolong +his life, and make him extensively useful in the kingdom of Christ. We +have also, some of us, at his desire examined his accounts, and we +find that, besides giving in all his own labour and trouble in the +affair, he has charged for the support, schooling, etc., of the youth, +at the lowest rate it could be done for, as the price of things have +been and still are among us; and we apprehend the generous donations +already made have been and we are confident will be laid out in the +most prudent manner, and with the best advice for the furtherance of +the important design: and we pray God abundantly to reward the +liberality of many upon this occasion. And we hope the generosity, +especially of persons of distinction and note, will be a happy lead +and inducement to still greater liberalities, and that in consequence +thereof the wide-extended wilderness of America will blossom as the +rose, habitations of cruelty become dwelling places of righteousness +and the blessing of thousands ready to perish come upon all those +whose love to Christ and charity to them has been shown upon this +occasion. Which is the hearty prayer of your most sincere friends and +humble servants: + + Ebenezer Rosetter Pastor of ye 1^st Chh: in Stonington. + Joseph Fish Pastor of ye 2^d Chh: in Stonington. + Nath^l Whitaker Pastor of ye Chh: in Chelsea in Norwich. + Benj^a Pomeroy Pastor of ye 1^st Chh: in Hebron. + Elijah Lothrop Pastor of ye Chh: of Gilead in Hebron. + Nath^l Eells Pastor of a Chh: in Stonington. + Mather Byles Pastor of ye First Chh: in New London. + Jona. Barber Pastor of a Chh: in Groton. + Matt. Graves Missionary in New London. + Peter Powers Pastor of the Chh: at Newent in Norwich. + Daniel Kirtland Former Pastor of ye Chh: in Newent Norwich. + Asher Rosetter Pastor of ye 1^st Chh: in Preston. + Jabez Wight Pastor of ye 4 Chh: in Norwich. + David Jewett Pastor of a Chh: in New London. + Benj^a Throop Pastor of a Chh: in Norwich. + Sam^l Moseley Pastor of a Chh: in Windham. + Stephen White Pastor of a Chh: in Windham. + Richard Salter Pastor of a Chh: in Mansfield. + Timothy Allen Pastor of ye Chh: in Ashford. + Ephraim Little Pastor of ye 1^st Chh: in Colchester. + Hobart Estabrook Pastor of a Chh: in East Haddam. + Joseph Fowler Pastor of a Chh: in East Haddam. + Benj^a Boardman Pastor of a Chh: in Middletown. + John Norton Pastor of a Chh: of Christ in Middletown. + Benj^a Dunning Pastor of a Chh: of Christ in Marlborough." + +"Voted, the Rev. Messrs. Moody, Langdon, Haven, and Foster be a +Committee of this Convention to consider and report on the above. Said +committee laid the following draft before the Convention, which was +unanimously voted and signed by the moderator: + +"We, a Convention of Congregational Ministers assembled at Portsmouth, +September 28, 1762, having read and considered the foregoing +attestation from a number of reverend gentlemen in Connecticut, taking +into consideration the many obligations the Supreme Ruler has laid +upon Christian churches to promote his cause and enlarge the borders +of his kingdom in this land, the signal victories he has granted to +our troops, the entire reduction of all Canada, so that a way is now +open for the spreading of the light and purity of the gospel among +distant savage tribes, and a large field, white unto the harvest, is +presented before us; considering the infinite worth of the souls of +men, the importance of the gospel to their present and everlasting +happiness, and the hopeful prospect that the aboriginal natives will +now listen to Christian instruction; considering also the great +expense which must unavoidably attend the prosecution of this great +design, think ourselves obliged to recommend, in the warmest manner, +this subject to the serious consideration of our Christian brethren +and the public. It is with gratitude to the Great Head of the Church, +who has the hearts of all in his hands, that we observe some hopeful +steps taken by the societies founded for the gospelizing the Indians, +and the hearts of such numbers, both at home and in this land, have +been disposed to bestow their liberalities to enable such useful +societies to effect the great ends for which they are founded. But as +we wish to see every probable method taken to forward so benevolent +and Christian a design, we, therefore, rejoice to find that the Rev. +Mr. Wheelock has such a number of Indian youths under his care and +tuition; and in that abundant testimony which his brethren in the +ministry have borne to his abilities for, and zeal and faithfulness +in, this important undertaking. And we do hereby declare our hearty +approbation of it, as far as we are capable of judging of an affair +carried on at such a distance; and think it our duty to encourage and +exhort all Christians to lend a helping hand towards so great and +generous an undertaking. We would not, indeed, absolutely dictate +this, or any other particular scheme, for civilizing and spreading the +gospel among the Indians; but we are persuaded that God demands of the +inhabitants of these colonies some returns of gratitude, in this way, +for the remarkable success of our arms against Canada, and that peace +and security which he has now given us; we must, therefore, rely on +the wisdom and prudence of the civil authority to think of it as a +matter in which our political interests as well as the glory of God +are deeply concerned; and we refer to our churches and all private +Christians as peculiarly called to promote the Redeemer's kingdom +everywhere, to determine what will be the most effectual methods of +forwarding so noble and pious a design, and to contribute, to the +utmost of their power, either towards the execution of the plan which +the Rev. Mr. Wheelock is pursuing, or that of the corporation erected +in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, or any other which may be +thought of here or elsewhere, for the same laudable purpose. + + John Rogers, Moderator." + +The first Legislative action in New Hampshire relative to Mr. +Wheelock's work is also worthy of notice. The following is from the +Journal of the House of Representatives: + +"June 17, 1762, Voted, that the Hon. Henry Sherburne and Mishech +Weare, Esquires, Peter Gilman, Clement March, Esq., Capt. Thomas W. +Waldron, and Capt. John Wentworth be a committee to consider of the +subject-matter of Rev. Mr. Eleazar Wheelock's memorial for aid for his +school." This committee made a favorable report, saying: "We think it +incumbent on this province to do something towards promoting so good +an undertaking," and recommending a grant of fifty pounds sterling per +annum for five years. The action of the Legislature was in accordance +with this report. Later records, however, indicate that the grant was +not continued after the first, or possibly the second, year. Gov. +Benning Wentworth, after careful investigation, gave his official +sanction to the action of his associates, in aid of Mr. Wheelock. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +A COLLEGE CONTEMPLATED BY MR. WHEELOCK.--LORD DARTMOUTH.--OCCOM AND +WHITAKER IN GREAT BRITAIN. + + +Mr. Wheelock held relations more or less intimate with the leading +educational institutions of the country. But his favorite college was +at Princeton, New Jersey, far removed from his own residence. A warm +friendship subsisted between him and many of its officers, and thither +he sent most of his students for a considerable period. The +inconvenience of doing this, may have suggested the idea of a college +in connection with his school. However this may have been, nothing +short of a college could satisfy him. The following letter, written in +April, 1763, needs no further preface: + +"TO HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL JEFFREY AMHERST, BARONET. + +"May it please your Excellency,--The narrative herewith inclosed, +gives your Excellency some short account of the success of my feeble +endeavors, through the blessing of God upon them, in the affair there +related. + +"Your Excellency will easily see, that if the number of youth in this +school continues to increase, as it has done, and as our prospects are +that it will do, we shall soon be obliged to build to accommodate them +and accordingly to determine upon the place where to fix it, and I +would humbly submit to your Excellency's consideration the following +proposal, viz.: That a tract of land, about fifteen or twenty miles +square, or so much as shall be sufficient for four townships, on the +west side of Susquehannah river, or in some other place more +convenient in the heart of the Indian country, be granted in favor of +this school: That said townships be peopled with a chosen number of +inhabitants of known honesty, integrity, and such as love and will be +kind to, and honest in their dealings with Indians. That a thousand +acres of, and within said grant, be given to this school, and that +the school be an academy for all parts of useful learning; part of it +to be a college for the education of missionaries, interpreters, +schoolmasters, etc.; and part of it a school to teach reading, +writing, etc., and that there be manufactures for the instruction both +of males and females, in whatever shall be necessary in life, and +proper tutors, masters, and mistresses be provided for the same. That +those towns be furnished with ministers of the best characters, and +such as are of ability, when incorporated with a number of the most +understanding of the inhabitants, to conduct the affairs of the +school, and of such missions as they shall have occasion and ability +for, from time to time. That there be a sufficient number of laborers +upon the lands belonging to the school; and that the students be +obliged to labor with them, and under their direction and conduct, so +much as shall be necessary for their health, and to give them an +understanding of husbandry; and those who are designed for farmers, +after they have got a sufficient degree of school learning, to labor +constantly, and the school to have all the benefit of their labor, and +they the benefit of being instructed therein, till they are of an age +and understanding sufficient to set up for themselves, and introduce +husbandry among their respective tribes; and that there be a moderate +tax upon all the granted lands, after the first ten or fifteen years, +and also some duty upon mills, etc., which shall not be burdensome to +the inhabitants, for the support of the school, or missionaries among +the Indians, etc. By this means much expense, and many inconveniences +occasioned by our great distance from them, would be prevented, our +missionaries be much better supported and provided for, especially in +case of sickness, etc. Parents and children would be more contented, +being nearer to one another, and likely many would be persuaded to +send their children for an education, who are now dissuaded from it +only on account of the great distance of the school from them. + +"The bearer, Mr. C. J. S.,[13] is able, if your Excellency desires it, +to give you a more full and particular account of the present state of +this school, having been for some time the master and instructor of +it, and is now designed, with the leave of Providence, the ensuing +summer, to make an excursion as a missionary among the Indians, with +an interpreter from this school. + +"And by him your Excellency may favor me with your thoughts on what I +have proposed. + +"I am, with sincerest duty and esteem, may it please your Excellency, +your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant, + + Eleazar Wheelock." + + [13] Charles J. Smith. + + +In 1764, the Scotch Society, already referred to, manifested +increasing interest in Mr. Wheelock's work, by appointing a Board of +Correspondents, selected from gentlemen of high standing, in +Connecticut, to co-operate with him. + +We here insert entire, Mr. Wheelock's first letter to Lord Dartmouth: + +"TO THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH. + +"Lebanon, Connecticut, New England, March 1, 1764. + +"May it please your Lordship,-- + +"It must be counted amongst the greatest favors of God to a wretched +world, and that which gives abundant joy to the friends of Zion, that +among earthly dignities there are those who cheerfully espouse the +sinking cause of the great Redeemer, and whose hearts and hands are +open to minister supplies for the support and enlargement of His +kingdom in the world. + +"As your Lordship has been frequently mentioned with pleasure by the +lovers of Christ in this wilderness, and having fresh assurance of the +truth of that fame of yours, by the Rev. Mr. Whitefield, from his own +acquaintance with your person and character, and being encouraged and +moved thereto by him, I am now emboldened, without any other apology +for myself than that which the nature of the case itself carries in +its very front, to solicit your Lordship's favorable notice of, and +friendship towards, a feeble attempt to save the swarms of Indian +natives in this land from final and eternal ruin, which must +unavoidably be the issue of those poor, miserable creatures, unless +God shall mercifully interpose with His blessing upon endeavors to +prevent it. + +"The Indian Charity School, under my care (a narrative of which, +herewith transmitted, humbly begs your Lordship's acceptance), has +met with such approbation and encouragement from gentlemen of +character and ability, at home and abroad, and such has been the +success of endeavors hitherto used therein, as persuade us more and +more that it is of God, and a device and plan which, under his +blessing, has a greater probability of success than any that has yet +been attempted. By the blessing and continual care of heaven, it has +lived, and does still live and flourish, without any other fund +appropriated to its support than that great one, in the hands of Him, +whose the earth is, and the fullness thereof. + +"And I trust there is no need to mention any other considerations to +prove your Lordship's compassions, or invite your liberality on this +occasion, than those which their piteous and perishing case does of +itself suggest, when once your Lordship shall be well satisfied of a +proper and probable way to manifest and express the same with success. +Which I do with the utmost cheerfulness submit to your Lordship, +believing your determination therein to be under the direction of Him +who does all things well. And, if the nature and importance of the +case be not esteemed sufficient excuse for the freedom and boldness I +have assumed, I must rely upon your Lordship's innate goodness to +pardon him who is, with the greatest duty and esteem, my lord, + + "Your Lordship's most obedient, + "And most humble servant, + "Eleazar Wheelock." + +It is interesting to observe here the agency of Mr. Wheelock's old and +intimate friend, Whitefield. As early as 1760, after alluding to +efforts in his behalf in Great Britain, he wrote to Mr. Wheelock: + +"Had I a converted Indian scholar, that could preach and pray in +English, something might be done to purpose." + +After much deliberation, Mr. Wheelock determined to send Mr. Occom and +Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker of Norwich, who was deeply interested in his +work, to solicit the charities of British Christians, with a purpose +of more extended operations. + +They left this country late in 1765, carrying testimonials from a +large number of eminent civilians and divines. + +The following letter indicates that they were cordially welcomed in +England: + +"London, February 2, 1766. + +My dear Mr. Wheelock,--This day three weeks I had the pleasure of +seeing Mr. Whitaker and Mr. Occom. On their account, I have deferred +my intended journey into the country all next week. They have been +introduced to, and dined with the Daniel of the age, viz., the truly +noble Lord Dartmouth. Mr. Occom is also to be introduced by him to his +Majesty, who intends to favor their design with his bounty. A short +memorial for the public is drawn, which is to be followed with a small +pamphlet. All denominations are to be applied to, and therefore no +mention is made of any particular commissioners or corresponding +committees whatsoever. It would damp the thing entirely. Cashiers are +to be named, and the moneys collected are to be deposited with them +till drawn for by yourself. Mr. Occom hath preached for me with +acceptance, and also Mr. Whitaker. They are to go round the other +denominations in a proper rotation. As yet everything looks with a +promising aspect. I have procured them suitable lodgings. I shall +continue to do everything that lies in my power. Mr. S.[14] is +providentially here,--a fast friend to your plan and his dear country. + + +"I wish you joy of the long wished for, long prayed for repeal, and +am, my dear Mr. Wheelock, + +"Yours, etc., in our glorious Head, + + "George Whitefield." + + [14] Mr. John Smith, of Boston. + +We are now introduced to Mr. Wheelock's most valuable coadjutor, the +son of Mark Hunking Wentworth,--another active and earnest friend: + +"Bristol, [England,] 16th Dec., 1766. + +"The Rev. Mr. Whitaker having requested my testimony of an institution +forming in America, under the name of an Indian School, for which +purpose many persons on that continent and in Europe have liberally +contributed, and he is now soliciting the further aid of all +denominations of people in this kingdom to complete the proposed plan, +I do therefore certify, whomsoever it may concern, that the said +Indian School appears to me to be formed upon principles of extensive +benevolence and unfeigned piety; that the moneys already collected +have been justly applied to this and no other use. From repeated +information of many principal gentlemen in America, and from my own +particular knowledge of local circumstances, I am well convinced that +the charitable contributions afforded to this design will be honestly +and successfully applied to civilize and recover the savages of +America from their present barbarous paganism. + + "J. Wentworth, + + "Governor of New Hampshire." + +The annals of philanthropy unfold few things bolder or more romantic +in conception, or grander in execution, or sublimer in results than +this most memorable, most successful pilgrimage. The unique, but +magnetic, marvelous eloquence of this regenerated son of the forest, +as he passed from town to town, and city to city, over England and +Scotland, engaged the attention and opened the hearts of all +classes--the clergy, the nobility, and the peasantry. The names of the +men and women and children, who gave of their abundance or their +poverty, primarily and apparently to civilize and evangelize their +wild and savage brethren across the sea, but ultimately and really to +found one of the most solid and beautiful temples of Christian and +secular learning, in the Western hemisphere, deserve affectionate and +perpetual remembrance, along with those of their kindred, who in a +preceding century dedicated their whole treasure upon Plymouth Rock. + +With sincere regret that we have not the name of every donor, yet with +devout gratitude for the preservation of so full a record, we append +the original list of donors in England, as prepared and published at +the time, by Lord Dartmouth and his associates.[15] + + [15] See Appendix. + +Never was more timely aid given to a worthy cause. When Mr. Wheelock's +agents went abroad he had a school of about thirty, and an empty +treasury. These funds gave him present comfort, and enabled him to +effect the long-desired removal. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + + +SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON.--EXPLORATIONS FOR A LOCATION. ADVICE OF ENGLISH +TRUSTEES. + + +Mr. Wheelock was in friendly correspondence, for several years, with +Sir William Johnson, the distinguished Indian agent and +superintendent, who resided in the province of New York, near the Six +Nations. Through his agency, the famous Mohawk, Joseph Brant, was sent +to Mr. Wheelock's school. After enjoying some opportunities for an +estimate of his abilities and character, Mr. Wheelock speaks of him in +highly complimentary terms, as a gentleman, "whose understanding and +influence in Indian affairs, is, I suppose, greater than any other +man's, and to whose indefatigable and successful labors to settle and +secure a peace with the several tribes, who have been at war with us, +our land and nation are under God chiefly indebted." + +In September, 1762, Mr. Wheelock writes to Sir William: "I understand +that some of our people are about to settle on a new purchase on +Susquehannah river. It may be a door may open for my design on that +purchase." He also intimates that he desires to set up the school in +his neighborhood. This plan does not meet Sir William's approval, but +in January, 1763, Mr. Wheelock addresses him again, saying: "Gov. +Wentworth has offered a tract of land in the western part of the +province of New Hampshire which he is now settling, for the use of the +school if we will fix it there, and there has been some talk of fixing +it in one of the new townships in the province of the Massachusetts +which lie upon New York line near Albany. I much want to consult your +Honor in the affair." Mr. Wheelock's confidence in his friend having +been strengthened by the receipt of several cordial letters, and +other circumstances, he writes to him, July 4, 1766: "I apprehend you +are able above any man in this land to serve the grand design in +view," desiring to "act in every step" agreeable to his mind, and +informing him that he has sent his son, with Dr. Pomeroy, to confer +with him about a location for the school. He also refers to "arguments +offered to carry it into the Southern governments." But Mr. Johnson +did not see fit to invite the settlement of the school in the +neighborhood of the Six Nations, deeming it unwise, apparently, to +encourage a movement which might be regarded by them as an invasion of +their territory, especially if they were asked to give lands to the +school. This decision virtually determined the location. If Mr. +Wheelock could not follow his old neighbors and friends to the +westward, and plant himself beside the great Indian Confederacy, he +must turn his attention to the northward, where other neighbors and +friends were settling within easy reach of the far-extended Indian +tribes of Canada. Other localities, as we shall see hereafter, +presented some inducements, but they were all of minor importance. +Hence, when his agents returned from Great Britain placing the +long-desired funds for the accomplishment of his purposes in his +hands, we may well imagine that Mr. Wheelock gladly turned toward that +worthy magistrate, who had already shown "a willing heart," for more +aid. + +In the meantime, Mr. Wheelock was giving the matter of a location his +most earnest and careful attention. In a letter to Mr. Whitefield, +dated September 4, 1766, he says: "We cannot get land enough on Hudson +river." Nor has he any more hope of success on the Mohawk. "Large +offers have been made in the new settlements on Connecticut river. It +is likely that near twenty thousand acres would be given in their +several towns." After stating that "Col. Willard" has made generous +offers of lands, "on Sugar river," he says: "that location would be +the most inviting of any part of that country. Samuel Stevens, Esq., +offers two thousand acres to have it at No. 4. Col. Chandler offers +two thousand acres in the centre of the town of Chester, opposite to +No. 4, nine miles from the River. The situation of Wyoming, on +Susquehannah river, is very convenient."[16] A few months later, +General Schuyler earnestly advocated the claims of Albany as a +favorable location. + + [16] See Appendix. + +But Mr. Wheelock's friends were very unwilling that he should leave +Connecticut. Windham and Hebron[17] made earnest efforts to obtain the +school. We quote from Lebanon parish records: + + [17] See Appendix. + +"At a legal and full meeting of the Inhabitants, legal voters of the +second society in Lebanon [now Columbia], in Connecticut, held in said +society on the 29th day of June, Anno Domini 1767, We made choice of +Mr. James Pinneo to be moderator of said meeting, and passed the +following votes, _nemine contradicente_: + +"1. That we desire the Indian Charity School now under the care of the +Rev. Mr. Eleazar Wheelock, may be fixed to continue in this society: +provided it may consist with the interest and prosperity of said +School. + +"2. That as we have a large and convenient house for public and divine +Worship, we will accommodate the members of said school with such +convenient seats in said house as we shall be able. + +"3. That the following letter be presented to the Rev. Mr. Eleazar +Wheelock, by Messrs. Israel Woodward, James Pinneo, and Asahel Clark, +Jun., in the name and behalf of this society; and that they desire him +to transmit a copy of the same, with the votes foregoing, to the Right +Honorable the Earl of Dartmouth, and the rest of those Honorable and +Worthy Gentlemen in England who have condescended to patronize said +school; and to whom the establishment of the same is committed. + +"The Inhabitants of the Second Society in Lebanon in Connecticut to +the Rev. Mr. Eleazar Wheelock, Pastor of said Society. + +"Rev. and ever dear Pastor,--As you are witness to our past care and +concern for the success of your most pious and charitable undertaking +in favor of the poor perishing Indians on this continent, we are +confident you will not be displeased at our addressing you on this +occasion; but that you would rather think it strange if we should +altogether hold our peace at such a time as this; when we understand +it is still in doubt both with yourself and friends where to fix your +school; whether at Albany or more remote among the Indian tribes, in +this society where it was first planted, or in some other part of this +colony proposed for its accommodation. + +"We have some of us heard most of the arguments offered for its +removal, and however plausible they appear we are not at all convinced +of their force, or that it is expedient, everything considered, it +should be removed, nor do we think we have great reason to fear the +event, only we would not be wanting as to our duty in giving such +hints in favor of its continuance here as naturally and easily occur +to our minds, for we have that confidence in you and the friends of +the design, that you will not be easily carried away with appearances: +but will critically observe the secret springs of those generous +offers, made in one place and another, (some of which are beyond what +we can pretend to,) whether some prospect of private emolument be not +at the bottom; or whether they will finally prove more kind to your +pious institution as such considered, (whatever their pretenses may +be,) than they have been or at present appear to be to the Redeemer's +Kingdom in general. We trust this institution, so well calculated to +the advancement of its interest, will flourish best among the +Redeemer's friends; and although with respect to ourselves we have +little to boast as to friendship to our divine Redeemer or his +interest, yet this we are sure of, that he has been very kind to us, +in times past, and we trust has made you the instrument of much good +to us, and to lay a foundation for it to succeeding generations; we +humbly hope God has been preparing an habitation for himself here, and +has said of it, this is my resting place, here will I dwell forever, +(not because they deserved it,) but because I have desired it, and +where God is pleased to dwell, under his influence your institution +(which we trust is of Him) may expect to live and thrive. We desire it +may be considered that this is its birth place, here it was kindly +received, and nourished when no other door was set open to it--here it +found friends when almost friendless, yea when despised and contemned +abroad--its friends are now increased here as well as elsewhere, and +although by reason of our poverty and the hardness of the times, our +subscriptions are small compared with what some others may boast, +being at present but about L810 lawful money, yet there are here some +other privileges which we think very valuable and serviceable to the +design, viz. 400 acres of very fertile and good land, about forty +acres of which are under improvement, and the remainder well set with +choice timber and fuel, and is suitably proportioned for the various +branches of Husbandry which will much accommodate the design as said +land is situated within about half a mile of our Meeting House, and +may be purchased for fifty shillings lawful money per acre. There is +also several other small parcels of land suitably situate for building +places for the use of the school to be sold at a reasonable rate. We +have also a beautiful building place for said school within a few rods +of said meeting house, adjacent to which is a large and pleasant +Green: and we are confident that wood, provisions, and clothing, etc., +which will be necessary for the school, may be had here not only now, +but in future years, at as low a rate as in any place in the colony, +or in any other place where it has been proposed to settle your +school. These privileges, we think, are valuable and worthy your +consideration, and also of those honourable and worthy gentlemen in +England to whom you have committed the decision of the affair, and +from the friendly disposition which has so many years past and does +still reign in our breasts towards it, we think it may be presumed we +shall from time to time be ready to minister to its support as +occasion shall require and our circumstances permit. We take the +liberty further to observe that such has hitherto been the peace and +good order (greatly through your instrumentality), obtaining among us +that the members of your school have all along been as free from +temptations to any vicious courses or danger of fatal error as perhaps +might be expected they would be on any spot of this universally +polluted globe. + +"Here, dear sir, your school has flourished remarkably. It has grown +apace; from small beginnings how very considerable has it become; an +evidence that the soil and climate suit the institution--if you +transplant it you run a risk of stinting its growth, perhaps of +destroying its very life, or at least of changing its nature and +missing the pious aim you have all along had in view; a danger which +scarce needs to be hinted, as you are sensible it has been the common +fate of institutions of this kind that charitable donations have been +misapplied and perverted to serve purposes very far from or contrary +to those the pious donors had in view; such is the subtilty of the old +serpent that he will turn all our weapons against ourselves if +possible. Aware of this, you have all along appeared to decline and +even detest all such alliances and proposals as were calculated for, +or seemed to promise any private emolument to your self or your +friends. This, we trust, is still your prevailing temper, and rejoice +to hear that your friends and those who are intrusted with the affair +in England are exactly in the same sentiments, happy presage not only +of the continuance of the institution itself but we hope of its +immutability as to place. One thing more we beg leave to mention (not +to tire your patience with the many that occur), viz. if you remove +the school from us, you, at the same time, take away our Minister, the +light of our eyes and joy of our hearts, under whose ministrations we +have sat with great delight; whose labors have been so acceptable, and +we trust profitable, for a long time; must, then, our dear and worthy +Pastor and his pious institution go from us together? Alas, shall we +be deprived of both in one day? We are sensible that we have abused +such privileges and have forfeited them; and at God's bar we plead +guilty--we pray Him to give us repentance and reformation, and to +lengthen out our happy state; we own the justice of God in so heavy +losses, if they must be inflicted; and even in the removal of our +Candlestick out of its place, but we can't bear the thought that you +our Dear Pastor and the dear friends to your pious institution should +become the executioners of such a vengeance. However, we leave the +matter with you, and are with much duty and filial regard, dear sir, +Your very humble servants or rather obedient children. + + "By order of said Society, Israel Woodward, + James Pinneo, + Asahel Clark, Jr." + + "June 29, 1767." + +This interesting document bears the same date with Mr. Wheelock's +Doctorate in Divinity, from the University of Edinburgh. + +Dr. Wheelock, appreciating the importance of a better knowledge of the +comparative advantages of the various proposed locations, finally +determined to commission trustworthy agents, to make thorough +explorations. We give his language, in substance: + + + "Lebanon, Connecticut, July 20, 1768. + +"Whereas the number in my Indian Charity School is now, by the +blessing of God, become so large as that it is necessary the place +where to fix it should be speedily determined, and so many and +generous have been the offers made for that purpose by gentlemen of +character and distinction in several neighboring governments, I do, +therefore, hereby authorize and appoint the Rev. Mr. Ebenezer +Cleaveland, of Gloucester, in the province of the Massachusetts Bay, +and my son, Ralph Wheelock (while the Rev. Dr. Whitaker is performing +the like part in Pennsylvania) in my name and stead, to wait upon his +Excellency John Wentworth, Esq., Governor of New Hampshire, and his +associates in office, to know what countenance and encouragement they +will give to accommodate and endow said school, in case it should be +fixed in the western part of that province." + +Deep interest in Dr. Wheelock's work being manifested by Rev. Thomas +Allen and others, at Pittsfield; Timothy Woodbridge and others, at +Stockbridge;[18] and Abraham J. Lansing, the founder of +Lansingburg,[19] and many others in that Province, they were also +instructed to extend their explorations to Western Massachusetts and +to New York. + + [18] See Appendix. + + [19] See Appendix. + +The following is the material portion of Mr. Cleaveland's report: + +"I waited upon his Excellency John Wentworth, Esq., Governor of New +Hampshire. He appeared very friendly to the design--promised to grant +a township, six miles square, to the use of the school, provided it +should be fixed in that Province, and that he would use his influence +that his Majesty should give the quit-rents to the school, to be free +from charge of fees except for surveying. Esquire Whiting, the Deputy +Surveyor, being present, offered his assistance to look out the +township and survey it, and give the service to the school. His +Excellency the Governor recommended him to me for that purpose (since +which, we found Landaff, a good township, to have forfeited the +charter, of which we advised the Governor, and were informed [that] he +promised to reserve it for the school). After spending a few days on +our way with gentlemen of the lower towns, who appeared universally +desirous that the school should come into that Province, and were +generous in their offers to encourage the same, but proposed their +donations, generally, where their interests in land lay we proceeded +to Plymouth, Romney, and Compton, where Mr. Whiting left me. Five +thousand acres of land were proposed to be given, on condition the +school be fixed in either of these towns. Seventy-five pounds sterling +and twenty thousand feet of boards (besides land) are offered on +condition it should be fixed in Compton. The arguments used for fixing +the school here are--'t is the centre of that province; good and easy +portage by land and water to Portsmouth and Newbury; but twenty-seven +miles further than Connecticut river from the Indians. + +"From thence I travelled to Cohos, on Connecticut river; the +inhabitants of that new country were universally much engaged to have +the school fixed there, both from a respect to Dr. Wheelock's person +and a regard to the general design; it would be too lengthy to mention +the particular offers that were generously made. Besides what has been +already mentioned, upwards of sixteen thousand acres are already +subscribed, chiefly by gentlemen of the most noted and public +characters in the Province of New Hampshire; and more is subscribing +to have it fixed in the country of Cohos. Besides which, large +subscriptions have been made and are still making which centre in +particular towns, the principal of which and those where I was +advised, and thought proper to take the most particular view, were +Haverhill and Orford. These places are about equally distant from +Portsmouth, ninety-two miles, thirty of which is good water carriage, +the rest may be made a good wagon road. In this new country there are +more than two hundred towns chartered, settled, and about to settle, +and generally of a religious people, which do, and soon will, want +ministers; and they have no college or public seminary of learning for +that purpose in that Province, which want they apprehend may be +supplied by this school without any disadvantage to, or interfering in +the least, with the general design of it. These places are situate +about forty miles nearer to the Six Nations than the place where the +school now is; they are about one hundred miles from Mount Royal and +about sixty from Crown Point; and, perhaps, about sixty from the +Indians at St. Francis, to whom there is water portage by Connecticut +and St. Francis Rivers, except a mile or two; there is also water +carriage from hence by the Lakes and St. Lawrence River, etc., by the +Six Nations and the tribes many hundred miles west, except very small +land carriages. Population in this new country is very rapid, and will +doubtless be much more so if the Doctor should remove there with his +school, and their lands will soon bear a great price. From hence I +went with Mr. John Wright (whom the Doctor sent to accompany me in my +further inquiry) to Hatfield, in the Province of the Massachusetts; +and found gentlemen there universally desirous to have the school +fixed in Berkshire County in the western part of that Province." + +This region was visited by them, as well as New York. During the +autumn of 1768, by commission of Dr. Wheelock, Mr. Cleaveland, in +company with Mr. Allen Mather, also attended a large "Congress" of +several Indian tribes, at Fort Stanwix. In his report, after referring +to friendly conference with other chiefs, he says: "I also saw one +from Caghnawaga near Montreal, who desired to know if he could get his +son into Dr. Wheelock's school, and manifested a great desire to send +him. I told him there was talk of the school's going to Cohos. He said +if it should be fixed there, he believed that many of that tribe would +send their children to it."[20] This Canadian chief's statement was +considered, most carefully, by Dr. Wheelock. The proper documents were +forwarded with the least practicable delay to the English Trustees, +and elicited the following response: + + [20] See Appendix. + + "London, 3d April, 1769. + +"Reverend Sir:--Last week we received your letters of the 22d and 23d +December, 1768, and 10th of January, 1769; and being convinced how +necessary it is for the prosperity of your pious institution, as well +as for the peace of your own mind, that a place should be fixed upon +for the future establishment of your school as soon as possible, we +have attentively considered the report of Mr. Ebenezer Cleaveland, +whom you employed to take a view of the several spots proposed for +that purpose, together with the other papers which have now and +heretofore been transmitted to us relative to that matter; and, upon +weighing the several generous offers and proposals that have been made +to you by gentlemen of different governments for the benevolent +purpose of promoting the important design of your institution, and the +reasons that have been offered or have occurred to us in support of +each, we are unanimously of opinion that the most advantageous +situation for carrying on the great purposes of your school, will be +in one of the townships belonging to the District of Cowas, in the +Government of New Hampshire, agreeable to the proposal of Governor +Wentworth and the gentlemen who have generously expressed their +intention of contributing to that design; but whether Haverhill or +Orford may be the most eligible for this purpose, we must leave to +your judgment to determine. According to the best information we can +procure of the state of those towns, we think you may possibly give +the preference to the former, especially if the farm which you mention +as very convenient for an immediate supply of provisions, can be +procured upon reasonable terms. + +"We found our opinion, principally, upon this reason, that it appears +to us that Cowas is the most central of the situations that have been +proposed between the Indians of the Six Nations, on the one hand, and +those of St. Francis and of the other tribes to the eastward, on the +other; and that it is not inferior to any of the rest in other +respects. For this reason, we cannot but recommend to you to accept +the offers of Governor Wentworth and the Gentlemen in New Hampshire. +And we heartily pray that the same good Providence which has so +remarkably blessed your undertaking hitherto, may continue to protect +and prosper it in its farther progress, and may prolong your life, +that you may have the satisfaction to see it fixed upon such a plan as +may afford a reasonable hope of answering all the good purposes you +have in view. + + "We are, Reverend Sir, + + "Your most obedient servants, + + Dartmouth, + S. S. Smythe, + Samuel Roffey, + John Thornton, + Daniel West, + Charles Hardy, + Samuel Savage, + Jos. Robarts, + Robert Keen." + + "Received August 10, 1769." + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +A COLLEGE CHARTER. + + +The long-protracted efforts of Mr. Wheelock,[21] to provide legal +safeguards for donations in aid of his great work, now demand careful +attention. + + [21] It will be observed that the appropriate title, at the period + under consideration, is given to the founder of the college + here as elsewhere in this work. + +The deed of Mr. Joshua More, conveying two acres of land with +buildings attached, was dated July 17, 1755, a short time previous to +his death. Mr. Wheelock now placed himself in confidential relations +with two eminent lawyers in New York, William Smith, and his son +William Smith, Jr., the latter of whom, perhaps, may be said to have +left his impress upon the Constitution of the United States, through +his distinguished pupil, Gouverneur Morris. The correspondence, at +first, seems to have been chiefly with Mr. Smith, Senior. August 6, +1755, he writes to Mr. Wheelock: "The means for the accomplishment of +so charitable a design seem at present very imperfect." He suggests, +that there is "no incorporation" of Mr. Wheelock and the other +gentlemen to whom Mr. More conveyed the property; that the deed +contains "no consideration;" and that the estate is at most only "for +life." He advises Mr. Wheelock, at least, to procure a better deed, +which was afterwards executed by Mrs. More. The death of Mr. +Wheelock's most influential and valuable associate trustee, +ex-President Williams, only a few days after the conveyance by Mr. +More, was a severe loss, and a temporary embarrassment to his +associates. But Mr. Wheelock determined to proceed in his efforts for +an incorporation, relying mainly upon the dictates of his own judgment +for direction. After the lapse of some five years, in February, 1760, +he gives the results to Mr. Smith, in language of which the following +is the substance: "We sent home some years ago for the royal favor of +a Charter. Lord Halifax approved the design, but [to save expense] +advised, instead of a Charter, the establishment of the school by a +law of Connecticut Colony, and promised that when sent there it should +be ratified in Council, which he supposed would be as sufficient as +any act there. Hereupon I attended our Assembly, in May, 1758, with a +memorial, the prayer of which was granted by the House of +Representatives; the Governor and Council negatived it, upon the +ground that their action would not be valid, if ratified in England, +beyond this Colony, and that a corporation within a corporation might +be troublesome, as Yale College had sometimes been. I am since +informed that the Earl of Dartmouth has promised, if the matter shall +be put into a proper channel, to undertake and go through with it at +his own expense." + +Thus it appears that Lord Dartmouth was desirous of aiding Mr. +Wheelock by his influence, and otherwise, long before being asked by +him for pecuniary aid. In explanation of the governor's objections, it +should be stated, that Mr. Wheelock desired such an incorporation as +would enable him to locate his school in any of the American Colonies, +and that there was just at that period an earnest contest between the +corporation of Yale College, led by President Clap, and the Colonial +government, in regard to the control of that institution. + +Nothing having been accomplished in the meantime, Mr. Wheelock writes +in July, 1763, to his friend, Dr. Erskine, as follows: "Governor Fitch +privately proposes my removing my prayer for an incorporation from +this government [Connecticut]. It is likely we shall delay, it till we +see the success of our suit for the Royal favor." In September +following, he writes to his friend, Mr. De Berdt, in London, that he +has sent to him "materials, by General Lyman[22] and Colonel +Dyer,"[23] to enable him to "make application for an incorporation." +Unsuccessful as before in England, for reasons which will become more +apparent hereafter, in May, 1764, we find Mr. Wheelock petitioning +the Connecticut Assembly "to incorporate" six gentlemen of the Colony, +including George Wyllis, of Hartford, and himself, as legal guardians +of his school. But he did not procure the long-desired incorporation. + + [22] The distinguished Gen. Phineas Lyman. + + [23] Hon. Eliphalet Dyer, of Windham. + +In 1765, being about to send solicitors of charity on a larger scale +to England, Mr. Wheelock decided to make yet one more effort there for +an act of incorporation. A letter from Mr. Smith, written evidently +about this time, no date being attached, contains advice to Mr. +Wheelock in which we trace one of the most prominent features of the +Charter. He proposes, in substance: "an application to the King for a +short Charter incorporating. First, A sett of gentlemen in the +Colonies near Mr. Wheelock, who shall have all the power of a +corporation, as to managing estates, supplying vacancies, etc. Second, +Another sett in England and elsewhere in Europe, who, shall be +correspondents of the first sett, and only have the general power of +securing donations to be transferred to them." + +Lord Dartmouth and the other gentlemen in England who were +constituted, by Mr. Wheelock, a Board of Trust for the moneys +collected in that country, by Messrs. Occom and Whitaker, seem to have +thought this private incorporation amply sufficient for the security +of these funds. In writing to Mr. Keen, in November, 1767, Mr. (now +Dr.) Wheelock alludes to the fact that this gentleman had expressed an +opinion that his successor should be "in all respects accountable to +the present Trust." Although dissenting from this opinion, Dr. +Wheelock seems to have been prudent and conciliatory in his +intercourse with his worthy benefactors, wisely deeming it an object +of primary importance to raise the requisite funds for his operations. + +Messrs. Occom and Whitaker having fulfilled their mission abroad, and +generous promises of aid having been made by Governor Wentworth, we +find Dr. Wheelock, in October, 1768, writing to him as follows: "As +soon as the place to fix the school shall have been determined to be +in your Province, I will appoint your Excellency, or the Governor for +the time being, to be a Trustee on this side the water till a legal +incorporation may be obtained." This shows that Dr. Wheelock was not +averse to a judicious admixture of the clerical and lay elements in +the Board of Trust, although the Trustees named in his will, the germ +of the charter, were clergymen. + +The suggestion seems to have been most kindly received by Governor +Wentworth. Dr. Wheelock now determined to avail himself of the aid of +his firm and valuable friend, Rev. Dr. Langdon, of Portsmouth. A +letter from him to this gentleman is as follows: + + "Lebanon, April 7, 1769. + +"Reverend and dear Sir,--Yours by Captain Cushman is safe arrived, and +I have considered the contents. And for several reasons I am of +opinion that it will be best that the Trustees be the same for the +present, as I have already appointed in my will, which I have made at +the desire of the Trust in England, whose names were, with the will, +some time ago transmitted to them. The affair is very delicate, and as +such must be conducted, or it will disgust those worthy gentlemen, and +overset all. Their sentiments of an incorporation have been differing +from mine. They have insisted that I should conduct the whole affair +without one, and that my successor should be nominated and appointed +by my will. Experience, they think, has fully taught them that, by +means of an incorporation, such designs become jobs, and are soon +ruined thereby. They choose to hold the moneys collected there in +their own hands for this purpose, and accordingly have publicly +declared their Trust of the same under their hands and seals, and have +disposed of it, as their wisdom directed, for the benefit of the +school. I have, therefore, after much study and consultation in the +affair, appointed two setts of Trustees, namely, those in England who +have voluntarily condescended to make themselves so, to take care of +whatever concerns the object in view on that side the water; and a +sett in this vicinity, to take care of and perform whatever shall +concern it on this side. I have appointed a successor, to take care of +the school, etc., only till he shall be approved and confirmed by the +concurrence of both setts of Trustees, or till they all agree in +another, nominated by either and approved by both, each sett to have +power to supply vacancies in their Trust, made by death or +resignation, by the major vote of the survivors; something like this I +conceive will be most agreeable to the Right Honorable, Honorable, and +generous benefactors who have accepted the Trust in England, and I +apprehend it will make the design popular and respectable. + +"The Trustees here will hold and have the disposal of lands given in +America for this use; and I apprehend it will be proper for his +Majesty's Governor of the Province for the time being to be a Trustee, +but at present I have not light enough to determine a propriety in +making his Majesty himself one on this side the water. + +"I have several reasons, which appear to me weighty, for having the +body of the Trustees first incorporated in this vicinity. + +"1. They will be at hand to conduct the affairs of the school, +missionaries, schoolmasters, etc., till I can get settled in the +wilderness, which will be impracticable, if they are at the distance +of Portsmouth. + +"2. Several of the Trustees talk of removing with me to settle in that +vicinity; and if so, they may for a time act as a committee, till a +sufficient number suitable for that Trust shall be settled (as you +will observe will be expedient) near to the school. + +"3. Till this be done, my connections will likely be such as will +oblige me to make frequent visits to these parts, where we may have a +full meeting of the Board without any expense. + +"4. Gentlemen here have been so much concerned in Indian affairs, that +I suppose it not to be immodest to say _ceteris paribus_, they are at +present better qualified to act therein than those who will have to +encounter a thousand dangers and difficulties before unthought of. + +"5. By having the body corporate here, I can claim a valuable +subscription of L400 or L500 for the use and support of the school, +payable as soon as it becomes a body corporate, besides a tenement in +this place, given for the same purpose. + +"If the school should once be settled in those parts, it is likely +population will proceed with much greater rapidity than ever, and the +whole will be soon effected. + +"I design to consult some gentlemen of the law relative to an +incorporation, and get a rough draught made, with a view to save time +if the School should be fixed in your Province. Please to discourse +his Excellency of thoughts I have here suggested, and transmit such +remarks as he shall please to make thereon. Please to commend my +respects suitably to him, and accept the same yourself from, reverend +and dear sir, + + Your Friend and Brother, etc., + "Eleazar Wheelock." + +"Colonel Wyllis and Esquire Ledyard," of Hartford, were among Dr. +Wheelock's legal advisers in 1768, and probably at this period. + +June 7, 1769, we find Dr. Wheelock addressing Governor Wentworth as +follows: + +"I have been making some attempt to form a Charter, in which some +proper respect may be shown to those generous benefactors in England +who have condescended to patronize this school, and I want to be +informed whether you think it consistent to make the Trust in England +a distinct corporation, with power to hold real estate, etc., for the +uses and purposes of this school." + +But the impress of Governor Wentworth does not appear till a somewhat +later period. August 22, 1769, Dr. Wheelock informs him that he is +about to present him a "rough draught" of a Charter, for an "Academy," +adding this somewhat significant postscript: "Sir, if you think proper +to use the word College instead of Academy in the Charter, I shall be +well pleased with it." + +Dr. Wheelock's son-in-law, Mr. Alexander Phelps, and Rev. Dr. Whitaker +seem to have been the principal agents to confer with Governor +Wentworth in regard to the Charter. + +October 18, 1769, he gives his views at length, in a letter to Dr. +Wheelock, advising some amendments. Proposing some additions to the +Board of Trust, he says: "The nomination of the Provincial officers I +strongly recommend, though I do not insist upon. It was indeed +resolved on my side that the Governor should be one" of the Board. +"That I did not mention any other than the Governor can by no means be +preclusive. Neither did I so intend it. The three Provincial officers +will be a natural defense, honor and security to the institution." + +The following letter indicates that Governor Wentworth had eminent +legal counsel: + +"Rev. Sir: I have had an opportunity of conferring with Colonel Phelps +on the affair of the College proposed to be erected here. You'll find +some alterations in the scheme and draft of the Charter; they are +supposed to be amendments, and I think they, to say the least, will +not be impediments. I cannot stay to enumerate them; the Charter will +show them and the Colonel will be able to explain the grounds and +reasons of them. I have spent some considerable time with the Governor +to form the plan in such a manner as will make it most beneficial, and +to prevail on him to make such concessions as would suit the gentlemen +with you. I am apt to think the plan will be more serviceable as it +now stands than as it was before. + +I shall be glad to serve the cause, and have persuaded Colonel Phelps +to communicate it before the finishing stroke, though it will cost him +another journey. I have only to add that I am, with great esteem, + + "Your most obedient humble servant, + "William Parker. + "Portsmouth, October 28, 1769." + +Six Connecticut clergymen, selected by Dr. Wheelock, with one member +of the Connecticut Colonial government, Governor Wentworth, with three +of his Council, and the Speaker of the New Hampshire House of +Representatives, were constituted the first Board of Trust. This +arrangement, the result of friendly negotiation, appears to have been +satisfactory to both parties. + +October 25, 1769, Dr. Wheelock writes to Governor Wentworth, +expressing much satisfaction with his "catholic views," and warm +friendship, as indicated by his letter of the 18th, and says: "If your +Excellency shall see fit in your wisdom and goodness to complete the +Charter desired, and it will be the least satisfaction to you to +christen the House to be built after your own name, it will be +exceedingly grateful to me, and I believe to all concerned." He deems +it important that the public should understand, "that the benevolent +charities are not designed to be applied merely and exclusively to the +advancement of sectaries, with a fixed view to discourage the +Established Church of England." It should here be remarked that +three of the original Trustees of the College were nominally +Episcopalians, and the remaining nine were, most or all, nominally +Congregationalists, although some had Presbyterian tendencies. + +In writing to Lord Dartmouth, March 12, 1770, after referring to the +"enclosed copy of incorporation," which was dated December 13, 1769, +President Wheelock says: "Governor Wentworth thought best to reject +that clause in my draught of the Charter which gave the Honorable +Trust in England equal power with the Trustees here to nominate and +appoint the president, from time to time, apprehending it would make +the body too unwieldy, but he cheerfully consented that I should +express my gratitude and duty to your Lordship, by christening after +your name; and as there seemed to be danger of many embarrassments, in +many ways, in the present ruffled and distempered state of the +kingdom, I thought prudent to embrace the first opportunity to +accomplish it." The letter indicates that Dr. Wheelock determined what +should be the name of the institution without conferring with his +distinguished benefactor on that point. + +That the English Trustees were somewhat dissatisfied, temporarily, +with the measure of responsibility assumed by Dr. Wheelock, there is +no doubt. But nearly perfect harmony was restored, by the prudence of +that excellent diplomatist. In writing to these gentlemen, June 20, +1771; he says: "I am confident that, had you been upon the spot, you +would have approved every step I have taken, unless it was my attempt +to effect so great an affair as settling in this wilderness in so +short a time, which the event has fully justified, although my trials +have been very great." He also expresses the opinion, that, if they +will compare his plan proposed in his former letters with his +procedure since, they will find that he has "invariably kept the same +object in view." Later records indicate that President Wheelock still +numbered Lord Dartmouth and others of the English Board among his +faithful friends. Although not officially connected with the college, +they evidently cherished an abiding interest in its welfare. + +The Charter, so remarkable in its history, is a valuable and an +enduring monument to the genius, skill, and learning of its +distinguished framers.[24] Like the Charters of Harvard and Yale, it +indicates that the clergy were regarded, generally, as the best +depositaries of educational trusts. In the former case, the "teaching +elders" of the "six next adjoining towns" were ex-officio, +"Overseers;" in the latter, the original Trustees were all clergymen. +It may safely be asserted that, of the large number of eminent +gentlemen, who, as Trustees, have administered the affairs of +Dartmouth College, none have been more eminent for their wisdom or +fidelity than the reverend clergy. + + [24] See Appendix. + +[Illustration: Handwritten letter] + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +PRESIDENT WHEELOCK'S PERSONAL EXPLORATIONS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.--LOCATION +AT HANOVER. + + +In his "Narrative" for 1771, President Wheelock tells the story of +Dartmouth's location in the Granite State so plainly and +satisfactorily, that we can do no better than to give his own +recapitulation and condensation of the leading facts. + +"The smiles of heaven upon this school were such that it appeared +quite necessary to build to accommodate it; and the plan which I laid +for this purpose was to secure a sufficient tract of good land for the +only use and benefit of the school, and that the English charity +scholars should be led to turn their exercises for the relaxation of +their minds from their studies, and for the preservation of health, +from such exercises as have been frequently used by students for these +purposes, to such manual labor as might be subservient to the support +of the school, thereby effectually removing the deep prejudices, so +universal in the minds of the Indians, against going into the business +of husbandry." + +"The necessity of building, and also that I proposed to fix it at any +distance where the design might be best served by it, became publicly +known, whereupon great numbers in Connecticut and in neighboring +Provinces made generous offers to invite the settlement of it in their +respective places. In which affair I employed proper agents to view +the several situations proposed, and hear the several arguments and +reasons that might be offered by the solicitors for it, and make a +faithful report of the same. + +"The magistracy of the city of Albany offered an interest estimated at +L2,300 sterling, besides private donations, which it was supposed +would be large, to fix it in that city. Several other generous offers +were made to fix it in that vicinity. His Excellency, Sir Francis +Bernard, Governor of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, in +company with two others, offered 2,000 acres of good land in a central +town[25] in the county of Berkshire in said Province. To which were +added several other donations, amounting in the whole to 2,800 acres +of land, and a subscription said to be about L800 sterling. Also +generous offers were made to it in Stockbridge and other towns in that +Province. Several generous offers were made by particular towns and +parishes in the Colony of Connecticut, and particularly to continue it +where it had its rise. But the country being so filled up with +inhabitants, it was not practicable to get so large a tract of lands +as was thought to be most convenient and useful for it in those old +settlements. The Honorable Trust in England gave the preference to the +western part of the Province of New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, +as the site of the school." + + [25] Pittsfield. + +Before this period he "began to be convinced by many weighty reasons +that a greater proportion of English youth must be prepared for +missionaries to take entirely the lead of the affairs in the +wilderness." He also was deeply impressed with the want of ministers +in a large number of towns, nearly two hundred in all, just then newly +settling in the Connecticut valley. In view of all the circumstances, +and especially the fact that there was a disposition on the part of +many young men who had the ministry in view to seek preparation for it +elsewhere, than at Yale or Harvard, he felt it his duty to adhere to +his plan of extension. + +"As neither the Honorable Trust in England nor the Charter had fixed +upon the particular town or spot on which the buildings should be +erected, wherefore to complete the matter, as soon as the ways and +streams would allow, I took the Rev. Mr. Pomeroy, and Esq. [Samuel] +Gilbert (a gentleman of known ability for such a purpose) with me to +examine thoroughly, and compare the several places proposed, within +the limits prescribed for fifty or sixty miles on or near said River; +and to hear all the reasons and arguments that could be offered in +favor of each of them, in which service we faithfully spent eight +weeks. And in consequence of our report and representation of facts, +the Trustees unanimously agreed that the southwesterly corner of +Hanover adjoining upon Lebanon was the place above any to fix it in; +and that for many reasons, namely, it is most central on the River, +and most convenient for transportation up and down the River; as near +as any to the Indians; convenient for communication with Crown Point +on Lake Champlain, and with Canada. The situation is on a beautiful +plain, the soil fertile and easy of cultivation. The tract on which +the college is fixed, lying mostly in one body, and convenient for +improvement, in the towns of Hanover and Lebanon, contains upwards of +3,000 acres." + +We quote from official records: + + "Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 5, 1770. + +"We, the subscribers nominated Trustees of Dartmouth College, in the +Charter of said college, and being duly qualified as directed by said +Charter, have taken into consideration the places whereon said college +might be situated; and do hereby certify that it is our advice, +opinion and vote that said Dartmouth College be situated and erected +upon lands in the township of Hanover upon Connecticut river in the +Province aforesaid, provided the lands, moneys, and other aids +subscribed for the use of said Dartmouth College, if placed in Hanover +aforesaid, be firmly and securely conveyed to the Trustees of and for +the use of said College. And also that the said town of Hanover, and +Lebanon, previously consent and petition to the Legislature that a +contiguous parish of at least three miles square, in and adjoining to +these aforesaid towns of Hanover and Lebanon, be set off and +incorporated into a separate and distinct parish under the immediate +jurisdiction of the aforesaid Dartmouth College. + +"In witness whereof we have hereunto signed this instrument for +placing buildings and establishing the said college in Hanover +aforesaid, upon the aforesaid conditions. + + "J. Wentworth. + "Theodore Atkinson. + "Eleazar Wheelock. + "George Jaffrey. + "D. Pierce. + "P. Gilman. + "Benj. Pomeroy." + + "Hartford, 17th July, 1770. + +"We, the subscribers, being nominated Trustees of Dartmouth College, +and being duly qualified according to the Charter of such college, do +hereby agree to the situation of said college as determined by the +Trustees as above signed; provided (in addition to the conditions they +have specified), that Dr. Wheelock may be accommodated with a suitable +farm, at or near the college; apprehending that his past labors and +expenses, and his present connection with said institution, justly +merit such consideration. + + "Wm. Pitkin, + "James Lockwood, + "Timothy Pitkin, + "John Smalley." + +The "Coos" region now demands our more careful attention. + +While southern New England was largely occupied by emigrants from the +Mother Country, and their descendants, in the seventeenth century, +much of its northern portions, and especially the rich valley of the +upper Connecticut, was still covered with the virgin forests. As early +as 1752, Theodore Atkinson (whose name will become more familiar to +us) and others in Eastern New Hampshire, had formed a plan for +acquiring and colonizing the best portion of this unoccupied, but +fertile and inviting, basin. But the proud and lordly Indian disputed +their right to invade this ancient and charming hunting-ground, whose +meadows almost spontaneously produced the choicest corn, and they +desisted from their purpose. + +The immediate occasion of the settlement of this part of the +Connecticut valley was the French war. In the progress of that war, +the New England troops had cut a road from the older settlements in +the south part of the Province through Charlestown, then called No. 4, +to Crown Point. The soldiers in passing through this valley became +acquainted with its fertility and value. + +The soil of Eastern Connecticut being exhausted in some measure, her +hardy and enterprising yeomanry now gladly turned toward a region +where honest industry would find a surer and better reward. Many of +them knew the value of religion by a vital experience, and all knew +the value of sound learning by experience or close observation. + +The leading founders of Hanover were of the highly respectable Freeman +family, of Mansfield, Conn. The early history of this family in +America connects it with the Bradford and Prince families. The pioneer +settler at Hanover was Edmund Freeman. Of this worthy and enterprising +man, sincere Christian, earnest patriot, and valuable coadjutor of +President Wheelock, it is said: "Of distinguished uprightness and +integrity, he commanded universal respect and esteem." Hon. Jonathan +Freeman was his brother. + +Another family to whom Hanover is largely indebted for its solid +foundations bears the no less distinguished name of Storrs, also of +Mansfield, the old ancestral home of all, or nearly all, of that name, +who in various ways have been conspicuous in giving "strength and +beauty" to American institutions. Of Joseph Storrs, an early donor to +Dartmouth, it is said: "He was the younger son of Samuel Storrs the +second, and grandson of Samuel Storrs the elder, from whom all of the +name in America are descended, excepting one family near Richmond, Va. +He was a member of the first board of selectmen of the town of +Hanover." + +The town contained about twenty families at the period of which we are +writing. The relations of some other early settlers with President +Wheelock deserve equally careful notice. John Wright, from Lebanon, +Conn., was a man of marked ability and decided religious character. He +was deeply interested in the new college, and as pioneer explorer and +artisan rendered its founder invaluable aid. His name also heads the +list of the Hanover donors of lands. + +David Woodward, formerly a parishioner of President Wheelock, and +afterward widely known for his strong mind, his public spirit, and +patriotism, also co-operated earnestly with him while he was laying +foundations. His house appears to have furnished the venerable +president his first headquarters, while planning future operations. + +Nathaniel Wright, from Coventry, Conn., was a relation of John +Wright. His descendants have honored the college, as some of them +still honor the memory of an ancestor, whose name is inseparably and +prominently connected with the civil and religious history of the +town. His heart and hand were with President Wheelock, and his log +cabin was a welcome resting-place. + +James Murch, one of the more enterprising among the early settlers, +was also from Connecticut, where he had formed some acquaintance with +President Wheelock and his plans. Upon him it seems to have devolved, +in some measure at least, to set forth in homely but vigorous language +the leading attractions of this locality. + +Reverting to the "Narrative," we give President Wheelock's own graphic +account of labor and privation, which, in view of all the +circumstances, has few parallels in history: + +"After I had finished this tour [of exploration] and made a short stay +at home, to settle some affairs, I returned again into the wilderness, +to make provision for the removal and settlement of my family and +school there before winter. I arrived in August [1770], and found +matters in such a situation as at once convinced me of the necessity +of being myself upon the spot. And as there was no house conveniently +near, I made a hutt of logs about eighteen feet square, without stone, +brick, glass, or nail, and with thirty, forty, and sometimes fifty +laborers appointed to their respective departments, I betook myself to +a campaign. I set some to build a house for myself and family, of +forty by thirty-two feet, and one story high, and others to build a +house for my students of eighty by thirty-two, and two stories high." + +His family and about twenty or thirty students arriving before the +completion of his house, difficulty in locating having arisen, he +says: "I housed my stuff with my wife and the females of my family in +my hutt. My sons and students made booths and beds of hemlock boughs, +and in this situation we continued about a month, till the 29th day of +October, when I removed with my family to my house." + +A few last words to one who for a long period had regarded his work +with more than fraternal interest, and himself with more than +fraternal affection, fitly portray the state of President Wheelock's +mind and heart in those days of toil and trial and hope: + +"From my Hutt in Hanover Woods in the Province of New Hampshire, +August 27, 1770. + +"My dear Sir:--I long to see you and spend one day with you on the +affairs of the Redeemer's kingdom. It would be vain to attempt to tell +you of the many and great affairs I am at present involved in, in all +which I have had much of the loving-kindness, faithfulness, and +goodness of God. I am this day sending for my family and expect the +house will be made comfortable for their reception by the time they +arrive. My prospects are, by the goodness of God, vastly encouraging. +A series of merciful occurrences has persuaded me that God designs +great good to his church among English as well as Indians by this +institution. I was informed at Boston, in my late journey, that the +Commissioners have plenty of their constituents' money which lies +useless for want of missionaries, and for many weighty reasons I have +thought that the Redeemer's cause might be much served by Mr. +Kirtland's[26] going to their pay. This was an important point I +wished to consult you in. Likely your own thoughts may suggest some +reasons and such as you shall think sufficient without my disclosing +many that are not public. If you think favorably of it, please to +propose it to them, as you will likely have an opportunity for before +you leave the continent. I have a number fitted and fitting for +missions more than the fund already collected will support, and if +that may be saved, and at the same time uniformity and good agreement +between the Boards is promoted, it will be well. I wrote you from +Dedham on my late journey from Boston. I rejoice to hear that your bow +yet abides in strength; that God has once more made you useful in +America. I am chained here; there is no probability that the buildings +will be seasonably and well accomplished if I should leave them. I +don't expect to see you till we meet in the general convention on the +other shore. Please to favor me with a line, and your thoughts on the +question proposed. You may send from Boston by the Northfield post, +directed to me at Hanover in this Province. Oh, how glad should I be +to see you in this wilderness! + + [26] The modern orthography is Kirkland. + +"My dear sir, farewell. + + "I am yours in the dear Jesus. + "Eleazar Wheelock. + "Rev. George Whitefield." + +There appears to have been no subsequent meeting, on earth, of these +eminent coadjutors in all good works. The one was called to his reward +above, just as the other was beginning to enjoy the fruition of his +labors on earth. Few names deserve more honor, in connection with the +founding of Dartmouth College, than that of + + George Whitefield.[27] + + [27] Many things, which cannot be specified, illustrating the + history of this period and others, are necessarily placed + in the Appendix. + +[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF THE FIRST COLLEGE EDIFICE: + +Erected in 1770, near what is now the Southeast corner of the +Common.] + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +COMMENCEMENT OF OPERATIONS.--COURSE OF STUDY.--POLICY OF +ADMINISTRATION. + + +Instruction at Dartmouth appears to have commenced in December +following the removal, with four classes in attendance. + +In writing to Dr. Erskine, December 7, 1770, President Wheelock says: +"I am now removed into the wilderness with my family, and about thirty +students, English and Indians, who are all designed for the Indian +service." After referring to the erection of a house for his family, +and "another" for his students, he says: "I have also built a +school-house, which is convenient. My nearest neighbor in the town is +two and one half miles from me. I can see nothing but the lofty pines +about me. My family and students are in good health, and well pleased +with a solitude so favorable to their studies." + +In President Wheelock's account-book, David Huntington, Thomas +Kendall, Ebenezer Gurley, Augustine Hibbard, James Dean, and Joseph +Grover, are charged with tuition from various dates, ranging from +December 7th to December 14th. The rate is _1s. 4d._ per week, +"deducting abscences." In Connecticut, the tuition, for classical +instruction in the school, had been _1s. 6d._ per week. + +The following, from President Wheelock to a distant correspondent, +indicates sufficient patronage of the new institution: + + "Hanover, December 3, 1770. + +"Dear Sir,--Your son, with companion, are safely arrived. I've sent +back part of my students to Connecticut. I've just got studies fitted, +and made provision for the support of the rest of them. The great +difficulty in taking your son is the want of provisions in this +starved country. I send to Northfield and Montague for my bread, and +expect supply chiefly from thence." + +The facilities for acquiring classical and scientific education appear +to have been substantially the same at Dartmouth, at the outset, as in +other American colleges of that period. + +The discoveries of Newton and Franklin had a marked, if not +controlling, influence upon the thought of the eighteenth century. + +No American college, perhaps, felt this influence more than President +Wheelock's Alma Mater, in which Franklin took a deep interest. + +At the period of the founding of Dartmouth, we find that, in Yale +College, the Faculty consisted of Dr. Daggett, who was President, and +Professor of Divinity; Rev. Nehemiah Strong, Professor of Mathematics +and Natural Philosophy, and two or three tutors. + +President Wheelock doubtless had his Alma Mater especially in mind, in +planning the curriculum of Dartmouth. He was himself Professor of +Divinity, as well as President. His first associate in instruction, +who acted in the capacity of tutor, was Mr. Bezaleel Woodward, who had +graduated at Yale College in 1764, during the presidency of Rev. +Thomas Clap, of whom his associate in the Faculty, the future +President Stiles, says: "In Mathematics and Natural Philosophy I have +reason to think he was not equaled by more than one man in America." +The fact that Mr. Woodward was subsequently, for many years, a highly +esteemed professor of Mathematics in the college, indicates that he +was a worthy pupil of his distinguished teacher. + +There can be no doubt that the college was highly favored, in its +beginnings, in having a president who had been, while at college, +distinguished as a classical scholar, and in later life as an able and +a learned divine, aided by a younger teacher, whose scientific +attainments well qualified him for the duties of his position. + +The first preceptor of the Charity School, at Hanover, was David +McClure, who had recently graduated at Yale College. He was an able +and a successful teacher. The various relations of the school and +college were so intimate at this period, that it is nearly impossible +to dissociate them. The word "school," as used by President Wheelock, +frequently includes the college. + +Three of Dartmouth's first class were prepared for college at the +"Indian Charity School" in Lebanon, and passed their first three years +at Yale. + +The following letter from an eminent teacher, referred to in a +previous chapter, addressed to President Wheelock, introduces their +only new classmate: + +"Lebanon, August 10, 1770. + +"Rev. Sir: The bearer, Samuel Gray, entered my school about two years +ago, and in that time has been about four months absent. He was well +fitted for college when he was first under my care, and having applied +himself with proper diligence to his studies, and being favored with a +genius somewhat better than common, has made a progress in his +learning answerable to his industry. He will be found upon examination +to be pretty well acquainted with Virgil, Tully, and Horace. He is +likewise able to construe any part of the Greek Testament. He parses +and makes Latin rather better than common. He has been through the +twelve first books of Homer, but, as 't is more than a year since he +recited that author, am afraid he has lost the greater part of what he +then understood pretty well. In Arithmetic, vulgar and decimal, he is +well versed. I have likewise taught him Trigonometry, Altimetry, +Longimetry, Navigation, Surveying, Dialing, and Gauging. He has been +through Martin's 'Philosophical Grammar' twice,--the greater part of +which he understands very well. He has likewise studied Whiston's +'Astronomy,' all except the calculations, which he doth not +understand. He is likewise pretty well acquainted with Geography and +the use of the globes. He went through Watts' 'Logic' last winter, but +having no taste for that study, or rather an aversion to it, he is not +so well skilled in that as in some other parts of learning. About a +year ago he went through so much of rhetoric as is contained in the +'Preceptor,' but suppose he has forgot the most of it. Upon the whole, +though he may not, perhaps, be so well versed in some parts of +learning as the class which he proposes to enter, yet if he applies +himself to his studies with proper diligence, he will be rather an +honor than a disgrace to any college where he shall be graduated. I +ought in justice to him to add, that he is an orderly, well-behaved +youth, and has conducted so well in my school ever since he has been +with me that I have never had the least difference with him on any +account whatever. + + "I am, reverend sir, with much esteem, + "Your most humble servant, + "Nathan Tisdale. + +"P. S. I have another pupil whom I shall offer for admission into your +college at the end of the vacancy [vacation], if I can fit him by that +time." + + * * * * * + +A portion of a letter from a somewhat distinguished clergyman and +teacher, Rev. Simeon Williams, of Windham, N. H., introducing several +prominent members of the class of 1774, is worthy of notice here, +although written in 1772. In connection with the reply, it throws +additional light upon the first prescribed course of study at +Dartmouth. After expressions indicating confidence that President +Wheelock will attend, faithfully, to the welfare of the young men, the +language is as follows: + +"When they first came to my school they had read enough of Virgil and +the lower Latin classics, together with a sufficient knowledge of the +Greek Testament, to enable them to pass into any of the colleges as +Freshmen. But when their fathers informed me that they intended their +residence only for two years, and that they expected, if they were +under my care, I would qualify them in all the parts of the Freshman +and Sophomore years, so as they might with honor and ability enter the +Junior class, with mature deliberation, I undertook the arduous task. +The first year I confined their studies to Virgil, Cicero's +'Orations,' together with their improvement in Geography, Rhetoric, +and occasional declamations, etc. This second year they have been +reading Homer and Horace, Cicero de Oratore, and a part of Xenophon. I +have also carefully instructed them in all the four parts of Logic +from Doctor Finlay's 'Latin Compend,' expounding the same by familiar +lectures, for the most part extracted from Mr. Locke and Doctor Watts. +There is one kind of study which this last year they have been much +employed in,--I mean double translation,--their improvement therein +will appear to you by casting your eye on their various manuscripts. I +would observe to you that I have not introduced them to the knowledge +of mathematical learning, knowing it is most usual in colleges to put +them to those studies in the Junior year." + +In reply President Wheelock says: "We have examined the youth you +sent, and find them deficient in several parts of learning which the +[Junior] class have made some proficiency in, viz., Mathematics, +Geography, and parsing Greek. They have studied Tullie de Oratore, and +Xenophon, and some in Homer, more than that class have done. On the +whole I have concluded to take them into that class, only with this +condition, that they recite those things in which they are deficient +with the Sophomore class while their own class recite other parts in +which they exceed them." The studies of the Senior year do not appear +to have differed materially from those of other colleges, of that +period. Jonathan Edwards was a favorite author in metaphysics and +theology. + +President Wheelock in his "Narrative," for 1771, gives the following +lucid statement of the policy and aims of the school and college: "It +is earnestly recommended to the students both in college and school, + +"1. That all the English students in the college and school treat the +Indian children with care, tenderness and kindness, as younger +brethren, and as may be most conducive to the great ends proposed. + +"2. That they turn the course of their diversions and exercises for +their health to the practice of some manual arts, or cultivation of +gardens, and other lands, at the proper hours of leisure and +intermission from study and vacancies in the college and school. + +"3. That no English scholar, whether supported by charity or +otherwise, shall, at any time, speak diminutively of the practice of +labor, or by any means cast contempt upon it, or by word or action +endeavor to discredit or discourage the same, on penalty of his being +obliged, at the discretion of the president or tutor, to perform the +same or the equivalent to that which he attempted to discredit; or +else (if he be not a charity scholar) to hire the same done by others, +or, in case of refusal and obstinacy in this offense, that he be +dismissed from college, and denied all the privileges and honors of +it. + +"4. That no scholar shall be employed in labor in the hours of study, +or so as to interrupt him in his studies, unless upon special +emergencies, and with liberty from the president or a tutor. + +"5. That accounts be faithfully kept of all the labor so done by them, +either for the procuring provisions for the support of the college and +school, or that which shall be for real and lasting advantage to this +institution; and such accounts shall be properly audited, and a record +kept of the same for the benefit of such scholars, if they should be +called by the providence of God to withdraw from their purpose of +serving as missionaries in the wilderness, or to leave the service +before they have reasonably compensated the expense of their +education. + +"6. That such as are not charity scholars, but pay for their +education, may have liberty to labor for the benefit of the +institution at such times as are assigned to charity scholars, and the +just value of their labor be accounted towards the expense of their +support. + +"7. That no Freshman shall be taken off, or prevented labor, by any +errand for an under-graduate, without liberty obtained from the +president or a tutor. + +"_N. B._ Occasional errands and services for the college and school +are not designed to be accounted, nor their procuring fuel for their +fires, and things equivalent for their own and their chamber's use in +particular, nor anything which shall not be of real or lasting benefit +for the whole, unless in cases where they are incapacitated for labor, +and yet are able to perform such errands for or in the room of those +who can and do labor in their stead. + +"Lastly. That this Indian Charity School, connected with Dartmouth +College, be constantly hereafter and forever called and known by the +name of 'Moor's School.' + +"Moreover poor youth, who shall seek an education here, at their own +expense, may not only have the advantage of paying any part of that by +turning their necessary diversions to manual labor, but also, as all +that will be paid by such as support themselves will be disposed of +for the support of the Indian, or other charity scholars, therefore, +whatever clothing or provisions shall be necessary for the school will +be good pay at a reasonable price. + +"His Excellency Governor Wentworth, among many other expressions of +his care and zeal to preserve the purity and secure the well-being of +this seminary against such evils as have been the ruin of, or at least +have a very threatening aspect upon others which have come within his +knowledge, has insisted upon it as a condition of location, to which +all the trustees have cheerfully subscribed, that wherever it should +be fixed, there should be a society of at least three miles square, +which should be under the jurisdiction of the college, that thereby +unwholesome inhabitants may be prevented settling, and all hurtful or +dangerous connections with them, or practices among them may be +seasonably discovered and prevented in a legal way.[28] + + [28] The town of Hanover, at three different times within the next + twenty-five years, by their vote sanctioned this + incorporation of the "College District." But the plan was + never favorably regarded, apparently, by the New Hampshire + Legislature. + +"As this institution is primarily designed to christianize the +heathen, that is, to form the minds and manners of their children to +the rules of religion and virtue; and to educate pious youth of the +English to bear the Redeemer's name among them in the wilderness; and +secondarily to educate meet persons for the sacred work of the +ministry, in the churches of Christ among the English; so it is of the +last and very special importance, that all who shall be admitted here +in any capacity, and especially for an education, be of sober, +blameless and religious behavior, that neither Indian children nor +others may be in danger of infection by examples which are not +suitable for their imitation. And accordingly I think it proper to let +the world know there is no encouragement given that such as are vain, +idle, trifling, flesh-pleasing, or such as are on any account vicious +or immoral, will be admitted here; or, if such should by disguising +themselves obtain admittance, that they will not be allowed to +continue members after they are known to be such; nor will it be well +taken, if, on any pretense whatever, any shall attempt to introduce or +impose any youth upon this seminary, whose character shall be +incongruous to, and militates against, the highest, chiefest, and +dearest interests of the first objects of it. + +"And it is my purpose, by the grace of God, to leave nothing undone, +within my power, which is suitable to be done, that this school of the +prophets may be and long continue to be a pure fountain. + +"And I do with all my heart will this my purpose to all my successors +in the presidency of this seminary, to the latest posterity; and it is +my last will never to be revoked, and to God I commit it, and my only +hope and confidence for the execution of it is in Him alone, who has +already done great things for it and does still own it as his cause; +and blessed be his name that every present member of it, as well as +great numbers abroad, I trust, do join their hearty Amen with me." + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +PROGRESS TO THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WHEELOCK.--PROMINENT FEATURES OF +HIS CHARACTER. + + +The foundations being completed, the superstructure now claims our +attention. We give somewhat full details of affairs during the opening +years. The following is an extract from a letter from Mr. M'Clare to +his early friend, General Knox, dated at Hanover, March 20, 1771: + +"The winter has been very moderate and the heavens clear and serene. +The situation is much more agreeable than I imagined it would be last +fall, before I set out from Connecticut. The number of the students in +the college and school is about thirty. I have at present the care of +the Grammar School, and I find no small pleasure in 'teaching the +young idea how to shoot.' Heaven has remarkably smiled upon the +generous and pious design of the Reverend Doctor, and supported it +amidst numberless difficulties and embarrassments, and it affords a +prospect of being in time a great and extensive blessing to this part +of the world and to the tawny inhabitants of our continent." + +The first Commencement, in August, 1771, attracted a large audience, +including many from a distance, among them Governor Wentworth. Dr. +Langdon had previously manifested his deep interest in the college by +a personal visit. + +In his "Narrative," for the period from May, 1771, to September, 1772, +President Wheelock says: + +"I have now finished (so far as to render comfortable and decent) the +building to accommodate my students, of eighty by thirty-two feet, and +have done it in the plainest and cheapest manner, which furnishes +sixteen comfortable rooms, besides a kitchen, hall, and store-room. I +have also built a saw-mill and grist-mill, which appear to be well +done, and are the property of the school, and will likely afford a +pretty annual income to it. I have also built two barns, one of +twenty-eight by thirty-two feet, the other of fifty-five by forty, and +fifteen feet post. I have also raised, and expect to finish, within a +few days, a malt-house of thirty feet square, and several other lesser +buildings which were found necessary. I have cleared, and in a good +measure fitted for improvement, about seventy or eighty acres of land, +and seeded with English grain about twenty acres, from which I have +taken at the late harvest, what was esteemed a good crop, considering +the land was so lately laid open to the sun. I have cut what is judged +to be equal to fourteen or fifteen tons of good hay, which I stacked, +by which the expense of supporting a team and cows the ensuing winter +may be considerably lessened. I have also about eighteen acres of +Indian corn now on the ground, which promises a good crop. My laborers +are preparing more lands for improvement; some to sow with English +grain this fall, and others for pasturing, which sad experience has +taught me the necessity of, as I have suffered much by being +disappointed of this benefit, through the negligence of a number, who +subscribed labor to encourage the settlement of the school in this +place, and, in excuse for their not being as punctual in performing as +they appeared liberal in subscribing, plead their poverty and the +necessities of their families in their new beginnings in this +wilderness. + +"I hope through the blessing of God, even the ensuing year, we shall +find that near sufficient has been raised on these lands to supply the +school with bread, which will be a great relief not only as to the +expense, but as to care and fatigue in procuring it; as the greatest +and cheapest part of the support of my family has been transported +above an hundred, and much of it near two hundred miles through new +and bad roads; which has made the expense of some articles equal to +the first cost, and many of them much more. The cheapest fodder I had +the last winter to support my team and a few cows was brought forty +miles on sleds by oxen. + +"It is not easy for one who is not acquainted with the affair of +building and settling in such a wilderness to conceive of the many +difficulties, fatigues, and extraordinary expenses attending it; nor +does it make the burden at all less, if there are numbers settling +within a few miles, who are poor and needy, and so far from having +ability to contribute their assistance to others, as to stand in +constant need of help themselves. + +"The number of my students belonging to the college and school has +been from forty to fifty, of which from five to nine have been +Indians. The English youth on charity are all fitting for +missionaries, if God in his providence shall open a door for their +serving him in that capacity, and they have been about twenty. + +"My students have been universally well engaged in their studies, and +a number of independent as well as charity scholars, have only by +turning a necessary diversion to agreeable manual labor, done much to +lessen the expense of their education the last year." + +In an appendix to this "Narrative," dated September 26, 1772, after +referring to a prospect of obtaining sons of some of the Caghnawaga +chiefs, President Wheelock says: "One was a descendant from the Rev. +Mr. Williams, who was captivated from Deerfield in 1704. Another was a +descendant from Mr. Tarbell, who was captivated from Groton [in 1707], +who is now a hearty and active man, and the eldest chief, and chief +speaker of the tribe. The other was son to Mr. Stacey, who was +captivated from Ipswich, and is a good interpreter for that tribe." + +In view of all the facts within our knowledge, it seems more than +possible that the influence of these and other captives, now venerable +with age, upon their red brethren, on the one hand, and dim but +precious memories of their own childhood, on the other, had aided +materially in determining the location of the college. The patronage +of the Canadian tribes was President Wheelock's main reliance for +Indian students after his removal to Hanover. + +In regard to the missionaries sent out by President Wheelock at this +period, his biographer says: "Some went into the Mohawk and Oneida +country, others to the Indians upon the Muskingum, and several to the +tribes within the bounds of Canada. They found the Indians, the +Oneidas excepted, universally opposed to them."[29] + + [29] Memoirs of Wheelock, p. 63. + +Perhaps it will be safe to make a slight abatement from the somewhat +sweeping statement which closes this quotation. + +In his "Narrative" for the period between September, 1772, and +September, 1773, President Wheelock says: "My crops were considerably +shortened the last year, by an uncommon rain at the beginning of +harvest, and by an untimely frost, yet the benefit of that which is +saved is very sensible. I have this year cut about double the quantity +of hay which I cut last year, namely, about thirty tons. I have reaped +about twenty acres of English grain, which crop appeared to be very +heavy before harvest, and proved too much so, as a considerable part +of it fell down of its own weight before maturity; however, though it +be much less than the prospect was, it is a very considerable relief. +I have about twenty acres of Indian corn on the ground, which, +considering the newness and imperfect tillage of the land, promises a +considerable crop. + +"I have cleared sufficient for pasturing, _i. e._ have cut and girdled +all the growth upon five hundred acres, and a part of it have sowed +with hay-seed; the rest I expect will be ready to receive the seed as +soon as it shall be dry enough to burn the trash upon it in the +spring. The soil is generally good, and I hope the school will +experience the benefit of it in due time. I have inclosed with a fence +about two thousand acres of this wilderness, that I might be able to +restrain oxen, cows, horses, etc., from rambling beyond my reach. + +"I have seven yoke of oxen and about twenty cows, all the property and +employed in the service of the school. The number of my laborers for +six months past has generally been from thirty to forty, besides those +employed at the mills, in the kitchen, wash-house, etc. The number of +my students, dependent and independent, the last year was about +eighty. A little more than three years ago there was nothing to be +seen here but a horrid wilderness; now there are eleven comfortable +dwelling-houses (beside the large one I built for my students), built +by tradesmen and such as have settled in some connection with, and +have been admitted for the benefit of, this school, and all within +sixty rods of the college. By this means the necessities of this +school have been relieved in part as to room for my students. Yet the +present necessity of another and larger building appears to be such +that the growth of this seminary must necessarily be stinted without +it. + +"When I think of the great weight of present expense for the support +of sixteen or seventeen Indian boys, which has been my number all the +last year, and as many English youth on charity, eight in the +wilderness who depend upon their support wholly from this quarter, +which has been the case a considerable part of this year, such a +number of laborers, and under necessity to build a house for myself +(as the house I have lived in was planned for a store-house, and must +be used for that purpose) and expense for three and sometimes four +tutors, which has been the least number that would suffice for well +instructing my students, I have sometimes found faintness of heart. +But I have always made it my practice not to exceed what my own +private interest [property] will pay, in case I should be brought to +that necessity to do my creditors justice." + +In his "Narrative" for the period between September, 1773, and +February, 1775, President Wheelock says: "The number of Indians in +this school since my last 'Narrative,' has been from sixteen to +twenty-one, and the whole number of charity or dependent scholars +about thirty." The whole number of students was now about one hundred. + +"The progress of husbandry on this farm, the last year, has not been +equal in every respect to my hope, the season proving so wet as not to +favor some branches of it. However, the progress of it and the benefit +by it, have been very considerable. I have raised and reaped upon the +school land, the last year, about three hundred bushels of choice +wheat, but the crop of Indian corn fell much short of my expectations, +being but about two hundred and fifty bushels. I have cut sixty tons +of hay the last season, and have a prospect of a very considerable +addition to that quantity the next, if Providence shall favor it. + +"I have begun to prepare and have a prospect that I shall be able to +fit about sixty acres of new land to sow with wheat the next season. I +have improved about twelve or fourteen oxen, and about twenty cows, +the property of the school, and have a prospect of plenty for their +support for summer and winter, and I find already the great benefit of +having wherewith to do it this winter without the fatigue and expense +of going forty miles for it, as I have been forced to do till this +year." + +He also refers to important agricultural operations, and the erection +of buildings at Landaff--Governor Wentworth's first choice as a +location for the college--and preparations for a new college edifice. + +To Messrs. Savage and Keen, he writes, October 24, 1775: "The progress +of the great design under my hand has been as rapid since resources +from your side the water have been suspended as ever. Every day turns +out some new wonder of Divine favor towards it. I have this day been +out to see my laborers who have near finished sowing one hundred and +ten acres of wheat and rye, but mostly of wheat, one hundred acres of +it on new land. No providences, however calamitous to others, not even +our present public distresses, but seem as though they were calculated +to favor this design. God gives me all I ask for, and He is a +prayer-hearing God." + +We are indebted to the present librarian of the college[30] for the +following interesting facts relating to this period: + + [30] Professor C. W. Scott. + +"The library of Dartmouth College may be considered as older than the +college itself, as it had its origin in the 'Indian Charity School,' +and existed as a handful of books before the granting of the college +Charter. These books are found principally among the theological +works, in folio volumes, with Latin texts or notes, and uninviting +type. Received as they were more than a hundred years ago, they were +then publications of the preceding century; and they would hardly find +their way into the library to-day, if admitted upon the demand of +readers, yet in their bindings and worn leaves they show that by some +one they were thoroughly used. A copy of 'Lightfoot's Harmony of the +New Testament,' under date of June, 1764, has written across a leaf: +'Received from the Rev. Dr. Gifford, of London, sundry second-hand +books given by poor persons to the Indian Charity School in Lebanon, +of which this is one.' Marks on other volumes show that Dr. Gifford +was a contributor as well as a collector. Edinburgh, too [through Dr. +Erskine], sent its offering of books, and as the struggling school +came to be better known in England, through the commissioners sent to +solicit aid, and through other sources, such gifts probably became not +infrequent. The early history and intentions of the college were such +as to particularly interest clergymen, and in proportion to their +means they were doubtless the most generous givers of books. Their +names written across fly-leaves show that many volumes, in different +parts of New England, did service in their studies before finding a +place in the college library. One of the most noteworthy of such +benefactors was Rev. Diodate Johnson, of Millington, Conn., who, +besides other gifts, in 1773 bestowed his entire library." + +Nearly at the same period with Mr. Johnson's donation, Hon. John +Phillips, of Exeter, made a handsome donation, for a philosophical +apparatus. The subsequent appropriation of the money, for another +purpose, compelled the college to dispense with this useful furniture +for a considerable period. + +The commencement of the Revolutionary struggle soon proved a serious +embarrassment to President Wheelock: "The din of war drowned the +feeble voice of science; men turned away from this 'school of the +prophets' to hear tidings from the camp." But the heroic founder stood +manfully at his post, faithfully performing his duty, with only brief +interruptions, until, in the midst of that great conflict which made +us a nation, he was called to his reward. He died, after a lingering +illness, at Hanover, on the 24th of April, 1779. His first wife, Mrs. +Sarah (Davenport) Maltby Wheelock, of the distinguished John Davenport +family, died in Connecticut. His second wife, Mrs. Mary (Brinsmead) +Wheelock, was spared to minister to the last earthly wants of her +revered companion. + +President Wheelock lived to see his earnest efforts to promote sound +learning crowned with a good measure of success. + +The graduates of this period attained such eminence, in nearly all +the paths of professional usefulness, as to indicate most plainly that +they had laid good foundations in college. They were honored as +teachers, as divines, and as legislators. The condition of the college +and the country gave them abundant opportunities for appreciating the +inscription on the armor of the Dartmouth family: "Gaudet tentamine +virtus." + +Instead of burning the "midnight oil" of the modern student, they kept +the midnight watch against savage foes, at least at certain periods. +To us, this all looks like romance. To them, it was stern reality. + +In a fitting tribute to President Wheelock,[31] Rev. Dr. Allen says: + + [31] Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit. + +"If it should be asked what success attended the efforts of Dr. +Wheelock to communicate the gospel to the Indian nations, it may be +replied that he accomplished something for their benefit, and that +great and insuperable obstacles in the providence of God prevented him +from accomplishing more. It was soon after he sent out missionaries +into the wilderness, that the controversy with Great Britain blighted +his fair and encouraging prospects. During the last four years of his +life there was actual war, in which many of the Indian tribes acted +with the enemy. Yet the Oneidas, to whom Mr. Kirkland was sent as a +missionary, kept the hatchet buried during the whole Revolutionary +struggle, and by means of this mission, probably, were a multitude of +frontier settlements saved from the tomahawk and the scalping-knife. +But even if nothing had been accomplished for the benefit of the +Indians, yet the zeal which chiefly sought their good, reared up a +venerable institution of science, in which many strong minds have been +disciplined and made to grow stronger, and nerved for professional +toils and public labors, and in which hundreds of ministers have been +nurtured for the church of Christ. + +"For enlarged views and indomitable energy, and persevering and most +arduous toils, and for the great results of his labors in the cause of +religion and learning, Dr. Wheelock must ever be held in high honor. +He early placed one great object before him, and that object held +his undivided attention for nearly half a century. It is not +easy to describe the variety of his cares and the extent of his +toils. When he removed to Hanover his labors were doubled. The two +institutions--the school and the college--were ever kept distinct; in +both he was a teacher; of both he was the chief governor. He was also +the preacher of the college and village. In the government of his +school and college, Dr. Wheelock combined great patience and kindness +with the energy of proper and indispensable discipline. He was of a +cheerful and pleasant temper and manifested much urbanity in his +deportment." + +This clear and forcible language has additional weight when we +consider, that, during nearly the whole period of his administration, +he had only the aid of tutors, with no other professor. + +President Wheelock's usefulness in the great field of education was +not confined to the sons of the forest, during his residence in +Connecticut. He sought out John Smalley, the son of one of his +parishioners, in his humble home, prepared him for college, and +thereby gave him the primary impulse and aid, without which one of New +England's ablest theologians, and the teacher of others of widely +extended influence, might have remained in life-long retirement. He +took Samuel Kirkland, the son of a worthy but indigent brother in the +ministry, and, to use his own language, "carried him" in his arms, +till he had completed a thorough preparation for the ministry, and +finally furnished him a wife from his own kindred and his own +household. His distinguished beneficiary, beside all his other labors, +laid the foundation of Hamilton College, and gave to Harvard the +president of its "Augustan age," his son, John Thornton Kirkland. He +left the impress of his intellectual and religious character upon his +pupil, Benjamin Trumbull, the records of whose life give him a +conspicuous place among the earnest preachers and careful historians +of his day. The valuable influence of others of his early pupils will +be felt in ever extending circles, down to "the last syllable of +recorded time." + +There was no need that Eleazar Wheelock should found a college at that +advanced period of life when men naturally seek a measure of repose, +in order to secure for his name an honorable position in the long and +brilliant catalogue of American educators. The crowning act of his +life, in the mellowed maturity of age, was scarcely more or less than +the logical, inevitable result of what preceded it. + +The scope of our work does not permit any extended eulogy of President +Wheelock, nor any thorough analysis of his character. With a brief +reference to some leading points, we must close the record. + +He was eminent as a scholar. The constantly recurring and ever +pressing duties of earnest and varied professional life, left him +little leisure for indulging in the luxuries of mere aesthetic culture; +but his active mind ranged widely through the realms of ancient and +modern thought, and freely appropriated of the richest of their +treasures. + +He was eminent as an orator. His eloquence was not graced with the +well-rounded periods of a Burke, or a Webster; but in many a village +and hamlet, the burning words which fell from his lips stirred the +hearts of men to their profoundest depths. + +He was eminent as a teacher. Through life he gladly embraced every +opportunity of opening the treasuries of knowledge to his fellow-men; +and many who sat under his instruction were thereby laid under large +obligations, although, in the rude halls of the infant college, he was +always more or less embarrassed by the cares of business and the +infirmities of advancing years. + +He was eminent in affairs. He raised funds; procured corporate +franchises and safeguards; leveled forests, and reared edifices in the +face of apathy, opposition, and rivalry, with a fertility of resources +in planning, and an energy in executing, which won the admiration of +contemporaries in both hemispheres. + +He was eminent as a patriot. When his faithful friend, the last Royal +Governor of New Hampshire, upon whom through years of toil and trial +he had leaned as upon a strong staff, abandoned his office, and +resolutely adhered to his Sovereign, and many others to whom he was +strongly attached, arrayed themselves on the same side, he as +resolutely espoused the cause of American Independence, and labored to +the extent of his ability for its accomplishment. + +But neither the scholar, nor the orator, nor the teacher, nor the man +of affairs, nor the patriot, nor all combined, would have secured to +any man that conspicuous position upon the page of history which the +leading founder of Dartmouth College will occupy, so long as solid +worth and successful achievement shall command the attention of the +discriminating, thoughtful reader. + +Religion was the mainspring of his entire life, the real source of all +his success. Without it, he might have been honored of men; with it, +he was honored of God. Encircling all the separate parts of his +character, like a golden chain, it bound them in one grand, beautiful, +harmonious whole. + +In the hallowed seclusion of that thrice-honored valley, where +Jonathan Edwards was born and Thomas Hooker died,--on the western +verge of that modest plain, where his long and fruitful life bore its +latest, richest fruit,--his precious dust will slumber "till the +heavens be no more," and not till then will the Christian scholar, who +lingers among the hills of central New England, cease to pay his +devotions at the grave of + +Eleazar Wheelock. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +PROGRESS DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE SECOND PRESIDENT, JOHN +WHEELOCK. + + +The first President of the College, availing himself of a provision in +the Charter, named three persons in his will, some one of whom he +desired should be his successor in the office. These were his son, Mr. +John Wheelock, Rev. Joseph Huntington, of Coventry, Conn., and Prof. +Sylvanus Ripley. Mr. Wheelock, although a young man, in response to +the somewhat earnest solicitation of the Trustees, after mature +deliberation decided to accept the position. His son-in-law, Rev. Dr. +Allen, gives the leading points in his earlier life in the following +language: + +"He was born [a son by the father's second marriage] at Lebanon, +Conn., January 28, 1754, and graduated in Dartmouth's first class, in +1771. In 1772, he was appointed a tutor, and was devoted to the +business of instruction until the beginning of the Revolution. In +1775, he was a member of the [N. H.] Assembly. In the spring of 1777, +he was appointed a Major in the service of New York, and in November, +a Lieutenant-colonel in the Continental army under Colonel Bedel. In +1778 he marched a detachment from Coos to Albany. By direction of +Stark he conducted an expedition into the Indian country. At the +request of General Gates, he entered his family, and continued with +him, until he was recalled to Hanover by the death of his father, in +1779." + +The following pages, extracted from the "Sketches of the History of +Dartmouth College and Moor's Charity School," prepared and published +under President Wheelock's sanction, are deemed worthy of insertion in +this connection. + +"The founder and first president spent nine years in planting +and raising up a new society, in converting forests into +fields,--supporting many youths on charity. Persevering through +difficulties, without any stipend for his labors, the seminary grew in +vital strength;--but destitute of patronage in America, its resources +in Europe mostly expended, and the residue wholly obstructed, beset +with calamities by the troubles and disasters of the Revolutionary +War, it was reduced, in childhood, to nakedness and want, in the year +1779. Soon after the treasurer, making an estimate of the demands upon +it, pronounced that all the property of the corporation, if sold at +vendue, would not be sufficient to cancel its debts. Under these +clouds, the successor of the founder came into office, with a humble +sense of his duty, and a belief that God, who had protected and +sustained the seminary in floods of trouble, would relieve and build +it up. He solicited benefactions abroad for support of the charity +youths of the school in 1780, 1781, and 1782. + +"In the latter part of that year Dr. Wheelock, the president, set off +for Europe. The Institution and his design were known, and sanctioned +by very ample recommendations, unnecessary to be inserted here, +issuing from the highest sources in America--from the President and a +great majority of the members of Congress, in their official +characters;--it ought to be recorded--from the Father of his Country, +George Washington, who well knew Dr. Wheelock, while an officer in the +Revolutionary War, and honored him with his particular notice and +friendship; from many of the most celebrated generals of the army, and +Governors of the different states, with introductory letters from the +Chevalier de Luzerne, minister plenipotentiary from the court of +Versailles, to Count de Vergennes, prime minister of France, from the +Secretary of the United States, and other eminent characters to +different parts of Europe. + +"After some weeks spent in France, Dr. Wheelock, receiving +introductory and friendly letters to Mr. Dumas, the American _Charge +d'Affaires_, and others in Holland, from Dr. Franklin, and John Adams, +proceeded to the Netherlands. A considerable sum was obtained in the +Netherlands; but we omit a particular account of the respectful +treatment and generous benefactions he received from the Prince of +Orange and others high in office. + +"Thence he embarked for Great Britain, partly with a view, much +lessened by the public feelings from the Revolution in America, to +obtain some new aids; but chiefly to reclaim and negotiate for the +fund in Scotland, belonging to the school. It had been barred from +before the death of his predecessor, whose bills were protested, and +still lay with their charges unredeemed, besides large accounts for +the support of Indian youths, without the means of payment, unless by +exhausting the residue of the property of the college. He traveled +from Poole to London, where he paid his first and grateful respects to +the Earl of Dartmouth, Mr. John Thornton and others, who, being +formerly of the Board of Trust, had been in friendly relations with +the founder, and patronized and cherished the seminary, in the +jeopardies of its infancy. With his eyes invariably on the object, by +an introductory letter from Dr. Macclion, to Ralph Griffith, Esq., LL. +D., he obtained friendly access to Mr. Straghn, member of parliament +and the king's printer, and became acquainted with his son-in-law, Mr. +Spotswood. This respected gentleman, largely connected, and concerned +in the agencies of Scotland, took a benevolent and decisive part in +consulting, and adopting measures to restore the fund, at Edinburgh, +in the care of the Society, to its primitive channel. Communications +were opened--the bills were paid; and the way prepared for future +negotiations, till the Society were convinced of the justice of the +claim. The money has since been applied to the support of the school +in its original design; and arrearages of interest remitted to the +president to cancel the debts overwhelming the seminary. He, also, +while in England, as on the continent, procured some coins and +articles appreciated by the _virtuosi_. By the benevolence of Paul +Wentworth, Esq., Doctor Rose, and other friends to the college, some +valuable philosophical instruments were obtained, and others promised, +the making of which the two former kindly engaged to superintend, and +forward the whole, so soon as completed, to America. A way, besides, +was preparing to provide natural curiosities for a museum. Those +instruments, with their additions, well constructed, forming an +apparatus sufficient for all the more important experiments and +observations in Natural Philosophy, afterwards arrived; and at the +same time a curious and valuable collection of stones and fossils from +India, and different parts of Europe, for the museums from the +beneficent Mr. Forsythe, keeper of the king's gardens, at Kensington. +All these with costs of transportation, were gifts received at the +college, by the Trustees. Only a word more; a large and elegant gold +medal was presented by Mr. Clyde of London, to Dr. Wheelock, in his +official character. It is wholly irrelevant to our purpose, and +needless to speak of the personal civilities and friendly notices of +Lord Rawden, by whose goodness he was introduced at the House of +Lords, of Sir John Wentworth, Sir J. Blois, Dr. Price, and others, +besides those before mentioned. + +"Within three months after the President's return (in 1784) the Board +of Trustees convened and resolved, if sufficient means could be +obtained, to erect an edifice of about one hundred and fifty by fifty +feet, three stories in height, for the college, with convenient +accommodations for the members. The president, professors, and some of +the Trustees in the vicinity, were requested by the Board to solicit +subscriptions for the purpose. They depended on Dr. Wheelock's +exertions, he cheerfully undertook. By his arrangement and exertions, +in that and the following year 1785, and by his agents, near fifteen +thousand dollars were given but mostly subscribed to be paid, and +chiefly by responsible men in different places. The subscriptions and +payments were all put into the hands of the contractor. He commenced +and carried on the building. But in 1786 he was unable to procure +supplies and nothing but an immediate cessation of the business +appeared. Dr. Wheelock afforded relief, by furnishing the joiners, +about twenty in number, with sustenance through the season, and aiding +in the collection of materials. In the succeeding years, the +subscriptions and means in the hands of the contractor being +exhausted, he procured by bills on Mrs. Wheelock's agent in the West +Indies, and by a residue remitted from Holland and in other ways by +his friends abroad, and his own donation of $333.00, all the glass, +the nails, the vane and spire and other articles and some pay towards +the labor. A bell he had by solicitation obtained before. By the +seventh year from the beginning of its foundation, the edifice +[Dartmouth Hall] was finished, and well prepared for the reception of +the students. We will now return to trace another chain of operation. + +"Dr. Wheelock, though not at the particular request of the Board, +attended the Legislature of Vermont, June 14, 1785. He solicited; and +they made a grant of a township [Wheelock], 23,040 acres, one half to +the college and the other half to the school, to be free from all +public taxes forever. As soon as practical he procured a survey, +obtained a charter, and made calculations for its settlement. Families +rapidly moved in, till near the number of one hundred. He disposed of +a large part of the tract in small portions on long leases. A few +years rent free, the annual product has been to the college and +school, each, six hundred dollars. + +"We now turn to the State of New Hampshire. Dr. Wheelock had applied, +by the desire of the Board, to the General Court for a lottery, and +obtained it; but from unexpected events not answering the purpose, +they requested him in 1787 to present a memorial to the Legislature +for another lottery under different modifications. Professor Woodward +attended as agent--the design was effected, and the avails received by +the Board. + +"The pressure of demands on the college induced him to apply and +attend the Legislature, in the month of January, 1739, for the charter +of a tract of land on Connecticut river and near the northern confine +of the State. A committee was appointed; occasional discussions arose +for several days; the matter was finally brought before the House. The +Senate and House of Representatives passed an act granting to the +Trustees of Dartmouth College a valuable tract of eight miles square, +about 42,000 acres adjoining north of Stewarts town. [Ebenezer Webster +was the chairman of the Legislative committee recommending this +grant.] The forcible and energetic eloquence of General Sullivan, that +eminent commander in the Revolutionary War, in the debate on this +subject cannot be forgotten. It drew him from his bed, amidst the +first attacks of fatal disease--and it was the last speech which he +ever made in public. This interesting grant scattered the clouds just +bursting on the institution. It was now harrassed with heavy debts of +an early standing in its losses at Landaff, which amounted to $30,000. + +"At the time of obtaining the above grant, Dr. Wheelock also +negotiated to recover the donation of $583, made by Dr. John Phillips, +in 1772 [for a philosophical apparatus], to the college, and deposited +in the hands of Governor Wentworth, which, after he left the country +was considered, from his circumstances, as wholly lost. But Dr. +Wheelock adopted measures and secured an account of the same and +interest out of confiscated property $1,203, in notes and +certificates, which he received of the Treasurer of the State, for the +Trustees. He also received, about that period, $125, committed to his +agency by the same great benefactor, in a particular conference to +transact with the Board, said sum to be given in his name to them; +only on the express condition, that they would agree to sequester with +it his gift of about 4,000 acres of land by deed to them in 1781, as +an accumulating fund for the express purpose of supporting a professor +of Theology. They accepted the gift and sequestered the property on +the terms of the donor. + +"The president had taken into his own hands, at the desire of the +Board, the management of the finances and external interest of the +college, and continued to conduct, and regulate them, for five years, +through its difficult and trying scenes. Having, besides what has been +mentioned, among other arrangements, leased a number of lots +permanently productive, secured the appropriation of several valuable +tracts, in the vicinity of the college, to the use of professorships, +and provided relief by obtaining the means to free the seminary from +its weight of debts, he resigned to the Board, in August following, +the particular charge of the finances, except retaining in trust the +disposal of the college moiety of the township in Vermont till a few +years after, when he had completed the proposed object of settling and +leasing the same. + +"The next year, 1790, there being no proper place for the public +religious and literary exercises of the members of the seminary, the +apartment of the old building falling into decay and ruin, he +undertook, made arrangements, provided the means, and erected by +contract, in five months, a chapel, near the new college edifice. It +is fifty feet by thirty-six, of two stories height, arched within and +completely finished, and painted without--convenient, and well adapted +to the objects proposed. + +"He caused a new building [for Moor's School] to be erected and +finished, with a yard, in 1791--two stories high, the lower apartment +convenient to accommodate near a hundred youths. The school was +improved in the order and regulation of its members under the +distinguished talents and fidelity of their instructor Mr. [Josiah] +Dunham, the present Secretary of Vermont. At the request of the +Society three years after it was visited by a committee of their +Boston commissioners charged with the solution of a number of queries +in regard to its state, relations, and property. Their favorable +report was transmitted to Scotland. + +"Of the large debts accumulated for the support of the school, in the +latter years of the first president, to discharge the most pressing +part, the Trustees had consented to the disposal of lands and property +in their hands, hoping that the amount would be replaced. The +advances, thus made, the president considered himself as holden in +justice to refund; and accordingly paid them for the college, in the +year 1793, $4,000, besides some items of small amount before. [Lands +also appear to have been sold to aid in building Dartmouth Hall.] + +"The Rev. Israel Evans [of Concord] at that time was a member of the +Board. He had expressed more than once, in intimate conversation to +Dr. Wheelock, their friendship having been long cemented in scenes of +war and peace, his desire to do something for the good of mankind and +the institution. He finally remarked, that he had made up his mind to +sequester a portion of his property as the foundation for a +professorship of eloquence; which he knew would also be agreeable to +Mrs. Evans. Confined by sickness the succeeding year, at his earnest +request, by a special message, the Doctor paid him a visit. The latter +expressed in his family, his views and design; and receiving from the +former an assent to his wishes to insert his name as one of the +executors, proceeded in the full exercise of his mental faculties, to +complete his will. Besides his bequests otherwise, he gave of money in +the funds, and real estate, the amount of about $7,000, or upwards, in +reversion to the Trustees of Dartmouth College, after the death of his +wife, as a permanent fund for a professor of eloquence. + +"About the same time, Dr. Wheelock attended the General Court, to open +the way for their favorable attention to the important objects of the +institution. Matters were in suspense till the next session in June +1807, when he again personally appeared before the Legislature. His +memorial was considered, committed, and after report an act was made, +granting to the Trustees of the college a township of the contents of +six miles square, to be laid out on the border of the District of +Maine, to the approbation of the Governor and Council. The land was +surveyed: mostly an excellent tract, watered by a branch of the river +Androscoggin running central through the whole, and near the northern +turnpike road--he waited on them with the plan, and obtained their +ratification in 1808." + +The grant of Landaff to the college had great weight with President +Wheelock, in deciding upon a location. But after he had expended +several thousand dollars in improvements there, the title was found to +be defective, and prior grantees secured the whole. In view of this +loss, the State with commendable liberality made the above grants. + +There seems to have been no material change in the policy of the +college, or the course of study, in the earlier years of this +administration. + +The following items from the official records of the Trustees are +worthy of notice, the first bearing date, August, 1794: + +"Voted that those Freshmen who wish to be excused from going errands +for other students be not obliged to go, and that those who do not go +such errands have not afterwards the privilege of sending Freshmen. + +"Adjourned Meeting, February, 1796. No person shall be admitted into +the Freshman class unless he be versed in Virgil, Cicero's Select +Orations, the Greek Testament, be able accurately to translate English +into Latin, and also understands the fundamental rules of +Arithmetic."[32] + + [32] Memoirs of Wheelock. + +The following statement was published in 1811: + +"The immediate instruction and government of the students is with the +president, who is also professor of civil and Ecclesiastical History, +a professor of the Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Oriental Languages, a +professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, a professor of +Divinity, and two tutors. The qualifications for admission into the +Freshman class are, a good moral character, a good acquaintance with +Virgil, Cicero's Select Orations, the Greek Testament, knowledge to +translate English into Latin, and an acquaintance with the fundamental +rules of Arithmetic. The members of the classes, in rotation, declaim +before the officers in the chapel every Wednesday, at two o'clock, P. +M. + +"The Senior, Junior, and Sophomore classes, successively pronounce +such orations and other compositions, written by themselves, as the +president and professors shall direct, on the last Wednesday of +November, the second Wednesday of March, and the third Wednesday of +May. Tragedies, plays, and all irreligious expressions and sentiments +are sacredly prohibited. + +"The Languages, the Arts, and Sciences are studied in the following +order: the Freshman Class study the Latin and Greek classics, +Arithmetic, English Grammar and Rhetoric. The Sophomore Class study +the Latin and Greek classics, Logic, Geography, Arithmetic, Geometry, +Trigonometry, Algebra, Conic Sections, Surveying, Belles-lettres and +Criticism. The Junior Class study the Latin and Greek classics, +Geometry, Natural and Moral Philosophy, and Astronomy. The Senior +Class read Metaphysics, Theology, and Natural and Political Law." +Chemistry was introduced at about this period. "The study of the +Hebrew and the other Oriental Languages, as also the French Language, +is recommended to the students. Every week some part of the classes +exhibits composition according to the direction of the authority. All +the classes are publicly examined at stated periods; those who are +found deficient lose their standing in the class. It is a fixed rule +that the idle and vicious shall not receive the honors of college. + +"The punishments inflicted on offenders are admonition, suspension and +expulsion. The president attends morning and evening prayers with the +students in the chapel, and often delivers lectures to them on +ecclesiastical history, on the doctrines of the Christian religion, or +other important subjects. He hears the recitations of the Senior +class; his fund of general science renders this an interesting part of +collegiate life." + +The librarian continues his statements as follows: + +"While the library of the college was slowly increasing in numbers and +more slowly in value as measured by the wants of the students, there +were begun two other libraries, designed in the beginning as +supplements, but by their rapid increase and utility soon taking the +leading place. In 1783, was formed the society of under-graduates +known under the title of 'Social Friends' and the collection of a +library was begun. Three years later, by the secession of a part of +the members, the rival society of the 'United Fraternity' came into +existence. The aim of the societies was to furnish literary culture, +and their exercises and constitutions differed but little, while each +attempted to obtain more and better men, and collect a larger library, +than the other. It was provided in the constitution of the last formed +society, that each member should advance for the use of the library +twelve shillings lawful money. + +"At a meeting during the next year the society voted to register its +books, which consisted of twenty-three volumes of magazines and +thirty-four other books, making with a few presented at the meeting a +library of sixty-three volumes. In 1790, the two societies subscribed +to what they termed 'articles of confederation,' in which it was +agreed that a case should be procured to contain their books, and that +each society should aid in the increase of the common library. For +this purpose each society was to advance from one to two dollars for +every member, the sum being largest for the lowest class and least for +the Senior class, and a committee was constituted with power to +settle all differences. But however strong the agreement between the +two parties it could not eliminate jealousy; neither were the +societies entirely free from internal dissensions. The records contain +accounts of 'conspiracies,' and attempts to destroy the societies, +accompanied by reports of committees, treating the subject with the +dignity of a danger to the State. One of these 'conspiracies' in 1793, +terminated in the destruction of nearly all the records of the 'Social +Friends' and almost caused the dissolution of the society. Much of the +strife between the societies was caused by the mode of securing +members, and though there were amendments intended to lessen this, +nothing like a settlement was made until 1815, when an order from the +officers of the college limited the membership of each society to one +half of the number in the different classes. It was probably this +question of membership that caused, in 1799, the division of the +'federal library'; the 'United Fraternity' that year demanding a +separation, and the 'Social Friends' replying that they cheerfully +concurred. With the strong rivalry existing, the libraries could but +increase more rapidly under separate management, especially as the +students for many years taxed themselves severely, and contributed +generously by subscriptions and donations to fill up their few +shelves. Nearly all the books were contributed by under-graduates, and +the value placed upon them forms a marked contrast with the present +use of library books. It was upon these libraries that the students +more generally depended, and while their additions were larger they +also had larger losses and suffered more from the wear of usage. They +obtained from time to time the books that were needed, the college +library such as were given, and that was doubtless true during all of +the time which was said of it fifty years later: 'The library contains +some rare and valuable works, but is deficient in new books.' The +society libraries from the beginning had regular and frequent hours +for drawing books, while the college library during a great part of +its history has been from various reasons hardly accessible, or open +only at long intervals. In 1793, the college began the yearly +assessment of eight shillings on each student, one fourth for the +salary of the librarian, and the remainder for the purchase of new +books. + +"The first printed catalogue of any of the libraries was of that of +the college, and was merely a list printed in 1810. It mentioned 2,900 +volumes, but as there were many duplicates the number of books of any +practical value was less than 2,000. The number of books in each of +the society libraries at this time may be estimated as slightly over +1,000, so that the number of volumes to which access could be had was +not much over 4,000." We quote an item worthy of notice from official +records on this subject: + +"Annual Meeting of Trustees, September, A. D. 1783. This Board being +informed that Mr. Daniel Oliver, a student in the Junior class at this +College, has made a donation to Library of the following books [43 +volumes; 33 different works], Voted, that the Vice-president be +requested to return him the thanks of this Board and request his +acceptance of the use of the college library free of charge during the +term he shall continue a student at this college." + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +LACK OF HARMONY BETWEEN PRESIDENT WHEELOCK AND OTHER +TRUSTEES.--REMOVAL OF THE PRESIDENT FROM OFFICE.--ESTIMATE OF HIS +CHARACTER. + + +The administration of President John Wheelock is remarkable for two +things; its great length, and its unhappy close. + +The great "Dartmouth Controversy" is one of the most impressive +chapters in the annals of American colleges. + +In discussing this subject it is necessary to consider some of the +influences which had aided in moulding President Wheelock's character. +His residence at Yale College was at an important period in the +history of that institution, commencing soon after the resignation of +President Clap, who had been driven from his position, virtually, for +opposing any interference in the affairs of the college, by the +Legislature. The friends of education were divided in sentiment, as to +the wisdom of his course, and the institution was in some sense under +a cloud till the accession of President Stiles--a friend of the +Wheelock family--who effected an arrangement by which the State was +admitted to a share in the management of the college. The following +letter from a prominent Trustee of Dartmouth to the president, written +just at this period, shows that the animated contest in Connecticut +was only the natural and logical precursor of one more animated and +much more important, in New Hampshire. + + "Charlestown, November 17, 1791. + +"Hon. Sir: I have set my name to the petition, etc., although, I +confess not without some hesitation and reluctance. I like the plan +well in general,--but there is one exception. I cannot form any idea +of what is intended by the proposal, That the Council, or Senate, or +both, be admitted to some cern in the government of the university +[college]. + +"This appears to me to be a proposal of too much or nothing at all, +and of something not in the power of this Board to confer, who I think +cannot admit any foreign jurisdiction, any man, or number of men to +any share in government of the university, properly so termed, +otherwise than what the Constitution specifies. + +"I have, however, subscribed under the influence of this +consideration: That in the event it may subject us to no other +inconvenience, but the imputation of inconsistence in conduct in +hereafter rejecting a compliance with our own proposal, if we shall +find that more is performed by others than was intended, or can be +admitted by us, though fairly enough proffered. + +"I think some precautionary injunctions to the Agent in this matter +would be wise and prudent. + +"In haste-- + +"I am, sir, with much esteem and sincere affection, + + "Your sincere friend and humble servant, + "Bulkley Olcott." + "President Wheelock." + + * * * * * + +Mr. Wheelock's experiences also as a legislator and military +commander, in early life, doubtless gave him a larger confidence in +his own abilities on the one hand, and on the other a more profound +conviction that everything in the State should, be subordinate to the +State. + +The religious aspects of President Wheelock's character, are worthy of +special notice. He was the dutiful, in some sense the favorite son of +an honored father. The former president, although sound in the faith, +had more catholic views and broader sympathies than many of the +leading divines of his day. The son was no less liberal than the +father. This liberality was doubtless the real cause of difference +between the second president and his associates in office. His first +decided opponent was Nathaniel Niles, who entered the Board in 1793, a +man of rare ability, and in early life a pupil of Dr. Bellamy, whose +religious views on some points were materially different from those of +his contemporary and neighbor, the first president. + +The first important point gained by Mr. Niles was the election of his +friend, Mr. Shurtleff, to the chair of Divinity, in 1804. + +For ten years the breach was constantly widening between the president +and his opponents. We now find the following official records: + +"At a meeting of the Trustees, November 11, 1814, the following +preamble and resolutions, introduced by Charles Marsh, Esq., were +adopted. + +"Whereas, the duties of the president of this university have become +very multiplied and arduous; and, whereas, it is necessary that he +should continue to attend to the concerns of this institution, and the +various officers and departments thereof, and should have time to +prepare and lay before this Board the business to which its attention +should be directed; therefore, resolved, that, in order to relieve the +president from some portion of the burdens which unavoidably devolve +on him, he be excused in future from hearing the recitations of the +Senior Class, in Locke, Edwards, and Stewart. + +"Resolved, that the Professors, Shurtleff and Moore, jointly supply +the pulpit, in such manner as may be agreed between them. That +Professor Shurtleff hear the recitation of the Senior class in Edwards +on the Will; that Professor Adams hear the recitation of the Senior +class in Locke on the Human Understanding, and that Professor Moore +hear the recitation of the Senior class in Stewart's Philosophy of the +Mind, and that he hear them in both volumes of that work." + +This action of the Board was followed by the publication of the +"Sketches," and, in June, 1815, the presentation of the following +Petition to the New Hampshire Legislature: + + * * * * * + +"Honorable Legislators,--The citizens of New Hampshire enjoy security +and peace under your wise laws; prosperity in productive labors by +means which you have adopted; and, by your counsels, increasing +knowledge in the establishment of literature through the State. But, +for none of these, can so much be ascribed to your attention as for +Dartmouth College. By your patronage and munificence it was +flourishing in former years; and so it still would have continued had +the management of its concerns been adapted to answer the designs of +your wisdom, and the hopes of its most enlightened and virtuous +friends. + +"To your Honorable body, whose guardian care encircles the +institutions of the State, it becomes incumbent on the citizens to +make known any change in their condition and relations interesting to +the public good. To you alone, whose power extends to correcting or +reforming their abuses, ought he to apply when they cease to promote +the end of their establishment, the social order and happiness. + +"Gladly would the offerer of this humble address, avoiding to trouble +your counsels, have locked up his voice in perpetual silence, while +the evils are rolling on and accumulating, were he not otherwise +compelled by a sense of duty to your Legislature, and to the best +interests of mankind, in the present and future times. + +"Will you permit him to suggest there is reason to fear that those who +hold in trust the concerns of this seminary have forsaken its original +principles and left the path of their predecessors. It is unnecessary +to relate how the evil commenced in its embryo state; by what means +and practices, they, thus deviating, have in recent years, with the +same object in view, increased their number to a majority controlling +the measures of the Board; but more important is it to lay before you +that there are serious grounds to excite apprehensions of the great +impropriety and dangerous tendency of their proceedings; reasons to +believe that they have applied property to purposes wholly alien from +the intentions of the donors, and under peculiar circumstances to +excite regret; that they have in the series of their movements, to +promote party views, transformed the moral and religions order of the +institution, by depriving many of their innocent enjoyment of rights +and privileges for which they had confided in their faith; that they +have broken down the barriers and violated the Charter, by prostrating +the rights with which it expressly invests the presidential office; +that, to subserve their purposes, they have adopted improper methods +in their appointments of executive officers, naturally tending to +embarrass and obstruct the harmonious government and instruction of +the seminary; that they have extended their powers, which the Charter +confines to the college, to form connection with an academy[33] in +exclusion of the other academies in the State, cementing an alliance +with its overseers, and furnishing aid from the college treasury for +its students; that they have perverted the power, which by the +incorporation they ought to exercise over a branch of Moor's Charity +School, and have obstructed the application of its fund according to +the nature of the establishment and the design of the donors; and that +their measures have been oppressive to your memorialist in the +discharge of his office. + + [33] Kimball Union Academy. + +"Such are the impressions as now related, arising from the acts and +operations of those who have of late commanded the decisions of the +Board. + +"Your memorialist does not pretend to exhibit their motives, whether +they have been actuated by erroneous conceptions, or mistaken zeal, or +some other cause, in attending to the concerns of the institution. But +with great deference he submits the question, unless men in trust +preserve inviolable faith, whether pledged by words, or action, or +usage, to individuals, unless they continuously keep within the limits +assigned to them by law; if they do not sacredly apply the fruits of +benevolence committed to their charge, to the destined purpose; if the +public affairs in their trust are not conducted with openness, +impartiality, and candor, instead of designed and secret management; +if they become pointedly hostile to those who discern their course, +and honestly oppose their measures which are esteemed destructive; if +they bear down their inoffensive servants, who are faithful to the +cause of truth, how can an establishment under these circumstances, be +profitable to mankind? How can there be a gleam of prospective joy to +any except to those who are converting its interest into their own +channel, to serve a favorite design? What motive, then, will remain to +benefactors to lay foundations, or to bestow their charities on such +an object? + +"There is also ground for increasing, fearful apprehension, by adding +to the immediate, what may be the ultimate effect of the measures +which have been described. In a collective view they appear to the +best acquainted and discerning to be, in all their adaptations, +tending to one end, to complete the destruction of the original +principles of the college and school, and to establish a new modified +system, to strengthen the interests of a party or sect, which, by +extending its influence under the fairest professions, will eventually +affect the political independence of the people, and move the springs +of their government. + +"To you, revered legislators! the writer submits the foregoing +important considerations. He beholds, in your Honorable body, the +sovereign of the State, holding, by the Constitution, and the very +nature of sovereignty in all countries, the sacred right, with your +duty and responsibility to God, to visit and oversee the literary +establishments, where the manners and feelings of the young are +formed, and grow up in the citizen in after life; to restrain from +injustice, and rectify abuses in their management, and, if necessary, +to reduce them to their primitive principles, or so modify their +powers as to make them subservient to the public welfare. To your +protection, and wise arrangements, he submits whatever he holds in +official rights by the Charter of the seminary; and to you his +invaluable rights as a subject and citizen. + +"He entreats your honorable body to take into consideration the state +and concerns of the college and school, as laid before you. + +"And as the Legislature have never before found occasion to provide, +by any tribunal, against the evils of the foregoing nature, and their +ultimate dangers, he prays that you would please, by a committee +invested with competent powers, or otherwise, to look into the affairs +and management of the institution, internal and external, already +referred to, and, if judged expedient in your wisdom, that you would +make such organic improvements and model reforms in its system and +movements, as, under Divine Providence, will guard against the +disorders and their apprehended consequences. + +"He begs only to add the contemplated joys of the friends of man and +virtue, in the result of your great wisdom and goodness, which may +secure this seat of science, so that it may become an increasing +source of blessings to the State, and to mankind of the present and +succeeding ages, instead of a theatre for the purpose of a few, +terminating in public calamity. + +"Whatever disposal your Honorable body may please to make of the +subject now presented, the subscriber will never cease to maintain the +most humble deference and dutiful respect. + + John Wheelock." + + * * * * * + +It would not be profitable, at the present time, to re-open the +discussion of the subject matter of the various charges contained in +the above document, which were so fully elaborated in the "Sketches," +and so carefully considered in the subsequent "Vindication" by the +Trustees. + +The prayer of the Memorial was granted by the Legislature, by the +appointment of a committee of investigation. The following letter is +worthy of careful attention in this connection: + + "Exeter, August 15, 1815. + +"My dear Sir,--In common with many others I have felt considerable +anxiety for the issue of the matter so much in public discussion +relative to Dartmouth College. I do not feel either inclined or +competent to give any opinion as to the course which ought finally to +be adopted by the Board of Trustees for the benefit of that +institution. I am entirely willing to leave that to the determination +of those much better informed on the subject and better able to judge. +From certain intimations which I have lately had, I am led to believe +an intention is entertained by some members of the Board of ending all +difficulty with the president by removing him from office. I greatly +fear such a measure adopted under present circumstances, and at the +present time, would have a very unhappy effect on the public mind. An +inquiry is now pending, instituted after considerable discussion, by +the Legislature of this State, apparently for the purpose of granting +relief for the subject matter of complaint. The Trustees acquiesce in +this inquiry; whether they appear before the committee appointed to +make it formally as a body, or informally as individuals, the public +will not deem of much importance. The Legislature, I think, for +certain purposes, have a right to inquire into an alleged +mismanagement of such an institution, a visitorial power rests in the +State, and I do not deem it important for my present view to determine +in what department or how to be exercised. The Legislature may, on +proper occasion, call it into operation. I have never seen the +president's memorial to the Legislature, but am told it is an abstract +from the 'Pamphlet of Sketches.' From the statements in that I take +the burthen of his complaint to be, that the Trustees have not given +him a due and proper share of power and influence in the concerns of +the college, and that they have improperly used their own power and +influence in patronizing and propagating in the college particular +theological opinions. The alleged misapplication of funds [paid for +preaching] is stated as an instance of such misconduct. These +opinions, it would seem, are particularly disagreeable to the +president. The whole dispute is made to have a bearing on the +president personally. Should the Trustees, during the pendency of the +inquiry in a cause in which they are supposed to be a party, take the +judgment into their own hands, and summarily end the dispute by +destroying the other party, they will offend and irritate at least all +those who were in favor of making the inquiry. Such will not be +satisfied with the answer that the Trustees have the power and feel it +to be their duty to exercise it. It will be said that the reasons +which justify a removal (if there be any) have existed for a long +time. A removal after so long forbearance, at the present time, will +be attributed to recent irritations. + +"That part of the president's complaint which relates to his religious +grievances, addresses itself pretty strongly to the prejudices and +feelings of all those opposed to the sect called Orthodox. This +comprises all the professed friends of liberal religion, most of the +Baptists and Methodist, and all the nothingarians. The Democrats will +be against you, of course. All these combined would compose in this +State a numerous and powerful body. Any measure adopted by the +Trustees with the appearance of anger, or haste, will be eagerly +seized on. If the statements of the president are as incorrect as I +have heard it confidently asserted, an exposure of that incorrectness +will put the public opinion right. It may require time, but the result +must be certain. If it can be shown that his complaints are nothing +but defamatory clamor, he will be reduced to that low condition that +it will be the interest of no sect or party to attempt to hold him up. +I see no danger in delay, but fear much in too great haste. Perhaps +there is no occasion at present to determine how long the Trustees +should delay adopting their final course. Circumstances may render +that expedient at a future time which is not now. I feel much +confidence that a very decisive course against the president by the +Trustees at the present time would create an unpleasant sensation in +the public mind, and would, I fear, be attended with unpleasant +consequences. + +"I am sensible I have expressed my opinion very strongly on a subject +in which I have only a common interest. I frankly confess I have been +somewhat influenced by fears that some of the Trustees will find it +difficult to free themselves entirely from the effects of the severe +irritation they must have lately experienced. + + "I am, dear sir, with esteem, + "Sincerely yours. + "Jeremiah Mason." + "C. Marsh, Esq." + + * * * * * + +President Wheelock was removed from office on the 26th of August, +1815, by the vote of a decided majority of the Board, upon grounds of +which the following is the substance: + +"1st. He has had an agency in publishing and circulating a certain +anonymous pamphlet, entitled 'Sketches of the History of Dartmouth +College and Moor's Charity School,' and espoused the charges therein +contained before a committee of the Legislature. The Trustees consider +this publication a libel on the institution. + +"2d. He claims a right to exercise the whole executive authority of +the college, which the Charter has expressly committed to the +Trustees, with the president, professors, and tutors by them +appointed. He also claims a right to control the Corporation in the +appointment of executive officers. + +"3d. He has caused an impression to be made on the minds of students +under censure for transgression of the laws of the institution, that +if he could have had his will they would not have suffered disgrace or +punishment. + +"4th. He has taken a youth who was not an Indian, but adopted by an +Indian tribe, and supported him in Moor's School, on the Scotch fund, +which is granted for the sole purpose of instructing and civilizing +Indians. + +"5th. He has, without sufficient ground for such a course, reported +that the real cause of the dissatisfaction of the Trustees with him +was a diversity of religious opinions between him and them." + +In taking leave of the second president, we have only to remark, as we +introduce his eulogist, Mr. Samuel Clesson Allen, that both parties to +the contest apparently overrated their grievances. + +"President Wheelock was distinguished for the extent and variety of +his learning. With a lively curiosity he pushed his inquiries into +every department of knowledge, and made himself conversant with the +various branches of science. But of all the subjects which presented +themselves to his inquisitive mind those which relate to man in his +intellectual constitution and social relations engaged and fixed his +attention. His favorite branches were Intellectual Philosophy, Ethics, +and Politics. Possessing in an eminent degree the spirit of his +station, he fulfilled with singular felicity the offices of instructor +and governor in the college. Animated and ardent himself, he could +transfuse the same holy ardor into the minds of his pupils. What youth +ever visited him in his study, but returned to his pursuits with a +renovated spirit, and a loftier sentiment of glory? + +"He had formed the noblest conceptions of the powers of the human +mind, and of its ultimate progress in knowledge and refinement. This +sentiment called forth the energies of his mind, and gave direction +and character to his inquiries. It pervaded all his instructions, and +imparted to science and to letters their just pre-eminence among the +objects of human pursuit. + +"He never sought to preoccupy the minds of his pupils with his own +peculiar notions, or to impose upon them any favorite system of +opinions. He endeavored to make them proficients in science, and not +the proselytes of a sect. + +"In government he commanded more by example than by authority, and the +admiration of his talents ensured a better obedience than the force of +laws. His elevation of mind placed him above personal prejudices and +resentments, and jealousies of wounded dignity. He practiced no +espionage upon his pupils, but reposed for the maintenance of order +on their sense of propriety, and his own powers of command. He +conciliated their attachment while he inspired their reverence; and he +secured their attention to the stated exercises and reconciled them to +the severest studies by the example he exhibited, and the enthusiasm +he inspired. He knew how to adapt his discipline to the various +dispositions and characters, and could discriminate between the +accidental impulse of a youthful emotion and deliberate acts of +intentional vice. + +"He was an interesting and powerful speaker. His erect attitude and +dignified action inspired reverence, and commanded attention. But the +wonderful force of his eloquence arose from the strength and sublimity +of his conceptions. Such were his originality of thought, and rich +variety of expression, that he could present the most common subjects +in new and interesting lights. His public discourses evinced the +strength of the reasoning faculty, the powers of the imagination, and +the resources of genius. + +"He would sometimes conduct the mind with painful subtility through +the multiplied steps of a long demonstration. At other times he would +glance upon the main topics of his argument, and seize on his +conclusion by a sort of intuitive penetration. He frequently +embellished his subject with the higher ornaments of style, and +diffused around the severer sciences the graces and elegancies of +taste. For force of expression he might be compared to Chatham, and in +splendid imagery he sometimes rivaled Burke. He would, at pleasure, +spread a sudden blaze around his subject or diffuse about it a milder +radiance. + +"To the interpretation of the Scriptures he carried all the lights +which geography, history, and criticism could supply, and poured their +full effulgence upon the sacred page. His daily prayers always +presenting new views of the works and perfections of the Deity, +exhibited whatever was vast in conception, glowing in expression and +devout in feeling. + +"He was probably formed not less for the higher offices of active life +than for the speculations of science. Distinguished for the boldness +of his enterprise and the decisive energy of his character, he set no +limits to what individual exertion and effort could accomplish. He +attempted great things with means which other men would have esteemed +wholly inadequate, and the vigor of his mind increased in proportion +to the difficulties he met in the execution of his enterprises. He was +disheartened by no difficulties, he was intimidated by no dangers, he +was shaken by no sufferings. The glory which he sought was not the +temporary applause of this party or that sect, but it was the glory +which results from unwearied efforts for the improvement and happiness +of man. He was not less distinguished by the object and character of +his enterprises than by the great qualities he exhibited in their +accomplishment. His was a high and holy ambition, which, while it +preserved its vigor, identified its objects with those of the purest +charity." + +Dartmouth conferred the degree of LL. D. upon President Wheelock in +1789. He died at Hanover, April 4, 1817, his wife, Mrs. Maria (Suhm) +Wheelock, daughter of Governor Christian Suhm, of St. Thomas, W. I., +surviving him. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT BROWN.--CONTEST BETWEEN THE COLLEGE AND +THE STATE.--TRIUMPH OF THE COLLEGE. + + +Rev. Francis Brown of North Yarmouth, Maine, was elected the successor +of President Wheelock. His character will be the subject of a later +chapter. He was inaugurated in September, 1815, and entered at once +with vigor and earnestness upon the performance of his official +duties. + +The Committee of the New Hampshire Legislature of 1815, Rev. Ephraim +P. Bradford, Nathaniel A. Haven, and Daniel A. White, appointed to +investigate the affairs of the college, reported in substance, that +there was no ground for interference by the State. + +The deep interest in the college question produced a political +revolution in the State. In his message to the Legislature at the +opening of the session in June, 1816, Governor Plumer says: + +"Permit me to invite your consideration to the state and condition of +Dartmouth College, the head of our learned institutions. As the State +has contributed liberally to the establishment of its funds, and as +our constituents have a deep interest in its prosperity, it has a +strong claim to our attention. The charter of that college was granted +December 13th, 1769, by John Wentworth, who was then Governor of New +Hampshire, under the authority of the British king. As it emanated +from royalty, it contained, as was natural it should, principles +congenial to monarchy; among others, it established Trustees, made +seven a quorum, and authorized a majority of those present to remove +any of its members which they might consider unfit or incapable, and +the survivors to perpetuate the Board by themselves, electing others +to supply vacancies. This last principle is hostile to the spirit and +genius of a free government. Sound policy therefore requires that the +mode of election should be changed, and that Trusties, in future, +should be elected by some other body of men. + +"The college was founded for the public good, not for the benefit or +emolument of its Trustees; and the right to amend and improve acts of +incorporation of this nature has been exercised by all governments, +both monarchical and republican. In the Charter of Dartmouth College +it is expressly provided that the president, trustees, professors, +tutors and other officers, shall take the oath of allegiance to the +British king; but if the laws of the United States, as well as those +of New Hampshire, abolished by implication that part of the Charter, +much more might they have done it directly and by express words. These +facts show the authority of the Legislature to interfere upon this +subject." + +Governor Plumer communicated this message to Jefferson, who replied in +his letter of July 21, 1816: "It is replete with sound principles, and +truly republican. Some articles, too, are worthy of notice. The idea +that institutions established for the use of the nation cannot be +touched nor modified, even to make them answer their end, because of +rights gratuitously supposed in those employed to manage them in trust +for the public, may, perhaps, be a salutary provision against the +abuses of a monarch, but it is most absurd against the nation itself. +Yet our lawyers and priests generally inculcate this doctrine, and +suppose that preceding generations held the earth more freely than we +do; had a right to impose laws on us, unalterable by ourselves; and +that we, in like manner, can make laws and impose burdens on future +generations, which they will have no right to alter; in fine, that the +earth belongs to the dead, and not to the living." + +The following action shows the result: + +"The undersigned, three of the members of the Board of Trustees of +Dartmouth College, having this morning seen a printed copy of a bill +before the Honorable House [of the New Hampshire Legislature], the +provisions of which, should they go into effect would set aside the +Charter of the college, and wholly change the administration of its +concerns, beg leave respectfully to remonstrate against its passage. +The provisions of the bill referred to change the name of the +corporation; enlarge the number of Trustees; alter the number to +constitute a quorum; render persons living out of the State, who are +now eligible, hereafter ineligible; vacate the seats of those members +who are not inhabitants of the State; deprive the Trustees of the +right of electing members to supply vacancies; and give to the new +Board of Trustees an arbitrary power of annulling everything +heretofore transacted by the Trustees; and this last without the +concurrence of the proposed Board of Overseers. The consent of the +present Board of Trustees is in no instance contemplated as necessary +to give validity to the new act of incorporation. + +"In the opinion of the undersigned, these changes, modifications, and +alterations effectually destroy the present Charter of the college and +constitute a new one. + +"Should the bill become a law, it will be obvious to our fellow +citizens that the Trustees of Dartmouth College will have been +deprived of their Charter rights without having been summoned or +notified of any such proceeding against them. It will be equally +obvious to our fellow citizens that the facts reported by the +committee of investigation [of the last Legislature] did not form the +ground and basis of the new act of incorporation; and that no evidence +of facts of any sort, relating to the official conduct of the +Trustees, other than the report of the committee of investigation, was +submitted to your Honorable Bodies. + +"To deprive a Board of Trustees of their Charter rights, after they +have been accused of gross misconduct in office, without requiring any +proof whatever of such misconduct, appears to your remonstrants +unjust, and not conformable to the spirit of the free and happy +government under which we live. If the property has been misapplied, +if there has been any abuse of power upon the part of the Trustees, +they are fully sensible of their high responsibility; but they have +always believed, and still believe, that a sound construction of the +powers granted to the Legislature, gives them, in this case, only the +right to order, for good cause, a prosecution in the judicial courts. + +"A different course effectually blends judicial and legislative +powers, and constitutes the Legislature a judicial tribunal. + +"The undersigned also beg leave to remonstrate against the passage of +the bill, on the ground of inexpediency. A corporation is a creature +of the law, to which certain powers, rights, and privileges are +granted; and amongst others that of holding property. Destroy this +creature, this body politic, and all its property immediately reverts +to its former owners. This doctrine has long been recognized and +established in all governments of law. Any material alteration of the +corporation, without its consent, and certainly such essential +alterations as the bill under consideration is intended to make, will +be followed with the same effect. The funds belonging to the college, +although not great, are highly important to the institution; and a +considerable proportion of them were granted by, and lie in, the State +of Vermont. The undersigned most earnestly entreat the Honorable +Legislature not to put the funds of the college in jeopardy; not to +put at hazard substantial income, under expectations which may or may +not be realized." + +After alluding to lack of precedent for the proposed action, and the +necessary increase of expenditures which would result from its +consummation, they proceed to say: "If the provisions of this bill +should take effect, we greatly fear that the concerns of the college +will be drawn into the vortex of political controversy. We refer +particularly to that section of the bill which gives the appointment +of Trustees and Overseers to the Governor and Council. The whole +history of the United States for the last twenty years teaches us a +lesson which ought not to be kept out of view. Our literary +institutions hitherto have been preserved from the influence of party. +The tendency of this bill, unless we greatly mistake, is to convert +the peaceful retreat of our college into a field for party warfare. + +"Whilst the undersigned deem it their indispensable duty to +remonstrate in the most respectful terms against the passage of the +bill referred to, they have no objection, and they have no reason to +believe their fellow Trustees have any objection, to the passage of a +law connecting the government of the State with that of the college, +and creating every salutary check and restraint upon the official +conduct of the Trustees and their successors that can be reasonably +required, and with respectful deference they would propose the +following outlines of a plan for that purpose. + +"The Councillors and Senators of New Hampshire together with the +Speaker of the House of Representatives for the time being, shall +constitute a Board of Overseers of Dartmouth College, any ten of whom +shall be a quorum for transacting business. The Overseers shall meet +annually at the college, on the day preceding Commencement. They shall +have an independent right to organize their own body, and to form +their own rules; but as soon as they shall have organized themselves +they shall give information thereof to the Trustees. Whenever any vote +shall have been passed by the Trustees it shall be communicated to the +Overseers, and shall not have effect until it shall have the +concurrence of the Overseers. Provided, nevertheless, that if at any +meeting a quorum of the Overseers shall not be formed, the Trustees +shall have full power to confer degrees, in the same manner as though +there were no Overseers; and also to appoint Trustees or other +officers (not a president or professor), and to enact such laws as the +interests of the institution shall indispensably require; but no law +passed by the Trustees shall in such case have force longer than until +the next annual meeting of the Boards, unless it shall then be +approved by the Overseers. Neither of the Boards shall adjourn, except +from day to day, without the consent of the other. It shall be the +duty of the president of the college, whenever in his opinion the +interests of the institution shall require it, or whenever requested +thereto by three Trustees, or three Overseers, to call special +meetings of both Boards, causing notice to be given in writing to each +Trustee and Overseer, of the time and place; but no meeting of one +Board shall ever be called except at the same time and place with the +other. It shall be the duty of the president of the college annually, +in the month of May, to transmit to his Excellency, the Governor, a +full and particular account of the state of the funds, the number of +students and their progress, and generally the state and condition of +the college. + +"If the plan above suggested should meet the approbation of the +Honorable Legislature, and good men of all parties give it their +sanction, we may all anticipate, with high satisfaction, the future +prosperity of the college, and its incalculable usefulness to the +State; but if a union of the friends of literature and science, of all +parties and sects, cannot be attained; if the triumph of one party +over the other be absolutely indispensable; fearful apprehensions must +fill the mind of every considerate man, every dispassionate friend of +Dartmouth College. + + Thos. W. Thompson, + Elijah Paine, + Asa M'Farland. + + "June 19, 1816." + + * * * * * + +The effect of this proposed compromise was a modification of the bill +in some of its important features. Against the amended bill, which was +passed a few days afterward, there was a farther protest, from which +we make brief extracts. + +"The undersigned would not trouble the Honorable Legislature with any +remarks in addition to those contained in their remonstrance of the +19th inst. did they not believe it was a duty not to be omitted." + +Referring to the amended bill, they continue: + +"They have not been able to obtain a sight of it, but have heard it +contains provisions for an increase of the Board of Trustees to the +number of twenty-one, a majority of whom to constitute a quorum, and +that the additional number are to be appointed by His Excellency the +Governor and the Honorable the Council. To many of the topics of +argument, suggested in their former remonstrance (which are equally +applicable against the passage of the bill in its present shape) they +respectfully ask leave to add, that the bill in its present shape +destroys the identity of the corporation, known in the law by the name +of the Trustees of Dartmouth College, without the consent of the +corporation, and consequently the corporation to be created by the +present bill must and will be deemed by courts of law altogether +diverse and distinct from the corporation to which all the grants of +property have hitherto been made; and therefore the new corporation +cannot hold the property granted to the corporation created by the +charter of 1769. + +"By the Charter of Dartmouth College a contract was made by the then +supreme power of the State with the twelve persons therein named, by +which, when accepted by the persons therein named, certain rights and +privileges were vested in them and their successors, for the guarantee +of which the faith of government was pledged by necessary implication. +In the same instrument the faith of government was pledged that the +corporation should consist of twelve persons and no more. The change +in the government of the State, since taken place, does not in the +least possible degree impair the validity of this contract,--otherwise +nearly all the titles to real estate, held by our fellow citizens, +must be deemed invalid. + +"The passage of the bill now before the Honorable House will, in the +deliberate opinion of the undersigned, violate the plighted faith of +the government. If the undersigned are correct in considering the +Charter of 1769 in the nature of a contract, and if the bill, in its +present shape, becomes a law, we think it necessarily follows that it +will also violate an important clause in the 10th section of the 1st +article in the Constitution of the United States, which provides, that +no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts. + +"The Honorable Legislature will permit us to add, that as it is well +known that the Trustees have, as a Board, been divided on certain +important subjects, although the minority has been very small, should +the Legislature now provide for nine new Trustees, to be appointed by +His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable the Council, and that +without any facts being proved to the Legislature, or any Legislative +report having been made, showing that the state of things at the +college rendered the measure necessary, it must be seen by our fellow +citizens that the majority of the Trustees have been by the +Legislature, for some unacknowledged cause, condemned unheard. + + Thomas W. Thompson, + Asa M'Farland. + + "June 24, 1816." + + * * * * * + +The recommendations of the Governor in substance, became a law; the +name of the college was changed to "University;" the number of the +Trustees was increased to twenty-one; a Board of Overseers was +created, to be appointed by the Governor and Council; the president +and professors of the university were required to take an oath to +support the Constitution of the United States, and of the State of New +Hampshire; and the act provided that "perfect freedom of religious +opinion should be enjoyed by all the students and officers of the +university." The committee to whom the message, etc., relating to this +subject, were referred, it should be remarked, did not undertake to +decide in favor of either party to the controversy, but alleged that +the troubles arose from certain defects in the Charter, and that they +would recur again in some form, unless those defects were remedied. + +The debates upon the historical and constitutional questions involved +were able. The minority were ably led, both inside and outside the +Legislature, but parliamentary tactics availed them nothing. Many of +them joined in a written protest against the passage of the bill, the +substance of which has already appeared in the action of the Trustees. + +Directly after the passage of this bill Mr. Marsh prepared an +elaborate argument, never published, setting forth the essence of the +leading points of the case, as viewed by the majority of the old +Trustees. + +The following letter, addressed to Mr. Timothy Bigelow, Boston, is +worthy of notice in this connection: + + "Concord, July 27, 1816. + +"Dear Sir: Dr. McFarland will do himself the pleasure to hand you +this. In him you will recognize an old acquaintance. We wish to get +the opinions of as many legal friends as we can upon the question of +legitimate power in the New Hampshire Legislature, to pass the act +relating to Dartmouth College, and with regard to the course the old +Trustees ought to pursue. It is an interest, we think, common to all +well wishers to New England. + +"The old Trustees, I am confident, are willing to take just that +course that their wisest and best friends recommend. + +"Very cordially yours, + + Thomas W. Thompson." + +August 28, 1816, a majority of the old Trustees formally refused to +accept the provisions of the act. + +A meeting of the Trustees of the university, under the act of June 27, +1816, was called, but through the illness of a single member, failed +for want of a quorum. The judges of the Superior Court, on December 5, +1816, in answer to the Governor and Council, gave their opinion that +the executive department had no authority to fill the vacancies which +had occurred. To remedy this, the Legislature, on December 18, 1816, +passed an additional act providing for filling the vacancies, the +calling of meetings and fixing a quorum; and on December 26, 1816, +passed another act imposing the penalty of five hundred dollars upon +any person who should assume any office in the university except by +virtue of the preceding acts. + +In view of this action President Brown writes to Mr. Timothy Farrar, +of Portsmouth, January 3, 1817: + +"Now, what shall we do? One of these four courses must be taken. We +must either keep possession and go on to teach as usual, without any +regard to the law, or, withdrawing from the college edifice and all +the college property, continue to instruct as the officers of +Dartmouth College; or, relinquishing this name for the present, +collect as many students as will join us, and instruct them as private +but associated individuals; or else we must give all up and disperse. +Will you give us your opinion, what may be duty or what expedient, as +soon as convenient? Particularly, will you give us your opinion +whether, supposing this oppressive act to be judged constitutional, we +should be liable to the fine, if we instruct as the officers of +Dartmouth College, relinquishing, however, the college buildings, the +library, apparatus, etc." + +The Faculty of the college issued the following: + +"ADDRESS OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE TO THE PUBLIC. + +"As the undersigned, after the most serious and mature consideration, +have determined to retain the offices which they received by the +appointment of the Trustees of Dartmouth College, and not voluntarily +to surrender, at present, any property committed to them, nor to +relinquish any privileges pertaining to their offices, they believe it +to be a duty, which they owe to the public no less than to themselves, +to make an explicit declaration of the principles by which they are +governed. + +"They begin by stating the two following positions, as maxims of +political morality, which they deem incontrovertible: + +"1. It is wrong, under any form of government, for a citizen or +subject to refuse compliance with the will of the sovereign power, +when that will is fully expressed, except in cases where the rights of +conscience are invaded, or where oppression is practiced to such an +extreme degree that the great ends of civil government are defeated or +highly endangered. + +"2. Under a free government, where the sovereignty is exercised by +several distinct branches, whose respective powers are created and +defined by written constitutions, cases may arise in which it will be +the duty of the citizen to delay conforming to the ordinances of one +branch until the other branches shall have had opportunity to act. If, +for example, the legislative branch should transcend its legitimate +power, and assume to perform certain acts which the Constitution had +assigned to the province of the judicial branch, a citizen, +injuriously affected by those acts, might be bound, not indeed +forcibly to resist them, but, in the manner pointed out by law, to +make an appeal to the judiciary and to await its decision. + +"The undersigned deem it unnecessary, in this place, to detail the +provisions of the acts of the Honorable Legislature, passed in June +and December, A. D. 1816, relating to this institution. Those acts are +before the public and are generally understood. + +"The Board of Trustees, as constituted by the Charter of 1769, at +their annual meeting in August last, took into consideration the act +of June, and adopted a resolution, 'not to accept its provisions.' In +the preamble to this resolution, we find a paragraph in the words +following: 'They (the Trustees) find the law fully settled and +recognized in almost every case which has arisen, wherein a +corporation or any member or officer is a party, that no man or body +of men is bound to accept, or act under, any grant or gift of +corporate powers and privileges; and that no existing corporation is +bound to accept, but may decline or refuse to accept any act or grant +conferring additional powers or privileges, or making any restriction +or limitation of those they already possess; and in case a grant is +made to individuals or to a corporation without application, it is to +be regarded not as an act obligatory or binding upon them, but as an +offer or proposition to confer such powers and privileges, or the +expression of a desire to have them accept such restrictions, which +they are at liberty to accept or reject.' + +"If the doctrine contained in this paragraph be correct, and of its +correctness the undersigned, after ascertaining the opinion of eminent +jurists in most of the New England States, entertain no doubt, the act +of June, and of course the acts of December, have become inoperative, +in consequence of the nonacceptance of them by the Charter Trustees, +and the provisions of these acts are not binding upon the corporation +or its officers. We take the liberty to add, that, in our opinion, the +reasons assigned by the Trustees in the preamble before mentioned for +not accepting the act of June, are very important and amply +sufficient. Indeed, it has ever appeared to us, that the changes +proposed to be introduced into the charter by the acts in question, +would have proved highly inauspicious to the welfare of this +institution, and ultimately injurious to the interests of literature +throughout our country. + +"The Trustees appointed agreeably to the provisions of the act of June +have, however, thought proper to organize, without the concurrence of +the Charter Trustees, and to perform numerous decisive acts. + +"At a meeting in Concord on the fourth instant, they brought several +specifications of charges against the undersigned; and at an adjourned +meeting, holden on the twenty-second instant, they proceeded to +displace, discharge, and remove them from their respective offices in +Dartmouth University. A similar procedure was adopted against four of +the Trustees acting under the Charter. + +"Unless we greatly mistake, in the view already expressed of the act +of June, the votes of the university Trustees, removing us from +office, are wholly unauthorized and destitute of any legal effect; and +we are still, as we have uniformly claimed to be, officers of +Dartmouth College under the charter of 1769. + +"The Charter Trustees having resolved to assert their corporate +rights, and having, for this purpose, recently commenced a suit +against their late Secretary and Treasurer, in the issue of which it +is expected the question between them and their competitors will be +finally settled, the undersigned, being united with them in opinion, +in principle, and in feeling, cannot consent to abandon them, or to +perform any act which may prejudice their claims, while this suit is +pending. They must therefore proceed, as officers of Dartmouth +College, to discharge their prescribed duties. They are sensible of +their obligation to render submission to the laws, and their first +inquiry, in the case before them, has been, What is law? The result is +a full conviction in their own minds, that the course they have +concluded to adopt is strictly legal, and that no other course would +be consistent with their duty. If they err, their error will shortly +be corrected by the decision of our highest judicial tribunals; and +with this decision they will readily comply. In the meantime, while +the appeal is made to the laws of their country, and to the +constitutions of this State and of the United States, which are the +supreme law, they trust that none of their fellow-citizens will have +the unkindness to charge them with a want of respect to the government +under which they live. As soon as the will of the government shall be +fairly expressed, they will render to it a prompt obedience. + +"The undersigned are placed in a situation singularly difficult and +highly responsible. To them it seems to be allotted in Divine +Providence, to perform a part which, in its consequences, may deeply +affect the interests not only of this institution, but of all similar +institutions in this country. And although they are fully conscious of +their own inability to perform this part in a manner worthy of its +importance, yet they are firmly resolved, relying on divine +assistance, not to shrink from any duty, or any danger, which it may +involve. + +"The penal act of December they cannot but regard as unnecessarily +severe; nor do they see what purpose it was calculated to answer, +except to influence them, by the prospect of embarrassing suits, to an +abandonment of their trust. They are aware that men may be found +disposed to multiply prosecutions against them, and to despoil them of +the little property they possess; but they believe themselves called +in Providence not to shun this hazard, as they cannot reconcile it +with their obligation to the institution under their care, to +relinquish the places they occupy, until it shall be ascertained that +they cannot rightfully retain them. + +"As the university Trustees have expressed a great regard for the +laws, the undersigned have a right to expect that neither they, or any +agents appointed by them, will resort to illegal measures to seize on +the college buildings and property. Should such measures unhappily be +adopted, the undersigned will make no forcible resistance, it not +being a part of their policy to repel violence by violence. They will +quietly withdraw where they cannot peaceably retain possession, and, +with the best accommodations they can procure, will continue to +instruct the classes committed to them, until the prevalence of other +counsels shall procure a repeal of the injurious acts, or until the +decision of the law shall convince them of their error, or restore +them to their rights. + + "Francis Brown, + "Ebenezer Adams, + "Roswell Shurtleff. + + "February 28, 1817." + + * * * * * + +The above gentlemen constituted the permanent Faculty at this period. +In view of all the circumstances they determined to surrender the +college buildings and library to their opponents, and the Trustees +determined to test their rights before the courts, the action being +brought against the former Treasurer, who adhered to the "University" +party. + +"The action: 'The Trustees of Dartmouth College _v._ William H. +Woodward,' was commenced in the Court of Common Pleas, Grafton County, +State of New Hampshire, February Term, 1817. The declaration was +trover for the books of record, original charter, common seal, and +other corporate property of the college. The conversion was alleged +to have been made on the 7th day of October, 1816. The proper pleas +were filed, and by consent the cause was carried directly to the +Superior Court of New Hampshire, by appeal, and entered at the May +Term, 1817. The general issue was pleaded by the defendant, and joined +by the plaintiffs. The facts in the case were then agreed upon by the +parties, and drawn up in the form of a special verdict, reciting the +Charter of the college and the acts of the Legislature of the State, +passed June and December, 1816, by which the said corporation of +Dartmouth College was enlarged and improved, and the said Charter +amended. + +"The question made in the case was, whether those acts of the +Legislature were valid and binding upon the corporation, without their +acceptance or assent, and not repugnant to the Constitution of the +United States. If so, the verdict found for the defendants; otherwise +it found for the plaintiffs. + +"The cause was continued to the September Term of the court in +Rockingham County, where it was argued; and at the November term of +the same year, in Grafton County, the opinion of the court was +delivered by Chief Justice Richardson, sustaining the validity and +constitutionality of the acts of the Legislature; and judgment was +accordingly entered for the defendant on the special verdict. + +"Thereupon a writ of error was sued out by the original plaintiffs, to +remove the cause to the Supreme Court of the United States, where it +was entered at the term of the court holden at Washington on the first +Monday of February, 1818. + +"The cause came on for argument on the 10th day of March 1818, before +all the judges. It was argued by Mr. Webster and Mr. Hopkinson, for +the plaintiffs in error, and by Mr. Holmes and the Attorney-general +(Wirt), for the defendant in error. + +"At the term of the court holden in February, 1819, the opinion of the +judges was delivered by Chief Justice Marshall, declaring the acts of +the Legislature unconstitutional and invalid, and reversing the +judgment of the State court. The court, with the exception of Mr. +Justice Duvall, were unanimous." + +The arguments in the New Hampshire court by Messrs. Mason, Smith, and +Webster for the college, and Messrs. Sullivan and Bartlett for Mr. +Woodward; the decision of that court, and the cause in the Supreme +Court of the United States, are an important part of our country's +judicial history. The result was logically based upon prior decisions +of the Supreme Court. We invite special attention to one point in Mr. +Webster's argument. If, in the lapse of time, under the strong light +of careful research or elaborate criticism, all the other brilliant +colors of this remarkable fabric shall fade or vanish, this central +figure will remain forever, to illustrate the relations of the college +to the State. + +"The State of Vermont is a principal donor to Dartmouth College. The +lands given lie in that State. This appears in the special verdict. Is +Vermont to be considered as having intended a gift to the State of New +Hampshire in this case, as, it has been said, is to be the reasonable +construction of all donations to the college? The Legislature of New +Hampshire affects to represent the public, and therefore claims a +right to control all property destined to public use. What hinders +Vermont from considering herself equally the representative of the +public, and from resuming her grants, at her own pleasure? Her right +to do so is less doubtful than the power of New Hampshire to pass the +laws in question." + +Thus closed one of the most important contests in the history of +American jurisprudence. + +Law, politics, literature, and religion combined to make it a subject +of national concern. The decision gave to a large class of chartered +institutions a security never enjoyed before. The lapse of more than +half a century enables us to consider the question calmly and +candidly, uninfluenced by interest, prejudice, or passion. + +The case was attended with serious embarrassments. Neither counsel nor +court had thorough knowledge of the history of the school and the +college, and the relations of each to the other. Had they possessed +this knowledge, the line of argument in some respects would have been +very different, although perhaps with the same general results. More +than this, there were no precedents. Indeed, at that early day +questions of constitutional law had occupied very little of the +attention of the American courts. + +There would have been embarrassment had the British Parliament, before +our Revolution, assumed the right to alter materially the Charter of +the college. Changes in chartered institutions in America, especially, +by that body, although within the scope of its power, were usually met +with the sternest protests. After the Revolution, there were wide +differences of opinion as to who had power over charters granted +antecedent to that event. In the case of Dartmouth's Charter any one +of several opinions might have found plausible support. To determine +whether it was a fit matter for State or national legislation, or +judicial control, we must revert to the history of the Charter. There +we find that it was the unvarying purpose of the founder, adhered to +through a long period of severe and persistent effort, to obtain a +Charter which would enable him to locate his school or schools in any +of the American colonies. He was determined to be as free as possible +from local obligations and local control. There can be no doubt that +in securing the Charter of the college he believed that he had +accomplished a similar purpose. The Charter appointed as a majority of +the first Board of Trustees residents in Connecticut,--making it for +the time being, by design of the founder, for good and sufficient +reasons, in a sense, a Connecticut institution,--with a provision that +after the lapse of a brief period a majority of the Board should be +residents in New Hampshire. In writing upon this subject to a business +correspondent, in June, 1777, President Wheelock says, referring to a +third party: "Let him see how amply this incorporation is endowed, and +how independent it is made of this government or any other +incorporation," and adds that "a matter of controversy" relating to +the township granted by the king to the college nearly at the same +time with the Charter, "can be decided by no judicatory but supreme, +or one equal to that which incorporated it, _i. e._, the Continental +Congress." + +The views of no one person will be received by all, as conclusive on +a subject of so much importance. But certainly, Eleazar Wheelock had a +right to construe the provisions of an instrument which in almost +every line bore his impress, never possessed by any other individual. + +Had John Wheelock presented his grievances to the National +Legislature,--only in a limited sense, it is true, if at all, the +successor of that king, whose grant of Landaff, in addition to the +College Charter, made him, in a sense, according to Coke, the founder +of the college,--he might, in all probability, have obtained what he +desired in a peaceful manner, although an important judicial decision +might never have occupied its present place in American law. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +CHARACTER OF PRESIDENT BROWN.--TRIBUTES BY PROFESSOR HADDOCK AND RUFUS +CHOATE. + + +In Sprague's "Annals of the American Pulpit," we find, in substance, +the following notice of President Brown: + +Francis Brown was the son of Benjamin and Prudence (Kelley) Brown, and +was born at Chester, Rockingham County, N. H., January 11, 1784. His +father was a merchant, and had a highly respectable standing in +society. His mother was a person of superior intellect and heart, and, +though she died when he had only reached his tenth year, she had +impressed upon him some of the most striking of her own +characteristics; particularly her uncommon love of order and +propriety, even in the most minute concerns, and her uncompromising +adherence to her own convictions of truth and right. In his early +boyhood he evinced the utmost eagerness in the pursuit of knowledge, +and never suffered any opportunity for intellectual improvement to +escape him. At the age of fourteen, he ventured to ask his father to +furnish him with the means of a collegiate education; but, in +consideration of his somewhat straitened circumstances, he felt +constrained to deny the request. By a subsequent marriage, however, +his circumstances were improved; and the new mother of young Brown, +with most commendable generosity, assumed the pecuniary responsibility +of his going to college. He always cherished the most grateful +recollection of her kindness; and, but a few days before his death, he +said to her with the deepest filial sensibility, "My dear mother, +whatever good I have done in the world, and whatever honor I have +received, I owe it all to you." + +In his sixteenth year he became a member of Atkinson Academy, then +under the care of the Hon. John Vose, and among the most respectable +institutions of the kind in New England. His instructor has rendered +the following testimony concerning him at that period: "Though he made +no pretensions to piety during his residence at the academy, he was +exceedingly amiable in his affections and moral in his deportment. It +is very rare we find an individual in whom so many excellencies +centre. To a sweet disposition was united a strong mind; to an +accuracy which examined the minutiae of everything a depth of +investigation which penetrated the most profound. I recollect that +when I wrote recommending him to college, I informed Dr. Wheelock I +had sent him an Addison." + +Of the formation of his religious character little more is known than +that it was of silent, yet steady growth. It was not till the year +that he became a tutor in college that he made a public profession of +his faith, by connecting himself with the church in his native place. + +In the spring of 1802 he joined the Freshman class of Dartmouth +College, and, during the whole period of his collegiate course, was a +model of persevering diligence, of gentle and winning manners, and +pure and elevated morality. From college he carried with him the +respect and love of both teachers and students. Having spent the year +succeeding his graduation as a private tutor in the family of the +venerable Judge Paine, of Williamstown, Vt., he was appointed to a +tutorship in the college at which he had graduated. This office he +accepted, and for three years discharged its duties with great ability +and fidelity, while, at the same time, he was pursuing theological +studies with reference to his future profession. + +Having received license to preach from the Grafton Association, he +resigned his tutorship at the Commencement in 1809, with a view to +give himself solely to the work of the ministry. After declining +several flattering applications for his services, he accepted an +invitation from the Congregational Church in North Yarmouth, Me., to +become their pastor; and he was accordingly ordained there on his +birthday, January 11, 1810. Within a few months from this time, he was +chosen Professor of Languages at Dartmouth College; but this +appointment he was pleased, greatly to the joy of his parishioners, to +decline. For the succeeding five years he labored with great zeal and +success among his people, while his influence was sensibly felt in +sustaining and advancing the interests of learning and religion +throughout the State. He was the intimate friend of the lamented +President Appleton; and no one, perhaps, co-operated with the president +more vigrously than he, in increasing the resources and extending the +influence of Bowdoin College. + +He was inaugurated President of Dartmouth College, on the 27th of +September, 1815. + +During the period when the college controversy was at its height, and +it seemed difficult to predict its issue, Mr. Brown was invited to the +presidency of Hamilton College,--a respectable and flourishing +institution in the State of New York. He did not, however, feel at +liberty to accept the invitation, considering himself so identified +with the college with which he was then connected that he must share +either its sinking or rising fortunes. + +President Brown's labors were too severe for his constitution. He was +not only almost constantly engaged during the week in the instruction +and general supervision of the college, but most of his Sabbaths were +spent in preaching to destitute congregations in the neighborhood; +and, during his vacations, he was generally traveling with a view to +increase the college funds. Soon after the Commencement in 1818, he +began to show some symptoms of pulmonary disease, and these symptoms +continued, and assumed a more aggravated form, under the best medical +prescriptions. His last effort in the pulpit was at Thetford, Vt., +October 6, 1818. In the hope of recovering from his disease, he +traveled into the western part of New York, but no substantial relief +was obtained. In the fall of 1819, with a view to try the effect of a +milder climate, he journeyed as far south as South Carolina and +Georgia, where he spent the following winter and spring. He returned +in the month of June, and, though he was greeted by his friends and +pupils with the most affectionate welcome, they all saw, from his +pallid countenance and emaciated form, that he had only come home to +die. As he was unable to appear in public, he invited the Senior +class, who were about to leave college at the commencement of their +last vacation, to visit him in his chamber; and there he addressed to +them, with the solemnity of a spirit just ready to take its flight, +the most pertinent and affectionate farewell counsels, which they +received with every expression of gratitude, veneration, and love. In +his last days and hours he evinced the most humble, trusting, +child-like spirit, willing to live as long as God was pleased to +detain him, but evidently considering it far better to depart and be +with Christ. His last words were, "Glorious Redeemer, take my spirit." +He died July 27, 1820. + +His wife Elisabeth, daughter of the Rev. Tristram Gilman, a lady whose +fine intellectual, moral, and Christian qualities adorned every +station in which she was placed, survived him many years, and died on +the 5th of September, 1851. They had three children, one of whom, +Samuel Gilman [now President Brown], is a professor in Dartmouth +College. + +The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon President Brown by +both Hamilton and Williams Colleges, in 1819. + +The following is a list of President Brown's published works: "An +Address on Music," delivered before the Handel Society of Dartmouth +College, 1809. "The Faithful Steward:" A Sermon delivered at the +ordination of Allen Greeley, 1810. "A Sermon delivered before the +Maine Missionary Society, 1814." "Calvin and Calvinism;" defended +against certain injurious representations contained in a pamphlet +entitled "A Sketch of the Life and Doctrine of the Celebrated John +Calvin;" of which Rev. Martin Ruter claims to be the author, 1815. "A +Reply to the Rev. Martin Ruter's Letter relating to Calvin and +Calvinism, 1815." "A Sermon delivered at Concord before the Convention +of Congregational and Presbyterian Ministers of New Hampshire, 1818." + +The following is from Prof. Charles B. Haddock, D.D.: "My acquaintance +with the President was, for the most part, that of a pupil with his +teacher; an undergraduate with the head of the college. And yet it was +somewhat more than this; for it was my happiness, during my Senior +year, to have lodgings in the same house with him, and to eat at the +same table, in the family of one of the professors, and as one of a +small circle, all connected with college, and a good deal remarkable +for the freedom and vivacity of their conversation. After graduating, +I saw him only occasionally, until the last few months of his life, +which he passed here, near the close of my first year's residence at +the college as a teacher,--months in which the greatness of his +character was still more signally manifest than in any other +circumstances in which I had seen him. + +"In recording my youthful impressions of so uncommon a personage, I +may, therefore, hope to be thought to speak not altogether without +knowledge, though it should be with enthusiasm. + +"Dr. Brown came to preside over the college at the age of less than +thirty-two, and in circumstances to attract unusual attention to his +administration. It was during a violent contest of opposing parties +for the control of its affairs, and immediately after the removal of +his predecessor from office. His qualifications and his official acts +were, of course, exposed to severe scrutiny, and could command the +respect of the community at large only by approving themselves to the +candid judgment even of the adverse party. And I suppose it would be +admitted, even in New Hampshire, that no man ever commended himself to +general favor, I may say to general admiration, by a wiser, more +prudent, or more honorable bearing, amid the greatest and most trying +difficulties. Indeed, such was his conduct of affairs, and such the +nobleness of his whole character, as displayed in his intercourse with +the government of the State, with a rival institution under the public +authority, and with all classes of men, that not a few who began with +zeal for the college over which he presided, came at last to act even +more from zeal for the MAN who presided over it. + +"The mind of Dr. Brown was of the very highest order,--profound, +comprehensive, and discriminating. Its action was deliberate, +circumspect, and sure. He made no mistakes; he left nothing in doubt +where certainty was possible; he never conjectured where there were +means of knowledge; he had no obscure glimpses among his ideas of +truth and duty. Always sound and always luminous, his opinions were +never uttered without being understood, and never understood without +being regarded. There was a dignity and weight in his judgments which +seem to me not unlike what constitutes the patriarchal authority of +Washington and Marshall. + +"If not already a man of learning, in the larger sense of that term, +it was only because the duties of the pastoral relation had so long +attracted his attention to the objects of more particular interest in +his profession. Had his life been spared, however, he would have been +learned in the highest and rarest sense. His habits of study were +liberal, patient, and eminently philosophical; and within the sphere +which his inquiries covered, his knowledge was accurate and choice, +and his taste faultless. The entire form of his literary character was +beautiful--strong without being dogmatic; delicate without being +fastidious. + +"His heart was large. Great objects alone could fill it; and it was +full of great objects. There was no littleness of thought, or purpose, +or ambition, in him--nothing little. The range of his literary +sympathies was as wide as the world of mind; his benevolence as +universal as the wants of man. + +"His person was commanding. Gentle in his manners, affable, courteous, +he yet, unconsciously, partly by the natural dignity of his figure, +and still more by the greatness visibly impressed on his features, +exacted from us all a deference, a veneration even, that seemed as +natural as it was inevitable. His very presence was a restraint upon +everything like levity or frivolity, and diffused a thoughtful and +composed, if not always grave, air about him, which, never ceasing to +be cheerful and bright, never failed to dignify the objects of pursuit +and elevate the intercourse of life. A gentleman in the primitive +sense of the word, he was, without seeking to be thought so, always +felt to be of a superior order of men. + +"On the whole, it has been my fortune to know no man whose entire +character has appeared to me so near perfection, none, whom it would +so satisfy me in all things to resemble. + +"How much we lost in him it is now impossible to estimate, and it +would, perhaps, be useless to know. His early death extinguished great +hopes. But his memory is a treasure, which even death cannot take from +us." + +Hon. Rufus Choate writes thus: "It happened that my whole time at +college coincided with the period of President Brown's administration. +He was inducted into office in the autumn of 1815, my Freshman year, +and he died in the summer of 1820. It is not the want, therefore, but +the throng, of recollections of him that creates any difficulty in +complying with your request. He was still young at the time of his +inauguration--not more than thirty-one--and he had passed those few +years, after having been for three of them a tutor in Dartmouth +College, in the care of a parish in North Yarmouth, in Maine; but he +had already, in an extraordinary degree, dignity of person and +sentiment; rare beauty,--almost youthful beauty, of countenance; a +sweet, deep, commanding tone of voice; a grave but graceful and +attractive demeanor--all the traits and all the qualities, completely +ripe, which make up and express weight of character; and all the +address and firmness and knowledge of youth, men, and affairs which +constitute what we call administrative talent. For that form of +talent, and for the greatness which belongs to character, he was +doubtless remarkable. He must have been distinguished for this among +the eminent. From his first appearance before the students on the day +of his inauguration, when he delivered a brief and grave address in +Latin, prepared we were told, the evening before, until they followed +the bier, mourning, to his untimely grave, he governed them perfectly +and always, through their love and veneration; the love and veneration +of the 'willing soul.' Other arts of government were, indeed, just +then, scarcely practicable. The college was in a crisis which relaxed +discipline, and would have placed a weak instructor, or an instructor +unbeloved, or loved with no more than ordinary regard, in the power of +classes which would have abused it. It was a crisis which demanded a +great man for President, and it found such an one in him. In 1816, the +Legislature of New Hampshire passed the acts which changed the Charter +of the institution, abolished the old corporation of Trustees, created +a new one, extinguished the legal identity of the college, and +reconstructed it or set up another under a different and more +ambitious name and a different government. The old Trustees, with +President Brown at their head, denied the validity of these acts, and +resisted their administration. A dominant political party had passed +or adopted them; and thereupon a controversy arose between the college +and a majority of the State; conducted in part in the courts of law of +New Hampshire, and of the Union; in part by the press; sometimes by +the students of the old institution and the new in personal collision, +or the menace of personal collision, within the very gardens of the +academy; which was not terminated until the Supreme Court of the +United States adjudged the acts unconstitutional and void. This +decision was pronounced in 1819; and then, and not till then, had +President Brown peace,--a brief peace made happy by letters, by +religion, by the consciousness of a great duty performed for law, for +literature, and for the Constitution,--happy even in prospect of +premature death. This contest tried him and the college with extreme +and various severity. To induce students to remain in a school +disturbed and menaced; to engage and inform public sentiment, the true +patron and effective founder, by showing forth that the principles of +a sound political morality, as well as of law, prescribed the action +of the old Trustees; to confer with the counsel of the college, two of +whom--Mr. Mason and Mr. Webster--have often declared to me their +admiration of the intellectual force and practical good sense which he +brought to those conferences,--this all, while it withdrew him +somewhat from the proper studies and proper cares of his office, +created a necessity for the display of the very rarest qualities of +temper, discretion, tact, and command, and he met it with consummate +ability and fortune. One of his addresses to the students in the +chapel at the darkest moment of the struggle, presenting the condition +and prospects of the college, and the embarrassments of all kinds +which surrounded its instructors, and appealing to the manliness and +affection and good principles of the students to help 'by whatsoever +things were honest, lovely, or of good report,' occurs to recollection +as of extraordinary persuasiveness and influence. + +"There can be no doubt that he had very eminent intellectual ability, +true love of the beautiful in all things, and a taste trained to +discover, enjoy, and judge it, and that his acquirements were +competent and increasing. It was the 'keenness' of his mind of which +Mr. Mason always spoke to me as remarkable in any man of any +profession. He met him only in consultation as a client; but others, +students, all nearer his age, and admitted to his fuller intimacy, +must have been struck rather with the sobriety and soundness of his +thoughts, the solidity and large grasp of his understanding, and the +harmonized culture of all its parts. He wrote a pure and clear English +style, and he judged of elegant literature with a catholic and +appreciative but chastised taste. The recollections of a student of +the learning of a beloved and venerated president of a college, whom +he sees only as a boy sees a man, and his testimony concerning it, +will have little value; but I know that he was esteemed an excellent +Greek and Latin scholar, and our recitations of Horace, which the +poverty of the college and the small number of its teachers induced +him to superintend, though we were Sophomores only, were the most +agreeable and instructive exercises of the whole college classical +course. + +"Of studies more professional he seemed master. Locke, Stewart, with +whose liberality and tolerance and hopeful and rational philanthropy +he sympathized warmly, Butler, Edwards, and the writers on natural law +and moral philosophy, he expounded with the ease and freedom of one +habitually trained and wholly equal to these larger meditations. + +"His term of office was short and troubled; but the historian of the +college will record of his administration a two-fold honor; first, +that it was marked by a noble vindication of its chartered rights; and +second, that it was marked also by a real advancement of its learning; +by collections of ampler libraries, and by displays of a riper +scholarship." + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +PROGRESS FROM 1820 TO 1828.--ADMINISTRATIONS OF PRESIDENT DANA AND +PRESIDENT TYLER. + + +It was not an easy matter, especially in the impoverished condition of +the college, to find a worthy successor of President Brown. + +During the period of President Brown's illness, and at different +periods after his death, Professor Ebenezer Adams, a gentleman of +decided and energetic character, and (in years) the senior professor +in the college, was acting president. + +Rev. Daniel Dana of Newburyport, Massachusetts, was elected the fourth +president of the college in August, 1820. + +The substance of the next few pages is from the "Life of President +Dana," published in 1866. + +The following is one of many letters addressed to him, urging his +acceptance of the presidency: + + "Dartmouth College, Sept. 7, 1820. + +"Rev. and dear Sir:--Not having heard from any of our friends what is +the prospect in regard to your acceptance of the appointment made by +our Trustees, I cannot help troubling you with a line. + +"I need not tell you that our solicitude would rise to extreme +distress were we seriously apprehensive that you might decide in the +negative. Oh, sir, remember the desolations of Zion here, and have +compassion. The friends of the college look to you, and to you only, +to repair the waste places. When you know that the voice of the +Trustees conspires with that of the clergy and of the public at large, +and when this same voice is echoed from the tomb of our late beloved +and much lamented President Brown, can you hesitate? That good man, in +his last days, with almost the confidence and ardor of prophecy, +declared his belief in the future prosperity and usefulness of +Dartmouth College. You have, I hope, been informed of the strong +manner in which he, last autumn, expressed himself in relation to a +successor; and of the same decided and unwavering opinion which came +from his mouth a few days before his death. 'I have,' said he, 'but +one candidate, and that is Dr. Dana. Whom do they talk of for a +successor? My opinion is exactly the same as when I conversed with you +last fall.' + +"I do pray, my dear sir, that Divine Providence may not permit you to +fail of coming. + +"I should be grieved if, on making the trial, you should not find +yourself pleasantly situated here. I verily believe that you would +find a disposition on the part of the people of the village, including +all the college Faculty, to render your situation comfortable and +pleasant. + +"We shall watch every mail and ask every friend, till we learn the +decision, or rather what we may expect the decision to be. + + With great respect, + "Your obedient servant, + + "R. D. M."[34] + + [34] Professor R. D. Mussey. + + * * * * * + +What is here stated as to President Brown, was also true of President +Appleton of Bowdoin College. Each had desired that Dr. Dana should be +his successor. No stronger proof could be given of the confidence felt +in him, than these concurrent last wishes of two such men. Each had +brought to the office he held not merely intellectual pre-eminence, but +a dignity and elevation of character, and a singleness of purpose, +rarely equaled; and to each the future welfare of the institution over +which he presided was an object of the deepest solicitude. + +Dr. Dana's letter of acceptance is as follows: + + * * * * * + + "To the Rev. and Honorable Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, + +"Gentlemen:--I have received, with deep sensibility, not unmingled +with surprise, the notice of the appointment with which you have +honored me, to the presidency of the institution under your care. + +"The consideration of a subject of such magnitude has been attended +with no small degree of perplexity and distress. + +"The character and objects of Dartmouth College; its intimate +connection with the great interests of the Church and of human +society; the important services it has long rendered to both; its +recent arduous struggle for existence, with the attending +embarrassments, and auspicious issue; the claims it possesses on the +community, and especially on its own sons; the unanimity of your +suffrages in the present case; these with other affecting +circumstances have been carefully considered, and I trust duly +appreciated. + +"Considerations of a different kind have likewise presented. My long +and intimate connection with a most beloved and affectionate people--a +connection rendered interesting not only by its duties and delights +but by its very solicitudes and afflictions--a diffidence of my powers +to meet the expectations of the Trustees, and the demands of the +college; the exchange, at my age, of a sphere whose duties, though +arduous and exhausting, are yet familiar, for another in which new +duties, new responsibilities, new anxieties arise; in which likewise +success is uncertain, and failure would be distressing--these +considerations, with a variety of others scarcely possible to be +detailed have at times come over me with an almost appalling +influence. + +"In these circumstances I have not dared trust my feelings, nor even +my judgment, with the decision of the case. + +"One resource remained,--to seek advice through the regular +ecclesiastical channel--and this with a full determination to consider +the judgment of the presbytery as the most intelligible expression +which I could hope to obtain of the mind and will of Heaven, +respecting my duty; to this measure my church and people gave their +consent. + +"The presbytery having determined, by nearly a unanimous vote, in +favor of the dissolution of my pastoral relation, and my acceptance of +the appointment, my duty is of course decided. I now, therefore, +declare my compliance with your invitation. + +"I devote the residue of my life to the interests of the institution +committed to your care. + +"This I do with deep solicitude, yet not without an animating hope +that He whose prerogative and glory it is to operate important effects +by feeble instruments, may be pleased, even through me, to give a +blessing to a seminary which has so signally enjoyed His protecting +and fostering care. + +"Providence permitting, I shall be at Hanover on the fourth Wednesday +of the present month, with a view to attend the solemnities of +inauguration. It will then be necessary, considering the advanced +season, and other circumstances, for me to return without delay, that +I may arrange my affairs and remove my family. + +"Gentlemen, my resolution on this great subject has been taken in the +full confidence of experiencing, in all future time, what I shall so +much need, your liberal candor, and your cordial, energetic support. +Suffer me, in addition, to request, in my behalf, your devout +supplications to Him who is the Father of Lights and the munificent +bestower of every blessing. + +"I am, gentlemen, with every sentiment of esteem and respect, + + "Your devoted friend and servant, + "Daniel Dana. + + "Newburyport, Oct. 3, 1820." + + * * * * * + +"Allusion is made in his farewell sermon at Newburyport, to his +'recently impaired health.' This was premonitory. Scarcely had he +removed his family to Hanover, and entered on his new duties, before +the crisis came to which, doubtless, the wasting cares and anxieties +of preceding years and the recent severe pressure upon his +sensibilities, had been silently but inevitably tending. His health +gave way, and great depression of spirits accompanied his bodily +languor. He took more than one long journey in the vain effort to +recruit his energies. He writes to a friend of being 'in a state of +great and very uncommon debility, undoubtedly to be attributed to the +protracted operation of distressing causes, both on mind and frame.' +He also states, that, whilst absent from Hanover in accordance with +the advice of his physician, he still hoped to be able, after his +strength was recruited, to accomplish something in the matter of +soliciting aid to the funds of the college; a work which, however +uncongenial to his tastes, he found would necessarily be devolved on +its president. + +"The winter months passed by, and there was still little or no +improvement in his health. When it became known that he was agitating +the question of resigning his office, many urgent requests were made +to him not to decide hastily. He delayed only till April, and then +called a meeting of the Trustees, to be held early in May, for the +purpose of receiving and acting upon his resignation of his office. He +wished it to be considered as 'absolute and final.' The notification +to a member of the Board with whom he was specially intimate, was +accompanied by a letter in which he says: + +"'You will naturally conclude that the resolution which I have taken +has cost me many a struggle, and much severe distress. This is the +fact. The last seven months have been with me a scene of suffering +indeed. I have fondly hoped that repeated journeyings would give me +relief. But their effect has been only partial and temporary. Such is +my prostration at this moment, that the duties of my office, and not +less its cares and its responsibilities, seem a burden quite beyond my +power of bearing. Had it pleased God to make me an instrument of +important good to the college, I should have esteemed myself +privileged indeed; but this privilege, though denied to me, awaits, I +confidently hope, some more favored instrument of the Divine +benevolence. I earnestly pray, that, in what pertains to this great +concern, the Trustees may be favored with much heavenly wisdom and +direction.' + +"He now took a long journey to Ohio, visiting at Athens the brother +who had been the companion of his early years. Under these favorable +influences, his health began more decidedly to improve. At their +meeting, July 4, the Trustees of the college, by unanimous resolution, +requested him to withdraw his resignation; but he declined to do so, +though 'gratefully acknowledging the kindness expressed in their +communication.' + +"Many years after these events, the Rev. Dr. Lord, so long and so +honorably the president of Dartmouth College, thus referred to Dr. +Dana's connection with the institution: + +"'He was chosen president for his well-known excellence as a scholar +and theologian, and his extraordinary ministerial qualifications. He +was honored the country over, in these respects. It was not doubted +that he would be equally honorable as president of the college, should +his health endure. + +"'That he would have been, had he been able to retain his place, +everybody well understood, as well from his auspicious beginning, as +his distinguished qualities. He made a deep impression upon the +college during the short period of his actual service. + +"'But his sensitive nature had received a great shock in the breaking +up of his many and most endearing relations at Newburyport and the +country around. He began here with health seriously impaired, and in +great depression of spirit. The change of scene, of society, labor, +and responsibility, was too much for his disordered frame. He sought +relief by travel. But he gained little or nothing, and was driven to +the conclusion that his life could probably be saved only by +resignation. He could not consent to make such an office as he held a +sinecure, or to see the college labor through its severe adversities +without greater vigor of administration than his infirmities admitted. +With great conscientiousness and magnanimity, he chose to put himself +at a seeming disadvantage, rather than to risk the interests of the +college upon what he judged to be the doubtful chances of his +recovery. + +"'He left with the profound respect and sincere regret of the Trustees +and Faculty. Their confidence in him was unshaken; and they never +doubted, that, had he been more favorable to himself, and borne his +new burdens with less solicitude, till he could regain his health, he +would have been as distinguished here as elsewhere, and raised the +college to a corresponding usefulness and dignity. + +"'Most men judge superficially and unwisely in such cases. So far as I +know, the most competent judges of Dr. Dana's relations to Dartmouth +see nothing that does not redound to his honor. It is understood that +he accepted the presidency with great reluctance, on account of his +other responsibilities and attachments, and with distrust of his +physical ability to perform its duties; that, while he performed them, +it was with characteristic ability and effect; and that, when his best +efforts to regain his health failed, and he saw reason to fear, that, +even if his life should not be a sacrifice, his increasing infirmities +would be to the disadvantage of a struggling institution, he +generously, and entirely of his own accord, resigned. To my +apprehension, all this is significant of great moral strength under +the pressure of bodily disease, and a memorable instance of that +Christian heroism for which he has always been remarkable. "_Maluit +esse quam videri bonus._"'" + +The subsequent labors of President Dana in the ministry, and the high +esteem of all who best knew him till his death, August 26, 1859, are +matters of permanent record. His first wife, Mrs. Elizabeth (Coombs) +Dana, and the second, Mrs. Sarah (Emery) Dana, had died previous to +his residence at Hanover. + +President Dana's brief but earnest labors for the college having +closed in 1821, the fifth president was Rev. Bennet Tyler, who was +called from a pastorate in Southbury, Conn. + +We quote in substance some passages relating to this subject from his +"Memoir," by his son-in-law, Rev. Nahum Gale, D.D. + +"Early in 1822, Mr. Tyler was appointed president of Dartmouth +College. It was to him a mystery why he should be selected for that +station. Located in a retired country parish, he had been devoted to +the duties of the ministry, and had paid little attention to science +or literature. He was strongly attached to his people and his home, +for there had arisen, as 'olive plants,' around his table, three sons +and four daughters. + +"But he was recommended to the Trustees of Dartmouth by Dr. Porter, of +Andover, and others, in whose judgment he had great confidence; his +brethren around him in the ministry, and the consociation with which +he was connected, believed it to be his duty to accept the +appointment. Accordingly, he broke away from an endeared people, was +inaugurated at Dartmouth in March, and entered upon the duties of his +office the following June. In the autumn of 1822, the newly-elected +president was honored by the degree of D.D., from Middlebury College. +Of his connection with Dartmouth College, Dr. Tyler has left the +following record: + +"'I was among strangers, and engaged in duties to which I was +unaccustomed. But I found myself surrounded by able professors, who +treated me with great kindness, and rendered me all the assistance in +their power. My situation was much more pleasant than I anticipated; +and through the assistance of a gracious Providence, I was enabled to +discharge the duties which devolved upon me with acceptance. I have +never had any reason to doubt that I was in the path of duty when I +accepted the appointment. My labor in the service of the college, I +humbly trust, was not altogether in vain. I had the satisfaction to +know that I left it in a more prosperous condition than I found it. It +was no part of my duty, as president of the college, to preach on the +Sabbath; but the health of the professor of Divinity failing soon +after my inauguration, I found it necessary to supply his place; and +during the whole period of my presidency I preached a considerable +part of the time. In the year 1826, there was a very interesting +revival of religion, both among the students and the inhabitants of +the village, which will be remembered by not a few, while "immortality +endures." + +"'I was connected with the college six years; and, although I never +felt so much at home as in the duties of the ministry, still I had no +serious thoughts of relinquishing my station, till, very unexpectedly, +I received a call from the Second Church in Portland. When I received +this call, I felt a new desire for the duties and joys of the pastoral +life, and believing I could resign my office without putting in +jeopardy the interests of the college, I concluded to do so. I parted +with the Trustees, Faculty, and students, with feelings of great +cordiality, and I had reason to believe that the feelings were +reciprocated.' + +"The following letter from the venerable Professor Shurtleff, +addressed to Rev. John E. Tyler, will give the impressions of one +associated with Dr. Tyler during his presidency at Hanover. + + "Hanover, N. H., September 22, 1858. + +"Reverend and very dear Friend: Permit me thus to address you; for I +can truly say that I regarded you with much interest and affection +during the whole time of your residence here, and I may also add that +your venerated parents had no friends in Hanover more sincere and +ardent than Mrs. Shurtleff and myself. + +"When your dear father was appointed president of Dartmouth College, +he had been little heard of in New Hampshire. His first appearance, +however, was very prepossessing, and his preaching was much admired. +His popularity was so general in this region, that a gentleman of a +neighboring town inquired, 'Why, if he is such a man as they say, was +he not heard of before?' To which I replied, if you will allow me to +quote my own words, that 'the Lord had kept him concealed in an +obscure parish for a blessing to our college.' The impression which +his first appearance made was not lowered by further acquaintance. I +do not recollect hearing a complaint of him from any member of the +college. All his intercourse with them was tempered with the utmost +kindness, while he was punctual and faithful in every official duty. I +think he originated the project of raising, by subscription, a fund of +ten thousand dollars for the aid of indigent students seeking an +education for the ministry. + +"This object he not only conceived, but completed by his own personal +efforts. For this, as well as for other services, he should be +gratefully remembered by the college, by the church, and by the +public. + +"But the religious influence of Dr. Tyler, while president of +Dartmouth, will never be forgotten. In the summer of 1825, the +professor of Divinity was arrested by a severe and protracted +affection of the lungs. The president at once took the services of the +sanctuary; and the following spring term was rendered memorable by a +revival of religion, which issued in adding to the Lord many students +and inhabitants of the village. + +"During his residence here we had a class of students in their +professional studies, who wished to enter the ministry earlier than +they could by entering a public seminary. We met with them once in a +week, heard their dissertations on subjects that had been assigned, +and each of us spoke on the performances, and on the subjects. The +young gentlemen were all licensed to preach after about two years, and +became useful ministers of the gospel. By these exercises, as well as +by long intimacy, I was convinced that Dr. Tyler had peculiarly clear +and discriminating views of the doctrines of the gospel, and an +uncommon facility in explaining and defending them; and I have often +remarked in years past, that with the exception of my friend, Dr. +Woods, of Andover, I would sooner recommend him to young men as a +teacher of Theology than any other clergyman in the circle of my +acquaintance. + +"With many pleasing reminiscences, I remain your friend and brother in +the gospel, + + Roswell Shurtleff." + +Dr. Asa D. Smith writes thus: + + "New York, December 14, 1858. + "Rev. J. E. Tyler,-- + +"My dear Sir: You ask for my recollections of your honored father, as +president of my Alma Mater. I regret that I can furnish but little in +that relation. He remained at the head of the institution some two +years only after I was matriculated. + +"The two lower classes had, of course, much less intercourse with him +than those more advanced. You could doubtless obtain more ample +information from those who were Seniors under him, and who had more +largely the benefit of his instruction. Such impressions as I have, +however, I am happy to give. + +"It was when a member of Kimball Union Academy, in preparation for +college, if I mistake not, that I first set eyes on his commanding +form, and listened to the impressive tones of his voice. That academy, +as you know, is about a dozen miles from Hanover. Not long before the +graduation of one of its classes, he visited the place, and preached +on the Sabbath. It is not impossible that his visit had some reference +to the fact that there were among us so many candidates for college +life. It was, at all events, well for Dartmouth that he came. Judging +from the influence on my mind, I cannot doubt that not a few were the +more inclined, for what they saw of him, to connect themselves with +the institution over which he presided. + +"It was the year before I entered college, I think, that is, in +1825-26, that Dartmouth was blessed with one of the most remarkable +revivals of religion it has ever enjoyed. Transformations of character +were wrought then which have borne the test of decades of years. Some +of the finest minds in college were brought under the power of the +gospel--minds that have since shone as bright lights in the world. + +"When I entered the college, I found him dignified, yet affable and +fatherly in his bearing. His preaching then, as we often heard him in +the village church, was marked by the same simplicity, clearness, and +logical force, the same scripturalness, fullness of doctrine, and +evangelical earnestness, that characterized his subsequent +ministrations. He preached not to the fancy, but to the conscience and +the heart. He confined not himself to hortatory appeals, nor did he, +in any wise, skim over the surface of things; but, as both my notes +and recollections of his college sermons assure me, he was apt to +handle, and that vigorously, the high topics of theology. He gave us +not milk alone, but strong meat. Yet have I seldom known a man so +remarkable for making an abstruse subject plain to every hearer." + + * * * * * + +Rev. George Punchard, of Boston, and Rev. Nathaniel Folsom, D.D., +professor in Meadville College, Pa., have furnished their +recollections respecting the revival in Dartmouth College, in the year +1826, to which allusion is made by Dr. Smith. + +The former says: + + "Boston, February 16, 1859. + + "Rev. John E. Tyler,-- + +"My dear Sir: Your venerable father was president of Dartmouth College +during my whole collegiate course--from 1822 to 1826. My earliest +recollections of him are those only which a thoughtless boy of sixteen +would be likely to have of a grave and reverend divine, and are of +little value. + +"It was not until near the close of my college life that I began +really to know him. At that time the college was visited by a revival +of religion of uncommon power, and my reverend president suddenly +awoke (at least to my view) in an entirely new character. + +"He came to the students with a power and unction which were quite +irresistible, and manifested a depth of religious feeling for us which +made us at once love him and admire him. He seemed to have found his +appropriate sphere of labor; to have got into an atmosphere which +filled his soul and body with life and energy; to have work to do +which was congenial, which he loved, and which he knew how to do as +few men did. He was at once a son of thunder and a son of consolation. +His discourses, which had always been able and instructive, and +characterized by simplicity of arrangement and neatness and purity of +style, had now the additional attraction of an animated and energetic +delivery. + +"And yet, perhaps, the conference room and the prayer-meeting were the +places in which, at that time, Dr. Tyler specially excelled. He was +naturally rather heavy and lethargic in his manner of speaking, and it +required a good deal to excite and warm him thoroughly. But the scenes +and duties incident to a powerful revival of religion, in which a +hundred or more young men were more or less interested, supplied the +necessary stimulus, and the strong man was fully waked up, and in his +extemporaneous addresses particularly, poured out streams of Christian +eloquence which he seldom equaled in his more carefully prepared +public discourses, and which few men whom I have ever heard, could +excel or equal. + +"His labors, however, were not confined to the pulpit and the +conference meeting. He cheerfully and heartily did the work of a +pastor among the students, going from room to room, instructing and +exhorting his beloved pupils, and praying with them. He was among us, +not as the grave and dignified head of the college, but rather as a +loving, anxious father, seeking to instruct and save his children; or, +as an elder brother, tenderly solicitous for our spiritual welfare. He +was gentle among us, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. And God, +I verily believe, gave him spiritual children from among our number, +as the reward of his fidelity; children who never ceased to love him +while he lived, and who will cherish his memory with gratitude to +their dying hours." + +Professor Folsom says: + +"Dartmouth College was fortunate in getting Mr. Tyler to stand in the +line of its excellent presidents. Each of them was different from the +rest in special qualifications, in work performed, in kind and force +of influence exerted; but each did what made his administration an +important period in the history of the college, and extended its fame +and usefulness. Dr. Tyler was inferior to none of them in the depth +and extent to which he affected the character of the students for +good, and through them, wherever the Divine Providence called them to +live and labor, promoted the welfare of the country; the enlightenment +and moral activity, and power, and happiness of the people. + +"His splendid physique, in which he surpassed everybody in the region; +his noble stature and well-proportioned form; his head finely poised, +and around it a halo of parental benignity, its perpetual and unfading +crown; these struck every one at first sight, and prepossessed all in +his favor. I know of none with whom to compare him in these respects +except Ezekiel Webster. In his whole spirit and mien, in look and word +and action, he was a father, and his whole administration was parental +in the best sense of the word. This benignity, as we learn from his +'Memoir,' marked his subsequent career as president of the East +Windsor Theological School. His biographer, taking notice of the fact +that 'the perversities of human nature make their appearance in such +institutions as well as elsewhere,' observes that 'the strong +affections of the father in him occasionally swayed the firmness of +the tutor and governor, and rendered him indulgent and yielding in +cases where there was call for the peremptory and authoritative.' In +the first two years of our college life, from the fall of 1824 to the +spring of 1826, two or three instances of wrongdoing passed unnoticed +which perhaps deserved such a mode of treatment. There were, moreover, +it is to be confessed, irregularities and bad practices among students +in all the classes at that period, but they were exceptional, so far +as my knowledge of them extended, and would have required a system of +espionage to detect them, or informers from the guilty ones +themselves. Dartmouth however, at its worst, in that period, was not +one whit behind any other college in New England, in its general tone +of morals, in observance of law, in habits of study and in scholarly +attainments. There were not a few whose sense of honor was very high, +and as they were popular and influential, they in some degree +necessarily gave tone to others. Nay, surrounded by such an atmosphere +of benignity--of which every student was more or less conscious, +feeling it not only in the presence of the president, but also more or +less in our connection with every other officer of the college without +exception--I think there was far less tendency to excess, far less of +the irritation of inclination against prohibition of law; and +assuredly there was never apparent a disposition to rebel from hope of +impunity through the recognized forbearance of our teachers. + +"In the spring of the year 1828, a higher influence was brought to +bear, reinforcing and extending the moral element throughout the +college; recovering not a few from irregularities of conduct and waste +of talent; awakening the religious nature; giving birth to new +motives, and leading many to noble and useful lives. From that period +until our class graduated in 1828, I cannot recall an act deserving +special even animadversion, nor remember an instance of a student +obnoxious to discipline for indolent of other censurable habits. But I +remember several young men of exemplary deportment and distinguished +ability, among them Salmon P. Chase, who though not publicly regarded +as 'subjects of the work,' were greatly affected, their future being +largely determined by it. They all subsequently exhibited deep moral +and religious purpose, and were foremost in philanthropic action. +Without the preaching of Dr. Tyler as its great instrument, and +without such a man presiding over it, and guiding it, there is no +reason to suppose that the revival would have taken place, or would +have been so extensive and powerful. + +"It is by looking at Dr. Tyler from every point of view that we alone +can form a just estimate of his qualities. His greatest power was +that of preacher, and he was most at home in this office. He did not +seek it, but it providentially came to him in the illness of Professor +Shurtleff, the professor of Theology, and he retired from it when in +the year 1827, Professor George Howe succeeded Professor Shurtleff. He +had risen in it to the very height of the duty he attempted to +discharge, and was majestic in it. His mode of delivery and gesture +were beyond criticism, and at times sublime. I never heard a student +speak of him in this capacity without the highest praise; and his +power ended not simply in producing admiration, but in influencing his +hearers to duty. The great object aimed at in his preaching was to +induce his hearers to be willing, unconditionally, to do and submit to +the revealed Divine will. He who succeeds in persuading his fellow-men +to faithfully and perseveringly try to do this, does the highest +Christian work, and most for the benefit of man. No one who has sat in +the presidential chair of Dartmouth, or of any other college, during +an equal length of time, has done more in this direction than Bennet +Tyler." + +The librarian says: + +"In 1819, Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, Massachusetts, presented the +college library 470 volumes, which were perhaps an equivalent for the +books recently lost, as Professor Haddock makes the statement that +there were probably no more books in 1820 than in 1815. In 1820 the +Trustees appropriated $400. The three libraries at this time must have +numbered not far from 8,000 volumes. In 1826, the 'Social Friends' +obtained a Charter, and one was granted to the United Fraternity' +during the following year. These Charters gave the societies the right +to hold property, and transact business, and made necessary the +consent of a majority of the existing members in order to dispose of +the libraries. The society libraries had been increasing more rapidly +than the college library, and at this time they had reached it in size +as well as exceeded it in practical value and in circulation. It is +quite noticeable that these three libraries for the twenty-five years +following were kept so nearly equal, by additions and losses, that at +no time the number of books actually upon their shelves differed by +more than a few hundred. + +"The work and influence of the societies was neither small nor to be +lightly estimated, and in that work the libraries had no small share. +Professor Crosby, in speaking of the college life of the class of +1827, says: 'The college library was small, and had been so collected +that it contained few books which either the instructors or students +wished to read. The chief dependence of the latter was upon the +society libraries, in which they took much pride, and to the increase +of which they contributed with so great liberality in proportion to +their means. During the first years of our course, the library of the +"United Fraternity" occupied a place in the north entry of the +college, corresponding to that of the "Social Friends" library in the +south entry. The libraries were open only on Wednesdays and Saturdays +from 1 to 2 P. M., for the delivery and return of books, and the +students at these times gathered around the barred entrances to be +waited on in turn by the librarians and their assistants. The rooms +were so small that only three or four others were admitted at a time +within the bar for the examination of the books upon the shelves. The +opening of the philological room and of a reading-room about the same +time by the members of the "Fraternity" led to the great enlargement +of the library rooms, and great increase of library advantages, which +took place in the latter part of our course. The ample rooms were now +opened daily, instead of twice a week, for the delivery and return of +books.' + +"The college library is spoken of as, at that time, being open once in +two weeks, and occupying a narrow room on the second floor of the +college." + +The marked advance in the course of study and general advantages of +college life, during this period, are too well known to many living +readers to require especial notice in this connection. The leading +facts will be developed upon succeeding pages. + +The following paragraphs from a member of Dr. Tyler's family are +worthy of perusal. + +"My first recollections of importance regarding Dartmouth College were +my father's great concern for its financial interests. There was great +need of money at this time for new buildings and scientific apparatus, +and no one was found willing to assume the responsibility of +soliciting funds except President Tyler, who in his vacations +undertook the matter, and was eminently successful in the work. When +he first started upon his mission he called upon the late Hon. Isaac +Hill, at that time editor of the New Hampshire 'Patriot,' which paper +had been, as some thought, opposed to the interests of the college. +This gentleman had attended a Commencement at Dartmouth, and had an +interview with the new president, and being pleased, had spoken highly +of the college and its president in his paper. This emboldened +President Tyler to ask Mr. Hill to head the list of subscribers to the +college, and to his surprise he did so, pledging himself for one +hundred dollars. Mr. Hill's signature was worth many thousands of +dollars to the college. + +"During one of his winter vacations, President Tyler started with his +own horse and sleigh on his mission, going through the State of +Vermont into New York. He returned after six weeks' earnest and +arduous labor, having been very successful in his mission. + +"Dr. Tyler's invaluable services to the church were continued, in +various spheres, till his death May 14, 1858, his wife, Mrs. Esther +(Stone) Tyler, surviving him only one week." + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT LORD. + + +Rev. Nathan Lord, D.D., of Amherst, New Hampshire, was elected the +sixth president of the college. We insert entire his inaugural +address, delivered October 29, 1828. + +"The revival of learning, like that of religion, originally effected +through the instrumentality of the press, though long hindered by the +successive political convulsions and changes of the world, is now +evidently in the course of rapid advancement, and is producing a deep +and wide impression upon the mass of civilized society. It is +pervading all classes, and affecting all interests. Its influence +penetrates every public and private institution, and is exciting the +best energies of the human mind, both to the invention of new methods +of intellectual cultivation and the application of knowledge to the +practical purposes of life. Fostered by the spirit of freedom, which +goes before to disenthral the mind from that state of servitude in +which its powers had been made to minister to ignorant and wayward +ambition, or still more cramping and perverting superstition, it +promises to gain an universal ascendancy, and to render all that +influence which had been arrayed against it, henceforth subservient +only to its triumphs. + +"But it is characteristic of the human mind, when set at liberty from +ancient prejudices, and permitted to range in search of expected good, +to become extreme in its calculations and projects of improvement, and +to distract itself amidst the variety of its experiments. And more +especially when its enterprises are favored by the encouragement of +wealth, and sustained by the indiscriminate approval of the multitude. +It is then, that overlooking the maxims of sound philosophy, and +disregarding the safe lessons of experience, it is beguiled into the +adoption of untried theories, and wastes its strength in the +prosecution of plans, which are found at length to accord neither with +the constitution of our nature nor with the approved usages of +society. I will not say, that this is a great evil in comparison with +that state of mental vassalage and inaction in which nothing is +attempted, nor even conceived, for the true interests of mankind. For, +the mind unfettered, will ordinarily be corrected of its mistakes and +brought back from its wanderings, when truth is the object of its +aspirations, and happiness is the prize only of successful effort. But +we may learn from this infirmity of our nature, to be cautious in our +estimates of the good before us, and to use that moderation in our +endeavors which will leave us nothing to regret, when their end shall +have been attained. + +"It will scarcely be doubted that the impulse which society has +received, particularly since the commencement of the passing century, +and which has evidently been connected with the growth of freedom in +this country, has been attended with many of these excesses, and not +the least probably in the department of education. Numerous +adventurers have set forth upon this field, with different pretensions +indeed, and unequal advantages, but all large in their expectations, +and confident of success. They have seemed to themselves almost to +realize the ideal good, to annihilate the space between barbarism and +refinement, to find in relation to intellectual attainment what +experimental philosophy had sought in vain, the mysterious agent which +should transmute the baser metals into gold. + +"Without denying at all the actual advance of learning, or disparaging +the improvements which are taking place in the arrangements and +administration both of public and private seminaries, we cannot be so +fond (_absit invidia verbo_) as to accredit all the inventions of this +restless age. We cannot suppose that paths so various, which have been +struck out in the heat of competition, and systems based on principles +and conducted by methods so frequently differing from each other, will +all conduce to the purposes for which they are intended, except as +they may excite more general attention to the interests of education, +and furnish materials of which wisdom and experience shall at length +avail themselves, to perfect truer and more practicable systems, +suited to the intellectual and moral nature of man, and to the various +relations and interests of life. In this view, it is evident that the +conduct of public literary institutions, at the present time, is +attended with no trivial embarrassments. That expansion of the public +mind and progress of society, which necessarily take place in a +country favored with advantages of elementary instruction and general +information, will always be creating just demands upon the higher +seats of learning, which will task all their energies, and bring into +requisition all their resources. The mass of the community, becoming +more enlightened, will call for proportionally higher qualifications +in those who are sent out to preside over the public interests, and +their progress in influence will produce a yet more powerful reaction. +But to meet these demands amidst the conflicting sectional interests +and fluctuations of public feeling, which are usually attendant upon a +state of freedom, to discriminate rightly between the diverse systems +of instruction and discipline, which are set forth with such frequency +and such earnestness of commendation; to keep so near the public +sentiment as not to lose the confidence of the community, and yet not +to follow it so implicitly as to sacrifice the more desirable good of +self-approbation; this is a labor which can be estimated by those only +who have had the trial of sustaining it. Institutions that have become +venerable by age, powerful in resources and patronage, may go forward +to introduce, not only accredited improvements but doubtful changes; +and may bring the systems, which either the wise have devised, or the +popular voice has required, to the test of actual experiment. But +feebler institutions cannot leave the ground of general principles, +which, however it may be safer and ultimately more subservient to +their true interests, cannot always be easily ascertained, and +frequently fails of being approved amidst the varying circumstances, +relations, and interests of society. + +"The principle which has generally obtained in regard to the colleges +of this country, of making them merely introductory to a professional +education, is one too important in its connections and results to be +hastily relinquished. The correspondence which usually exists between +the genius of civil governments, and the arrangement of literary +institutions, has been very happily exemplified in our system of +schools, rising in regular gradation from the primary to the +professional, and wisely accommodated to the public convenience and +necessity. This system, whatever defects may have existed in some of +its practical operations, has been found, on the whole, admirably +suited to the condition of society. Its parts having kept their fair +proportions, each one performing its peculiar office, and all acting +and reacting upon each other, it is out of question that the results +of the whole, in the general diffusion of knowledge and elevation of +the public character, have been salutary to a degree unprecedented in +the history of the world; and its general adoption, with modifications +according to the different circumstances of society, may be +contemplated as one of the surest pledges of our national prosperity. +Apart from the multiplied facilities of instruction, which upon this +system are afforded at the cheapest rate to all who would enjoy the +benefits of education, that spirit of fair and honorable competition, +which is necessarily excited between so many kindred institutions, +would seem to insure improvements proportioned to the means which are +afforded them, and prove a check upon those abuses which have usually +attended establishments of more extended influence and less +responsibility. + +"But it would seem important to the continued success of this system, +that its several parts should still be kept distinct and subordinate. +I will not say that they may not subsist harmoniously, and be +conducted usefully upon the same ground. I will not say that an +university, sectional or national, that shall, in its separate +colleges and halls, prepare our youth for the various departments of +life, may not consist with the spirit of our civil governments, and be +guarded against the evils which have generally attended establishments +so complicate, and of such numerous resort. However this may be +judged, it will be found, I apprehend, the wisdom of our scattered +institutions, to preserve their individuality, and remain true, as to +their general regulations, to the purpose of their foundation. With +respect, particularly, to the arrangements of a college, it would seem +not less true than in regard to the efforts of an individual mind, or +the operations of a machine, that however numerous and various these +arrangements may be in detail, the most beneficial results cannot be +expected without unity of design. Between that kind of cultivation and +discipline necessary as a foundation for professional eminence, and +that which is required for success in mercantile, mechanical, or +agricultural occupation, there is a very natural and obvious +distinction. And not only is it desirable that they who will be +successful mainly as they shall be conversant with books, who require +to be learned men, and they whose concern lies principally in the +active business of life, in skill or labor, should have in some +respects a different course of study, but be subjected to the +influence of different minds, and examples, and rules, and scenes, and +associations, corresponding to the different relations which they will +sustain. 'Non omnia possumus omnes,' is a proverb applicable both to +teachers and to pupils, and it would forbid the supposition, that +minds which act upon others for widely different purposes, should do +it always with the best effect, or that they who are so acted upon, +should not sometimes suffer injury from the inadequate or ill +appropriated influence that is exerted over them. + +"But the evils of commingling within the walls of college, and +subjecting to the same general influence, persons or classes, +requiring a different preparatory training, would not, probably, be +greater than those which would result from an attempt to carry +collegial instruction above the simple groundwork of the professions, +and to accommodate the course of study and discipline to the future +intended course of life. To whatever extent improvement should be +carried in the preparatory schools, of whatever qualifications young +men should be possessed, at the usual time of admission to college, +their term of residence here cannot reasonably be thought too long, +nor their facilities too ample, for general elementary cultivation. It +were not the worst of the evil of providing for professional education +at college, that the time which should be devoted to mental +preparation would be lost, and young men would go forth into life +unfurnished; but many minds uncertain and vacillating soon wearied +with the dry elements of one department, would presently attempt +another and a third, and disgusted, at length, with all, would resign +themselves to a stupefying indolence, or a consuming licentiousness. +The examples of other times, when the learning of universities all had +respect to the future political and ecclesiastical relations of the +student, and these institutions became little better than panders to +allied despotism and superstition, may teach us to cultivate our youth +in the elements of general knowledge, and impart vigor and force and +freeness to their minds, in the course of sound fundamental study, +before they are permitted to engage in any merely professional +acquisitions; to practice them well on the broad threshold of science, +before they are exposed to be blasted or bewildered by the premature +unfolding of its mysteries. They will then go forward, prepared, not +merely to acquire the technicalities of a profession, but to +investigate its essential principles; to avoid those _ignes fatui_, +which so often, with the appearance of truth, mislead and destroy, and +draw out from the depths, the living form of truth itself; and thus +contribute to the destined emancipation of the world from ignorance, +and prejudice, and misrule, and the worse influence of false +philosophy. I would not be extreme; but when we consider the +controlling influence of mind of those who are accredited as the +teachers and guides of other men, and how important that this should +be an influence of reason, of knowledge, and of truth, and how slowly +and carefully its foundation requires to be laid in the youthful mind, +we may well dread to embarrass the process, either by any accidental +impressions and associations, or by prematurely trusting to its +completion. Nor should an exception be claimed even in favor of the +Christian ministry. However desirable that they who contemplate this +office should be early qualified for the service of God, and of their +fellow men, yet they may not safely trespass upon college hours, by +anticipating those higher studies, which await them on other grounds. + +"I shall be obliged to trespass further upon the time of this +assembly, while I glance at a few particulars connected with the +attainment of the single end of a collegial education. It has been +alleged, that the preparatory schools have frequently failed in +qualifying the mind for successful application to the exercises of +college. And it has been answered, that college has sent out into the +schools inadequate instructors. The evil which is admitted is probably +on both sides, and an obvious remedy will be found, in stating and +rigidly exacting such terms of matriculation as shall at once bring +into requisition the most thorough preparatory instruction, and +provide that such instruction may always be obtained. + +"It is evident that, other things being equal, those who, by reason of +superior early advantages, are prepared to enter upon the prescribed +exercises of college with more readiness and effect than others, will +ordinarily prosecute and finish their course with proportionably +higher reputation. Indeed, to the want of a thorough initiation into +the rudiments of learning may be traced much of that indolence and +fickleness and easy yielding to temptation, by which the mind, +untaught in the labor of successful occupation, and discouraged by the +failure of its imprudent efforts, is presently paralyzed, and lost to +every honorable and useful purpose. If then it may be provided that +early instruction shall be more adequate, and the mind of the student +shall be prepared to enter with readiness and effect upon the studies +of college, we shall inspire him with that confidence in his own +ability and endeavors which is one of the strongest inducements to +exertion, and shall insure a degree of improvement limited only by his +capacity and application. It may be true, that some of our colleges, +by reason of the temptations of poverty, and the zeal of competition, +accommodating themselves to the convenience of youth, have not +increased in their demands in proportion to the advances which have +been already made in elementary instruction. Such have doubtless +mistaken their true interests. It is believed, that those institutions +which shall lead in exacting the most extensive and thorough +preparation, will have a distinction and a patronage proportioned to +the benefits which they shall thus render to society. + +"It is of equal importance, that our colleges should be furnished with +the materials of study. It was a significant maxim, I think of +Juvenal, that it is a great part of learning to know where learning +may be found. For, after ascertaining the place of treasure, it is +usual to feel the kindling desire of acquisition, and the mind at once +receives a corresponding impulse to exertion. The man who has wasted +his best days in mental inaction, may feel himself so humbled amidst +the productions of genius and learning, which have not instructed him, +and instruments, of which he knows not the use, and specimens and +models whose properties and beauties he cannot distinguish, that he +will wish rather to retreat and forget his poverty, in the +gratifications of inferior appetite. But, on these same scenes, the +fires of youthful unprostituted ambition glow with a new intensity, +and the mind, here waking to the consciousness of its own energies, +aspires to the elevation and dignity for which it is designed. The +well stored library and philosophical room and cabinet, create an +atmosphere, in which it acts with an unwonted freedom and force, and +strengthens itself for the high and laborious service to which it is +devoted. + +"But, apart from the influence of such scenes and their associations, +there are more palpable reasons, which especially at this day, call +for a great increase of books and apparatus in our literary +institutions. + +"The time has been, when a few worn out text books, descending from +one generation of students to another, were thought sufficient for the +purposes of a liberal education. But, in that wider range of +investigation, to which the mind is now directed, in all departments +of study, every source of information requires to be laid open. It is +not the lesson from a single author, that is alone sufficient to be +committed, but the _subject_, of which possibly a score have treated, +that requires to be examined and understood. And neither can the +teacher nor the student feel himself adequate to the services before +him while any valuable authority, on the broad field of his inquiries, +is not accessible, or any means of illustration are unattempted. But +these facilities are clearly beyond the resources of individuals, and +however voluntary associations of students may, to some extent, +compensate for private inability, there is a point beyond which public +sentiment declares this to be a burden; and it demands that the +institutions themselves, which proffer the benefits of education, +should supply the means by which this end is to be attained. The +question between different places of education, is coming to be +decided, more frequently, by reference to the comparative advantages +which they afford in this respect; and, however it may be necessary +that a college should hold out some show of other accommodation, yet +neither the convenience of its situation, nor the splendor of its +edifices, nor the number and variety of its departments and +instructors, will be held in estimation, without corresponding +advantages for an extended course of study. + +"In regard to a course of study, it were almost adventurous for one +without the advantages of experience on this subject, to remark beyond +what is already obvious, that it should be simply accommodated to the +most perfect discipline and instruction of the mind. And yet, perhaps, +it were more presumptuous to suppose, that improvement in this respect +has already reached its limits. The changes which have taken place, +and are still occurring in the methods of instruction, at the +preparatory schools, may be hoped so far to hasten the development and +strengthening of the intellectual powers as that the student may come, +at an earlier period of his college course, to that class of studies +which call more immediately for the use of reason, and give it +direction in its inquiries after truth. The impulse which the mind +receives from an acquaintance with its own powers, and their +application to some branches of intellectual philosophy, is a matter +of general experience. Every one recollects the pleasure of his first +acquisitions in this department of study, and the ardor with which he +thenceforth aspired to higher attainments. He breathed a free air, he +went forward with a new confidence, and his application to all the +duties before him became more easy and more successful. If, then, we +might, almost on the threshold of a public education, habituate the +mind to itself, and aid it in some of the more simple essays of its +own powers, it would seem, that we should prepare it for the readier +perception of classic beauties, and for mastering more effectually the +elements of mathematical, political, and moral science. Study in +every department ceases to be a mechanical process, when the mind is +thus accustomed, and then we have assurance that study will be a +pleasure, and that what becomes a pleasure will be gain and glory. + +"If it were asked, whether any branch of college study might be +spared, few, probably, would be ready to affirm. However, in the zeal +of innovation, the utility of classical learning has been decried, it +is not probable that the name of scholar will ever be awarded to one +who has not loved to spend his days and nights upon the pages of +antiquity, nor drunk deep from these original sources of taste, and +genius, and philosophy. We believe it has rarely, if ever happened, +that one has attained to a symmetry and finished excellency of +character, in the varieties of any one department of learning, who has +not, at least in the early stages of education, received inspiration +from the oratory and poetry of other times, when language was an index +to the passions and emotions of the soul, and conveyed, not the names +only, but the properties of things, the qualities of mind. The very +vigor of thought and power of eloquence with which many, with a +parricidal spirit, have assailed the literature of antiquity, were +borrowed from its stores; and should their schemes of reform prevail +we might fear that other generations, inheriting only their +prejudices, without their refinement, would degenerate into +comparative barbarism, and with that of learning, that the light also +of religion would be extinguished. It is the _worst_ of this spirit +that it would seal up the treasures of heavenly wisdom, and take away +the armor in which we trust for assailing the enemies of God. And +however it may be with other interests, we will hope that in this +respect, as well as ordinarily in all others, the pulpit will prove a +defence of the true interests of man. But, it may be questioned +whether, if the field of labor were narrowed, and instead of gleaning +as is usually done, from many writers, the student should be more +thorough in his application to a few of the most approved, the end of +this branch of study would not be as fully answered, and opportunity +be afforded for greater acquisitions in the literature of modern +times. It has been said, particularly in regard to our own language +and country, that the style of writing, of conversation, and of +public speaking, among educated men, generally fails of that accuracy, +propriety, and refinement which might reasonably be expected from +their course of preparatory and professional study. The college is +undoubtedly the place where the evil, if it be admitted to exist, +should be corrected. And its correction would be found in the greater +progress of the student, beyond the task of composition, to the +examination of the most approved vernacular writings. It is not so +much by his own imperfect attempts as by familiarity with the nature +and finished productions of other minds, that he may expect to +facilitate his conceptions, to extend the circle of his thoughts, to +correct his judgment and his taste, and thus increase the readiness, +propriety, and effect of his future efforts. A course of thorough +reading and comparison of accredited authors, in connection with +occasional researches into the history of English literature and +essays at higher criticism, will probably do more towards the +accomplishment of polite scholarship than all the principles of +grammar and rhetoric, however perfectly understood, without +opportunity for such an application. + +"The actual instruction of college, and its general economy and +administration, are subjects, doubtless, of yet higher consideration. +But, in view of the recent measures of the Trustees of this +institution, to advance its interests in these particulars, remarks in +this place, and on this occasion, might be judged unseasonable. I +shall be permitted, however, just to allude to these measures, as an +evidence of the deep solicitude with which the institution is +cherished by its constituted guardians, and as a pledge, that in all +things which relate to its modes of government, discipline, and +instruction, they will not be backward to provide that it shall answer +the great purposes of its foundation. And in view of the success which +already appears to have attended the application of these measures, +through the zeal of the Faculty of the college, and the commendable +spirit of the students, the hope may well be encouraged, that this +venerable seat of learning, which has been the care of Almighty God, +will not fail of His blessing, nor want the confidence, affection, and +patronage of an intelligent community. + +"But, what is more necessary than any other means and advantages, and +without which the growth of any literary institution were to be +deprecated as one of the greatest of evils, is the pervading influence +of moral and religious principle. The moral dangers of a college life +have probably been sometimes enhanced in the representation. When the +arrangement of duties is such as to require of the student as much use +of time, and a habit of application as constant and persevering, as +are ordinarily expected in the employments of active life, he would +seem, so far, in respect to his principles and his habits, to have an +advantage over others, inasmuch as intellectual labor is, in itself, +better suited to refine and elevate the affections, and removes one +farther from the scenes and objects of temptation. If we add to this, +that the student is usually under a more uniform superintendence, and +comes more frequently and habitually under the influence of moral +precept and religious observances, and that the fact of his supposed +dangers makes him more a subject of parental solicitude and counsel +and prayer, his advantage is still proportionably increased. And in +respect to those institutions where these benefits are in the highest +degree enjoined, it is believed that the amount of injury to the youth +who frequent them is less than that which is suffered by any equal +number, in any other sphere of occupation. + +"It must, nevertheless, be admitted, that there are dangers to the +student in some respects peculiar, affecting deeply the principles of +action, and which require a greater care to be prevented, because of +the influence which he is destined to exert in future life. The very +cultivation of mind has frequently a tendency to impair the moral +sensibilities, to induce that pride of conscious ability and variety +of attainments, which, as they are most of all affections offensive to +God, so they become, surely, though insensibly, most pernicious in +their influence upon the individuals themselves who cherish them, and +contribute to poison those streams which ought only to carry abroad +health and blessing to the world. That spirit of emulation, also, +which is naturally excited among so many aspirants for an honorable +distinction, too often leads, on the one hand, in those who excel, to +an overweening selfishness and an insatiable ambition, which, in the +course of life, sacrifice all principle and the highest interests of +society to private gratification; and, on the other, in those whose +hopes are disappointed, to a destroying negligence and sensuality. Nor +is it to be denied, that the unsanctified literature of antiquity, and +many of the productions of our own times, which have the greatest +power of attraction over the minds of youth, cannot be assiduously +cultivated without danger of corrupting the moral sentiments, and +ministering strength to the wrong affections of the mind. Against +these evils, and others, more immediately pernicious, which are +incident to numerous associations of youth, a moral influence, pure, +constraining and habitual, requires to be exerted. It is now more than +ever demanded, and the fact is most creditable to the spirit of the +times, that a literary institution should be a safe resort, and no +other advantages will, in the common estimation, compensate for defect +and failure in this particular. The relations which every individual +student sustains to God and to eternity, call imperiously and aloud, +that the great principles of moral obligation, the everlasting +distinctions between right and wrong, the methods of the Divine +administration, and the solemnities of eternal retribution, should be +kept before him, in all their significancy, and enforced by the +constraining motives of the gospel of Jesus Christ, without which all +secondary authority and influence will be comparatively vain. The +relations also of the whole body of students to their country and the +world demand, and the admonition is sounded out from every corner of +our land, from the city, and the field, and even from the desert, that +here should be laid the foundation of those virtuous habits, of that +reverence for God, and practical regard for His ordinances, without +which the influence of our educated men will gradually undermine the +fair fabric of our national freedom, and the ruins of our country will +be heaped up for an everlasting memorial, that neither liberty, nor +learning, nor wealth, nor arts, nor arms, can stay the decline of that +people among whom the redeeming spirit of Christianity has no +permanent abode. I know, indeed, that college is no place for infusing +or fostering sectarian prejudices, nor for preferring the weapons of +sectarian warfare. No spirit of party should walk abroad on this +common ground. No distinctive privileges of a denomination should here +be ever claimed or allowed. But, as none are exempted from their +obligations to God, and none are safe without His blessing, it is most +evident that this should be the first and last of our labor with those +who are themselves immortal, and whose influence is so connected with +the highest interests of their fellow men, to encourage a spirit of +inwrought piety, and instill the lessons of practical obedience. That +is the noblest of all efforts which has respect to the preparation of +mind for the service of its Creator among its kindred intelligences, +and for the joys of an immortal life. And that will be a glorious +consummation (may it be ours to hasten it) when the destined alliance +between religion and learning shall be perfected, and their united +influence shall be employed, and shall prevail, to raise a world from +ignorance and sin and wretchedness, to the dignity and the privilege +of the sons of God. And let us hope, both in regard to this college, +whose interests we now cherish, and all other kindred institutions, +that amidst the changes of society by which they are occasionally +affected, and the adversities by which they are depressed, we shall +see the vindication of that rule of Providence by which good is always +educed from evil. Let us believe that those prejudices and mistakes +and errors and abuses, which are wont, in undisturbed prosperity, to +become inveterate, shall be done away; that those improvements which +may be expected to flow from the influence of free governments and a +free Christianity shall prevail, and shall contribute to make the +reign of liberty and knowledge and truth not only universal in extent, +but perpetual in duration." + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +THE POLICY OF THE COLLEGE, ITS PROGRESS, AND ENLARGEMENT UNDER +PRESIDENT LORD'S ADMINISTRATION, FROM 1828 TO 1863. + + +President Lord's official course was marked by a judicious +conservatism. + +In nothing was this more conspicuous than in his treatment of the +matter of "college honors." Near the close of his administration, the +occasion requiring, he published a statement, in which we find the +following language: + +"It will be recollected that about a quarter of a century ago there +arose a simultaneous questioning among the students at most of the New +England colleges, in regard to college appointments in general. It was +a spontaneous movement of the young men, consequent upon an unusual +religious awakening among them, and seemed a common reaction of +conscience against a common injurious custom. The students of this +college were excited more than others. At least, they were more +demonstrative. By memorial, they unanimously requested the Trustees to +abolish the existing system. + +"The Trustees gave great attention to the request. Having ascertained +that the Faculty would readily try the experiment of a change, +although but two of them were convinced of its utility, they set aside +the existing system of exhibitions, prizes, assignments, etc., and +ordained the present system, which fully and consistently excludes the +principle of the old. This action of the Trustees was thorough, +consistent, and decisive, and was far in advance of what had taken +place in any other institution. It gave great content to the students. +It was followed by many tokens of public approbation. The Faculty at +once found their administration relieved, simplified, and greatly +facilitated in general. The college rapidly attained to a degree of +patronage and prosperity unprecedented in its history. + +"After a few years, a severe outside pressure produced a degree of +anxiety in regard to the prudence, if not the principle, of the +change. Some distinguished alumni of the college, and other gentlemen, +remonstrated against it as an innovation not soundly moral and +conservative, but radical and disorganizing. They feared that the +college would lose its tone and dignity among learned institutions. +The Trustees, though not convinced, were stirred, and again asked the +judgment of the Faculty. + +"The Faculty replied, that, although they had not, as a body, +recommended the adoption of the new system, they had given it, as duty +required, a fair experiment, and were constrained to say, that it had +turned out better than their expectations. Notwithstanding some +inconvenience, it had obviated serious evils, had secured +unquestionable benefits, and had given a decided impulse to the +college. They were not prepared to advise its discontinuance. +Whereupon the Trustees resolved to adhere. + +"Yet, after another short term of years, changes having occurred both +in the Trustees and Faculty, and the outside pressure still +continuing, the subject again came under the discussion of the Board. +In that instance it was formally proposed by a majority of the +Faculty. Some new members had been added to that body, who had had no +experience, as college officers, of the old system. Others had left +it, and some had seen reasons to change their opinions. A large +majority requested that the old _regime_, or something analogous to +it, should be restored. + +"The minority confidently protested. They had had experience on both +sides, and were satisfied that the new system had greatly the +advantage of the old, both in respect to principle and practical +results. + +"The Trustees gave the subject their attentive consideration, +canvassed conflicting reasons, and still adhered. They enjoined it +upon the Faculty to abide by the new system, and to keep its principle +inviolate in the college discipline. + +"Since that time the question has been at rest. Whatever differences +of opinion may have existed in the Board or in the Faculty, they have +not interfered with the regular and faithful administration of affairs +upon the prescribed basis. The college has not suffered. It has not +ceased to flourish, in respect to sound instruction, easy and +effective discipline, a righteous order, thorough scholarship, a +liberal patronage, and an honorable position. It is believed to be not +behind any of its sister colleges in the proper characteristics of a +learned institution, even though measured not by its best, but its +average scholarship, as determined by lot, in the exercises of the +Commencement. Its order has become so well settled and understood in +this respect, that any reversal of it, principle apart, might be +attended with inconveniences and hazards more than sufficient to +counterbalance any supposed possible or probable advantages. + +"But it is eminently due to the learned Memorialists [Alumni], and to +other friends and patrons of the college, to explain more fully the +theory on which the Trustees have acted, and which applies equally to +the questions now in hand. Wherefore your Committee go on to observe, +as first principles: + +"1. That a college is a public institution, designed and incorporated +to qualify young men for leaders of the Church and the State. + +"2. That the requisite qualifications for such leadership are +knowledge, wisdom, and virtue. Accidental accomplishments are +important in giving prominence and effect to more substantial +qualities; but these are fundamental and indispensable. Without them +the public interests, so far as connected with college, have no +security. + +"3. That these qualifications are valueless in separation from each +other; and are then likely to be injurious in proportion to the degree +of culture. Knowledge without wisdom is insane and mischievous; and +both without virtue serve but to give greater energy and efficiency to +those naturally destructive elements which are common both to +individuals and society. Virtue alone, if it could be supposed to +exist without knowledge and wisdom, would be but an idea, or an +emotion, and practically futile. + +"4. That the organization and discipline of a college constitute what +we denominate its order; and the highest responsibility rests on its +appointed guardians, to perfect and preserve this necessary order +agreeably to the highest standards that are known among men. + +"5. That the ultimate standard, binding on all Christian educators, is +the Scripture; and their ultimate responsibility is to God. Great +latitude is given them by the State; and they are not held accountable +to the civil authorities, in the widest exercise of their discretion, +while they infringe not upon the civil statutes. The State leaves them +to their own opinions and policy, within the terms of their chartered +privileges and the laws in general. The Church has no control over +them whatever but in respect to patronage, when they are constituted +as mere civil corporations; and it may not interfere with them but as +individual men; nor then, if they happen to sustain no individual and +personal relations to it. But the State and the Church are equally +ordained of God; and all educators are responsible to Him that the +comprehensive order of their institutions shall be in agreement with +the principles of His Word, and thereby subservient to the public +good. + +"6. That the order of a college is, first, mechanical, in respect to +its forms, arrangements, and observances; and, secondly, moral, in +respect to principle. + +"7. That college mechanism in general should have respect to the most +perfect development of the powers of students, and be carried on with +great exactness and fidelity; that any want of symmetry, proportion, +finish, balance, and executive ability, or frequent experimenting and +change to meet internal difficulties, or the humors and caprices of +society, must tend to failure and dishonor. But that no mechanism, +however organically perfect or judiciously administered, that does not +embody a righteous moral principle, or that cannot be operated in +consistency with it, can be otherwise than injurious in its ultimate +results. + +"Whereupon your Committee propose, that a system of scholarships and +prizes, as such systems have usually obtained, cannot be introduced +into college mechanism, or be carried on, consistently with righteous +principle, and favorably to virtue in young men, or to true knowledge +and wisdom, so far as these presuppose virtue, and depend upon it." + +In regard to the views here set forth, it is proper to remark, that +reasoning which had much force, a score of years since, would possibly +have less at the present time. + +In regard to this period the librarian says: + +"In 1830, the three libraries must have numbered in volumes between +12,000 and 13,000, with slight difference in numbers, the college +library being the largest, and the United Fraternity's the smallest. +The first library catalogue of the latter society was printed previous +to 1840, and contained the titles of 4,900 volumes. + +"In 1840, the libraries obtained better accommodations by the erection +of Reed Hall, which was so far completed that the books were shelved +just before the Commencement. They were given the second floor of the +building, an amount of space which then seemed to give ample room for +additions, as the three libraries together numbered only 15,000 +volumes. The college library occupied the east half of the floor, +while the west side was divided between the two society libraries. The +books were first shelved against the wall, then alcoves and cases were +added as long as space remained, while for several years previous to +the present time the least valuable books have been removed to make +space for additions. + +"In the college library, borrowers have generally been excluded from +the rooms in which books are kept, while the reverse has been true in +the society libraries. + +"In June, 1841, the professors of the college with the assistance of +some of the gentlemen of the vicinity formed a society since known as +the 'Northern Academy.' This society, which was afterwards chartered +and has been continued in different forms until the present time, +early began the formation of a library. While many old books have been +collected, its principal value lies in pamphlets and files of +newspapers, some of which covering a number of years extend back +beyond the Revolution. This collection, now swelled to several +thousand, has always been in connection with the college library, +although for several years a want of shelf room and a greater want of +funds to place it in usable condition, have made it of little +practical value. In 1850, the three libraries having changed little +comparatively, numbered 19,000 volumes. The 'Northern Academy,' +exclusive of the unbound, had over 1,000 volumes, thus making fully +20,000 volumes accessible. A distinction must be made between the +figures given under the different dates (which indicate the number +that were actually in the libraries), and the number according to +catalogues. The latter were made by adding to former lists the books +received during different years, when in fact the additions during +some of these years did not more than make good the losses. It +frequently happened that ten percent of the catalogued number could +not be accounted for. While the society libraries have continued with +nearly the same annual additions--an average actual yearly increase of +over a hundred volumes,--the great growth of the college library has +taken place since 1850. Since that year have been received the +donations of books for the different departments of instruction and +the funds upon which the constant growth of the library depends. Of +these funds the first had its origin in 1846, when Edmund Parker of +Nashua, Isaac Parker of Boston, and Joel Parker of Keene, gave $1,000. +This was subsequently increased by the latter to $7,000, and in his +will (which founded the Law School), provisions were made, that will, +when available, place this fund at $20,000. In 1852, Dr. George C. +Shattuck, whose name is associated with the Observatory, gave $1,000 +for the department of Mathematics as applied to Mechanics and +Astronomy. To this during the same year he added $200 for Natural +Philosophy and Astronomy, and $800 for the Latin language and +Literature. At the same time Dr. Roswell Shurtleff, Emeritus +Professor, gave $1,000 for better providing with books the departments +of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy. These +three donations were intended principally for the use of instructors, +and were accompanied with restrictions from general circulation. In +1859, by the will of Dr. Henry Bond of Philadelphia, several hundred +volumes were received, and provisions were made for a library fund +which when available will be about $11,000. The late Hon. Samuel +Appleton established in 1845, a fund which was increased in 1854, and +is known as the Appleton Fund. The income of this has been partially +applied to the purchase of books relating to Natural Philosophy." + +"The Press" in Hanover is worthy of notice in this connection. We +quote from a published address by Professor Sanborn: + +"No man lives in Hanover to-day, who can tell when any newspaper was +first printed in the town, or when it ceased to be printed. Even the +papers themselves have perished. Here and there, a stray number, or +possibly a bound volume, may be found among the useless lumber of an +attic. There was a press in Hanover, before the close of the last +century. It is reported that a newspaper was published there prior to +the year 1799. I have been unable to find a copy of it. In 1799, Mr. +Webster delivered a Fourth-of-July oration before the citizens of +Hanover, which was published in that town. A eulogy, by the same +orator, on a deceased classmate, was also published the next year. +Moses Davis, a citizen of the place, began the publication of the +'Dartmouth Gazette,' August 27, 1799. How long he continued to edit +and publish the paper, I cannot certainly ascertain. A paper bearing +that name was published for at least twenty years. I have a number of +the 'Dartmouth Gazette' dated June 23, 1819, being No. XLIII., vol. +19. The whole number to this date of the paper, in this form, is 1025. +It was then printed and published by Charles Spear. It would seem, +therefore, that the paper which originated with Moses Davis, lived for +more than twenty years. It was a valuable paper, containing a careful +summary of foreign news, sometimes long orations of English statesmen, +and an accurate record of local events. The original pieces were quite +numerous, written by occasional contributors, many of them students of +the college. The editorials were brief; in fact, a majority of the +early numbers contain no words which appear as editorial. The +political articles were decidedly favorable to the Federal party, but +moderate in tone. During the first three years of the existence of +this paper, Daniel Webster, then a student, was a frequent +contributor; he wrote both prose and poetry, more frequently the +latter. The topics were trite, but the thoughts were always serious +and elevated. In the issue of December 9, 1799, Mr. Webster published +a poem on winter; he was then a Junior in college. The European wars +commanded his attention and saddened his reflections. + +"Mr. Webster continued to write for the paper after leaving college. +In his published correspondence, there is a letter from the editor +importuning him to write the 'Newsboy's Message' for January, 1803. He +says: 'I want a genuinely Federal address, and you are the very person +to write it. And this solicitation, sir, is not from me alone--some of +our most respectable characters join in the request.' + +"The 'Dartmouth Gazette' was the champion of the college during the +entire period of its controversy with the State. Many of the ablest +articles written in defence of the college, appeared in its columns. I +regret that I cannot give the entire history of this useful paper; it +did a good work in its day, and we may now say literally, 'peace to +its ashes.' + +"During a portion of the existence of the 'Dartmouth Gazette,' while +it was edited by Charles Spear, another paper was printed by Moses +Davis, called 'The Literary Tablet,' purporting to be edited by +Nicholas Orlando. Whether this is a _nomme de plume_ or a real name, I +cannot determine. Three volumes are known to have been published. It +lived for three years at least. The third volume dates from August, +1805, to August, 1806. It was a folio of four pages, three columns to +a page, of about fourteen inches by twelve in size. It was printed +every other Wednesday for the editor. + +"A new paper appeared in Hanover, June, 1820. The prospectus was as +follows: + +"'A new weekly paper in Hanover, N. H., to be entitled the "Dartmouth +Herald." The "Dartmouth Gazette" having been discontinued, the +subscribers, at the solicitation of a number of literary gentlemen, +propose to publish a paper under the above title. Besides +advertisements, the "Herald" will embrace accounts of our National and +State Legislatures, and the most interesting articles of news, foreign +and domestic; notices of improvements in the arts and sciences, +especially agriculture and the mechanical arts most practiced in our +own country; and essays, original and selected, upon the mechanical +and liberal Arts, Literature, Politics, Morals and Religion. + +"'The original articles will be furnished by a society of gentlemen; +and it is confidently expected will not be unworthy of the interesting +subjects, to which a considerable space will be allotted in this +paper. + + "'Bannister & Thurston. + "'Hanover, April 7, 1820.' + +"It was a small folio of four pages, twenty by twelve inches in size. +It was well filled with news and original contributions. Its life was +brief. Unfortunately, no record was made either on the printed page or +the faithful memory, of the date of its decease, so far as I can +learn. + +"For several years no periodical was published in Hanover. 'The +Magnet,' an octavo of sixteen pages, edited by students and published +by Thomas Mann, appeared in 1835. The first number bears date October +21, 1835. There seems to have been a rival paper contemporary with +this, called 'The Independent Chronicle.' In the November number of +the 'Magnet,' we find this allusion to it: 'The second number of the +"Independent Chronicle" is below criticism.' In the December number, +the 'Magnet' chronicles the demise of its despised rival, with evident +satisfaction. In 1837, another student's periodical appeared, called +'The Scrap Book.' I am unable to write its history; it was probably of +brief duration. In 1839, the students of Dartmouth College originated +a literary periodical called 'The Dartmouth.' It was published, I +think, for five years. The editors were chosen from the undergraduates +by the Senior class. Among the editors of 1840-41, were J. E. Hood and +James O. Adams, both of whom have since gained honorable distinction +in a wider field of editorial labor. A few months ago, I received as a +present from B. P. Shillaber, the witty and genial author of the 'Life +and Sayings of Mrs. Partington,' and other humorous works, a volume of +'The Dartmouth,' which he received from Mr. Hood. It was handsomely +bound, and labelled 'Brains' on the back. Mr. Shillaber says of it in +a letter, dated July 4, 1872, 'I find, that the volume comprises but a +half year ending with Hood's editorship and graduation. It +nevertheless will prove interesting; and it gives me pleasure to +present it, with a delightful memory of Dartmouth to commend the +trifle. I thought it might gratify you personally, as several of your +effusions are contained in it. Poor Hood has crossed the dark stream: +he died in Colorado last winter. He held you in enduring regard. The +title is a boyish suggestion; but there is more evidence of "_brains_" +in it than is to be found in many far more pretentious publications.' + +"These remarks will apply with equal justice to the entire ten volumes +of 'The Dartmouth.' It was highly creditable to the students who +originated and sustained it. 'The Dartmouth' was printed by Mr. E. A. +Allen, who during the continuance of this periodical made several +other ventures in the newspaper line. Sometime during the year 1840 or +1841, he started a paper called 'The Experiment,' which was edited by +James O. Adams, then a student in college. This paper was subsequently +issued in quarto form and called 'The Amulet.' + +"In 1841, a periodical called the 'Iris and Record' was issued in +Hanover. It was published monthly, in numbers of thirty-two royal +octavo pages, making two volumes each year. It was edited by 'an +association of gentlemen,' and filled with well selected and original +literary articles. It must have had a considerable circulation, if we +may credit the assertion of the editor of No. II., vol. 3, who says: +'We doubt not there are hundreds of persons, whose names are on our +subscription list, who might every month contribute a short article +upon some interesting subject.' The 'Iris' was also printed by E. A. +Allen. + +"During the same year an anti-slavery paper was published in Hanover, +called 'The People's Advocate,' by St. Clair and Briggs. In July, +1843, J. E. Hood became its editor, and continued to publish it for +more than a year, when it was removed to Concord. 'The Advocate' was a +spirited paper; and the editor, then a youth, showed himself an able, +fearless, and uncompromising foe of slavery, at a time when it +required great moral courage and liberal sacrifices of time, talent, +and labor, to advocate the principles of the Free Soil Party. In +February, 1844, Mr. Hood established a paper in Hanover, called the +'Family Visitor,' in which he advocated the various reforms of the +day; and published a variety of original and selected articles in +prose and poetry, for the profit and amusement of his patrons. On +looking over some of the back numbers, I find the contents as lively, +piquant, and interesting, as the best journals of to-day. Mr. Hood was +born an editor, and to the day of his death he performed well his +part; and when his Master bade him 'go up higher,' he left few peers +behind him in his chosen vocation." + +Rev. H. A. Hazen, a reliable authority on any historical point, states +that there was a printing-press at Dresden, (which included the +"College District," in Hanover, and a part of Lebanon), as early as +1777. Mr. Abel Curtis' Grammar was printed there by J. P. and A. +Spooner, in 1779. Other works, still extant, were printed by them at +about the same period.[35] + + [35] "The Dartmouth" having been revived in 1867, is now issued + as a Weekly Magazine. + +In tracing the progress of the college during President Lord's +administration, we cannot more fitly conclude, than by adopting the +language of Mr. William H. Duncan, who in a valuable tribute to his +worth and his memory, says: + +"It was the proud boast of Augustus, that he found Rome of brick and +left it of marble. Might not President Lord, at the time of his +resignation, have said without a shadow of boasting, I found the +college, what its great counsel called it in that most touching and +pathetic close of his great argument in the College Case before the +Supreme Court at Washington: I found it truly 'a small college'; it +was in an humble condition; its classes were small; its finances +embarrassed; its buildings in a dilapidated and ruinous condition. I +left it one of the leading institutions of the land!" + +Fuller details on these points will be gathered from subsequent +chapters. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +CHARACTER OF PRESIDENT LORD. + + +The period of President Tyler's resignation was a most critical one in +the history of the college. + +Its eminent founder passed away in the midst of the Revolutionary +struggle, leaving the frail bark, in which were centered fond and +long-cherished hopes, tossing upon uncertain and dangerous waters. A +fearful storm was raging when his immediate successor put off the +robes of office, and a little later went "to give account of his +stewardship." Thirteen years had scarcely been sufficient fully to +restore to a healthy condition the discipline of the college, which +had been materially weakened by the lack of harmony between the second +president and his associates in office. + +Material aid was needed also to provide better accommodations for the +students. + +In common with other colleges, Dartmouth needed most of all, in those +trying times, a president "rooted and grounded" in the truth. + +The multiplication of colleges rendered it especially desirable, at +this period, that this college should have a man at its head well +fitted and furnished for his work. In the little more than half a +century of its existence, the number of New England colleges, founded +upon the same religious faith, had increased from three to eight, +rendering the best leadership necessary to meet the competition. + +A more judicious selection could not have been made for the sixth +president of the college. + +Rev. Nathan Lord, the son of John and Mehitable (Perkins) Lord, was +born at Berwick, Maine, November 28, 1792, and belonged to a highly +respectable family. At the early age of sixteen, he graduated at +Bowdoin College, in the class of 1809. Very rarely has a student at +college the opportunity to sit under the instruction of two such men +as Joseph McKeen and Jesse Appleton, each of whom filled the +president's chair two years, while young Lord was a student. + +After valuable experience as a teacher in the Exeter Academy, he +pursued a theological course at the Andover Seminary, graduating in +1815. He had been twelve years pastor of the Congregational Church at +Amherst when called to the presidency of Dartmouth, having been for +some time a Trustee. In the intellectual strength and literary +attainments of its people, this had been for a long period one of the +leading towns in southern New Hampshire. Being the county seat, it was +visited periodically by gentlemen eminent in the law, with whom +professional men resident in the place would most naturally have +frequent intercourse. At a period when the whole community was +profoundly agitated, by the most earnest and important theological +controversy in the history of New England, we can readily understand +that the youthful preacher would have abundant opportunity to measure +swords with skilled warriors, in the field of religious debate. That +he wielded his weapons, in the discussions of that period, with a +force indicating that he was a man of no ordinary mould, is a matter +of history. When he entered upon his great work at Dartmouth, those +who, as its guardians, had called him to it, cherished confident hope +of his success. Seldom has there been so full a realization of such +hope in the history of American colleges. + +President Lord brought to the accomplishment of his task a fine +physique; a countenance serene, yet impressive; a voice rare both for +its richness and its power; a pleasing, almost magnetic, dignity of +mien; a mind most capacious and discriminating by nature, richly +stored by severe application, and thoroughly disciplined by varied +professional labor; and a heart always tender, yet always true to the +profoundest convictions of duty. A deep, rich, and thorough religious +experience well fitted the graceful and earnest man to be a graceful +and earnest Christian teacher. The question of fitness for the +position as an executive was soon settled beyond the possibility of a +doubt. It required but a brief acquaintance with President Lord to +teach any one, that he fully believed in the most literal acceptation +of the doctrine, that "the powers that be are ordained of God." + +A recognition of this fundamental law guided and governed him daily +and hourly through all his public life. When early in his +administration, he discovered marked symptoms of a spirit of +insubordination in the college, he gave all concerned to understand +most fully, that it would be his duty to maintain the supremacy of the +law. There was never any deviation from this loyalty to duty in +administering the discipline of the college. No undue regard for his +own dignity, or comfort, or safety, deterred him from visiting, at any +hour of day or night, the scene of disorder. When he had been more +than forty years an officer of the college he reaffirmed his adherence +to this principle, in a most emphatic manner, when those to whom he +did not deem himself responsible sought to point out to him the path +of duty. + +As a teacher it was President Lord's province, chiefly to unfold the +various relations and obligations of man to his Maker. In the +performance of this duty he gave remarkable prominence to the Divine +Revelation. Jealous for the honor of his great Master and Teacher, he +was very suspicious, possibly too suspicious, of any intermixture of +"man's wisdom." This habit may have induced occasionally, measurable +disparagement of worthy and eminent men. But the genial manner and +chastened tone invariably extracted the point from the severest word, +and left upon the pupil's mind a profound conviction that his teacher +had been "taught of God." It may well be doubted whether, of the large +numbers who graduated during President Lord's administration, any who +were brought in close contact with him, and listened with a "willing +mind" to his instructions, failed to receive measurably, yet +consciously, the impress of their honored teacher. + +The following extracts from the official records of the Trustees, are +deemed worthy of insertion in this connection in order to a full +understanding of the circumstances attending President Lord's +resignation. + +"Annual Meeting, July 1863. Mr. Tuck offered the following, to wit: +'The undersigned has had his attention called to the accompanying +resolutions passed by the Merrimack County Conference of +Congregational Churches, held on the 23d and 24th of June last; and he +submits the same to the Trustees, with a motion that a Committee be +appointed to report what action thereon ought to be taken. + +"'1. "Resolved. That the people of New Hampshire have the strongest +desire for the prosperity of Dartmouth College, and that they rejoice +in the wide influence this noble institution has exerted in the cause +of education and religion. + +"'2. "Resolved. That we cherish a sincere regard for its venerable +president; for the rare qualifications he possesses for the high +office he has so long and ably filled; but that we deeply regret that +its welfare is greatly imperiled by the existence of a popular +prejudice against it, arising from the publication and use of some of +his peculiar views touching public affairs, tending to embarrass our +government in its present fearful struggle, and to encourage and +strengthen the resistance of its enemies in arms. + +"'3. "Resolved. That in our opinion it is the duty of the Trustees of +the College to seriously inquire whether its interests do not demand a +change in the presidency; and to act according to their judgment in +the premises."' + +"Whereupon, Messrs. Tuck, Bouton, and Eastman were appointed a +Committee, to report on the subject aforesaid." + +"The Committee to whom was referred the resolutions of the Merrimack +County Conference, respecting Dartmouth College, made the following +Report: + +"'The Committee have taken into most respectful consideration the +action of the Conference and the sentiment pervading the churches of +which the resolutions of the Conference are the expression. We do not +forget, but thankfully avow the debt of gratitude which has rested on +the college, throughout its history, to the churches of New England, +and to the pious teachings and generous patronage of those included +within their embrace. We are fully aware of the obligations of science +and literature, in all past time, to the clerical profession; that the +countenance and support of the clergy and the churches have ever been +the chief reliance of this college, and that we can hope for little +prosperity or usefulness to the institution in future, without +meriting the confidence bestowed upon it in the past. We deplore the +present condition of the college in respect to the sentiments +entertained towards it, as expressed in said resolutions, and we +proffer our readiness to do any act which our intimate knowledge of +its affairs and circumstances enable us to judge practicable and +beneficial. Neither the Trustees nor the Faculty coincide with the +president of the college in the views which he has published, touching +slavery and the war; and it has been their hope that the college would +not be adjudged a partisan institution, by reason of such +publications. It has been our purpose that no act of ours should +contribute to such an impression upon the public mind, inviting the +public as we do, to contribute to its support, and to partake of its +privileges. + +"'It would be impracticable if it were wise to embody in this report +all the reasons which induce us to propose no action by which the +removal of the president from the head of the institution should be +undertaken by the Trustees; and we bespeak with confidence the +favorable judgment that we act discreetly, from the members of the +Conference who have expressed in their resolutions their generous +appreciation of the eminent ability and qualifications of the +president for the position which he occupies. + +"'Yet the Committee do not fail to see that the present crisis in the +country is no ordinary conflict between opposing parties, but is a +struggle between the government on one side, and its enemies on the +other, and that in it are involved vital issues, not only respecting +science and learning, virtue and religion, but also respecting all the +social and civil blessings growing out of free institutions. + +"'The Committee recommend that the resolutions of the Merrimack County +Conference, this report and the accompanying resolutions, be published +in pamphlet forms, and that the Treasurer be directed to cause the +same to be circulated among the members of said Conference, and other +persons, according to his discretion. + + Amos Tuck. + N. Bouton." + +"'RESOLUTIONS. + +"'The Trustees of Dartmouth College, impressed with the magnitude of +the crisis now existing in public affairs, and with the vital +consequences which the issue of current events will bring to the +nation and the world; and, considering that it is the duty of literary +institutions and the men who control them to stand in no doubtful +position when the Government of the country struggles for existence; +inscribe upon their records, and promulgate the following Resolutions: + +"'First. We recognize and acknowledge with grateful pride, the heroic +sacrifices and valiant deeds of many of the sons of Dartmouth, in +their endeavors to defend and sustain the Government against the +present wicked and remorseless rebellion; and we announce to the +living now on the battlefields, to the sick and the maimed in the +hospitals and among their friends, and to the relatives of such of +them as have fallen in defense of their country, that Dartmouth +College rejoices to do them honor, and will inscribe their names and +their brave deeds upon her enduring records. + +"'Second. We commend the cause of our beloved country to all the +Alumni of this Institution; and we invoke from them, and pledge our +own most efficient and cordial support, and that of Dartmouth College, +to the Government, which is the only power by which the rebellion can +be subdued. We hail with joy and with grateful acknowledgments to the +God of our fathers, the cheering hope that the dark cloud which has +heretofore obscured the vision and depressed the hearts of patriots +and statesmen, in all attempts to scan the future, may in time +disappear entirely from our horizon; and that American slavery, with +all its sin and shame, and the alienations, jealousies, and +hostilities between the people of different sections, of which it has +been the fruitful source, may find its merited doom in the consequence +of the war which it has evoked. + +"'Third. The Trustees bespeak for the College in the future the same +cordial support and patronage of the Clergy and Churches of New +England, as well as other friends of sound learning, which they have +given to it in time past, reminding them of the obligations which the +cause of education, science, and religion seem to lay upon them, to +stand by this venerable Institution, in evil report and in good +report, in view of its past history and great service to the Church +and the State, entertaining an abiding faith that it will triumph over +all obstacles, and go down to posterity with its powers of usefulness +unimpaired.' + +"It was moved by Dr. Barstow that the foregoing Report and Resolutions +be accepted and adopted. + +"On the question of adopting the report, two voted in the negative and +five in the affirmative. On the adoption of the preamble and second +resolution, two voted in the negative and five in the affirmative, for +the first and third resolutions the vote was unanimous, so the report +and resolutions were adopted. + +"The president asked leave to withdraw for a short time, and Dr. +Barstow was requested to take the chair. + +"The President on resuming the chair read to the Trustees the +following paper, to wit: + + * * * * * + + "'Dartmouth College, July 24, 1863. + + "'To the Trustees of Dartmouth College: + +"'In making this communication to the Hon. and Rev. Board of Trustees +I take the liberty respectfully to protest against their right to +impose any religious, ethical, or political test upon any member of +their own body or any member of the College Faculty, beyond what is +recognized by the Charter of the institution, or express statutes or +stipulations conformed to that instrument, however urged or suggested, +directly or indirectly, by individuals or public bodies assuming to be +as visitors of the college, or advisers of the Trustees. + +"'The action of the Trustees, on certain resolutions of the Merrimack +County Conference of Churches, virtually imposes such a test, inasmuch +as it implicitly represents and censures me as having become injurious +to the college, not on account of any official malfeasance or +delinquency, for, on the contrary, its commendations of my personal +and official character and conduct during my long term of service, far +exceed my merits; but, for my opinions and publications on questions +of Biblical ethics and interpretations, which are supposed by the +Trustees to bear unfavorably upon one branch of the policy pursued by +the present administration of the government of the country. + +"'For my opinions and expressions of opinion on such subject, I hold +myself responsible only to God, and the constitutional tribunals of my +country; inasmuch as they are not touched by the Charter of the +college, or any express statutes or stipulations. And, while my +unswerving loyalty to the government of my fathers, proved and tested +by more than seventy years of devotion to its true and fundamental +principles, cannot be permanently discredited by excited passions of +the hour, I do not feel obliged when its exercise is called in +question, to surrender my moral and constitutional right and Christian +liberty, in this respect, nor to submit to any censure, nor consent to +any conditions such as are implied in the aforesaid action of the +Board; which action is made more impressive upon me, in view of the +private communications of some of its members. + +"'But not choosing to place myself in any unkind relations to a body +having the responsible guardianship of the college, a body from which +I have received so many tokens of confidence and regard, and believing +it to be inconsistent with Christian charity and propriety to carry on +my administration, while holding and expressing opinions injurious, as +they imagine, to the interests of the college, and offensive to that +party in the country which they [the majority] professedly represent, +I hereby resign my office as president. + +"'I also resign my office as Trustee. In taking leave of the college +with which I have been connected, as Trustee or President, more than +forty years, very happily to myself, and, as the Trustees have often +given me to understand, not without benefit to the college, I beg +leave to assure them that I shall ever entertain a grateful sense of +the favorable consideration shown to me by themselves and their +predecessors in office; and that I shall never cease to desire the +peace and prosperity of the college, and that it may be kept true to +the principles of its foundation. + + I am very respectfully, + "'Your ob't serv't, + "'N. Lord.'" + +"'Adjourned Meeting, September 21, 1863. Resolved, 'that in accepting +the resignation of President Lord, we place on record a grateful sense +of his services during the long period of his administration; and his +kind and courteous treatment of the Board in all their intercourse.'" + +Dr. Lord continued to reside at Hanover, cordially co-operating with +his successor in office, till his death, September 9, 1870. His wife, +Mrs. Elisabeth King (Leland) Lord, died a few months previous to her +husband. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT SMITH. + + +Rev. Asa D. Smith, D.D., of New York city, of the class of 1830, was +elected the seventh president of the college. His thorough +understanding of the field upon which he was to enter is indicated by +the following extracts from his inaugural address: + +"There are four chief organic forces, by which, under the providence +of God, humanity has its normal development. These, generalizing +broadly, are the family, the school, the State, and the Church. +Wherever you find, even in its lowest measure, a true civilization, +these exist; and as it rises they rise, sustaining to it the relation +both of cause and effect. Concerning, as they do, one and the same +complex nature, they have, in different degrees and combinations, the +same underlying elements of power. In the family, we have, in its +rudimental form, both teaching and government. It is a patriarchate--a +little commonwealth; and to its head--a priest as well as a +patriarch--that Scripture should ever be relevant, 'the church that is +in thy house.' In the school, the simplest offshoot, perhaps, from a +congeries of families, we have, or ought to have, the parental +element; we have magistracy also, and a certain statehood; we have, or +should have, worship. The state, properly apprehended, is not only +governmental but didactic--it is a teaching power; and though not, at +this age of the world, theocratic, it should be, in a large view, +religious. In the church, having specially and predominantly the +last-named characteristic,--being of divine appointment, and as +ministering to our imperative needs, the foster-mother of +devotion,--we have, also, as essential to its purpose, both rule and +instruction. And in the influence they wield, these great moulding +agencies are perpetually interpenetrating and modifying each other. + +"It is of the second of these, the school, that we are now called to +speak. The service we essay is connected with an educational +institution, using the term in the specific sense; a fact, it may be +said at the outset, which of itself dignifies the occasion. Not to +insist on those affinities and mutual influences just adverted to, and +of which there will be further occasion to speak, there is a view of +education, a large and comprehensive one, which gives to it the very +grandest elevation. It is the end, next to that which the good old +Catechism makes chief, and subordinate to that, of all the divine +provisions and arrangements. God is the great Educator of the +universe. More glorious in his didactic offices is He than even in +creation; nay, creation was for these. Earth is our training +place--time is our curriculum; eternity will but furnish to the true +pupil the higher forms of his limitless advancement. We have our +lessons in all providence, in all beings and things, God teaching us +in and through all. No mean vocation, then, is that of the earthly +educator; no unimportant theme that now in hand. Yet even of the +school in the more technical sense of the term, we cannot speak at +large, except as in touching on any one department we more or less +affect every other. Our thought may be fitly limited to that class of +institutions which these ancient halls of learning and these +inauguration solemnities naturally bring before us. The college is my +subject, considered in its proper functions and characteristics. + +"I use the term college in the American sense. This, not for the poor +purpose of ministering to national vanity, but because we must needs +take things as they are; and for the further reason that there is much +to commend in the shape the institution here assumes. It has hardly +its prototype either in the Fatherland or on the Continent. It has but +a partial resemblance either to the German Gymnasia or to the English +preparatory schools, as of Eton and Rugby. As preliminary to +professional study, it is in some respects far in advance of these. It +differs materially, at once from the German and English University, +and from the college as embraced in the latter. University education +in Europe was once somewhat rigidly divided into two portions; the one +designed to form the mind for whatever sphere of life; the other, the +_Brodstudium_, as the Germans significantly term it, a course of +training for some particular profession. Long ago, however, this +division became mainly obsolete. 'On the continent,' said an eminent +English scholar, some years since, 'the preparatory education has been +dropped; among ourselves, the professional.' He speaks, of course, +comparatively. So far as England is concerned, the same testimony is +borne by a well-informed recent observer. This ancient and wise +division is by us still maintained; with this peculiarity, that the +'preparatory' education, so-called,--by which is meant the highest +form of it,--is the sole work of the colleges. Professional culture is +remitted to other and often separate schools. The undergraduate course +is for general training; it lays the foundation for whatever +superstructure. It has no particular reference to any one pursuit; +but, like the first part of the old University course, aims to fit the +whole man for a man's work in any specific line either of study or of +action. + +"In this conception of the college, there are, it is believed, +important advantages. It is better for preparatory education; it is +better for professional. It felicitously discriminates. It keeps +things in their place. It defines and duly magnifies each of the two +great departments of the educational process. It is likelier to dig +deep, and build on broad and solid rock; it tends to symmetry and +finish in the superincumbent fabric. + +"The college should be marked by a completeness. Rejecting the +fragmentary and the unfinished, the well constituted mind ever craves +this. Modern thought, especially, is passing from an excessive +nominalism to a more realistic habit; by many a broad induction, from +mere details to a rounded whole: And nowhere more persistently than in +relation to institutions. The college should be complete as to its +objective scheme. There may be onesidedness here. There may be, for +example, an excessive or ill-directed pressing of utilities, as in the +speculations of Mr. Herbert Spencer; or there may be an undue +exaltation of what he calls 'the decorative element.' The theoretic +maybe too exclusively pursued; or there may be a practicalness which +has too little of theory, like a cone required to stand firm on its +apex. There should be completeness, also, as touching the subjective +aim. It should embrace, in a word, the whole man, and that not in his +Edenic aspects alone, but as a fallen being. You may not overlook even +the physical; the casket not merely, holding all the mental and moral +treasures--the frame-work rather, to which by subtile ties the +invisible machinery is linked, and which upholds it as it works. The +world has yet to learn fully how dependent is the inner upon the outer +man, and how greatly the highest achievements of scholarship are +facilitated by proper hygienic conditions. As you pass to the +intellectual, it matters little what classification you adopt, whether +with the author of the '_Novum Organum_,' in his 'Advancement of +Learning,' you resolve all the powers into those of memory, +imagination, and reason, or whether the minuter divisions of a more +recent philosophy are preferred; only be sure that not a single +faculty is overlooked or disparaged. Be it presentative, conservative, +reproductive, representative, elaborative, regulative, or whatever the +fine Hamiltonian analysis may suggest, give it its proper place and +its proper scope. + +"The college should be distinctly and eminently Christian. Not in the +narrow, sectarian sense--that be far from us--but in the broadest +evangelical view. Our course of thought culminates here; and here does +all else that has been affirmed find its proper centre and unity. +Christianity is the great unity. In it, as was intimated at the +outset, are all the chief elements of organic influence. It is itself +the very acme of completeness, and it tends to all symmetry and +finish. It is at once conservative and progressive, balancing +perfectly the impelling and restraining forces; by a felicitous +adjustment of the centripetal and centrifugal, ensuring to human +nature its proper orbit. It is the golden girdle wherewith every +institution like this should bind her garments of strength and beauty +about her. + +"Were it needful to argue this point, we might put it on the most +absolute grounds. All things are Christ's; all dominions, dignities, +potences; it is especially meet that we say, to-day, all institutions. +It is the grossest wrong practically to hold otherwise. It is loss, +too, and nowhere more palpably than in the educational sphere. It is +no cant saying to affirm, and that in a more than merely spiritual +sense, that in Christ are hid all the treasures of wisdom and +knowledge.' At his throne the lines of all science terminate; above +all, the science that has man for its subject. Of all history, for +example, rightly read, how is He the burden and the glory! Otherwise +taken, it is a more than Cretan labyrinth. The Christian spirit, +besides, raising the soul to the loftiest planes of thought, giving it +the highest communions, bringing before it the grandest objects, and +securing to all its machinery the most harmonious action, is eminently +conducive to intellectual achievement. We have already said something +like this as touching moral culture; but that, be it ever remembered, +takes its proper form and direction only as it is vitally linked with +Christianity. What God has joined together let not man put asunder. +Let the studies which we call moral, have all a Christian baptism; +and, with all our getting, let us not stop short of the cardinal +points of our most holy faith. Let the Will be still investigated, not +as a brute force, or in a merely intellectual light, but in those high +spiritual aspects in which our great New England metaphysician +delighted to present it. Let Butler, with his curious trestle-work of +analogy, bridge, to the forming mind, the chasm between natural and +revealed religion. Let the Christian Evidences be fully unfolded. We +can hardly dispense with them in an age, when by means of 'Westminster +Reviews,' and other subtle organs of infidelity, the old mode of +assault being abandoned, a sapping and mining process is continually +going forward. Let Ethical Science,--embracing in its wide sweep the +Economy of Private Life, the Philosophy of Government, and Law, which +'hath its seat in the bosom of God,'--be all bathed in the light of +Calvary. That light is its life. 'Let us with caution indulge the +supposition,' said the Father of our country, 'that morality can be +maintained without religion.' Let the Bible be included among our +text-books as the sun is included in the solar system; and let all the +rest revolve in planetary subjection about it. Let it be studied, not +in a professional, much less in a partisan way; but with the +conviction that it is indispensable to the broadest culture; that +without theology we have but a straitened anthropology; that we see +not nature aright, but as we look up through it to Nature's God. Be +ours, in its largest significance, the sentiment so devoutly uttered +by the old Hebrew bard: 'In Thy light shall we see light.' And let the +discipline of college, so intimately connected with its prosperity, be +fashioned on the model of the Gospel. Let it copy, in its way and +measure, the wondrous harmonies of the redemptive scheme, in which +'mercy and truth are met together, righteousness and peace have kissed +each other.' So shall it bless our halls with some faint reflection of +the Divine fatherhood, and give to our society some happy resemblance +to a Christian family." + +A prominent feature of President Smith's administration was a greater +utilization of the libraries, and the opening of a reading-room. The +librarian says: + +"The late Professor Alphaeus Crosby contributed considerably to the +increase of the classical books, and Hon. Nathan Crosby has recently +furnished the means for commencing a collection of the works of +Dartmouth alumni. It is intended to gather all books and pamphlets +which have been written by graduates. The collection will also include +matter relating to them and to the work of the college. + +"In reviewing the history of the library their number is so great that +it is impossible to mention even a small part of the benefactors; +their best record is in the well filled shelves and the large amount +of reading done in connection with the studies of the college course. + +"One of the departments of the library consists of the books given by +the late General Sylvanus Thayer, founder of the school of +engineering, numbering 2,000 volumes. + +"Early in its history the members of the Chandler Scientific +Department founded the 'Philotechnic Society,' the library of which, +together with some books belonging to the department, contains 1,700 +volumes. + +"The three society libraries continued under separate management until +1874, although the societies, as far as literary work is concerned, +had for some time given way to the secret societies, and the interest +in them was so slight that only with great difficulty could a quorum +be obtained for ordinary business. During that year an arrangement was +made by which the three society libraries were placed under the same +management as the library of the college, the latter receiving the +society taxes which were slightly reduced, assuming all expenses +including the support of the reading-room, and providing for the +increase of the library by books to be annually selected by the Senior +class. Under this arrangement the different libraries have been +brought together and considered as departments of one, the hours for +drawing and consulting books have been increased from three hours per +week in the society libraries and six in the college, to twenty-one +hours per week, and in many respects the facilities for use have been +greatly increased. Since 1870, the yearly additions for all the +libraries have averaged 700 volumes, and they at present contain +exclusive of pamphlets about 45,000 volumes, besides nearly 5,000 +books which are either duplicates or worthless. These figures are +independent of the Astronomical library located at the Observatory, +the library of the 'Society of Inquiry,' and of the libraries of the +Medical and Agricultural departments, which will probably be connected +with the main library. The library as it is now constituted is well +adapted to the work of the college, and is especially so in some of +the departments of instruction, in connection with which a large +amount of reading is done. There are in use at present three printed +catalogues: one of the college library, printed in 1868; one of the +'Social Friends' library, dated 1859; and one of the 'United +Fraternity' library, issued in 1861. These are supplemented by a card +catalogue arranged under title, author, and subject." + +The "Centennial" celebration of the founding of the college, at the +Commencement of 1869, was a season of rare interest and profit to the +very large number of alumni and friends of the college assembled from +nearly every quarter of the globe. + +The following is the substance of the address of Chief Justice Chase, +who presided on the occasion, as given by Mr. William H. Duncan: + +"He began by alluding to the fact that the college received its +charter from 'our right trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, +Governor of the Province of New Hampshire,' and said that the +venerable name was 'borne, to-day, by an honored citizen of +Illinois,[36] who, like his ancestor, towered head and shoulders above +his fellow men. He also happily referred to the descendants of the +other founders of the college. 'When the college was organized the +third George was heir to the British throne. Under the great Empress +Catherine, Russia was prosecuting that career of aggrandizement then +begun which is even now menacing British empire in the East. Under the +fifteenth Louis, in France, that wonderful literary movement was in +progress, which prepared a sympathetic enthusiasm for liberty in +America, at length overthrowing, for a time, monarchy in France. China +and Japan were wholly outside the modern community of nations. A +hundred years have passed, and what a new order has arisen! Great +Britain has lost an empire, has gained other empires in Asia and +Australia, and extends her dominion around the globe. France, so great +in arts and arms, has seen an empire rise and fall and another empire +arise, in which a wise and skillful ruler is seeking to reconcile +personal supremacy with democratic ideas. Russia, our old friend, +seems to withdraw, for the present, at least, her eager gaze from +Constantinople and seeks to establish herself on the Pacific Ocean and +in Central Asia. China sends one of our own citizens, Mr. Burlingame, +on an embassy throughout the world to establish peaceful, commercial, +and industrial relations with all the civilized nations. Japan, too, +awakes to the necessity of a more liberal policy, and looks toward a +partnership in modern civilization. Who, seeing this, and reflecting +on the manifold agencies at work in the old world and the prodigious +movements in the new, which I cannot even glance at, can help +exclaiming, in the language of the first telegraphic message which was +sent to America, 'What hath God wrought?' How great a part has this +college, antedating the Republic, played in all the enterprises of +America! It has been well said of it that three quarters of the globe +know the graduates of Dartmouth. Every State in the Union, certainly, +is familiar with their names and their works, and the influence which +they exert is the influence of this college. What an insignificant +beginning was that which has been described, to-day;--what splendid +progress! How great the present, and who can predict the future? +Ninety-eight classes of young men have already gone forth from this +institution. Who can measure the religious, the moral, the +intellectual, the political influence, which they have exerted? Great +names like Webster and Choate rise at once to memory, but I refer more +particularly to the mighty influence exerted by the vast numbers, +unrecognized upon the theatre of national reputation, which the +college has sent into all the spheres of activity and duty. When I +think of the vast momentum for good which has originated here, and is +now in unchecked progress, and must extend beyond all the limits of +conception, I cannot help feeling that it is a great and precious +privilege to be in some way identified as a member of this college. It +does not diminish my satisfaction that other graduates of other +American colleges can say the same thing. It rather increases the +satisfaction. Glad and thankful that my name is in the list of those +who have been educated here, and have endeavored to do something for +their country and their kind, I rejoice that, under our beneficent +institutions, legions of Americans have the same or greater cause for +gladness.' + + [36] Hon. John Wentworth, LL. D. + +"After some remarks to the graduating class, the Chief Justice said: +'And let me add, my brethren of the alumni, a practical word to you. +We celebrate to-day the founding of our college. We come hither to +testify our veneration and our affection for our benign Alma Mater. We +can hardly think she is a hundred years old, she looks so fresh and so +fair. We are sure that many, many blessed days are before her, but a +mother's days are made happy and delightful by the love and +faithfulness of her children. Much has been done for this institution, +recently, much which makes our hearts glad. The names of the +benefactors of the institution, mentioned here to-day, dwell freshly +in the hearts of every graduate, and will live forever; but let us +remember, that while much has been done, much also remains to be done. +I do not appeal to you for charity. I wish that every graduate may +feel that the college is, in a most true and noble sense, his mother, +and to remind you of your filial obligations.'" + +Addresses having been made by Hon. Ira Perley, LL. D., Hon. Daniel +Clark, and Richard B. Kimball, Esq., Mr. Duncan says: + +"Judge Chase called upon Judge Barrett, Vice President of the +Association of the Alumni, to read a poem, which had been furnished +for the occasion by George Kent, Esq., of the Class of 1814. He had +read but a few stanzas when the rumbling of distant thunder was heard. +Then came a few scattering drops of water pattering upon the roof of +the tent, but soon the winds blew, and the rain descended and fell +upon the roof, as if the very windows of heaven had been opened. There +followed such a scene as no tongue, nor pen, nor pencil can +describe,--it baffles all description. Judge Barrett, with the true +pluck of an Ethan Allen, stood by his colors, and the more the wind +blew and the storm raged, the louder he read his poetry. But he was +obliged at length to cease, and with his slouched hat and dripping +garments left the stage. + +"But he was not alone in his misery. The manly and stately form of the +Chief Justice, the president of the college, reverend doctors of +divinity, were all in the same condition--they all stood drenched and +dripping, like fountains, in the rain. Even General Sherman had to +succumb, once in his life, and seek the protection of an umbrella. +Some huddled under umbrellas, some held benches over their heads, and +some crept beneath the platform. + +"The storm passed over, and Judge Barrett came forward and finished +reading the poem. + +"Hon. James W. Patterson, of the Class of 1848, was then called upon, +and spoke with force and eloquence, receiving the greatest compliment +that could be paid him,--the undivided attention of the audience." + +Addresses were also made by Dr. Jabez B. Upham, Samuel H. Taylor, LL. +D., Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D., and others. + +We quote some of the closing passages of the "Historical Address" by +President Brown, of Hamilton College. + +"There is not much time to speak of the general policy of the +college through these hundred years of its life, but I may say in +brief, that it has been sound and earnest, conservative and +aggressive at the same time. As the motto on its seal,--_vox clamantis +in deserto_,--indicated and expressed the religious purpose of its +founders, so this purpose has never been lost sight of. Through +lustrum after lustrum, and generation after generation, while classes +have succeeded classes, while one corps of instructors have passed +away and others have taken their places, this high purpose of +presenting and enforcing the vital and essential truths of the +Christian religion, has never been forgotten or neglected. The power +of Christianity in modifying, inspiring, and directing the energies of +modern civilization,--its art, its literature, its commerce, its laws, +its government, has been profoundly felt. Nor has it for a moment been +forgotten that education, to be truly and in the largest degree +beneficent, must also be religious,--must affect that which is deepest +in man,--must lead him, if it can, to the contemplation of truths most +personal, central, and essential, must open to him some of those +depths where the soul swings almost helplessly in the midst of +experiences and powers unfathomable and infinite,--where the intellect +falters and hesitates and finds no solution of its perplexities till +it yields to faith. Within later years there have been those who have +advocated the doctrine that education should be entirely +secular,--that the college should have nothing to do with religious +counsels or advice. Now while I do not think that this would be easy, +as our colleges are organized, without leaving or even inciting the +mind to dangerous skepticism, nor possible but by omitting the most +powerful means of moral and intellectual discipline, nor without +depriving the soul of that food which it specially craves, and +destitute of which it will grow lean, hungry, and unsatisfied,--as a +matter of history, no such theory of education has found favorable +response among the guardians of Dartmouth. At the same time while the +general religious character of the college has been well ascertained +and widely recognized, while the great truths of our common +Christianity have been fully and frankly and earnestly brought to the +notice of intelligent and inquiring minds, it has not been with a +narrow, illiberal, and proselyting spirit, not so as rudely to violate +traditionary beliefs, not so as to wound and repel any sincere and +truth loving mind. And this is the consistent and sound position for +the college to hold. + +"With respect to its curriculum of studies the position of the college +has been equally wise. She has endeavored to make her course as broad, +generous, and thorough as possible; equal to the best in the land; so +that her students could feel that no privilege has been denied them +which any means at her disposal could provide. She has endeavored +wisely to apportion the elements of instruction and discipline. She +has provided as liberally as possible, by libraries, apparatus, +laboratories, and cabinets for increase in positive knowledge. She has +equally insisted on those exact studies which compel subtleness and +precision of thought, which habituate the mind to long trains of +controlled reasoning, which discipline alike the attention and the +will, the conservative and the elaborative powers. She has given full +honor to the masterpieces of human language and human thought, through +which, while we come to a more complete knowledge of peoples and +nations, of poetry and eloquence, we feel more profoundly the life of +history, and comprehend the changes of custom and thought, while the +finer and more subtle powers of fancy and imagination stir within the +sensitive mind, and gradually by constant and imperceptible +inspiration lift the soul to regions of larger beauty and freedom. + +"So may she ever hold on her way, undeluded by specious promises of +easier methods, inuring her students to toil as the price of success; +not rigid and motionless, but plastic and adapting herself to the +necessities of different minds; yet never confounding things that +differ, nor vainly hoping on a narrow basis of culture to rear the +superstructure of the broadest attainment and character, but ever +determined to make her instructions the most truly liberal and noble. + +"With no purpose of personal advantage, but with the deepest filial +love and gratitude have we assembled this day. Of all professions and +callings, from many States, from public business and from engrossing +private pursuits,--you, my young friend who have just come, with +hesitation and ingenuous fear, to add your name if you may, to the +honored rolls of the college, and you Sir,[37] whose memory runs back +to the beginning of the century, the oldest or nearly the oldest +living alumnus of the college, the contemporary of Chapman and Harvey, +and Fletcher, and Parris, and Weston, and Webster,--you who came from +beyond the 'Father of Waters,' and you who have retreated for a moment +from the shore of the dark Atlantic--you Sir,[38] our brother by +hearty and affectionate adoption, who led our armies in that memorable +march from the mountain to the sea, which shall be remembered as long +as the march of the Ten Thousand, and repeated in story and song as +long as history and romance shall be written, and you, Sir, who hold +the even scales of justice in that august tribunal, from which +Marshall proclaimed the law which insured to us our ancient name and +rights and privileges, unchanged, untarnished, unharmed,--all of us, +my brothers, with one purpose have come up to lay our trophies at the +feet of our common mother, to deck her with fresh garlands, to rejoice +in her prosperity, and to promise her our perpetual homage and love. +Let no word of ours ever give her pain or sorrow. Loyal to our heart +of hearts, may we minister so far as we can, to her wants, may we be +jealous of her honor, and solicitous for her prosperity. May no +ruthless hand ever hereafter be lifted against her. May no unholy +jealousies rend the fair fabric of her seamless garment. May no narrow +or unworthy spirit mar the harmony of her wise counsels. May she stand +to the end as she ever has stood, for the Church and State, a glory +and a defense. And above all and in order to all, may the spirit of +God in full measure rest upon her; 'the spirit of wisdom and +understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of +knowledge and of the fear of the Lord.'" + + [37] Job Lyman, Esq., of the class of 1804. + + [38] General Sherman received the highest honorary degree of the + college in 1866. + +President Smith, whose character was a rare union of energy and +gentleness, was pre-eminently a man of affairs. + +The results of his untiring efforts to promote the welfare of the +college, in various directions, will be more fully developed upon +subsequent pages. Having performed valuable service for thirteen +years, he resigned his office, on account of failing health, March 1, +1877, and died on the sixteenth of August following, his wife, Mrs. +Sarah Ann (Adams) Smith, surviving him. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT BARTLETT. + + +Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D., of the Chicago Theological Seminary, +was elected the eighth president of the college. We insert entire his +inaugural address, delivered at the Commencement, June, 1877: + +"Certain occasions seem to prescribe their own themes of discourse, +and certain themes are endowed with perpetual life. There are problems +with which each coming generation and each last man grapples as +freshly as the first. + +"How shall the ripest growth of the ages be imparted to one young +soul? Twice, at least, in a lifetime, is this great question wont to +rise solemnly before each thoughtful man--when he looks forward in +youthful hope, and when he looks back in parental solicitude. It is a +question of many forms and multiplying answers. Shall there be a long, +fundamental training, wide and general? or, shall it be closely +professional? Shall it be predominantly classic, or scientific, or +esthetic, or empiric? Many, or much? For accomplishment, or for +accomplishing? Shall it fit for the tour of Europe, or for the journey +of life? Masculine and feminine, or vaguely human? Shall it rattle +with the drum-beat, bound with gymnastics, court fame by excursive +"nines" not known on Helicon, and challenge British Oxford, alas? with +its boat crew? Shall the American College student follow his option, +or his curriculum? And shall the college itself be a school for +schoolmasters, a collection of debating clubs, a reading-room with +library attached, an intellectual quarantine for the plague of riches? +or, a place of close and protracted drill, of definite methods, of +prescribed intellectual work? Shall it fulfill the statement of the +Concord sage,--'You send your son to the schoolmasters, and the +schoolboys educate him?' or, shall a strong faculty make and mark the +whole tone of the institution? + +"In these and other forms is the same fundamental question still +thrust sharply before us. I do not propose to move directly on such a +line of bristling bayonets, but to make my way by a flank movement +across this "wilderness" of conflict. It will go far towards +determining the methods of a liberal education, if we first ascertain, +as I propose to do, The Chief Elements of a Manly Culture. + +"Obviously the primal condition of all else must be found in a +self-prompted activity or wakefulness of intellect. The time when the +drifting faculties begin to feel the helm of will, when the youth +passes from being merely receptive to become aggressive, marks the +advent of the true human era. As in the history of our planet the +first remove from the _tohu va-vohu_ was when the Spirit of God +brooded on the deep, and, obedient to the command, light shot out from +darkness, so in man the microcosm, the brooding spirit and commanding +purpose mark the first step from chaos toward cosmos. The mechanical +intellect becomes dynamical, and the automatic man becomes autonomic. +It may be with a lower or a higher motion. The mind gropes round +restlessly by a yearning instinct; it may be driven by the strong +impulse of native genius; or, it may rise to the condition of being +the facile servant of the forceful will. When the boy at Pisa +curiously watches the oil lamp swinging by its long chain in the +cathedral, a pendulum begins to vibrate in his brain, and falling +bodies to count off their intervals; and when afterward he +deliberately fits two lenses in a leaden tube, the moon's mountains, +Jupiter's satellites, and Saturn's rings are all waiting to catch his +eye. A thoughtful meditation on the spasms of a dead frog's leg in +Bologna becomes galvanic. The gas breaking on the surface of a brewery +vat, well watched by Priestley, bursts forth into pneumatic chemistry. +A spider's web in the Duke of Devonshire's garden expands in the mind +of my lord's gardener, Brown, into a suspension bridge. A sledge +hammer, well swung in Cromarty, opened those New Walks in an Old +Field. The diffraction of light revealed itself to Young in the hues +of a soap-bubble. As the genie of the oriental tale unfolded his huge +height from the bottle stamped with Solomon's seal, so the career of +Davy first evolved itself out of old vials and gallipots. When the boy +Bowditch was found in all his leisure moments snatching up his slate +and pencil, when Cobbett grappled resolutely with the grammar, when +Cuvier dissected the cuttlefish found upon the shore, or Scott was +seen sitting on a ladder, hour after hour, poring over books, they +will be further heard from. + +"If such instances illustrate the propulsive force of native genius, +they also indicate what training must do when the impulsive genius is +not there. No idler plea was ever entered for an idler than when he +says,--'I have no bent for this, no interest in that, and no genius +for the other.' The animal has his _habitat_, and stays fast. A +complete man is intellectually and physically a cosmopolite. Till he +has gained the power to throw his will-force wherever the work summons +him, most of all to the weak points of his condition, till he has +learned to be his own task-master and overseer, he is but a 'slave of +the ring.' + +"In most lines the highest gift is the gift of toil. Indeed, men of +genius have often been the most terrible of toilers, and in the +regions of highest art. How have the great masters of music first +welded the keys of the organ and harpsichord to their fingers' ends +and their souls' nerves before they poured forth the Creation or the +Messiah, the symphonies and sonatas! Think of Meyerbeer and his +fifteen hours of daily work; of Mozart's incessant study of the +masters, and his own eight hundred compositions in his short life; of +Mendelssohn's nine years elaboration of Elijah. Or in the sister art, +how we track laborious, continuous study in the Peruginesque, the +Florentine, and the Roman styles successively of Raphael, and in the +incredible activity that crowded a life of thirty-seven years with +such a vast number of portraits and Madonnas, of altar-pieces and +frescoes, mythological, historical, and Biblical. And that still +grander contemporary genius, how he wrought by night with the candle +in his pasteboard cap, how he had dissected and studied the human +frame like an anatomist or surgeon before he chiseled the David and +Moses, or painted the Sistine chapel, and how the plannings of his +busy brain were always in advance of the powers of a hand that, till +the age of eighty-eight, was incessantly at work. + +"The servant is not above his master. The lower intellect can buy at +no cheaper price than the higher, and the hour of full intellectual +emancipation comes only when the student has learned to serve--to turn +the whole freshness and sharpness of his intellect on any needful +theme of the hour; it may be the scale of a fossil fish, or the annual +movement of a glacier, the disclosures of the spectrum, or the secrets +of the arrow-headed tongue. All great explorers have been largely +their own teachers, and each young scholar has made the best use of +all helps and helpers when he has learned to teach himself. His +emancipation, once fairly purchased, confers on him potentially the +freedom of the empire of thought; and, as evermore, the freeman toils +harder than the slave. The strong stimulus of such a self-moved +activity, thoroughly aroused, becomes in Choate or Gladstone the +fountain of perpetual youth, and forms the solid basis of the titanic +scholarship of Germany. It stood embodied in the life and motto of the +aged, matchless artist Angelo,--'_Ancora imparo_,' I am learning +still. + +"But impulse and activity may move blindly. Another cardinal quality +of such a culture, therefore, must be precision--the close, clean +working of the faculties. A memory trained to clear recollection, what +a saving of reiterated labor and of annoying helplessness. A +discrimination sharpened to the nicest discernment of things that +differ, though always a shining mark for the arrow of the satirist, +will outlive all shots with his gray-goose shaft; for it shines with +the gleam of tempered steel. An exactness of knowledge that defines +all its landmarks, how is it master of the situation. A precision of +speech, born of clear thinking, what controversial battlefields of +sulphurous smoke and scattering fire might it prevent. He has been +called a public benefactor who makes two blades of grass grow where +one grew before. He is as great a benefactor, who in an age of +verbiage makes one word perform the function of two. Wonderful is the +precision with which this mental mechanism may be made to work. Some +men can even think their best on their feet in the presence of a great +assembly. There are others whose spontaneous thoughts move by informal +syllogisms. Emmons sometimes laid off his common utterances like the +heads of a discourse. Johnson's retorts exploded like a musket, and +often struck like a musket-ball. John Hunter fairly compared his own +mind to a bee-hive, all in a hum, but the hum of industry and order +and achievement. It reminds us, by contrast, of other minds formed +upon the model of the wasp's nest, with a superabundance of hum and +sting without, and no honey within. It was of the voluminous works of +a distinguished author that Robert Hall remarked,--'They are a +continent of mud, sir.' Nuisances of literature are the men who fill +the air with smoke, relieved by no clear blaze of light. There have +been schools of thought that were as smoky as Pittsburg. We have had +'seers' who made others see nothing, men of 'insight' with no outlook, +scientists who in every critical argument jumped the track of true +science, and preachers whose hazy thoughts and utterances flickered +between truth and error. Pity there were not some intellectual +Sing-Sing for the culprit! + +"How refreshing, on the other hand, to follow the clear unfolding of +the silken threads of thought that lie side by side, single and in +knots and skeins, but never tangled. What a beautiful process was an +investigation by Faraday in electro-magnetism, as he combined his +apparatus, manipulated his material, narrowed his search, eliminated +his sources of error, and drew his careful conclusions. With similar +persistent acuteness, in the field of Biblical investigation, how does +Zumpt, by an exhaustive exclusion and combination, at length make the +annals of Tacitus shake hands with the gospel of Luke over the taxing +of Cyrenius. In metaphysics, how matchless the razor-like acuteness +with which Hamilton could distinguish, divide, and clear up the +questions that lay piled in confused heaps over the subject of +perception. What can be more admirable than the workings of the +trained legal or rather judicial mind, as it walks firmly through +labyrinths of statute and precedent and principle, holding fast its +strong but tenuous thread, till it stands forth in the bright light of +day;--it may be some Sir John Jervis, unraveling in a criminal case +the web of sophistries with which a clever counsel has bewildered a +jury; or it may be Marshall or Story, in our own college case, +shredding away, one by one, its intricacies, entanglements, and +accretions, till all is delightfully, restfully clear. + +"It is a trait all the more to be insisted on in these very times, +because there is so strong a drift toward a seeming clearness which is +a real confusion. By two opposite methods do men now seek to reach +that underlying order and majestic simplicity which more and more +appear to mark this universe. The one distinguishes, the other +confounds, things that certainly differ. The one system belongs to the +reality and grandeur of nature, the other to the pettiness and +perverseness of man. Not a few seem bent on seeing simplicity and +uniformity by the short process of shutting their eyes upon actual +diversity. They proceed not by analytical incision, but by summary +excision. They work with the cleaver and not with the scalpel. What +singular denials of the intuitive facts of universal consciousness, +what summary identifications of most palpable diversities, and what +kangaroo-leaps beyond the high wall of their facts, mark many of the +deliverances of those who loudly warn us off from 'the unknowable!' +What shall we say of the steady confusion, in some arguments, of +structure and function, and of force with material? When men, however +eminent, openly propose to identify the force which screws together +two plates of metal with the agency which corrodes or dissolves both +in an acid, or to identify the affinity that forms chemical +combinations with the vitality that so steadily overrides, suspends, +and counteracts those affinities, is this an ascent into the pure +ether, or a plunge in the Cimmerian dark? When, in opposition to every +possible criterion, a man claims that there is but 'one ultimate form +of matter out of which successively the more complex forms of matter +are built up,' is this the advance march of chemistry, or the +retrograde to alchemy? When a writer, in a style however lucid and +taking, firmly assumes that there is no essential difference in +objects alike in material elements, but separated by that mighty and +mysterious thing, _life_, is that the height of wisdom, or the depth +of folly? And how such a central paralysis of the mental retina +spreads its darkness, as, for example, in the affirmation that as +oxygen and hydrogen are reciprocally convertible with water, so are +water, ammonia, and carbolic acid convertible into and resolvable from +living protoplasm!--a statement said to be as false in chemistry as it +certainly is in physiology. An ordinary merchant's accountant will, if +need be, work a week to correct in his trial balance the variation of +a cent. But when he listens to Sir John Lubbock calmly reckoning the +age of the human implements in the valley of the Somme at from one +hundred thousand up to two hundred and forty thousand years; when he +sees Croll, in dating the close of the glacial age, leap down from the +height of near eight hundred thousand to eighty thousand years; when +he finds Darwin and Lyell claiming for the period of life on the earth +more than three hundred millions of years, while Tait and Thompson +pronounce it 'utterly impossible' to grant more than ten, or, at most, +fifteen millions,--this poor, benighted clerk is bound to sit and +hearken to his masters in all outward solemnity, but he must be +excused for a prolonged inward smile. Who are these, he says, that +reckon with a lee-way of hundreds of thousands of years, and fling the +hundreds of millions of years right and left, like pebbles and straws? + +"Brilliancy, so-called, is no equivalent or substitute for precision. +It is often its worst enemy. A man may mould himself to think in +curves and zig-zags, and not in right lines. He sends never an arrow, +but a boomerang. Or he thinks in poetry instead of prose, deals in +analogy where it should be analysis, puts rhetoric for logic, scatters +and not concentrates, and while he radiates never irradiates. A late +divine was suspected of heresy, partly because of his poetic bias; and +one of his volumes was unfortunate for him and his readers, in that +for his central position he planted himself on a figure of speech, and +not on a logical proposition. The well-known story _se non vero e ben +trovato_, of that keenest of lawyers, listening to a lecture of which +every sentence was a gem and every paragraph rich with the spoils of +literature, and replying to the question, "Do you understand all +that?" "No, but my daughters do." It was as beautiful and iridescent +as the Staubbach, and as impalpable. + +"The more is the pity when a vigorous mind, in the outset of some +great discussion, heads for a fog-bank or a wind-mill. When a man +proposes to chronicle a 'Conflict between Religion and Science,' and +makes religion stand indiscriminately for Romanism, Mohammedanism, +superstition, malignant passion, obstinate prejudice, and what not, +also confounding Christianity with so-called Christians, and those +often most unrepresentative,--at the same time appropriating to +'Science' all intellectual activity whatever, though found in good +Christian men, and though fostered and made irrepressible by the fire +of that very religion, it is easy to see what must be the outcome of +such a sweepstakes race. There will be a deification of science, and +not even a whited sepulchre erected over the measureless Golgothas of +its slaughtered theories. There will be, on the other hand, the steady +_suppressio veri_ concerning books, systems, men, and events, the +occasional though unintended _assertio falsi_, the eager conversion of +theories into facts, constructions unfair and uncandid and, +throughout, with much that is bright and just, that 'admixture of a +lie that doth ever add pleasure' to its author and grief to the +judicious. Such confusions are no doubt often the outgrowth of the +will. But a main end of a true culture is to prevent or expose all +such bewilderments, whether helpless or crafty. + +"The great predominance of the disciplinary process was what once +characterized the English university system even more than now. It +consisted in the exact and exhaustive mastery of certain limited +sections of knowledge and thought, as the gymnastic for all other +spheres and toils. At Oxford, not long ago, four years were spent in +mastering some fourteen books. Whatever may be our criticism of the +process, we may not deny its singular effect. In its best estate it +forged many a trenchant blade. To the man who asks for its monument, +it can point to British thought, law, statesmanship. Bacon and Burke, +Coke and Eldon, Hooker and Butler, Pitt and Canning, shall make +answer. The whole massive literature of England shall respond. + +"But to this precision of working must be furnished material with +which to work. Mental fullness is, therefore, another prime quality of +a manly culture. To what degree it should be sought in the curriculum +has been in dispute. It is the American theory, and a growing belief +of the English nation, that the British universities have been +defective here. Their men of mark have traveled later over the broader +field. + +"Provincialism of intellect is a calamity. All men of great +achievements have had to know what others achieved. The highest +monuments are always built with the spoils of the past. Any single +genius, if not an infinitesimal, counts at most but a digit in the +vast notation of humanity. The great masters have been the greatest +scholars. Many a bright mind has struggled alone to beat the air. +Behold in some national patent-office a grand mummy-pit of ignorant +inventors. + +"Those men upon whom so much opprobrium has been heaped, the +Schoolmen, were unfortunate chiefly in the lack of material on which +to expend their singular acuteness. Leibnitz was not ashamed to +confess his obligations to them, nor South to avail himself of their +subtle distinctions. Doubtless theology owes them a debt. Some of them +have been well called, by Hallam, men 'of extraordinary powers of +discrimination and argument, strengthened in the long meditation of +their cloister by the extinction of every other talent and the +exclusion of every other pursuit. Their age and condition denied them +the means of studying polite letters, of observing nature, or of +knowing mankind. They were thus driven back upon themselves, cut off +from all the material on which the mind could operate, and doomed to +employ all their powers in defense of what they must never presume to +examine.' 'If these Schoolmen,' says Bacon, 'to their great thirst of +truth and unwearied travel of wit had joined variety of reading and +contemplation, they had proved great lights to the advancement of all +learning and knowledge.' And so, for lack of other timber, they split +hairs. Hence the mass of ponderous trifling that has made their name a +by-word. A force, sometimes Herculean, was spent in building and +demolishing castles of moonshine. + +"A robust mental strength requires various and solid food. The best +growth is symmetrical. There is a common bond--_quoddam commune +vinculum_--in the circle of knowledge, that cannot be overlooked. Men +do not know best what they know only in its isolation. Even Kant +offset his metaphysics by lecturing on geography; and Niebuhr, the +historian, struggled hard and well to keep his equilibrium by throwing +himself into the whole circle of natural science and of affairs. Such, +also, are the interdependencies of scholarship, that ample knowledge +without our specialty is needful to save us from blunders within. +Olshausen was a brilliant commentator, and the slightest tinge of +chemistry should have kept him from suggesting that the conversion of +water into wine at Cana was but the acceleration of a natural process. +A smattering of optics would have prevented Dr. Williams from +repeating the old cavil of Voltaire, that light could not have been +made before the sun. A moderate reflection upon the laws of speech and +the method of Genesis would have restrained Huxley from sneering at +the 'marvelous flexibility' of the Hebrew tongue in the word 'day,' +and a New York audience from laughing at the joke rather than the +joker. Some tinge of ethical knowledge should have withheld Max Muller +from finding the grand distinctive mark of humanity in the power of +speech. The merest theorist needs some range of reality for the +framework of his theories, and the man of broad principles must have +facts to generalize. Indeed, a good memory is the indispensable +servant of large thought, and however deficient in certain directions, +the great thinkers have had large stores. 'The best heads that have +ever existed,' says an idealist,--'Pericles, Plato, Julius Caesar, +Shakespeare, Goethe, Milton,--were well read, universally educated +men, and quite too wise to undervalue letters. Their opinion has +weight, because they had the means of knowing the opposite opinion.' + +"While every year increases the impossibility of what used to be +called universal knowledge, it also emphasizes the necessity of a +scholarship that has its outlook toward all the vast provinces of +reading and thought. It cannot conquer them, but it can be on treaty +relations with them. The tendency of modern science is, of necessity, +steadily toward sectional lines and division of labor. It is a +tendency whose cramping influence is as steadily to be resisted, even +in later life, much more in early training. We are to form ourselves +on the model of the integer rather than the fraction of humanity. The +metaphysician cannot afford to be ignorant of the 'chemistry of a +candle' or the 'history of a piece of chalk,' nor the chemist of the +laws of language, the theologian of astronomy and geology, nor the +lawyer of the most ancient code and its history. Mill himself made +complaint of Comte's 'great aberration' in ignoring psychology and +logic. + +"Intellectual fetichism is born of isolation, and dies hard. While in +the great modern uprising we may boast that the heathen idols have +been swept away from three hundred dark islands of Polynesia, new +'idols of the cave' stalk forth upon the world of civilized thought. +We are just now much bewildered with brightness in streaks, which +falls on us like the sunlight from a boy's bit of glass, and blinds +our eyes instead of showing our path. Half-educated persons seize +fragments of principles and snatch at half-truths. Crotchets infest +the brains, and hobbies career through the fields of thought. +Polyphemus is after us, a burly wretch with one eye. Better if _that_ +were out. + +"The remedy is, to correct our narrowness by a clear view of the wide +expanse. We must come out of our cave. We must link our pursuits to +those of humanity. Breadth and robustness given to the mental +constitution in its early training shall go far through life to save +us from partial paralysis or monstrosity. + +"To insure this result, however, we must add to that fullness of +material the quality of mental equipoise or mastery, the power of +grasping and managing it all. A man is to possess, and not to be +'possessed with,' his acquisitions. He wants an intellect decisive, +incisive, and, if I might coin a word, concisive. + +"The power to unify and organize must go with all right acquisition. +Knowledges must be changed to knowledge. It takes force to handle +weight. Some men seem to know more than is healthy for them. It does +not make muscle, but becomes plethoric, dropsical, adipose, or +adipocere. Better to have thought more and acquired less. Frederick W. +Robertson, in his prime, wrote,--'I will answer for it that there are +few girls of eighteen who have not read more books than I have;' and +Mrs. Browning confessed,--'I should be wiser if I had not read half as +much;' while old Hobbes, of Malmesbury, caustically remarked,--'If I +had read as much as other men I should know as little.' It may serve +as a hint to the omnivorous college student. Cardinal Mezzofanti knew, +it is said, more than a hundred languages. What came of it all? A +eulogy on one Emanuele da Ponte. He never said anything in all the +languages he spoke! What constitutes the life of an intellectual +jelly-fish? Even the brilliancy of Macaulay was almost overweighted by +the immensity of his acquisitions. The vivid glitter of details in his +memory may sometimes have dazzled his perception of a _tout ensemble_, +and for principles it was his manner to cite precedents. A multitude +of lesser lights have been almost smothered by superabundance of fuel. +A man knows Milton almost by heart, and Shakespeare too, can quote +pages of Homer, has read Chrysostom for his recreation, is full of +history, runs over with statistics right and left, and withal is +strong in mother-wit. But the mother-wit proves not strong enough, +perhaps, to push forth and show itself over the ponderous debris above +it, the enormousness, or, if you please, the enormity of his +knowledge. + +"It requires a first-class mind to carry a vast load of scientific +facts. Hence the many eminent observers who have been the most +illogical of reasoners. What a contrast between Hugh Miller and his +friend Francia; the mind of the latter, as Miller describes it, 'a +labyrinth without a clew, in whose recesses was a vast amount of +book-knowledge that never could be used, and was of no use to himself +or any one else;' the former wielding all his stores as he swung his +sledge. What is wanted is the comprehensive hand, and not the +prehensile tail. + +"Involved in such an equipoise is the decisiveness, the willforce, +that not only holds, but holds the balance. Common as it may be, it is +none the less pitiable to be just acute enough constantly to question, +but not to answer--forever to raise difficulties, and never to solve +them. Wakeful, but the wakefulness of weakliness. Fine-strung minds +are they often, acquisitive, subtle, and sensitive, able to look all +around their labyrinth and see far into darkness, but not out to the +light. It is by nature rather a German than an Anglo-Saxon habit. It +is not always fatal even there. De Wette, 'the veteran doubter,' +rallied at the last, and, like Bunyan's Feeble-mind, went over almost +shouting. In this country, youth often have it somewhat later than the +measles and the small-pox, and come through very well, without even a +pock-mark. Sometimes it becomes epidemic, and assumes a languid or +typhoidal cast,--not Positivism, but Agnosticism. It is rather +fashionable to eulogize perplexity and doubt as a mark of strength and +genius. But whatever may be the passing fashion, the collective +judgment of the ages has settled it that the permanent state of mental +hesitancy and indecision, in whatever sphere of thought and action, is +and must be a false condition. It indicates the scrofulous diathesis, +and calls for more iron in the blood. It is a lower type of manhood. +It abdicates the province of a human intelligence, which is to seek +and find truth. It abrogates the moral obligation to prove all things, +and hold fast that which is good. It revolts from the great problem of +life, which calls on us to know, and to know that we may do. Out upon +this apotheosis of doubt. It is the sick man glorying in his +infirmity, the beggar boasting of his intellectual rags. + +"The comprehensive and decisive tend naturally to the incisive. The +power to take a subject by its handle and poise it on its centre is +perhaps the consummation of merely intellectual culture. When all its +nutriment has been converted into bone and muscle and sinew and nerve, +then the mind bounds to its work, lithe and strong, like a hunting +leopard on its game. It was exactly the power with which our Webster +handled his case, till it seemed to the farmer too simple to require a +great man to argue. It was the quality that Lincoln so toiled at +through his early manhood, and so admirably gained,--the power of +presenting things clearly to 'plain people.' You may call it 'the art +of putting things,' but it is the art of conceiving things. It is no +trick of style, but a character of thinking, and it marks the +harvest-time of a manly culture. + +"I will add to this enumeration one other quality, one without which +this harvest will not ripen. I speak of mental docility and reverence. +A man will have looked forth to little purpose on the universe if he +does not see that, even with his expanding circle of light, there is +an ever-enlarging circle of darkness around it. He will have compared +his achievements with those of the race to little profit, if he does +not recognize his relative insignificance, gathering sands on the +ocean shore. + +"The wide range and rapid outburst of modern learning tend undoubtedly +to arrogance and conceit. We gleefully traverse our new strip of +domain, and ask, Were there ever such beings as we? Yes, doubtless +there were,--clearer, greater, and nobler. Wisdom, skill, and strength +were not born with us. All the qualities of manly thought, though with +ruder implements and cruder materials, have been as conspicuously +exhibited down through the ages past as in our day. The power of +governing, ability in war, diplomacy in peace, subtle dialectics, +clear insight, the art of conversation, persuasive and impressive +speech, high art in every form, whatever constitutes the test of good +manhood, has been here in full force. It would puzzle us yet to lay +the stones of Baalbec, or to carve, move, and set up the great statue +of Rameses. Within a generation, Euclid of Alexandria was teaching +geometry in Dartmouth College, and Heraclides and Aristarchus +anticipated Copernicus by sixteen centuries. No man has surpassed the +sculptures of Rhodes, or the paintings of the sixteenth century. The +cathedral of Cologne is the offspring of forgotten brains. Such men as +Anselm were educated on the Trivium and Quadrivium. Five hundred years +ago Merton College could show such men as Geoffrey Chaucer, William of +Occam, and John Wickliffe. If the history of science can produce four +brighter contemporary names than Napier, Kepler, Descartes, and +Galileo, let them be forthcoming. But when, still earlier by a +century and a half, we behold a man who was not only architect, +engineer, and sculptor, and in painting the rival of Angelo, but who, +as Hallam proves, 'anticipated in the compass of a few pages the +discoveries which made Galileo, Kepler, Maestlin, Maurolycus, and +Castelli immortal,' it may well 'strike us,' he suggests 'with +something like the awe of supernatural knowledge;' and in the presence +of Leonardo da Vinci the modern scientist of highest rank may stand +with uncovered head. + +"If wisdom was not born with us, neither will it die with us. There +will be something left to know. Our facts will be tested, our theories +probed, and our assertions exploded by better minds than ours. If it +be true, as Bacon says, '_prudens interrogatio dimidium scientiae_,' it +is also true, '_imprudens assertio excidium scientiae_.' We are in +these days treated to 'demonstrations' which scarcely rise to the +level of presumptions, but, rather, of presumption. There is an +accumulation of popular dogmatism that is very likely doomed within a +century to be swept into the same oblivion with the 'Christian +Astrology,' of William Lilly and the 'Ars Magna' of Raymond Lully--a +mass of rubbish that is waiting for another Caliph Omar and the +bath-fires of Alexandria. + +"It will not answer to mistake the despotism of hypothesis for the +reign of law, nor physical law for the great 'I AM.' True thinkers +must respect other thinkers and God. They cannot ignore the primal +utterances of consciousness, the laws of logic, nor the truths of +history. Foregone conclusions are not to bar out the deepest facts of +human nature, nor the most stupendous events in the story of the race. +Hume may not rule out the settled laws of evidence the moment they +touch the borders of religion; nor may Strauss, by the simple +assertion that miracles are impossible, manacle the arm of God. Comte +may not put his extinguisher upon the great underlying verities of our +being, nor Tyndall jump the iron track of his own principles to +smuggle into matter a 'potency and promise' of all 'life.' Huxley +cannot play fast and loose with human volition, nor juggle the +trustiness of memory into a state of consciousness, to save his +system; nor may Haeckel lead us at his own sweet creative will through +fourteen stages of vertebrate and eight of invertebrate life up to +the great imaginary 'monera,' the father and mother of us all. It will +be time to believe a million things in a lump when one of them is +fully proved in detail. We have no disposition, even with so eminent +an authority as St. George Mivart, to denominate Natural Selection 'a +puerile hypothesis.' We will promise to pay our respects to our 'early +progenitor' of 'arboreal habits' and 'ears pointed and capable of +movement,' when he is honestly identified by his ear-marks, and even +to worship the original fire-mist when that is properly shown to be +our only Creator, Preserver, and Bountiful Benefactor. + +"Meantime, as a late king of Naples was said to have erected the +negation of God into a system of government, not a few eager +investigators seem to have assumed it as a basis of science. And so we +reach out by worship 'mostly of the silent sort' toward the unknown +and unknowable, the 'reservoir of organic force, the single source of +power,' ourselves 'conscious automatons' in whom 'mind is the product +of the brain,' thought, emotion, and will are but 'the expression of +molecular changes,' to whom all speculations in divinity are a +'disregard of the proper economy of time,' and to whom, also, as one +of them has declared, 'earth is Paradise,' and all beyond is blank. +But it was Mephistopheles who said,-- + + "'The little god of this world sticks to the same old way, + And is as whimsical as on creation's day; + Life somewhat better might content him, + But for the gleam of heavenly light which thou hast lent him. + He calls it Reason--thence his power's increased + To be far beastlier than any beast. + Saving thy gracious presence, he to me + A long-legged grasshopper seems to be, + That springing flies and flying springs, + And in the grass the same old ditty sings. + Would he still lay among the grass he grows in.' + +"But even the man of theories might grant that the scheme of one +great, governing, guiding, loving, and holy God is a theory that works +wonders in practice for those that heartily receive it, and is a +conception of magnificence beside which even a Nebular Hypothesis with +all its grandeur grows small. And the man of facts may as well +recognize what Napoleon saw on St. Helena,--the one grand fact of the +living power of Jesus Christ in history, and to-day; a force that is +mightier than all other forces; a force that all other forces have in +vain endeavored to destroy, or counteract, or arrest; a force that has +pushed its way against wit and learning and wealth and power, and the +stake and the rack and the sword and the cannon, till it has shaped +the master forces of the world, inspired its art, formed its social +life, subsidized, its great powers, and wields to-day the heavy +battalions; a force that this hour beats in millions of hearts, all +over this globe, with a living warmth beside which the love of science +and art is cold and clammy. Surely it would be not much to ask for the +docility to recognize such patent facts as these. And I must believe +that any mind is fundamentally unhinged that despises the profoundest +convictions of the noblest hearts, or speaks lightly of the mighty +influence that has moulded human events and has upheaved the world. It +has, in its arrogance, cut adrift and swung off from the two grand +foci of all truth, the human and the divine. + +"Of the several qualities,--the wakefulness, precision, fullness, +equipoise, and docility--that form, in other words, the motion, edge, +weight, balance, and direction of the forged and tempered +intellect,--I might give many instances. Such men as Thomas Arnold and +Mr. Gladstone instantly rise to the thoughts,--the one by his +truth-seeking and truth-finding spirit moulding a generation of +English scholars, the other carrying by the sheer force of his +clear-cut intellect and magnanimous soul the sympathies of a great +nation and the admiration of Christendom. But let me rather single out +one name from the land of specialties and limitations,--Barthold +George Niebuhr, the statesman and historian. Not perfect, indeed, but +admirable. See him begin in his early youth by saying,--'I do not ask +myself whether I can do a thing; I command myself to do it.' Read the +singular sketch of his intellectual gymnastics at twenty-one, spurring +himself to 'inward deep voluntary thought,' 'guarding against society +and dissipation,' devoting an hour each day to clearing up his +thoughts on given subjects, and two hours to the round of physical +sciences; exacting of himself 'an extensive knowledge of the facts' +of science and history; holding himself alike accountable for minute +'description,' 'accurate definitions,' 'general laws,' 'deep +reflection,' and 'distinct consciousness of the rules of my moral +being,' together with what he calls the holy resolve--'more and more +to purify my soul, so that it may be ready at all times to return to +the eternal source.' How intensely he toiled to counteract a certain +conscious German one-sidedness of mind, visiting England to study all +the varied phenomena of its robust life, and yet writing home from +London, at twenty-two,--'I positively shrink from associating with the +young men on account of their unbounded dissoluteness.' His memory, +not inferior to that of Macaulay or Scaliger, he made strictly the +servant of his thinking. Amid all the speculative tendencies of +Germany, he became a man of facts and affairs. Overflowing with +details, he probed the facts of history to the quick, and felt for its +heart. Fertile in theory, he preserved the truth of science so pure as +'in the sight of God,' not 'to write the very smallest thing as +certain, of which he was not fully convinced,' nor to overstrain the +weight of a conjecture, nor even to cite as his own the _verified_ +quotation he had gained from another. Practicing on his own maxim to +'open the heart to sincere veneration for all excellence' in human act +and thought, not even his profound admiration for the surpassing +genius of Goethe could draw him into sympathy with the heartlessness +and colossal egoism of his later career. In the midst of public honors +he valued more than all his delightful home and literary life, and his +motto was _Tecum habita_. Surrounded by Pyrrhonism, and bent by the +nature of his studies toward skeptical habits, how grandly he +recovered himself in his maturity, and said,--'I do not know what to +do with a metaphysical God, and I will have none but the God of the +Bible, who is heart to heart with us.' 'My son shall believe in the +letter of the Old and New Testaments, and I shall nurture in him from +his infancy a firm faith in all that I have lost or feel uncertain +about.' And his last written utterance, signed 'Your Old Niebuhr,' +contains a lament that 'depth, sincerity, originality, heart and +affection are disappearing,' and that 'shallowness and arrogance are +becoming universal.' After all allowances for whatever of defect, one +can well point to such a character as an illustrious example of true +and manly culture. + +"Shall I say that such a culture as I have endeavored to sketch, it +is, and will be, the aim of Dartmouth College to stimulate? I cannot, +at the close of this discourse, compare in detail its methods with the +end in view, and show their fitness. The original and central college +is surrounded by its several departments, partly or wholly +professional, each having its own specialty and excellence. The +central college seeks to give that rounded education commonly called +Liberal, and to give it in its very best estate. It will aim to +engraft on the stock that is approved by the collective wisdom of the +past, all such scions of modern origin as mark a real progress. By +variety of themes and methods it would stimulate the mental activity, +and by the breadth of its range it would encourage fullness of +material, both physical and metaphysical, scientific and historic. It +initiates into the chief languages of Europe. By the close, protracted +concentration of the mathematics, by the intuitions, careful +distinctions, and fundamental investigations of intellectual and +ethical science, and by the broad principles of political economy, +constitutional and international law, as well as by a round of +original discussions on themes of varied character, it aims to induce +precision and mastery. And all along this line runs and mingles +harmoniously and felicitously that great branch of study for which, +though often severely assailed because unwisely defended or +inadequately pursued, the revised and deliberate judgment of the +ablest and wisest men can find no fair substitute,--the study of the +classic tongues. Grant that it may be, and often is, mechanically or +pedantically pursued. Yet, when rightly prosecuted, its benefits are +wide, deep, and continuous, more than can be easily set forth--and +they range through the whole scale, rising with the gradual expansion +of the mind. It comprises subtle distinctions, close analysis, broad +generalization, and that balancing of evidence which is the basis of +all moral reasoning; it tracks the countless shadings of human +thought, and their incarnation in the growths of speech, and seizes, +in Comparative Philology, the universal affinities of the race: it +passes in incessant review the stores of the mother tongue; it +furnishes the constant clew to the meaning of the vernacular, a basis +for the easy study of modern European languages, and a key to the +terminology of science and art; it familiarizes intimately with many +of the most remarkable monuments of genius and culture; and it imbues +with the history, life, and thought which have prompted, shaped, and +permeated all that is notable in the intellectual achievements of two +thousand years, and binds together the whole republic of letters. To +such a study as this we must do honor. We endeavor to add so much of +the esthetic and ethical element throughout as shall give grace and +worth. And we crown the whole with some teaching concerning the track +of that amazing power that has overmastered all other powers, and +stamped its impress on all modern history. The college was given to +Christ in its infancy, and the message that comes down through a +century to our ears, sounds not so much like the voice of a president +as of an high-priest and prophet--the 'burden of Eleazar:' 'It is my +purpose, by the grace of God, to leave nothing undone within my power +which is suitable to be done, that this school of the prophets may be, +and long continue to be, a pure fountain. And I do, with my whole +heart, will this my purpose to my successors in the presidency of the +seminary, to the latest posterity; and it is my last will, never to be +revoked, and to God I commit it, and my only hope and confidence for +the execution of it is in Him alone who has already done great things +for it, and does still own it as his cause.' God has never yet revoked +the 'last will' of Wheelock. The college is as confessedly a Christian +college as in the days of her origin; and in the impending conflict +she sails up between the batteries of the enemy with her flag nailed +to the mast and her captain lashed to the rigging. + +"The college stands to-day in its ideal and the intention of its +managers, representative of the best possible training for a noble +manhood. And I may venture to say, here and now, that if there be +anything known to be yet lacking to the full attainment of that +conception, if anything needs to be added to make this, in the fullest +sense, the peer of the best college in the land, it will be the +endeavor of the Trustees and the Faculty to add that thing. + +"Dartmouth College is fortunate in many particulars. Fortunate in its +situation, so picturesque and so quiet, fitted for faithful study, and +full of healthful influences, physical and moral; fortunate in being +the one ancient and honored as well as honoring college of this +commonwealth; fortunate in enjoying the full sympathy of the people +around and the entire confidence of the Christian community of the +land; fortunate in the great class of young men who seek her +instruction, with their mature characters, simple habits, manly aims, +and resolute purposes; fortunate in a laborious Faculty, whose +well-earned fame from time to time brings honorable and urgent calls +to carry their light to other and wealthier seats of learning; +fortunate in her magnificent roll of alumni, unsurpassed in its +average of good manhood and excellent work, and bright with names of +transcendent lustre. The genius of the place bespeaks our reverence +and awe. For to the mind's eye this sequestered spot is peopled to +overflowing with youthful forms that went forth to all the lands of +the earth to do valiantly in the battle of life. Across this quiet +green there comes moving again invisibly a majestic procession of the +faithful and the strong, laden with labors and with honors. In these +seats there can almost be seen to sit once more a hoary and venerable +array of the great and good whose names are recorded on earth and +whose home is in heaven. And over us there seems to hover to-day a +great cloud of witnesses--spirits of the just made perfect. It is good +to be here. I only pray that the new arm may not prove too weak to +bear the banner in this great procession of the ages." + + + + +CHAPTER XX. + +PROF. JOHN SMITH.--PROF. SYLVANUS RIPLEY.--PROF. BEZALEEL WOODWARD. + + +Having completed our survey of the work of the successive presidents, +the deceased professors now claim our attention. + +The following sketch of the life and labors of Prof. John Smith, is, +in substance, from "Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit." + +"John Smith, son of Joseph and Elisabeth (Palmer) Smith, was born at +Newbury, (Byfield parish,) Mass., December 21, 1752. His mother was a +descendant of the Sawyer family, which came from England to this +country in 1643, and settled in Rowley, where she was born. The son +was fitted for college at Dummer Academy, under the instruction of the +well known 'Master Moody.' He early discovered an uncommon taste for +the study of the languages, insomuch that his instructor predicted, +while he was yet in his preparatory coarse, that he would attain to +eminence in that department. + +"He entered the Junior class in Dartmouth College, in 1771, at the +time of the first Commencement in that institution. He went to Hanover +in company with his preceptor and Governor Wentworth, and so new and +unsettled was a portion of the country through which they passed, that +they were obliged to encamp one night in the woods. Their arrival at +Hanover excited great interest, and was celebrated by the roasting of +an ox whole, at the Governor's expense, on a small cleared spot, near +where the college now stands. + +"He was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1773; and +immediately after, was appointed preceptor of Moor's school at +Hanover. This appointment he accepted; and, while discharging his duty +as a teacher, was also engaged in the study of Theology under the +direction of President Wheelock. In 1774 he was appointed tutor in +the college, and continued in the office until 1778. About this time +he received an invitation to settle in the ministry in West Hartford +Conn., and, in the course of the same year, was elected professor of +Languages in the college where he had been educated. His strong +predilection for classical studies led him to accept the latter +appointment; and until 1787 he joined to the duties of a professor +those of a tutor, receiving for all his services one hundred pounds, +lawful money, annually. His professorship he retained till the close +of his life. He was college librarian for thirty years,--from 1779 to +1809. For two years he delivered lectures on Systematic Theology, in +college, in connection with the public prayers on Saturday evening. He +was a Trustee of the college from 1788 to the time of his death. He +also officiated for many years as stated preacher in the village of +Hanover. In 1803, the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon +him by Brown University. + +"Dr. Smith's abundant and unceasing labors as a professor, a minister, +and an author, proved too much for his constitution, and are supposed +to have hastened him out of life. He died in the exercise of a most +serene and humble faith, on the 30th of April, 1809, in the +fifty-seventh year of his age. His funeral sermon was preached by the +Rev. Dr. Burroughs of Hanover. + +"Dr. Smith was enthusiastically devoted to the study of languages +through life. He prepared a Hebrew Grammar in his Junior year in +college, which is dated May 14, 1772; and a revised preparation is +dated February 11, 1774. About this time he also prepared a Chaldee +Grammar. The original manuscript of these grammars, as also the +greater part of his lectures on Theology, is deposited in the Library +of the Northern Academy of Arts and Sciences at Dartmouth College. As +early as 1779, he prepared a Latin Grammar, which was first published +in 1802, and has gone through three editions. In 1803 he published a +Hebrew Grammar; in 1804, an edition of "Cicero de Oratore," with +notes, and a brief memoir of Cicero, in English; and in 1809, a Greek +Grammar, which was issued about the time of his decease. He published +also a Sermon at the dedication of the meeting house at Hanover, 1796, +and a Sermon at the ordination of T. Eastman, 1801. + +"Prof. Roswell Shurtleff, D.D., says of him: 'Dr. Smith was rather +above the middling stature, straight, and well proportioned. His head +was well formed, though blanched and bald somewhat in advance of his +years. His face, too, as to its lineaments, was very regular and +comely. His eyes were of a light-blue color, and tolerably clear. + +"'As a linguist, he was minutely accurate, and faithful to his pupils, +although I used to doubt whether he was familiar with the classic +writers much beyond the field of his daily instructions. But in his +day, philology, like many other sciences, was comparatively in its +cradle, especially in this country. His reputation in his profession +depended chiefly on the recitations; and there he was perfect to a +proverb. The student never thought of appealing from his decision. + +"'In his disposition he was very kind and obliging, and remarkably +tender of the feelings of his pupils--a civility which was always duly +returned. + +"'In religious sentiment, he was unexceptionably orthodox, though +fearful of Hopkinsianism, which made some noise in the country at that +period. His voice was full and clear, and his articulation very +distinct. His sermons were written out with great accuracy, but were +perhaps deficient in pungency of application. On the whole, he could +hardly be considered a popular preacher. + +"'Professor Smith was a man of uncommon industry. This must be +apparent from what he accomplished. Besides his two recitations daily, +he supplied the college and village with preaching for about twenty +years, and exchanged pulpits but very seldom; and, in the mean time, +was almost constantly engaged in some literary enterprise. I well +remember a conversation with the late President Brown, then a tutor in +college, soon after the professor died,--in which we agreed in the +opinion, that we had known no man of the same natural endowments, who +had been more useful, or who had occupied his talent to better +advantage.'" + +We give the substance of some leading points of a notice of Professor +Smith, in the "Memoirs of Wheelock." + +"In 1809 the college experienced an immense loss, in the death of Dr. +Smith. He had devoted his life chiefly to the study of languages. No +other professor in any college of the continent, had so long sustained +the office of instructor; none had been more happy, useful, or +diligent. Though indefatigable in his studies, he was always social +and pleasant with his friends, entirely free from that reserve and +melancholy, not infrequent with men of letters. At an early age he +obtained the honors of this seminary, and even while a young man was +appointed professor of the Oriental Languages. These were the smallest +moiety of his merit and his fame. Without that intuitive genius, which +catches the relation of things at a glance, by diligence, by laborious +study, by invincible perseverance, which set all difficulties at +defiance, he rose in his professorship with unrivaled lustre. He, like +a marble pillar, supported this seminary of learning. This fact is +worth a thousand volumes of speculation, to prove the happy and noble +fruits of well-directed diligence in study. But the best portrait of +Dr. Smith is drawn by President Wheelock, in his eulogium on his +friend, from which we make the following extract. + +"'Early in life, so soon as his mind was susceptible of rational +improvement, his father entered him at Dummer school, under the +instruction of Mr. Samuel Moody. It is unnecessary to take notice of +the development of his juvenile mind, his attention to literature, and +especially his delight in the study of the ancient, Oriental +Languages. That distinguished master contemplated the height, to which +he would rise in this department; and his remark on him, when leaving +the school to enter this institution, was equal to a volume of eulogy. + +"'His mind was not wholly isolated in one particular branch. +Philosophy, geography, criticism, and other parts of philology, held +respectable rank in his acquirements; but these yielded to a +prevailing bias: the investigations of language unceasingly continued +his favorite object. The knowledge of the Hebrew with his propensity +led him to the study of Theology. He filled the office of tutor in the +college, when an invitation was made to him from Connecticut to settle +in the ministry. + +"'At this period, in the year 1778, the way was open to a +professorship in the learned languages. On him the public eye was +fixed. He undertook the duties, and entered the career of more +splendid services in the republic of letters. His solicitude and +labors were devoted to the institution, during its infantile state +embarrassed by the Revolutionary war. He alleviated the burdens of the +reverend founder of this establishment; and administered comfort and +solace to him in his declining days. + +"'From that period in 1779, Dr. Smith continued indefatigable in +mental applications; faithful in the discharge of official duties; and +active for the interest of the society, through scenes of trouble and +adversity. The board of Trustees elected him a member of their body. +The church at the college, founded by my predecessor, intrusted with +him, as pastor, their spiritual concerns, and were prospered under his +prudent and pious care. God blessed his labors; a golden harvest +reminds us of the last. To the force of his various exertions, under +Divine Providence, justice demands that we ascribe much in the rise +and splendor of this establishment. + +"'While surveying the circle of knowledge, and justly estimating the +relative importance of its different branches, still his eye was more +fixed on classical science; and his attachment seemed to concentrate +the force of genius in developing the nature of language, and the +principles of the learned tongues, on which the modern so much depend +for their perfection. The Latin, the Greek, and the Hebrew, were +almost as familiar to him as his native language. He clearly +comprehended the Samaritan and Chaldaic; and far extended his +researches in the Arabic. + +"'The eminent attainments of Dr. Smith in the knowledge of the +languages are attested by multitudes, scattered in the civilized +world, who enjoyed his instruction. They will be attested, in future +times, by his Latin Grammar, published about seven years ago; and by +his Hebrew Grammar, which has since appeared. In each of these works, +in a masterly manner, he treats of every matter proper for the student +to know. Each subject is displayed, in a new method, with perspicuity, +conciseness, simplicity, and classic taste. His Greek Grammar, we may +suppose, will exhibit the same traits, when it shall meet the public +eye. This last labor he had finished, and committed to the printer a +few months before his decease.[39] + + [39] It was afterward published and much approved. + +"'If we turn to take a moral view of this distinguished votary of +science, new motives will increase our esteem. What shall I say of the +purity of his manners, his integrity and amiable virtues? These are +too strongly impressed on the minds of all, who knew him, to need +description. He was possessed of great modesty, and a degree of +reserve, appearing at times to indicate diffidence, in the view of +those less acquainted. But this, itself, was an effusion of his +goodness, which led to yielding accomodation in matters of minor +concern: yet, however, when the interest of virtue, or society, +required him to act, he formed his own opinion, and proceeded with +unshaken firmness. Those intimately acquainted with him can bear +witness; and it is confirmed by invariable traits in his principles +and practice, during life. + +"'The virtues of Dr. Smith were not compressed within the circle of +human relations, which vanish with time. Contemplating the first +cause, the connections and dependencies in the moral state, his mind +was filled with a sense of interminable duties. He was a disciple of +Jesus. The former president admired and loved him, and taught him +Theology. An amiable spirit actuated his whole life, and added +peculiar splendor to the closing scene. + +"'His intense pursuit of science affected his constitution, and +produced debility, which, more than two years before, began to be +observed by his friends. It gradually increased, but not greatly to +interrupt his applications till six weeks before his death. While I +revive the affliction at his departure, its accompanying circumstances +will assuage our sorrow. The thoughts of his resignation to Divine +Providence, through all the stages of a disease, that rapidly preyed +upon his vitals, his composure, serenity, and Christian confidence, +remain for the consolation of his friends, and instruction of all. + +"'The fame of Dr. Smith does not arise from wealth, nor descent from +titled ancestors. It has no borrowed lustre. He was indebted wholly to +his genius, his labors, and his virtues. His monument will exist in +the hearts of his acquaintance; and in the future respect of those, +who shall derive advantage from his exertions. + +"'In the immense loss, which his dear family sustain, they have saved +a precious legacy; his example, and lessons of social and religious +duties. The church, with mournful regret, will retain the tenderest +affection for their venerable pastor. What shall I say of this seat of +science, now covered with cypress? Those who have trod its hallowed +walks, will never forget his instructions, nor the benevolent +effusions of his heart. Where, in the ranges of cultivated society, is +one to be found, qualified with those rare endowments, which can +supply the chasm made by his death?'" + +We insert in its appropriate place the contract made with Professor +Smith by President Wheelock.[40] + + [40] See Appendix. + +His first wife was Mary, daughter of Rev. Ebenezer Cleaveland, of +Gloucester, Mass., his second wife was Susan, daughter of David Mason, +of Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + +Prof. Sylvanus Ripley, who filled the chair of Divinity from 1782 to +1787, was the son of Jonathan Ripley, and was born at Halifax, Mass., +September 29, 1749. + +In introducing him to the favorable notice of Mr. Wheelock, previous +to the commencement of his religious life, Rev. William Patten says: +"Gracious exercises alone excepted, I know not a more promising young +man." + +Some extracts from President Wheelock's "Narratives," relating to +Prof. Ripley's missionary labors, are worthy of attention. + +"Mr. Sylvanus Ripley, who finished his course of collegiate studies +here last fall, very cheerfully complied with the openings of +Providence, to undertake a mission to the tribes in Canada, and +accordingly prepared for that purpose, and set out with Lieut. Thomas +Taylor, whom he had made choice of for his companion in that tour, as +he had been long a captive with the French and Indians in those parts, +and was well acquainted with the customs of both, and with their +country, and could serve him as an interpreter. He sat out July 17, +well recommended to the Lieut.-governor and Commander-in-chief, and +others of that province, by his Excellency Governor Wentworth, and +others. The special design of his journey was to see what door, or +doors, was, or might be opened for him, or others, to go as +missionaries among them, to open a way for intercourse between them +and this school, and obtain a number of suitable youth, if it may be, +to receive an education here; in the choice of which, he will have +special respect to the children, whose parents were in former wars +captivated by the Indians, and were naturalized, and married among +them." + +"September 26, 1772. A delay of sending the foregoing narrative to the +press, gives an opportunity to oblige my friends with a short account +of the success of Mr. Ripley's mission to Canada. + +"He returned on the 21st instant, with his companion and interpreter, +Lieut. Taylor, and brought with them ten youths, eight belonging to +the tribe at Caughnawaga, near Montreal, and two of the tribe at +Lorette, near Quebec. Soon after his arrival at the former of these +places, he made known to them the errand on which he was sent, and +disclosed the proposal of sending a number of their children to this +school for an education; and left it to their consideration, till he +should go and wait upon the Commander-in-chief of that province at +Quebec. And after he had passed through the small-pox, which he took +by inoculation, as it was judged unsafe for him to travel that country +without it, he went to Quebec. But his Honor the Governor, as well as +other English gentlemen, were apprehensive that the Indians were so +bigoted to the Romish religion, that there was no hope of success, and +advised him not to go on that errand to Lorette: he accordingly +returned without visiting them as he proposed. + +"But on his coming to Caughnawaga he found there two likely young men +of the tribe at Loretto, who set out with a design to go to Sir +William Johnson, with a single view to find a school in which they +might get useful knowledge. They had heard nothing of Mr. Ripley, nor +of any such design as he was upon in their favor, till they came to +Caughnawaga, which is 180 miles on their way to Sir William's, and on +hearing of the proposal Mr. Ripley had made, they waited five weeks at +that place for his return, and on his coming complied with his offer +of taking them into this school with cheerfulness. The same day a +council of the chiefs of that tribe was called to consider of the +proposal of sending their children to this school, which Mr. Ripley +had left to their consideration, in which they were to a man agreed in +the affirmative, and acknowledged with gratitude the benevolence and +kindness of the offer. They continued united and firm to the last in +that determination against the most warm and zealous remonstrances of +their priest, both in public and private; in consequence of which +determination, nine of their boys were made ready to accompany Mr. +Ripley hither; three of which were children or descendants from +captives, who had been captivated when they were young, and lived with +them till they were naturalized and married among them." + +A later "Narrative" says: + +"The beginning of May [1773], the Rev. Mr. Ripley and Mr. Dean sat out +on a mission to visit the Indians at Penobscott, and on the Bay of +Fundy, as they should find encouragement, agreeable to representations +heretofore made of a door open for service among them." + +They had a good measure of success, in some respects, in this mission. + +The following tribute to Professor Ripley is from the "Memoirs of +Wheelock." + +"In the winter of 1786-7, the college experienced the loss of an +eminent instructor, the Rev. Sylvanus Ripley. He was suddenly called +from his labors, in the vigor of life and the midst of extensive +usefulness. + +"After taking his degree in 1771, in the first class which received +the honors of the college, he continued with Mr. Wheelock as a tutor +in the college. In 1775, he was appointed master of Moor's Charity +School, and in 1779, upon the decease of Dr. Wheelock, he succeeded +him in the pastoral care of the church in the college, and soon after +was elected professor of Divinity. Professor Ripley was a learned man, +an orthodox divine, an evangelical and popular preacher. His eloquence +had nothing artificial or studied. His sermons were seldom written; +his manner was pleasing and winning, his words flowed as promptly and +readily in the pulpit as in the social circle." + +Professor Ripley died at Hanover, February 5, 1787, of injuries +received in a fall from his carriage, while returning from a religious +service in a distant part of the town. + +His wife was Abigail, daughter of Pres. Eleazar Wheelock. + + * * * * * + +Bezaleel Woodward, the first professor of mathematics in the college, +was the son of Israel and Mary (Sims) Woodward, and a descendant of +Henry Woodward of Dorchester, Mass., 1638, and Northampton, Mass., +1639, where he was one of the "seven pillars" of the church formed +there in 1661. He was born at Lebanon, Conn., July 16, 1745, and +graduated at Yale College in 1764. + +In 1767, Mr. Wheelock refers to him as an associate teacher, and "a +dear youth, willing to do anything in his power" to aid him. The +school is said to have been put on a college basis, in the matter of +study, in 1768, with Mr. Woodward as tutor. + +The following letter addressed to President Wheelock illustrates the +versatile nature of his talents: + +"Lebanon Sep^r 6^th 1770. + +"Rev^d & hon^d Sir, + +"Bingham arrived home well last week, and proposes to set out with two +teams about the 18^th Ins^t. We have all of us been endeavouring to +expedite the removal ever since he came home--but I fear Madam will +not be able to set out so soon. She with Miss Nabby propose to ride in +the Post Chaise as soon as they can possibly be ready. Hutchinson is +to drive it for them. The Scholars will likely the most of them foot +it when Bingham goes. Abraham & Daniel seem to resent it that they in +particular should be sat to drive the Cows the Doctor mentioned in +his to me & the English Scholars be excused from it. I have not +procured Cows as yet--we have all been doing & shall do every thing in +our power. Madam is so weak that a little croud overcomes her, that +she has her poor turns very often; tho' on the whole I hope she is on +the mending hand. I fear the fatigue of preparing & the journey will +be too much for her--be sure unless she takes both very leisurely--but +God is able to support her. By the tenor of the Doctor's Letters I +apprehend he has forgot my proposed Journey to the eastward, which I +would neglect, and with vigor pursue the grand object, the removal; +for I see need enough that every one who is able to do any thing +towards preparing should be doubly active now. I see eno' & more than +eno' that is important and necessary to be done, & I never had a +greater disposition to exert myself in getting things forward--but I +have had such a croud of affairs on my mind, & still have, & must have +so long as I continue here, that my health is so much impaired, my +constitution become so brittle, & my nerves so weak, that I am +rendered entirely unfit for application to any business at present; & +therefore that I may be fit for some kind of business the ensuing +winter I am advised and think it highly expedient & neccessary that I +take my Journey soon (before I am rendered unable to do it)--and +Providence seems to point out my duty to set out to-morrow, tho' it is +with the greatest reluctance that I do it, on acco^t of the need of +help here, but I am unfit to do anything to purpose if I stay. M^r +MacCluer will do all in his power, tho' he is obliged (agreeable to +the Doctor's directions) to attend Co[=m]encement next week to collect +Subscriptions--he'll do all he can before he goes, & after he +returns--what _is_ done _must_ be done in a hurry and confusion, & +what _cannot_ be done _must remain undone_. We have been examining the +Scholars this week (& find they make a pretty good appearance) besides +which we have done all we could that I might leave affairs in the best +manner. My present proposal is to go to Boston & settle +affairs--thence to Salem & visit dear Doctor Whitaker--thence perhaps +to Portsmouth--then either return & accompany Madam & Family to Cohos +(which I think of doing if I can get back in season)--or go directly +from Portsmouth to Cohos--in either case I hope to be with the Doctor +within a month. I want much--I long to see you. I want to do more, +much more than I am able, to assist in removing--but the wise Governor +of the Universe seems to forbid my doing much. I desire to commit the +conduct of affairs to him. I shall endeavour as far as I am able to +comply with all the D^r desires in his letters--shall carry the letter +to M^r Whitefield to Boston myself. I shall write to M^r Keen a +general Sketch of affairs. I hope to be able when I see the D^r & the +Trustees meet to be able to determine what to do the ensuing winter. +This Parish have M^r Potter to preach next Sabbath & expect M^r Austin +after that. M^r Austin is now asleep in your house. I expect M^r +Wheelock will be at home the last of next week or beginning of week +after. Mary & Cloe I expect will ride up in the Carts. Porter, Judson +& Collins are to set out next Monday (at their desire) that they may +assist in making preparation. School must (I think) unavoidably break +up till they remove. Scholars have been much engaged in study +(especially in the Art of Speaking) since the Doctor went away. If +Scholars are engaged Instructors must be so too--and if Instructors +are diligent and faithful, Scholars will make improvement. We cannot +learn that the duty on tea is taken off; and I expect difficulty in +disposing of Bills; but shall do the best I can. I have tho'ts of +carrying a Set to Boston. Is it not best to desire Miss Zurviah +[Sprague] not to engage herself in business 'till the Doctor's mind +can be known respecting her going to Cohos--I know not where one can +be had to supply her place (omnibus consideratio)--will the D^r write +his mind respecting it in his next? I have many things to say; but it +is now between 1 & 2 o'Clock in y^e morning, and I find nature flags. +I could get no other time to write. I have neither time nor strength +to copy, therefore hope the D^r will excuse the scrawl from him who is +with much duty & esteem Rev^d & hon^d Sir, + + "Your obedient and humble Serv^t. + "Beza Woodward. + +"N. B. Family are all asleep. Please give love to Ripley &c. &c. + +The "Memoirs of Wheelock" contain the following paragraph relating to +Professor Woodward: + +"At the anniversary commencement of 1804, the Honorable Bezaleel +Woodward, professor of Mathematics and Philosophy, departed this life. +He had fulfilled the duties of a professor and Tutor from the +foundation of the college. His profound knowledge of the abstruse and +useful science of Mathematics, the facility of his instructions in +natural and experimental Philosophy and Ethics, his condescending and +amiable manners, will be long and gratefully remembered by those who +have received the benefit of his instructions." + +The "Monthly Anthology and Massachusetts Magazine" for September, +1804, has the following notice of Professor Woodward: + +"Died at Hanover, New Hampshire, August 25, Hon. Bezaleel Woodward, +Professor of Mathematics and Philosophy in Dartmouth College. +Professor Woodward was born at Lebanon, in the State of Connecticut. +In the twentieth year of his age he graduated at Yale College, 1764. +After a few years successfully employed in the ministry, he was +elected a tutor in this university. Here he soon displayed such +talents and improvements, such readiness of thought and ease of +communication, that he was appointed to the office of professor in +Mathematics and Philosophy. The dignity with which he discharged the +duties of his station is witnessed by all who have shared in his +instruction. In the civil department, and as a member of society, he +was no less eminent than as an instructor in college. We might also +add his usefulness in the church of Christ at this place, of which he +was long a worthy member, and high in the esteem and affections of his +Christian brethren. + +"His remains were interred on Tuesday, the 28th. The Rev. Doctor Smith +delivered upon the occasion a well-adapted discourse. The officers, +Trustees, and members of the college joined as mourners with the +afflicted family, and the solemnities were attended by a very numerous +collection of friends and acquaintance. + +"The alumni of Dartmouth will join with its present officers and +members in deploring the loss of a faithful and able instructor. +Those who visited him in his late illness have had a specimen of +decaying greatness, alleviated by an approving conscience, and +sustained by resignation and hope. The friends of science will lament +the departure of one of its enlightened patrons. Society sympathizes +with the bereaved family, retaining a lively sense of his public and +domestic virtues; and a numerous acquaintance will mingle their grief +in bemoaning the loss of a sincere friend, a valuable citizen, and an +exemplary Christian." + +The records of the public life of Professor Woodward are thoroughly +interwoven with the history of northern New England. Few pioneers in +the valley of the upper Connecticut did more to promote the general +welfare of the community. + +His wife was Mary, daughter of Pres. Eleazar Wheelock. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI. + +PROF. JOHN HUBBARD.--PROF. ROSWELL SHURTLEFF. + + +Prof. John Hubbard succeeded Professor Woodward. We quote from a +published eulogy by Rev. Elijah Parish, D.D., his college classmate. + +"The Hon. John Hubbard, the son of John and Hannah (Johnson) Hubbard, +late Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in this +university, was born in Townsend, Mass., August 8, 1759. Dark and +dismal was the dawn of that life, which has been so fair and luminous. +Five months before his birth his father died, and this, in his last +moments, when his children stood weeping round his dying bed, he made +use of as an argument of consolation to them, entreating them not to +weep, for God had taken care of him when a fatherless infant. During +his minority most of his time was employed in the labors of +agriculture. At the age of twenty-one he commenced his studies, and +the next year became a member of this institution. In the second year +of his residence at college, when many were awakened to a religious +sense of divine things, our friend was one of the happy number. His +subsequent life and death have proved that his conversion was not +imaginary. While this increases our loss, it is the best reason for +consolation. + +"In his college life Mr. Hubbard was a youthful cedar of Lebanon. He +gave visible tokens of his approaching eminence. So tenacious was his +memory, that his progress in the languages was remarkably rapid. While +he lived, the Greek and Roman writers were his amusement; and with a +taste refined, he was charmed with their classic beauties; his memory +was stored with numerous favorite passages. + +"On leaving college, his love of study, his delight in religious +inquiries, his devout regard for the best interests of man, led him to +the study of theology. Becoming a preacher of the gospel, his voice, +naturally small and feeble, was found to be ill adapted to such an +employment. After a fair experiment his good sense forbade him to +persevere. The transition was easy to his 'delightful task to teach +the young idea how to shoot,' and form the minds of youth to science +and virtue. Of the academy in New Ipswich he was elected preceptor. +Under his able instruction that seminary rose to distinction, and +became a favorite of the public. Some who were his pupils are already +eminent in the walks of literature. + +"After several years, quitting this situation, he was appointed Judge +of Probate for the County of Cheshire. This office was peculiarly +adapted to that gentle and tender philanthropy for which he was +remarkable. It was luxury to him to comfort the widow and the +fatherless. The blended resolution and exquisite sensibilities of his +heart qualified him, in a singular manner, impartially to weigh the +claims of justice and compassion. But this situation was not congenial +with his love of study, and his delight in the instruction of youth, +which was so pleasant, that he declared he would make it the business +of his life. Accordingly he accepted the invitation of Deerfield +Academy, Massachusetts, where for several years he continued with +great reputation. After the death of Professor Woodward, who had, from +its origin, been an able instructor in this university, he was elected +his successor in the Professorship of Mathematics and Philosophy. So +high was his reputation, that a successor of common attainments could +not have satisfied the raised expectations of the public. To supply +the place of such a man was the arduous task assigned to Mr. Hubbard. +His success equaled the fond hopes of his friends. Here you rejoiced +in his light; here he spent his last and his best days; here he had +full scope for the various, the versatile powers of his vigorous mind. +His amiable virtues, his profound learning, you cheerfully +acknowledged. + +"He had a happy facility in illustrating the practical advantages of +every science. He not only explained its principles, but traced its +relation to other branches of knowledge. Not satisfied by merely +ascertaining facts, he explored the cause, the means, the ultimate +design of their existence. + +"Though he has been my intimate friend from cheerful youth, yet +neither inspired by his genius, nor enriched with his attainments, it +is not possible I should do justice to his merits. His person, +muscular and vigorous, indicated the energy of his mind. Every feature +of his face expressed the mildness of his spirit; never did I witness +in him the appearance of anger. Without that undescribable +configuration which constitutes beauty, his countenance was pleasing +and commanded respect. Without formality or art, his manners were +refined and delicate; his address was conciliatory and winning. By his +social and compliant temper he was calculated for general society. +Though instructed 'in the learning of Egypt,' and the civilized world, +he was too discreet and benevolent to humble others by his superior +lustre. His light was mild and clear, like that of the setting sun. He +had no ambition to shine, or to court applause. More disposed to make +others pleased with themselves than to excite their admiration, it is +not strange that he was universally beloved. His heart was impressed +with an exquisite sense of moral obligations. In every passing event, +in every work of nature, the formation of a lake, a river, a cataract, +a mountain, he saw God. When as a philosopher, surrounded with the +apparatus of science, extending his researches to the phenomena of the +universe, amazed at the minuteness of some objects, astonished at the +magnitude and magnificence of others, his mind was transported; when +he explored the heavens, and saw worlds balancing worlds, and other +suns enlightening other systems, his senses were ravished with the +wisdom, the power, the goodness of the Almighty Architect. On these +subjects he often declaimed, with the learning of an astronomer, the +simplicity of an apostle, the eloquence of a prophet. He illustrated +the moral and religious improvement of the sciences; the views of his +students were enlarged; the sciences became brilliant stars to +irradiate the hemisphere of Christianity. The perfect agreement +between sound learning and true religion was a favorite theme of his +heart. This remark is confirmed by his conversation, his letters, his +lectures. + +"In theology his researches were not those of a polemic divine, but of +a Christian, concerned for his own salvation and the salvation of +others." + +Professor Hubbard published several works, one of them being entitled +"Rudiments of Geography." He died at Hanover, August 14, 1810. + +His wife was Rebecca, daughter of Dr. John Preston, of New Ipswich. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Roswell Shurtleff was elected the second professor of Divinity in +the college. We give some of the more important points in a published +"Discourse," by Professor Long: + +"Roswell Shurtleff, the son of William and Hannah (Cady) Shurtleff, +was born at Ellington, then East Windsor, Ct., August 29, 1773. He was +the youngest of nine children, two of whom died before he was born. +From his earliest years he was fond of reading, and at school he was +called a good scholar. His religious training was carefully attended +to, and to this, and the Christian example which accompanied it, he +ascribed his conversion, and the views he subsequently embraced of the +Christian doctrines. + +"When he was seven or eight years old he had many serious thoughts of +God and duty. The requirement that he should give up all for God, as +he understood it, filled him with gloom. + +"During several of the subsequent years, the subject of religion dwelt +on his mind, and he was occasionally deeply impressed. One of the +difficult things was to comprehend the notion of faith. The promise +was: 'He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved.' He believed, +as he supposed, and he had been baptized, but he could not feel that +he was safe. Must he believe that he, personally, should be saved? But +what if he mistook his own character, and believed what was false; +would his opinion of his safety _make_ him safe. He was ashamed to be +known as a religious inquirer, and, therefore, remained longer in +darkness. Finding that he had been observed by his father to have +become a more diligent student of the Scriptures, he left the practice +of reading them before the family. Sometimes, assuming a false +appearance of indifference, he carried his difficulties to his mother, +who was able to furnish a satisfactory solution. She seems to have +been a person of unusual intelligence as well as goodness. Her memory +was ever cherished by him with the most grateful affection, as it +regarded his own spiritual progress. He believed that he suffered +unspeakable loss from the concealment of his early feelings on the +subject of religion, and did not doubt that many failed of conversion +from this foolish reserve. It was not till a number of years after +this that his religious life commenced. + +"The only school which young Shurtleff had the opportunity of +attending, before his eighteenth or nineteenth year, was the common +school of the district. He made good proficiency, but nothing worthy +of note occurred in relation to his studies till he was about fifteen +years of age. He then began to think, as he says. Before that time, he +had repeated by rote whatever he had been taught. The first impulse to +reflection was a new discovery. He had been taught from childhood that +accent is a stress of voice laid on some syllable or letter of a word. +But this definition had not been illustrated by an example, and the +classification of words by their accent, in the spelling-book, he had +never understood. The definition had been to him an unmeaning +collection of words. He now discovered what it meant. This was in +itself a trifling event, but it led to the further discovery that +other things, which he had been accustomed, parrot-like, to repeat +_memoriter_, had a meaning; that the meaning of things was that which +the student should be set to learn, and that his own education had, in +this view, been greatly neglected. He says that a new world seemed to +be opened to his view; that nothing now appeared so important as an +opportunity to reflect on what he had learned, and that he was greatly +displeased with the instructors by whom he had been so badly cheated. +He resolved that, if ever he should be a teacher, he would propose it +to himself, as his leading object, to make his pupils understand +whatever they should study. This resolution he afterward had the +opportunity of carrying into effect in five or six winter schools; and +his attempt was attended with gratifying success. + +"It was the opinion of Dr. Shurtleff, grounded on his own experience +as learner and teacher, that too much importance is attached to the +books used in schools; that the end to be reached is too generally +regarded as the learning of the book rather than the mastery of the +subject, and that books are too often prepared mainly with a view to +abridge the labor of the teacher. He believed that, while the pupil +might, through the text-book, possess himself of the knowledge of +others, he was in danger of acquiring little which could be called his +own. + +"In consequence of using his eyes too soon, after his recovery from +the measles, when he was about seventeen years old, Shurtleff was +almost wholly cut off from the reading of books for two years, and he +never afterward perfectly recovered from the injury resulting from +this imprudence. He made some proficiency, however, by listening to +the reading of others. About two years after this affliction he +entered the academy at Chesterfield, N. H., whither his father's +family had removed a few years before. He attended first to English +studies. The weakness of his eyes continued, and he was considerably +embarrassed for a time from the necessity of using the eyes of his +friends. At length he commenced the study of Latin, going through +Ross' Grammar, the only one then in use, in just two weeks, and then +beginning to construe and parse in Corderius. + +"He met, at the academy, one who had been his school-fellow and +playmate, and with whom he was intimately associated from that time +till the end of his college course,--the late Hon. Levi Jackson, who +died at Chesterfield in 1821. They got out their lessons together, +taking turns in looking out new words; and afterward, at college, +where they were classmates and room-mates, continued the practice. Dr. +Shurtleff felt under great obligations to this friend and helper, and +said that 'few friendships among men had been more ardent, confiding +and permanent.' + +"Shurtleff had supposed, at first, that the Greek language was beyond +his reach, on account of his infirmity of sight. But some improvement +having taken place, he ventured to commence the study. He went through +the Westminster Greek Grammar, the book then in use, in one week, and +began to read the Gospel of John. Having completed the New Testament, +and read several books of Homer's Iliad, he was reputed in the school +as tolerably versed in Greek. He and Jackson studied from the love of +study, and did not think of college till a year before they applied +for admission, at Commencement, in 1797, and entered the Junior class +in this institution. + +"The round of college duties presents few marked events. Time has left +no record of most of the occurrences which diversified and enlivened +the period from 1797 to 1799. How the two friends studied, and read, +and discussed, and recreated together, has been lost, just as the +facts of our daily life will be lost sixty years hence. They made +constant and good progress. They were about equally good scholars, +neither of them being a dead weight upon the other. Each was happy in +the other's proficiency. The amount of learning requisite for a degree +was less then than now. Sciences have been introduced into the course +which were then in their infancy. But it may be doubted whether the +students of our day have the advantage over those of an earlier +period, in respect to thoroughness as well as extent of attainment. +They read fewer books, in the first years of the college, but they +thought the more. They were as well disciplined and able, and as +competent to handle a difficult subject, I imagine, as our students, +if they were not as well informed. We know from the esteem in which +Shurtleff was held by the Trustees and Faculty, as it appeared not +long after his graduation, that he was one of the best scholars of his +time. + +"Peculiar interest attaches to the religious experience of Shurtleff +during his college course. + +"He had performed some of the duties of a Christian before he supposed +himself to possess the Christian character. The first school he taught +he opened daily with prayer, persevering in the practice as a +conscientious duty, in spite of many misgivings and much timidity. And +this he did in every school he afterward taught. He kept up the habit +of secret prayer, at the same time, asking more earnestly than for +anything else, that his weak eyes might be cured, and that he might +have the means of intellectual improvement. + +"He seems to have supposed that during his senior winter vacation he +became a true Christian. + +"Soon after his return to college, he intimated a desire to a +classmate, who, as he supposed, was the only professor of religion in +the class, to join with others in a private meeting for religious +conference and prayer. He had never attended, or even heard of such a +meeting. After a little delay he was surprised to learn from his +friend that such a meeting as he had proposed had been held for years, +and that he was desired to attend. On the Saturday evening following, +he and five or six other persons assembled, and by the free +interchange of thought and feeling, and the apparently humble prayers +that were offered, he felt himself greatly refreshed and quickened. On +leaving college he regretted the loss of nothing more than of these +Saturday evening conference meetings. + +"The time had now come for choosing a profession. His success in +teaching led him to seek for a situation in an academy; but no opening +of this kind presented itself, and he believed himself thus +providentially called to preach the gospel. There were at the time no +theological seminaries; the students of the distinguished clergymen +who gave instruction in theology were supposed to represent the views +of their teacher; and that he might not be thought to go forth as the +advocate of some exceptionable _ism_, Mr. Shurtleff chose to study +theology by himself. Having pursued this course one year, he was +appointed a tutor in the college, and at the same time was licensed to +preach. The pressure of a considerable debt hastened the period of +obtaining license, but we may be certain, from the opportunities +subsequently enjoyed, and from the character of the man, that any +deficiency he may have felt at first, from hasty preparation, was +abundantly supplied. + +"Mr. Shurtleff continued in the tutorship from 1800 to 1804, and was +also engaged, for the greater part of the time, in preaching in vacant +parishes. + +"After the close of the four years' tutorship, Mr. Shurtleff was +appointed a professor of Divinity in the college. It was a part of his +duty to preach to the students and the people of the village. The +church was at that time Presbyterian. The predecessor of Professor +Shurtleff--Professor Sylvanus Ripley--had been the pastor of this +church. Since his death, in 1787, Dr. John Smith, professor of +Languages, previously associate pastor with Professor Ripley, had been +the sole pastor of the church. Dr. Backus, of Conn., Dr. Worcester, of +Salem, and Dr. Alexander, of Princeton, had been appointed at +different times to the vacant professorship, but all had declined, in +consequence, as it was supposed, of the influence of Dr. John +Wheelock, the second president of the college. Professor Shurtleff +accepted the office, expecting that the same causes which had kept it +so long vacant would render it an uncomfortable post. The difficulties +which he feared, he was called to encounter. The president wished him +to become the colleague of Professor Smith in the pastoral office, but +he refused,--agreeing in his decision with the views of the largest +part of the church and of the village. In consequence of this +disagreement, a controversy ensued which lasted several years, and +ended in the law-suit between the college and the State, in 1816-17. +In July, 1805, twenty-two persons, professors of religion, were +constituted 'The Congregational Church at Dartmouth College.' To this +church, and the religious society of which it was a part, Professor +Shurtleff was invited to preach, performing pastoral labors so far as +his other duties would permit. Professor Smith was, meanwhile, the +pastor of the Presbyterian church till the time of his death, in +April, 1809. Professor Shurtleff was ordained as an evangelist, at +Lyme, N. H., in 1810. He continued in this relation until the year +1827. + +"The literary labors of his office would have been quite sufficient to +occupy all his time. In addition to these, an amount of work nearly +equal to that of any pastor of a church was imposed on him--fully +equal, perhaps, we shall say, if we consider the character of the +congregation to whom he ministered. He was faithful and assiduous, +both as a preacher and a pastor. But he performed the many duties of +his station with acceptance and success. And he had the satisfaction +of seeing that his efforts were crowned with the special blessing of +God. In 1805 God displayed his saving power among the students and +people of the village. As many as forty persons became Christians +during the revival. But the most extensive and powerful work of grace, +probably, which the church ever enjoyed was that of 1815. The revival +began in the hearts of God's people. Some of the pious students +resolved that they would every day talk with some unconverted person +respecting the interests of his soul. The effect of this soon appeared +in a general religious awakening. In one week forty persons expressed +hope in Christ, and in four weeks as many as one hundred and twenty +persons were supposed to be converted. There were also revivals in +1819, 1821, and 1826,--that of 1821 being the most extensive, and +embracing among the converts a greater number of citizens than of +students. Public religious meetings were less numerous during the +revivals than in most of those of a later period. It was before the +day of protracted meetings. Perhaps there was less reliance then on +means, and more on the Spirit of God. It was not thought necessary +that business should be suspended, and every day converted into a +Sabbath. But such means as the state of feeling seemed to require were +faithfully used. Professor Shurtleff was never happier than when +engaged in conversation with inquirers, or in conducting meetings for +conference and prayer. The informality and freedom of these meetings +made them attractive. They were probably quite as useful as the more +regular ministrations of the pulpit. The speaker can say that he never +visited a more solemn place than the old district school-house--which +stood where the brick school-house now stands--often was, on a Sunday +evening during the progress of a conference meeting. A distinguished +professor of a neighboring college, who was here in 1815, says that +'The evidence of an increasing seriousness among the students at +large, in that revival, was first shown, so far as I can recollect, by +the more crowded attendance at these meetings.' Not that the more +formal services of the Sabbath were not also impressive and +profitable. The same gentleman says of the preaching of Professor +Shurtleff at this time: 'The general impression made on me by several +of his sermons I remember to the present day. I liked to hear him +preach, even before I took any especial interest in religion as a +personal concern. His sermon on the text, "The harvest is past, the +summer is ended," etc., produced a deep effect at the time of its +delivery which was not soon forgotten. I remember the stillness and +solemnity of the audience. This sermon must have been delivered some +little time before the revival.' The same gentleman further states, +that 'During the whole of this revival, and the gathering in of the +fruits of it into the church, Professor Shurtleff was the leading +instrument of the work, so far as human agency was concerned. He went +into it with his whole heart. I have seen him and his excellent wife +almost overpowered with joy when told of a new case of conversion +among the students. He did a great deal--all that one man could do, as +it seemed to me--to promote the good work by his own personal +efforts.' It is in the power of the speaker to give similar testimony +respecting the revival of 1821. + +"When Professor Shurtleff entered upon the duties of his +professorship, and for many years afterward, he met with much +opposition. But his position was constantly growing stronger, both as +it respects the sympathy of his Christian brethren and the clergy, and +his popularity as an instructor. I have not been able to learn that +there was a whisper of discontent with his instructions during the +whole of the period from 1804 to 1827. The testimony of one of the +best students of the Class of 1816 is, that 'As an instructor, +particularly in Moral Philosophy, he was much thought of; and we were +careful never to miss one of his recitations on this subject. His way +of putting questions, and answering such as were proposed to himself, +showed great judgment and shrewdness.' Quite a number of persons in +the classes for seven or eight years following the time here referred +to, were pre-eminent as scholars and as men. May not the fact be partly +accounted for by the impulse and guidance of the mind of this +instructor? He constituted a large portion of the faculty from 1815 to +1819, there being at that time only two professors,--Professor Adams +and Professor Shurtleff. The graduates of the college who had been his +pupils were never backward in acknowledging their obligations to him. + +"In 1810, Professor Shurtleff was united in marriage with Miss Anna +Pope, only daughter of Rev. Joseph Pope of Spencer, Mass. Of her he +said, 'She was truly an helpmeet--one who did me good and not evil all +the days of her life.' By her vivacity and cheerfulness she was +eminently fitted to comfort him in his hours of suffering and +depression. But it pleased God to take her from him in March, 1826, +after having enjoyed with her, during sixteen years, a degree of +domestic happiness which rarely falls to the lot of man. He also lost +two children, sons, in 1820, after a brief illness. Respecting the +oldest, he had already begun to indulge very pleasing anticipations, +although he was less than five years old at the time of his decease. +Little did the speaker then know, when helping to carry to the grave +the remains of these children, who, if they had survived, would now +have been men of mature age, what hopes he was assisting to bury! But +who knows the future? It was better they should die, than that they +should live to dishonor him and themselves. The husband and father +mourned incessantly, though not without resignation, for these +bereavements, till the time of his own death. + +"In 1825, Professor Shurtleff was in very feeble health, from the +spring till Commencement. The Trustees adjourned at that time to +reassemble in November, supposing it might be necessary then to +appoint another professor of Divinity. But by the blessing of God on +medical advice and careful nursing, he was able to resume instruction +before the meeting of the Trustees. + +"In January, 1827, Professor Shurtleff was transferred from the +professorship of Divinity to one newly established, of Moral +Philosophy and Political Economy, which he filled till the year 1838, +when, by his own resignation, his active labors in the college ceased. +It was understood, when this appointment was made, that Professor +Shurtleff should instruct in all the Senior classes, and should also +hear the recitations of other classes in particular branches. During +the last half of this period, he preached in vacant neighboring +parishes. No particular account of the literary labors of these years +can be required. Any one of them may be regarded as a fair sample of +the rest. A member of the class of 1828 can testify that that class +greatly enjoyed his instructions. We never heard the summons to the +recitation-room without pleasure. We were always interested and +excited, always profited. The questions were put by the professor in +the plainest Saxon. They were well adapted to develop the knowledge or +the ignorance of the student, as the case might be, but not to give +him undue assistance. If there was anything in the text-book which was +obscure, the questions made it plain. A clearly wrong opinion advanced +by an author was briefly, yet thoroughly, exposed. His own opinions +were lucidly stated and sustained, and for the time being, at least, +we seldom saw reason to differ from him. The recitation was enlivened +with anecdote, illustration, and wit, and never dragged heavily. If +our objections were sometimes curtly silenced, it was so effectually +and handsomely done that we bore it with perfect good-nature. He ever +lent a willing ear to our real difficulties, and assisted in their +removal. Together with unusual freedom in the mode of conducting the +recitations, there was good order and earnest attention to the subject +in hand. He knew how to control us, while he had with us all the +sympathy of a young man and an equal. I think it was the opinion of +the class that Professor Shurtleff, in his ripe manhood, had few +equals as an instructor. + +"At the time of his retirement, in 1838, Dr. Shurtleff had been in the +service of the college thirty-eight years. After what manner he has +lived among us since that time, most of this audience know. He has not +been noticeably active in the affairs of the village, but when you +have met him in private intercourse, you have known that he retained +the fine social qualities--the love of story-telling, and the keen, +yet harmless wit--for which he was always remarkable. Those whose +memory goes back thirty years, must have noticed, I think, that he +became more uniformly serene and cheerful in the latter part of his +life. The old graduates of the college who revisited the place know +how cordially he received them, and with what hearty zest he recalled +with them the scenes of their college days. He continued to be deeply +interested in the prosperity of the college, and he was the means of +eliciting in its behalf the interest and the benevolence of his +friends. He continued the habit, commenced at an early period, of +assisting students who were in needy circumstances. These were +objects of benevolence toward which he was naturally drawn. In his +feelings he never grew old, but carried forward the vivacity of youth +into old age; and always enjoyed the society of the young. He loved to +have young men about him; and he has thus, by his unobtrusive +charities and counsels, and his interesting and instructive +conversation, been a benefactor to a large number of students. The +spiritual welfare of the college was near his heart. He had passed +through many revivals of religion, and he longed for the return of +such seasons. He devoutly observed the days set apart for prayer for +colleges, and, as you remember, often urged the students, assembled on +those occasions, to give their hearts to God. + +"When he left his post as an instructor he was sixty-five years old. +After this he had more than twenty-two years of leisure, during which +he retained, in a remarkable degree, the vigor of his intellectual +powers. But he had good and sufficient reasons, as he judged, for his +resignation; and no new and suitable field of labor presenting itself +to a man who wanted but a few years of threescore and ten, he could +enjoy the offered leisure with a good conscience, occupying it with +such pursuits as his taste suggested. Even at the time when his labors +were the most multiplied, and the church and the college were +successively engaged in bitter controversy, he had but little to do +with administrative and practical matters. Even then a life of +reflection appeared to be more attractive than a life of action. And +when his public duties were ended, he naturally chose such a life. He +was still intellectually active. He could not let his faculties sink +into sluggish repose if he would. His temperament would not suffer it. +If he was not a hard student, he was, what he had always been, a +thinking man to the last." + +In a published notice of Professor Shurtleff, by Professor (now +President) Brown, we find the following language: + +"The life of Dr. Shurtleff extended over the largest and most +important part of that of the institution itself. For nearly twenty +years he was college preacher, and at the same time pastor of the +church on Hanover Plain,--during which period more than two hundred +persons connected themselves with the church, a large proportion of +them by original profession. In the contest of the college with the +State, he and the late venerable Professor Adams, with the president, +constituted the permanent Faculty for instruction and government. Upon +the issues then presented he exerted a full measure of influence, +though it was comparatively quiet and private. + +"As a professor, Dr. Shurtleff had some remarkable qualities. He +possessed a mind of extraordinary subtleness and acuteness, ever +alert, active and ingenious. Whatever he saw, he saw distinctly, and +was able, with equal clearness, to express to another. If a student +were really perplexed, he knew how to relieve him by a pertinent +example or illustration, but it was generally done by a question or a +suggestion which demanded the activity of the student's own mind, and +disciplined while it, helped him. If a pupil, on the other hand, were +captious, or conceited, he was apt to find himself, before he +suspected it, inextricably entangled in a web of contradictions, where +he was sometimes left till he came to a sense of his weakness, or till +he was dismissed with the benign declaration that 'he might sit.' + +"Dr. Shurtleff's wit was sharp and pungent, and on any occasion which +involved the exercise of it he was quite equal to his part. He +sometimes engaged in controversy, and versed as he was in all logical +art, those who encountered him once were seldom anxious to provoke a +second contest. His opinions, both religious and philosophical, were +early settled and firmly held. He was in nothing given to change; his +friends were generally the friends of his life, and those who were +familiar with his habits of thought could easily tell where, upon any +given question, he would probably be found. + +"His interest in young men was a noticeable trait in Dr. Shurtleff's +character, while preacher to the college; the effect of his private +conversations and friendly advice was almost equal to that of his +public ministrations. His quiet study was often the scene of meetings +for prayer or religious conversation from which were carried away +influences for good, never to be forgotten, and for which many were +grateful to their dying day. + +"The efforts of deserving young men to obtain a liberal education +always excited his sympathy, and there has seldom been a time for many +years when some such one has not been a member of his own family, +aided and encouraged by his kindness. The number thus assisted no one +can now tell, nor probably could he himself. It was greater than most +persons would think possible. + +"The last twenty years of his life Dr. Shurtleff spent in dignified +retirement, in the enjoyment of a competency, and in full exercise of +his faculties. He especially enjoyed the visits of former pupils, no +one of whom seemed to be lost from his retentive memory, and the +annual commencements were always exhilarating reunions to him. His +conversation, at such times especially, abounded in anecdote and +reminiscences of earlier days, and his cheerfulness survived to the +end. He has seldom, of late years, taken part in any public service, +the last time he did so being at the meeting of the alumni of +Dartmouth in 1859, to initiate measures for properly noticing the +death of Mr. Choate." + +A volume would be required to set forth adequately the value of the +public services of this distinguished educator, who acted a most +important part in strengthening the foundations and adorning the +superstructure of a leading literary institution. Professor Shurtleff +died at Hanover, February 4, 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII. + +PROFESSOR EBENEZER ADAMS.--PROFESSOR ZEPHANIAH S. MOORE.--PROFESSOR +CHARLES B. HADDOCK. + + +Professor Ebenezer Adams succeeded Professor Hubbard. From a reliable +source we have received, in substance, the following statements: + +"Ebenezer Adams, the son of Ephraim and Rebecca (Locke) Adams, was +born at New Ipswich, N. H., October 2, 1765. His father was a farmer +in moderate circumstances, and having a large family of children, +nineteen in all, he could not give them many educational advantages, +but they shared in such as were commonly enjoyed in those days. The +subject of this sketch, however, earnestly desired something more; he +had set his heart upon obtaining a higher education, and ultimately +succeeded in doing so. After becoming nearly or quite of age, he +commenced preparation for Dartmouth College, which he entered in 1787, +graduating with honor in 1791, and in the following year he became +preceptor of Leicester Academy, where he remained fourteen years, +laboring faithfully and very successfully in the instruction of those +under his care. While there he married, in 1795, Miss Alice Frink, of +Rutland, Mass., who died early, leaving five young children. In 1806 +he removed to Portland, where he engaged as teacher in the academy, +and it was while residing there that he came under the pastoral care +of Rev. Dr. Payson, and in a time of general revival he was deeply +interested in religious truth and became a subject of renewing grace. +He publicly professed his faith in Christ and united with Dr. Payson's +church. While there he formed a second marriage with Miss Beulah +Minot, of Concord, Mass., who became the mother of his two youngest +children, and the subsequent year he taught in Phillips Academy, +Exeter, but he did not long remain there. + +"In 1809, he was called to Dartmouth College, where for one year he +was Professor of Languages, and was then transferred to the +professorship of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Astronomy, which +he held until the appointment of a successor, in 1833. As a teacher he +was faithful, patient, laborious, earnestly desiring the best good of +his pupils, whose affection he often succeeded in gaining, their +esteem always. Possessed of much intellectual force, of sound and +varied attainments in learning, which he had the happy faculty of +imparting to others clearly and distinctly, he was thus eminently +fitted for the position of instructor, so many years occupied by him. +He was truly devoted to the interests of the college, and ever ready +to make efforts and sacrifices for it, and in those dark days, when +its fate hung in suspense, he was deeply anxious, and had no small +share in aiding and sustaining it through the struggle. During +President Brown's illness, and after his death, for more than two +years in all, he filled the office of president in addition to his +own, thus having a great increase of care and responsibility, and the +same thing occurred on other occasions, when the college was +temporarily without a head. He did not enjoy the situation, for while +he truly delighted in teaching, he found the enforcement of discipline +very irksome; still he was faithful and energetic in it when it became +his duty. + +"He was interested in every good cause, philanthropic and religious, +especially in the Bible Society, of which he was for many years the +presiding officer in New Hampshire; in the Colonization Society, which +he then thought the only possible agency for removing the curse of +Slavery; in Foreign Missions and in Temperance, of which he was an +earnest and able advocate. In this connection it should be mentioned +that he was Trustee and Treasurer of Kimball Union Academy, at +Meriden, almost from its first commencement until nearly the close of +his life, and in the success end prosperity of that institution he +always felt a deep interest, and labored to promote its welfare. + +"After his resignation in 1833, he devoted much of his leisure to +objects of public interest, to the affairs of the town and village, in +which several important trusts were committed to him, and of the +church, in which for years he had worthily filled the office of +deacon. In these he was actively and usefully employed, even to the +last, and thus, in the unfailing resource of reading and study which +he enjoyed, in the society of attached friends, and of the dear family +circle, those closing years of his life passed away cheerfully, +happily, leaving blessed memories behind them. He was quite active in +his habits and usually of firm and vigorous health. It almost seemed +as if he had been stricken down in his full strength, so sudden and +short was his last illness. A heart-disease, of which he had suffered +some symptoms a few months before, attacked him with great violence, +and after ten days of intense suffering and distress, during which he +manifested a true submission to God's will, and a calm reliance in +Christ, his atoning Saviour, he 'fell asleep in Jesus,' August 15, +1841. + +"The college, the church, the village, mourned his departure, but +nowhere was it so deeply felt as in the home which had so long been +blest with his presence and affection. For in all family relations he +was most truly kind and affectionate, in social life, genial and +friendly, especially, even to the last, delighting in little children, +and in the society of the young, generous and public-spirited, of +spotless integrity in business affairs, faithful, earnest and skillful +as a teacher, in all his ways a sincere and humble follower of the +Lord Jesus." + +His associate, Professor Stowe, says: + +"Professor Adams was one of the stoutest of that noble band of men who +upheld Dartmouth College in the great crisis through which it passed, +and thus established, not only the principles on which that venerable +and most useful institution maintained its existence, but gave the +foundation for permanency to all other educational institutions in our +country, for it was the decision of the Supreme Court of the United +States, in the Dartmouth College case, that became the _magna charta_ +of all our colleges. + +"Sailors speak of 'men who in a storm can ascend to the mast-head, and +hold on with their eyelids' while they use both hands to adjust the +rigging. Such were the men who saved Dartmouth College during that +great conflict. + +"A little girl once said that if God really did make the whole +universe in six days, she should like to know what he stood on while +he was making it. + +"Such a question has often occurred to me in thinking of that period +in the history of Dartmouth College. What had the champions of the +college to stand on? But they did stand, and did their work +completely, and for all time. + +"Professor Adams had just the qualities for such an emergency. His was +the sturdy self-reliance, the unshrinking courage, the indomitable +perseverance, and the unwavering faith in God, which holds what it has +and carries what it holds. His was not the coward's courage, which +consists in the denying of the danger, but the courage of the brave +man, which sees the danger and faces it." + +A pupil says: + +"Professor Adams was 'a manly man,' well-proportioned, +broad-shouldered, with a commanding presence and amiable countenance. +He was bold, earnest, energetic, persevering; artless, and honest as +the day. He said exactly what he meant. His mental vision was clear, +strong, and accurate. Imagination was never active; oratory was not +his forte. Demonstrative evidence suited him best. In his religious +character he was conscientious, devout, and reverent, never excited +nor sentimental." + + * * * * * + +In "Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit" we find this account of +Prof. Zephaniah Swift Moore. "He was the son of Judah and Mary (Swift) +Moore, and was born at Palmer, Mass., November 20, 1770. His parents +were in the middle walks of life, and were much esteemed for their +integrity and piety. When he was seven or eight years old, he removed +with his father's family to Wilmington, Vt., where he worked upon a +farm till he was about eighteen. From his early childhood he evinced +great inquisitiveness of mind, and an uncommon thirst for knowledge; +in consequence of which, his parents consented to aid him in acquiring +a collegiate education. Having prosecuted his preparatory studies at +an academy in Bennington, Vt., he entered Dartmouth College, when he +was in his nineteenth year. He graduated in 1793, and delivered on +the occasion a philosophical oration on the 'causes and general +phenomena of earthquakes,' which was received with marked approbation. + +"On leaving college, he took charge of an academy at Londonderry, N. +H., where he gained the reputation of an able and faithful teacher. +Having occupied this post for a year, he repaired to Somers, Conn., +and commenced the study of Theology under the direction of the Rev. +Dr. Charles Backus; and, having gone through the usual course of +preparation for the ministry, was licensed to preach by a committee of +the Association of Tolland County, February 3, 1796. After preaching +to good acceptance in various places, and receiving several +invitations to a permanent settlement in the ministry, he finally +accepted a call from the Congregational church and congregation in +Leicester, Mass. Here his labors proved alike acceptable and useful. +Very considerable additions were made to the church, and the spirit +and power of religion became increasingly visible under his +ministrations. During a part of the time that he resided at Leicester, +he joined to his duties as a minister those of principal of the +Leicester Academy; and here, also, he acquitted himself with much +honor. + +"In October, 1811, he accepted the chair of professor of Languages in +Dartmouth College. Here he was greatly respected as a man, a teacher, +and a preacher; and if his attainments in his department were not of +the very highest order, they were at least such as to secure both his +respectability and usefulness. + +"In 1815, he was elected to the presidency of Williams College, then +vacant by the resignation of Dr. Fitch. He accepted the appointment, +and was regularly inducted into office at the annual Commencement in +September of that year. Shortly after his removal to Williamstown, +Dartmouth College, which he had just left, conferred upon him the +degree of Doctor of Divinity. He adorned this new station, as he had +done those which he had previously occupied. His connection with the +college was attended by some circumstances of peculiar embarrassment, +in consequence of an effort on the part of the Trustees to remove the +college to Northampton or some other town in Hampshire County. The +measure failed in consequence of the refusal of the Legislature to +sanction it. Dr. Moore, however, decidedly favored it from the +beginning, but in a manner that reflected not in the least upon his +Christian integrity and honor. + +"In the spring of 1821, the collegiate institution at Amherst, Mass., +having been founded, he was invited to become its President, and was +inaugurated as such in September following. The institution, then in +its infancy, and contending with a powerful public opinion, and even +with the Legislature itself, for its very existence, put in +requisition all his energies; and the ultimate success of the +enterprise was no doubt to be referred, in no small degree, to his +discreet, earnest, and untiring efforts. In addition to his +appropriate duties as president and as chairman of the Board of +Trustees, he heard the recitations of the Senior class, and part of +the recitations of the Sophomore class, besides taking occasional +agencies with a view to increase the funds of the institution. His +constitution, naturally strong, was over-taxed by the efforts which he +felt himself called to make, and had begun perceptibly to yield, +before the last violent attack of disease which terminated his life. + +"On Wednesday, the 25th of June, 1823, he was seized with a bilious +colic, which reached a fatal termination on the Monday following. +During the brief period of his illness, the greatest anxiety prevailed +in the college, and unceasing prayer was offered in his behalf. His +own mind was perfectly tranquil, and he anticipated the closing scene +and passed through it without a word or look that told of +apprehension. In the very moment of breathing out his spirit, he +uttered in a whisper,--'God is my hope, my shield, my exceeding great +reward.' The funeral solemnities were attended on the Wednesday +following, and an appropriate sermon was delivered on the occasion by +the Rev. Dr. Snell, of North Brookfield. + +"Dr. Moore lived to celebrate the first anniversary of the +institution, and to see more than eighty of its students professedly +religious, and preparing for extensive usefulness among their fellow +men. + +"Shortly after his settlement at Leicester, he was married to Phebe, +daughter of Thomas Drury, of Ward, now Auburn, Mass., who survived +him. They had no children. + +"Dr. Moore published an Oration at Worcester on the 5th of July, 1802; +Massachusetts Election Sermon, 1818; an Address to the public in +respect to Amherst College, 1823; a Sermon at the ordination of Dorus +Clark, Blandford, 1823." + + +FROM THE REV. EMERSON DAVIS, D.D. + + "Westfield, Mass., November 16, 1849. + +"Dear Sir: You have requested me to give you my impressions and +recollections of President Moore. They are all exceedingly pleasant, +and yet I must say he was a man of such equanimity of temper and +uniformity of life, that I am unable to single out one act or saying +of his that produced a deeper impression than others. + +"My first introduction to him was in the spring of 1818, when I was +ushered into his study with a letter of recommendation for admission +to Williams College. It was to me a fearful moment, but the cordial +manner in which I was received, and his kind inquiries after his +friend who had furnished me with a letter, made me at once easy in his +presence. I found that he had the heart of a man, and through an +acquaintance of several years, to the time of his death, he manifested +the same kindness and cordiality that he did the first time I saw him. + +"He was a man of medium stature, rather corpulent, his complexion +sallow, the top of his head nearly bald, there being a slight +sprinkling of hair between the forehead and crown. His voice, though +not loud, was clear and pleasant, and in animated conversation and in +the pulpit pitched upon the tenor key. + +"He was dignified in his appearance, serious in his aspect, +instructive and agreeable in his conversation, kind and benevolent in +his feelings, modest and unassuming in his manners, deliberate and +cautious in coming to a conclusion, but firm and determined when his +position was taken. If a student had at any time spoken against him, +he would have been regarded as a rebel against law and order. In +managing cases of discipline, he was calm and entirely self-possessed. + +In preaching, he had very little action; and yet there was an +impressiveness in his manner that fixed the attention of his hearers. +In the more animated parts of his discourse, his utterance became +more rapid, and the sound of his voice shrill and tremulous, showing +that he felt deeply the force of the sentiments he uttered. In his +religious views, I know not that he differed from the great mass of +the orthodox clergy of New England, of his day. + +"Such are my recollections of President Moore. + + "Yours truly, + "Emerson Davis." + +The following tribute to one of Dartmouth's most eminent and honored +teachers is from a "Discourse" by Professor (now President) Brown. + +"Charles Bricket Haddock was born in that part of Salisbury, N. H., +which is now Franklin, June 20, 1796. His mother was Abigail Webster, +an older sister of Ezekiel and Daniel Webster. She had two children, +Charles and William. She was a person of uncommon excellence and +loveliness, a favorite with her brothers, who always spoke of her with +great affection. She was a religious woman, and on her death-bed +manifested great solicitude for her sons, especially dedicating the +oldest, Charles, to the Christian ministry. This expression of feeling +was almost the only recollection which Mr. Haddock had of his mother. + +"The place of his birth was retired, but full of rural beauty; the +rushing Merrimac-making sweet music of a summer evening, the broad +intervals basking in the summer sun, the granite mountains 'dumbly +keeping watch all round,' from whose summits, looking almost to the +White Hills on one side, and almost to the sea on the other, you would +behold a landscape picturesque and lovely beyond the power of +description. The quiet scenes of his youth, the simple pleasures, and +the common amusements of village life, varied with few excitements, +could not have been without their effect upon the mind of a sensitive +boy. To what age he was left to these alone, I do not know. + +"He fitted for college mainly at the academy in Salisbury, and entered +in 1812. Nature had done more for him than his instructors, and he +very soon took the position, which he ever maintained, as intellectual +leader in a class, which, though small, numbered among its members +several young men of distinguished ability. In that little community +he was at once the best scholar and the most popular man. 'In looks,' +writes one of his class-mates,[41] 'Haddock was decidedly the most +striking man in the class. He was tall and well-proportioned. He had +an intellectual cast of features, a well-chiseled profile,--and +altogether you might pronounce him a man intended for a scholar, and +destined, if he lived, to make his mark in the world. I, who entered +college a mere boy, singled him out the first day. He was always an +industrious student. He never failed of a recitation, so far as I can +remember, and he never failed to be prepared for it.' + + [41] Professor Torrey, of Burlington. + +"Adding thus to the distinction of attainment and scholarship so much +beauty of person, so much modesty, gentleness, and propriety of +demeanor, it was natural that he should be regarded as a model young +man, nor was there wanting that profounder moral element, without +which no character can be complete. + +"The year 1815 was memorable in the religious history of the college. +The period immediately preceding had been marked by unusual religious +depression. In some classes only one person, and but a few in any of +them, made profession of a serious religious purpose. Of this small +number, there were some, however, whose feelings were deep, and whose +lives were exemplary. To them,--not more, perhaps, than eight or ten +in all,--was due, under the Divine favor, the moral regeneration of +the college. First among those who, in that 'Great awakening,' avowed +his purpose of a new life, was Mr. Haddock, then in the summer of his +Junior year. The avowal was open, unreserved, and decisive, and, it is +almost unnecessary to add, produced a strong sensation. From that time +no one in college exerted a more positive influence in favor of +personal religion, and not a few traced their own most serious +thoughts to his example and to his faithfulness. + +"This change in his feelings naturally determined his course in life, +and immediately after taking his first degree he entered the seminary +at Andover as a student in Theology. Here he pursued the profound and +difficult studies of his profession with a more than ordinary breadth +of scholarship, mingling classical and literary studies with those of +theology, but entering with zeal and a chastened enthusiasm into all +the duties and requirements of the place. + +"He remained at Andover about two years, when, on account of a +threatened pulmonary complaint, he made a journey to the South, going +as far as Savannah, and spending the winter in various parts of the +Southern States. Having performed a considerable part of the tour on +horseback, he returned, in 1819, invigorated in health, and with a +mind enlarged and liberalized by what were then quite unusual +opportunities of observation and society, and was at once appointed to +the newly established chair of Rhetoric, at the early age of +twenty-three years. The college had but just gained the victory in its +desperate struggle for existence. It was poor, but hopeful, and it +moved forward with a policy of enlargement, determined to keep pace +with all advancing learning and culture. + +"Before that time, the duties of the new department had been +distributed among all the college officers, and necessarily must have +lacked something in fullness and method. No other New England college, +except Harvard and Yale, then possessed such an officer, and the first +appointment to the post in New Haven bears date but two years +earlier." + +"As an instructor, Professor Haddock was one of the best I ever knew. +I never knew a better. It is with unfeigned gratitude that I remember +my obligations to him, and I know I speak for thousands. As a critic, +he was discriminating and quietly suggestive, guided by a taste that +was nearly immaculate. His scholarship was unobtrusive, and his manner +without ostentation. He made no pretense of knowledge, but it was +always sufficient, always fresh, always sound. The range of his +thought was broad. His mind was versatile and active. You could hardly +find a subject with which he was not somewhat familiar, or in which he +would not readily become interested. His opinions were never +fantastic, nor exaggerated, nor disproportioned. He was not, perhaps, +so exacting nor so stimulating a teacher as some, but he was careful, +clear, distinct, and encouraging. He saw the difficulty in the mind +of the pupil, if there was one, adapted himself with admirable +facility to his wants, and by a lucid statement, a test question, or a +distinct suggestion, would often free a subject from its obscurity, so +that the way would all be in clear sunlight. He felt that, in +education, the best results are not produced violently, but by +influences quiet and protracted, gradually, but potently, moulding the +affections and the life, 'finely touching the spirit to fine issues.'" + +"In 1846, Professor Haddock published a volume of 'Addresses and +Miscellaneous Writings,' gathered from reviews, and from his speeches +before the New Hampshire Legislature, and on various public occasions. +These are marked by the peculiar completeness and finish which +characterized all his productions. There is in them no superfluous +word, no affectation, no straining after effect, but much that is wise +and everything that is tasteful. Yet, interesting as they are, I +hardly feel as if they give an adequate expression of his rich and +varied abilities. His more recent writings,--notes of foreign travels, +lectures, and discourses,--he had begun to prepare for the press, when +he was so suddenly taken from us, and I am glad to hope that some of +them may yet see the light. + +"For many years Professor Haddock acted as secretary of the New +Hampshire Education Society. In discharge of the duties of this +office, sometimes little more than a sinecure, he made it an object to +bring before the society, in his annual reports, subjects of permanent +interest. In looking them over, I perceive such topics as these: +'Objections to Charitable Education,' 'The Standard of Education for +the Pulpit,' 'The Influence of Educated Mind,' 'Personal +Qualifications for the Pulpit,' 'Manual Labor Institutions,' 'The +Clergy the Natural Advisers of Young Men,' 'Personal Piety in +Candidates for the Christian Ministry,' 'Wisdom in Clergymen,' 'The +Eloquence of the Pulpit as affected by Ministerial Character.' These +addresses, somewhat brief, never impassioned, are full of excellent +suggestions, both to the laity and the clergy. They abound in +practical wisdom, and any one may read them with profit. + +"In all his writings his style was unambitious, unaffected, chaste, +pure, and transparent as crystal. It was true to his subject and +himself. If not fervid and vehement, it was because of his moderation +and self-restraint; if not pungent and dogmatic, it was marked by +sustained earnestness and finished beauty. If he had not predominantly +that power which is called by the older rhetoricians amplification, he +eminently had another, as rarely met with in perfection, the power of +exact, unincumbered, logical statement. There was sometimes in him a +reticence as admirable as it was unique. You wondered why he did not +say more, and yet if he had, it would only have injured the effect. +The word exactly fitted the sentiment. The idea was insphered in the +expression. There was no excess or extravagance in anything he did or +said. His thoughts glided softly and sweetly from his pen, as a +rivulet from a silver fountain. + +"I have sometimes thought that Professor Haddock's intellectual powers +were nowhere displayed to more advantage than in the mingled grave and +gay, learned and mirthful intercourse of social life. The very tones +of his voice, sympathetic and attractive, the absence of dogmatism, or +superciliousness, or self-assertion,--the mingled deference and +independence, the clear and sustained thought, the ready insight, the +quick apprehension of proprieties, the intelligent, dexterous, but +never caustic reply, the sure appreciation of the feelings of others, +and the power of making them, even the lowliest, feel that what they +said was listened to with interest,--the sense of the droll and +ludicrous, the responsive laughter, not boisterous, but hearty, +bringing tears into the eyes,--all gave a peculiar charm to this form +of intercourse. It was a ministry of beneficence, diffusing kindness, +intelligence, and gentleness, enlivening many a dull hour, filling +many a vacant mind, and inspiring many a worthy purpose. + +"'Great openness and candor, good sense, the reading of a scholar, the +originality of a man who sometimes thought for himself, aspirations +after excellence much higher than those of many others,--all these +traits came out in his familiar talks, in which he rather unbent than +exerted himself; at the same time he was as gentle and attentive a +listener as a man could wish, a truly sociable being, with whom you +could talk all day, and then all night, and never feel weary.'[42] + + [42] Professor Torrey. + +"In 1850, he received from Mr. Fillmore the appointment of _Charge +d'Affaires_ at the court of Portugal, and in the spring of 1851 sailed +for Lisbon, by way of England. I have the best means of knowing that, +while at Lisbon, his intercourse and influence with the Court, and +with the representatives of all the great powers, was most acceptable +and most salutary. His residence in Portugal was in many ways +delightful. The delicious climate, the cultivated and refined society +of the diplomatic circle, temporary rest from labor, and change of +scene and occupations, were all sources of pleasure. Yet here he was +touched by one of his deepest sorrows, for at Lisbon, November, 1851, +'by the side of Philip Doddridge, in the English cemetery,' he buried +his youngest son, a beautiful boy of eleven years. + +"He returned from Portugal early in 1856, after an absence of nearly +four years; and, having previously terminated his connection with the +college, spent the remainder of his life at West Lebanon." + +Prof. N. S. Folsom says: + +"Professor Haddock was the 'orator suavi loquenti ore,' and he was +much more than this. Both by precept and example he raised the +standard of speaking and writing among the students, and stimulated +them to the pursuit of a manly eloquence. There also prevailed a very +general conviction of his sincerity and moral earnestness, and of his +interest in our successful career in life. The themes he gave led us +to discriminate both intellectually and morally, and if he thought the +theme worthily treated, a kind note in the margin of the sheet was +sure to tell us so. The spirit in which he met the class was that of +the closing paragraph in his Phi Beta Kappa Oration of 1825: 'Young +men of my country, God has given you a noble theatre, and called you +into life at the most interesting of all times. Forget not that you +are descendants of men who solemnly dedicated themselves and their +posterity through all coming time to the cause of free and enlightened +reason--unrestricted divine reason--the portion inscribed on our +hearts of the universal law, 'whose seat is the bosom of God, her +voice the harmony of the world.' Occasionally he preached in the +Hanover village church, where the students attended. He never had so +much as a scrap of any notes before him; and this was his habit also +at White River, where he steadily officiated. I need not add that the +students always were greatly delighted when they had the privilege to +hear him. Every discourse was as complete as though it had been +carefully written and committed to memory; but evidently his was no +_memoriter_ preaching. One sermon I particularly remember, delivered +early in March, 1826, from the words, 'If this counsel or this work be +of men it will come to nought, but if it be of God ye cannot overthrow +it; lest haply ye be found fighting against God.' (Acts v. 38, 39.) No +discourse I had ever heard in my whole life before surpassed this in +eloquence and weight of sentiment; none even from Dr. Tyler was more +magnetic, more persuasive to right action on the part of an already +awakened conscience, or put the soul more directly in an attitude in +which it would be naturally drawn towards what is true and best. My +recollection of the feeling of the students toward him is, that he +was, on the whole, not inferior in popularity with them to any other +member of the Faculty. There is no man I could name so absolutely +faultless, as he seemed to us young men of that period. I am not sure +that his prestige and charm were not increased by the faultlessness of +his dress, and by the manifestations of the becoming in personal +appearance,--a well-known trait of his great kinsman, Daniel Webster, +whom he not distantly resembled also in features, port, and step, and +in distinct, measured utterance. Not that he in the least consciously +imitated him, but there was the natural growth into the likeness of +the object of his admiration; and there was, as in Mr. Webster, +absolutely no affectation, nor sign of overmuch thought about raiment, +nor vestige of anything like conscious, personal display." + +A later pupil says: + +"As a teacher Professor Haddock was remarkable for his dignity and +refinement. His presence among young men was always sufficient to +maintain perfect order and decorum. The true gentleman beamed forth +from every feature and spoke in every tone of his voice. With apparent +ease, he chained the attention of the most thoughtless to the most +abstruse and uninviting topics. The deep things of Logic and +Psychology he handled so adroitly, and presented so tastefully, as to +give them a charm, indeed, a fascination. + +"In the recitation room his words were few, but his statements were so +clear and so elegantly expressed, that what the student had been able +to learn only partially or obscurely from the book was now fully +comprehended and securely treasured by the memory. The students were +never willingly absent, for it was always a delight to listen to his +instructions, and a failure to be present was counted an irreparable +loss, inasmuch as the teacher always seemed greater than the +text-book. + +"It is hardly necessary to say that the influence of such a man was an +important factor in the last two years of our college life. His noble +bearing, his handsome face, his impressive manner, his uniform +kindness and courtesy, and, especially, his manifest appreciation of +young men who were struggling against heavy obstacles in their course +of study, will never be forgotten by those who were so fortunate as to +be under his tuition. Nor can it be doubted that the power of his +refined intellect and taste has been felt in many places where his +name has never been heard." + +Professor Haddock married, first, Susan Saunders, daughter of Richard +Lang, of Hanover; second, Mrs. Caroline (Kimball) Young, daughter of +Richard Kimball, of Lebanon, N. H. He died at West Lebanon, N. H., +January 15, 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + +PROFESSOR WILLIAM CHAMBERLAIN.--PROFESSOR DANIEL OLIVER.--PROFESSOR +JAMES FREEMAN DANA. + + +William Chamberlain, the successor of Professor Moore in the chair of +Languages, was the son of General William and Jane (Eastman) +Chamberlain, and was born at Peacham, Vt., May 24, 1797. From a +reliable source we have the following account of him: + +Perhaps there is on record no more worthy and comprehensive testimony +to his character and his work than the few lines which the late +President Lord furnished for the inscription on his tombstone. They +read: + +"William Chamberlain, Jr., A. M., Professor of Languages in Dartmouth +College. A man of strong intellect, distinguished literary +attainments, and moral worth. + +"He added respectability to the institution, by prudence, efficiency, +and a well-earned reputation; and contributed largely to promote its +interests. By disinterested and unwearied labors, with fidelity in all +his relations, beloved and honored, he filled up the measure of a +short but useful life, and died with humble confidence in the Divine +mercy, through the atonement of Jesus Christ, July 11, 1830, aged 33." + +He gave to the college for ten years the unremitting labor of his +life, and we may say his life itself. To his abundant and complete +work as a teacher he added the labor of overseeing the material +affairs of the college,--a labor devolved upon him, perhaps, on +account of his superior executive ability. + +Thus he superintended the building of Thornton and Wentworth Halls, +and employed his vacations, and particularly the long winter +vacation, in travelling over what was then the wilderness of northern +New Hampshire and Vermont, in care of the wild lands belonging to the +college. Stricken with pneumonia on one of these journeys,--he would +not wait for a complete convalescence before returning to duty,--his +malady assumed the chronic form, and terminated his life in about six +months after its first invasion. + +The influences of his early life were such as may well have conduced +to a broad and strong character. + +His mother belonged to a family long identified with the early history +of southern New Hampshire. + +His father, General William Chamberlain, after serving in the armies +of the Revolution, became a pioneer settler of northern Vermont, where +he acquired a handsome estate and a prominent public position. He +became Lieutenant Governor of the State, and represented it in +Congress for several terms. Among his public services may be mentioned +his care for the Caledonia County Grammar School, where his sons were +fitted for college. This school was at that time taught by Ezra +Carter, a man greatly respected for his attainments and dignity of +character. + +Thus the future professor grew up amid the versatile life of the +frontier, surrounded by the contests and traditions of public service. + +Distinguished for scholarship in college, a bold but prudent leader +among his classmates in their conflicts with the University,[43] +immediately after graduation he became the preceptor of Moors Charity +School, and a year later entered, as a student of law, the office of +Daniel Webster in Boston. Thence, in his twenty-fourth year he was +recalled to the college as professor of Languages, and in the ordinary +and extraordinary service of the institution he was intensely occupied +for the remainder of his short life. + + [43] The Rev. Daniel Lancaster, of the Class of 1821, supplies the + following recollections of the assault upon the college + libraries, made by a band of towns-people, under the guidance + of Professors Carter and Dean of the University. They had + forced the doors only to find that the books had already been + removed, and themselves thus inclosed, the prisoners of the + college students, led, among others, by senior Chamberlain. + Mr. Lancaster continues: "Having stationed three or four of + his classmates at the door of the library to prevent ingress + or egress, he ascended a few steps on the flight of steps + leading to the next floor, and called the excited throng to + order. He then spoke in substance as follows: 'Fellow + students, we are in the midst of a desperate emergency. The + door of our library has been demolished. The vandals have + entered and taken possession, but we have met the enemy. They + are our prisoners and the library is safe. I have come from + the president, who wishes me to say to you that he is + confident you will conduct yourselves as gentlemen--using no + violence or insult--in all the arrangements to be adopted, + until order and quiet are restored.' + + "He then proceeded to marshal them in two files, beginning at + the door of the library, and extending down stairs to the + lower floor, through which files the University professors + were conducted, each under escort of three students, to + their homes." + + General H. K. Oliver, of Massachusetts, a member of the then + Senior class, gives substantially the same account. He adds: + + "Having released the roughs on condition of good behavior, + we exacted a promise of the learned professors of Mathematics + and Dead Languages, 'that they would do so no more.' + Classmates Fox, Shirley, and I then escorted Professor Carter + home. Dean was escorted by Crosby (Hon. Nathan Crosby) and + others. He (Carter) was very polite to us, invited us in, and + treated us with wine and cake." + +A life so brief and active leaves behind it little but its example. +Yet I shall venture to extract a few paragraphs from an address +delivered by him on the 4th of July, 1826, the end of the first half +century of our national life. + +Remembering that they were written at a period before the great +problems which have since controlled our history were recognized or +appreciated among the people at large, they will be found to indicate +a moral tone and a political prescience quite remarkable in a young +man of twenty-eight years. + +... "I have already alluded to it as the first of the appropriate +duties of this day, to turn to Heaven in the exercise of devout +gratitude, and render thanksgiving and praise to Him who was the God +of our fathers in the day of their trial; who gave to them and has +continued to us a fairer portion than was ever allotted to any other +people. Is there one in this consecrated temple of the Almighty who +would not join in the offering? I know it is unusual to dwell long +upon such considerations at a time like this, but surely, if there +ever were a call for a nation's gratitude to God, and ever a proper +occasion for expressing it, we are the people in whose hearts that +emotion should be deep and permanent, and this is a time to give it +utterance."... + +"We must do all in our power to promote liberal feelings among the +several communities and sections of our federal republic, so as to +preserve inviolate the Union of the States. Were this Union now in +danger, it would call forth a more authoritative voice than mine; yet +it may be in danger before the close of another half century. I will +only speak my own conviction, that the States cannot be separated +without the destruction of the country. They lie together on the bosom +of this vast continent, a protection and an ornament, each to the +other, and all to each, like the gems on the breast-plate of the +Jewish Hierarch, indicative of the union of the Tribes, mutually +lending and receiving lustre."... + +"We must root out from among ourselves the institution of domestic +slavery, or, before the close of another half century, we may have to +abide the consequences of a servile war. In effecting this +all-important object, we must indeed proceed gradually, temperately, +in the observance of all good faith and good feeling toward the people +of that portion of our Union on which the curse was entailed by the +colonial policy of the mother country. + +"It is a work which demands the full concurrence of all the States, +and, sooner or later, it must be accomplished. Common sense will not +cease to upbraid us with inconsistency, humanity will not be +satisfied, nor Heaven fully propitiated, while we hold up boastfully +in one hand this declaration, affirming that "all men are created +equal," and grasp with the other the manacles and the scourge. + +"Whatever may have been inferred by reason from a difference of +physical attributes, and whatever may have been forced by criticism +out of the word of God, the traffic in human flesh is _contraband_ by +the law of Nature written in our hearts, and _forbidden_ by the whole +tenor and spirit of the religion revealed in the Gospel. + +"Even in the darker and imperfect dispensation of the ancient Jews, +every fiftieth year, at least, brought freedom to _all_ the +inhabitants of the land. It is almost needless to say, that, if he who +first procured the slave and brought him hither had no right to do so, +then neither could he who bought him acquire a rightful ownership. +There is no _property_ to a private man in the life or the natural +faculties of another; no right can accrue by purchase, or vest by +possession, and no inheritance on either side descend. A title, which +by its very nature was void from the beginning, can never be made +good; a dominion which Heaven never gave, must be perpetuated, if at +all, by means which it will never sanction."... + +Surely, the trumpet of this youth gave no "uncertain sound." + + "One blast upon that bugle horn. + Were worth ten thousand men." + +To the recognition of such qualities it was due, probably, that in +1829 he was called to New York city to assume the editorship of a +journal ("Journal of Commerce") founded by an association of +gentlemen, and which afterwards exerted great influence upon public +opinion. He declined the offer, unwilling to leave his Alma Mater at a +critical epoch in her history. He stayed by her to die in her service. + +His widow, Mrs. Sarah L. (Gilman) Chamberlain, daughter of Dr. Joseph +Gilman, of Wells, Me., and niece of Mrs. President Brown, survived him +twenty years, residing at Hanover. The memory of her moral, +intellectual, and social worth is warmly cherished by all who knew +her. + +Mr. Lancaster adds: "Professor Chamberlain was tall, erect, square +built, well-proportioned, and of graceful mien and bearing,--such a +man as the eye could rest upon with pleasure. His voice was clear, +sonorous, yet smooth and agreeable." + +Professor Folsom says: + +"Professor Chamberlain, the youngest member of the Faculty, who was +only twenty-three years old when, in 1820, he entered on his +professorship of the Latin and Greek Languages and Literature, and +only thirty-three when he died, was much admired and loved and +reverenced by many of us. To myself, whenever I think of Dartmouth, +his image invariably appears, and he stands out among the objects +presenting themselves second only to that of Dr. Tyler, as the latter +appeared when at his best and noblest in the pulpit. It was indeed in +that same pulpit, and before I came under his instruction, that I +first heard him, when he delivered an oration on the Fourth of July +in the year 1826. It was to a crowded audience, filling the floor and +the galleries. I doubt whether there is one survivor of that number, +whether student or townsman, from whose recollection can have faded +away the image of the orator, his form and attitude, his voice and +action, and some of his thrilling words, especially when he described +the nation holding in one hand the Declaration of Independence which +proclaims human equality, and with the other grasping the manacles and +scourge to torture millions of human beings bought and sold, and +compelled to labor in slavery. + +Professor Chamberlain took charge of the Class of 1828 in Latin and +Greek when they entered on their Junior year. As soon as our class met +him in the east recitation-room--he being seated at a small table on +his left, and the class in lines of a half-parallelogram extending on +the right and in front of him--we felt that we had come under a noble +teacher. Some of us who loved the languages that he taught, and also +had become acquainted with the best of the upper classes, carried with +us none other than very high anticipations of a most profitable and +pleasant term of study. And so it proved. How he used to electrify us +at times by repeating something that had just been recited, as at the +close of the Agricola of Tacitus, his strongly marked face all lighted +up, new significance and something like inspiration being given us, +when with his deliberate, distinct, emphatic, rhythmical, rich +utterance, flowed out that prophetic sentence in the world's +literature, 'Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, quidquid mirati sumus, +manet mansurumque in animis hominum, in aeternitate temporum, in fama +rerum!' + +"I remember that while my class were in the Oedipus Tyrannus of +Sophocles and the Medea of Euripides, I was suffering from weak eyes, +and went to the recitation-room with no other preparation than that of +hearing each lesson twice read to me by two different students, who +did me the kindness to perform that service. But with Professor +Chamberlain's luminous explanation and comment, no Greek of my whole +college course more deeply interested and helped me. + +"He heard the rehearsal of my Commencement oration, and some of his +words on that occasion I have not ceased to remember with gratitude. +Nor was I the only one who received from him words of encouragement +that proved of most valuable service in our subsequent career. Still +it was the _moral_ element that constituted his highest power of +influencing young men, and was his distinguishing personality. May I +say, for one, that in this moral and spiritual personality he has +again and again come to me since his departure, and been a present +helper toward whatever of good I have attained in life. + +"A single anecdote will serve to illustrate the _love_ with which his +pupils cherish his memory. I cannot but think that every survivor of +my class must have some recollection of the fact, and share all my +feelings in regard to it. He had been occasionally late at recitation, +and the class, to give him a lesson of promptness, one morning having +assembled as usual after service in chapel, and waited some four +minutes past the hour, carried the vote to go to our rooms; and so, +the professor just turning the corner, and hastening up the slope, and +his approach being announced by some on the lookout, we dashed out, +through the rear doors, or up the stairways, and not a solitary member +of the class remained in the room. The next morning he was already +there when we reached the place, made no remark on the occurrence of +the previous day, and none of us could discern in him the faintest +trace of displeasure. When, two years after we graduated, I heard of +his death, I remembered a slight, hacking cough which he had, and that +slightly bent, spare, though large and tall frame, and always placid +face, and realized for the first time that what we imputed to him as a +fault was the hindrance of disease, and possibly of sleepless nights; +and I would have given a world for an opportunity to ask his +forgiveness."[44] + + [44] The writer did not know until a few years ago that he was + related, though somewhat distantly, to the wife of Professor + Chamberlain. He was personally acquainted with her from his + Sophomore year. He then boarded and roomed at Mrs. President + Brown's (Mrs. C.'s aunt). Her paternal great-grandfather, + Rev. Nicholas Gilman, of Durham, N. H., and the writer's + paternal great-grandfather (as well as maternal + great-great-grandfather), Dr. Josiah Gilman, of Exeter, + N. H., were brothers. He has felt, ever since he knew this + fact, like having a clearer right of inheritance in Professor + Chamberlain. + +Another pupil says of Professor Chamberlain: + +"He was well-proportioned, tall, active, and energetic. His expression +was dignified and commanding. In his word there was power. Integrity +marked all his life. His word was as good as his bond. His principles +were firmly grasped and implicitly followed. His intellectual powers +were of a high order. He impressed every acquaintance with his +intellectual greatness. His discourse was lofty but impressive. + +"His religious life was less marked in public. He united with no +church, though he was a man of prayer and from his dying bed sent a +religious message to the students." + + * * * * * + +From a reliable source we have the following notice of another of +Dartmouth's eminent and honored teachers: + +Daniel Oliver, whose name appears on the list of teachers of past +years in both the Medical and Academical departments of Dartmouth +College, was born on the 9th of September, 1787. He was the third son +of the Rev. Thomas Fitch Oliver, at that time rector of St. Michael's, +Marblehead, and belonged to a family distinguished in the history of +Massachusetts from the earliest period of the colony. He was a direct +descendant of Mr. Thomas Oliver, whom Winthrop calls "an experienced +and very skilful surgeon," and who acted as one of the ruling elders +of the church in Boston soon after his arrival in 1632. Through his +mother he was descended from William Pynchon, one of the founders of +the Massachusetts Colony, and the Rev. William Hubbard, the historian +of New England; and, through his paternal grandmother he was a +descendant of the Rev. John Eliot, the noted Indian missionary. + +After the death of his father, which took place at Garrison Forest, +near Baltimore, before he had attained his tenth year, he was placed +in the care of Colonel Lloyd Rogers, of that city, and almost +immediately commenced his preparatory course for college, applying +himself to his studies with great diligence, and entered. Harvard +College in 1802. Although fond of study, and possessed of a mind of +unusual vigor and brilliancy, the ambitions of college life do not +seem to have dimmed the memories of his forest home in the South, and +in his letters, while at Cambridge, he more than once recalls the +pleasant hours when living within its shades, in a strain at once +suggestive of a refined and poetic nature. + +To one of his thoughtful and contemplative mind it is not strange +that, suddenly transferred from the quiet of home life to the turmoil +of college scenes, he should have found much that was distasteful; and +the following extract from a letter to him from the late Mr. Justice +Story, at that time betrothed to his eldest sister, and with whom he +was on terms of intimacy, would seem to imply no little disquietude on +the part of his student friend during the earlier years of his life at +Cambridge. + +"You can hardly imagine with what delight I recur to the days which I +spent at Cambridge. In the delightful seclusion from noisy vulgarity, +in the sweet interchange of kind sentiments, and in the mutual +competition of classic pursuits, I possessed a unity and tranquillity +of purpose far beyond the merits of my later years. My first years +there were not marked with this peculiar character. It was in my +Junior and Senior years that, from forming a choice of friends, and +participating in the higher views of literature, I felt that happiness +resulted in the activity of intellect and possession of friendship. +That period will in future be yours; and though you may start with +surprise at the thought at this moment, that period will be marked out +in the calendar of your years as among the _dies fortunatos_. You and +I are not widely distinct in years, and you can therefore readily +believe that this attachment is not the moral relation of comparison +and experience; no, it was reality which charmed me when present, and +reflects a lustre in remembrance. Go on, then, my dear fellow, in the +academic course with awakened hope. A high destiny awaits you. The +joys of youth shall give spirit to the exertions of manhood, and the +pursuits of literature yield a permanent felicity attainable only by +the votaries of taste. Sweet are the attainments which accomplish the +wishes of friends. Our reliance upon you is founded on a belief that +ambition and literature will unite us in as close bonds as sympathy +and affinity. + +"On a subject so interesting to me as my collegiate course I seldom +reflect without melancholy; not a harsh and dark brooding, but a soft +and tender pensiveness which + + "'Sheds o'er the soul a sympathetic gloom.' + +"The thousand associations of festivity, pleasantry, study, and +recreation live to hallow the whole. The picture, by its distance, +loses its defects, and retains only the strong colorings of primitive +impression. Never do I cast my eyes on that dear seat of letters but I +exclaim involuntarily with Gray: + + "'Ah! happy fields, ah! pleasing shade, + Ah! groves beloved in vain, + Where once my careless childhood strayed, + A stranger yet to pain; + I feel the gales that round ye blow + A momentary bliss bestow.' + +"By the way, when you are at leisure and feel a little dull, I advise +you to take up some of our good-natured writers, such as Dr. Moore, +Goldsmith, Coleman, Cervantes, Don Quixote, Smollett's novels, or the +pleasant and airy productions of the muse. These I have always found a +powerful anti-splenetic; and, although I am not a professed physician, +I will venture to prescribe to you in this instance with all the +confidence of Hippocrates. The whole system of nostrums from that +arch-quack, the old serpent, down to the far-famed Stoughton of our +own day, does not present so powerful a remedy, amid all its _antis_, +as cheerful reading to a heavy spirit. I will venture to say, in the +spirit of Montesquieu, that an hour of such reading will place one +quietly in his elbow chair in all the tranquillity of a Platonic +lover." + +It is probable that Mr. Story's influence was not without its effect +in reconciling his young friend to college life, for he was very soon +to be found among the foremost in the race for honorable distinction. +He was graduated with distinguished honor, in 1806, in a class of +remarkable ability, among whom were the late Hon. Alexander Everett, +Judge William P. Preble, Professor J. G. Cogswell, and the venerable +Dr. Jacob Bigelow, its last surviving member. + +After leaving college he began the study of law under the direction of +Mr. Story, but very soon abandoned it, and entered the office of his +uncle, the late Dr. B. Lynde Oliver, of Salem, as a student of +medicine. In 1809, he entered the University of Pennsylvania, at that +time distinguished by the names of Rush, Wistar, and Physick, and by +his talents and attainments soon attracted the notice of Dr. Rush, +whose favorite pupil and warm friend he afterwards became. On +receiving his medical degree, the following letter, written in terms +of the highest compliment, was addressed by Dr. Rush to his uncle and +former instructor. + + "Philadelphia, May 1, 1810. + +"Dear Sir: I sit down with great pleasure to answer your letter by +your nephew, now Dr. Oliver, and to inform you at the same time that +he has received the honor of a doctor's degree in our university much +to his credit and the satisfaction of his teachers. From his singular +talents, and from his acquirements and manners, he cannot fail of +becoming eminent in his profession. Long, very long, may he live to +reflect honor upon all who are related to him, or who have been +instrumental in opening and directing his acute and capacious mind in +the prosecution of his studies! Be assured he carries with him my +highest respect and sincere affection. + +"With respectful compliments to the venerable patriarch of medicine, +Dr. Holyoke (if not translated to a better world), + + "I am, dear sir, very sincerely yours, + "Benjamin Rush. + "Dr. B. Lynde Oliver." + +On his return to Salem, Dr. Oliver commenced the practice of medicine, +and in July, 1811, as appears from his diary, he connected himself +with Dr. R. D. Mussey, then a rising young surgeon, and with whom he +was afterwards so long associated. From the following entry in the +diary referred to, under date of July 12, 1812, may be learned +somewhat of his tastes at this time, and his mode of passing the +waiting hours of an early professional life: + +"This day completed the first year of my connection in the medical +profession with Dr. R. D. Massey. On reviewing this period, I am +sensible of a great loss of time, and of a degree of professional and +literary improvement altogether inadequate to such an extent of time. +Some improvement, however, has I hope, been made. With respect to the +books which I have read during the past year, the most important are +Mosheim's 'Ecclesiastical History,' which I have not yet quite +completed,--a learned and judicious outline of the history of the +church, embracing many collateral topics of learning and +philosophy ...; Homer's 'Iliad' in Greek, with the exception of +the last book; the 'Aeneid' except the last two; two or three books +of Livy, and several of Juvenal's 'Satires.' + +"The most important literary enterprise which I have undertaken and +accomplished has been the delivery of a course of lectures on +Chemistry in connection with Dr. Mussey. In Anatomy, also, we have +executed something. Medicine will, in future, claim more of my +attention, but not to the neglect of the two important collateral +branches above mentioned." + +In the autumn of 1815, Dr. Oliver was appointed to deliver a course of +chemical lectures before the medical class at Dartmouth College. +Although he had thus far pursued the study of chemistry as a +collateral branch of medical science, he felt warranted in accepting +the appointment, without, however, proposing to himself a more +permanent position in this department. + +In 1817, he was married to Miss Mary Robinson Pulling, the only +daughter of Edward Pulling, Esq., an eminent barrister of Salem, and +almost immediately went again to Philadelphia to avail himself of the +advantages of that seat of medical learning, returning to Salem in the +spring of 1818. + +In the following year he was induced to undertake, in connection with +the Hon. John Pickering, the preparation of a Greek lexicon, a work +involving much labor and research, and the larger portion of which +fell to his lot. Although mainly based on the Latin of Schrevelius, +many of the interpretations were new, and there were added more than +two thousand new articles. The magnitude of the task and its +successful accomplishment at once raised him to a conspicuous rank +among the scholars of his day. + +In the summer of 1820 he accepted an appointment to the professorship +of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and of Materia Medica and +Therapeutics in Dartmouth College, where he delivered his first course +of lectures in the following autumn. He was also made Professor of +Botany, and his lectures upon Physiology were among his most valuable +contributions to medical literature. He took up his permanent +residence in Hanover, in August, 1821, and from this time to the close +of his connection with the college he was most faithful to all its +interests. In 1825 he was appointed to the chair of Intellectual +Philosophy in the Academical department of the college, a position +which he filled with the ability that distinguished him elsewhere. The +address delivered by him on the occasion of his induction into this +professorship, upon the "Comparative Importance of the Study of Mental +Science," was thus far, perhaps, his most successful literary effort. +Clear, comprehensive, and abounding in passages of remarkable beauty +and force, it established the reputation of its author both as a +writer and a metaphysician. + +In 1835 was published his "First Lines in Physiology," a treatise +which received the highest commendation both at home and abroad. It +passed through three editions, and although the rapid advance in +physiological science since its publication has long since led to its +disuse, it will still be admired by medical scholars for the purity of +its style and the learning it everywhere displays. + +In the spring of 1837, Dr. Oliver closed his connection with the +college, and returned to Cambridge, where he was temporarily residing +at the time of his appointment, again to resume the practice of his +profession. He, however, delivered a course of lectures at the +Dartmouth Medical School in the autumn of this and the following year. +He was also induced, in 1840, after declining professorships both in +St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and in Pennsylvania University, to +deliver a course of lectures on Materia Medica at the Medical College +of Ohio, but he resigned the chair at the close of the session, and +returned again to Cambridge, where he resided to the close of his +life. Although in declining health at this time, he did not relinquish +professional practice until within a few months of his death, which +took place on the 1st of June, 1842. + +During his comparatively brief career, Dr. Oliver had become widely +known as a medical and general scholar. As a teacher in the various +departments of medical science with which he was connected he was also +eminently successful. His lectures, always prepared with great care, +were written with remarkable clearness and elegance, and were often +listened to with attention by many outside the ranks of the +profession. "His lectures to the under-graduates of the college," says +a contemporary,[45] "would be thought, I am persuaded, still more +remarkable than those upon Physiology. They were intended to exhibit +the present state of mental philosophy. And the singular clearness +with which he discriminated the settled points of absolute knowledge +in this comprehensive and yet imperfect science, his happy development +of intricate and complicated principles, and the beautiful colors +which a true poetic spirit enabled him now and then to throw over the +bald peaks and angles of this cold region, entitle him to a rank among +metaphysicians as eminent as he maintained in his appropriate +profession." + + [45] Eulogy on Daniel Oliver, delivered by Rev. C. B. Haddock, + professor of Belles Lettres. + +"The intellectual character of Dr. Oliver," the same writer afterwards +adds, in language admirably chosen, "came nearer than it has been my +fortune to observe in almost any other instance to the idea of a +perfect scholar. He was at once profound, comprehensive, and elegant. +Upon no subject which he had considered was his knowledge fragmentary +or partial. A philosophic, systematic habit of mind led him always to +seek for the principles of things, and to be satisfied only with the +truth. The compass of his inquiries was as extraordinary as their +depth. He had investigated with care a surprising extent of knowledge. +A master of his own language, and minutely acquainted with all its +principal productions, he was also thoroughly versed in the Greek, and +familiar with the original works which have given to that tongue the +first place among human dialects. The German he read with facility, +and had pursued his favorite studies in the masters of its profound +learning. Of French and Italian he was not ignorant. Music, both as a +science and an art, was his delight and recreation. In the arts of +painting and sculpture his information was liberal and his taste said +to be excellent. Morals and politics he had studied in their theory, +and in the history of the world. His acquaintance with civil history +was among the most extraordinary of his attainments. The beautiful in +Nature, in life, or in art or literature, few men have so exquisitely +enjoyed or so justly appreciated. + +"Thus, the principal elements of a perfect mind seem to have been +singularly united and harmonized in him,--exactness of knowledge, +liberal learning, and true taste." + +Bred from infancy in the Church of England, Dr. Oliver continued to +the end a faithful member of that communion, and few persons have had +a firmer faith in the sublime truths of revealed religion. It was no +less to his deeply religious and truthful spirit than to his innate +love of right that may be ascribed that regard for things sacred, that +singular modesty, that unfailing courtesy, and the high sense of +personal honor that distinguished him. It had been his desire, at a +late period of his life, to become a candidate for Holy Orders, a step +for which his ripe theological scholarship and his critical knowledge +of Greek and Hebrew had already prepared him, but his age deterred +him. + +Dr. Oliver had published little. Besides the treatise on Physiology +already mentioned, there are a few pamphlets containing addresses +delivered on various occasions, the most important of which are one +before the New Hampshire Historical Society in 1836, and that before +the college at the time of his induction into the professorship of +Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. + +Among his medical manuscripts may be mentioned an unfinished work on +General Pathology, which, had he lived to complete, would have added +to his reputation as a medical author. Among his papers were also a +few unpublished addresses and a few short and fragmentary poems, the +effusions of his earlier years, all characterized by that elegance of +style and fine poetic taste and feeling that marked their author. + +A member of many learned literary and medical societies at home, Dr. +Oliver was honored in 1835 with a diploma from the Academy of Sciences +and Belles Lettres of Palermo, and in 1838 received the degree of +Doctor of Laws. + +The following notice of a gentleman of rare eminence in the scientific +world, is from a reliable source: + +James Freeman Dana, who was connected as a teacher with both the +Academical and Medical departments of Dartmouth College, was born at +Amherst, N. H., September 23, 1793. He was the eldest son of Luther +and Lucy (Giddings) Dana, and grandson of Rev. and Hon. Samuel Dana. +On the father's side he was descended from Richard Dana, who was among +the early settlers in Massachusetts; on that of his mother he was a +descendant in the seventh generation from Rev. John Robinson, the +pastor of the noble band of Pilgrims who founded Plymouth, Mass. + +Dana was fitted for college at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., +entered Harvard in 1809, and graduated in 1813, his name standing on +the catalogue as Jonathan Freeman Dana; the first name, by which, +however, he had never been known, was changed to James, by act of +legislature. + +Immediately after entering Harvard, Dana showed a decided partiality +for scientific pursuits. To Natural Philosophy, Natural History, and +Chemistry, he mainly devoted his attention, making excursions into the +surrounding country for the purpose of examining its geological +structure, and collecting mineralogical and other specimens. The +result of these rambles was embodied in a small volume, published in +conjunction with his brother Dr. S. L. Dana, in 1819, entitled +"Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its Environs." While in college +he formed, together with his brother and several classmates, a society +for the cultivation of Natural Science and Philosophy, named at first +for two distinguished French chemists, but afterward known as the +Hermetic Society. Towards the close of his collegiate course he was +appointed to assist Dr. Gorham, the professor of Chemistry, in +preparing his experiments. That eminent physician and chemist soon +became so much interested in the pupil who displayed such assiduity in +scientific researches, that finding he intended to pursue the study of +medicine, he kindly invited him to do so under his tuition. + +In 1813, Mr. Dana commenced his studies with Dr. Gorham, attending +lectures at the Medical College, but though he became well acquainted +with the principles and practice of the profession, he never +relinquished his preference for Chemistry and Mineralogy. He became an +active member of the Boston Linnaean Society, and the first paper read +before it, entitled "An Analysis of the Incrustation formed upon the +Basket of Eggs from Derbyshire, England" (presented by Judge Davis), +was read by him. In the spring of 1813, the Corporation of Harvard +College employed Mr. Dana to visit England in order to procure +suitable apparatus for its chemical department. During his stay abroad +he studied, for a time, under the instruction of the somewhat +distinguished Frederic Accum. In consequence of this absence he did +not receive his degree of M.D. till 1817, that of A. M. having been +previously conferred. + +In the autumn of 1817, Dr. Dana was appointed to deliver a course of +chemical lectures to the medical students of Dartmouth College. The +professors in the Medical School were Dr. R. D. Mussey and Dr. Cyrus +Perkins. These lectures were so satisfactory that the appointment was +continued, and during the autumns of 1818, 1819, and 1820, he lectured +at Dartmouth, residing during the intervals at Cambridge, where, in +January, 1818, he was united in marriage with Matilda, third daughter +of Samuel Webber, D.D., late president of Harvard College. + +In 1821, being appointed professor at Dartmouth, Dr. Dana removed to +Hanover, where, relinquishing the practice of medicine, he devoted his +whole attention to his favorite studies, to which was now added +Botany, upon which he delivered some courses of lectures. + +Dr. Perkins, the Professor of Materia Medica, removed to New York +after the dissolution of the "University of New Hampshire," and the +late admired and lamented Dr. Daniel Oliver, of Salem, was appointed +to the professorship. Dr. Mussey, celebrated for his surgical +knowledge and skill, remained as the head of the Medical School, and +among these gentlemen, differing widely as they did in many +characteristics, the warmest friendship subsisted. During the +intervals of leisure from strictly professional duties, Dr. Dana +occupied himself in continuing to write for "Silliman's Journal," and +in frequent excursions to various parts of New Hampshire, for the +purpose of analyzing the ores and waters of mines and springs. His +published analysis of the waters of a spring in Burton, N. H., was +considered so scientific a production, that he was written to as to +accepting a professorship in the University of Virginia. Not wishing +the appointment, he declined becoming a candidate. + +In the latter part of 1825, Professor Dana published "An Epitome of +Chemical Philosophy," designed as a text-book for his own classes, but +which was afterwards adopted as such in two other institutions. In +1826, he was appointed one of the visitors of West Point Military +Academy, and soon after his return was chosen to the chair of +Chemistry, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the University +of New York, to which city he then removed. He was elected member of +the Linnaean Society of New York, and accepted an invitation to deliver +a course of lectures before the Athenaeeum. + +During his residence at Hanover, Professor Dana had been much +interested in Electro-magnetism, then a new science, and in preparing +apparatus for exhibiting its wonders, freely stating his conviction +that it would produce more astonishing results than any power +previously known. When surprise was expressed at his selecting for his +Athenaeeum lectures this subject, so little known even in Europe, and +in which so few in this country would feel any interest, Dr. Dana +replied that he had chosen it for those reasons; that he thought it +time for public attention to be directed to it, as he was certain it +would lead to most valuable results, and that he should endeavor to +render it popular. How far he succeeded, the delighted audiences that +crowded to hear him bore evidence. Of the truth of his prediction as +to the results to be wrought out by the science, the marvels of the +electro-magnetic telegraph bear witness to the world. + +Samuel F. B. Morse was then following his profession as a painter in +New York, and lectured upon art before the Athenaeeum. An intimacy +sprang up between him and Dr. Dana, whose lectures he attended, and +whom he used to visit in his laboratory, thus becoming familiar with +his views on scientific subjects. Morse's published statements as to +the origin of his knowledge of electro-magnetism are as follows: + +"I learned from Professor Dana, in 1827, the rationale of the +electro-magnet, which' latter was exhibited in action. I witnessed the +effects of the conjunctive wires in the different forms described in +his lectures, and exhibited to his audience. The electro-magnet was +put in action by an intensity battery; it was made to sustain the +weight of its armature, when the conjunctive wire was connected with +the poles of the battery or the circuit was closed; and it was made to +'drop its load' upon opening the circuit. These, with many other +principles of electro-magnetism were all illustrated experimentally to +his audience. These being the facts, to whom do I owe the first +knowledge which I obtained of the science of electro-magnetism bearing +upon the practical development of the telegraph? Professor Dana had +publicly demonstrated in my hearing and to my sight all the facts +necessary to be known respecting the electro-magnet.... The volute +modification of the helix to show the concentration of magnetism at +its centre, adapted to the electric magnet, the modification since +universally adopted in the construction of the electro-magnet, is +justly due, I think, to the inventive mind of Prof. James Freeman +Dana. Death, in striking him down at the threshold of his fame, not +only extinguished a brilliant light in science--one which gave the +highest promise of future distinction--but the suddenness of the +stroke put to peril the just credit due him for discoveries he had +already made. Dana had not only mastered all of the science of +electro-magnetism then given to the world, a science in which he was +an enthusiast, but, standing on the confines that separate the known +from the unknown, was at the time of his decease preparing for new +explorations and new discoveries. I could not mention his name in this +connection without at least rendering this slight but inadequate +homage to one of the most liberal of men and amiable of friends, as +well as promising philosophers of his age." + +The delivery of these lectures was amongst Dr. Dana's last public +efforts. A severe cold, resulting in an attack of erysipelas affecting +the brain, terminated his brief life of thirty-three years, on the +15th of April, 1827. + +In the various relations of private life he had won the warm +attachment of all who knew him. To the charm of a buoyant and +affectionate disposition he added Christian principle and character. +During his student life at Harvard, he had become a communicant of the +Episcopal Church, and continued a devout worshipper according to her +liturgy. Her Burial Service was read over his remains, by his friend +Dr. Wainwright, the funeral rites being performed at Grace Church, on +the 17th of April. + +When it was proposed, in 1871, by the National Telegraph Monument +Association to erect a monument to Professor Morse, at Washington, the +family of Dr. Dana furnished, at its request, a portrait of him from +which a likeness was to be cast for one of the faces at the base of +the monument. Since the death of Professor Morse, no progress seems to +have been made in the effort to erect this memorial of scientific +progress. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + +PROF. BENJAMIN HALE.--PROF. ALPHEUS CROSBY.--PROF. IRA YOUNG. + + +From reliable sources we have the following account of another +gentleman of distinguished worth, who was an instructor also both in +the Academical and Medical departments of the college. + +Benjamin Hale was born on the 23d of November, 1797, in Newbury, +Mass., now a part of the city of Newburyport. He was the eldest son of +Thomas Hale, who was the grandson of the fifth Thomas, in that series +of Hales, whose first representative came to Newbury in about 1637. +His mother was Alice Little, a daughter of the Hon. Josiah Little of +Newbury, and grand-daughter of Col. Moses Little, an officer in the +Continental Army. On both sides of the house Benjamin Hale came of a +race of vigorous, industrious, and useful men, held in honor by their +fellow citizens, and invariably distinguished for their exemplary +habits, their domestic virtues, their sterling goodness, and their +faithfulness in the discharge of trusts and duties. In childhood he +was studious, quiet, kind, and genial; fond of books, the favorite of +his youthful companions, and the cheerful companion of the aged. + +In the autumn of 1813, he went to Atkinson Academy; and in September, +1814, entered Dartmouth College; but his health becoming impaired, he +went to Dummer Academy, Byfield, in the autumn of 1815, to pursue his +studies under the direction of its principal, the Rev. Mr. Abbott. In +February, 1816, he entered the Sophomore class at Bowdoin College, +then under the presidency of the venerable Dr. Appleton, whose grave +kindness soon won his reverent love. He at once secured an honorable +position in his class, which was the largest that had then been in +that college. In September, 1818, he received the degree of B. A.; +his part at Commencement being the salutatory oration. Having been +previously offered the academy at Saco, and recollecting a remark of +his old pastor, Dr. Spring, that "one who meant to be a minister would +do well to try his hand at being a schoolmaster," he took charge of +the academy for one year. + +In the autumn of 1819, he became a member of the Theological Seminary +at Andover, Mass. Here his college classmate, Rufus Anderson, +afterwards the distinguished Secretary of the American Board of +Commissioners for Foreign Missions, was his class-mate and room-mate. +Dr. Anderson thus writes of him: "Our friendship was founded in mutual +knowledge and esteem, and continued during his life. The operations of +his mind were effective, equally so in nearly every branch of +learning. He was quick and accurate in the Mathematics, in the +Languages, and in Music. I know not in what one branch he was best +fitted to excel. While perfect in all his recitations, he was social, +always ready for conversation when I desired it. He had, and through +his whole life retained, my entire confidence as a man of God, nor was +I surprised at the eminent position he afterwards attained in the +church of Christ. Pleasant is his memory, and pleasant is the thought +of meeting him in a better world." While at Andover he had leisure for +reading, and that part of it which he devoted to Ecclesiastical +History had an important influence as it turned out, in deciding his +future ecclesiastical connection. + +At the Commencement of Bowdoin College, in 1820, he was appointed +tutor. He taught the Junior class in Natural Philosophy, and Locke's +Essay on the Human Understanding, and the Sophomore class in Geometry +and some other parts of Mathematics, and in Logic. At the same time he +continued to pursue his theological studies, and in January, 1822, was +licensed to preach by the York Association. In September, 1821, he +delivered a Latin valedictory oration, and took his degree of A. M. +With regard to this period of his life, his fellow tutor, now the +venerable Prof. Packard, thus writes: "Mr. Hale gave at once the +impression of a kind, generous, faithful heart, a clear, acute, and +rapid intellect, and a vigorous grasp of any subject to which he gave +his thought. He was a diligent student. He loved books. Without +conceit he had sufficient self-reliance, which was always of service +to him as a teacher and governor. He always had the good-will of his +pupils, and whether with them or with his colleagues he exerted an +influence above rather than below his age and standing. He was a true +man, unselfish, of a decidedly social turn, of warm affections, of a +genial humor." + +In the summer of 1822, he received proposals from R. H. Gardiner, +Esq., of Gardiner, Me., to take charge of a new institution which he +had determined to establish for the education of farmers and mechanics +in the principles of science. Mr. Hale accepted, and closed his +connection with Bowdoin College in 1822, and entering upon his duties +January 1, 1823, opened the Lyceum, was inaugurated as its principal, +and delivered an address on the occasion. He soon after returned his +license, finding it inconvenient to meet the many calls for preaching +extended to him, and having become also so settled in his preference +for the Protestant Episcopal Church that he determined to take Orders +therein, should he ever be so situated as to think it his duty to +preach again. On the 9th day of April, 1823, he was married to Mary +Caroline King, the eldest daughter of the Hon. Cyrus King, M. C. + +The Lyceum soon attracted students and became a flourishing +institution. Its principal gave lectures in Chemistry and taught +Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and in winter had classes in +Architecture and in Agricultural Chemistry. For the former of these +classes he prepared, in 1827, a work on the "Elementary Principles of +Carpentry." + +In July, 1827, having received an invitation to succeed Professor Dana +in the chair of Chemistry at Dartmouth College, Mr. Hale accepted, and +delivered his inaugural address on the day after Commencement. His +esteemed and able colleagues in the Medical College were Reuben D. +Mussey, M.D., Prof. of Anatomy and Surgery; and Daniel Oliver, M.D., +Prof. of Theory and Practice of Medicine. It should be noted that at +that period the importance of physical studies was not fully +appreciated at Dartmouth. The college had not taken a scientific +periodical in half a century. There was no cabinet of minerals. +"There was not," writes Dr. Oliver, "a single modern volume in the +college library upon either Mineralogy or Geology; and scarcely one, +if one, upon Chemistry, later than the days of Fourcroy or Vauquelin. +The prevailing taste was decidedly anti-physical. It was directed +another way, and not only so, but there was among the college Faculty +a disposition to undervalue the physical sciences." Dr. James F. Dana, +the predecessor of Professor Hale, writing of the college in reference +to physical science, used the following remarkable expression: "It was +anchored in the stream, and served only to show its velocity." When +Professor Hale was engaged, his duties comprised a course of daily +lectures to the medical class through the lecture term, to which +lectures the members of the Senior and Junior classes were to be +admitted; and instruction to the Junior class in some chemical +text-book by daily recitations for five or six weeks. This was all. + +Professor Hale, however, addressed himself to his work with +characteristic activity and zeal. He proceeded to give each year to +the college classes a separate course of over thirty lectures, and +discharged the expenses of them himself. He substituted a larger and +more scientific text-book for that in use, and obtained an allowance +of forty or more recitations instead of thirty. He laid the foundation +of the cabinet of minerals by giving five hundred specimens, +classifying and labeling all additions, leaving the collection in +respectable condition with 2,300 specimens. He gave annually about +twenty lectures in Geology and Mineralogy; and for some years was the +regular instructor of the Senior class in the Philosophy of Natural +History. For two years, also, he took charge of the recitations in +Hebrew, and occasionally took part in other recitations; and, with +another, served as building committee during the whole process of +repairing and erecting the college edifices. + +December 11, 1827, Professor Hale wrote, in a family letter, "I have +made out a plan, for the repair of the College building, and the +addition of a building for libraries, etc., for the use of Trustees at +their next session. It takes with the president mightily, and I think +they will make it go." + +And in another family letter, the first after returning from a +journey, under date of March 20, 1828, he wrote: + +"My arrival at Hanover was very opportune. I was looked for for +sometime, and letters were about being despatched for me.... I have +the honor of being one-half of the building committee, Professor +Chamberlain being the other moiety, and we are commencing operations. +The prospects of the College are now so bright, _that the plan I at +first proposed, and which was adopted by the Trustees_, is abandoned, +and we are preparing to erect two brick buildings, three stories in +height, and fifty feet by seventy. One for students' rooms, and the +other for public rooms.... And what is more comforting, our funds are +improving so much that the building will not distress us very much if +the $30,000 should not be realized. A good many old debts have been +collected, and are coming in, by which one building could be erected. +About $13,000 have already been subscribed, and subscriptions are +daily arriving." + +All this was voluntary and gratuitous work. It is no wonder that +students thus cared for should respond, as they did, with enthusiasm +and regard. Happily, in this department as well as in all others, +Dartmouth College is now in motion, and fully up with the foremost in +the current of physical study. + +During his last three years, Professor Hale was President of the Phi +Beta Kappa Society. His portrait, presented, it is believed, by the +members of that society, now hangs in the college library. + +While at Hanover, Professor Hale thought it his duty to resume his +purpose of preaching, and was accordingly ordained Deacon by the Rt. +Rev. Dr. Griswold, Bishop of the Eastern Diocese, September 28, 1828, +at Woodstock, Vt.; and Priest by the same bishop, in St. Paul's, +Newburyport, January 6, 1831. In taking this step he violated in no +respect the charter of the college, he undertook nothing which +conflicted with the duties of his professorship, he acted neither +obtrusively nor illiberally; but while he occasionally preached in +neighboring churches, he always, in Hanover, scrupulously observed the +appointment at the village meeting-house. On Sunday nights, however, +he held a service in his own house, for his own family, and the family +of Dr. Oliver, and such other communicants of the Episcopal Church, +and friends, as might desire to attend. Difference in sentiment on +religious subjects, between Professor Hale and the Trustees of the +college, and action on their part which can hardly be regarded as +justifiable, led to the termination of Professor Hale's connection +with the college, in 1835. + +In 1835, Professor Hale published two works, "A Valedictory Letter to +the Trustees," and "Scriptural Illustrations of the Liturgy." In +August of that year he attended the General Convention of the +Protestant Episcopal Church as a delegate from the Diocese of New +Hampshire. In October, 1836, the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him +by Columbia College. In December, having had a severe attack of +bronchitis, he sailed to St. Croix to spend the winter. His published +letters under the signature of "Valetudinarius" were very pleasant to +the reading public. + +In the course of the next year he entered upon the laborious and high +duties of an office which occupied the remaining years of his active +life. He was elected, August 2, 1836, to the Presidency of Geneva +College, N. Y., and entered upon his duties in the following October; +delivering an inaugural address on the 21st of December. It is of +course impossible here to give the varied and interesting details of +his presidential life. To this institution he freely gave the wealth +of his well stored and acute mind, his tried experience, and his +cheerful, patient resolution. The trials were sometimes great, the +laborers few, the support scanty, and there were times when it seemed +as if the one man only stood between the life of the college and its +death. As one of the Trustees wrote, "Life was already nearly extinct, +and death would have soon followed, had not the president given +himself wholly to the work with a faith that never faltered, a +perseverance which strengthened with difficulties, and a thorough +conviction that his work, if well done, would promote the glory of God +and his church through all time." And he was successful, as much so as +it was within the power of one man to be, both in correcting the evils +which he found existing, and in securing the stability of the college +beyond all peradventure. Wherever he was, in the recitation room, in +the academic circle, in the Medical School of which he was _ex +officio_ president, in the Board of Trustees, in the councils of the +bishop and the Diocese, in the conferences with the Vestry of Old +Trinity Church, before the Board of Regents, before the Legislature of +the State, he was always the learned, sagacious, loyal, and inspiring +president; respected and beloved always, by all who entered the circle +of his influence; and illustrating daily in his own character, the +symmetry, strength, and purity of the principle by which he was +governed. + +Dr. Hale instructed easily in every department of learning. He was +most fond of ethical and metaphysical studies. His class room will +never be forgotten by those who delighted to go to it, and regretted +to leave it. His courses of lectures for many years included Civil and +Ecclesiastical Architecture. He loved music, and read it as easily as +the words. His diction was always remarkable for the best English, +expressed in the happiest style. His memory and power of association +were almost unerring. His temper was held in the nicest balance. In +preaching he was a Chrysostom in wisdom, truth, and sweetness. + +We have not space to dwell upon this theme, nor upon the wholesome +influence which Dr. Hale exerted in the diocese in which he was +placed, both towards preparing the way for a second diocese in the +State of New York, and in ministering in his place to its unity and +order, when under the Episcopal charge of the noble De Lancey. In +1858, he left Hobart (once Geneva) College, and in 1859 he left +Geneva, with this distinguished record: "The thorough and skillful +teacher, the laborious and self-sacrificing president, the +sympathizing friend, the genial companion, the judicious adviser, the +courteous Christian gentleman; in all these relations so bearing +himself as to gain the profound respect and tender affection of all +who knew him." + +Dr. Hale retired to live in Newburyport, near his birth-place and by +the graves of his forefathers, with his children around him. Even then +"his influence upon the community distilled like the dews of heaven +to gladden the earth." He departed to his rest in Paradise on the 15th +of July, 1863. Dr. Hale had four sons and three daughters, of whom the +sons (one has since departed) and one daughter survived him. + +His published works, beside communications to newspapers on current +topics, are: "An Address to the Public from the Trustees of Gardiner +Lyceum," 1822. "An Inaugural Address at Gardiner," 1823. "Address to +the Public in regard to the Lyceum," 1824. "Introduction to the +Mechanical Principles of Carpentry," 1827. "Sermon before the +Convention of New Hampshire," 1830. "Lecture before the American +Institute of Instruction, On the Best Method of Teaching Natural +Philosophy," 1830. "Sermon, On the Unity of God, preached before the +Convention of the Eastern Diocese," 1832. "Scriptural Illustrations of +the Liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal Church," 1835. "Valedictory +Letter to the Trustees of Dartmouth College," 1835. "Inaugural +Address, Geneva College, On the Equalizing and Practical Tendency of +Colleges," 1836. "A Lecture before the Young Men's Association of +Geneva, On Liberty and Law," 1838. "Baccalaureate: Education in its +Relations to a Free Government," 1838. "The Present State of the +Question," a pamphlet, in relation to the division of the Diocese of +New York, 1838. "Baccalaureate: The Languages," 1839. "Baccalaureate: +Mathematics," 1841. "Lecture on the Sources and Means of Education," +1846. "Baccalaureate: The Position of the College, the State, and the +Church," 1847. "Historical Notices of Geneva College," 1849. "Sermon +on the Death of Major Douglass," 1849. + + * * * * * + +Professor Alpheus Crosby, who was elected to the Chair of Greek and +Latin in the College, in 1833, Professor Calvin E. Stowe having filled +the position in the interval after the death of Professor Chamberlain, +was the son of Dr. Asa and Abigail (Russell) Crosby, and was born at +Sandwich, N. H., October 13, 1810. Although less than twenty-three +years of age, his superior scholarship fully warranted the +appointment. After ably filling this chair several years, by a +division of labor he was permitted to confine himself exclusively to +the Greek language and literature. To his refined and sensitive nature +the stern old Roman was less attractive than the more polished Greek. +It is quite probable that Professor Crosby was more largely indebted +than he himself was aware to the moulding influence of his amiable and +excellent mother, for that particular type of mind and heart which +placed him among the foremost Grecian scholars of his time. Professor +Crosby's career as a linguist illustrated two distinct forms of +success. He excelled both as a _teacher_ and as an _author_. His +success as a teacher no one will question who had the privilege of +listening to his instructions, if only for a single hour. He +questioned the student with a critical eye and ear, but a womanly +gentleness. His translations might well be likened to celestial music, +long pent-up in foreign caves, but now finding rich and varied and +sweet expression, in the mother tongue. His success as an author is +sufficiently indicated by the extensive use of his text-books, +especially the "Greek Grammar." + +His classmate, Rev. Dr. Tenney, says: + +"It is very pleasant for me to bring back before me your brother as I +remember him at the commencement of our college life. He was, as you +know, a boy of twelve years, dressed in a boy's jacket with a ruffled +shirt, collar coming down over his shoulders, such as boys wore in +those days--playful as a kitten, and as innocent as the purest-minded +girl. He was probably the best fitted (as the phrase is) for college, +of any member of the class. He had, I believe, gone over all the +studies of the Sophomore year. Without any apparent effort he +maintained his pre-eminence through his entire college course, not only +in the Languages, but also in Mathematics and Mental Philosophy. My +recollection is that he had committed to memory all the Greek +primitives before he left college, yet with all his pre-eminence as a +scholar he never seemed to have the remotest consciousness that there +was anything remarkable about himself. We had ambitious men in the +class and some bitter rivalries, but no one ever thought of +questioning his position. In short he was both the pet and pride of +the class; his conscientiousness as a boy was that which +characterized him as a man. I do not think he would have done a +consciously wrong thing for his right hand. I remember being with him +one Sabbath, when a letter was handed him from home, and his views of +the sacredness of the Sabbath were such that he would not open it +until the Sabbath was passed. I mention this, not to illustrate the +earnestness of his conscience, but simply to show its authority over +him. + +"As your brother was the youngest of the class, I was one of the +oldest, but from the commencement of our class life our intimacy was +constant. I could very readily tell why I was attracted to him, but +his friendship for me I could never understand; sure I was that I +never loved any other man as I did him; he visited me a number of +times; as I was at his home in Salem not long before his lamented +death, he seemed to me the same at the end as he was at the beginning, +one of the most lovable and remarkable men I ever knew, and the world +has seemed to be poorer ever since he left it." + +Mr. C. C. Chase, Principal of the High School in Lowell, of the class +of 1839, says: + +"I have had many laborious, faithful teachers, but only one genius, +and that was Professor Alpheus Crosby. He was accurate upon a point +not because he appeared to have looked it up in the books, but because +he instinctively knew it. It was in the Greek that I was instructed by +him, and I clearly recall, at this day, the expression of his face, as +he explained it to us. He seemed to revel in the beautiful thoughts +and splendid conceptions of the great dramatists. He did not appear to +be so anxious as most teachers, that our recitations should show our +critical grammatical knowledge, but rather that we should appreciate +and enjoy the wonderful creations of the great minds of antiquity. He +loved to teach. It seemed to be his delight to tell others what he had +so much enjoyed himself. It was the study of his Greek grammar that +first gave me a love for the noble language of ancient Greece. I know +of no grammar that has so few bones and so much meat in it. One can +really enjoy reading it in an idle hour! It so clearly reveals the +fact that that most beautiful of languages, with all its sweetness and +euphony, is but a transcript of the mind of the race of men that knew +more of beauty, of taste, and of philosophy than all the ancient world +besides. Professor Crosby entered into the secret chambers of Greek +thought, and became himself a Greek, and seemed to feel a perpetual +flow of delight, as he told to others what seemed so charming to +himself. Others might compel an indolent student to devote more time +and study to his lessons, but none could equal him in leading those +who loved to follow, into the 'green pastures' and 'sweet fields' of +the domain of learning." + +Hon. George Stevens, of the class of 1849, says: + +"My acquaintance with Professor Crosby began upon my admission to +college. My preparation in Greek was imperfect, and my knowledge of +the language was quite limited. His manner of dealing with and +instructing the class soon won my admiration, love, and respect for +him, and opened to me a new and unexpected source of pleasure in the +beauties of the Greek language. The primitive simplicity, the euphony, +sweetness, and artistic perfection of the language awakened a response +and an appreciation which only those who are like him can feel. This +appreciation of the beauties of his favorite language, kindled in him +an enthusiastic love for it. His manner of teaching imparted something +of this same enthusiasm in the students. The thoroughness of his +instruction, his perfect courtesy towards all the students, the +extreme kindness with which he always treated them, his constant +mildness and equanimity in the presence of the class, in the face even +of rude conduct and inexcusable ignorance of the lesson, his great +love and supreme devotion to his duties, apparent to all, won the love +and respect, and gave him the control of every student under him, +which no sternness or severity could ever have secured. I never knew +the least disobedience to him or the slightest disrespect shown +towards him, either in his presence or absence. The great simplicity, +purity, and honesty of his character, was a perfect shield to him +against all attacks, in word or act, open or covert. I consider him, +after years of reflection and experience, the best teacher I ever had; +and of all the impressions of the teachers of my boyhood and youth, +those made by him upon me I find are the deepest and most lasting, +and now, after the lapse of more than a quarter of a century, are the +dearest to me." + +Professor Hagar, in the "New England Journal of Education", says: + +"Professor Alpheus Crosby, whose death occurred in Salem, Mass., on +the 17th of April, 1874, was so widely and favorably known as a +scholar, and was so much esteemed as a man, that a notice of his life +and labors, more extended than has hitherto appeared, is justly due +his memory. + +"Professor Crosby very early showed remarkable power in the +acquisition of knowledge. He learned the rudimentary branches of +education almost without a teacher. Mathematics, Latin, and Greek came +to him almost by intuition. When engaged in study, he was so deeply +absorbed that he seemed wholly unconscious of time, place, or +surroundings. When in his tenth year he was taken to Hanover, the seat +of Dartmouth College, and was placed temporarily under Professor Adams +in Algebra and Euclid, under Tutor James Marsh in Latin, and under +Tutor Rufus Choate in Greek; and these gentlemen pronounced him fitted +for college. He was then returned to Gilmanton Academy, and, to +prevent him from trespassing upon college studies, he was put to the +study of Hebrew, under the Rev. John L. Parkhurst, who was well known +as a ripe scholar. He was subsequently sent to Exeter Academy to +bridge over, with various studies, the months which his friends +thought must be passed before he should enter college. At the fall +term of the college, in 1823, in his thirteenth year, he entered; and +he passed through the four years' course of study without a rival and +far beyond rivalry. His power of acquisition and retention was +marvelous. + +"After his graduation, he was kept at Hanover four years; the first, +as the preceptor of Moor's Indian Charity School, and the following +three as tutor in the college. During this period he joined the +college church, and formed his purpose to prepare for the ministry, +and spent nearly two years at the Theological Seminary, in Andover, +Mass. He was appointed to a professorship of Latin and Greek, in 1833. +In 1837 he was released from the Latin and became professor of Greek +only, which office he held until 1849, when he resigned; but he +remained Professor _Emeritus_ until his death. + +"In 1834 he married Miss Abigail Grant Jones Cutler, only child of +Joseph and Abigail Cheesboro Grant (Jones) Cutler, of Newburyport, +Mass. Mrs. Crosby becoming an invalid, Professor Crosby took her to +Europe and traveled with her through England, Germany, and France, +until they reached Paris, where Mrs. Crosby died. On his return he +resumed the duties of his professorship. After the death of his +father-in-law, Mr. Cutler, he resigned his professorship, and removed +to Newburyport to care for Mrs. Cutler, who was an invalid. His Greek +Grammar, theological disquisitions, and the superintendency of schools +in Newburyport occupied his attention until Mrs. Cutler's death in +1854, when he entered into the employment of the Board of Education in +Massachusetts as its agent. In this capacity he rendered the State +most valuable services by visiting the public schools in various parts +of the State, and by his instructive and practical lectures on +educational subjects. So efficient were his labors, that in 1857 he +was appointed by the Board of Education to the principalship of the +State Normal School in Salem; this important post he occupied eight +years. To the interests of this school he zealously devoted his great +knowledge and ability, raising it to a high standard of excellence and +giving to it a most honorable reputation. He gave the school the +largest part of its valuable library, and obtained for its use the +most of its considerable cabinet. By his heartfelt kindness and his +faithful instructions he secured the love and profound esteem of his +pupils, who will ever hold him in affectionate remembrance. In the +Normal School and elsewhere, as he had opportunity, Professor Crosby +earnestly advocated the liberal education of women, believing that +their educational advantages ought to equal those enjoyed by men. + +"While principal of the school at Salem he, for several years, was the +editor-in-chief of the 'Massachusetts Teacher,' performing gratuitous +labors which were highly appreciated by the teachers of Massachusetts +and of other States. + +"Having traveled through the Southern States, that he might gain a +better knowledge of his own country before he went abroad, he became +deeply impressed with the iniquities of slavery, and dropped readily +into the ranks of the abolitionists. He was intensely interested in +all the discussions and phases of freedom, from Adams's 'Right of +Petition' crusade down to the day of his death. His patriotism during +the war was full and glowing. The political disquisitions in his +'Right Way,' which he edited for a year, upon the question of +reconstruction, were keen and convincing. He also published a series +of elementary lessons for teaching the freed-men of the South to read. + +"During all these years, after leaving his professorship, +he was building other educational books besides his Greek +Grammar--'Xenophon's Anabasis,' 'Eclogae Latinae,' 'Lessons in +Geometry,' a 'Greek Lexicon' for his Anabasis, and, last, 'Explanatory +Notes to the Anabasis,' which he had nearly ready for the press when +death closed his labors. + +"The heart of Professor Crosby was full of love for everybody and +every creature of God. He drank deeply at every spring whence flowed +charity, benevolence, freedom, and patriotism. He remained to his +death a member of an orthodox church, but, during the last years of +his life, he worshipped with Christians of other denominations, having +softened his early faith by a more liberal trust in the boundless love +and mercy of God, his Heavenly Father. + +"In his association with teachers of every class, he showed himself a +friend to all. His geniality of manner, his pleasant words, his +sympathizing spirit, his overflowing desire to make others happy, his +seemingly inexhaustible knowledge, and his intelligent and +ever-courteous discussion of controverted questions in education, +morals, and religion, secured for him the warm affection and deep +respect of all who were privileged to know him." + +Mr. Collar, of the Roxbury Latin School, says: + +"Professor Crosby belonged not to Massachusetts alone, but to all New +England--to the whole land. Our country is poorer by the loss of an +eminent scholar, one of that small band of classical scholars in +America who are known and honored at foreign seats of learning. In the +latest, freshest, and most original Greek grammar that I am acquainted +with, that by Professor Clyde, of Edinburgh, the author acknowledges +his obligations to four distinguished scholars, three Europeans, and +one American, and the American is Professor Crosby." + +"Professor Crosby's first marriage has been referred to; his second +wife was Martha, daughter of Joseph Kingman, of West Bridgewater, +Mass." + + * * * * * + +The following paragraphs, from an authentic source, introduce another +eminent teacher. + +Ira Young was born at Lebanon, N. H., May 23, 1801. His parents were +Samuel and Rebecca (Burnham) Young. + +His early years were chiefly spent in working at his father's trade, +that of carpenter, though every winter after he was sixteen, he taught +in one of the district schools in the neighborhood. He cherished a +strong desire for a collegiate education, but was not at liberty to +take any steps in that direction until he became of age. Want of means +would have been with many int his circumstances an insurmountable +obstacle,--not so with him. By the willing labor of his hands, he +obtained in eight months the means of fitting for college at Meriden +Academy, where he studied one year, and soon after leaving that +institution, where he stood high in scholarship, he entered Dartmouth +College. Neither in this year of preparation, nor during all his +college course, did he ever receive pecuniary aid from any individual +or society. He paid his way by teaching. + +While at Meriden, he became, with many of his classmates, savingly +interested in religion, and made a public profession of his faith in +Christ in his native place. His religious experience, we have reason +to believe, was deep and thorough,--producing an humble, loving faith +in Christ as the only Saviour, and a sincere, benevolent goodwill to +all around him--to all mankind. His mind was calm and peaceful--not +subject to the agitations felt by so many in their religious life, and +his trust and confidence in God were never shaken. He could never bear +to hear any questioning of the ways of Providence, however dark and +mysterious they might appear. "God wills it," was always enough for +him. + +Through his college course he passed with honor and success, taking +high rank in a class which was exceptionally good, producing a large +number of men who were afterwards distinguished in professional and +public life. Though himself guided in all things by the highest +Christian principle, he yet knew how to feel for those who were in +danger of falling into evil courses; and certainly in one instance, by +his tender and watchful care, he was the means of reclaiming and +saving a young friend from threatening ruin. + +He graduated in 1828, and taught afterwards for a year in Berwick +Academy, Maine, and subsequently in a large public school in Boston, +from which, in 1830, he was called to a tutorship in Dartmouth +College. He held that position for three years, during which he +continued his theological studies, which he had commenced with the +ministry in view, and in that year he preached regularly in some of +the neighboring towns. + +He gave up this purpose, however, when he received the appointment of +Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Astronomy, in place +of Professor Adams, who resigned at that time, August, 1833. Before +the close of that month, he became Professor Adams' son-in-law by +marriage to his youngest daughter, Eliza, and seldom were father and +son more closely united in affection or more happy in mutual +intercourse. + +In regard to his qualifications for his department and success in the +same, it may be well to refer to some remarks contained in an obituary +notice of him, written by one who for many years was associated with +him in instruction, and who is now placed at the head of a sister +institution. + +"Professor Young had some qualities which fitted him eminently for +this position. He was, in the first place, thoroughly master of the +science and literature of his own department. Distinguished while in +college for mathematical attainments, he never relaxed in careful and +constant study of those branches to which he particularly directed his +attention. His mind was thoroughly disciplined for truth and not for +victory, and thus he was ready to test his attainments by the most +thorough methods. As he was thorough with himself, so he was with his +pupils, trying them with doubtful questions which the studious could +easily answer, but which the ignorant could not evade. Yet he was +never harsh, nor captious, nor irritating, though quick and ingenious +in exposing mistakes and follies. Besides his ample knowledge, he +possessed remarkably the power of clear and distinct statement. It was +the habit of his mind to reduce his facts to principles, and to +present them in their simplest forms. Few instructors have excelled +him in the facility with which he could disentangle and elucidate a +complicated problem, whether for the satisfaction of his own mind, or +the instruction of another. And he was as patient as he was acute. Of +a quiet temperament, not easily roused, nor rendered impatient at the +dullness or want of perspicuity in another, unless this resulted from +a moral rather than an intellectual weakness." + +In April, 1858, he went to Europe and spent five months abroad, for +the purpose of procuring books and instruments for the college, +especially those which were needed for the equipment of the +Observatory, whose foundations were laid that year. He had labored +successfully in obtaining funds for this object, in which he took a +deep interest, and after the completion of the building, it afforded +him much pure enjoyment, as it gave him greatly increased facilities +both for observing and instructing in his favorite field of science. + +Teaching was to him a real pleasure, and he often said that he would +not willingly exchange it for any other employment that could be +offered him. He felt a truly affectionate interest in the young minds +that successively came under his care, sympathizing with them in their +perplexities and troubles, grieving for their errors, and rejoicing in +whatever advances they made in scientific attainments and true +excellence of character. Remembering his own early struggles, he felt +much sympathy with young men similarly situated, and often rendered +them efficient aid.... Nor was his care and interest limited +exclusively to the college, but he sought to do good "as he had +opportunity," and in the manifold relations he sustained to others, in +the family, the church, the neighborhood, the village, his unselfish +kindness was ever manifested. He held the office of Treasurer of +Meriden Academy for several years after the resignation of his +predecessor, and at the time of his death had been a deacon of the +church for twenty years. + +During the summer term of 1858, he was unusually occupied with college +labors, being employed most of the day in attending his recitations +and lectures, and in preparation for them. He had obtained some new +philosophical apparatus, which interested him much, and he never +seemed to find more pleasure in his work than then, though it often +left him quite weary and exhausted. + +At that time there was a remarkable degree of religious interest +throughout the country, in which the college and the village shared, +and it resulted in numerous conversions. He often attended the +noon-day prayer meetings of the class he was then instructing, and +spoke of them with much pleasure; and his own heart was deeply moved +by the heavenly influence. + +Near the close of July he began to suffer much from a malady which, +though hidden, must have been long in progress. His sufferings were +most acute and severe, but never did he lose that sweet patience and +serenity of spirit he had always manifested, nor that calm submission +to his Heavenly Father's will. He died September 13, 1858. + +In the words of one of his most esteemed associates: "The village +mourns, for it has lost an excellent citizen; the church mourns, for +it has lost an efficient officer; the college mourns, for it has lost +a revered teacher; the State mourns, for it has lost an exemplary +subject,--one who belonged to that class who are justly styled 'the +light of the world!'" + +Few men in America have ever been called to teach the abstruse science +of Mathematics, who combined in such desirable proportions a thorough +knowledge of the science with a faculty of presenting it in a pleasing +manner in the recitation room. In the happy adjustment of Professor +Young's powers one could but observe a union of quick perception with +almost perfect self-control. Whatever the deficiencies of the student, +a hasty or unguarded or inappropriate or even an unscientific word was +seldom found in Professor Young's vocabulary. His most impressive +rebuke was silence. + +In a commemorative "Discourse," President Lord says: + +"During his college course he was an earnest and successful student. +He carried his work before him, finished it in its time, and did it +well. He studied his lessons and a few related books, and scattered +not his mind by light, promiscuous, and aimless reading. He gorged +not, but thought and digested, and never had a literary dyspepsia. Of +course he grew right along. He was resolved, prompt, exact, untiring, +and true as steel. Everybody knew where to find him. He studied no +popular arts. Though never rough or crusty, he was curt and sarcastic; +but no man ever took offense who knew the kindness of his heart. His +fellow-students loved him. His abilities and knowledge commanded their +respect; his moral excellence secured their confidence, and his +example gave him power over their minds and manners. He hated and +reproved vice, frowned upon all disorder, disdained artifice and +trick, and stood out manfully in support of virtue. Once, in the same +entry, a few noisy and vicious young men set up to be disturbers. They +particularly insulted a worthy but timid student, who was his +neighbor. He took that student to his own room, and gave him +countenance and protection. Then they committed outrage upon his room, +and threatened personal abuse. When his remonstrance availed nothing, +he protested that he would not see such evil perpetrated in college, +but would report them. They knew him, believed him, desisted, and gave +him then the honor of his disinterested virtue, as virtue always +receives its meed of honor when it stands erect on its own +prerogative, and is not moved by the contradictions of unreasonable +and wicked men. Yet he was no ascetic. He liked companionship, was not +fastidious or exacting, never petulant or vindictive, but gentle and +forbearing. He had especial tenderness for those 'good-hearted' young +men who can never refuse to do wrong when they are invited. A +distinguished officer of one of our professional institutions once +said to me,--'I was, at one time, when in college, thoughtless, +self-indulgent, fell among bad companions, and was nearly ruined. Mr. +Young pitied me, took hold of me, and saved me.' That excellent man +could not now speak of his benefactor without tears of gratitude. + +"How he stood at college, that is, what rank he held, whether first, +second, or a lower figure in his class, I never inquired, and, if I +ever heard, I have forgotten. Probably he was not equally indifferent, +for if there be a more excellent way of judgment, it was not quite +evident to his calculating mind. I have often admired how his +professional bias led him in his measurement of men, almost as by +instinct, to arithmetic, as if figures must, of course, be true, and +as if insensible moral and physical causes did not often greatly +modify or neutralize numerical computation. But it was a generous +prejudice, and I have also admired how, in his practical judgment, he +would unconsciously neutralize or modify his professional idea. He +wanted nothing but realities. He went for scholarship and not the show +of it. He accepted no metal that would not ring. He was accordingly +judged by others in reference to his sterling qualities. There might +have been men about him who made a greater figure than himself. It is +very likely. For, as I remember, strangers sometimes undervalued him. +Soon after he left college, I was sent to offer him the place of +tutor. I had not previously known him, and my first impressions were +not agreeable. I hesitated to do my errand. After all it was rather +performed than done, more after a Roman than a Saxon fashion. But it +turned out better for his character and the public good, than for my +own discernment. So of another commission not only from the Trustees, +but the venerable Professor Adams, to assure him that he would, after +a while, be wanted to take the chair of that noble old man, one of the +princes of the earth. They who knew him best had marked him, even when +he took his parchment, for that high position. How well he filled it, +and every other office he sustained, everybody who knows the college +knows. + +"Professor Young was a consummate teacher. During his college course +he taught school every successive winter, as he had done for years +preceding, and earned nearly enough to pay the expenses of his course, +for he had high wages, and never wasted them on his clothes or +pleasures. That discipline settled in his mind the elements of +knowledge. The principles of all true knowledge were already laid; +first, when he was born; and, secondly, when he was born again. He +had, of course, tools to work with, and facility to use them for the +good of others, enlarging all the while his own fabric till he became +the man of science that he was for his successive trusts. He loved, as +few men ever love, to teach, and as no man can love who begins not +early and makes not teaching his profession. He went to his last +recitation when he should have been upon his bed, to find relief from +the agonies he suffered, and take off his mind from the greater that +he feared. He was never more at home, or more at ease, than with his +class. He loved to enrich them out of his own stores, and thereby draw +out and sharpen their independent faculties. He was not disconcerted +when he sometimes drew to little purpose; though sure, by set +remonstrance, or by his peculiar, quaint, dry and caustic humor, to +rebuke indifference and neglect, or expose the artifice of a bold, +shrewd, or sly pretender. He was sure of what he knew, and never gave +way without a reason. I have sometimes thought him too sure before he +scanned a question. Yet he would never persist when he saw no +foothold. He was set but not dogmatic, or no more so than a sincere +man must be when he believes what he teaches and is in earnest. He +would never defend before his class a theory because it was new, or +because it was learned, or because it was his own, or because it was +popular, or because he would otherwise be ruled out of the synagogue, +till he had made it sure by calculus, or probable by analogy. When +convinced that an hypothesis could not be verified in the present +state of knowledge, or never in logical consistency with established +facts, or moral certainties, he abandoned it like an honest man. But +where he had his ground he stood, and would have it understood. Of +course his teaching was effectual. Those who would be made scholars he +made sound and good ones. He gave a strong character to his +departments, and his departments were an honor to the college. + +"Professor Young was a ripe scholar in general. He was conversant with +the accredited branches of knowledge, and held an honorable place +among learned men. He was modest and retiring, content to know, and +unconcerned about the appearance of it. He liked not to open his mouth +in the gate, but he had wisdom to deliver the city. Nothing crude, +partial, superficial, or one-sided, ever came from him. His judgments +were clear, comprehensive, and decisive. He was slow, critical, and +cautious in forming his opinions, and where he settled there he +stayed. No man could cajole or browbeat him out of his convictions. + +"When our professor lay dead before us, the thought arose that, now, +no longer plodding his way to yonder dome, with steps restrained and +painful from an unknown disease, no longer weary with watching, +through his telescope, the distant orbs, nor with numbers and diagrams +to find their measure, he could survey, without a glass, infinitely +greater wonders from a higher sphere; for he had profited by his +earthly discipline: the heavens had declared to him the glory of God, +and the firmament had showed his handiwork. The day had uttered to him +speech, and the night had showed to him knowledge. Next it occurred +how natural religion had been thus reproduced in his mind and +illustrated by a higher Revelation: 'The law of the Lord is perfect, +converting the soul; the testimonies of the Lord are sure, making wise +the simple; the statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; +the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes.'" + + + + +CHAPTER XXV. + +PROFESSOR STEPHEN CHASE.--PROFESSOR DAVID PEABODY.--PROFESSOR WILLIAM +COGSWELL. + + +Professor Stephen Chase, who succeeded Professor Young in the chair of +Mathematics, the latter retaining the department of Natural Philosophy +and Astronomy, was the son of Benjamin Pike and Mary (Chase) Chase, +and was born at Chester, N. H., August 30, 1813. + +The following notice of this distinguished mathematician is from a +commemorative "Discourse" by President Lord:-- + +"In the first class that entered the college, after my connection with +it, nearly twenty-three years ago, a young man, spare, tall, as yet +unformed in manner, soon engaged the attention of his teachers. We +marked his mild, serene, yet quick and penetrating eye, his +independent, unaffected, yet modest and regulated movement, his +lively, versatile, earnest, and comprehensive mind, his cheerful and +honest diligence, his punctual attendance upon the exercises of the +college, his respectful, but unstudied and confiding deportment +towards his superiors, his frank and generous, but reserved +intercourse with his fellow students, his care in selecting his most +intimate associates, and his quiet, unpretending, yet exact and +intelligent performance of all the studies of the course. An +indifferent stranger would not have noticed him, except, perhaps, to +criticize his unique exterior; and his fellow students, as is natural +to young persons who are most impressed by aesthetical manner and +accomplishment, did not dignify him as a leader or an oracle. But a +deeper insight convinced his teachers that, whatever partial observers +might think wanting in respect to artistic excellence, was well +supplied by more substantial and enduring qualities. Their eye +followed him, while here, as a sound-minded, true-hearted young man, +and a thorough scholar; and, after he had graduated, as a teacher at +the South, and in two of the oldest academies of New England. In these +different relations he fully justified the good name which he had left +behind him at the college, till, the proper occasions serving, he was +called back to be first a tutor, and then professor of the +Mathematics. The subsequent course of Mr. Chase proved that his +instructors had not miscalculated his powers, nor over-estimated his +qualifications for one of the most difficult and trying positions in a +learned institution. + +"Professor Chase performed the duties of his office without +interruption till the close of the last term, during a period of about +thirteen years; and died, after a short illness, in vacation, while +yet a young man. He was scarcely thirty-eight years of age. Yet he was +old, if we measure time, as scholars should, not by the motion of the +heavenly bodies, but the succession of ideas. He had made great +proficiency in knowledge. Well he might; for he had great +susceptibilities. His temperament was ardent, his instincts were +lively, his perceptions keen, his thoughts rapid, his reasoning +faculties sharp, his imagination fiery, and his will determined. No +man has all his active powers proportioned; for that would constitute +perfection, which exists not in this world any more in physical than +in moral natures. But his balance was less disturbed than most, and, +consequently, he was capable of various and large attainments. What he +could he did, for his spirit was earnest, and his industry untiring. +He had become well founded and extensively versed in most departments +of liberal study, and it would be difficult to say in what branch of +knowledge he would have been most competent to excel. He was not a +genius; that is, no one power of the mind absorbed the others, and his +culture was not unequal. Therefore he would not have glared for a +while, like a meteor, and then exploded, but he would have stood one +of the pillars of learning, and a true conservator of society. + +"A man of excellent constitutional faculties, like Mr. Chase, must use +them, if Providence gives him opportunity. He has a self-moving power. +He cannot be still. Use of the faculties increases their facility and +productiveness; and the increase of products increases the love of +acquisition. His gains, and his consequent love of gain, will be +according to the Providential direction which he takes, whether to a +trade, an art, a profession, to the pursuit of wealth, or power, or +general knowledge. Mr. Chase's direction was to knowledge. He acquired +it easily, his stores rapidly increased, and the love of it became a +passion. He loved knowledge as some men love pleasure, and others +gold, for its own sake. Yet not exclusively, for he was genial, +warm-hearted, and humane. He appreciated the enjoyments of personal, +domestic, and social life. No man could be more affectionate, kind, +generous, or public-spirited. He was never a recluse or an ascetic. He +was ready to take anything in hand, and liked to have his hands full. +He desired an estate, he studied a profession, he amused himself with +useful arts, he loved a farm, a garden, an orchard, a fruitery, an +apiary; and occasionally, to do the work proper to them all himself; +and he did it well. But knowledge, science, in the largest sense, was +his _beau ideal_. + +"Professor Chase, as might be expected, had great excellence as a +teacher and governor of college. His ideal of education may be +inferred from his personal culture. This had always been general and +liberal. He omitted no branch of important knowledge. He accepted +nothing partial. He believed in none of the romantic expedients which +are often hastily adopted, and successively abandoned, for making +scholars without materials, and forcing public institutions of +learning, for a present popular effect, off from the methods which +nature has prescribed, and experience has sanctioned. He regarded a +college as a place not so much of learning, as of preparation for +learning,--a school of discipline, to bring the student up to manhood +with ability to perform thenceforth the hard work of a man in his +particular profession. To that end no part of fundamental study could +be spared. He would as soon have judged that young men could be +trained to excellence in the mechanic arts, while they disused any +important organ of the body; or a sculptor elaborate a perfect model +by chiseling only the limbs. He would not expect such a mechanic, or +artist, or educators of the same school, to find either honorable or +lucrative employment, when society, though temporarily blinded by +ingenious but visionary projects of improvement, should learn the +practical difference between the whole of anything and its parts. He +would not have consented that any other department of college study +should be sacrificed even to the Mathematics. + +"But he would have the Mathematics lie, physically, where God has +placed it, at the foundation. He would have the student early settled +and accustomed to the most approved methods and varieties of +demonstrative science. He would discipline the mind among the +certainties of numbers, that it might better search for truth among +the probabilities of things; just as we learn to swim where we can +touch bottom before it is safe to plunge into the deep. He judged +soundly that one must learn to use his reason before he can wisely +apply it to the purposes of life; and that without this preliminary +training nothing else can be learned well; and that whatever otherwise +seem to be accomplishments, turn out, at length, to be fantasies that +vanish in the turmoil and struggle of life, or mislead men into a +false and fickle management of affairs. Wherefore he felt the peculiar +responsibility of his position with all the intenseness of his earnest +and far-reaching mind. He knew that his department, though most +difficult to be commended to young men in general, was most +indispensable to their success, and he sought accordingly to magnify +his office. That he was a complete master of it is out of question. Of +this he has left enduring monuments; and not the least, I am happy to +say, in minds which he had trained. + +"His own perception of relations was like intuition, and hence he was +sometimes uneasy at the embarrassments of students, even when +involuntary, and much more, when the result of indifference or +neglect, even though they might at times be increased by the rapidity +of his own illustrations. I should have dreaded to be taken by +Professor Chase to the blackboard, unless I had a good lesson, or a +good conscience; and I could not have been sure that the latter would +avail me without the former. But though I should have shrunk from the +criticism, I should have respected the man. If I feared him in the +lecture-room, I should honor him in his study; for there his warm +heart would open to the story of my mental trials, and he would lead +me, and help me to bear my burdens, with the kindness of an elder +brother. He was exacting, but he was humane; he was impatient, but +full of generous sympathies. These qualities might not always be +tempered in the hurry of an occasion, but found their balance in the +leisure and quiet intercourse of retirement. He was just and faithful. +He had strong likes, but he would yield a favorite when he must; and +strong dislikes, but he was incapable of hate. He stopped short of all +extremes. You could move him easily either way on the current of the +sympathies; but you could not tempt him to do wrong. As with the +judgment, so with the sensibilities; they were led by conscience. As +with the love of knowledge, so with the passions; they were subject to +the love of truth. Whatever the occasional excitement of the intellect +or the feelings, there was that in his mind which made it impossible +for him to be an enemy of God or man. The soul had been harmonized by +grace. + +"Mr. Chase had a pious ancestry, and was brought up by Christian +parents in the fear of God. An excellent mother, an invalid in his +childhood, sat much in her arm-chair with the Bible on her knee. She +used it with her little boy as she would a primer. Before he was four +years old he had learned to read it, and read through the New +Testament; and that particular volume now remains the best part of his +estate. He was ever afterwards a diligent student of the Bible, and +never ceased to honor the father and mother who had led him in this +way of life. Filial reverence was one of his most beautiful and +characteristic traits. It was a natural step to the fear of God; and +the early fear of God is likely to be succeeded, according to the +covenant, by that love of God which, when perfected, casteth out fear. +During his third year at college he became, as he hoped, regenerate, +and professed his faith in Christ. It is said that his religious +awakening at that time was unusually deep; his awe of the Divine +government and his sense of sin profound; his acknowledgment of God's +justice and general sovereignty unreserved; and his trust in Christ +for justification free and unqualified. That sheet-anchor saved him. +It brought him up, subsequently, in the hour of danger. When the +fitful and rough winds of the spirit of the power of the air beat upon +him, and the swelling waters went over his soul, it dragged, but it +held. It was cast within the veil. That New Testament in his +childhood, that subjection to his parents, that conversion at +college,--they were blessings to him and to us that can be measured +only by eternity. + +"It was a sorrowful day when, in the solitude and stillness of the +winter vacation, we laid him in the tomb. It was sorrowful in that +house where he had been the joy and hope of loving and trusting +hearts, and had found rest from the cares and vexations of official +life; where a sincere, unworldly, unartificial hospitality always +reigned; whence tokens of kindness went freely round to friends, and +compassionate charity to the poor. It was sorrowful to his colleagues, +for we trusted him, his knowledge and judgment, his integrity and +zeal, his faithfulness and efficiency, his independence and courage. +We knew that he was above pretense, artifice, and duplicity; that in +his keeping, righteous principle was safe, and over his application of +it wisdom, benevolence, and firmness would preside. It was sorrowful +to the village, for he was known to be a just man, a kind neighbor, +and a good citizen. He was always ready to do what he could for the +common welfare, and to bear his proportion of the common burdens. +Every man in the community felt that he had lost a friend." + +The scientific world could have no better demonstration of Professor +Chase's rare mathematical talents than his text book on Algebra, which +is still used in one department of the college. + +Professor Chase married Sarah Thompson, daughter of Ichabod Goodwin, +and granddaughter of General Ichabod Goodwin, of South Berwick, Me. He +died at Hanover, January 7, 1851. + + * * * * * + +In "Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit," we find the following +notice--furnished by the kindness of Rev. Daniel L. Furbur, D.D.--of a +gentleman of great worth, whose early death was a serious loss to the +college: + +"David Peabody, the youngest son of John and Lydia (Balch) Peabody, +was born at Topsfield, Mass., April 16, 1805. He was employed more or +less upon his father's farm till he was fifteen or sixteen years of +age; but as his physical constitution was thought to be not well +suited to agricultural life, and as his early tastes were more than +ordinarily intellectual, and he had a strong desire for a collegiate +education, his father consented to gratify him; and, in the spring of +1821, he commenced the study of Latin at Dummer Academy, Byfield. The +same year his thoughts were earnestly directed to the great subject of +his own salvation, though he did not feel so much confidence in the +genuineness of his religious exercises as to make a public profession +of his faith until three years afterwards. In 1824, he united with the +Congregational Church in his native place, and in the autumn of the +same year joined the Freshman class in Dartmouth College. + +"By severe labor during his collegiate course, he overtasked his +naturally feeble constitution, and thus prepared the way for much +future debility and suffering. He was graduated in 1828, on which +occasion he delivered the valedictory oration. + +"After spending a few weeks in recruiting his health at his father's, +he became, for a short time, assistant editor of the 'New Hampshire +Observer,' at Portsmouth, but before the close of 1828 he entered the +Theological Seminary at Andover. In the spring of 1829, he accepted an +invitation to take charge of a Young Ladies' Select School at +Portsmouth; but in the autumn of 1830 his declining health obliged him +to relinquish it, and to seek a Southern residence. He went to Prince +Edward County, Virginia, and secured a situation as teacher in an +excellent family,--that of Dr. Morton, and at the same time entered +the Union Theological Seminary, of which the Rev. Dr. John H. Rice was +the founder and principal professor. He remained in the family of Dr. +Morton till he had completed the prescribed course of study, and was +licensed to preach by the West Hanover Presbytery in April, 1831; +after which he supplied the church at Scottsville for six months. So +acceptable were his services, that the congregation would gladly have +retained him as their pastor; but, as he preferred a Northern +residence, he declined all overtures for a settlement, and returned to +New England, with his health much improved, in 1832. In November of +the same year he was ordained pastor of the First Church in Lynn, +Mass. In September, 1834, he was married to Maria, daughter of Lincoln +Brigham, then of Cambridge, but formerly of Southborough, Mass. In +January, 1835, he was attacked with a severe hemorrhage, which greatly +reduced his strength, and obliged him for a season to intermit his +labors. Finding the climate unfavorable, he reluctantly came to the +determination to resign his pastoral charge, with a view of seeking an +inland home, when his health should be sufficiently recruited to +justify him in resuming the stated duties of the ministry. + +"Accordingly, in the spring of 1835, he was dismissed, after which he +spent some time in traveling for the benefit of his health, at the +same time acting as an agent for the Massachusetts Sabbath-school +Society. His health now rapidly improved, and on the 15th of July +succeeding his dismission, he was installed as pastor of the Calvinist +Church in Worcester. + +"The change of climate seemed, for a time, highly beneficial, and had +begun to induce the hope that his health might become fully +established; but, in the winter of 1835-36, he was prostrated by +another attack of hemorrhage, which again clouded his prospects of +ministerial usefulness. In the spring of 1836, his health had so far +improved that he resumed his ministerial labors and continued them +through the summer; but in September, his symptoms again became more +unfavorable, and he determined, in accordance with medical advice, to +try the effect of a sea voyage and a winter in the South. Accordingly, +he sailed in November for New Orleans; and, on arriving there, decided +on going to St. Francisville, a village on the Mississippi. Here he +remained during the winter, preaching to both the white and colored +population, as his strength would allow. In the spring, he returned to +his pastoral charge, with his health considerably invigorated. He +labored pretty constantly, though not without much debility, until the +succeeding spring (1838), when he found it necessary again to desist +from his labors, and take a season of rest. In company with a friend, +he journeyed through a part of Vermont and New Hampshire, and on +reaching Hanover, the day after Commencement, was surprised to learn +that he had been appointed professor of Rhetoric in Dartmouth College. +Conscious of his inability to meet any longer the claims of a pastoral +charge, and hoping that his health might be adequate to the lighter +duties of a professorship, he could not doubt that the indications of +Providence were in favor of his accepting the appointment. He did +accept it, and shortly after resigned his charge at Worcester, amidst +many expressions of affection and regret on the part of his people, +and, in October following, entered on the duties of his professorship. + +"The change of labor proved highly beneficial, and during the winter +of 1838-39, he enjoyed a degree of health which he had not known for +many previous years. In March, he was so much encouraged in respect to +himself that he remarked to a friend that he thought God would indulge +the cherished wish of his heart, and permit him again to labor as a +minister. But another cloud quickly appeared in his horizon, which +proved ominous of the destruction of all his earthly hopes. In April +following, he suffered from an attack of pleurisy, which was followed +by lung fever; and, though he so far recovered as to be able to attend +to his college duties till the September following, it became manifest +to all that his disease was, on the whole, advancing towards a fatal +termination. He died at the age of thirty-four years and six months, +on the 17th of October, 1839. His last days were rendered eminently +tranquil by the blessed hopes and consolations of the gospel. His +funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. Lord, President of +Dartmouth College, and was published. He left no children. + +"Mr. Peabody's published works are a brief 'Memoir of Horace Bassett +Morse,' 1830; a Discourse on 'The Conduct of Men Considered in +Contrast with the Law of God,' 1836; a 'Sermon on the Sin of +Covetousness, Considered in Respect to Intemperance, Indian +Oppression, Slavery,' etc., 1838; the 'Patriarch of Hebron, or the +History of Abraham' (posthumous), 1841." + + +FROM THE REV. SAMUEL G. BROWN, D.D. + + "Dartmouth College, July 25, 1856. + +"My Dear Sir: It gives me great pleasure to send you my impressions of +Professor Peabody, though others could write with more authority. I +knew him in college, where he was my senior. He belonged to a class of +great excellence, and was honorably distinguished throughout his +college course for general scholarship, diligence, fidelity, and great +weight of personal influence, in favor of all things 'excellent and of +good report.' His character was mature and his mind already well +disciplined when he entered the class, and education had perhaps less +to accomplish for him in the matter of elegant culture than for almost +any one of his associates. Hence there was not the same conspicuous +progress in him as in some others. Yet at the time of graduation he +stood among the first, as is indicated by the fact that he was the +orator of one of the literary societies, and was selected by the +Faculty to deliver the valedictory oration at Commencement. In every +department of study he was a good scholar,--in the classical, moral, +and rhetorical departments, pre-eminent. As a preacher, he was +distinguished for a certain fullness and harmony of style, justness in +the exposition of doctrine, and weight of exhortation. He was prudent +without being timid, and zealous without being rash; eminently +practical, though possessing a love of ideal beauty, and a cultivated +and sensitive taste, and as far removed from formalism on the one side +as from fanaticism on the other. Dignified and courteous in manner, he +was highly respected by all his acquaintances, and while a pastor, +greatly esteemed and beloved by his people. His fine natural qualities +were marred by few blemishes, and his religious character was steadily +and constantly developed year by year. Grave, sincere, earnest, he +went about his labors as one mindful of his responsibility, and as +seen under his 'great Task-master's eye.' Indeed his anxieties outran +his strength, and he was obliged to leave undone much that was dearest +to his hopes. The disease to which he finally yielded had more than +once 'weakened his strength in the way,' before he was finally +prostrated by it. The consequent uncertainty of life had perhaps +imparted to him more than usual seriousness, and a deep solicitude to +work while the day lasted. He performed the duties of a professor in +college but a single year, and that with some interruptions. No better +account of the general impression of his life on those who knew him +best can be given than in the language of a sermon preached at his +funeral by the Rev. Dr. Lord. + +"'What his private papers show him to have felt in the presence of his +God was made evident, also, in his social and official intercourse. +Intelligent, grave, dignified; conscientious in all his relations, +from the student upwards to the teacher, the pastor, the professor; +nothing empty as a scholar, nothing unsettled or inconsistent as a +divine, nothing vague or groundless as an instructor; sincere, +generous, honorable, devout; keenly sensitive in respect to the +proprieties and charities of life; warm in his affections, strong in +his attachments, stern in his integrity; above the arts of policy, the +jealousies of competition, the subserviency of party spirit, and +simply intent upon serving God, in his own house, and in all his +official ministrations, he was one of the few who are qualified to be +models for the young, ornaments to general society, and pillars in the +church of God.' + +"Hoping, dear sir, that this hasty and imperfect sketch may be of some +trifling service in commemorating a good man, who deserves something +much better, + +"I am very truly your obedient friend and servant, + + "S. G. Brown." + + +FROM THE REV. JOHN NELSON, D.D. + + "Leicester, July 23, 1856. + +"My dear sir: My personal acquaintance with the Rev. Mr. Peabody was +limited to the period during which he was the pastor of the Central +Church, in Worcester. While he held that office, I had, I may say, an +intimate,--certainly a most happy, acquaintance with him. I often saw +him in his own house, and often received him as a welcome guest in +mine. I often met him in the association to which we both belonged and +in ecclesiastical councils. + +"I remember him as having a rather tall and commanding figure, and a +benign countenance, beaming with intelligence, especially when engaged +in conversation. This appearance, however, was modified by constant +ill health. No one could be with him without receiving the impression +that he was a scholar, as well as a deep and accurate thinker. + +"The few sermons which I heard him read, or deliver from the pulpit, +were of a high order, distinguished for both accuracy of style and +power of thought. They were clear, methodical, and highly eloquent. It +was my own impression, and I know it was the impression of some of his +most distinguished hearers, that he was among the best preachers of +his time. In ecclesiastical councils he was shrewd, discerning, and +wise. As a friend, he was always reliable. His moral character was not +only high, but well balanced, and marred by no inconsistencies. + +"It is presumed that no one will dissent from the statement that, +during the few years he was in Worcester, by his intelligence, his +manly virtues, his kindness of heart, his active labors for the +advancement of Christ's kingdom, and his ability as well as +faithfulness as a preacher, he greatly commended himself, not only to +the people of his immediate charge, but to the whole community in +which he labored. + + "Affectionately yours, + "John Nelson." + +We are indebted to "Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit" for yet +another notice--furnished by the kindness of Rev. Daniel Lancaster--of +a gentleman widely known to the friends of education and religion. + +"William Cogswell, the son of Dr. William and Judith (Badger) +Cogswell, was born in Atkinson, N. H., June 5, 1787. He was a +descendant from John Cogswell, of Westbury, Wiltshire, England, who, +with his family, sailed from Bristol in a vessel called the 'Angel +Gabriel,' June 4, 1635, and was wrecked at Pemaquid (now Bristol), +Maine. He settled at Chebacco, now Essex, then a part of Ipswich, +Mass., where he died November 29, 1669, about fifty-eight years old. +His father was distinguished as a physician and a magistrate, and held +the office of hospital surgeon in the army during the war that gave +us our Independence. His mother was a daughter of the Hon. Joseph +Badger, of Gilmanton, a gentleman of great respectability and for a +long time in public life. + +"Under the influence of good parental instruction, his mind was early +formed to a deep sense of the importance of religion; but it was not +till he was fitting for college at Atkinson, that he received those +particular religious impressions which he considered as marking the +commencement of his Christian life. He did not make a public +profession of religion until the close of his Junior year, September, +1810; at that time he, with both his parents, and all his brothers and +sisters, nine in number, received baptism, and were admitted to the +church on the same day, in his native place, by the Rev. Stephen +Peabody. + +"He became a member of Dartmouth College in 1807. Having maintained a +highly respectable standing in a class that has since numbered an +unusual proportion of distinguished men, he graduated in 1811. For two +years after leaving college, he was occupied in teaching in the +Atkinson and Hampton Academies. But, during this time, having resolved +to enter the ministry, he commenced the study of Theology under the +direction of the Rev. Mr. Webster of Hampton, and subsequently +continued it under Dr. Dana of Newburyport, and Dr. Worcester of +Salem,--chiefly the latter. Having received license to preach from the +Piscataqua Association, September 29, 1813, he performed a tour of +missionary service in New Hampshire, and at the close of December, +1813, returned to Massachusetts, and accepted an invitation to preach +as a candidate for settlement, in the south parish in Dedham. After +laboring there a few weeks, he received a unanimous call, which, in +due time, he accepted, and on the 20th of April, 1815, he was duly set +apart to the pastoral office. Here he continued laboriously and +usefully employed about fourteen years, during which time the church +under his care was doubled in numbers, and enjoyed a high degree of +spiritual prosperity. + +"In June, 1829, he was appointed general agent of the American +Education Society, and he accordingly resigned his pastoral charge +with a view to an acceptance of the place. He entered upon the duties +of his new office in August following, and so acceptable were his +services, and so well adapted was he found to be to such a field of +labor, that in January, 1832, he was elected secretary and director of +the Society. His duties now became exceedingly arduous, and his +situation one of vast responsibility. In addition to all the other +labors incident to his situation, he had an important agency in +conducting the 'Quarterly Journal and Register of the American +Education Society,'--a work that required great research, and that has +preserved much for the benefit of posterity which would otherwise have +been irrecoverably lost. + +"In 1833, he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity, by +Williams College. + +"It became manifest, after a few years, that Dr. Cogswell's physical +constitution was gradually yielding to the immense pressure to which +it was subjected. He accordingly signified to the Board of Directors +of the Education Society his intention to resign his office as +secretary, as soon as a successor could be found. He was induced, +however, by their urgent solicitation, to withhold his resignation for +a short time; though in April, 1841, his purpose was carried out, and +his resignation accepted. The Board with which he had been connected, +rendered, on his taking leave of them, the most honorable testimony to +the ability and fidelity with which he had discharged the duties of +his office. + +"On the same month that he determined on resigning his place in the +Education Society, he was appointed by the Trustees of Dartmouth +College, professor of History and National Education. Here again his +labors were very oppressive, as he was obliged not only to prepare a +course of lectures on a subject comparatively new, but to perform much +other service, especially in the way of collecting funds to endow his +professorship. He was chiefly instrumental, at this time, in +establishing the Northern Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of +gathering for it a library of about two thousand volumes. + +"But while he was thus actively and usefully engaged, he was invited +to the presidency of the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton, in +connection also with the professorship of Theology, and a general +agency in collecting funds. There were many circumstances that led +him to think favorably of the proposal, and finally to accept it. He +accordingly removed his family to Gilmanton, in January, 1844. + +"His expectations in this last field of labor seem scarcely to have +been realized. The removal of one of the professors to another +institution, devolved upon him an amount of labor which he had not +anticipated, and he found it impossible to attend to the business of +instruction, and at the same time to be abroad among the churches +soliciting pecuniary aid. At length, finding that the public mind was +greatly divided as to the expediency of making any further efforts to +sustain the institution, he recommended that its operations should, +for the time being, be suspended; though he considered it as only a +suspension, and confidently believed that it had yet an important work +to perform. He held himself ready after this to give private +instruction in Theology, whenever it was desired. + +"In 1848, Dr. Cogswell suffered a severe domestic affliction in the +death of his only son,--a young man of rare promise, at the age of +twenty. This seemed to give a shock to his constitution from which he +never afterwards fully recovered. He acted as a stated supply to the +First Church in Gilmanton until the early part of January, 1850, when +he was suddenly overtaken with a disease of the heart that eventually +terminated his life. He preached on the succeeding Sabbath (January +13), but it was for the last time. He performed some literary labor +after this, and read the concluding proof sheet of a work that he was +carrying through the press for the New Hampshire Historical Society. +When he found that death was approaching, though at first he seemed to +wish to live, that he might carry out some of his plans of usefulness, +not yet accomplished, he soon became perfectly reconciled to the +prospect of his departure. He died in serene triumph,--connecting all +his hopes of salvation with the truths he had preached,--April 18, +1850. His funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Daniel Lancaster of +Gilmanton, and was published. + +"Dr. Cogswell was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, of +the American Antiquarian Society, and of the New England Historic and +Genealogical Society. He was also an Honorary Member of the Historical +Societies of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New +Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, and a Corresponding Member of the +National Institution for the Promotion of Science at Washington. + +"The following is a list of Dr. Cogswell's publications 'A Sermon on +the Nature and Extent of the Atonement,' 1816. 'A Sermon containing +the History of the South Parish, Dedham,' 1816. 'A Sermon on the +Suppression of Intemperance,' 1818. 'A Catechism on the Doctrines and +Duties of Religion,' 1818. 'A Sermon on the Nature and Evidences of +the Inspiration of the Sacred Scriptures,' 1819. 'A Sermon before the +Auxiliary Education Society of Norfolk County,' 1826. 'Assistant to +Family Religion,' 1826. 'A Sermon on Religious Liberty,' 1828. 'A +Valedictory Discourse to the South Parish, Dedham,' 1829. 'Theological +Class Book,' 1831. 'Harbinger of the Millennium,' 1833. 'Letters to +Young Men Preparing for the Ministry,' 1837. In addition to the above, +Dr. Cogswell wrote the 'Reports of the American Education Society' for +eight years--from 1833 to 1840; and two 'Reports of the Northern +Academy.' He was the principal editor of the 'American Quarterly +Register' for several years; was editor also of the 'New Hampshire +Repository,' published at Gilmanton, N. H.; of the first volume of the +'New England, Historical and Genealogical Register;' of a paper in +Georgetown, Mass., called the 'Massachusetts Observer,' for a short +time; and of the sixth volume of the 'New Hampshire Historical +Collections.' + +"Dr. Cogswell was married on the 11th of November, 1818, to Joanna, +daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Strong, D.D., of Randolph, Mass. They +had three children,--one son and two daughters. + + +FROM THE REV. SAMUEL G. BROWN, D.D., + +PROFESSOR IN DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. + + "Hanover, April 10, 1856. + +"My Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of considerable acquaintance with the +Rev. Dr. Cogswell, though only during the later years of his life. He +was not then accustomed to preach, except occasionally to supply a +vacant pulpit, or as a part of his duty as secretary of the Education +Society, or in connection with his professorship in Dartmouth College, +or the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton. He had formed his style on +the model of the older preachers and theologians, and if he had +something of their formality, he had much of their Scriptural +simplicity of statement and devoutness of feeling. His sermons, so far +as I remember them, though showing a careful adherence to the +doctrinal opinions of the fathers of New England, were not of a +polemic character, but were marked by good sense, earnestness, a +Biblical mode of address, and warm Christian sympathies. + +"From natural kindness of heart, he avoided unnecessary controversy, +and was especially solicitous to harmonize and unite by charity, +rather than by acuteness to discriminate differences among brethren, +or to separate them by severity of judgment. Not ambitious, he was yet +gratified by the approbation and good opinion of others, and loved a +position where he might be prominent in labors of charity. Neglect or +contumely wounded but did not embitter him. No feeling of ill-nature +was suffered to disturb his peace or check his liberality. + +"Among the prominent traits of his character was a sincere and +unwearied benevolence. He was interested in young men, and his labors +as secretary of the American Education Society were stimulated even +more by love of the work than by a sense of official responsibility. +He was thoroughly devoted to the objects which interested him, and +though one might differ from him in judgment with respect to measures, +none doubted his sincerity or refused him the praise of unsparing +fidelity. + +"His tastes led him to antiquarian pursuits, and he was prominent in +founding and conducting several learned societies which have done much +to rescue valuable knowledge from oblivion, and thus to secure the +materials for future history. + +"He bore adversity with meekness and patience. What might have crushed +a harder spirit, but gave his greater symmetry. The latter years of +his life, though darkened with many disappointments, were illustrated +by the exhibition of admirable and noble traits of character, such as +few, except his most intimate friends, supposed him so fully to +possess. The death of an only and very promising son while in college, +and the failure of some favorite plans, seemed only to develop a +touching and beautiful Christian resignation and a high magnanimity. +Not a murmur was heard from his lips under his irreparable loss, nor +an unkind or reproachful word at the disappointment of his +expectations; nor did an unsubmissive or harsh thought seem to find a +place in his heart. Those especially who witnessed his last sickness +were deeply impressed with the Christian virtues and graces which +found a free expression in the hour of trial. + +"Dr. Cogswell was portly in appearance, grave and dignified in his +bearing, and eminently courteous in manner. He will be remembered with +kindness by all who knew him, and by many with a feeling of strong +gratitude and affection. + +"With great regard, your obliged friend and servant, + + "S. G. Brown." + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + +PROF. JOHN NEWTON PUTNAM.--PROF. JOHN S. WOODMAN. PROF. CLEMENT +LONG.--OTHER TEACHERS. + + +The following notice of the eminent scholar who succeeded Professor +Crosby in the chair of Greek, is from a Commemorative "Discourse" by +Professor Brown. + +John Newton Putnam was the son of Simeon and Abigail Brigham (Fay) +Putnam, and was born December 26, 1822, in what was then the north +parish of the beautiful town of Andover, Massachusetts. His father, a +graduate of Harvard in the Class of 1811, was for many years teacher +of a classical school of high character in North Andover, in which the +son received his elementary training and discipline. His mother was a +lady of exquisite refinement and beauty of character, of great +gentleness and tender grace. Soon after the death of his father, in +1833, he entered Phillips Academy in Andover, then under the charge of +that excellent scholar, Mr. Osgood Johnson, where he successfully +completed the usual course of study preparatory to entering college. + +Being still quite young, and already showing uncommon aptitude for +study, he went with his instructor and friend, Rev. Thatcher Thayer, +to the town of Dennis, upon Cape Cod, where he spent four years in +quiet and delightful application. + +Dr. Thayer says of his classical studies: + +"He recited each day, in review, the whole of the past lesson from +memory, without book, first the Latin or Greek and then the English. +At each lesson questions were asked which, if he could not answer, he +was required to answer at the next recitation, from various helps +furnished him. This often led to long and varied investigations. He +wrote as much as he read,--perhaps more. + +"If those studying with him might smile a little at his want of +athletic zeal and vigor, there was no room for smiling when it came to +Greek, or indeed any mental exercise. Besides, his wit, though gentle, +could gleam, and then they all respected him for his character, and +loved him for his winning spirit." + +In the autumn of 1840, he entered the Sophomore class of this college, +ready to make full use of the ample opportunities granted him. With +what modesty and beauty he bore himself here, with what fidelity in +every relation, with what admirable scholarship, with what generous +aims, with what simplicity and purity of motive, with what love of +learning, and desire not merely of meeting the claims of the +recitation-room, but of perfecting himself in every branch of liberal +culture, how constantly this noble desire possessed him from his first +day among us down to the closing hour when he discoursed so fitly and +with such maturity on "Poetry--an instinctive philosophy," those know +best who were most familiar with his college life. One testimony to +this is so full and generous, and of such weighty authority, that I +cannot forbear to give it. It is from the accomplished scholar who +filled the chair of Greek for many years before Professor Putnam.[46] + + [46] Professor Alpheus Crosby. + +"I could not hope," he says, "to express, by any words at my command, +the peculiar charm which Professor Putnam's scholarship and character +had for me. I never heard him recite without being impressed with the +wonderful perfection of his scholarship. His translation was so +faultlessly accurate, and yet in such exquisite taste, his analysis +and parsing were so philosophical and minutely exact, and his +information upon illustrative points of history, biography, +antiquities, and literature, was so full and ready, that I listened +with admiration, and to become myself a learner. How often I had the +feeling that we ought to change places I and when I had decided to +resign my situation in the college, my mind immediately turned to him +as a successor, assured that the college would be most fortunate if it +could secure his services." It need not be said how fully Professor +Putnam reciprocated this esteem, nor what value he attached to the +exact and thorough discipline of his instructor. + +Nor was it in the department of languages alone that he was +distinguished, but almost equally in every other, as much in those +studies which demand the independent and original action of the mind +as those which mainly require close attention, and the faculty of +acquisition. His modesty was then, as always, so marked, and his ideal +of excellence so high, that it required some sense of duty to bring +his powers to a public test. He never thrust himself into a place of +responsibility, or sought distinction for distinction's sake. + +He had in college the desire and purpose which he always retained,--to +complete himself in every art and every manly exercise. Hence his +study of music, not only as a recreation, but as a discipline; not +merely to gratify the ear, though exquisitely fond of the art, and +receiving from it a refined and exalted pleasure, but also that he +might become acquainted with the thoughts and conceptions of men great +in musical genius. The Handel Society, which, from the constant +changes of its members, must necessarily fluctuate,--the annual losses +not always being met by corresponding gains,--was then in a high state +of efficiency. For the sake of study and musical acquisition, it +boldly grappled with the difficult works of eminent masters, and with +whatever necessary imperfectness of actual performance, it was with +sure and lasting results of musical ability and taste and knowledge. +It was in this society, I suppose, that Professor Putnam first became +practically acquainted with some of the great works of Handel and +Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart, and with the lighter but yet substantial +excellencies of some of the English masters. Here he cultivated and +disciplined his nice ear to the instinctive perception of the hidden +harmonies of poetry, to the _feeling_ of those finer beauties which +hardly admit of expression in anything so clumsy as our actual speech. + +The desire for physical accomplishment led him to join a military +company then existing in college, although he had no love for such +things, but rather a native repugnance to them, and there was then no +special demand for the discipline. + +The six years following his graduation were divided between +instruction in Leicester, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island, +and pursuing his professional studies in the Theological Seminary at +Andover. During this time he reviewed and consolidated his knowledge. +He brought himself into nearer contact with practical and common life. +He enlarged his sphere of observation and the circle of his studies, +and was looking forward with great satisfaction to the actual +performance of the duties of his profession, when he was invited to +the chair of Greek in this college. It was a position entirely suited +to his tastes, his capacities, his studies. He brought to it not only +ample learning and tastes delicate and cultivated, but the enlarged +and generous spirit of a true scholar, and the aptness of an +accomplished instructor. His ideal of attainment and of duty was very +high, and he aimed at once to fit himself, by the most generous +courses of study, to illustrate the more perfectly to his classes the +poetry, the eloquence, the philosophy, of the wisest and most refined +people of the whole ancient world. + +It was with no narrow or exclusive spirit, nor with a merely technical +purpose, that Professor Putnam pursued his studies, or directed those +of others. Every true book was a nucleus around which all thought and +knowledge of similar kind were grouped,--a central point from which +his mind radiated in all directions within the sphere of the subject. +Could he read Plato and Aristotle without studying the course of +ancient philosophy and its influence on the modern? or Demosthenes, +without an investigation of the virtues and failings of Athenian +statesmen? or Thucydides, without meditation on the causes of the +desolation of empires and states? or Homer and Sophocles, without a +quick comparison with Dante and Milton and Shakespeare? It was indeed +a characteristic of Professor Putnam, and one cause why his knowledge +was becoming, had indeed become, at once so ample and so serviceable, +that it was not an accumulation of facts disconnected or bound +together by mere accidental associations, but an organic growth, every +fibre of the most distant branch tracing itself back to the one trunk, +and the sap from the living root feeding and nourishing the whole. + +In his special profession, Professor Putnam would be allowed to hold +rank among the very best. The most kind and winning of teachers, he +was the most exacting and stimulating. By questions sharp, pertinent, +and various, thoroughly testing the knowledge of the student, he at +once made him feel his deficiencies, and inspired him to supply them. +Even the dull and careless felt the singular fascination of his look +and tone, caught something of the life of his spirit, and were +gradually lifted above themselves. Gentle, affable, ready to +communicate, dignified, thorough, patient, and learned, never harsh, +never repulsive, he was earnest to meet every want of the student. His +whole course was marked by unwearied fidelity. + +To instruct was an occupation and a duty, to which he made everything +else yield. He was thoroughly desirous to help those who came under +his care, so revealing to them their own deficiencies, and so placing +before them the methods and results of a better scholarship, as to +incite them to new exertions, and aid them to independent and vigorous +activity. No one, unless very groveling and earthy, could be long +under his training, without insensibly catching something of the finer +spirit of a beautiful discipline. His own philosophic thought imparted +its movement to their minds, and many are they who have gone from +these halls, within the last fourteen years, who can trace back to him +some of their best methods of study. + +Language was, in his view, no dead product, but the finer breath and +effluence of the national life, as subtle, as many sided in its +aspects, as the national spirit itself,--into the knowledge of which +one must grow by slow degrees, bending his pliant mind till it +gradually yields to the new channels of thought and expression. + +"An unfaithful scholar," says one of his pupils, "was gently yet +unmistakably reminded of his delinquency, perhaps by assistance being +omitted upon a point which he might easily have ascertained for +himself. One whom he saw struggling to learn he invariably helped, and +this help was given so kindly that many a one would try to make a good +recitation if only to gratify one so much beloved. The best scholars +were quickened by his most delicately expressed appreciation of their +victories, and even sluggish souls felt an unwonted light and warmth +stirring in them when they came into his presence. I remember well our +last recitation in Greek. It was from Plato. He started with an idea +of the noble philosopher, Christianized it, and gave it to us in a few +simple, sublime words, with an attitude and _look_ that melted the +hearts of all. + +"It has sometimes occurred to me that he could not seem constantly to +others as he did to me, like one who had dropped from a higher sphere, +to remain a little while in order to draw the hearts that should love +him to a purer, higher, and better life. But conversation with others +has shown me that it has long been a general impression that he moved +in a realm above the common level of even the best men." + +There was still another aspect in which Professor Putnam presented +himself, which should not be passed over without at least an allusion. +Having completed his professional studies, his own tastes and higher +aims, no less than the wishes of his friends, induced him occasionally +to exercise the functions of the Christian ministry. Hence he sought +and received ordination according to the usages of the Congregational +churches, and in that relation stood in his lot. With what earnestness +and pureness of motive, with what loftiness of purpose and fidelity in +his high calling, and acceptance to those who heard him, I need not +try to express. But I may say that it was not for want of solicitation +that he did not exchange his professorship for places of considerable +public importance in the other calling. It was his duty, a belief of +his fitness for his post, that kept him from some inviting fields of +labor elsewhere. + +Having referred in fitting terms to his call to the Andover +Theological Seminary, to the closing scenes in his life, and to his +death at sea, Professor Brown says in conclusion: + +"Few lives were more perfect than his, whose youth gave so fair a +promise, whose riper years so fully redeemed the pledge. His presence +shall still go with us all, to excite us to new fidelity, to enkindle +within us nobler affections, to inspire us with holier purposes." + +His classmate Rev. Dr. Furber says: + +"The ripe and rare scholarship of my beloved classmate and friend, +John Newton Putnam, was the fruit of diligence and the love of study +in one whose acquisitions were easily and rapidly made. Mr. Putnam +never seemed to be a hard worker, but knowledge was continually +flowing to him as by a process of absorption from his early childhood +until he became the accomplished and brilliant scholar that he was as +professor of Greek. His books were his constant companions, their +society was his pleasure and pastime, he preferred it, even in his +boyhood, to the sports and recreations for which most boys neglect +their studies. When in college he sat up at night after other students +were in bed to pursue the study of German and other modern languages +not then required by the college course. This he did from the pure +love of these studies, without the aid of a teacher, and without the +social stimulus of any companionship in such pursuits. And he probably +for the sake of study neglected needful bodily exercise every year of +his life. + +"In the study of languages he found a fascination. The marvelous Greek +tongue was of course the richest field for him, the language of a +people of the finest and subtlest intellect, and of the highest +culture in the art of speech. He seemed at home in that wonderful +language as much almost as if it had been his mother tongue. The +elegance and vivacity, the felicity and energy of his translations +from Thucydides or Plato showed that he not only comprehended his +author and saw the subject as he saw it, but that he had fairly caught +the glow of the author's mind from the page which he had written. + +"So accomplished a student of language could not have been ignorant of +his rank among his fellow students; but in all my intimacy with him, +boarding at the same table, occupying for a few months the same room, +and spending with him more or less time every day either in social +intercourse or in the enjoyment of vocal or instrumental music, I +never knew him to betray, by word or act or look, a consciousness of +his superiority to the poorest scholar in the class. + +"Oblivious as he was, apparently, of the deficiencies of others, he +was quick enough to perceive their merits. A fine recitation or an +eminently creditable performance of any college exercise, no matter by +whom, gave him positive enjoyment, which in his nervous and emphatic +way he was very apt to express. It is really not too much to say that +he appeared to enjoy the successes of others as much as though they +had been his own. + +"What a help to any college class is the influence of one such man! +His connection with the class of 1843, was, no doubt, the presentation +to some of its members of an ideal such as they had not formed before; +an ideal, not only of enthusiasm for the largest acquisitions and the +finest culture, but of that enthusiasm sustained by the love of +excellence for its own sake, and not alloyed by any merely selfish +ambition to surpass others. + +"A spirit of scholarship so high, so broad, so generous as this could +be no mark for envy. None of us grudged our classmate his position or +his honors. He was the beloved associate, and is now the warmly +remembered friend of some of us, and no doubt many of us were more +indebted to his example than we were aware of at the time for anything +that was well and worthily done by us in our college days. + +"I ought not to close this notice without speaking of Mr. Putnam's +love of music. Music was born in him as much as Greek was, and he +learned one as rapidly as he did the other. When in college he was a +valuable member of the Handel Society, his influence being always in +favor of the introduction for practice of the standard and classic +authors. Haydn's 'Creation' and other works of that great composer +were an unfailing source of delight to him. Their naturalness and +spontaneity, their brightness and cheerfulness, their artistic finish +and exquisite grace, met precisely the corresponding qualities in his +own mind. As we often choose those authors who are most unlike +ourselves, so he knew how to enjoy the rugged grandeur of less +polished writers. He could listen to a mountain chain of choruses in +'Israel in Egypt,' or to a dark and mazy labyrinth of mingled harmony +and discord in Beethoven, and wherever he saw the perfection of art or +the power of genius, his soul was like a harp of a thousand strings +every one of which was alive with vibration. I well remember with what +elevation of feeling and intensity of utterance he used in the Handel +Society to sing 'The Hallelujah Chorus,' and the concluding chorus of +the Messiah, 'Worthy is the Lamb that was slain.' His deeply religious +sympathies were touched by the sentiment of these great choruses, and +on this account his enjoyment of them was more profound than his +enjoyment even of the finished models of Haydn. He knew and felt that +he was on a grander theme, and that Redemption was greater than +Creation. And it is pleasant to think of him now as saying with a +deeper meaning and a more rapturous devotion than he knew on earth, +and may we add, a more thrilling musical delight, 'Worthy is the +Lamb.'" + +We append some of the closing lines of the venerable Dr. Thayer's most +touching and eloquent tribute to the character of his beloved and +honored pupil: "He did in quality, more than in quantity, beyond any I +ever had to do with. He was under more stimulus than mere quiet +pleasure in study. He had a most delicate sense of beauty to be +gratified, a fine power of discrimination which sought objects for its +exercise. Then his love for his mother was a very powerful motive; +then too I think he thought of gratifying and honoring his teacher, +who loved him and tried to make him a scholar. But better, he loved +his Saviour and increasingly studied with humble loyalty to him. Still +we must not put Putnam in a wrong place. He was pre-eminently made for +a classical scholar." + +Rev. Dr. Leeds adds: + +"I became acquainted with Professor Putnam in the winter of 1860-61, +and was on intimate terms with him up to the time of his death, more +than two years later.... + +"Of his scholarship, others can speak more fitly than I. All remarked +that he was pervaded by that which is beautiful in the wonderful +language and literature he taught, as ever a vase by the perfume of +its flowers. + +"But it is his character on which I love to dwell. Ever after I had +become well acquainted with him, he was a delightful illustration to +me of the power of love to foster diverse and even opposite elements +of character. He had feminine traits, and yet he was thoroughly +manly; the gentleness and tenderness of a true woman were his, and so +were the dignity and courage of a true man. He could speak, and was +wont to speak, and preferred to speak words of kindness the most +winning; but he could administer a rebuke longer to be remembered than +most men's; though _more_, perhaps, because it came from him than for +any other reason. The union in him of fastidious taste and of +uncritical temper was very marked. No man was more sensitive than he +to all the proprieties of the occasion; and one might at first fear +lest himself should say or do what would jar upon that delicately +attuned spirit, for whatever _he_ said or did was perfect in its +manner. And yet no one--no one--would listen with more simple +enjoyment to the plainest, crudest utterances of others. He had not +one word of criticism to offer. He seemed to see--I am confident he +did see--only what was good and attractive in them. But one thing +could offend him, that which indicated a want of sympathy. + +"More than any man I ever knew, he saw the good in every person, and +the bright in everything. It was wonderful, it was delightful, it +rebuked one, and it quickened one, to note the manifestations of this +temper. Nothing, seemingly, could occur that did not present some +occasion for gratitude. After the fearful disaster which hurried his +life to its close, his message home was--how characteristic of him all +who knew him will at once recognize,--'Tell them to thank God for our +deliverance!' + +"I must not say much more. His friends need no reminders of his +innocent, sunny playfulness, or his abounding, sparkling--but never +trenchant--wit. As one of them has said of another, 'What bright, +graceful conceits often fell from his lips, his soft, dark eye smiling +at his own unexpected thought!' And yet, such was his gracious nature +that he was the delight of the house of prayer as much as of the +friendly circle, the one who would be chosen alike to share our hours +of gayety, and to extend to us the sacramental cup. In fine, his +qualities were refined, blended, and crowned by love--love which often +suggested to others the name of St. John. + +"No notice of him would be adequate that did not at least refer to +his wife,--fitting companion to such a man. A daughter of Prof. +William and Mrs. Sarah Chamberlain, she inherited both the attractive +and the sterling traits of her parents. 'Lovely and pleasant in their +lives, in their death they were not divided.'" + +Esthetic and solid culture have very rarely had a more nearly perfect +union in any American scholar than in Professor Putnam. Whether in the +privacy of his home, in the recitation room, or before a large +audience, his words were always chosen with a marked regard for +fitness and beauty. His knowledge of the minutest points of every +theme which he discussed was so exhaustive and complete that any +attempt to improve would have been almost like carrying light to the +sun. + +The graces of his heart corresponded with those of his person and +mind. His earnest piety was marked and felt by all who came within the +sphere of his influence. Few Christian teachers have passed away, at +the age of forty, more highly esteemed than Professor Putnam. He died +on the return voyage from Europe, near Halifax, October 22, 1863. + + * * * * * + +In 1851, the chair of Mathematics was rendered vacant by the death of +Professor Chase, and he was succeeded by John Smith Woodman, a member +of the Rockingham County Bar. He was the son of Nathan and Abigail H. +(Chesley) Woodman, and was born at Durham, N. H., September 6, 1819. + +Extended experience as a teacher in the South, and foreign travel, had +given valuable expansion to Professor Woodman's naturally capacious +mind. He was a careful, patient, laborious teacher of the Mathematics. +He did not exact excellence from every student, for he fully realized +that a lack of native fondness for the studies of this department +rendered it impossible for some to appear in the recitation-room, with +as full preparation as others. But he strove to have each do the best +in his power, and his kindness induced many to put forth earnest +effort, who would have been less inclined to do so under a different +teacher. + +One well qualified to appreciate him says: + +"As an instructor in Mathematics, a field proverbially difficult, +Professor Woodman had but few equals. Such was his superiority when a +student in this department, that there was little difficulty in +choosing a successor to the post made vacant by the sudden and +untimely death of Professor Chase. The action of the Trustees was most +completely justified by the ease and thoroughness with which Professor +Woodman took up and carried forward the work of his honored and +lamented predecessor. + +"In the class-room, however subtle or complicated the subject, or +however dull the student lucklessly 'called up,' his demeanor was +always evenly calm, without a shade of impatience; he carried a firm, +steady hand, master alike of himself and the subject in hand. + +"Under his direction the field of Mathematics was not left to mere +theoretical cultivation. At an early date, the first class under his +care was marshaled in squads under self-chosen captains who were first +trained by the professor in practical handling of compass, theodolite, +and sextant; and then each led his division to out-door work, taking +the various instruments in turn. He was also able to invest even +Analytical Geometry and Integral Calculus with charms for some of the +class. One student came from a private interview in a high state of +enthusiasm over the eloquent suggestiveness of formulae in the +vocabulary of Calculus. + +"Written examinations, now so common, were among the methods +introduced into his department by Professor Woodman, and that class +still remembers the spectacles quietly adjusted, that his +near-sightedness might not encourage an illicit use of + and -, and +the rigid silence which shut them up to the simple problems written +upon the blackboard, notwithstanding adroit questions, ostensibly +innocent and necessary. + +"In the Chandler Scientific School, to which Professor Woodman was +afterwards assigned, he was specially qualified to do good work, +because of his thorough mastery of Mathematics by perceptions almost +intuitive. Thoroughly at home in its principles, loving them, and +honestly loving his pupils, he could luminously and patiently teach +the application of those principles in practice, however minute and +detailed. + +"Mention of Professor Woodman as an instructor would be incomplete, +were there no allusion to the force and influence of his character as +a man, transparently honest, and grandly true. He taught well from +text-books, but his life, so unaffectedly simple and just, gave +better, deeper, and more lasting instruction." + +An associate in the Faculty says: + +"Professor Woodman becoming somewhat weary of the continuous and +laborious drill of young men in a department not generally +appreciated, and feeling a renewed desire to return to the practice of +law, resigned his professorship, and removed to Boston for that +purpose. After a year's experience of the practice, or desire of +practice, of law, the professor was ready to return to his field of +labor in the college. His former department was no longer open, the +place having been filled, on his resignation, by the appointment of +Professor Patterson. He was, therefore, appointed Professor of Civil +Engineering in the Chandler Scientific School. On entering upon his +duties, he was made the chief executive officer, under the president, +of the department, and continued to hold that relation to the school +till his death. Professor Woodman proved himself a thorough, able, and +zealous teacher in his new chair, and by degrees became deeply +interested in the Scientific Department, and devoted his time and +energies to building it up and making it a success. He early became +sensible of the importance of the free-hand drawing, and gave it a +prominent place in the curriculum of the School, which it has +continued to hold. The depth of Professor Woodman's love for the +School, and the strength of his desire for its continued prosperity, +were made manifest in his will by a generous donation to its funds. +Those who graduated from the Chandler Department while it was under +the administration of Professor Woodman, will never cease to love and +revere his memory." + +A classmate, distinguished for his interest in general education, +says: + +"Professor Woodman was county commissioner of schools, and secretary +of the New Hampshire Board of Education, during the year 1850. He was +again county commissioner during the years 1852 and 1853. In 1854 he +was commissioner and chairman of the board which was composed of the +commissioners of the several counties. In the opinion of the most +competent judges, Professor Woodman was one of the wisest and most +efficient state school officers New Hampshire has ever had. He was +admirably qualified for the work of an educator, not only by the cast +of his methodical, organizing mind, but by his varied experience and +scholastic attainments. He was eminently practical in all his plans +for the improvement of the schools, and he knew well how to adapt +means to ends. His reports, both as commissioner and secretary, were +of a high order of excellence, and they were highly beneficial in +promoting the cause of education in the State." + +Professor Woodman married Mary Ann, daughter of Stephen Perkins +Chesley, of Durham, and adopted daughter of Edward Pendexter. He died +at Durham, N. H., May 9, 1871. + + * * * * * + +In 1853, Professor Clement Long, who was the son of Samuel and Mary +(Clement) Long, and was born at Hopkinton, N. H., December, 31, 1806, +was called to the chair of Intellectual Philosophy which had been +vacated by the resignation of Professor Haddock. He was a thorough +teacher. Being himself a most profound thinker, he deemed it his duty +to exact a thorough knowledge of every day's lesson by the student. If +he had not made himself master of the subject, by learning all that +was to be learned from the text-book, any attempt to supply the +deficiency, by drawing upon his own resources, would be sure to be +followed by the plainest marks of dissatisfaction or merited rebuke on +the part of Professor Long. Never indulging in the diffuse or the +discursive himself, he never tolerated such a course on the part of +the student. A mere glance at the man was sufficient to indicate the +richest and most solid type of mind. Those who sat under his +instruction, and were capable of appreciating it, will ever remember +his efforts in their behalf with the liveliest gratitude. + +In a commemorative "Discourse," President Lord says: "He was graduated +at this college in 1828, a classmate and intimate friend of the late +and lamented Professor Young, and a worthy associate of the many +honorable men by whom the class of that year has been distinguished. + +"It was here, in a time of unusual religious awakening among the +students, that he became a Christian, and, with several of his +classmates, made profession of his faith,--a profession ever +afterwards honored by a singular devotedness to his Saviour. That he +was a regenerate man, and true to his Christian calling, no one who +knew him ever doubted. It was manifested by the perhaps best of all +evidences, as construed by experienced observers,--the uniform +prevalence of an unworldly and super-worldly spirit. He affected +nothing, he pretended nothing; but whatever he said or did significant +of religious character was traceable, and traceable only, to a +believing and loving mind. If any thought him severely religious, that +may have been the fault of his critics rather than his own. + +"After leaving college, he was for three years a preceptor, +principally at Randolph, Vt.; then, for two years, a theological +student at Andover. Before completing his term at that institution, he +was called, in 1833, to the professorship of Intellectual Philosophy +in Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio. After a short term of +service he was elected to the professorship of Theology, in the same +institution, and received ordination as a minister of the gospel. +These changes are all significant of early and distinguished worth. + +"In 1851 he received and accepted the appointment of professor of +Theology in the Seminary at Auburn, N. Y." + +His classmate Professor Folsom says: + +"Professor Long was like a precious stone kept long in the lapidary's +hands before its brilliancy met the public gaze. I had my home under +his father's roof, and sat daily at table with him, during my Junior +year. We were colleagues afterwards, together with our classmate +Jarvis Gregg, in the Western Reserve College; and they both were +members of my family there. We had been Handelians at Dartmouth (as +also Peabody), and almost every evening we sang together, at our +fireside, from Zeuner's "Harp." How precious the memory of those +hours! How often has the uplifting power of all our intercourse been +felt! Professor Long, like Professor Young, joined the love of +Mathematics with that of Metaphysics, but the bent of his genius was +strongly in the direction of the latter, and not least in theological +and moral science. He had the enthusiastic regard both of the Faculty +and students of the Western Reserve College. He was also a very +suggestive and quickening preacher, often at my request taking my +place in the pulpit of the chapel. His great modesty, and not easily +satisfied ideal, kept him from publishing much in his lifetime; but I +have wondered that some of his writings did not find their way into +print after his death. He once told me, when urging him to this step, +that he hoped, in the course of ten years or so, to be able to prepare +something which the ear of the public might not be careless to hear. +He had the same clear-cut features that marked Professor Peabody, +though of a different pattern,--the latter with outward, the former +with inward, gaze." + +"In 1853," President Lord continues, "he was transferred to the +position which he held in this college till his death, leaving the +honorable office which he had so lately assumed, at Auburn, partly out +of his great love for his Alma Mater, and partly, to minister to his +revered parents in their advanced years. + +"In all these relations the qualities which I have suggested laid the +foundation of his acknowledged excellence. In all the departments +which he successively occupied he was regarded, as among the most +learned, able, and effective teachers and preachers of the country. He +was competent to every service required of him, and gave to every +position dignity and honor. He was distinctively Christian in them +all, and made them subservient to no school or party, but to the +gospel through which he had been saved. + +"Wherein Professor Long was like other men, he was above the +generality, and, though he aspired not to lead, was fitted to precede +them. Wherein he was unlike them, the difference was more conspicuous. +His peculiarities were striking, and in them we perceive his most +observable traits, whether of the intellect or the heart. + +"I know not whether it were most of nature, or habit, that our friend +was so distinguished for acuteness, directness, and singleness of the +mind,--a mind not especially intuitive and rapid, not noticeably free +in its conceptions, wide in its survey, or comprehensive in its +generalizations, moving rather on an extended line than an enlarged +area, but subtle and clear as light; sharp, piercing and +discriminating as electricity; pointed, direct, and exact as the +magnet; conclusive, positive, and decisive as the bolt of heaven. His +processes were simple, natural, easy, and continuous, not stiffly +regulated by scholastic laws, but strictly conformable, and his +results inevitable. Give him his definitions and his postulates which, +though not given, he would, like other resolved reasoners after his +method, sometimes take, at his own risk, and he would go round or +through the circle, or make his traverses in darkness and storm, and +never lose his meridian, or be confused in his reckoning; and he would +come back precisely to his starting-point laden with success, his +points all proved. It was well said of him by a curious and critical +observer of scholars, that, as a logician, he was not exceeded in the +country. + +"Our professor had made large attainments in the science to which he +was especially devoted,--the Metaphysics. He read whatever was worth +the reading, of which, however, he chose to be an independent judge, +but he thought more, so that his attainments were emphatically his +own. He was not like what so many now become in this department of +study,--a mere follower, imitator, panegyrist,--but a searching critic +and judicious commentator. He had a higher range of speculative +inquiry than most of the more ambitious men who have exceeded him in +popular effect, and he corrected his inquiries by a better logic, and +a more simple faith. But I have sometimes thought him too much of a +recluse for his greatest profiting in this respect. He loved best the +retirement of his own study, and was rarely seen outside of it, except +when required by his official duties. He abjured the artificial forms +and fashions of social life, the bustling confusions of trade and +commerce, and the whirl and finesse of political agitations. He never +would stand on a platform, nor be seen at an anniversary, nor harangue +a popular assembly. He was happiest in solitude where, undisturbed, he +could solve the abstruse problems of ethics, or be a delighted critic +of metaphysical theories, or seek to penetrate the mysteries of +theology. He was consequently in danger of contemplating his +subjects, like so many others of his time, both in Church and State, +too much in their refined essence, and too little in their +comprehensive practical relations; rather as things, in his judgment, +ought to be, than as they are; too much in the light of a fictitious +principle, and too little in that of experience, history, and analogy; +rather according to God's original constitution than the actual +necessities of a fallen state; too much as they may be in the ultimate +development of God's moral providence, and too little as they are in +its administrative course. Hence, but for the greatest care which, in +the main, he exercised, he would have been likely to crowd into his +definitions and postulates more than they naturally admitted, or to +make them less than they naturally required; to mistake, for the basis +of his fulcrum, a speculative subtlety instead of a practical reality; +and, consequently, to make his inexorable logic draw too much, or to +little, for legitimate practical effect. If, occasionally tempted by +the excitement of our present types of speculative and conjectural +science, he seemed to overstep the limits which God has prescribed to +us in our present probationary state, and to make the human a measure +of the Divine, it was done not presumptuously, from a spirit of +conceited and ambitious intermeddling with things forbidden, but +unconsciously, from an honest desire for knowledge. When he perceived, +as he was not slow to perceive, that many of the objects which now so +much allure the learned men of the world, who are falsely so called, +were not real, but ideal and conceptional only, not actual knowledge +verifiable by a day-light test, but shadows and chimeras chasing one +another over the moonlit sky, then he retreated. He chose to stop, +reverentially, as taught by Scripture, when he must, rather than to be +driven back by the cherubim and the flaming sword. Not even Kant, or +Coleridge, or any of their living imitators, however congenial their +respective tastes for speculative subtleties, could tempt him so to +disregard the boundary between reason and faith as to lose sight of +Calvary, or mistake an _ignis fatuus_ for the Sun of Righteousness. +His college experience, and, I have sometimes thought the _genius +collegii_, with a father's and mother's teachings and prayers, all +favored by the Spirit who only searcheth the deep things of God, kept +him near and true to the everlasting Word. + +"But we forgot all his speculative trials and temptations, we forgot +almost that he was not perfect but in part, when, in his sacred +character, and in this sacred place, he laid aside his weapons of +intellectual warfare, and, with his peculiar meekness of wisdom, +simplicity of statement, power of argument, and cogency of appeal, +testified to us the great things of the kingdom of God, so far as he +had learned them out of the Holy Scripture. Very instructive and +affecting it was, when, as sometimes, the aspiring philosopher, the +uncompromising logician, the astute economist, the grave and learned +dogmatist, renounced these and all other accomplishments of nature, or +rather made them subservient to the greater accomplishments of grace. +Then we admired, even to tears of thankfulness, how the wise man, in +becoming a fool, becomes truly wise; how he who could be great among +his fellows on Mars Hill,--great after the fashion of the +Areopagus,--could be greater, after a higher fashion, in declaring the +God there Unknown; in repeating simply the lessons of that heavenly +wisdom which none of the princes of this world knew; and, with a +child-like sincerity and earnestness, from his own sense of the +sufficiency of redeeming mercy, inviting us to 'The Lamb of God who +taketh away the sin of the world.' + +"It might seem that one so abstract and speculative, so contemplative +and reserved, would naturally be wanting in those sensibilities and +affections which are justly reckoned indispensable to the highest +excellence of character, and to the happiness, or the relief, of our +present state. But appearances do not necessarily represent, but more +frequently conceal, realities. I have been permitted to read some of +his most familiar letters, which reveal a sunny and cheery side of his +character which I had not learned from personal observation. That he +had a susceptible and generous heart no man ever doubted. But one must +know what he has written to his friends, out of its unperceived +fullness, to appreciate those hidden sympathies of his nature which +brought him into harmony as well with the outer as the inner world. +Few would have a better relish for innocent festivities, or the +pleasures of travel, or the grander and finer works of nature or art. +Few would be more excited by the sparkle or roar of ocean, the +magnificent scenery of Centre Harbor, the sublime panorama of the +White Mountains, or the quiet beauties of the Connecticut valley. +True, such objects engaged him but for a time. They were not his chief +good. He wanted the higher satisfactions of enlarged knowledge, of +speculative insight, of reasoning activity, of professional +engagement. They were not his work, but his pastime. Yet, when he +played, it was with as great enjoyment as any man can have who plays +alone, and far greater than they have, or can have, who do naught but +play in company, who care for little but sights and sounds, at length +sickened and enfeebled by their very tastes, incapable of grave and +dignified pursuits, disgusted by their own vanities, remorseful at +their own intemperate hilarities, saying, at last, of laughter, 'It is +mad, and of mirth, what doth it?' Stoical he may have been, for that +belongs, almost of course, to natural magnanimity, and familiarity +with large and elevated themes; but ascetic and cynical he was not, +and could not have been, with his appreciation of Christian truth, and +experience of a Saviour's love. + +"The scholar, teacher, preacher, learned, profound, effective, +venerable in all relations, has passed away; the good man, regenerate +by the grace of God, trusting in the righteousness of Christ, and +hoping for salvation only through redeeming blood; the righteous man, +stern and inflexible in his integrity, who never dissembled, never +professed what he did not feel, never hated, never spoke evil of his +neighbor, and could and did say that he was never angry at his +brother; the faithful man, who was true to his engagements, kept his +post, and, in weariness and painfulness, performed his appointed work +till he was struck with death; the husband, father, friend, of whom, +in these relations, it were impertinent to speak particularly, while +wounded spirits are already telling, too much, how great his value, +and how great their loss. He has passed away, dying as he had lived, +and taught, and preached,--in faith; peaceful as a little child, and +hopeful of that better state where that which is perfect will come, +and that which is in part shall be done away." + +Professor Long published a sermon before the W. R. Synod in 1847, a +discourse on "The Literary Merits of Immoral Books," in the same year, +"Inaugural Address at Auburn," in 1858, a sermon in Dartmouth College +Church, "Jesus Exalted yet Divine," in 1859, and a memorial sermon on +Professor Roswell Shurtleff, in 1861. In 1836, with Professor Gregg, +he assumed the editorship of the "Ohio Observer" published at Hudson. +In their first address to their readers is this passage: "In relation +to the subject of slavery we shall take the high ground that man is +man and cannot therefore be treated and used as property without sin, +that immediate emancipation is a duty, and that it is therefore the +duty of every man to pray and strive in every virtuous way for the +abolition of slavery." The last date of an editorial is June, 1837. + +Professor Long married Rhoda Ensign, daughter of Alpha Rockwell, of +Winsted, Connecticut. He died at Hanover, October 14, 1861. + + * * * * * + +Propriety forbids more than the briefest reference to a large number +of the worthy living, who have been, or who still are numbered among +Dartmouth's professors, in the Academical department. Otherwise we +might dwell, with profit, upon the name of the able theologian, George +Howe; of the eminent linguist, Calvin E. Stowe; of that strong and +graceful master of the English, the Latin, and the Greek, Edwin D. +Sanborn, who is now just passing the threshold of the "three score and +ten," and completing nearly a half century of various and valuable +connection with his Alma Mater; of Oliver P. Hubbard, who is still +patiently and skillfully unfolding the secrets of science in halls +which have echoed his voice for more than forty years; of Samuel G. +Brown, the music of whose chaste and charming lectures on Rhetoric +still lingers in the ears of a long line of pupils; of Daniel J. +Noyes, whose fidelity, courtesy, and kindness in the chairs of +Theology and Philosophy have given him a warm place in the hearts of +nearly thirty classes; of James W. Patterson, whose pupils have +watched the turning of the thoughts of an admired and honored teacher +from Natural to Political Science, with unceasing interest, and +followed him through the vicissitudes of public service, with +undiminished affection; of Charles A. Aiken, the critical and +accomplished linguist, whose loss by the college was deemed almost +irreparable; of William A. Packard, who, in a kindred department gave +early promise of his later success; of Charles A. Young, whose +scientific researches have added to the fame of his family, his +college, and his country. Nor should the service rendered to the cause +of science by Henry Fairbanks and John R. Varney, while professors at +Dartmouth, escape our notice. + +A proper estimate of the value of the services of those who are now +manfully and successfully bearing "the burden and heat of the day," +and bidding fair to do so for years to come, in this important field, +with its slender pecuniary rewards, of Samuel C. Bartlett, Henry E. +Parker, Elihu T. Quimby, Charles H. Hitchcock, John C. Proctor, +Charles F. Emerson, and John K. Lord, must be left to a future +historian. + +The tutor's chair at Dartmouth has been filled by many men of high +promise, some going to premature graves, others to what they deemed +more inviting fields. Among them we find such names as Calvin Crane, +Moses Fiske, Asa McFarland, John Noyes, the value of whose instruction +was gratefully acknowledged by Dartmouth's most illustrious son a +quarter of a century after his graduation, Thomas A. Merrill, +Frederick Hall, Josiah Noyes, Andrew Mack, John Brown, Henry Bond, +William White, Rufus W. Bailey, James Marsh, Nathan Welby Fiske, Rufus +Choate, Oramel S. Hinckley, John D. Willard, Henry Wood, Ebenezer C. +Tracy, Ira Perley, Silas Aiken, Evarts Worcester, Jarvis Gregg, and +Samuel H. Taylor. We cannot dwell upon individual merit, nor give even +the names of all who have rendered valuable service in this sphere. + +The "Indian Charity School," also has had many teachers of +distinguished worth. Among them we find such names as Benjamin +Trumbull, the historian, to whom we have referred heretofore; Ralph +Wheelock, the favorite son of the honored founder, who would doubtless +have left to him his official mantle, but for the early failure of his +health; James Dean, whose name is indelibly engraven upon the earlier +periods of our national history, Jacob Fowler, who well illustrated +the value of Christian civilization to the Indian; Caleb Bingham and +Elisha Ticknor, whose names are closely interwoven with the +educational history of New England's metropolis, Josiah Dunham, Judah +Dana, Caleb Butler, William A. Hayes, the intimate and honored friend +of Francis Brown, Joseph Perry, John S. Emerson, and Osgood Johnson. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + +MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.--PROFESSORS NATHAN SMITH, REUBEN D. MUSSEY, DIXI +CROSBY, EDMUND R. PEASLEE, ALBERT SMITH, AND ALPHEUS B. CROSBY.--OTHER +TEACHERS. + + +In "A Contribution to the Medical History of New Hampshire," by Prof. +A. B. Crosby, we find a condensed history of the Medical Department of +the College. + +"Soon after its formation, the impression became general that the +State Society, excellent as it was both in design and execution, did +not fully answer the medical wants of New Hampshire. There were those +who felt that the young men of the State should have systematic, +didactic instruction, and that this could be accomplished only by the +foundation of a regularly chartered medical college. This plan was +eventually reduced to a demonstration through the energy and talents +of one man. It is with profound veneration that I write the name of +Nathan Smith. Himself a member of the society, I know not but he here +gained inspiration and encouragement for the enterprise from his +associates. At the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of +Dartmouth College, in August, 1796, being then a Bachelor of Medicine, +not having received the degree of M.D., he made an application to the +Board, asking their encouragement and approbation of a plan he had +devised to establish a professorship of the Theory and Practice of +Medicine in connection with Dartmouth College. After considerable +discussion, the Board voted to postpone their final action upon the +proposition for a year, but in the meantime a resolution was passed +complimentary to the character and energy of Mr. Smith, and promising +such encouragement and assistance in the future as the plan might +merit and the circumstances of the college admit. + +"The records of the college are extremely barren of details respecting +the preliminary steps towards a medical establishment, and there are +no means of knowing what the action of the Board was the following +year. It is evident, however, that some measures must have been taken +in relation to the future welfare of the school, for in the year 1798 +we find that 'the fee for conferring the degree of Bachelor of +Medicine _pro meritis_ be twenty dollars.' The honorary degree of +Master of Arts was the same year conferred on Mr. Smith, while it +remained for a subsequent Board to discover that his professional +attainments merited the rank and title of Doctor. + +"Later in the same session it was voted 'That a professor be +appointed, whose duty it shall be to deliver public lectures upon +Anatomy, Surgery, Chemistry, Materia Medica, and the Theory and +Practice of Physic, and that said professor be entitled to receive +payment for instruction in those branches, as hereafter mentioned, as +compensation for his services in that office.' Mr. Smith was at once +chosen to fulfill the laborious, and to us almost incredible duties of +this professorship, while the compensation alluded to was for a long +time held in abeyance. We also find that in this year the Board +adopted the following code of Medical Statutes: + +"1. Lectures shall begin the first of October, annually, and continue +ten weeks, during which the professor shall deliver three lectures +daily, Saturday and Sunday excepted. + +"2. In the lectures on the Theory and Practice of Physic, shall be +explained the nature of diseases and method of cure. + +"3. The lectures on Chemistry and Materia Medica shall be accompanied +by actual experiments, tending to explain and demonstrate the +principles of Chemistry, and an exhibition shall be made of the +principal medicines used in curing disease, with an explanation of +their medicinal qualities, and effect on the human body. + +"4. In the lectures on Anatomy and Surgery, shall be demonstrated the +parts of the human body by dissecting a recent subject, _if such +subject can be legally obtained_; otherwise, by exhibiting anatomical +preparations, which shall be attended by the performance of the +principal capital operations in surgery. [The lower animals were used +to some extent.] + +"5. The medical professor shall be entitled to the use of the college +library and apparatus gratis. + +"6. The medical students shall be entitled to the use of the college +library under the discretionary restrictions of the president. + +"7. Medical students shall be subject to the same rules of morality +and decorum as Bachelors in Art residing at the college. + +"8. No graduate of any college shall be admitted to an examination for +the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, unless he shall have studied two +full years with some respectable physician, or surgeon, and attended +two full courses of lectures at some university. + +"9. No person _not_ a graduate shall be admitted to such an +examination unless he shall have studied _three_ full years, as above, +attended two full courses of lectures, and shall, upon a preparatory +examination before the president and professors, be able to parse the +English and Latin languages, to construe Virgil and Cicero's orations, +and possess a good knowledge of common Arithmetic, Geometry, +Geography, and Natural and Moral Philosophy. + +"10. Examinations shall be holden in public before the executive +authority of the college by the medical professor, and candidates +shall read and defend a dissertation, etc. + +"11. Every person receiving a degree in Medicine shall cause his +thesis to be printed, and sixteen copies thereof to be delivered to +the president, for the use of the college and Trustees. + +"12. The fee for attending a full course of lectures shall be fifty +dollars; that is, for Anatomy and Surgery, twenty-five dollars; for +Chemistry and Materia Medica, fifteen dollars, and for Theory and +Practice, ten dollars. + +"13. The members of the two senior classes in college may attend the +medical lectures by paying twenty dollars for the full course. + +"Besides these statutes, the Trustees voted that Mr. Smith might +employ assistance in any of his departments, at _his own expense_, +and that one half part of the fees for conferring the degree of +Bachelor of Medicine be his perquisite, and the other half a +perquisite to the president of the college. + +"The first course of lectures was delivered in the fall of 1797, +although Mr. Smith was not elected to his professorship until after +his return from Europe, the following year. In the year 1798, two +young men were graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Medicine. The +next year the Trustees voted to appropriate a room in the northeast +corner of Dartmouth Hall to the use of Professor Smith, and it was +repaired and furnished for that purpose. The room was a small one, +scarcely as large as a common parlor, but still it served for a +lecture hall, dissecting-room, chemical laboratory and library, for +several years, when another room adjoining was appropriated to the +same purpose. + +"In 1801, the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon Mr. +Smith, and a committee was appointed to confer with him in relation to +a salary. A grant of fifty dollars per annum was voted him, upon which +he was to allow a debt he owed the college for money loaned. I presume +that this latter was furnished him in order to enable him to visit +Europe. + +"The Trustees about this time made a change in the term of study +required for a degree. The new statute fixed the period of three years +for academical graduates, and five years for non-graduates." + +In 1803 the New Hampshire Legislature granted $600 to Dr. Smith for +the purchase of apparatus, and in 1809 $3,450 for "a building of brick +or stone for a medical school, sixty-five feet in length, thirty-two +feet in width, and two stories in height," Dr. Smith furnishing land +for the purpose. He furnished one acre, on which a brick building +seventy-five feet in length, two stories in the middle, with wings of +three stories, was erected, at a cost of over $4,600, Dr. Smith +becoming responsible for the balance. By the terms of the above grants +the building and anatomical and chemical apparatus became the property +of the State upon the removal of Dr. Smith from the institution, which +is with propriety styled the "New Hampshire Medical College." + +In 1810 Dr. Cyrus Perkins (created a Doctor upon that occasion) was +elected professor of Anatomy. Some trouble having occurred about this +time between the college officers and the Medical students, the +following articles were added to the laws. + + * * * * * + +"'1. That each person, previous to becoming a member of the Medical +institution, shall be required to give satisfactory evidence that he +possesses a good moral character. + +"'2. That it be required of medical students that they conduct +themselves respectfully towards the executive officers of the college, +and if any of them should be guilty of immoral or ungentlemanly +conduct the executive may expel them, and no professor shall receive +or continue to receive as his private pupil any such expelled person, +or recommend him to any other medical man or institution. + +"'3. That the executive officers of the college be, and hereby are +authorized to visit the rooms of the medical students whenever they +think proper.' + + * * * * * + +"In the year 1812, some important changes were made in the economy of +the institution. Up to this time the degree of Bachelor of Medicine +only was conferred upon recent graduates, while the degree of M.D. was +only allowed in course three years after graduation. This was now +changed, and the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon all +medical graduates. The term of study was again changed, and fixed at +the present standard. Another of the new regulations and perhaps the +least agreeable one to the students, compelled candidates to read +their theses publicly in the chapel. + +"The Faculty was also strengthened by the appointment of Rufus Graves, +Esq., as lecturer on Chemistry, making this department, for the first +time, a separate branch. Colonel Graves, although a good lecturer, was +an unsuccessful manipulator, which caused his dismission in 1815, +three years later. During the same year [1812, at Dartmouth] we find +that Mr. Reuben D. Mussey, a name thoroughly identified with the +success of the school, and with medical progress in New Hampshire, was +created a Doctor of Medicine. + +"In 1814, Dr. Smith having been absent for a year, it was voted that +the salary and emoluments pertaining to the chair of Medicine, be paid +to Dr. Perkins, and at an adjourned meeting the resignation of Dr. +Smith was received and accepted. The Board then proceeded to elect Dr. +Mussey professor of Theory and Practice and Materia Medica. In 1816, +Dr. Perkins was excused from lecturing on Surgery, and Obstetrics was +added to his chair, instead, while Dr. Mussey assumed the department +of Chemistry, in addition to his other labors. In the meanwhile Dr. +Smith was re-elected professor of Surgery, but declining to accept, Dr. +Massey added a course of lectures on this branch to his already +laborious duties. The following year he was somewhat relieved by the +choice of Dr. James F. Dana, as lecturer on Chemistry, which office he +continued to hold until 1820, when he was elected to a full +professorship. In August, 1819, Dr. Perkins resigned his chair. + +"By vote of the Board of Trustees, in 1820, they accepted the +proffered fraternization of the New Hampshire Medical Society, by +sending delegates to attend the annual examinations. The statutes were +also altered very materially. By these amendments the Medical Faculty +were allowed the sole control of the discipline, etc., of their +department. Students coming to attend lectures were not required to +give evidence of the possession of a good moral character, as under +the old laws. The invidious have alleged that this latter amendment +enabled a larger number to avail themselves of the advantages of a +medical education than might otherwise do so. The requirements for +graduation were at the same time lessened, being now limited to a +knowledge of Latin and Natural and Experimental Philosophy, while the +examinations were to be private, instead of public, as heretofore. + +"It was determined that the Medical Faculty should henceforth consist +of: + +"1. The president of the College. + +"2. A professor of Surgery, Obstetrics, and Medical Jurisprudence. + +"3. A professor of Theory and Practice and Materia Medica. + +"4. A professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy. + +"5. A professor of Anatomy and Physiology. + +"Dr. Mussey was elected to the first of the professorial chairs; Dr. +Daniel Oliver, of Salem, Mass., to the second; Dr. James F. Dana, to +the third, and Dr. Usher Parsons to the fourth. Dr. Parsons remained +but two years, when Dr. Mussey was appointed professor of Anatomy, in +addition to his other branches. No further change occurred until 1826, +when Dr. Dana resigned the chair of Chemistry, which was filled by the +election of Professor Hale, who continued to lecture until 1835, when +his connection with the college ceased. The following year Dr. John +Delamater was chosen professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, +and the present incumbent, Dr. O. P. Hubbard, professor of Chemistry, +while in 1838 a great change was made in the Medical Faculty by the +resignation of all the lecturers except Professor Hubbard. By the +election of the Trustees, the Faculty now consisted of Elisha +Bartlett, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Delamater, Oliver Payson +Hubbard, Dixi Crosby, and Stephen W. Williams. Dr. Bartlett resigned +in 1840, and was succeeded by Dr. Joseph Roby. Dr. Delamater also +left, and Dr. Holmes tendered his resignation. The next year, 1841, +Dr. Phelps and Dr. Peaslee commenced their long and useful connection +with the school. No farther change was made until 1849, when Dr. Roby +resigned and Dr. Albert Smith was elected. In 1867 Dixi Crosby +resigned the chair of Surgery, and A. B. Crosby, who had served as +adjunct professor of Surgery since 1862, was elected to fill the +vacancy. In 1869, Dr. Peaslee, having resigned the chair of Anatomy +and Physiology, was transferred to a new chair of the Diseases of +Women, while Lyman Bartlett How, M.D., was elected to fill the +vacancy. And finally Dr. Dixi Crosby has sent in his resignation of +the chair of Obstetrics, to take effect at the ensuing commencement +(1870), thus terminating an active connection of thirty-two years with +the school. + +"Nathan Smith, the founder of the school, was without dispute a great +man. He was born at Rehoboth, Massachusetts, September 30, 1762. +Incited to enter the profession by witnessing an amputation in +Vermont, he devoted himself to acquiring the best preliminary +education his means afforded, and eventually entered his profession +full of zeal and ambition, resolved to act no secondary part in his +chosen vocation. To found a medical college at Dartmouth was the chief +desire of his early manhood. Regardless of his own pecuniary +interests, he borrowed money to buy the necessary apparatus and +appliances with which to commence his course of instruction. When the +increasing demands of the institution required a building for its +accommodation, it was through his personal efforts that it was +secured. The means were raised and the project carried out by Dr. +Smith, who, himself, on his own responsibility, furnished a large part +of the money. A part, as shown by the records, was also secured by the +same gentleman from the Legislature of New Hampshire. + +"Dr. Smith was a man of genius. I hazard nothing in saying that he was +fifty years in advance of his profession. He was one of those +characters who was not only an observing man, but, rarest of all, he +was a _good observer_. Nothing escaped him, and when he had seized on +all the salient points of a given subject, he astounded his listeners +with the full, symmetrical character of his generalizations. + +"As intances in point, let me briefly advert to one or two +illustrations. When Dr. Smith entered the profession, everything in +the way of continued fever in the valley of the Connecticut was termed +typhus. Dr. S. soon became convinced that while true typhus did +prevail, there was yet a continued fever essentially different in its +character, and so he came to differentiate between typhus and typhoid. +Noting carefully the symptoms in these cases, making autopsies +whenever a chance occurred, and observing the morbid changes thus +revealed, he soon found himself master of the situation. Then he wrote +an unpretending little tract, in which he embodied his observations +and his inferences. This brochure was undoubtedly the first +comprehensive description of typhoid fever written, and covered in a +wonderfully exhaustive way not only the clinical history, but the +pathology, of this most interesting disease. This noble record of +results, obtained by observations made mainly at Norwich, Vermont, and +Cornish, New Hampshire, was almost the '_Vox clamantis in deserto_.' + +"Many years later, in the great hospitals of Paris, Louis made and +published his own observations in regard to the same disease, and the +whole medical world rang with plaudits of admiration at his genius and +learning. But in the modest little tract of Nathan Smith, the gist and +germ of all the magnificent discoveries of Louis are anticipated. And +thus it is again demonstrated that men of genius are confined to no +age and to no country, but whether in the wilds of New Hampshire or in +the world's gayest capital, they form a fraternity as cosmopolitan as +useful. + +"I have recently learned an incident that still further illustrates +Dr. Smith's sagacity. While residing in Cornish he had a friend who +was a sea-captain, and who, on his return from foreign voyages, was +wont to relate to him whatever of interest in a medical way he might +have chanced to observe while abroad. On one occasion he told Dr. +Smith that on his previous voyage one of the sailors dislocated his +hip; there being no surgeon on board, the captain tried but in vain to +reduce it. The man was accordingly placed in a hammock with the +dislocation unreduced. During a great storm the sufferer was thrown +from the hammock to the floor, striking violently on the knee of the +affected side. On examination, it was found that in the fall the hip +had somehow been set. This greatly interested Dr. Smith, and he +questioned the narrator again and again as to the exact position of +the thigh, the knee and the leg, at the time of the fall. + +"From this apparently insignificant circumstance, Dr. Smith eventually +educed and reduced to successful practice the method of reducing +dislocations by the manoeuvre, a system as useful as it is simple, +and as scientific as the principle of flexion and leverage on which it +depends. Had this incident been related to a stupid man, he would have +seen nothing in it, or to a skeptic, he would have discredited the +whole account, but to a man of genius it furnished a clue by which +another of Nature's labyrinths was traced out. This system is by far +the best ever devised, symplifying and rendering easy the work of the +surgeon, while reducing human suffering to its minimum. + +"I do not propose to recall to your minds how much he did for +Medicine and Surgery; that were the work of days, not a single hour. + +"Time would fail me to relate the well authenticated traditions of his +skill, his benevolence and his practical greatness. But almost from +the inception of his professional life until he left for New Haven, he +was the acknowledged leader of his profession in the State, and his +reputation came soon to cover the whole of New England. He was the +father of several sons, who have since been distinguished in the same +profession. The venerable Professor N. R. Smith, of Baltimore, is the +eldest, and perhaps the most celebrated, of the survivors." + +The venerable Dr. A. T. Lowe adds the following valuable paragraphs: + +"In the organization and early history of the Medical department of +Dartmouth College Dr. Nathan Smith occupied a pre-eminent position. For +ten or twelve years he was the actual manager and the only professor +in the institution, giving three lectures each day, for five days in +the week, through the term of ten to twelve weeks. He lectured with +great acceptance in all the branches of the profession then taught in +the few kindred institutions existing in the country, and he +contributed liberally to the pecuniary support of the institution, +frequently to his great personal inconvenience. With these accumulated +duties to discharge, he faithfully attended to a large practice in +Medicine and Surgery, which was daily increasing, and severely tasking +his physical as well as his intellectual powers, and his fame, in the +line of his profession, soon placed him at its head; and his skill and +the history of his remarkable success, so frequently announced, and so +well attested, was early recognized and acknowledged, not only +throughout his State, but was scarcely limited to New England. By a +seeming universal consent Dr. Smith's name stood among the highest in +the medical temple of fame. + +"Dr. Smith was not what the world would now call a learned man. We may +say of him, in this respect, what Ben Jonson said of Shakespeare: 'He +knew little Latin and less Greek,' but he had a mind and a power of +intellect which as eminently fitted him for a physician, as +Shakespeare's genius qualified him to become a dramatist of the +highest character; and whatever the occasion, whether it related to +the lecturer or teacher, to the surgeon or physician, Dr. Smith could +readily exercise his whole moral force for the enlightenment of his +pupil, or the health of his patient. + +"The writer of these lines became his pupil in 1816; attending him +almost daily in his professional visits, to witness his practice and +listen to his clinical instruction." + +After giving one or two instances of his quick diagnostic ability and +his highly successful practice, he continues: + +"Dr. Smith was a great and good man. He never appeared to toil for +professional fame, but to do good to his fellow-man: and in view of +his virtues as a citizen and his justly pre-eminent skill as a +physician, one of his surviving pupils of those early days, who now +counts more than four-score years, feels impelled to exclaim,--Honored +be the memory of Nathan Smith, the founder, father, and for many years +the sustainer of the Medical Department of Dartmouth College; ever +recognized by all his friends and acquaintances--and their name was +legion--as an honest man and most useful citizen." + +Professor Smith married successively, Elizabeth and Sarah, daughters +of Gen. Jonathan Chase, of Cornish, N. H. He died at New Haven, Conn., +where he had been some years a professor in the Medical Department of +Yale College, January 26, 1829. + + * * * * * + +A commemorative "Address," by Professor A. B. Crosby, contains the +following account of Professor Smith's successor: + +"Reuben Dimond Mussey was born in Pelham, N. H., June 23, 1780. His +father, Dr. John Mussey, was a respectable physician and an excellent +man. + +"Determined to have an education, although too poor to immediately +attain it, he labored on a farm in summer and taught a school during +the winter. This he continued to do until, at the age of twenty-one, +he entered the Junior class in Dartmouth College, in the year 1801. He +continued to teach for his support while in college, and acquitted +himself creditably as a scholar, being reckoned in the first third of +his class. + +"He was graduated in August, 1803, and immediately became a pupil of +Dr. Nathan Smith, the founder of Dartmouth Medical College. The +following summer young Mussey taught an academy at Peterborough, and +studied with Dr. Howe of Jaffrey. + +"He completed his studies with Dr. Smith, sustained a public +examination, and read and defended a thesis on Dysentery. The degree +of Bachelor of Medicine having been conferred upon him in 1806, he +commenced practice in Ipswich, now Essex, Mass. Here he practiced +successfully for three years, when he settled his business and went to +Philadelphia, where he engaged in medical study for a period of nine +months. While at Chebacco, now Essex, Mass., he married Miss Mary +Sewall, who survived the marriage only three years. He subsequently +married Miss Hetty Osgood, a daughter of Dr. Osgood of Salem, who +served as a surgeon in the army during the Revolution. Under the +instruction of Benjamin Smith Barton, he attended a full course of +lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, and was graduated as a +Doctor in Medicine in the year 1809. The professors at that time were +Rush, Wistar, Physic, Dorsey, Barton, and Woodhouse. + +"Drs. Chapman and James gave the course in Obstetrics. Dr. Mussey here +distinguished himself by a series of experiments tending to rebut some +of the generally received physiological doctrines of the time. + +"On his return from Philadelphia he settled in Salem, Mass., and soon +afterward formed a partnership with Dr. Daniel Oliver, subsequently a +professor in the Dartmouth Medical College. + +"These gentlemen gave popular courses of lectures on Chemistry, in +Salem, with great acceptance. Dr. Mussey remained in this field +between five and six years, and attained a large practice during the +last three years, averaging, it is said, a fraction over three +obstetric cases a week. He had already distinguished himself as a +surgeon, and in the autumn of 1814 he was called to the chair of +Theory and Practice at Dartmouth. He gave in addition a course on +Chemistry, most acceptably to the students, and engaged in an extended +and a laborious practice. + +"In 1822, Dr. Mussey was appointed professor of Anatomy and Surgery. +Until the close of the session of 1838, he held this chair, and also +lectured on Materia Medica and Obstetrics, to meet occasional +exigencies in the college. + +"In the summer of 1818 he lectured on Chemistry in the college at +Middlebury, Vt. In December, 1829, Dr. Mussey left Hanover for Paris, +where he remained several months. He passed several weeks in London, +visited the great hospitals and museums, both there and in the +provinces, and became acquainted with many distinguished men. + +"Not far from this time he was invited to fill the chair of Anatomy +and Surgery at Bowdoin College, which he did for four years in +succession. In 1836 and 1837, Dr. Mussey went to Fairfield, New York, +and gave lectures on surgery at the Medical College in that place. +During the year 1837 a professorship was tendered him in New York +city, Cincinnati, and Nashville, Tennessee. He decided to accept the +call to Cincinnati, and for fourteen years was the leading man in the +Ohio Medical College. He then founded the Miami Medical College, +labored assiduously for its good six years, and then retired from +active professional life, though still retaining all his ardor and +enthusiasm for his chosen profession. At the close of his professorial +duties in 1858, Dr. Mussey removed to Boston, where he spent the +remainder of his life, and died from the infirmities of age, June 21, +1866. + +"He had ever been from his youth a consistent, devout Christian, and +his record is without spot or blemish. + +"It was as a surgeon that Dr. Mussey came to be most extensively +known. Both as an operative and a scientific surgeon he attained a +national reputation. + +"He cared not to make a figure, but to benefit his patient; not to +gain _eclat_, but to save human life. He believed much in skilled +surgery, something in nature, but most of all in God. So it transpired +that on the eve of a great operation he frequently knelt at the +bedside, and sought skill and strength and success from the great +Source of all vitality. We are told that the moral effect upon the +patient, and the peaceful composure that followed, were not the least +of the agencies that so often rendered his surgery successful. + +"But he was not content blindly to accept the dictum of those who had +gone before. Every principle was carefully scrutinized, and whatever +he believed to be false he did not hesitate to attack, and so his name +came to be associated with surgical progress. As illustrative of this +point, some instances may be adduced. + +"In the year 1830, and before that period, Sir Astley Cooper had +taught the doctrine of non-union in cases of intra-capsular fracture, +and it was generally accepted as an established principle at that +time. Dr. Mussey carried a specimen to England which he believed +showed the possibility of such union taking place. Sir Astley on first +seeing it said, "This was never broken," but on seeing a section of +the same specimen remarked, 'This does look a little more like it, to +be sure, but I do not think the fracture was entirely within the +capsular ligament.' John Thompson of Edinburgh, on seeing it, declared +'upon his troth and honor' that it had never been broken. This eminent +surgeon, like the disputatious Massachusetts Scotchman, 'always +positive and sometimes right,' was in this instance mistaken, as the +principle advocated by Dr. Mussey is now established. + +"As a surgeon he was bold and fearless, ever willing to assume any +legitimate responsibility, even though it took him into the +undiscovered country of experiment. He did not do this rashly, but +only when the stake was worthy of the risk. There is still living in +Hanover a monument of Dr. Mussey's pluck and skill. This man had a +large, ulcerated and bleeding naevus on the vertex of his head, which +threatened a speedy death. There seemed no way to relieve the patient +except by tying both carotids, which was regarded as an operation +inevitably fatal. The danger was imminent, and as Dr. Mussey could see +no way to untie the knot, he determined to cut it. He tied one +carotid, and in twelve days tied the other, following both operations +in a few weeks with a removal of the tumor. The recovery was perfect, +and the case was, we believe, the first recorded instance where both +carotids were successfully tied. This operation gave him great fame +both at home and abroad. + +"It is not my purpose to attempt an account of the surgery done by +this eminent man, only to touch on some of its salient points. Thus he +successfully removed an ovarian tumor, at a time when the operation +had been done only a few times in the world. He removed a boy's tongue +which measured eight inches in circumference, and projected five +inches beyond the jaws, and the patient recovered. + +"He removed the scapula and a large part of the clavicle at one +operation, from a patient on whom he had amputated previously at the +shoulder-joint. Dr. Mussey supposed that this was the first operation +of the kind [as it was in some respects] in the history of Surgery. + +"He several times removed the upper, and portions of the lower, jaw. +Dr. Mussey kept no extended records of his operations, but I subjoin a +few statements alike interesting to us and creditable to him. + +"He performed the operation of lithotomy forty-nine times, and all the +patients recovered but four. He operated for strangulated hernia forty +times, and with a fatal result in only eight cases. He practiced +subcutaneous deligation in forty cases of varicocele, and all were +successful. Dr. Mussey operated four times for perineal fistula, twice +for impermeable stricture of the urethra, and did a large number of +plastic operations with the best results. He also successfully treated +a recto-vaginal fistula. + +"These are only a fraction of the innumerable operations which he did, +yet they show results such as the greatest surgeons in the world would +be proud to declare. + +"But it is not alone as a surgeon that Dr. Mussey attained excellence. +It was as an accurate observer that he early made himself known to the +medical world. The habit of his mind was positive; he respected +authority, and to the latest period of his life was assiduous in +acquiring professional knowledge from books no less than from +observation. He delighted to fortify himself in any given position by +citing authorities, and always showed that he had informed himself +exhaustively in the bibliography of the subject. Yet it was his habit +to subject every medical statement to the most rigid tests. While +pursuing his studies in Philadelphia, he joined issue with Dr. Rush on +some of the physiological doctrines which were generally received at +that time. This distinguished man had taught the doctrine of +non-absorption by the skin. This was supposed to have been proved by +an experiment in which a young man, confined in a small room, breathed +through a tube running through the wall into the open air, the surface +of the skin being rubbed at the same time with turpentine, asparagus, +etc. As no odor of these substances was perceptible in the secretions, +it was inferred that no absorption had taken place through the skin, +and that it was impossible. Dr. Mussey, believing this doctrine to be +fallacious, immersed himself in a strong solution of madder for three +hours. He had the satisfaction of getting unmistakable evidence of the +presence of madder in the secretions for two days, the addition of an +alkali always rendering them red. He repeated this experiment with the +same result, and made it the theme of a thesis on his graduation. Some +of the Faculty who differed with Dr. Rush on the subject were much +pleased with these experiments, and predicted even then for our friend +a distinguished career." + +Professor Mussey died at Boston June 21, 1866. + + * * * * * + +We quote from Dr. J. W. Barstow's obituary notice in the "New York +Medical Journal," November, 1873, of Professor Mussey's successor. + +"Dr. Dixi Crosby, for thirty-two years professor of Surgery in +Dartmouth College, died at his residence in Hanover, N. H., September +26, 1873. Dr. Crosby was born February 7, 1800, at Sandwich, N. H., of +pure New England stock,--strong in the best Puritan element, where +self-reliance, love of justice, and unbending will, formed the basis +of character and the mainspring of action. His father's father was a +captain in the Revolutionary army, and served with two of his sons at +the battle of Bunker Hill. His maternal grandfather (Hoit) was one of +Washington's body-guard, and later in life a judge of some +distinction. His father, Dr. Asa Crosby, who married Betsey Hoit, was +a surgeon of eminence in eastern New Hampshire. At the age of twenty, +he entered upon the study of Medicine in the office of his father. + +"The practice of a country doctor in New Hampshire of course embraced +every department and variety of professional work. But Surgery offered +to young Crosby a special charm, and the ardor with which he threw +himself into this branch of the profession showed early fruits. From +the day when he commenced his Anatomy, his practice and his study went +hand in hand. Fearless and original, ready in expedients and ingenious +in their use, he observed, he resolved, and he acted. + +"In the first year of his study he accompanied his father to a +consultation in the case of a man whose leg had been frozen, and whose +condition was most critical. It was agreed by the older physicians +that amputation at an earlier stage might have saved the patient's +life, but that it was now too late to attempt it. Young Crosby urged +that the operation be performed, but the elders shook their heads. He +even proposed to attempt it himself; but this was received with a +storm of disapproval, in which even his father joined, and the thing +was pronounced impossible. The doctors then departed, leaving the +student to watch with the patient during the few hours which +apparently remained of life. During the night young Crosby succeeded +in reviving the courage of the man to make a last effort for life. The +limb was removed, and the man recovered. + +"His second year of study developed still further the growing +resources of the young surgeon. Upon one occasion both father and son, +while visiting a patient at night, in a distant village, were suddenly +called to a case of extensive laceration of the leg, with profuse +hemorrhage. The case was urgent, and the patient was sinking. No +instruments were at hand. He called for a carving-knife, which he +sharpened on a grindstone and finished on a razor-strap, filed a +hand-saw, amputated the limb, dressed the stump, left the patient in +safety, and drove home with his father to breakfast. The man +recovered. + +"Before a nature so fearless, and so fertile in expedients, obstacles +speedily vanish, and young Crosby found himself in possession of a +large and responsible practice, even before taking his medical degree, +and at the early age of twenty-three years. The following year (1824) +he graduated in Medicine at Dartmouth (having passed his examination +in November preceding), and for ten years remained in Gilmanton, in +practice with his father. He then removed to Meredith Bridge, now +Laconia, N. H., where he practiced for three years; and in 1838 was +called to the chair of Surgery in Dartmouth College, then recently +made vacant by the resignation of the late Dr. Mussey. In this field +Dr. Crosby found at once full exercise for all his large resources of +head and heart and hand. As an instructor he was clear, direct, and +definite,--imparting, to his pupils his own zeal, and teaching them +his own self-reliance. 'Depend upon yourselves, young gentlemen,' he +invariably said. 'Take no man's diagnosis, but see with your own eyes, +feel with your own fingers, judge with your own judgment, and be the +disciple of no man.' + +"In his class, he was courteous without familiarity, patient with +dulness, but quick to punish impertinence; always kind, always +dignified, always genial. The practical view of a subject was the view +which he delighted to take; and the dry humor with which he never +failed to emphasize his point, at once fixed it in the memory of the +class, and made it available for future use. With his office-students, +Dr. Crosby was the very soul of geniality and confidence. He saw and +measured men at a glance, and was rarely wrong in his estimate of +character. Strong in his own convictions, he was yet tender of the +infirmities and the prejudices of others, and his generous instincts +lost no opportunity for their daily exercise. + +"His love of nature was as instinctive and as thorough as his +knowledge of men. He transferred the treasures of the woods to his own +garden. He studied the habits of birds and insects, and his parlors +were adorned with a cabinet of American birds more complete than is +often found in the museum of a professed naturalist. He reveled in the +'pomp of groves and garniture of fields,' and his daily drives through +the picturesque scenery of the Connecticut valley fed his aesthetic +taste, and proved a compensation for fatigue. + +"Dr. Crosby, though a surgeon by nature and by preference, was in no +modern sense a _specialist_. His professional labors covered the whole +range of Medicine. His professorship included Obstetrics as well as +Surgery, and his practice in this department was exceptionally large. +His surgical diocese extended from Lake Champlain to Boston. Distance +seemed no bar to his influence, and his professional journeys were +often made by night as well as by day. Of the special operations of +Dr. Crosby we do not propose here to speak in detail. It is sufficient +to mention that, in 1824, he devised a new and ingenious mode of +reducing metacarpo-phalangeal dislocation. In 1836 he removed the arm, +scapula, and three quarters of the clavicle at a single operation, for +the first time in the history of Surgery. He was the first to open +abscess of the hip-joint. He performed his operations, without ever +having seen them performed, almost without exception. Dr. Crosby was +not what may be called a _rapid_ operator. 'An operation, gentlemen,' +he often said to his clinical students, 'is soon enough done when it +is _well_ enough done.' And, with him, it was never done otherwise +than _well_. + +"At the outbreak of the rebellion, Dr. Crosby served in the +provost-marshal's office at a great sacrifice for many months, +attending to his practice chiefly at night. As years and honors +accumulated, Dr. Crosby still continued his work, though his +constitutional vigor was impaired by the severity of the New Hampshire +winters, and by his unremitting labor. At length, having reached man's +limit of three-score years and ten, he withdrew from active practice, +and in 1870 resigned his chair in the college, to which his son +succeeded. From that time it was plain that Dr. Crosby's life-work was +nearly done. In his well-ordered and delightful home he found that +rest to which his long service in behalf of humanity entitled him. His +end was perfect dignity and perfect peace. + +"To those of us who had been most intimately associated with our +departed friend, who had enjoyed his teachings, his counsels, and his +generous kindness, the news of his death came as a heavy shock. But he +still lives in the remembrance of his distinguished services, in the +unfading affection and gratitude of his pupils, and in the many hearts +whose burdens he has lifted. Verily, '_Extinctus amabitur idem!_'" + +Professor Crosby married Mary Jane, daughter of Stephen Moody, of +Gilmanton, N. H. + +The following paragraphs relating to one of Dartmouth's most eminent +professors, the esteemed classmate of President Bartlett, who says: +"Outside of my own family circle, I had no better friend," are from +the pen of Dr. T. A. Emmet, of New York. + +"Edmund Randolph Peaslee was born at Newton, New Hampshire, January +22, 1814. We have no record of his boyhood, or of his life previous to +graduating from Dartmouth College, with the class of 1836. In this +institution he occupied the position of tutor from 1837 to 1839, when +he entered the Medical Department of Yale College and took his degree +in 1840. + +"The following year he settled in Hanover, N. H., and commenced the +practice of his profession. Without waiting in expectation, he began +his busy life by delivering a popular course of lectures on Anatomy +and Physiology. + +"These lectures indicated so clearly his talents that, in 1842, but +two years after entering the profession, he was appointed professor of +Anatomy and Physiology in the Medical Department of Dartmouth College, +and retained the office until his death. Within a year afterwards, in +1843, he was appointed lecturer, and shortly afterwards professor of +Anatomy and Surgery in the Medical School in Maine, connected with +Bowdoin College. He filled those two professorships until 1857, when +he gave up Anatomy, but continued to lecture on Surgery until 1860. +Dr. Peaslee first came to the city of New York in 1851, on receiving +the professorship of Physiology and General Pathology in the New York +Medical College, then just being established. + +"This position he held for four years, when he was transferred to the +chair of Obstetrics, and continued to lecture on this branch until the +institution was closed about 1860. He, however, did not settle in New +York, to the practice of his profession, until 1858. After 1860, he +mainly devoted himself to his practice, lecturing little except during +the summer or autumn course in Dartmouth College. But to do justice to +his subject and compress the whole subject into the space of some six +weeks, this being his time of recreation from business, he always +delivered at least two lectures a day and frequently more. In 1870, +he was elected one of the Trustees of his Alma Mater, which had in +1859 conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. From 1872, he +delivered a course of lectures in the Medical Department on the +Diseases of Women. Two years afterwards, the course on Obstetrics and +the Diseases of Women in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College was +divided, when Dr. Peaslee was offered and accepted the chair of +Gynaecology. At about this date he also occupied for a short time a +professorship in the Albany Medical School. On the reorganization of +the Medical Department of the Woman's Hospital of the State of New +York, in 1872, he was made one of the Attending Surgeons, and held +this position, together with his professorship in the Bellevue +Hospital Medical College, at the time of his death. + +"In 1857, he published in Philadelphia, 'Human Histology, in its +Relations to Descriptive Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology,' in which +were given for the first time, by translation, the experiments of +Robin and Verdell on Anatomical Chemistry. But the one great work +which will identify him with his generation is that on 'Ovarian +Tumors, their Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, especially by +Ovariotomy,' published in New York, 1872. To this work he contributed +but little original matter, beyond his personal experience, which had +been large at that time. He, however, presented a digest of the whole +subject in so thorough and masterly a manner that this work is +destined to be a classic and a landmark as it were. It will be the +future starting-point for the literature of this subject, as an +original patent is in the searching of a title. There will be no need +to go beyond his researches on this subject, as they are exhaustive. + +"For one feature in his work he has often expressed the greatest +satisfaction, that he had been able to establish for Dr. Ephraim +McDowell the credit of being the first ovariotomist. In consequence of +his labors, the world has at length given us credit for this great +discovery, of no less value than many others which we can claim to +have originated in our country, for the prolongation of life and for +the mitigation of suffering. + +"Dr. Peaslee, at some time in his life, had lectured on every branch +of Medical science. With the exception of Dr. Physic, we have not +another instance where the lecturer was equally proficient in the +practice. But if we compare the extent of professional knowledge in +Dr. Physic's generation and the acquirements of the present day, Dr. +Peaslee will stand alone. Notwithstanding the incessant claims of his +profession, he kept up through life his collegiate training in the +classics, his taste for mathematics, and had acquired the knowledge of +one or more modern languages. Few men in the profession were more +familiar with the literature of our own language." + +Dr. W. M. Chamberlain, who had rare opportunities for appreciating the +character and worth of Dr. Peaslee, says: + +"The call for a sketch of Dr. Peaslee's professional life and work +will be abundantly satisfied by the recorded tributes of his more +immediate colleagues and associates, Drs. Barker, Thomas, Emmet, +Flint, and others. These are but a part of the testimony which after +his death came from far and near. Wherever men were gathered for the +study and discussion of medical subjects it was felt that a fountain +of knowledge was closed, a leader of opinion was gone, and they made +haste to acknowledge their obligations and their loss. He was a member +of many such organizations, and almost uniformly advanced to the front +rank in position. + +"President of the New Hampshire Medical Society; of the New York +County Medical Society; the American Gynaecological Society; the New +York Academy of Medicine; the New York Pathological Society; the New +York Obstetrical Society; the New York Medical Journal Association, +etc., etc., he reaped all the honors. Yet no one ever thought of him +as a seeker of office. The tribute was always spontaneous, necessary: +'Palmam qui meruit ferat!' + +"And these honors were not awarded for any great effort or success in +some partial field. He was decorated for service in each specific +line, as Physician, Surgeon, Pathologist, Gynaecologist, Bibliographer. +His attainments were comprehensive and symmetrical. + +"He had the very great advantage of a liberal general education. This +gave him his broad outlook upon all departments of science. He had by +nature a mathematical and logical habit of mind. This made him the +accurate and complete student that he was, both in original +investigations and literary research. At the outset of his career he +sought the best schools. Just then (1840) reigned a new enthusiasm in +the physical and experimental study of the Medical Sciences at Paris. +Laennec, Andral, Louis, Malgaigne, Velpeau, and Bernard, were the +worthy models and masters of the young American. + +"Thus well-endowed, well-grounded, and well-guided, he entered upon a +life of professional study, which he pursued with unremitting ardor +and diligence even to the end of life. + +"It would seem to be a great thing to say of any man that he was never +idle, and never unprofitably employed; but it might be more justly +said of Dr. Peaslee than of any other person known to the writer. He +wasted no work. His conclusions were not reached by intuition or +guess, but slowly and surely elaborated, exactly formulated and +classified, so as to be always at his command. + +"More than any other member of the profession known to the writer did +he illustrate each clause of Bacon's category, that 'Reading maketh +the full man; writing the exact man; and conversation the ready man.' + +"From the first he was an agreeable and satisfactory teacher, year by +year, increasingly so; this work he did for thirty-six years; in six +Medical Colleges, in five different departments of the curriculum, +before nearly a hundred different classes of students. Such training, +such practice, made him a teacher in every professional circle. In +societies he was wont to be a silent and often apparently an +abstracted listener until near the close of the debate; then he would +rise and review the whole subject with a memory so comprehensive, a +knowledge so complete, and an appreciation so judicial, that nothing +more remained to be said. His books and monographs for the time and +era of their publication were standard, and will always remain +exceptionally valuable. Only the lapse of many years may antiquate but +never stale his elegant work on 'Ovarian Tumors,' of which one of his +most famous compeers has said that he would 'rather have written it +than any other medical work of any time or in any language.' + +"In his personal relations to the members of the profession, Dr. +Peaslee was genial, charitable, and just. His patients looked to him +in perfect confidence and respect, personally as well as +professionally. He was as remarkable for the diligent care as for the +thorough study of his cases; and at every visit he dispensed with +gentle humor the best medicines, faith and hope. + +"From youth through middle life he passed in the light of growing +knowledge; in the serenity of accomplished duty; in the prestige of +gathering fame and fortune; and he died before age or decay had +limited his scope of life." + +Prof. Peaslee married Martha Thankful, daughter of Hon. Stephen +Kendrick, of Lebanon, N. H. He died in New York City, January 21, +1878. + + * * * * * + +Reliable sources furnish some facts regarding another gentleman long +and honorably connected with this Department. + +Prof. Albert Smith, M.D., LL. D., was born in Peterborough, N. H. He +graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1825, and took his medical degree +there, in 1833. He was early successful as a practitioner, and before +middle age acquired a high reputation as a medical scholar and +thinker. + +In 1849, he was appointed professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics +in the Dartmouth Medical College, where he continued to lecture till +his resignation, in 1870, from which time until his death he was +professor Emeritus. In 1857, he delivered his course of lectures at +the Vermont Medical College, and also the course at the Bowdoin +Medical School, in 1859. + +The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth +College, in 1870, and also an honorary degree of M.D. by the Rush +Medical College, Chicago, in 1875. He was also an honorary member of +the New York Medical Society. As a medical instructor he was included +in the first rank of New England professors. His writings also gained +him a wide and enviable reputation. Among his publications were a +lecture on Hippocrates; also one on Paracelsus, and a commemorative +Discourse on the death of Dr. Amos Twitchell, besides various articles +in the medical journals and in the transactions of the New Hampshire +Medical Society. + +With high professional attainments and distinctions Prof. Smith united +a personal character of the highest purity, integrity, and nobility. +He had been for a long time a member and constant attendant upon the +Unitarian Church, and for thirty years a Sunday-school teacher. He was +a strong advocate of temperance, and took a deep interest in the cause +of education. He represented Peterborough, his place of residence, in +the Legislature several times. He devoted the spare hours of his +latest years to the preparation of a "History of the Town of +Peterborough," which was published in a large octavo volume in 1876. +He married Fidelia Stearns, February 26, 1828. Prof. Smith died at +Peterborough, February 22, 1878. + + * * * * * + +The following paragraphs relating to one of Dartmouth's most largely +endowed, highly cultivated, and warmly beloved teachers, Prof. Alpheus +B. Crosby, who was born at Gilmanton, N. H., February 22, 1832, and +was the son of Dr. Dixi and Mary Jane (Moody) Crosby, are from a +Memorial "Discourse" by Dr. J. W. Barstow: + +"Seven generations of tough New England fibre, combining sturdy +physique, thorough individuality and undiluted common sense, form a +groundwork on which no modern youth need hesitate to build, while the +mellow background of a virtuous lineage well prepares the canvas for +whatever of high aim and noble deed shall fill up the fresher +foreground of his own life's picture. + +"The native temperament of the boy, as I remember him, showed some +rare combinations and counterpoises. With an exuberance of animal +spirits he had, also, a natural balance of _caution_. He was ardent, +but not hasty; he was self reliant and fearless, but never +precipitate; frank and affable, though not easily won by a stranger; +fond of experiment, but also intensely practical. He was prompt to +decide, but always took time for detail, and pursued perseveringly to +the end whatever engaged his attention and his effort. + +"His constant association with his father, and with his father's +friends, made the boy perfectly at home in the office and in the +society of professional men; and almost from his cradle he was +accustomed to assist in minor operations and in the general detail of +a student's service. Being a discreet lad, he often accompanied the +elder Crosby in professional visits; and thus the face of the 'parvus +Iulus,' became, early, as _familiar_ as that of the 'pater Aeneas,' and +grew, later, to be as welcome. + +"When chloroform in Surgery was first introduced, Dr. Dixi Crosby went +to Boston to study its effects, and was one of the first surgeons in +New Hampshire to employ it in his practice. Young Ben was then a +school-boy of fifteen. His father, with full confidence in the +coolness and self possession of his son, at once commenced training +him as an assistant for the administration of the anaesthetic; teaching +him to watch the pulse and respiration, and to note all the necessary +conditions for its safe employment. And from this time, even long +before our friend commenced the systematic study of his profession, he +assisted his father, and administered the chloroform in many important +operations, sometimes even making long journeys for the purpose. It is +interesting to add, also, that in all the years of their practice +together, and in all their operations, performed under the use of +chloroform, there never occurred a single accident from its +administration. + +"On graduating at Dartmouth, in 1853, our young friend pursued his +medical studies in the office of his father. He attended lectures both +at Dartmouth and at the College of Physicians in New York City, and +served for one year as interne in the U. S. Marine Hospital at +Chelsea, Massachusetts. With the exception of these necessary absences +from home, he gave every day of these preparatory years to the +assistance of his father in his wide and laborious practice. To this +course he was stimulated no less by filial ardor than by his growing +professional zeal. + +"His medical degree was taken at Dartmouth, in 1856, and instead of +_beginning_ to practice, we may say that he _continued_ to practice +with his father in Hanover, going in and out as a favorite, both with +patients and in society. + +"Immediately on receiving his medical degree, Dr. Crosby was appointed +demonstrator of Pathological Anatomy in the Dartmouth Medical College, +an office which he ably filled for five years. + +"At the outbreak of the rebellion, in 1861, he was appointed surgeon +of the first regiment New Hampshire Volunteers, for three months' +service. This being concluded, he was at once commissioned as Brigade +Surgeon of U. S. Volunteers, and soon after promoted to the rank of +Medical Director, serving as such on the staffs, successively, of +Generale Stone, Casey, Sedgwick, and Peck. His army service was marked +by the same strong individuality, the same resolute activity, the same +executive talent, which we have seen stamped upon the boy and the +youth. Added to all those other qualities, was that same genial +humanity which made friends of every one. His brother officers trusted +him, depended upon him, and loved him. The private soldiers idolized +him, for they saw his quick and constant sympathy for them, and knew +that his large and loving heart embraced them all in its tender care. + +"In the noble record of his army service, let us not forget, that to +our lamented friend belongs the credit of having originated and +erected the first complete military hospital on the modern 'pavilion +plan' that was built during the war of the rebellion. + +"This hospital was visited and admired by surgeons throughout the +army, as a model of complete ventilation and drainage. Its plans were +extensively copied, and the record of its usefulness is preserved in +the archives of the War Department. + +"In all his widening range of work and of social activities says +Professor Parker, 'his large heart seemed as incapable of being +overloaded with friendships as it was inexhaustible in its overflowing +friendliness. His personal magnetism held fast old friends, while the +keen points of his magnetic nature constantly caught new affinities +and drew to him fresh intimacies.' + +"In the autumn of 1862, he was appointed adjunct professor of Surgery +in Dartmouth, and from that time forward his _honors_, literally, +outran his _years_. + +"The number of his appointments to professional chairs in different +institutions, is something beyond precedent in the history of any +young American practitioner. + +"In 1865, he was invited to the chair of Surgery in the University of +Vermont, and in the same year to a similar chair in the University of +Michigan. + +"Both these positions he accepted, and ably filled for several years. + +"In 1870, on the resignation of his honored father at the age of +threescore and ten, Dr. Ben was at once called to the chair of Surgery +in Dartmouth, and entered upon its duties, still continuing to perform +full duty in both his other professorships. He also delivered a course +of surgical lectures in Bowdoin College, Maine, during the same year. + +"In 1871, he received the appointment of Surgical professor in the +_Long Island Medical College_, in the city of Brooklyn, which he +accepted, together with the post of visiting surgeon in the hospital +to which the college was attached. His work during this period was +extremely arduous, but was performed with the utmost ability and +credit. + +"In 1872, he was invited to a professorship in the New York +University, and also to another (that of Surgical Anatomy) in Bellevue +Hospital Medical College in New York City. The former of these he +declined, but he accepted the latter and retained it until his death. + +"In 1873, Dr. Crosby was invited by the Trustees of Jefferson Medical +College, Philadelphia, to accept the chair of Anatomy, on the +resignation of the distinguished Dr. Pancoast. + +"This, though not accepted, may be reckoned the crowning honor in his +wreath of professional laurels." + +For all the qualities which distinguish the model physician, surgeon, +teacher, and companion, few names, in all the annals of Medicine, +stand higher than that of Alpheus Benning Crosby. + +Professor Crosby married at Baltimore, Md., Mildred Glassell, daughter +of Dr. Wm. R. Smith. He died at Hanover, August 9, 1877. + + * * * * * + +In closing this record the valuable services of Parsons, Delamater, +Bartlett, Holmes, Hubbard, Roby, Williams, Phelps, Field, How, and +Frost should not escape our notice. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + +THE CHANDLER SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.--THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.--THE +THAYER DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. + + +The following account of the Chandler Scientific Department of the +college is from the pen of Professor Ruggles and other authentic +sources. + +The building formerly occupied by Moor's Charity School is now +occupied by this Department. + +Extracts from Mr. Chandler's will give us an idea of the department of +instruction which he wished to establish. + +"I give and devise the sum of fifty thousand dollars ... for the +establishment and support of a permanent department or school of +instruction in the college, in the practical and useful arts of life, +comprised chiefly in the branches of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, +the Invention and Manufacture of Machinery, Carpentry, Masonry, +Architecture and Drawing, the Investigation of the properties and uses +of the Materials employed in the Arts, the Modern Languages and +English Literature, together with Book-keeping, and such other +branches of knowledge as may best qualify young persons for the duties +and employments of active life; but, first of all and above all, I +would enjoin in connection with the above branches, the careful +inculcation of the principles of pure morality, piety, and religion, +without introducing topics of controversial theology, that the +benefits of said department or school may be equally enjoyed by all +religious denominations without distinction.... + +"To the end that my wishes in respect to the foregoing legacy may be +observed, I do hereby constitute a perpetual Board of Visitors, +consisting of two persons, who shall, during the term of their +respective lives, visit the said department or school as often as they +shall deem it necessary and advisable to do so, and at least once in +each year one or both of said Visitors shall examine the condition of +its funds, and the management and disposition of the same, as well as +the management of the said department or school generally.... + +"The said Board of Visitors shall have full power to determine, +interpret, and explain my wishes in respect to this foundation; to +redress grievances, both with respect to professors and students; to +hear appeals from the decisions of the Board of Trustees, and to +provide remedy upon complaint duly exhibited in behalf of the +professors or students; to review and reverse any censure passed by +said Trustees upon any professor or student on this foundation; to +declare void all rules and regulations made by said Trustees relative +to this foundation, which in their opinion may be inconsistent with my +wishes as herein expressed, or improper or injudicious; to take care +that the duties of every professor or other officer on this foundation +be intelligently and faithfully discharged, and to admonish or remove +such professor or officer either for misbehavior, incapacity, or +neglect of the duties of his office; to examine into the proficiency +of the students, and to admonish, dismiss, or suspend any student for +negligence, contumacy or crime, or disobedience to the rules hereafter +to be established for the government of said school or department; and +to see that my true intentions in regard to this foundation be +faithfully executed. + +"And in order that said Board of Visitors may not be limited in their +powers by the foregoing recital, I further confer upon the said Board +of Visitors all the visitatorial powers and privileges, which, by the +law of the land, belong and are intrusted to any Visitor of any +eleemosynary corporation.... + +"As I have perfect confidence in the integrity and ability of my two +esteemed friends, John J. Dixwell and Francis B. Hayes, both of +Boston, aforesaid, and as I know their capacity to perform what I +desire they should do under this proviso of my will, I constitute and +appoint them to be the first Board of Visitors." + +The committee appointed to draw up the plan for the organization of +the school consisted of Rev. Dr. Nathan Lord, Hon. Joel Parker, and +Edmund Parker, Esq. + +No special meeting of the Trustees was called, as had been +contemplated, and the committee made their report at the regular +meeting, July 26, 1852, and on the next day the following statutes +were adopted: + +"Article I. In accordance with the will of the late Abiel Chandler, +Esq., "the Trustees of Dartmouth College by this and the following +statutes, constitute and organize a school of instruction in +connection with the college and as a department thereof, and the said +school is denominated 'The Chandler School of Science and the Arts.' + +"Article II. The school shall consist of two departments, Junior and +Senior. These departments shall be conducted respectively by such +officers and according to such rules and regulations as the Trustees +shall from time to time appoint and ordain, with the advice and +approval of the Board of Visitors, and in subjection always to the +will of the Founder. + +"Article III. In the Junior department of the school, instruction +shall be given in the English language, in Arithmetic and Algebra, in +Book-keeping, Physical Geography, Linear Drawing, Geometry, +Physiology, Botany, Graphics and use of Instruments, and in such other +elementary studies as may be necessary to qualify students for the +Senior department. + +"Article IV. The Senior department shall comprise the branches of +Mechanics and Civil Engineering, the Invention and Manufacture of +Machinery, Carpentry, Masonry, Architecture and Drawing; the +Investigation of the Properties and Uses of the Materials employed in +the Arts, the Modern Languages and English Literature, together with +Book-keeping and such other branches of knowledge as may best qualify +young persons for the duties and employments of active life, according +to the will and injunction of the Founder. + +"Article VII. The term of study in the Junior department shall be one +year, and in the Senior department two years. + +"Article VIII. All students who shall have been admitted to the +Senior department and sustained a satisfactory examination at the end +of the course before a committee of gentlemen from abroad appointed by +the Faculty, shall be entitled to the degree of Bachelor of Science." + +Hon. John Kelley and Samuel Fletcher, Esq., having been appointed a +committee to consider the question of opening the school, made the +following report: + +"The Chandler Fund appears to be safely invested and productive. It is +therefore recommended, the school shall be opened for instruction at +the commencement of the next College Term, and more fully organized as +soon as a sufficient number of students shall offer themselves for +admission. But as an experiment is to be made, it is not expedient to +appoint professors and other teachers, until experience shall prove +what teachers shall be required. In the mean time it is recommended +that examination of students presenting themselves for admission to +the school be made by some member, or members of the Faculty, by the +direction of the President, and that the Faculty be a committee to +make suitable provision for rooms and instruction until further orders +of this Board." + +The following resolution was then passed: + +"_Resolved_, That the Chandler School be opened at the commencement of +the next College Term." + +We give the following extracts from the By-laws which were drawn up by +Hon. Joel Parker, and Rev. Silas Aiken, D.D., of Rutland, Vt.: + +"Vacations.--In the Senior department the terms and vacations shall be +coincident with the terms and vacations in the academical department +of the college. In the Junior department there shall be four +vacations, one of four weeks, from Commencement, one of two weeks in +the winter, and one in the spring and autumn of one week each. + +"Tuition.--Every student in the Senior department shall be charged ten +dollars each term, or thirty dollars for the year, including all +necessary incidentals. In the Junior department the tuition shall be +twenty dollars for the year, or five dollars for each term. The bill +of every term shall be paid in advance, and no student shall be +permitted to go on with his class without an exact compliance with +this statute. + +"Government.--In other respects the government of the Chandler School +shall be administered according to the By-laws of the college, as now +established, so far as those laws may be applicable; and until the +wants of the School may be more definitely ascertained, the regulation +thereof in things not otherwise provided for is submitted to the +discretion of the College Faculty." + +In the autumn of 1852, the school was organized, and seventeen +students admitted, two to the Senior and fifteen to the Junior class. +James W. Patterson, who was a student in the theological school at New +Haven, was elected tutor, and the new institution placed in his +charge. In July, 1854, Mr. Patterson was elected Chandler Professor of +Mathematics, and during the college years 1852-53, and 1853-54, in +addition to the general management, gave nearly all the instruction in +the Chandler School, at the same time discharged the duties of a tutor +of Latin in the college proper. In 1854, the first class, consisting +of four members, was graduated. + +On the death of Professor Stephen Chase, in 1851, John S. Woodman had +succeeded to the chair of Mathematics. In 1855, Professor Woodman +resigned, to enter on the practice of law in Boston, and Mr. Patterson +was elected in his place. During the next year he continued at the +head of the Chandler School, and gave the instruction in Mathematics, +and allied branches, in addition to his duties as professor of +Mathematics in the Academic Department. + +In 1856, Professor Woodman was appointed professor of Civil +Engineering, and succeeded Professor Patterson in the care of the +Chandler School, in which from its opening he had given some +instruction. This position he held until 1870, when he was forced to +resign on account of failing health, and was succeeded by Professor +Edward R. Ruggles, who had occupied the chair of Modern Languages and +English Literature since 1866. At the annual meeting of the Board of +Trustees in 1857, it was voted that, "The regular course of study in +the Chandler School of Science and the Arts, from the present time, +shall comprise a term of four years." + +In 1862 the name Chandler School of Science and the Art was changed to +Chandler Scientific Department of Dartmouth College. + +The character and usefulness of the Scientific Department from its +foundation to the present time, may best be learned by studying the +career of its graduates in successive classes. It will be observed, +that the first class of this school graduated less than twenty-five +years since, and yet in that brief period, its sons have made for it +an honorable record; a record which should bring to it patronage and +impart to its students a spirit of scholarly pride and emulation. It +might not be deemed proper to go into a detailed account of the labors +and successes of individuals among its living graduates but it is only +fair to this comparatively youthful department of the college, to say +that as lawyers, teachers, scientists, engineers, architects, and in +other spheres of practical science, its sons have made for themselves +a wide and enviable reputation. The age demands that its institutions +of learning shall impart a scholarship that will bring the forces of +nature under the control of man, and render the student more efficient +in all the industries and business enterprises of the time. + +Experience has shown that the Scientific Department of Dartmouth is +organized to meet this demand, and is in full and intelligent sympathy +with the wants of modern society. From the first its teachers have +been able and untiring in their devotion to its permanent prosperity +and welfare, and its success has justified their efforts and zeal. + + +AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. + +The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was +established by an act of the State Legislature in 1866. We give the +act as recorded in the Revised Statutes. + +"Section 1. A college is established and made a body politic and +corporate, by the name of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and +the Mechanic Arts, whose leading object is, without excluding other +scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to +teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the +mechanic arts, in conformity to an act of Congress entitled 'An act +donating land to the several States and Territories, which may provide +colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, +approved July 2, 1862;' and by that name may sue and be sued, +prosecute and defend to final judgment and execution, and is vested +with all the powers and privileges, and subject to all the +liabilities, incident to corporations of a similar nature. + +"Sect. 2. The general government of the college is vested in nine +Trustees, five of whom shall be appointed, one from each councillor +district, and commissioned by the Governor, with advice of the +council, and four-by the Trustees of Dartmouth College, so classified +and commissioned that the offices of three shall become vacant +annually; any vacancy occurring shall be filled by the authority which +made the original appointment. + +"Sect. 3. The Trustees shall appoint a secretary, who shall be sworn, +and keep a fair and full record of their proceedings; and a treasurer, +who shall give bond for the faithful discharge of his duties, in such +sum as the Trustees may require, and shall receive such compensation +for his services as they may deem reasonable. They shall also appoint +a Faculty of instruction, prescribe their duties, and invest them with +such powers for the immediate government and management of the +institution as they may deem most conducive to its best interests. + +"Sect. 4. No Trustee shall receive any compensation for his services; +but expenses reasonably incurred by him shall be paid by the college. + +"Sect. 5. The Trustees shall, on or before the twentieth day of May, +annually, make report to the legislature of the financial condition, +operations, and progress of the college, recording such improvements +and experiments made, with their cost and results, including State, +industrial, and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful one +copy of which shall be transmitted to each college endowed under the +provisions of the aforesaid act of Congress, and one copy to the +Secretary of the Interior. + +"Sect. 6. The Trustees are authorized and empowered to locate and +establish the college at Hanover, in connection with Dartmouth +College, and, with that Corporation, to make all necessary contracts +relative to the terms of connection, subject to be terminated upon a +notice of one year, given at any time after fourteen years, and in +relation to its furnishing to the college the free use of an +experimental farm, all requisite buildings, the libraries, +laboratories, apparatus, and museums of said Dartmouth College, and +for supplying such instruction, in addition to that furnished by its +professors and teachers, as the best interests of its students may +require; and also as to any legacy said Dartmouth College may receive +from the estate of David Culver. Said Trustees are also directed to +furnish, so far as may be practicable, free tuition to indigent +students, and to make provision for the delivery of free lectures in +different parts of the State upon subjects pertaining to agriculture +and the mechanic arts. + +"Sect. 7. All funds derived from the sale of land scrip issued to the +State by the United States, in pursuance of the act of Congress +aforesaid, shall be invested in registered bonds of the State or of +the United States, which shall be delivered to the State treasurer, +who shall have the custody of the same, and pay over the income +thereof, as it may accrue, to the treasurer of the college." + +The great work of securing the requisite funds, and laying foundations +for this by no means unimportant Department, was committed to the late +Professor Ezekiel W. Dimond. His early experience in affairs gave him +peculiar fitness for this service. Whether occupied in interviewing +legislators and capitalists, or in the planning and erection of +edifices, he labored in season and out of season for the +accomplishment of his task, and with large success. When the +Department went into operation he was one of its principal teachers, +and in this sphere he left upon his pupils the impress of a well-read +chemist and a devotee to his profession. To his efforts, probably more +than to those of any other single individual, is New Hampshire +indebted for whatever of success has been attained in this department. +Indeed, should the Agricultural College leave its stamp upon the +"steep and sterile hillsides," or the more prolific valleys of the +Granite State, as it is devoutly to be hoped that in process of time +it may, no name probably will be so familiarly associated with the +history of its early struggles for existence as that of Dimond. + +Nor were Professor Dimond's services to science limited to this +department of the College. + +In the Academical and Scientific departments his name appears in the +list of zealous, painstaking teachers. + +Professor Dimond's death in 1876, while yet apparently upon the +threshold of a work to which he gave _his life_, was a public loss. + +Of Professor Thomas R. Crosby, Professor Quimby says: + +"Entering college in 1839, in the Sophomore class, he bestowed +faithful labor on the whole course, while at the same time he did not +forget his favorite studies of Medicine and Natural History. Pursuing +these in his leisure hours, he was fitted to take the degrees of A. B. +and M.D. at the same time, in 1841. With this preparation he entered +at once upon the practice of medicine as his life-work, first at +Campton, afterward at Hartford, Vt., Meriden, and Manchester. He was +one of the active men in originating the Hillsborough Agricultural +Society. He had a hand in organizing the State Society, and in +preparing the first volume of the Society's Transactions. Nearly at +the same time the above society was originated, the publication of the +"Granite Farmer" was commenced, and Dr. Crosby was employed to edit +it, in which position he did well. He was for a time city physician of +Manchester, and came near being elected its mayor. His health having +failed in some measure, he removed to Norwich, Vt., the home of his +wife's family. For ten years he lived in Norwich and Hanover, engaged +in such teaching and practice and study as his health would permit. +When our country called for aid in the war of the rebellion he +believed it his duty to consecrate his knowledge of Medicine and skill +in Surgery to her, and to the noble men who exposed themselves to +sickness and wounds in her cause. Upon entering the service he was +immediately put in charge of the Columbian College Hospital, in +Washington. He assumed the responsibilities of the position with the +determination that the men who came under his charge 'should have +their rights,' and faithfully did he carry into execution his purpose. +He remained in charge of this Hospital until after the close of the +war and the sick and wounded were able to be transferred to their +homes. The next year he was appointed professor of General and +Military Surgery and Hygiene in the National Medical College, it being +the Medical Department of Columbian College, which position he filled +until 1870. On the opening of the State Agricultural College here, an +institution in which he was particularly interested, he was appointed +professor of Animal and Vegetable Physiology, in which, and in Natural +History in the Academic Department, he taught almost literally till +the day of his decease. When unable to meet his classes in their +recitation-room he received them in his own study, and there heard +their recitations, the last less than forty-eight hours before his +death. Thus he fell 'with the harness on.'" + + +THAYER SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. + +Of this department Professor Fletcher says: + +"Between the years 1867 and 1871, General Sylvanus Thayer, of +Braintree, Massachusetts, by donations amounting in the aggregate to +seventy thousand dollars, made provision for establishing in +connection with the college a special course of instruction in Civil +Engineering. 'The venerable donor, himself a distinguished officer of +the U. S. Corps of Engineers, was moved to this munificence, not only +by a regard for his Alma Mater, but also by a desire to provide for +young men possessing requisite ability a thorough and exclusively +professional training.' + +"The school was organized during the winter and spring of 1871, by +Professor Robert Fletcher, under the immediate direction of General +Thayer. The general character and aim of the course are indicated by +the following quotation from the Instrument of Gift: 'The requisites +for admission to the school shall be of a high order, embracing such +studies, at least, as are specified in a paper to be hereto appended, +called 'Programme A,' bearing my signature, which programme shall be +regarded as an absolute minimum, and which may, in the discretion of +the Board of Overseers, created by the 5th article of this +Instrument, be extended, but not diminished or contracted in the least +degree.' + +"'2. The course of study shall extend through at least two years, and +the duration of the course may be further extended so as to include +another half year, should three or more members of the Board of +Overseers judge, after a fair trial of the two years' course, such +further extension to be expedient. The studies and instruction of each +year shall extend continuously from September first to July first +following.'" + +"Instruction was begun to a regular class of the engineering course, +September, 1871. During the preceding months of the year preparatory +instruction had been given. From 1871 to 1873, a preparatory course of +two years was contemplated, and during the year 1872-3 was maintained +in connection with the higher course. Meanwhile the detailed statement +of requisites for admission, styled 'Programme A,' was prepared by +Professor Fletcher, under supervision of General Thayer, and with the +aid of several professors eminent in the various subjects which it +includes. These requirements embrace all the branches of a common +school education, a full course of pure Mathematics and a thorough +course in Physics, including theoretical Chemistry and Astronomy. The +high standard thus established justified the following announcement in +the College 'Catalogue.' 'The department is to be essentially, though +not formally, post-graduate. The course of study is to be of the +highest order, passing beyond what is possible in institutions for +general culture, and is designed to prepare the capable and faithful +student for responsible positions and difficult service.' It was +intended that the Preparatory Department should provide instruction in +the subjects embraced in 'Programme A.' + +"The decease of General Thayer in October, 1872, deprived the School +of his personal supervision. The general direction of its affairs then +devolved on the Board of Overseers constituted by his Instrument of +Gift and appointed by himself. At that time the Board consisted of +Rev. A. D. Smith, D.D., LL. D., president of Dartmouth College, Prof. +O. P. Hubbard of New Haven, formerly at Dartmouth College, Prof. +George L. Andrews, of the U. S. Military Academy, Gen. John C. +Palfrey, C. E., of Lowell, Massachusetts, and Prof. P. S. Michie, of +the U. S. Military Academy. The last three gentlemen had been officers +in the U. S. Corps of Engineers. + +"At its first meeting in May, 1873, the Board decided that it would +not be expedient for some time to come to maintain such an auxiliary +as a Preparatory Department. It was found that the limited means +provided by the founder would allow the attainment of his high ideal +only by working within comparatively narrow limits. Without attempting +to cover too broad a field, a high standard and thorough work were to +be essential features of the course. + +"The Board of Overseers holds a meeting at Dartmouth College annually, +when it examines carefully into the working of the school, its +financial condition, etc., and adopts any measures promising to effect +improvement and secure greater efficiency, according to the powers +conferred upon it by the Instrument of Gift. The Board also examines +the students and recommends such members of the first class as it +finds to be qualified, to the Trustees of Dartmouth College for the +degree of Civil Engineer. + +"The first class which completed the two years' course graduated in +1873. The class of 1877 was the fifth sent out by the school. At that +time the whole number of graduates was thirteen. There had been, +besides, two who left for professional engagements after the first +year of study. The graduates have nearly all obtained honorable +positions in the line of the profession soon after graduation, with +fair prospects for distinction. + +"The nature of the course is such that a large corps of instructors is +not required. Careful training and drill in essential and fundamental +branches is the aim. Considerable time is devoted to out-door practice +but without attempt to make experts in any direction. Accordingly, +temporary employment in a professional line is allowed at proper +times, such as will conduce to the student's improvement and be more +or less remunerative. Thus it is expected that the student will be +fitted to advance rapidly and successfully in any 'specialty' to which +he may subsequently devote his efforts. + +"The school is now hardly in full operation, as some features about +the course are still experimental. It has its history yet to make." + + + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + +BENEFACTORS.--TRUSTEES. + + +From various authentic sources we have the following sketches of +Dartmouth's leading benefactors, always excepting the last Royal +Governor of New Hampshire, John Wentworth, whose care for all the +interests of the Province is a matter of enduring record. Of the +distinguished person in honor of whom the College was named, the +following account, published in 1779, is from "Collins' Peerage": + +"William, _the present and Second Earl of Dartmouth_, for his more +polite education, traveled through France, Italy, and Germany; and, on +his return to England, took the oaths, and his seat in the House of +Peers, on May 31, 1754. His Lordship was sworn of His Majesty's Privy +Council on July 26, 1765; in August following he was appointed first +Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, which he resigned in 1766; in +August, 1772, he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies; +and on November 10, 1775, Keeper of the Privy Seal. + +"His Lordship married, on January 11, 1755, Frances Catharine, only +daughter and heir of Sir Charles Gunter Nicholl, Knight of the Bath; +and by her had issue eight sons and one daughter. + +"His Lordship is also President of the London Dispensary; +Vice-President of the Foundling and Lock Hospitals; Recorder of +Litchfield; LL. D., and F. R. S." + +The armorial inscription is: + +"GAUDET TENTAMINE VIRTUS." + +Forbes' Life of Dr. Beattie gives the following interesting paragraph: + +"His Majesty (George III.) asked what I thought of my new +acquaintance, Lord Dartmouth. I said, there was something in his air +and manner which seemed to me not only agreeable, but very enchanting, +and that he seemed to me to be one of the best of men; a sentiment in +which both their majesties heartily joined. 'They say that Lord +Dartmouth is an enthusiast,' said the king, 'but surely he says +nothing on the subject of religion but what every one may and ought to +say on the subject of religion.'" + +Of John Thornton, the devout Episcopalian, the kinsman of Wilberforce, +and the most munificent of Dartmouth's early benefactors, almost the +sole supporter of the founder for several years, Rev. Thomas Scott, in +a memorial "Discourse" says: + +"It is worthy of observation, that this friend of mankind, in the +exercise of his beneficence, not only contributed his money (which +often is done to very little purpose) but he devoted his time and +thoughts very much to the same object; doing good was the great +business of his life, and may more properly be said to have been his +occupation, than even his mercantile engagements, which were uniformly +considered as subservient to that nobler design. + +"To form and execute plans of usefulness; to superintend, arrange, and +improve upon those plans; to lay aside such as did not answer, and to +substitute others; to form acquaintance, and collect intelligence for +this purpose; to select proper agents, and to carry on correspondence, +in order to ascertain that his bounties were well applied: These and +similar concerns were the hourly occupations of his life, and the ends +of living, which he proposed to himself; nor did he think that any +part of his time was spent either happily or innocently, if it were +not some way instrumental, directly or indirectly, to the furtherance +of useful designs." + +"Abiel Chandler was a native of Concord, N. H. In his childhood his +parents removed to Fryeburg, Maine, where he labored on a farm till he +was twenty-one years of age. He was graduated at Harvard College in +1806, and spent the next eleven years in teaching at Salem and +Newburyport, Mass. To the good reputation which he had previously +gained as a student, he added that of an excellent preceptor. A +little later he commenced a mercantile life at Boston. He was of the +house of Chandler and Howard, and afterwards Chandler, Howard, and +Company, for more than a quarter of a century, when he retired with a +fortune. To numerous relatives he made liberal bequests, with great +delicacy and judgment. After his legacy to the college, the residue of +his property was bequeathed to the New Hampshire Asylum for the +Insane. + +"The origin of Mr. Chandler's endowment of the Scientific School is +referable to an incident that occurred to him when a young man at +Fryeburg. He fell in company with some students of Dartmouth College, +and he was impressed by their superiority to himself. He conceived the +purpose of being himself a scholar, and he fulfilled it. When, after a +few years of honorable industry as a teacher he became a merchant, he +saw himself, though now a scholar, ignorant, to a great extent, of the +principles and methods of mercantile life. Whereupon he set himself to +a new variety of learning. He gained it, and with it gained a fortune. +But he saw other men around him, in different spheres, suffering as he +had done from a similar want of knowledge,--merchants, traders, +ship-masters, artisans, farmers, laborers. + +"The Chandler School is the ripened fruit of a well-considered purpose +to benefit mankind. He had confidence in the importance of his object, +the integrity of his aims, and the wisdom of his advisers. He bestowed +his charity with a hearty good-will, and left the event with God." + +"_John Conant_ was born in Stowe, Mass., in 1790. His family descended +from the French Huguenots who were driven into England by Louis XIV. +His father was an industrious and successful farmer. In the district +school he was taught the merest rudiments of an English education. In +after years, by the aid and sympathy of an intelligent and +well-educated wife, he fitted himself to write for the public +journals, to lecture on temperance and agriculture, and to perform +with credit and honor the duties of important official stations, in +town and State. His leisure hours were devoted to study. He collected +a small private library of choice books in history, biography, and +science, and made them the companions of rainy days and winter +evenings. + +"At the age of twenty-six, he purchased a farm in Jaffrey, under the +shadow of 'the great Monadnock,' on which he labored for thirty-five +years, and gathered 'a plentiful estate.' This was accumulated by +means of those home-bred virtues, industry, prudence, and economy; for +he never, in a single instance, increased his wealth by speculation. + +"When the New Hampshire Insane Asylum was occupying the public +attention, he contributed liberally to its endowment, and was at one +time president of its Board of Trustees, being sole superintendent of +the first buildings that were reared. + +"Turning his thoughts toward the rising academy at New London, Mr. +Conant proposed to add to its literary and scientific departments an +agricultural school. He ascertained, however, that his whole estate +would be inadequate to the work, and, after making generous donations +to the academy, he turned his attention to the Agricultural College at +Hanover. + +"In his endowment of this institution, along with other things, he has +provided a model farm for the college, and founded a scholarship for +each town in Cheshire County, twenty-two in all, with an additional +one for Jaffrey. + +"Mr. Conant was through life a liberal contributor to public +enterprises, and a supporter of the gospel, and for twenty years was +an active member of the Baptist Church." + +Boynton's History of West Point gives the following valuable +paragraphs relating to Sylvanus Thayer, by whose munificence to the +cause of education he has laid his Alma Mater and his native town +under lasting obligations: + +"Brevet-major Sylvanus Thayer, of the Corps of Engineers, on July 28, +1817, assumed command as superintendent of the West Point Military +Academy, and from this period the commencement of whatever success as +an educational institution, and whatever reputation the Academy may +possess, at home or abroad, for its strict, impartial, salutary, +elevating, and disciplinary government, must be dated. Major Thayer +was an early graduate of the academy. He had served with distinction +in the War of 1812, and had studied the military schools of France, +and profited by the opportunity to acquire more complete and just +views concerning the management of such an institution than were +generally entertained by educational and military men of that day. The +field before him was uncultivated; the period was one when rare +qualifications for position were not considered valueless; and, +blessed with health, devotion to the cause, and firmness of purpose, +he was permitted to organize a system, and remain sixteen years to +perfect its operation. + +"Immediately after entering upon his duties, the Cadets were organized +into a battalion of two companies, with a colonel of Cadets, an +adjutant, and a sergeant-major, for its staff; and within the year he +created a 'Commandant of Cadets,' to be an instructor of tactics. + +"The division of classes into sections, the weekly rendering of class +reports, showing the daily progress, the system and scale of daily +marks, the establishment of relative class rank among the members, the +publication of the Annual Register, the introduction of the Board of +Visitors, the check-book system, the preponderating influence of the +'blackboard,' and the essential parts of the Regulations for the +Military Academy, as they stand to this day, are some of the evidences +of the indefatigable efforts of Major Thayer to insure method, order, +and prosperity to the institution. When relieved, at his own request, +the upward impetus given to the institution had attracted general +observation." + +General Thayer evidently believed that "peace hath her victories" as +well as war, and nobly acted in accordance with his intelligent, +earnest convictions. + +"Joel Parker was born at Jaffrey, N. H. After studying in the academy +at Groton, where the late President James Walker was one of his +schoolmates, he entered the Sophomore class at Dartmouth College in +February, 1809, at the early age of thirteen, and graduated in 1811, +not yet seventeen years of age. After his graduation he studied law at +Keene, and with his brother Edmund at Amherst, and entered the bar of +Cheshire County, at the October term in 1817, at the former place, +where he at once engaged in practice. + +In the year 1821, contemplating a change of residence, he visited the +West, and was admitted to practice in the Circuit Court of the United +States at Columbus, Ohio, in January, 1822; but, fortunately for his +native State, returned in the latter year, and devoted himself +assiduously to his chosen pursuit. + +Free from domestic cares, affianced only to his profession, he early +gained an honorable position by the steady exercise of natural +abilities well adapted to its pursuit. He was industrious, thorough, +minute, painstaking, cautious, persistent, and untiring. "Judge +Parker's mode of practice in the trial of cases," writes an early +professional associate, who still enjoys a ripe and honored age, "to +take down the testimony in full of the witnesses in writing, and to +cross-examine them at great length as to all the circumstances they +might know relative to the case, contributed greatly to change the +previous practice of the witness' first telling his story of what he +knew, followed by a brief cross-examination, with only a few notes, +made by the counsel, of the leading points of the testimony." + +Of Judge Parker's judicial life in New Hampshire, Charles Sumner, in +1844, wrote: "It will not be unjust to his associates to distinguish. +Mr. Chief Justice Parker as entitled to peculiar honor for his +services on the bench. He may be justly regarded as one of the ablest +judges of the country." + +The event which brought Judge Parker more conspicuously before the +public, and undoubtedly contributed justly and largely to give him a +wide and established reputation for vigor, independence, learning, and +capacity, was his controversy with 14 Mr. Justice Story of the Supreme +Court of the United States in regard to the proper construction of a +clause--it might even be said the meaning of a word [lien]--in the +Bankrupt Law of 1841; a controversy which became political in other +hands, and threatened to reach the magnitude of a conflict between the +United States and New Hampshire. + +After the experiences of this generation, such a collision seems +trifling; but it involved subjects of grave importance, and was a +contest between no insignificant combatants,--not without interest at +this day to a student of common or constitutional law. + +It began in 1842, when Story and Parker were each in the full vigor of +judicial life, and enthusiastic crowds of young men were learning the +science of the law from Story's lips. It ended seven years after, when +Story had passed away, and Parker was lecturing where Story taught, to +young men who now revere the memory of both. He had laid aside the +honor and labors of the office which required him to engage in the +struggle; and, in the first year of his service as a professor in the +school to whose success and reputation Story had so largely +contributed, the court which Story had adorned declared the survivor +victorious. Like Entellus, he might say,-- + + "Hic victor cestus artemque repono." + +The eminent service rendered to the country and the age, by Judge +Parker, while Royall professor of Law at Cambridge, forms a material +part of our national history. + +Richard Fletcher was a native of Cavendish, Vt. Having graduated at +Dartmouth, in 1806, he studied law with Daniel Webster, and commenced +practice in Salisbury, N. H. In 1819 he removed to Boston, where he +shortly took rank with the very first of legal advocates. + +His biographer says: "While in practice before the courts his presence +ever commanded the utmost respect. Of good form, of handsome and +expressive features, and of most gentlemanly and pleasing address, +with his great learning and untiring industry, it is not strange that +he should have succeeded at the bar and on the bench. + +"He was an orator of great power,--fluent and elegant in diction, +bright and sparkling in thought, keen and quick in repartee. + +"His care not to be engaged in unworthy causes was a matter of note. + +"In political life he found little that suited his tastes, although at +different times a member of both the State and National Legislatures. + +"Mr. Fletcher was a sincere Christian. His religion was not so much of +the aggressive kind, nor did he often urge his views upon others; but +it pervaded his entire character, and shone out in all his actions. In +his will he made a provision for publishing biennially, a prize essay +adapted to impress 'on the minds of all Christians a solemn sense of +their duty to exhibit in their godly lives and conversation the +beneficent effects of the religion they profess, and thus increase the +efficiency of Christianity in Christian countries, and recommend its +acceptance to the heathen portions of the world.'" + +Few of Dartmouth's alumni have manifested a more affectionate, +steadfast devotion to their Alma Mater, than Mr. Fletcher. + +Tappan Wentworth was the son of Isaac Wentworth, of Dover, N. H., and +was born there February 24, 1802, and died in Lowell, June 12, 1875. +His father was a poor man, a boatman running a freight-boat between +Dover and Portsmouth. + +He was sent first to common schools till he reached the classical +school where he studied Latin in a class with the late John K. Young, +D.D., Dr. George W. Kittredge, and Hon. John H. White, but was taken +from school after having read two books of Virgil. Judge White says: +"Tappan was a good scholar, energetic and self-reliant. I was in the +Latin class with him, and was told by the father that he was too poor +to keep him in school." He then spent about three years in Portsmouth, +in a North End grocery store. + +From Portsmouth he went to South Berwick, Me., into the stores of the +late Benjamin Nason and Alphonso Gerrish, successively, as clerk. He +there attracted the attention of Hon. William Burleigh, a then member +of Congress from York district, by a spirited article he had written +in favor of Mr. Burleigh's re-election. Mr. Burleigh now offered to +take him as a law student, and the young clerk entered upon the study +of law, and was admitted to the bar in York County in 1826. After +seven years' successful practice in his profession in South Berwick +and Great Falls, he came to Lowell, bringing some seven thousand +dollars with him. + +He now seemed to form his life plan of work, professionally and +financially,--diligence in his profession and all possible investments +in real estate. At his death his $7,000 had swollen into nearly +$300,000, during his forty-five years of Lowell life. + +During these years he became a leading member of his profession, was +often in offices of trust in city affairs, at different times in both +houses of the Legislature, and a member of Congress from 1853 to 1855. + +After assigning "pride of ancestry and name" as one reason for Mr. +Wentworth's munificence to Dartmouth, Judge Crosby says: + +"Another reason for the gift to the college is found in his +appreciation of the value, the power, and the beauty of education. He +had had hard experience in relation to it. He had hungered for it when +he could not get it. He had obtained it in limited departments, by +hard work, at great odds and under great embarrassments, when other +claims must be postponed in its behalf. And as he looked over our +college studies he found many branches he had never pursued and could +not approach." + +"The fund is not given for scholarships, professorships, libraries, or +buildings. It is given for the support of the institution, to make +instruction independent, learned and cheap; given to invite the youth +to come here, and to give them the best opportunities of cultivation +at lessened expense, to lay foundations of learning and mental +enlargement for any department in life. It will maintain ten learned +professors or twenty tutors, or give 20,000 volumes of books annually, +as the honorable Trustees shall think the demands of the college +require. + +"It may enlarge, repair, or ornament these grounds; it may be turned +into laboratories, museums of natural history, or art; it may raise +the curriculum to higher studies and extended courses. It is not +restrained by his personal judgment and direction in the future, but +left to the better judgment of living mind." + +Should Dartmouth ever lose her maiden name, she would not hesitate in +regard to the new one. + +William Reed was born at Marblehead, Mass. Compelled to abandon the +hope of a public education, he afterwards engaged in mercantile +pursuits, which he followed with great energy and activity and with a +good degree of success. + +Having by his untiring energy and perseverance, and by his strict +habits of economy come into possession of a considerable amount of +property, he devoted the latter part of his life to philanthropic and +benevolent purposes. + +As a citizen he was distinguished for activity, public spirit and true +patriotism. The many marks of attention and respect which he received +from his fellow-citizens evinced the high estimation in which he was +held by the community. + +In 1811 he was elected to a seat in the Congress of the United States, +a station which he filled for four years with honor to himself, with +satisfaction to his constituents, and with advantage to his country. + +While the cause of Foreign Missions received the largest share of his +Christian sympathies and the largest amount of his charitable +donations, yet he was deeply interested in all the benevolent +operations of the day. His sound judgment was sought in the management +of various public institutions. In 1826 he was elected a member of the +Board of Visitors of the Theological Seminary at Andover, and occupied +that station until his death. He was for several years a Trustee of +Dartmouth; also of Amherst. + +Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck was born in Templeton, Mass., in the year +1783, in the sixth generation from William Shattuck, who was born in +England in the year 1621, and died in Watertown, Mass., in the year +1672, Dr. Benjamin Shattuck graduated at Harvard College in 1765, and +having studied medicine, settled in Templeton. His youngest son +inherited thirteen hundred dollars, and this sufficed for his support, +fitting for college, and college and Medical education, commenced at +Hanover and continued in Philadelphia and Boston, with such addition +as he was able to make by school-keeping. There were no public +conveyances when he went from Templeton to Hanover, and he bought a +horse on which he rode to Hanover and then sold it, taking the pay in +board. He received four degrees from his Alma Mater; the first in the +year 1803 and the last, of Doctor of Laws, in 1853. He settled in +Boston in the year 1807, and for the space of forty-seven years +devoted himself to the practice of his profession. He secured the +esteem, respect and affection of his patients, and gathered a handsome +estate. He gave liberally to his Alma Mater for an Observatory, for +books, and for portraits of distinguished alumni. He founded a +professorship in the Medical Department of Harvard University and +endowed scholarships in the Academical Department. He gave liberally +to various charities during his lifetime, as well as to public +institutions, and the poor and needy never appealed to him in vain. He +died in Boston in the year 1854, in the profession of the faith in +which he had been educated both at home and at college. + +George H. Bissell was born at Hanover, N. H. He is descended from a +family of Norman-French origin, which came from Somersetshire, +England. His mother came of Belgic and Holland descent. One of his +ancestors was the first settler at Windsor, Ct., in 1628. The late +Gov. Clark Bissell, of Connecticut, and Gov. William H. Bissell, of +Illinois, were relatives. In 1846, after successful teaching +elsewhere, on the organization of the High School in New Orleans Mr. +Bissell was elected its first principal over many competitors. +Subsequently he was chosen superintendent of the public schools in +that city. His remarkable administrative abilities and high +qualifications as a scholar were of great service in his onerous +position. The schools reached a discipline and prosperity before +unknown. He is also a member of the legal profession. + +In the development of petroleum Mr. Bissell was a leading pioneer; +perhaps he justly deserves the pre-eminence in this great work. Mr. +Bissell is a self-made man. We quote a portion of his letter to +President Smith, announcing his munificent donation for a gymnasium: + +"In acceding to your wishes, my dear sir, I can but recall that day, +now twenty years since, when, leaving Dartmouth, alone and unaided, I +felt that 'Tentanda via est, qua me quoque possim tollere humo.' + +"It affords me unqualified pleasure now to be able to gratify a wish +then cherished, to aid in some degree my Alma Mater, and in that +manner which you assure me is the most effectual." + +"Gen. David Culver was born in Lyme, N. H. In the year 1832 he left +the parental roof, and after a residence in Hartford, Conn., and New +York City, for some years, where in both cities he was actively +engaged in lucrative business pursuits, he returned to his beautiful +ancestral home in Lyme, in 1855. The residue of his years he spent in +pleasant agricultural life, on the old farm of his strongly-endeared +childhood, memory, and attachment. In the rural district of this home +he was ever apparently content and happy, and, much to his praise, +seemed greatly beloved by his neighbors. His townsmen many times by +their united suffrage gave him important offices of public trust and +confidence. Of the Congregational Church of Christ, in Lyme, he was +for many years a highly valued helping member, and for the gospel +ministry was a liberal supporter, giving of his means in so quiet a +manner that he appeared not to wish his good deeds blazoned to the +world. + +"For the needy, suffering poor of his personal acquaintance, +especially the helpless poor, he had a sympathizing heart, and so +deeply pitied them, in many instances, as to greatly alleviate their +sufferings by ministering pecuniarily to their relief. + +"To the cause of general education in the community,--elementary, +common, agricultural, and collegiate,--he was always a warm-hearted, +deeply-interested friend. In many instances, to aspiring youth in +indigent circumstances, who were striving after the acquisition of the +needful knowledge to prepare themselves and others for usefulness, he +has been known to bestow pecuniary assistance to aid them on their +way. + +"And so agreeably bland was he in his mode of conferring his favors, +as to greatly augment the value of them, and at the same time heighten +the esteem of the recipients for the donor." Outside of her alumni +Dartmouth had few warmer friends than General Culver. + +Samuel Appleton was a native of New Ipswich, N. H. + +His enterprise and his liberality have given his name a conspicuous +place in New England history. We append a portion of one of his +letters to President Lord, which shows his generous appreciation of +liberal culture. + +"It affords me much pleasure to have it in my power to do something +for the only college in my native State which has done so much to +establish a sound literary character in the country. Dartmouth has +done her full proportion in educating for the pulpit, the bar, the +healing art, and the senate, good and great men who have done honor to +their names, to the college, and to the country." + +In closing this record, we can only allude to other leading +benefactors, among whom are John D. Willard, who gave to Dartmouth +some of the fruits of his busy, earnest life. Salmon P. Chase, loyal +to his Alma Mater to the last. John Wentworth, who still lives to +witness her work. Henry Bond, loving her scarcely less than his +kindred, "according to the flesh." Frederick Hall, who gave his money, +and what he valued more. John Phillips, whose name will live as long +as Dartmouth, or Andover, or Exeter, shall exist. Israel Evans, the +patriot divine, who cherished for Washington and Wheelock similar +affection. Aaron Lawrence, the conscientious Christian merchant. +Jeremiah Kingman, the busy agriculturist, who cultivated his mind as +well as his fields. Mrs. Betsey Whitehouse, the parishioner of Abraham +Burnham, by whose labors her valuable Christian and general character +was largely moulded, and E. W. Stoughton, who fully realizes the close +connection between a healthy body and a sound mind. + +The services of Dartmouth's Trustees should not be passed over in +silence. + +We give a statement of the character of the Board half a century ago, +when the College was in "middle life," from Mr. William H. Duncan. + +"Of the members of that Board, there was Elijah Paine, of Vermont, who +had received his appointment as District Judge of the United States +for the District of Vermont from Washington, a graduate from Harvard, +'a Roman of the Romans,' one who would have done honor to Rome in her +noblest and best days for the purity, integrity, and elevation of his +character. Charles Marsh, who held for many years the unchallenged +position of the leader of the bar in Vermont, a cousin of that giant +in the law, Jeremiah Mason, whom he greatly resembled in many of his +intellectual characteristics,--a high-toned gentleman, and a devout +and reverend believer in Christianity. Moses P. Payson, a graduate of +the College, of the class of 1793, a lawyer of courteous and elegant +demeanor, and of high social position. Judge Edmund Parker, a sound +lawyer, a man of good sense, and excellent judgment, and above all a +man of unspotted character, a brother of the distinguished ex-Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. Israel W. Putnam, D.D., +a graduate of the class of 1809, so long and so favorably known in New +Hampshire as a clergyman. John H. Church, D.D., a graduate from +Harvard, a man of apostolic solemnity and dignity of character, whose +praise is in all the churches. John Wheeler, D.D., an accomplished +scholar, afterwards President of the University of Vermont. Bennett +Tyler, who was still a Trustee, although he had resigned his position +as president, a man of commanding dignity of presence, an unrivaled +logician, and one of the best pulpit orators it has ever been the good +fortune of the writer to listen to. Judge Samuel Hubbard, of Boston, +one of the best lawyers of New England, who for many years was the +rival and the peer of the leaders of the Suffolk Bar. When on the +bench of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, he was numbered among her +most eminent jurists, and was ranked with Fletcher and Shaw. He was a +man of the finest sensibilities, and a devout and reverent Christian. +Mills Olcott, of the class of 1790, who had been the Secretary and +Treasurer of the College before he was a Trustee, whose father had +served before him for twenty years in the same capacity, a man of +remarkable sagacity and enterprise in business affairs, of assured +social position, and of great elegance and dignity of manner. + +"And of this body of men was Ezekiel Webster, the elder brother of +Daniel, a man of remarkable intellectual endowments; in sagacity and +judgment, in the opinion of those who knew them both, fully equal to +his distinguished brother, well read, as all the gentlemen of the old +school were, in the old English authors; a profound lawyer, and, at +times when he could be prevailed upon to speak, as eloquent as his +brother; of commanding personal presence, which in no way can be so +well described as by borrowing a Homeric epithet, for he was truly a +'king' among 'men.' + +"Such was the body of men whose grave and majestic air used to impress +the writer of this sketch, when the Commencements came round, in his +college days, with the same feeling of awe and reverence with which +the barbarians' were inspired when they first looked in upon the Roman +Senate, supposing that they were looking upon an assembly of kings." + +If to these we add the names of the eminent men who were the +colleagues of the founder, and of Nathaniel Niles, Jonathan Freeman, +Thomas W. Thompson, Stephen Jacob, Timothy Farrar, Samuel Bell, Asa +McFarland, Seth Payson, Samuel Prentiss, George Sullivan, John Aiken, +William Reed, Samuel Delano, Samuel Fletcher, Nathaniel Bouton, Silas +Aiken, Joel Parker, Richard Fletcher, and the honored Governors of the +State, we are fully impressed with the fact that the interests of the +college have been in the keeping of wise and prudent guardians. + + + + +CHAPTER XXX. + +LABORS OF DARTMOUTH ALUMNI.--CONCLUSION. + + +As Dartmouth was founded as an evangelizing agency, and every stone +was laid in firm reliance upon Him to whom all was consecrated, there +was good ground of hope that it would be a strong and durable pillar +in the great temple of Christian learning. Its record is a realization +of the hopes of its noble and devoted founders. + +In his "Narrative" for 1771 (p. 29) Dr. Wheelock, alluding to the +period immediately following his removal to Hanover, says: "there were +evident impressions upon the minds of a number of my family and school +which soon became universal, insomuch that scarcely one remained who +did not feel a greater or less degree of it, till the whole lump +seemed to be leavened by it, and love, peace, joy; satisfaction and +contentment reigned through the whole. The 23d day of January (1771) +was kept as a day of solemn fasting and prayer, on which I gathered a +church in this college and school, which consisted of twenty-seven +members." + +His biographer, writing early in the present century, says: "The +college has been repeatedly favored with remarkable religious +impressions on the minds of the students. These showers of divine +grace have produced streams which have refreshed the garden of the +Lord, and made glad the city of our God. The young men in this school +of the prophets have, at these seasons, been powerfully and lastingly +affected; they have gone forth as 'angels of the churches;' the work +of God has prospered in their hands; many of their people have been +turned to righteousness." + +Of President Tyler's administration it is said that the most +remarkable thing was "a powerful revival of religion." All the later +decades have been marked by manifestations of the Divine presence in +the college. Scarcely a year has passed in which some of its members +have not joyfully consecrated intellect and heart and life to the +service of Him who gave them. + +Not a few have been "bright and shining lights" in the church. Of +Jesse Appleton, Rev. Dr. Anderson says: "I have been placed in +circumstances to see much of not a few great men in the Church of +Christ, but I have been conversant with only a few, a very few, whose +attributes of power seemed to me quite equal to his. The clearness of +his conceptions was almost angelic. If I am fitted to do any good in +the world, I owe what intellectual adaptation I have very much to his +admirable training, especially as he took us through his favorite +Butler." + +Few American divines have had a wider or more varied sphere of +influence than Dr. Appleton's classmate, Ebenezer Porter, a _pioneer_ +in sacred Rhetoric, one of the originators of the American Tract +Society, the most prominent of the founders of the American Education +Society, which he adopted as his child and heir, the beloved and +honored first president of the oldest Theological Seminary in the +United States. + +Of Samuel Worcester, the distinguished opponent of Channing, we have +the following valuable record: "When the American Board of +Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formed, his labors as the +Corresponding Secretary, with the whole system now in operation for +the conduct of missions abroad, required the same processes of +original evolution and determination of principles and rules, as so +signally characterized the formation of our Federal government. Here +was displayed his peculiar, if we may not say his transcendent, power +among his eminent associates. The great value of 'the Constitution of +the Board, as a working instrument,' 'the nicely adjusted relations of +the voluntary and ecclesiastical principles,' the 'origination of what +is peculiarly excellent in the Annual Reports, and also in the +Instructions to Missionaries,' and the '_American_ idea' of +'organizing the missions as self-governing communities,' are justly +ascribed to him by the present senior Secretary, [Dr. Anderson] as +conclusive witness of his extraordinary 'sagacity' and of his being +far 'in advance of the age.'" + +Philander Chase could found parish and diocese and seminary with equal +facility, performing a work for the Episcopal Church in America +unrivaled by that of any contemporary. + +Nor should we overlook such names as Asa Burton, teacher of teachers +in theology, who could successfully measure swords with Emmons; Samuel +Wood, whose impress never left the mind of Webster; Daniel Story, a +pioneer of Marietta; Mase Shepard, Jonathan Strong, Walter Harris, +Ethan Smith, Alvan Hyde, William Jackson, Rufus Anderson, the honored +father of a not less honored son; John Fiske, Abijah Wines, Eliphalet +Gillett, whose home missionary zeal in Maine made a lasting impression +upon the rising state; Kiah Bailey, who first effectually moved the +springs which gave to the same State the Bangor Theological Seminary; +John Smith, an earnest and honored teacher in that Seminary; +Theophilus Packard, whose pupils have performed honorable service for +the Master in both hemispheres; Peter P. Roots, Bezaleel Pinneo, Asa +McFarland, Caleb Jewett Tenney, a leading founder of the East Windsor +(now Hartford) Theological Seminary; Thomas A. Merrill, Abraham +Burnham, George T. Chapman, John Brown, Daniel Poor, the pioneer in +Christian learning in Ceylon and Madura; Austin Dickinson, to whom the +world is under large obligations for a higher type of periodical +literature; Levi Spaulding, the worthy coadjutor of Poor; Nathan W. +Fiske, Daniel Temple, who carried the first missionary printing-press +to Western Asia, and made for classic lands a Christian literature; +William Goodell, the leading founder of two flourishing Christian +missions on heathen soil, and the translator of the whole Bible into +the Armeno-Turkish language; Ephraim W. Clark, John S. Emerson, and +Austin H. Wright, of similar spirit; Benjamin Woodbury, Aaron Foster, +a leading founder of the American Home Missionary Society, and John K. +Lord, whose early death in the Queen City of the West, was as the +falling of "a standard-bearer." + +To these we might add many eminent living heralds of the cross, and a +Hovey and a Townsend in leading Theological Seminaries. We cannot more +fitly close on this head than by remarking that of the last forty-four +subjects in the second volume of Sprague's invaluable "Annals of the +Pulpit," eleven were Dartmouth alumni, while all the others, save +eight, numbered her alumni among their teachers. + +Dartmouth has an honorable record in the various departments of Law +and in statesmanship. Most naturally we dwell upon the name of Daniel +Webster, towering in strength and grandeur, like the mountain beside +which he was born, amid the surrounding granite, who left the impress +of his genius upon the jurisprudence of his native State, upon the +Constitution of his adopted State, and upon nearly every conspicuous +page of America's civil or political history for half a century; who +loved Plymouth Rock and Bunker Hill with an undying affection, +dwelling alternately beside the one or the other; who cherished as the +apple of his eye his Alma Mater and the nation for whose service she +had prepared him; who in early life and middle life and old age +advocated the universal brotherhood of man, whether pleading in behalf +of the oppressed African, or the oppressed Greek, or the oppressed +Hungarian; who gave all his sympathy and all his influence in aid of +every pursuit, enterprise, and institution which could ennoble the +human race; who made all other human law pay homage to the +Constitution of his country, and all human law to the Divine +Revelation; who gave to Dartmouth a more enduring fame throughout +America, and to America a more enduring fame over the whole earth: of +Levi Woodbury, who as Governor of his native State clearly +comprehended and carefully regarded its various interests; as a +Senator commanded the profound respect of the National Legislature; as +a Cabinet minister, inaugurated "a series of reforms which pervaded +the whole department, and penetrated to every branch of the service," +and who upon the Supreme Bench of the United States gave judicial +opinions which are "monuments of patient research, ripe, and rarely +erring judgment, enlarged and liberal views, and eminent attainments:" +of Thaddeus Stevens, of whom his biographer says: "Thoroughly radical +in all his views, hating slavery with all the intensity of his +nature, believing it just, right, and expedient, not only to +emancipate the negro but to arm him and make him a soldier, and +afterward to make him a citizen, and give him the ballot, he led off +in all measures for effecting these ends. The Emancipation +Proclamation was urged upon the President by him, on all grounds of +right, justice, and expediency; the Fourteenth Amendment to the +Constitution was initiated and pressed by him:" of Rufus Choate, who +combined in more majestic and graceful proportions than any other +American lawyer, the ripe scholar and the successful advocate; who +with the beauty and power of his language could captivate a jury, a +popular audience, or the American Congress with equal facility; who +gave to English literature some of its most brilliant gems, and who in +his immortal eulogy upon Webster, in the opinion of competent judges, +gave to the world one of the most finished and impressive examples of +elegiac eloquence to which it has listened since the days of Pericles: +and of Salmon P. Chase, who, when our government needed, gave to it +the "sinews of war," and in the eloquent language of Evarts, "Whether +by interposing his strong arm to save Mr. Birney from the fury of a +mob; or by his bold and constant maintenance in the courts of the +cause of fugitive slaves, in the face of the resentments of the public +opinion of the day; or by his fearless desertion of all reigning +politics to lead a feeble band of protestants through the wilderness +of anti-slavery wanderings, its pillar of cloud by day, its pillar of +fire by night; or, as Governor of Ohio, facing the intimidations of +the Slave States, backed by Federal power and a storm of popular +passion; or in consolidating the triumphant politics on the urgent +issue which was to flame out into rebellion and revolt; or in his +serene predominance, during the trial of the President, over the rage +of party hate which brought into peril the co-ordination of the great +departments of government, and threatened its whole frame,--in all +these marked instances of public duty, as in the simple routine of his +ordinary conduct, Mr. Chase asked but one question to determine his +course of action,--'Is it right?'" + +Nor should we forget others who have left a lasting impression upon +the jurisprudence of New England, and indeed our whole country. Among +them Samuel S. Wilde, who had few peers as an advocate in Maine, or as +a judge in Massachusetts; Ezekiel Webster, who as lawyer and statesman +left a monument in New Hampshire which shall never crumble; Richard +Fletcher, "whose legal acumen, clear, distinct, and precise statement, +closely reasoned argument, and conscientious mastery of his subject, +adorned the bench no less than the bar;" Joseph Bell, who as advocate +and legislator, in ability as in station, towered above most of his +associates; Ichabod Bartlett, "the Randolph of the North," who could +measure swords with Mason or Webster or Clay, without either shield or +shame; and Joel Parker, who honored alike the bar, the bench, and the +lecture-room. + +As members of one branch or the other of our National Legislature, we +record other honored names in alphabetical order: + +Samuel C. Allen, who voted _alone_ in his place in Congress, in favor +of suffrage without regard to color. Helium Allen, Lemuel H. Arnold, +Samuel Bell, Samuel N. Bell, Silas Betton, Abijah Bigelow, John +Blanchard, Daniel Breck, Elijah Brigham, David Brunson, Joseph Buffum, +Dudley Chase, Daniel Chipman, Martin Chittenden, Daniel Clark, in +every public position a leading spirit, Judah Dana, Samuel Dinsmoor, +Daniel M. Durell, Ira A. Eastman, Thomas M. Edwards, Walbridge A. +Field, Benjamin F. Flanders, Isaac Fletcher, George G. Fogg, Sylvester +Gilbert, Calvin Goddard, Daniel W. Gooch, John N. Goodwin, George +Grennell, James W. Grimes, pioneer statesman of the far West, Matthew +Harvey, Henry Hibbard, Henry Hubbard, a man of rare abilities and +influence, Jonathan Hunt, Luther Jewett, Joseph S. Lyman, Asa Lyon, +Rufus McIntire, Charles Marsh, George P. Marsh, the honored son of an +honored father, Gilman Marston, Ebenezer Mattoon, Jeremiah Nelson, +Moses Norris, John Noyes, Benjamin Orr, Albion K. Parris, James W. +Patterson, whose eminent abilities and elaborate culture have placed +him in the foremost rank of the present generation of New England +statesmen, Charles H. Peaslee, Edward C. Reed, Erastus Root, Joseph +Richardson, Eleazer W. Ripley, equally fearless as a soldier and a +statesman, Ether Shepley, alike conspicuous for mental and moral +powers, John S. Sherburne, George A. Simmons, who by his own efforts +attained rare eminence, Peleg Sprague, Samuel Taggart, Amos Tuck, a +pioneer in philanthropic politics, John Wentworth, who in large +measure maintains the reputation of an ancient and honored family, +Phineas White, Leonard Wilcox, Charles W. Willard, Hezekiah Williams, +and William Wilson. To which should be added the names of James C. +Alvord and Sylvanus Backus, who were elected to Congress, but did not +live to take their seats. + +When Daniel Webster entered the American Senate, five of its twelve +New England representatives were Dartmouth alumni. Their labors in +Congress form a part of the history of every Administration of our +National government. + +Amos Kendall, beside large usefulness, in other spheres, was an +honored Cabinet Minister. + +Amos T. Akerman has been similarly honored, as Attorney General of the +United States. + +The names of Charles B. Haddock, George P. Marsh, George G. Fogg, and +Edward F. Noyes, deserve honorable mention in connection with public +service abroad. + +The names of Samuel Dinsmoor, the younger, John Hubbard, Ralph +Metcalf, Peter T. Washburn, Nelson Dingley, and Benjamin F. Prescott +should be noticed, as State Governors, in addition to several who have +added this honor to others, of which we have already made mention. + +In Judicial life many names attract our notice beside those, which +have been mentioned in other connections; among them Nicholas Baylies, +Nicholas Emery, Nathan Weston, Ira Perley, Jonas Cutting, Benjamin W. +Bonney, Isaac F. Redfield, Robert R. Heath, Andrew S. Woods, William +H. Bartlett, John S. Sanborn, and Benjamin H. Steele, of the deceased, +and William G. Woodward, Timothy P. Redfield, George F. Shepley, James +Barrett, Jason Downer, Jonathan E. Sargent, Lincoln F. Brigham, Oliver +Miller, and Charles Doe, among the living. Nor should we forget that +of living members of the American Bar few names have been honored more +in the East than that of Charles B. Goodrich, and few names have been +honored more in the West than that of James F. Joy. + +Dartmouth has contributed largely to American Education. + +Bowdoin's first two presidents were Joseph McKeen and Jesse Appleton. + +Thomas C. Upham was one of its honored Faculty for more than forty +years. + +Oren B. Cheney was a leading founder of Bates College, in later years. + +James Marsh, John Wheeler, and Joseph Torrey were successively +presidents of Vermont University, and each left upon it a most +valuable and durable impression. + +William Jackson and Thomas A. Merrill inscribed their names indelibly +upon the foundations of Middlebury College, which numbers Benjamin +Labaree and Calvin B. Hulbert among its honored presidents. + +Zephaniah S. Moore, as president of Williams College, gave to it the +fruits of his valuable experience at Dartmouth, and materially +enhanced its usefulness; nor should we omit the name of its earnest +friend and guardian, Alvan Hyde. + +In naming the leading founders of Amherst College, Professor Tyler +does not hesitate to place first, Rufus Graves, and next, Samuel F. +Dickinson. The value of Dr. Moore's services as first president has +been referred to in a previous chapter. + +A record of its obligations to Professor Nathan Welby Fiske is a +material part of its history. + +The biographer of George Ticknor says no one contributed more than he +toward the impulse which has resulted in Harvard's progress during the +last half century. + +Amos Kendall was the honored founder of the College for Deaf Mutes at +Washington. + +John M. Sturtevant has an honored place in the history of education +for the Blind in the South. + +Jonathan P. Cushing resuscitated Hampden Sydney College when life was +nearly extinct, and made it again "a power in the land." + +Philander Chase, in founding Kenyon and Jubilee Colleges, gave to the +Episcopalians of the West two of their leading literary institutions. + +John M. Ellis founded Illinois College, which, with the influences +that centered around it, in large measure "gave character" to the +State. + +Not less plainly did he write his name upon the foundations of Wabash +College, and not less plainly have Charles White, Edmund D. Hovey, and +Caleb Mills written their names upon the superstructure. + +A proper estimate of the valuable labors of Joseph Estabrook, Stephen +Foster, and George Cooke, successively presidents of the College of +East Tennessee, can only be made by those who are familiar with the +history of the institution. + +Drury College, so admirably located, bears the impress of Nathan J. +Morrison. + +Beyond the Rocky Mountains, Samuel H. Willey and George H. Atkinson +will ever be honored among the leading founders and guardians of the +College of California, and the Pacific University. + +No history of American education will be complete which does not +portray the earnest and valuable labors, in numerous other collegiate +institutions East, West, North, and South, of a long roll of Dartmouth +alumni; among them, beside many others, already noticed, Joseph Dana, +James Dean, Josiah Noyes, Frederick Hall, George T. Chapman, James +Hadley, Rufus W. Bailey, Benjamin F. Farnsworth, George Bush, Cyrus P. +Grosvenor, Oramel S. Hinckley, Samuel Hurd, Caleb S. Henry, John +Kendrick, Charles D. Cleaveland, Leonard Marsh, Forrest Shepherd, +Charles B. Dana, Nathaniel S. Folsom, Jarvis Gregg, Milo P. Jewett, +Diarca H. Allen, Kendrick Metcalf, Jacob H. Quimby, John B. Niles, +Daniel F. Richardson, Amos Brown, Calvin Tracy, John C. Webster, +Edmund Q. S. Waldron, Augustus Everett, Erastus Everett, Jonas De F. +Richards, Abner H. Brown, Henry L. Bullen, George P. Comings, David +Dimond, Charles H. Churchill, Amos B. Goodhue, Joshua J. Blaisdell, +Artemas W. Sawyer, Mark Bailey, Gideon Draper, Joseph O. Hudnut, Henry +E. J. Boardman, Charles S. Farrar, Nathan S. Lincoln, John Ordronaux, +John M. Hayes, Daniel Putnam, Martin H. Fisk, Isaac A. Parker, Ephraim +March, William E. Barnard, Ambrose W. Clarke, Amos N. Currier, Richard +C. Stanley, Albert S. Bickmore, George S. Morris, and John W. +Scribner. It is hardly possible to overestimate the influence of these +men in shaping the thought and life of our country. + +If we turn to academies we find that Mark Newman, Osgood Johnson, and +Samuel H. Taylor, especially the two latter, were largely instrumental +in placing Phillips Academy, at Andover, at the head of such +institutions in America. Few schools of the kind have a more brilliant +record than Kimball Union Academy, and few American educators have +acquired more permanent renown than Cyrus S. Richards. + +The labors of Amos J. Cook at Fryeburg, of John Vose at Atkinson and +Pembroke, of Andrew Mack at Gilmanton and Haverhill, of John Hubbard +at New Ipswich, of Ezra Carter at Peacham, of Clement Long and William +Nutting at Randolph, of James K. Colby at St. Johnsbury, of Ebenezer +Adams at Leicester, of Proctor Pierce at Deerfield, of Caleb Butler at +Groton, and Benjamin Greenleaf at Bradford, constitute a vital portion +of the history of academic education in New England. Nor must we +forget that such men as Albert C. Perkins, at Exeter, C. F. P. +Bancroft, at Andover, and Homer T. Fuller, at St. Johnsbury, are still +laboring in this important sphere, while Hiram Orcutt is performing +valuable service in a somewhat similar sphere at West Lebanon. +Worcester Free Institute is under large obligations to Charles O. +Thompson and John E. Sinclair. + +If we turn to the metropolis of New England we find that John D. +Philbrick has made her schools and school-houses in their leading +features models for a world, fit successor to Elisha Ticknor, the +leading founder of her primary schools, and Caleb Bingham and John +Park, who in large measure revolutionized female education in America. + +Beaumont Parks taught successfully for forty years in Indiana and +Illinois; Charles E. Hovey founded the Illinois Normal School--worthy +followers of Daniel Story at Marietta, the pioneer professional +teacher of the West. + +John Eaton, as Commissioner of General Education, has stamped his +name, indelibly, upon our country's history. + +In Literature, Dartmouth has a worthy record. + +In Philosophy, the names of James Marsh, Thomas C. Upham, and Caleb S. +Henry, command universal respect. + +In History, the names of George Ticknor, Joseph B. Felt, Joseph Tracy, +George Punchard, Samuel Hopkins, John Lord, and Edwin D. Sanborn, will +live as long as our language. + +In Scientific popular literature, the names of Abel Curtis, who is +believed to have given to America its first English Grammar in a +separate and distinct form, of Caleb Bingham, who followed in his +footsteps and enhanced the value of his work, of Daniel Adams, who +gave to the world the invaluable Arithmetic, of Benjamin Greenleaf, +whose mathematical works have added materially to the usefulness of +his long and busy life, of Charles D. Cleaveland and Alphonso Wood, +are stars of the first magnitude. + +In Periodical literature, the names of John Park, David Everett, +Thomas G. Fessenden, Asa Rand, Russell Jarvis, Absalom Peters, +Nathaniel P. Rogers, Ebenezer C. Tracy, Amasa Converse, Henry Wood, +Nathaniel S. Folsom, Alonzo H. Quint, and Henry A. Hazen, deserve +especial notice. + +In Polite literature, the names of Nathaniel H. Carter, Charles B. +Haddock, Rufus Choate, George P. Marsh, Richard B. Kimball, and John +B. Bouton, command universal admiration. + +The writings of Samuel L. Knapp, Henry Bond, and Nathan Crosby are +valuable contributions to American Biography. + +In Professional and Classic literature, the alumni of Dartmouth have +done a good work. We can only glance at leading names, many of which +have been mentioned in their more appropriate places. Among them are +Asa Burton, Jesse Appleton, Ebenezer Porter, Samuel C. Bartlett, Alvah +Hovey, Luther T. Townsend, Isaac F. Redfield, Silas Durkee, Edmund R. +Peaslee, W. W. Morland, F. E. Oliver, Jabez B. Upham, Edward H. +Parker, Joseph Torrey, Nathan W. Fiske, George Bush, and Alpheus +Crosby. + +In Industrial literature, the names of Henry Colman and John L. Hayes +will be honored so long as agriculture and manufactures shall have a +prominent place among human pursuits. + +In Medicine, a goodly proportion of her most eminent sons have given +to Dartmouth their personal services as teachers; we have only to +recall in this connection the honored names recorded in a preceding +chapter,--Mussey, Perkins, Crosby, and Peaslee. But other names claim +our notice. Amos Twitchell, by tireless industry and fidelity in his +regular professional work, and his boldness and skill as an operative +surgeon, gained a reputation equaled by few in New England, and +extending to the Old World. The name of George C. Shattuck shines with +equal lustre, as the benefactor of his Alma Mater, and the friend of +suffering humanity in the metropolis of New England. + +Luther V. Bell wrote his name as plainly upon the foundations of the +McLean Asylum, at Somerville, as did his honored father, Samuel Bell, +upon the jurisprudence of New Hampshire. The name of John E. Tyler is +scarcely less conspicuous upon the superstructure. + +New Jersey will never forget her obligations to Lyndon A. Smith for +the earnest efforts which gave to that State a similar institution. +Nor should we be silent in regard to the services of living men who +are now conducting or prominently connected with similar institutions; +among them, Jesse P. Bancroft, Clement A. Walker, John Ordronaux, +Homer O. Hitchcock, William W. Godding, and John P. Brown. + +As Medical lecturers, we cannot fail to notice other honored names; +among them, Josiah Noyes, Joseph A. Gallup, James Hadley, Jesse Smith, +Arthur L. Porter, Gilman Kimball, Benjamin R. Palmer, Noah Worcester, +Abner Hartwell Brown, Nathan S. Lincoln, and Phineas S. Conner. + +A reference to all the living medical alumni of Dartmouth, who are +acting the part of useful practitioners or teachers, added to the +above, would take us to nearly every leading medical institution, and +nearly every family, in our broad land. + +In Productive industry and the development of our national resources, +the alumni of Dartmouth have an honorable place. + +Eastern New England will never be unmindful of her obligations to +William A. Hayes, for his successful efforts to introduce a better +grade of wool than had ever before been produced in that region; nor +will the country or the world forget their obligations to his honored +classmate, Henry Colman, the American pioneer in scientific +agriculture. The names of Thomas G. Fessenden and Amos Brown also +deserve notice in this connection. + +Petroleum, instead of being at the present time a leading American +product, might have remained, in large measure, in its ancient bed, +but for the skillful, persevering enterprise of George H. Bissell and +Francis B. Brewer. + +In Railroad enterprise, the names of Erastus Hopkins, Thomas M. +Edwards, and Francis Cogswell, in the East, and James F. Joy, in the +West, are "familiar as household words." + +The sons of Dartmouth have performed honorable service in the field. +More than a score were soldiers of the Revolution. Among them John S. +Sherburne, who lost one of his limbs; Absalom Peters, whose efficient +service in Vermont contributed largely to the protection of our +Northern frontier; and Ebenezer Mattoon, who by forced marches with +his gallant men furnished cannon which "told" at Saratoga. + +In the War of 1812-1815 they acted well their part. Eleazer Wheelock +Ripley, at Lundy's Lane, after General Scott had been disabled (with +the aid of the gallant Miller), wrested victory from an almost +triumphant foe, on the bloodiest field of the war. + +In that War, too, Sylvanus Thayer gained a measure of the renown which +has rendered the name of the most efficient founder of the Military +Academy at West Point illustrious in both hemispheres. + +In the late War one of the most valuable coadjutors of two of its +leading captains--Grant and Sherman--was Joseph Dana Webster. + +In letters of living light we write many other names, among them +Charles and Daniel Foster--par nobile fratrum--Samuel Souther, Charles +Augustine Davis, Isaac Lewis Clarke, Calvin Gross Hollenbush, +Valentine B. Oakes, Franklin Aretas Haskell, Arthur Edwin Hutchins, +Lucius Stearns Shaw, Horace Meeker Dyke, Edwin Brant Frost, William +Lawrence Baker, Charles Whiting Carroll, George Washington Quimby, +George Ephraim Chamberlin, Charles Lee Foster, Henry Mills Caldwell, +and Stark Fellows, who at Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, the +Wilderness, Cold Harbor, and elsewhere, gave their lives in defense of +the American Union. + +No aggregation of volumes would adequately portray the whole work of +Dartmouth's alumni. In quiet places, the great majority, day by day, +and year by year, have performed their allotted tasks. In such places +all over America, and in other lands, they have built their most +enduring monuments. The calm lustre of their lives is almost as widely +diffused as the morning light. + +Eleazer Wheelock founded the college, in faith and hope, for the +enlightenment and evangelization of future generations in that mighty +storehouse of thought and action, central New England. + +John Wheelock carried forward the work with energy and zeal, and a +large measure of success. + +Francis Brown gave a valuable life for the protection of his still +youthful Alma Mater. + +Daniel Dana was a man of kindred spirit, and not less devoted to his +work. + +Bennet Tyler magnified his office, and, laboring in season and out of +season, added "goodly ornaments." + +Nathan Lord added new halls, new departments and modes of instruction, +gave larger prestige, and left the impress of a great mind upon two +thousand pupils. + +Asa D. Smith added yet other halls, secured new endowments, and +provided a long line of scholarships, for the development of latent +talent, and the encouragement of genuine worth. + +Samuel C. Bartlett brings to the accomplishment of his task the name +of an ancient and honored family, and the experiences of an earnest +and fruitful life. + +Dartmouth has blessed New England and Old England, North America and +the whole world. + +Her location, unrivaled in many respects by that of any sister +institution, her history, so full of romance and of reality, and her +work, recorded first in the history of the eighteenth century, and +indelibly impressed upon the history of the nineteenth, all warrant +the hope that her walls may stand, through all the ages of the future, +strong as the everlasting hills, and beautiful as the celestial dome. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +A LIST OF THE ENGLISH SUBSCRIBERS TO DR. WHEELOCK'S INDIAN +CHARITY SCHOOL OR ACADEMY. + + +LONDON. + + L s. d. + + His Most Gracious Majesty 200 + Mr. Isaac Akerman 5 5 0 + Mr. John Atkins 5 5 0 + Messrs. Adair, Jackson & Co. 5 5 0 + Mr. William Ames 5 5 0 + Mr. Joseph Armitage 5 5 0 + Mr. Joseph Aldersey 2 2 0 + Mr. Ebenezer Atkinson 2 2 0 + Mrs. Allovine 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Ashworth of Daintree 1 0 0 + Mr. Atwell, A. B. 10 6 + Mr. John Anther 10 6 + Anonymous 5 3 + Mr. Andrews 5 0 + Mrs. Sarah Axford 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Sam. Brewer's Collection 141 2 6 + Messrs. Day. Barclay & Sons 31 10 0 + Mrs. Brine 20 0 0 + Robert Butcher, Esq. 10 10 0 + Mr. John Bradney 10 10 0 + Mr. Diederick Beckman 10 10 0 + Mr. John Bonus 10 10 0 + Messrs. Bland & Barnett 10 10 0 + Mr. Thomas Brooks 10 10 0 + Jam. & Hen. Baker, Esqs. 10 10 0 + Thom. Smalley Browning, Esq. 10 10 0 + John Bond, Esq. 10 10 0 + Bank Note, K 483 10 0 0 + Sir ---- Blackmore 6 6 0 + Robert Bird, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Sarah Bradney 5 5 0 + Mrs. B. W. 5 5 0 + Mr. Blunkett of Peckham 5 5 0 + John Buchanan, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Clement Bellamy 5 5 0 + Mr. Geo. Baskerville 5 5 0 + Mr. Michael Barlow 5 5 0 + Mr. John Bayley 5 5 0 + Mr. Frederick Ball 5 5 0 + Mr. Jonathan Bond 5 5 0 + Mr. Bowles 5 5 0 + Mr. Bush 5 5 0 + Mr. Richard Brown 3 3 0 + Mr. William Butler 3 3 0 + Mr. Guy Brian 2 2 0 + Mr. J. Bosley 2 2 0 + Dr. Bragge 2 2 0 + Mrs. Bragge 2 2 0 + Mr. Jonathan Bowles 2 2 0 + ---- Brooks, Esq., of Cambridge 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Burch 2 2 0 + B. C. 2 2 0 + Mrs. Blakesly 1 11 6 + Mr. Henry Burder 1 1 0 + Mr. Burkitt 1 1 0 + The Rev. Charles Bowles 1 1 0 + Mrs. B-f-t 1 1 0 + Mr. George Braithwaite 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Barnardistone 1 1 0 + Mr. Bassingtine 1 1 0 + Mr. William Brown 10 6 + Mr. Biggs, Junior 10 6 + A Banker's Clerk 10 6 + Mr. Wt. B. 7 0 + Mr. Ball 5 3 + Mr. John Baker 5 3 + Mr. William Baker 5 0 + Mr. Benjamin Coles 20 0 0 + Messrs. Capel, Hanbury, Oswald & Co. 10 10 0 + Mr. James Crafts 5 5 0 + Mr. William Cross 5 5 0 + Mr. Cranch, in the Borough 5 5 0 + Mr. James Cox 5 5 0 + Mr. Benjamin Clempson 3 3 0 + Mr. Lawrence Charlesson 3 3 0 + Mr. Creswell, of Stourbridge per Mr. Micklin + the Mercer 3 3 0 + Mr. Cross 2 2 0 + Mr. Benjamin Champion 2 2 0 + Mr. Compson 2 2 0 + Mr. John Collier 2 2 0 + Mr. John Colebrooke 1 11 6 + C. T. F. 1 3 0 + Mr. John Cox 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Cowper 1 1 0 + Mr. William Coombes 1 1 0 + Mr. Cooper 1 1 0 + Mrs. Cooper 1 1 0 + Mr. John Cobb 1 1 0 + Mr. William Crooke 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Clarke 10 6 + Mr. Henry Cowling 10 6 + Rt. Hon. William, Earl of Dartmouth, a + Trustee and President 50 0 0 + Messrs. Deberdt & Burkitt 20 0 0 + Mr. John Dick 5 5 0 + D. T. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Davis 5 5 0 + Mr. William Dermer 5 5 0 + Phil. Dotton, Esq., of Plymouth, per Mr. Sheppard 2 17 0 + Mr. Darnford 2 2 0 + Miss Dixon 2 2 0 + Mrs. Dewn 1 1 0 + Mr. Denne 1 1 0 + Mr. James Donald 1 1 0 + Mr. James Deethait 1 1 0 + Mr. James Duncan 1 1 0 + Mr. D. 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Dickers, per Dr. Gibbons 1 1 0 + Mr. D. D. 10 6 + Mr. Dudds 10 6 + Mr. Dell 10 6 + Mrs. Davis 5 3 + Mr. Zephaniah Eade 6 6 0 + Mrs. Anna Eade 6 6 0 + Mr. Samuel Ewer 1 1 0 + Mr. Edwards 1 1 0 + Mr. E. H. 1 1 0 + Mr. John Elliott 1 1 0 + Mr. Eaton 1 1 0 + Dr. Fothergill 21 0 0 + A Friend of the Cause 20 0 0 + Mr. Fuller & Son 10 10 0 + Thomas Fletcher, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Benjamin Forsitt 5 5 0 + The Rev. Mr. Ford. 5 5 0 + Dr. John Ford 5 5 0 + Mr. William Fisher, Sen. 5 5 0 + Messrs. Flight & Halliday 5 5 0 + Messrs. Freeman & Grace 5 5 0 + Mr. William Fletcher 3 3 0 + Mr. George Flower 2 2 0 + Mr. Fassett 1 1 0 + Mr. F. P. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Flight 1 1 0 + Mr. David Field 1 1 0 + A Friend in the Country 10 0 + Sir John Griffin Griffin 20 0 0 + Mr. William Grace 10 10 0 + Mr. Daniel Gallopine 10 10 0 + Mr. Gerrish 5 5 0 + Mrs. Sarah Gale 5 5 0 + Mrs. Gumley 5 5 0 + Mr. Grainger 5 0 0 + Mr. John Geere, Sen., collected by him 4 14 6 + Mr. Robert Griffiths 4 4 0 + Mr. Daniel Goodwin 3 7 6 + Mr. John Geere, of Hythe 3 3 0 + Thomas Gibbons, D.D. 2 2 0 + Mr. Walter Gelly 2 2 0 + G. E. 2 2 0 + Mr. Griffin 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Gibbon 2 2 0 + Mr. Gardner 2 2 0 + Mr. Grote 2 2 0 + Mrs. Nellaby Gibson 1 1 0 + Mr. John Gould 1 1 0 + Miss Gould 1 1 0 + Messrs. G. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ann Gusthart 1 1 0 + Mr. Samuel Gordon 1 1 0 + Mr. Owen Griffith 1 1 0 + Mr. Good 10 6 + Mrs. G----s 10 6 + Mr. William Gardiner 5 0 + Isaac Holles, Esq. 100 0 0 + The Rev. Mr. Holden's collection of Deptford 51 2 0 + Sir Charles Hotham, a Trustee, deceased 50 0 0 + Mrs. Halsey 50 0 0 + Charles Hardy, Esq., a Trustee 25 0 0 + Mr. Robert Hodgson 20 0 0 + Sir Joseph Hankey and partners 10 10 0 + Mr. William Hervey 10 10 0 + Edward Hollis, Esq. 5 5 0 + Thomas Hollis, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Richard Hawtyn 5 5 0 + Mr. Peregrine Hogg 5 5 0 + Mr. Hugh Humstone 5 5 0 + Mr. John Hose & Son 5 5 0 + Richard Hill, Esq. 5 5 0 + Thomas Hall, Esq., of Harnfel Hall, near Henley 5 5 0 + Messrs. Higgins, Garrett & Hartfield 5 5 0 + Mr. Joseph Hart 5 5 0 + Mr. Benjamin Horrocks 3 3 0 + Miss Hillier 3 3 0 + Mr. Howell 2 12 6 + Mrs. Ann Holloway 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Heckley, per Dr. Gibbons 2 2 0 + Mr. Holdgate 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Houston 1 1 0 + Mr. William Heathfield 1 1 0 + Mr. Horton 1 1 0 + Mr. Nathaniel Hillier 1 1 0 + Mr. Hett 1 1 0 + Mr. Hunt 10 6 + Mr. Heath 10 6 + Mr. Harley 10 6 + Mr. Richard Hatt 10 6 + Mr. William Hunter 10 6 + Mrs. Harle 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Hatham, of Loughborough 10 6 + Mrs. Halford and Son 7 6 + Mrs. H. P. 5 0 + I. S. 20 0 0 + Mr. Jackson, of the Temple 10 10 0 + Mr. Thomas Justis 5 5 0 + Mr. John Jones 3 3 0 + Mr. Edward Jefferies 2 2 0 + J. P. 2 2 0 + I. R., per John Sabatier 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Jefferys 2 2 0 + Mr. Jacomb 1 1 0 + Mr. Jackson, Basinghall St. 1 1 0 + Mr. J. G. 1 1 0 + Mr. Judd 10 6 + Mr. Richard Jeffreys 10 6 + Mr. Philip Jones, at Upton in Worcestershire 5 3 + Mr. Robert Keen, a Trustee 25 0 0 + Mr. William Kelly 5 5 0 + Mr. King 3 3 0 + Mr. John Kennedy 2 2 0 + Miss Kingsley 1 1 0 + Samuel Lloyd, Esq. 21 0 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. John Langford's 13 0 0 + Mr. George Lowe 10 10 0 + Mr. Thomas Lowe 10 10 0 + Mr. John Laurence 5 5 0 + Mr. L. F. 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Luck 2 2 0 + Mr. L. G. 2 2 0 + Mr. Robert Lathroppe 1 1 0 + Mrs. L. G. 1 1 0 + Mr. L. D. 1 11 6 + Mr. John Lefevre 1 1 0 + The Rev. Dr. Langford 1 1 0 + Mrs. Lavington 1 1 0 + Mr. Lawrence 10 6 + His Excellency, General Monckton 21 0 0 + Mr. B. Mills 20 0 0 + Messrs. R. H. & R. Maitland 10 10 0 + The Rev. Mr. Martin's Collection at Deptford 5 10 0 + Mr. James Mabbs 5 5 0 + John Mills, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Thomas Maltby 5 5 0 + Mr. Thomas Mason 5 5 0 + Mr. Samuel Moody 5 5 0 + Mr. Maine, of Kensington 5 5 0 + Mr. Thomas Mayor 5 5 0 + Mrs. Marlow, per Dr. Gifford 5 5 0 + The Rev. Mr. Madan 5 0 0 + Mr. Millet 4 5 0 + Mrs. Molineaux 3 6 6 + Mr. Mangles 2 2 0 + Mr. Brough Maltby 2 2 0 + Mr. Messenger 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Matthews 2 2 0 + Mr. Peter Mallard 2 2 0 + Mr. Morris 2 2 0 + Mr. Mace 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Matravers 1 1 0 + Mr. Moggridge 1 1 0 + Miss March 1 1 0 + Mrs. M. 1 1 0 + Mr. Marston 1 1 0 + Mr. D. Maitland 1 1 0 + Mr. Morrison 1 1 0 + Mr. James Murray 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Mason 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Munday 10 6 + M. C. 10 6 + Mr. Robert Newton, per Charles Steer 50 0 0 + Mr. Ric. Neave & Son 21 0 0 + Mr. Edw. Thomas Nelson 2 2 0 + Mr. and Mrs. Noyes 2 2 0 + Miss Nichols 2 2 0 + Mr. Noton 1 1 0 + Mr. Abraham Ogier 2 2 0 + Mr. John Orton 2 2 0 + Mr. Olney 1 1 0 + Mr. John Oldham 1 1 0 + Mr. John Oliver 10 6 + Thomas and Richard Penn, Esqs. 50 0 0 + Messrs. Pewtress & Robarts 10 10 0 + Mr. James Pearson 5 5 0 + Mr. Pomeroy 2 2 0 + Mrs. Rachel Phipps 2 2 0 + Mr. Michael Pearson 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Prettyman 2 2 0 + Mr. Rowland Page 2 2 0 + Mr. John Prentice 1 1 0 + Mr. John Page 1 1 0 + Mrs. P. 1 1 0 + Mr. John Price 1 1 0 + Mr. Chancey Poole 1 1 0 + Mr. Petree 1 1 0 + Mr. Parks 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Pitts 1 1 0 + Mr. George Prettiman 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Parker 10 6 + Mr. John Payne 10 6 + Mr. N. Paul 5 3 + The Rev. Mr. Phillips 5 0 + Mr. Peakes 2 6 + The Rev. Mr. Romaine's Collection + at St. Anne's, Black Friar's 107 13 3 + Samuel Roffey, Esq., a Trustee 50 0 0 + Mrs. Roffey, of Lincoln's Inn Fields 10 10 0 + Marchioness of Rockingham 10 10 0 + Mr. Samuel Rickards 10 10 0 + Mrs. Russel 10 0 0 + Mrs. Radcliffe 10 0 0 + Mr. Henry Rutt 3 3 0 + Mr. John Robarts 5 5 0 + Mr. Matthew Randall 5 5 0 + Mr. George Rutt 3 3 0 + Mr. and Mrs. Rawlins 2 2 0 + Miss Rymers 2 2 0 + Mr. John Robin 1 1 0 + Mrs. Russel, of Greek Street 1 1 0 + Mr. Stephen Roe 10 6 + Mr. Rumley 10 6 + Mr. Robarts 5 3 + Right Hon. Earl of Shaftesbury 81 10 0 + Mr. Samuel Savage, a Trustee 100 0 0 + Samuel Sparrow, Esq. 50 0 0 + Rev. Dr. Stennett's Collection 42 10 11 + The Rev. Mr. Charles Skelton's Collection 13 13 0 + The Rev. Mr. Stafford and his Friends 10 10 0 + William Stead, Esq. 10 10 0 + Mr. Robert Stuart 10 10 0 + Mr. Baron Smythe, a Trustee 6 6 0 + Mr. Samuel Stainton 5 5 0 + Mr. Sherland Swanstone 5 5 0 + Mr. James Smith 5 5 0 + Mr. J. Short 5 5 0 + Mr. John Striteal 5 5 0 + The Rev. Sam. Martin Savage 5 5 0 + Mr. Sainsbury Sibley 5 5 0 + Mr. Smith (partner with Mr. Nash) 5 5 0 + Mrs. Sowdon 4 4 0 + Mr. Thomas Smith 3 3 0 + S. W. 3 3 0 + Messrs. Simmonds & Co. 3 3 0 + Mr. Self 2 12 6 + The Rev. and Hon. Mr. Shirley 2 2 0 + Mr. R. Saddington 2 2 0 + Mr. Sarney 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Smithers 2 2 0 + Mr. Somerhayes 1 1 0 + Mrs. S. G. 1 1 0 + Mr. John Seaber 1 1 0 + Mr. Shrapnell 1 1 0 + S. F. 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Spilsbury 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Savage 1 1 0 + Mr. James Still 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Spicer 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Sheppard 1 1 0 + Mr. James Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. John Sparks 1 1 0 + Mr. William Slow 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Shickle 18 0 + Mr. Statham 10 6 + Mr. Francis Simpson 10 6 + Mr. Stibbs 10 6 + Mrs. Scott 5 3 + S. S. 5 3 + John Thornton, Esq., a Trustee and Treasurer 100 0 0 + Barlow Trecothick, Esq. 21 0 0 + Sir John Toriano 20 0 0 + Sir John Thorold, Bart. of Cranwell 10 10 0 + Mr. William Tatnall 10 10 0 + Mr. Thomas Turville 10 10 0 + A Lady Unknown, per Mr. Thompson 10 10 0 + The Rev. Mr. Thomson 5 5 0 + Mr. John Townsend 5 5 0 + Mr. Robert Trevors 2 2 0 + T. B. 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Territ 1 1 0 + Messrs. Tredway & Bayley 1 1 0 + T. 1 1 0 + Mr. Twelves 1 1 0 + Mr. John Thorne 1 1 0 + Mr. Timothy Topping 1 1 0 + Mr. Taylor 12 0 + Mrs. Tomkins 10 6 + Miss Ann Tayleure 10 6 + A Person Unknown 50 0 0 + A Gentleman and several Ladies to be unknown 30 9 0 + James Vere, Esq. 20 0 0 + Mr. Vowell the Stationer 2 2 0 + A Providential Guinea 1 1 0 + A Lady Unknown 5 5 0 + A Person Unknown 2 2 0 + Ditto 2 2 0 + Cash Unknown 2 2 0 + Unknown 10 10 0 + Unknown, four entries, each 1 1 0 + A Lady Unknown 10 6 + Unknown, nine entries, each 10 6 + Ditto, per Rev. Mr. Traile 10 6 + Ditto, per Rev. Mr. Franks 10 6 + Mr. Veck 10 6 + Unknown, four entries, each 5 5 + Wm. Wilberforce, Esq. 25 5 0 + Mr. Rich. Wilson and Lady 25 5 0 + Dan. West, Esq., a Trustee 25 0 0 + Samuel Wordsworth, Esq. 10 10 0 + Miss Ann Wordsworth 10 10 0 + Mr. John Wallaston 10 10 0 + Mr. Stephen Williams 10 10 0 + Messrs. Welch & Rogers 10 10 0 + Mr. Thomas Whitehead, per Rev. Mr. Romaine 6 14 9 + Mr. Jonathan Wathen 5 5 0 + Mr. Rob. Waller, at Gosport 5 5 0 + Mr. Nathaniel Weeks 5 5 0 + Mr. Robert Watkinson 5 5 0 + Mr. Thomas Wilson 5 5 0 + Mr. Moses Willatts 5 5 0 + Mr. George Wilkinson 5 5 0 + Mr. William Willatts 5 5 0 + Mr. John Wathen & Son 3 3 0 + Mr. James Walker 3 3 0 + Mrs. Mary Ward 3 3 0 + Mr. Wheelar 3 3 0 + Messrs. Thomas & John Wellings 2 2 0 + Dr. Wray 2 2 0 + Mr. Woodroffe 2 2 0 + Mr. Walker, in Whitechapel 2 2 0 + Mr. Walcot, of Dartmouth 2 2 0 + Mr. Whiten & Co. 1 1 0 + Mr. Wilson 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Watson 1 1 0 + Mr. Caleb White 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Wolmer 1 1 0 + Mr. Wells 1 1 0 + Mr. Samuel Williams 1 1 0 + Mrs. Waddilove 1 1 0 + Mr. Wilton 1 1 0 + Mr. Wells 1 1 0 + Mr. Withers 1 1 0 + Mr. Wallis 1 1 0 + Mrs. Wordsworth 10 6 + Rev. Dr. Worthington 10 6 + Mr. Welch 10 6 + Mrs. Williams 5 3 + Mr. William W. 4 0 + X. Q. 50 0 0 + Y. R. 1 1 0 + Z. 5 3 + ------------ + Total in London L3165 3 8 + + +COLLECTIONS AT ABINGDON, IN BERKSHIRE. + + + Mr. Joseph Butlar 21 0 0 + Mr. Joseph Tomkins 10 10 0 + Mr. William Tomkins 10 10 0 + Mr. Benjamin Tomkins 10 10 0 + Mrs. Tomkins 10 10 0 + Mr. Nathaniel Roberts 5 5 0 + Rev. Mr. John Moore 2 2 0 + Miss Palmer 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Flight 2 2 0 + Mrs. Elizabeth Flight 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Fuller 1 1 0 + Mrs. Sarah Fuller 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Daniel Turner 1 1 0 + Mrs. Elizabeth Turner 10 6 + The Public Collection 5 6 6 + + +DONATIONS AT ASHBURTON, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Bradford, of Buckfastleigh 5 5 0 + Mr. Richard Bennett, etc. 1 14 3 + Mrs. Mary Berry 13 0 + Mrs. Susannah Bennett 3 0 + Mr. Cocksley 10 6 + Miss Eals 10 6 + Mr. Peter Fabyon, etc. 1 6 9 + Mr. Nicholas Fabyon, etc. 15 0 + Mr. James Furman 10 6 + Mr. Richard Harris 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Leaman 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Naylor, vicar of Ashburton 1 1 0 + Mr. Walter Park and Family 2 0 0 + Mrs. Mary Rennell, etc. 18 9 + Mrs. Sowter 10 6 + Miss Soper and Sister, each 10 6 + Mr. Soper 5 3 + Messrs. John, Richard & Moses Tozer 1 16 6 + Mr. Nicholas Tripe 10 6 + A Person Unknown 7 6 + Samuel Windeat 10 6 + Mr. Winsor 5 3 + The Rev. Mr. Waters 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Waters' 8 16 7 + + +DONATIONS AT ST. ALBANS IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Hiron's and Gill's 22 2 2-1/4 + + +DONATIONS AT ASHFORD, IN KENT. + + + Mr. Benjamin Harrison 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Brook's 9 1 9-3/4 + Do. at Rev. Mr. Gillabrand's 5 0 0 + + +DONATION AT ASHBORN, IN DERBYSHIRE. + + + Collected at Rev. Mr. Rawlins' 2 8 11 + + +DONATIONS AT AULCESTER, IN WARWICKSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Broadhurst's 2 4 5 + + +DONATION AT APPLEDORE, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Evan's 8 0 0 + + +BRISTOL. + + + Mr. Ariel 2 2 0 + Mr. P. Allard 1 1 0 + T. & M. Allard 1 1 0 + Mrs. Allison 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Atkins 1 1 0 + Mr. William Arnold 1 1 0 + Mr. Apthorp 1 1 0 + John & Fran. Bull, Esqs. 10 10 0 + Miss Brown 5 5 0 + Miss Sarah Barrow 3 0 0 + Mr. Britton 2 12 6 + Sarah, Mary, and Nathaniel Britton 1 1 0 + Mrs. Bull and Miss Bull one guinea each 2 2 0 + Mr. Blake 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Bright 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Brice 1 1 0 + Mrs. Badcocke 1 1 0 + Mr. John Bryant 1 1 0 + Mr. Beverston 1 1 0 + Mr. Jas. and Miss Brown 1 1 0 + Mr. Daniel Brown 10 6 + Mr. Baker 5 0 + Mr. John Collett 5 5 0 + Mr. James Cowles 5 5 0 + Mr. Robert Coleman 3 3 0 + Mr. Robert Cottle 3 3 0 + Mr. Francis Collins 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. Cook of Dington 2 2 0 + Mr. William Cowles 2 2 0 + Lady Croston 1 1 0 + Mrs. Cheston 1 1 0 + Mrs. Collins 1 1 0 + Mr. Richard Champion 1 1 0 + Mr. Ric. Champion, Jr. 1 1 0 + Mr. George Champion 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Chandler 10 6 + Mr. Richard Carpenter 10 6 + Mr. Cottles' men 4 0 + Mr. Henry Durbin 2 2 0 + Mrs. D. 2 2 0 + Mrs. Davis 2 2 0 + Mr. Dugdale 1 11 6 + Mr. Edward Daniel 1 1 0 + Mr. Dallaway 1 1 0 + Mr. John Dafforn 10 6 + Mr. William Day 10 6 + Mr. E. Daniel 2 6 + Mrs. Drew 5 0 + Mr. Daniel 2 6 + Mr. John Evans 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Evans 1 1 0 + Mr. John Edwards 10 6 + Mrs. Edwards 10 6 + Mrs. E. H. 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Evan's Meeting 30 0 0 + Rev. Mr. Wm. Foote 2 2 0 + Mr. Frampton 2 2 0 + Mr. George Fownes 2 2 0 + Mr. Farnall 1 1 0 + A Friend 10 6 + Mr. Frame 10 6 + Mr. Francis 4 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Foot's, at Kally Hill 6 10 7 + Mr. Gordon 5 5 0 + Mr. Jos. Green 3 3 0 + Mr. Garlick 2 2 0 + Mr. Gomond 2 2 0 + Mrs. George 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. Grand, Rector of Durham 2 2 0 + Mr. Griffith 1 1 0 + Mr. Granger 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Gordon 1 1 0 + Mr. J. Gordon 1 1 0 + Mr. Grimes 1 1 0 + Mrs. Joanna Gough 1 1 0 + Mrs. Gorton 10 6 + Collected at Mr. Gillard's, Castle Green 11 0 9 + Mr. R. A. Hawksworth 5 5 0 + Mr. William Hazle 5 5 0 + Mr. John Harris 5 5 0 + Mr. Mark Hartford, Jr. 2 2 0 + Mr. William Hale 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hale 1 1 0 + Mrs. Howard 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hibbs 1 1 0 + Mr. Haddocke 1 1 0 + Messrs. Howlett and Rainsford 15 9 + The Rev. Mr. Hart 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Haines 10 6 + Mrs. Hill 10 6 + Mr. George Harris 10 6 + Mr. Hollister 10 6 + Mr. Hopkins 10 6 + Mr. Harmer 10 6 + Mr. Hall 10 6 + Mr. Howell Harris 10 6 + Mr. Hewlett and Children 11 0 + Mr. Hinton 4 0 + Collected at Mr. Harwood's 6 11 4 + Capt. James 5 5 0 + Mr. James Ireland 5 5 0 + Mrs. Mary Johnson 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Jillard 2 2 0 + Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson 2 2 0 + Mr. James 1 7 0 + John Jennys, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Mary Jackson 1 1 0 + Mr. Iredel 1 1 0 + Mr. Sam. Johnson 10 6 + Mrs. King 4 4 0 + The B. of K----'s Lady 1 1 0 + Mr. E. King 2 6 + Collected at Kingswood 6 4 0 + Harford Lloyd, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Thomas Ludlow 5 5 0 + Mr. Christopher Ludlow 5 5 0 + Mr. William Ludlow 3 3 0 + From two Ladies 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Ledyard 2 2 0 + Mr. John Lawle 1 1 0 + Mrs. Lloyd 1 1 0 + Mr. Isaac Ludlow 1 1 0 + Mr. Treat Ludlow 1 1 0 + Dr. Lyne 1 1 0 + Mr. Llewellyn, etc. 14 6 + Miss Ludlow 10 6 + Mr. Lewis 10 6 + Mr. R. Ludlow 5 0 + Mr. Lemon 5 3 + Hon. and Rev. Mr. M. 10 10 0 + Mr. Meyler, Sen. 2 2 0 + Mrs. Merlott 2 2 0 + Mr. Munkley 1 1 0 + Mrs. Milliard 1 1 0 + Mr. Maynard 1 1 0 + Mr. Martin 1 1 0 + Mr. Moss 1 1 0 + Mrs. Moore 1 1 0 + Mr. John Morgan 10 6 + Mr. Maxwell 10 6 + Mrs. M. 10 6 + Mr. J. Maynard 2 6 + Mrs. ---- 5 0 + Mr. John Needham 10 6 + Mr. Nash 10 6 + Mr. Overbury 1 7 0 + Mr. Owen 1 1 0 + Mr. Owen 10 6 + Mr. Pynock 2 2 0 + Widow Poole, Broad Street 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Peach 2 2 0 + Mrs. Parsons 2 2 0 + Mrs. Poole, Bridewell Lane 2 2 0 + Mrs. Pollard and Pierce 1 16 6 + Mr. Purnall 1 1 0 + Mr. John Parstow 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Purnall 1 1 0 + Mr. Power and Children 15 6 + Mrs. Price 10 6 + Mr. Parry 10 6 + Mr. Power 10 6 + Mr. Charles Prosser 10 6 + Mrs. Poole 10 6 + Collected at Chelwood, by Dr. Pearce 13 5 6 + Ditto, at Peaulton 7 1 0 + William Rewees, Esq. 10 10 0 + Mrs. Roscoe 1 1 0 + Mr. Rienke 1 1 0 + Mrs. R. 1 1 0 + Mr. Rogers 10 6 + Mrs. Rogers 1 1 0 + Mrs. Rowles 10 6 + Mr. John Storck 5 5 0 + Mr. Stonehouse, Mill Hill 3 3 0 + Mr. Edward Stanfell 3 3 0 + Mr. Joseph Sievier 2 12 6 + Mr. Isaac Stephens 1 11 6 + Mr. B. Stevenson 1 1 0 + The Rev. Dr. Stonehouse 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Symes 1 1 0 + Counsellor Skidmore 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Seymour 1 1 0 + Messrs. Simmonds and Woodman 1 1 0 + Samuel Sedgeley, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Shapland 10 6 + Mr. Daniel Searnell 10 6 + Mr. Smith 2 6 + Sundry small ones 6 6 + Mr. Josiah Taylor 1 1 0 + Dr. Townsend 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas 1 1 0 + Mr. Tomlinson 1 1 0 + Mr. Teague 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Thomas's Meeting 15 6 1 + Unknown, 2 entries, each 2 2 0 + Unknown 1 11 0 + Unknown, 2 entries, each 1 1 0 + Ditto, 3 entries, each 10 6 + Samuel Webb 5 5 0 + Mr. Peter Wilder 5 5 0 + Mr. Edward Whatley 5 5 0 + Mrs. Willis, in Rosegreen, Kingswood 5 5 0 + Mr. F. Weaver 1 1 0 + Mr. Samuel Waterford 1 1 0 + Mr. Daniel White 1 1 0 + Mr. Jos. and Charles Whittuck 1 1 0 + Mr. Watts 10 6 + Mr. Woodward 10 6 + Mr. Abraham Whitluck 10 6 + Mr. Wills 10 6 + Mr. Whituck 2 6 + Mr. Williams 5 0 + Mr. J. Watts 5 0 + A Widow 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Whitfield's Tabernacle, + Mr. Rowand's, L3 4_s_ 25 6 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's Room 23 15 0 + + +BRADFORD, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Mr. Humphrey Trywell 1 1 0 + Mr. John Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Saunders 1 1 0 + Mrs. Towgood and Mr. Baines 10 3 + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Haine's, Skirven, and + Foote's Meetings 18 14 8 + The Rev. Mr. Spencer and Friends 7 14 0 + + +BRIDGEWATER, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + Counsellor Allen 1 1 0 + Thomas Allen, Esq. 1 1 0 + Counsellor Bingford, etc. 1 3 0 + Rev. Mr. Burroughs 10 6 + Mr. Chubbs 5 3 + James Hervey, Esq. 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Stansbury 5 0 + Dr. Taylor 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wilson's 10 15 6 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Harris's 2 8 0 + + +BRATTON. + + + Mr. John Blatch 1 1 0 + Mr. William Ballard 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ann and Eleanor Ballard 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Drewett 1 1 0 + Mrs. Eleanor Ellis 5 0 + Mrs. Eleanor Froud 1 19 6 + Mr. Henry Phipps Rendall 5 0 + Mrs. Sarah Rendall 5 0 + Jeffery Whitaker, Esq. 2 2 0 + Mrs. Thomas Whitaker 1 1 0 + The General Collection 1 7 0 + + +BIDDIFORD, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + George Buck, Esq. 2 2 0 + Charles Davie, Esq. 10 6 + Mr. Greening 1 1 0 + Walter Shallabar, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Saltren 1 7 0 + Unknown 5 3 + Rev. Mrs. John Whitefield 2 2 0 + Collected at Rev. Mr. Samuel Lavington's 35 19 6 + + +BARNSTAPLE, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected in Barnstaple 31 15 6 + From the parishes of Withredge and Thelbridge 17 1 + + +BLANFORD, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Edward Madgwicke, Esq. 4 4 0 + Mrs. Gifford 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Roe and Dr. Pultney, etc. 1 2 0 + Mr. Matthew Cummings 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Henry Field 2 2 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Field's 13 16 5 + + +BREMISTER, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bryant's 9 6 0 + + +BRIDPORT, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Miss Whitty 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Rooker's 31 5 6 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Sutton's 11 18 0 + + +BROUGHTON. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Steel's 11 0 0 + + +BOURTON, ON THE WATER. + + + William Snooke, Esq. 10 10 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Beddom's 19 10 0 + + +BROOMSGROVE, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + From an unknown lady, per Mrs. Blackmore, of + Manchester 6 6 0 + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Phillips', Jenkins', + and Butterworth's 20 17 8-1/2 + + +BEDWORTH. + + + Rev. Mr. Howlett, a clergyman 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Saunder's 9 14 9 + + +BEDFORD, IN BEDFORDSHIRE. + + + Mr. Belsham 2 0 0 + Joseph Barham, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Bayley 1 1 0 + Mrs. Berthray 10 6 + Messrs. Costins 2 2 0 + Mr. Custerson 10 6 + Mr. Dunton 3 0 + Mr. Franklin 5 0 + William Foster, Esq. 1 1 0 + John Howard, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Hensman 1 1 0 + Mr. King 3 3 0 + Mr. Leach 10 6 + Messrs. Negus 1 11 6 + Mr. Odell 5 5 0 + Mr. Palmer, Sen. 2 2 0 + Mr. Palmer, Jr. 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Joshua Symonds 1 11 6 + Mrs. Sanderson 1 1 0 + Mr. Wilsher 1 1 0 + Mr. Wells 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Symmonds 13 6 7-1/2 + + +BINGLEY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lilley's 11 1 1-1/2 + + +BRADFORD, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Crabtree's 6 18 3-1/2 + Rev. Mr. Sykes, Vicar 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. ---- 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Smith 1 1 0 + Collected by ditto of his people 5 5 0 + Ditto of the Rev. Mr. Wesley's people 8 0 0 + + +BIERLEY. + + + Richard Richardson, Esq. 10 10 0 + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Stillingfleet 6 16 6 + + +BURSTALL, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 6 6 4-1/4 + + +BURY, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Mr. Crosbie 10 10 0 + Mrs. Crosbie 10 10 0 + Mr. Robert Hayward 10 10 0 + Mr. Robinson and Son 6 6 0 + Mr. Cumberland and Sons 6 6 0 + Mrs. Sarah Cumberland 5 5 0 + Miss Crosbie 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Frost 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. B. Mills, Rector 1 1 0 + Miss M. Crosbie 1 1 0 + Mr. William Hollman 1 1 0 + Unknown 1 1 0 + Mr. Charles Darby and Wife 10 6 + Mr. Umfreville 12 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Saville's 3 18 10-3/4 + Mrs. Lucas 2 2 0 + Mrs. Darby 1 1 0 + Mrs. Wright 1 1 0 + ---- Palmer, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Lyng 1 1 0 + Mr. Knock 1 1 0 + Mr. Ely 1 1 0 + Mr. Chaplin 10 6 + Mr. Mast 10 6 + Mrs. Mast 5 3 + Mr. Leech 10 6 + Mr. Sleckles 10 6 + Mrs. Webster 10 6 + Mr. Bullen 8 0 + Mr. Rutter 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lincoln's 4 18 10 + + +BRAINTREE AND BOCKING, IN ESSEX. + + + Mr. Gamaliel Andrews 1 1 0 + Mr. Boosey, Sen. 3 3 0 + Mr. Boosey, Jun. 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Boosey 1 1 0 + Mr. Barnet 1 1 1 + Mr. Thomas Bennet 10 6 + Mrs. Barber 10 6 + Mr. Crackenthorp 10 10 0 + John Churchman, Esq. 4 4 0 + Mr. Darcy Clark 2 2 0 + Mr. John Church 1 16 0 + Mr. Thomas Davey 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Davidson 2 2 0 + Mr. Death 2 2 0 + Mrs. Anne English 6 6 0 + Mr. John English 3 3 0 + Deacon Fuller 4 4 0 + Mr. Fordham 10 6 + Mr. Harriott 5 5 0 + Mr. Halls 1 1 0 + The Rev. Dr. Hall, Dean of Bocking 1 1 0 + Mr. Hall 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Josline 10 6 + Mr. John Lambert 5 5 0 + Mr. Isaac Livermore 1 6 0 + Mr. Thomas Lake 2 2 0 + Mr. Livermore, Glazier 1 1 0 + Mrs. Mayor 6 6 0 + Rev. Mr. Powell, Rector 2 2 0 + Mr. Quincey 10 6 + Mrs. Reeve 5 5 0 + Mr. Richard Sayer 6 6 0 + Dr. Stapleton 5 5 0 + Mr. Joseph Saville 3 3 0 + Mr. John Tabor 6 6 0 + Mr. Samuel Tabor 5 5 0 + Mrs. Anne Tabor 2 2 0 + Unknown 2 1 6 + Ditto, per the Rev. Mr. Davidson 1 1 0 + Mr. John Watkinson 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Watkinson 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Davidson's 33 9 9 + + +BERKHEMPSTEAD, IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Bland 5 0 + Mr. Duncom 5 0 + ---- Noyse, Esq. 10 6 + Mrs. Noyse 10 6 + Mrs. Thompson 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Sexton's 7 3 6 + + +BASINGSTOKE, IN HAMPSHIRE. + + + His Grace the Duke of Bolton 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Burroughs 10 6 + ---- Castle 10 6 + ---- Covey 10 6 + Mr. England 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Hinchman 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Ingham 10 6 + Collected at Rev. Mr. Ingham's 4 9 10 + Mr. Portsmouth 10 6 + Mrs. Payton 2 2 0 + Mr. Russell 1 1 0 + From Sundries 3 4 0 + Mr. Vicary 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Underwood 10 6 + + +BRIGHTHELMSTONE, IN SUSSEX. + + + Collected of Mr. Beach and other Friends of + Religion 8 1 9 + + +BEACONSFIELD, IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + + Mr. Samuel Anthony 2 2 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Darby's 7 7 9 + + +BEVERLY, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Harris' 4 12 8-3/4 + + +BOSTON, IN LINCOLNSHIRE. + + + Brought by Mr. Robert Barlow 10 10 0 + + +BUNGAY, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Mr. Thomas Prentice 5 5 0 + Collected and sent by the Rev. Mr. Newton, + near Norwich 1 17 0 + + +BEWDLEY, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected by the Revs. Messrs. Skeys 20 3 3 + + +BATH. + + + The Right Rev. the Bishop of Derry 10 10 0 + Mrs. Browne 10 0 0 + Mrs. B. Bethell 5 5 0 + Mrs. Bethell 5 5 0 + William Blake, Esq. 3 3 0 + Mrs. Bearsley 2 2 0 + Mr. John Bleakley 1 1 0 + Thomas Bury, Esq. 1 1 0 + Countess of Charleville 5 5 0 + Mr. Colborne 2 2 0 + Mr. Benjamin Colborne 2 2 0 + Mr. Cox 1 1 0 + Governor Dinwiddie 3 3 0 + The Rev. Dr. Dechair 2 2 0 + Mrs. E---- 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Frank 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Frank's 26 10 4-1/2 + Dr. Gusthart 2 2 0 + Hall Atfield, Esq. 10 6 + Mr. William Hoare 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hervey 10 6 + Mr. Jones 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Jessie 1 1 0 + Major Maine 5 5 0 + Mr. Allen 1 1 0 + Andrew Millar, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Richard Marchant 3 3 0 + Mr. Edward Marchant 1 1 0 + Mrs. Magee 1 1 0 + John Miller, Esq. 1 1 0 + Dr. Moysey 1 1 0 + Mr. Parker 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Parsons 11 8 11 + James Roffey, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Revead 1 1 0 + William Roffie, Esq. 1 1 0 + Hon. Richard Salter 5 5 0 + The Rev. J. Sparrow 1 1 0 + Mrs. Shally 1 1 0 + Mr. Speering 5 0 + Unknown 5 3 + John Wentworth, Esq., Governor of New Hampshire 21 0 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 6 1 5 + + +BROMPTON. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Potts 2 0 6 + + +CHALFORD. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Phene 6 6 0 + + +CROSCOMBE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Watkins 1 13 0 + + +CALUMPTON, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Cassel's and Morgan's 5 9 3 + + +CULMSTOCK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Gillerd's 5 1 6 + + +CREDITON, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Rev. Mr. Hart, Vicar 11 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. J. Berry's 30 0 0 + + +CHUDLEIGH, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Joel Orchard's 11 13 6 + + +CREWKERN. + + + The Rev. Mr. Taggart 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Cox 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Blake's 17 4 4 + + +COVENTRY, IN WARWICKSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Dr. Edwards and three of his parishioners 3 13 6 + Collected of the Rev. Messrs. Jackson's and + Lloyd's people 56 7 2-1/2 + Collected of the Rev. Mr. Butterworth's people 10 19 6 + Collected of the Rev. Messrs. Simpson's and + Alcott's people 39 14 10-1/4 + Mr. Cleve 1 16 0 + Mrs. Tibbits 1 1 0 + Mr. Mayor 1 1 0 + + +CIRENCESTER, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Davis 1 11 6 + Mr. Freeman 2 2 0 + Mr. Kimber 1 1 0 + Mr. Wilkins 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Johnson 10 6 + Mr. Wavel 10 6 + Mr. Francis Turner. 10 6 + Mr. John Reeve and Unknown 10 0 + + +CHELTENHAM, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. + Mr. Dunscomb's 9 4 9 + + +CARLISLE, IN CUMBERLAND. + + + The Rev. Mr. Robinson 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Mills 8 14 7 + + +CASTLE HEDINGHAM. + + + The Rev. Mr. Ford 2 2 0 + Mr. U. 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Ford's 12 14 3-3/4 + + +COGGESHALL, IN ESSEX. + + + Mr. John Abbott 2 2 0 + Mr. Buxton 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Bott 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Choate 1 1 0 + Mr. John Choate 10 6 + Mr. John Decks 1 1 0 + Dr. ---- 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Dowdle 10 6 + Mr. John Fordham 10 6 + Dr. Godfrey 1 11 6 + Mr. Edward Harrington 10 6 + Mrs. Elizabeth Mason 10 6 + Mr. Midcalf 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Petto 10 6 + Mrs. E. Powel 15 0 + Mr. Robert Rist 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Seach 2 2 0 + Mr. Robert Salmon 2 2 0 + Mr. Shuttleworth 10 6 + Unknown 1 1 0 + Messrs. Urwine 3 13 6 + Mrs. Urwine 10 6 + Mr. John Wright 2 2 0 + Two Widows 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Petto's 7 9 7 + + +CAMBRIDGE. + + + Of Mr. Robinson, by a Person unknown 21 0 0 + Ebenezer Hollick, Esq. 10 10 0 + Mr. Richard Forster 5 5 0 + Miss Patterson 3 3 0 + Mr. Eaton 3 3 0 + Mr. Lincoln 2 2 0 + Dr. Randall, Professor of Music 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Robinson 1 7 0 + Mrs. Biggs 1 7 0 + Mr. Purchase 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hawthorn 1 1 0 + Alderman Gifford 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Jones (Ely) 1 1 0 + Mr. Mayor 1 1 0 + Messrs. Penticross & Decoetligon 1 1 0 + Unknown, by Mr. Brooks 1 1 0 + Mrs. Lancaster and Mrs. Halsall 15 9 + Dr. Smith, Vice-Chancellor 10 6 + Mr. N. V. Stephens 10 6 + Mr. Juet 10 6 + Mr. Pike 10 6 + Mrs. Lake 10 6 + Mr. William Blows (Whittier) 0 10 6 + Mr. Rayner (Duxford) 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Robinson's 22 10 3-1/2 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Saunders' 17 5 5 + + +CLEAVERING. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Reynolds' 5 12 8-1/2 + + +CHESHAM IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + + ---- Scotto Esq. 5 5 0 + Dr. Rumsey 1 1 0 + Mr. Lasenby 1 1 0 + Mr. John Harden 1 1 0 + Mr. Putnam 13 0 + Mr. Hepburn 10 6 + Mr. Richard Wheeler 10 6 + Mr. John Priest 10 6 + Mr. Putnam 10 6 + Mr. Simson 10 6 + Mr. Treacher 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Spooner 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Cock's and Mr. Spooner's 6 8 8 + + +CHEYNES. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Cromwell's 4 8 6 + + +COLNBROOKE, IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Woodman's 6 12 0 + The Rev. Mr. Leighton, of Uxbridge 1 1 0 + + +CRANBROOKE, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Noyse's and Dobb's 7 8 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Colville's of Goodhurst 17 6 + + +CANTERBURY, IN KENT. + + + The Rev. Mr. Perronet 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Benge 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Delasay 5 0 + Mr. Claris 1 1 0 + Mr. Lapine 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Sheldon's and + Chapman's. 15 17 2 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Perronet's 2 3 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 2 16 8 + + +CHATHAM, IN KENT. + + + William Gordon, Esq., and Lady 2 2 0 + ---- Brooks, Esq. 1 1 0 + Dr. Craddocke 1 1 0 + Mr. Poley 10 6 + Mr. Stubbs 10 6 + Unknown 2 0 + Collected at Messrs. Neal's & Meremeth's 3 10 6-1/2 + Collected at the Tabernacle 11 2 2-3/4 + + +THE DEVIZES IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Benj. Fullar and + the Rev. Mr. Henry Williams 28 7 0 + + +DARTMOUTH, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Adams' 23 10 6 + + +DORCHESTER, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lamb's 12 12 5 + Persons unknown, sent to Messrs. Pewtress & + Robarts 2 2 0 + + +DUDLEY, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Handcox's 12 12 10-1/4 + + +DERBY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Thomas White's 5 14 9 + + +DEDHAM. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bingham's 13 13 6 + + +DURHAM. + + + Collected at the Dissenting Meeting 2 18 7-1/2 + + +DOVER, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Holt's and Ashdown's 8 1 6 + + +DENTON, IN NORFOLK. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Bocking 7 10 0 + A Clergyman 10 6 + A Gentleman 7 6 + + +DEAL, IN KENT. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. John Say 3 15 8 + + +EXETER, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Mr. Joseph Allen 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Addicott 1 1 0 + Dr. Andrews 1 1 0 + Mr. Abbot 10 6 + A. C. 10 6 + Mr. Charles Barring 3 3 0 + Mr. Bellfield 1 1 0 + Mrs. Buckland 1 1 0 + Mr. Caleb Blight 10 6 + Mr. Britland 10 6 + Mr. John Bowrug 10 6 + Mr. Bastard 10 6 + Mr. Bidwell 10 6 + Mrs. Elizabeth Battersby 5 3 + Benjamin & Elizabeth Binham, each 1 0 + Mr. Cranch 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Coade 1 1 0 + Mr. John Carter, per Mrs. Trowbridge 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Clark 1 1 0 + Mr. Peter Clark 1 1 0 + Mr. William Clark 1 1 0 + Mrs. Coleman 1 1 0 + Mr. William Coward 1 1 0 + Mr. Coffin, Sen. 1 1 0 + Messrs. Clark & Mayne 11 0 + Mr. Cross 10 6 + Mr. Charlock 10 6 + Mr. Coffin, Jr. 10 6 + Mr. Thomas Coffin 10 6 + Miss Coffin 5 3 + Mr. Casely 10 6 + Mr. Joel Cadbury 10 6 + Mr. John Catbury 5 0 + Mr. John Cadbury 5 0 + John Duntze, Esq. 6 6 0 + Mrs. Dickers 4 4 0 + John Duntze, Esq., Sr. 3 3 0 + Mrs. Durnsford 10 6 + Capt. Dawson 10 6 + Mr. Dennis 10 6 + Mr. Richard Durnsford 5 3 + Mrs. Evans 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ann Enty 1 1 0 + Mr. Richard Evans 1 1 0 + Mr. Matthew Frost 10 6 + Dr. Glass 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Gearing 2 2 0 + Madam Gould 1 10 0 + Mr. Jonathan Green 1 7 0 + Mr. James Green 1 7 0 + Mr. Thomas Glass 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Grant 1 1 0 + Dr. Gifford 1 1 0 + Mr. G. A. Gibbs 1 1 0 + Mrs. Glyde, widow 1 1 0 + Mr. John Gifford 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Gillett 1 1 0 + Mrs. Glyde 12 6 + Mr. Samuel Glyde 10 6 + Mr. William Grigg 5 3 + Mr. John Holmes, Jr. 3 3 0 + Mrs. Mary Hollworthy 2 2 0 + Mr. Harris 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hallett, widow 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hillman, widow 1 1 0 + Mr. William Hornsey 10 6 + Miss Handlugh 10 6 + Mr. William Holmes 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Hogg 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Richard Hale 10 6 + Mr. Hornsey 5 3 + Mr. Hartsel 5 3 + Mrs. Jones, widow 1 1 0 + Mr. John Jerwood 1 1 0 + Mr. Herman Kattencamp 3 3 0 + Mr. Abraham Kenneway 2 2 0 + Mr. Wm. Kenneway, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. William Kenneway 1 1 0 + Mr. William Kent 1 1 0 + Mr. Kelley 1 1 0 + Matthew Lee, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mrs. Lee 2 2 0 + Mrs. Lavington 1 1 0 + Mr. William Luke 10 6 + Capt. Luke 10 6 + Mr. John Luke 10 6 + Mr. Luscombe, Sr. 10 6 + Mr. Humph. Mortimore 1 1 0 + Mr. Samuel Milford 1 1 0 + Mr. Mandrott 1 1 0 + The Rev. Dr. Musgrave 1 1 0 + Dr. Musgrave, M.D. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Katharine Moore 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Moore 11 6 + Mr. Killow Nation 2 2 0 + Mr. James Newman 1 1 0 + Mr. Ogburn 5 3 + Mr. Samuel Parminter 5 5 0 + Mrs. Praed 3 12 0 + Mr. John Vowler Parminter 2 2 0 + Mrs. Pope (widow) 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Pope 1 1 0 + Mrs. Parminter 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Peckford 1 1 0 + Mr. John Phillips 1 1 0 + Mr. Matthew A. Paul 1 1 0 + Mr. William Pittfield 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Prudom 10 6 + Mr. Pengelly 10 6 + Paddington Meeting 1 19 6 + The Rev. Mr. Chancellor Quick 2 2 0 + Mr. John Reed 1 11 6 + Mrs. Ridler 1 1 0 + Mr. Reeves 4 0 + Mrs. Stockes, by the Rev. Mr. Towgood 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Smith 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Short 2 2 0 + The two Miss Shepherds 2 2 0 + Mr. John Stoodley 1 16 0 + Mr. John Stephens 1 7 0 + Mr. Charles Stoodley 1 1 0 + Mr. George Sealey 1 1 0 + Mr. John Shorland 1 1 0 + John Shapley, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Joshua Saunders 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Score 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Sweetings 10 6 + Mr. Strong 10 6 + Mr. Spry 10 6 + S. C. 10 6 + Mr. Sams 1 0 + Mrs. Skinner 2 6 + Mr. Jonathan Tucker 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Stephen + Mr. William Tucker 1 11 6 + Towgood 1 1 0 + Miss Townsends 1 1 0 + Messrs. Tozer and Davis 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Tozer 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Micajah Towgood 1 1 0 + Mr. Tanner 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Trowbridge 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Turner 10 6 + Mr. Tucker 10 6 + Mr. Henry Tarrant 6 9 + The Rev. Mr. Tarrant 5 3 + Unknown, per Rev. Mr. Towgood 3 12 0 + Ditto, per ditto 2 2 0 + Mrs. Vowler 2 2 0 + Unknown 3 3 0 + Ditto 1 9 0 + Ditto 1 3 6 + Ditto 1 1 0 + Ditto 15 9 + Ditto, per Mrs. Pope 10 6 + Ditto 10 6 + Ditto 6 9 + Ditto, per Mr. Morris 5 3 + Ditto 5 3 + Ditto 5 0 + Ditto 5 0 + Ditto 3 6 + John Waldron, Esq. 3 3 0 + Mr. John Waymouth 2 2 0 + Mr. Henry Waymouth 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Waymouth 2 2 0 + Mrs. Mary Waymouth 1 10 0 + Miss Waymouth 1 7 0 + Mrs. Sarah Waymouth 1 7 0 + Mr. Benjamin Withers 1 7 0 + Mr. Joshua William, Sr. 1 1 0 + Mr. Joshua William, Jr. 10 6 + James White, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Franklin Waldron 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Williams 1 1 0 + Mrs. Whites 10 6 + Mr. Edward White 10 6 + Collected at the New Meeting 25 8 5-1/2 + Ditto at Bow 19 9 9-1/2 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. William's 5 17 5-1/2 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Lewis' 3 17 9 + Ditto at the New Baptist Meeting 3 16 6 + + +EVERSDEN. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bond's 3 17 0 + + +EVERSHAM, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Cardale's 4 11 2-1/2 + Rev. Mr. Cardale 2 2 0 + + +FROOME, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + Mr. T. Bunn 5 5 0 + Mr. Smith 4 4 0 + Mr. and Mrs. Bayley 2 2 0 + Mr. Walter Sheppard 2 2 0 + Mr. William Sheppard 2 2 0 + Mr. John Allen 2 2 0 + Mr. Mortimer's House 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Housdon 1 1 0 + Mr. Burril 1 1 0 + Mrs. Sheppard 1 1 0 + Mr. Z. Bailey 1 1 0 + Mr. Handcock 1 1 0 + Mrs. Handcock 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Clarke 1 1 0 + Mrs. Pritchard 1 1 0 + Mr. Henry Allen 1 1 0 + Mr. Matthews 1 1 0 + Mr. Dan. and Mrs. Letitia Wayland 1 1 0 + Mr. J. Allen and Mrs. Rachel Tymball 1 1 0 + Mr. Henry Sheppard 10 6 + Mrs. Lacey 10 6 + Mr. Griffith 10 6 + Mr. Ames 10 6 + Mr. James Jordan 10 6 + Mr. Benjamin Ball 10 6 + Some Silver 12 6 + The Rev. Mr. Kingdon 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Kingdon's 18 18 6 + The Rev. Mr. Sedgefield 2 2 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Sedgefield's 12 16 6 + + +FARNHAM, IN SURREY. + + + Rev. Mr. John Wigmore 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + + +FOLKSTONE, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Whitehead's 13 6 6 + + +GLOUCESTER. + + + Alderman Harris and Friends 7 7 0 + Esquire Wade 2 2 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Dickinson's 13 14 3 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. N. Phene's 52 6 9 + Sent afterwards by Rev. Mr. Phene 2 17 0 + + +GLASTONBURY, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Phillips 1 1 0 + + +GOSPORT, IN HANTS. + + + Mr. Robert Waller 5 5 0 + The Rev. Mr. Williams 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Williams' 39 4 2 + + +GILDERSOM. + + + The Rev. Mr. Ashworth's Collection 4 0 0 + + +GUILDFORD, IN SURREY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Chamberlain's 1 18 0 + + +GODALMING IN SURREY. + + + The Rev. Mr. Ring 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Ring's 2 3 0 + + +GRAVESEND, IN KENT. + + + Collected by Mr. Occom at the Meeting 1 11 3-1/4 + + +HITCHIN, IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + John Radcliffe, Esq. 5 5 0 + Miss Ann Ireland 5 5 0 + Mr. Brown 5 5 0 + Mr. Simson 4 4 0 + Mr. John Dearmer 4 4 0 + The Rev. Mr. Hickman 3 3 0 + Mr. Vincent 3 3 0 + Mr. John Dermer 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Dermer 3 3 0 + Mr. Richard Tristam 3 3 0 + Mr. John Gutherage 3 3 0 + Mr. William Wiltshire, Jr. 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. W. 2 2 0 + Mr. John Stephens 2 2 0 + Mr. John Goodwyn 2 2 0 + Mrs. Brown 1 1 0 + Mr. John Creasey 1 1 0 + Mr. Isaac Field 1 1 0 + Mr. Philip Rudd 1 1 0 + Mr. Hide 1 1 0 + Miss Sukey Field 1 1 0 + Mr. William Childs 1 1 0 + Mr. Moore 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Baldock 15 9 + Mrs. Flack 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Mr. Henry Croesy 10 6 + Mrs. Wiltshire 10 6 + Mr. John Newman 10 6 + Mr. Patternoster 10 6 + Mrs. Warby 10 6 + Mr. William Crawley 10 6 + Miss Sally Smith 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hickman's 13 7 8-1/2 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. James' 84 0 7 + + +HULL BISHOPS. + + + The Rev. Mr. Haskell 1 1 0 + Mrs. Downing 10 6 + Thomas Drake, Esq. 10 6 + Mr. Robert Daw 5 0 + + +HALL STOCK. + + + Collected by Mr. Occom 15 9 + + +HARBOROUGH, IN LEICESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Addington's 28 1 6 + + +HOOKNORTON. + + + The Rev. Mr. Whitmore 2 3 0 + + +HAWORTH. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hartley's 12 6 5-1/2 + + +HALLIFAX, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Dr. Leigh, Vicar 10 10 0 + Collected of the people of the Established Church 13 18 0 + Mr. John Lea 3 3 0 + Mr. Benj. Dickinson 2 2 0 + Mr. Jeremiah Marshall 2 2 0 + Mr. James Kershaw 2 2 0 + Mr. David Stansfield 2 2 0 + Mr. William Buck 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Hollings 1 1 0 + Collected at Halifax Meeting 10 13 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Knight's 4 4 8-1/2 + + +HECKMONDWAKE. + + + Rev. Mr. James Scott 5 5 0 + Mr. John Priestly, Sr. 5 5 0 + Mr. Joseph Priestley 5 5 0 + Mr. William Priestley 5 5 0 + By Sundry Persons 1 16 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Scott's 16 3 4-1/2 + + +HULL, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + The Corporation of Hull 21 0 0 + The Corporation of the Trinity House, at Hull 21 0 0 + Alderman Watson & Son 10 10 0 + Alderman Wilberforce 10 10 0 + Alderman Cogan 5 5 0 + Robert Wilberforce, Esq. 5 5 0 + William Thornton, Esq. 5 5 0 + H. Etherington, Esq. 5 5 0 + Joseph Sykes, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. P. Green 4 4 0 + Joseph Pease, Esq. 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Arthur Robinson, Vicar 2 2 0 + Cornelius Cayley, Esq. 2 2 0 + Benjamin Blaydes, Esq. 2 2 0 + Nathaniel Maisters, Esq. 2 2 0 + Mr. Robert Macfarland 2 2 0 + Mrs. Frances Wilkinson 2 2 0 + Mrs. Jane Wilkinson 2 2 0 + Mr. Richard Moxon, etc. 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Clarke 1 1 0 + Gardner Egginton, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Spivie 1 1 0 + Mr. Hickson 1 1 0 + Mrs. Hannah Hall 1 1 0 + Peter Thornton, Esq. 1 1 0 + A Providential Guinea 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ann Thompson 10 6 + Mrs. Lydia Finley 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Burnet's 24 0 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Beverly's 17 0 0 + + +HADLEY, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Tom's 13 2 1 + + +HALSTEAD, IN ESSEX. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Field's 23 9 0 + + +HEMPSTEAD IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + Dr. Wiltshire 10 10 0 + The Rev. Mr. Jones 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Whitehead, etc. 1 11 6 + The Rev. Dr. Sterling. 1 1 0 + Rich. Richardson, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Collett 1 1 0 + Mr. Squires 10 6 + Mr. Dearmer 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Hews, Curate 2 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Jones' 11 5 1 + + +HIGH WICKHAM, IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + + Mr. Carter 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Smithson 3 3 0 + Mrs. Price 2 12 6 + Mr. Allnut and Children 2 12 6 + Mr. Edmund Ball 2 2 0 + Mr. Hartley's Family 2 2 0 + Mr. Haydon 2 2 0 + Mr. Shrimpton 2 2 0 + Mr. John Hollis 2 2 0 + Mr. Hannon 1 1 0 + Mrs. Aldersey 1 1 0 + Mrs. Salter 1 1 0 + Mr. Grove 1 1 0 + Mr. Blackwell 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ives 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Llewellin, Clergyman 1 1 0 + Mrs. Galpin 1 1 0 + Mrs. Kiddle 10 6 + Mr. Crouch 10 6 + Mrs. Gibbons 10 6 + Mr. Goodwin 10 6 + Mr. Doney 10 6 + Mr. Lee 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Smithson's 7 7 11-1/4 + + +HENLEY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Gainsborough's 8 14 10-1/2 + + +HORSHAM, IN SUSSEX. + + + Mr. Thos. Shelley, Jr. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Shelley 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Thomas' 3 17 0 + Collected at the Baptist Meeting 1 4 0 + + +HYTHE, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Clarke's 7 9 0 + Rev. Mr. Smith, Clergyman 10 6 + + +HERTFORD. + + + From an Unknown Friend, by Rev. Mr. Saunders 5 5 0 + Mr. Isaac Rudd 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Jeeves 2 2 0 + Dr. Samuel Rogers 2 2 0 + Mrs. Whittenburg and Children 2 2 0 + Mrs. Upton and Children 2 2 0 + Mr. Sprat 2 2 0 + Richard Isles, Esq. 2 2 0 + Miss Isles 2 2 0 + Mrs. Dimsdale 2 2 0 + Mrs. Came 2 2 0 + Mrs. Chamberlain 1 1 0 + Mrs. Gatward 1 1 0 + Mrs. Haynes 1 1 0 + Mrs. Man 1 1 0 + Mr. Lawrence 1 1 0 + Mr. Rackstraw 1 1 0 + Mr. Haynes 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Young 1 1 0 + Mr. Worsley 1 1 0 + Mr. John Flack 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Plows 10 6 + Mr. John Page 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Saunders 10 6 + Miss Martha East 10 6 + Mrs. Hanscombe 10 6 + Mr. John Harrod 10 6 + Rev. Mr. John Saunders 1 1 0 + Mr. J. Wood 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Saunders' 20 11 9 + + +IPSWICH, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Mr. John Barnard 4 4 0 + Mr. John Flindall 4 4 0 + Mr. John Turner 3 3 0 + Miles Wallis, Esq. 3 3 0 + Mr. George Nolcut 2 2 0 + Messrs. John and Jos. Flindall 2 2 0 + Mr. Ralph Hare 2 2 0 + Mr. John May Dring 2 2 0 + Mr. John Scott 2 7 3 + Mr. Daniel Wade and two Sisters 2 2 0 + Unknown 1 12 6 + Mr. Ralph 1 1 0 + Mr. Ralph's Sister 10 6 + Mr. George Death 1 1 0 + Mr. Abbot 1 1 0 + Mrs. Abbot 1 1 0 + Mr. Philip Dikes 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Byles 1 1 0 + Mr. J. Hall 1 1 0 + Mr. Paul Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. John Beardwell 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Sporle 1 1 0 + Mr. William Clarke 1 1 0 + Mrs. Clark 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Scott 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Lathbury 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Edward's 33 8 6 + + +KINGSBRIDGE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Curtis' 12 0 0 + + +KETTERING, IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Boyce's 20 7 3 + From several of Mr. Boyce's people 6 6 9 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Browne's 3 13 6 + From Rev. Mr. Matlock 14 6 + Mr. Buswall 2 0 + + +KIDDERMINSTER, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Fawcett, in Books 10 10 0 + Mr. John Watson 10 10 0 + Mr. John Broome and Son 10 10 0 + Messrs. Cranes 10 10 0 + Mr. Joseph Austin 6 6 0 + Messrs. John & Francis Lea 5 5 0 + Mr. Nich. Pearsall and Son 5 5 0 + Mr. Jefferys and Son 4 4 0 + Mrs. Longmore 4 4 0 + Mr. Henry Penn 3 3 0 + Mrs. Bate 3 3 0 + Mr. Nicholas Penn 2 2 0 + Mr. John Symonds 2 2 0 + Mr. Francis Best 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Orton 2 2 0 + Dr. Johnstone 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Richardson 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Read 1 11 6 + Mr. Talbutt 1 11 6 + Mr. John Wilkinson 1 1 0 + Mrs. Aaron 1 1 0 + Mr. John Butler 1 1 0 + Mr. John Pearsall 1 1 0 + Mr. John Baker 1 1 0 + Mr. John Lea 1 1 0 + Mr. Benjamin Lea 1 1 0 + Mr. Harper 1 1 0 + Mr. Hanbury 1 1 0 + Mr. Hornblower 1 1 0 + Mr. James Hill 1 1 0 + Mr. John Richardson 1 1 0 + Mr. John Cooper 1 1 0 + Mr. John Wright 1 1 0 + Mr. Broom, Sr. 1 1 0 + Miss Symonds 10 6 + By Sundry Persons 14 2 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Fawcett's 21 4 7-1/2 + + +KEPPIN. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Whitford's 6 17 8 + + +KEIGHLEY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Neil's 5 5 0 + + +LUTON, IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hall's 6 7 6 + + +LUTTERWORTH, IN LEICESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Dowley and Kidman's 16 15 2 + + +LIVERPOOL, IN LANCASHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Johnson's 16 10 7 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 8 8 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Endfield's 15 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hall's 11 13 4 + Collected by Sundries 9 6 0 + + +LEEDS, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Lady Margaret Ingham 5 5 0 + Mrs. Medhurst 5 5 0 + Mr. C. Barnard, in Testaments 4 4 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. John Edwards' 15 3 10-1/2 + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Thomas Whittaker 14 14 0 + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Wesley's People 8 1 6-1/2 + + +LINTON, IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + + Mr. Haylock 1 11 6 + Mr. Barker 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Curtis's 5 2 1 + + +LEWES, IN SUSSEX. + + + Collected of Sundries and at Rev. Mr. Johnson's 20 4 10-3/4 + + +LONG MILFORD. + + + Henry Moore, Esq. 6 6 0 + Hon. Wm. Campbell, Esq. 5 5 0 + Robert Cook, Esq. 3 3 0 + William Jennings, Esq. 3 3 0 + ---- Kedington, Esq. 1 16 0 + Mrs. Bradley 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hubbard's 11 17 10 + + +MINCHIN HAMPTON, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Francis' 5 10 6 + M. H. 10 6 + Mr. William Innell 10 6 + Mrs. Fuller 5 0 + + +MODBURY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Moore's 3 14 1 + + +MARTOCK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bakers 4 3 1 + + +MILBORNE PORT. + + + Collected by Mr. Scott 2 15 6 + + +MORLEY. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Morgan's 8 0 0 + + +MELBORN, IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + + Mr. Forster 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Cooper's 14 9 3-3/4 + + +MARGATE, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Purchase's 4 13 8 + + +MAIDSTONE, IN KENT. + + + Mrs. Prosper 5 5 0 + The two Mrs. Maynard's 3 12 0 + The two Miss Todds 3 3 0 + Mrs. Travers 3 3 0 + Dr. Milner 2 2 0 + Mr. Fullagar 2 2 0 + Mr. Wicking 2 2 0 + Mr. Sawkins 2 2 0 + Mr. Beal Boreman 1 11 6 + Mrs. Heath 1 11 6 + Mrs. Savage 1 1 0 + Mrs. Polhill 1 1 0 + Mrs. Sharp 1 1 0 + Mr. Prentice 1 1 0 + Mr. Winter 1 1 0 + Mr. Pierce 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Harris 1 1 0 + Mr. Jesser 1 1 0 + Mr. Dawson 10 6 + Mrs. Dean 10 6 + Messrs. Knowlden & Blythe 9 6 + Mr. Bleigh 5 3 + Mr. Leicester 2 6 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Lewis', Jenkins', + and Wyethe's 17 9 0 + Collected by Mr. Occom 7 18 9-1/2 + + +MORPETH. + + + Unknown 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Trotter's 12 11 3-1/4 + + +NEWTON ABBOTT. + + + Rev. Mr. Peter Fabian 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Hewgo, Curate of Newton 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Tozer 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Flammark 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Westcott 1 0 6 + Mr. John Matthews 1 1 0 + Mr. John Tozer and Family 1 13 6 + Mr. William Flammark 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Matthews 10 6 + Sundries 4 9 6 + + +NEWPORT, IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. + + + Thomas Urry, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. Kirkpatrick 5 5 0 + Dr. Cook 2 2 0 + Mr. Sharp 2 2 0 + Mrs. Trattle 2 2 0 + Mr. Stephen Leigh 1 11 6 + The Rev. Mr. Sturch 1 1 0 + Mr. Richard Cooke 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Cooke 1 1 0 + Mr. Temple 1 1 0 + Mr. John Clarke 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Atkins 1 1 0 + Mr. Till 1 1 0 + Mr. Brown 1 1 0 + Counsellor White 1 1 0 + Mr. Holliere 1 1 0 + Mrs. Whitehead 1 1 0 + Farmer Cook 1 1 0 + Mr. Douglas 1 1 0 + Mr. Caleb Cook 1 1 0 + Dr. Cowlam 10 6 + Mr. Upward 10 6 + Messrs. Lucas & Hollier 10 6 + Captain Pike 10 6 + Mr. Nichols 10 6 + Mr. Wilson 10 6 + Mr. John Taylor 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Edwards 10 0 + Sundry persons 1 2 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Atkins' 7 8 10-1/2 + Sent afterwards by Mr. Kirkpatrick 18 1 6 + + +NORTHAMPTON. + + + Rev. Mr. Ryland 1 1 0 + Joseph Churchill, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Edward Whitton 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Timms 5 3 + Mr. Dicey 5 3 + Mr. Win 4 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Rylands 20 11 8-1/2 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Hextal's 24 3 0 + + +NOTTINGHAM. + + + Collected at Rev. Messrs. Sloss' and Allistone's 41 15 9 + Capt. Scott 1 1 0 + Collected of Rev. Mr. Wesley's people, by ditto 2 11 8-1/2 + Collected of Dr. Eaton's people + Mr. Fellows 2 2 0 + Mrs. Burden 1 1 0 + Mr. Immings 1 1 0 + Mr. Benj. Bull and Son 1 1 0 + Mr. Seagrage 1 1 0 + Alderman Hornbuccle 1 1 0 + Mr. Foxcroft 1 1 0 + Mr. J. Buxton 10 6 + Mr. Wilkinson 10 6 + Mr. Stubbins 10 6 + By Sundries 1 0 6 + + +NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LINE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Willotts 8 5 0 + + +NAMPTWICH, IN CHESHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Haughton's 8 3 9 + + +NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. + + + Mayor and Corporation 21 0 0 + Sir Walter Blackett 10 10 0 + Collected of Sundries 3 8 0 + ---- Cookson, Esq. 5 5 0 + Joseph Ord, Esq. 4 4 0 + Mr. Airy 2 2 0 + Unknown 1 1 0 + Messrs. Widdrington & Gibbons 1 1 0 + Dr. Stoddart, etc. 16 6 + Mr. Donaldson 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lowthian's 21 4 11-1/2 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Ogilvie's 15 15 0 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Shields 15 4 3-1/2 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Richardson's 8 18 8 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Atkins' 13 10 0 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Murray's 23 8 0 + Ditto by the Rev. Mr. Wesley 6 3 1 + Ditto by Rev. Mr. Peel, of Hexham 2 18 0 + Ditto, and paid into the Bank 3 6 6 + + +NORWICH, IN NORFOLK. + + + Mr. Mayor 1 1 0 + John Ruggles, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. John Scott & Sons 5 5 0 + Mr. Wm. Barnet & Son 4 4 0 + Mr. Thomas Paul 3 3 0 + Rev. Mr. Tapps, Curate of St. George's 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. Philip Pyle 2 2 0 + Rev. Dr. Wood 2 2 0 + Dr. Peck 2 2 0 + Alderman Crowe 2 2 0 + Alderman Woods 2 2 0 + Aldermen Ives and Jeves 2 2 0 + Alderman Rogers 1 1 0 + Mr. Lincoln 2 2 0 + Messrs. Day and Watts 2 2 0 + Mr. John Woodrow 2 2 0 + Mr. Jeremiah Pestle 2 2 0 + Charles Weston, Esq. 2 2 0 + Mr. Claxton Smith 2 2 0 + Mr. Stephen Gardiner 2 2 0 + Philip Stannard, Esq. 2 2 0 + Mrs. Corsbie 1 3 0 + Mr. Baldy and others 1 3 0 + Mr. Patterson and Sister 1 11 6 + Rev. Mr. Burcham 1 1 0 + Mrs. Cubit 1 1 0 + Mr. Robert Sewell 1 1 0 + Mr. William Firth 1 1 0 + Mr. Hinsman 1 1 0 + Capt. Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Harvey 1 1 0 + Mr. John Ives 1 1 0 + Mr. Sidley Reymes 1 1 0 + Mr. James Wheeler 1 1 0 + Mr. Gimmingham 1 1 0 + Mr. John Reymes 1 1 0 + Mr. Hopson 1 1 0 + Messrs. Smith & Barlow 1 1 0 + Rev. Dr. Newton 1 1 0 + Mr. Beardman 1 1 0 + Mr. Partridge 1 1 0 + Mrs. Pie (_10s. 6d._) and others 1 9 0 + Mr. Whinnard 10 6 + Mr. Ferguson 10 6 + Mr. Ollyett 10 6 + Mr. Wiggit 10 6 + Mr. Shalders 10 6 + Mr. Beavers 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Dr. Wood's Chapel 32 1 6 + Alderman Marsh 3 3 0 + Samuel Wiggett, Esq. 3 3 0 + Mr. James Tompson 3 3 0 + Mr. Coldham 2 2 0 + Mr. Bayley 2 2 0 + Mr. William Taylor 2 2 0 + Peter Finch, Esq. 2 2 0 + Mr. William Carter 2 2 0 + Mr. Nasmith 2 2 0 + Mr. William Fell 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. John Hoyle 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Bruckner 1 1 0 + Mr. Charles Marsh 1 1 0 + Dr. Manning 1 1 0 + Mr. James Smith, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Philip Taylor 1 1 0 + Mr. Charles Dalrymple 1 1 0 + Mr. Wright Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Martineau 1 1 0 + Mr. John Baldy 1 1 0 + Mr. Peter Fromow 1 1 0 + Mr. James Barrow 1 1 0 + Mrs. Chamberlain 1 1 0 + Miss Pointer 1 1 0 + Mrs. Lessingham 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Newman 1 1 0 + Mrs. Bird 1 1 0 + Mr. Frederick Friday 10 6 + Mr. J. Trull 5 3 + Miss Lincolnes 5 3 + Mr. Christopher Newman 5 0 + Mrs. Newman 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hoyle's Chapel 8 11 6-1/2 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Fisher's Chapel 5 18 0 + + +NAYLAND. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bloomfield's 6 13 2 + + +NEWBERRY, IN BERKSHIRE. + + + Rev. Mr. Reader 2 2 0 + Mr. Merriman 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. Penrose, Mayor, etc. 2 2 0 + From Sundries 9 10 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Reader's 6 17 0 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Lewis' 1 3 6 + + +NORTH SHIELDS. + + + Mr. Pearson 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Rae's 8 0 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Dean's 8 3 4 + + +NORTH ORAM. + + + Mrs. Horton 1 1 0 + Mrs. Wainhouse 10 6 + Mrs. Holmes 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hesketh's 3 0 3 + + +OLNEY AND NEWPORT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Drake's 9 4 7 + The Rev. Mr. Bull 10 6 + + +OXFORD, ETC. + + + From Merton College 5 5 0 + The Rev. Mr. Kilner 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Stillingfleet 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Blaney 1 1 0 + Mrs. Kent 2 2 0 + Mr. Archdale Rook 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Plater 1 1 0 + Mr. William Fox 1 11 6 + Mr. Samuel Fox 1 11 6 + Mrs. Prime 5 3 + Collected at Burford, per Mr. Darby 1 9 1 + Ditto at Whitney, per ditto 1 10 0 + + +OSSET. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Haggerstone's 4 15 6 + + +OAKHAM, IN RUTLANDSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Panting's 3 6 2 + + +PLYMOUTH, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Mr. William Kingdom 10 10 0 + Mr. William Sheppard 5 5 0 + Mr. John Bayley 5 5 0 + Mr. William Clarke 5 5 0 + Mr. William Deane 5 5 0 + Rev. Mr. Zachary Mudge 2 2 0 + Mr. Culme 2 2 0 + Mr. John Jones 2 2 0 + Messrs. William and Philip Cookworthy 2 2 0 + Mr. Mignam 2 2 0 + Mr. John Fox and Son 2 2 0 + Mr. Francis Cock 2 2 0 + Mr. Henry Pitt Sutton 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Squire 2 2 0 + Mr. John Harris 2 2 0 + Mr. William Batt 2 2 0 + Mr. Connell 2 2 0 + Mrs. Holdens 1 6 3 + Mr. William Phillips, Mayor 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. John Bedford 1 1 0 + Mr. George Leach 1 1 0 + Major Yeo 1 1 0 + Capt. B----g 1 1 0 + Dr. Huxham 1 1 0 + Dr. Mudge 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Collier 1 1 0 + Mr. John Browne 1 1 0 + Mr. Sugars 1 1 0 + Mr. Frey 1 1 0 + Mr. Roger Trend 1 1 0 + Mr. Charles Fox 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Vivian 1 1 0 + Mr. John Snook 1 1 0 + Anthony Porter, Esq. 1 1 0 + Widow Elworthy 1 1 0 + Mr. William Pierce 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Julian 1 1 0 + Mr. D. Jardine 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Kinsman 1 1 0 + Mrs. Ann Gwennap 1 1 0 + Mr. Peter Bayley 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Gibbs 1 1 0 + Mrs. Loval 1 1 0 + Mrs. Bickford 19 6 + Mr. Sherdevoyne 13 0 + The Rev. Mr. Dodge 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Gandy 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Lemoyne 10 6 + Mr. Miotts, Jr. 10 6 + Mr. Michael Nichols 10 6 + Mr. P. Lyman 10 6 + Mr. George Perry 10 6 + Mr. Jacob Austin 10 6 + Mr. John Cock 10 6 + Miss Jennys 10 6 + Mr. Stone 10 6 + Mrs. Wilcocks 10 6 + Mr. Bicknar 10 6 + Mr. William Pearce, Jr. 10 6 + Mr. Elias Romery 10 6 + Mr. Erthur 10 6 + ---- Julian, Esq. 10 6 + Mrs. Ellery 10 6 + Mr. J. Wills 10 6 + J. Moorshead, Esq. 10 6 + Mr. John Collier 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Champion 10 6 + Mr. How 10 6 + Mr. J. Symonds 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Pearce 10 6 + Mr. Freeman 10 6 + Mr. Husbands 10 6 + Mr. John Wallis 10 6 + Dr. Scott 10 6 + Mrs. Fuge 10 6 + Mr. Omony 10 6 + Mr. Perry 10 6 + Mrs. Tope 10 6 + Mr. Putt 10 6 + Mr. Henry Hewer 10 6 + Mr. Burt 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Captain Sparks 10 6 + Mr. Dunsterfield 10 6 + Mr. Carter 10 6 + Mrs. Dengey 10 6 + Mr. James 10 6 + Mr. Lovell 10 6 + Sundry persons 2 19 3 + Ditto 2 14 6 + Ditto 2 4 6 + Ditto 1 10 9 + Ditto 1 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Mends' 15 15 7-1/4 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Rennel's 9 15 0 + Ditto at the Tabernacle 7 15 8-1/2 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Gibbs' 4 18 8 + + +PLYMOUTH DOCK. + + + Hon. Commissioner Rogers 5 5 0 + John Lloyd, Esq. 3 3 0 + Mr. Blackmore 2 2 0 + Mr. Poleman 2 2 0 + Mr. Samuel Young 1 16 0 + Hon. Col. Burleigh 1 7 0 + Mr. Philip Justice 1 1 0 + Mr. Ralph Paine 1 1 0 + Dr. Vincent 1 1 0 + Madam Durrell 1 1 0 + Major Campbell 1 1 0 + Dr. Wolcombe 1 1 0 + Dr. Colvil 1 1 0 + Mr. Jane 1 1 0 + Mr. Heath 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. John Stokes 10 6 + Mr. Austin 10 6 + Mr. Moore 10 6 + Mr. Atkinson 10 6 + Mr. Nicholas Mercator 10 6 + Mr. William Crossman 10 6 + Mrs. Hooper 10 6 + Mrs. Spry 10 6 + Mr. George Patrick 10 6 + Mr. James Howell 10 6 + Mr. Hinckstone 10 6 + Mr. Matthew Watson 10 6 + Mr. John Scott 10 6 + Mr. Brooking 10 6 + Mr. James Helling 10 6 + Mr. Nash 10 6 + Mr. John Row 10 6 + Mr. Robert Jeffery 10 6 + Mr. William Phillips 10 6 + Mrs. Dillon 10 6 + Mrs. Ivey 10 6 + Mr. P. Langmaid 10 6 + Mr. Rodds 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Bennett 10 6 + Mr. Lawrence Rowe 10 6 + Captain of Marines 10 6 + Mr. Weggan 10 6 + Mr. Mullis 10 6 + Mr. May 10 6 + Mr. Harding 10 6 + Mr. Baron 10 6 + Mr. Jeffery 10 6 + Mr. Lampen 10 6 + Mr. Weston 10 6 + Mr. Hatcher 10 6 + Mr. Yeo 10 6 + Mr. John Linzee 10 6 + Mr. Robert Bennett 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Sundry persons 4 5 9 + Ditto 1 7 3 + Ditto 8 9 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Whitefield's Tabernacle 22 0 0 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Wesley's 4 17 0 + + +STONEHOUSE (A PARISH BETWEEN PLYMOUTH AND THE DOCK). + + + Madam Farr 1 1 0 + Mr. Marshal 1 1 0 + Mr. Bogue 10 6 + Captain Ball 10 6 + Mr. Gillard 10 6 + Mr. Binney and Banwick 10 6 + + +POOL, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + Mr. Samuel Clark 5 5 0 + Mrs. Green 3 3 0 + Mr. Pike 3 3 0 + Mr. Joliff and Ladies 1 11 0 + Rev. Mr. Nairn, Rector 1 1 0 + Mr. Sutton 1 1 0 + Mr. John Green 1 1 0 + Mr. Bird 1 1 0 + Mr. Hyde 1 1 0 + Mr. George Milner 1 1 0 + Mr. D. Durrell 1 1 0 + Mr. George Olive 1 1 0 + Mr. Martin Kemp 1 1 0 + Miss Frances Welch 1 1 0 + Mr. Miller 1 1 0 + Mrs. Elizabeth Pike 1 1 0 + Mr. Bayly, Mrs. Pain, and Mrs. Campbell 1 0 6 + Rev. Mr. Ashburner 10 6 + Mr. Sherran 10 6 + Mr. James Bristowe 10 6 + Mr. Budden 10 6 + Mr. J. Budden 10 6 + Mr. G. Durrell 10 6 + Mr. Tito Durrell 10 6 + Mrs. Oliver, Sen., and Mrs. Oliver, Jr. 15 9 + Mr. Thomas Stephens 10 6 + Mr. Farr Strong 10 6 + Mrs. Thompson 10 6 + Mrs. Haseldon 10 6 + Mr. Frith 10 6 + Mr. John Bird 10 6 + Mr. William Taverner 10 6 + Mr. John Sweetland 10 6 + Mrs. Mary Linthorn 10 6 + Mr. Richard Rix 10 6 + Mr. Basset 5 3 + Mrs. Jolliff 5 3 + Mr. J. Stodely 5 3 + Mrs. Elizabeth Christian 5 0 + Mr. Lacey 2 6 + Mr. Spurrier 2 6 + Sundry Persons 2 17 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Howell's 7 18 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Ashburner's 7 0 6-1/2 + + +PORTSMOUTH, IN HANTS. + + + Mr. William Pike 10 10 0 + The Rev. Mr. Walter, Chaplain to the Dock 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wren's 25 11 4-1/2 + + +PORTSMOUTH COMMON. + + + Mr. Pierson 2 2 0 + Mr. Whitewood & Unknown 1 1 0 + Mr. Millard 10 6 + Mr. Daniel Hayward 10 6 + Mr. Thomas Symms 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lacey's 5 5 9 + Collected at the Tabernacle 4 2 10-1/2 + + +PERSHORE, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + Mr. Samuel Rickards 1 1 0 + Mr. James Rickards 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Dark 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Beal 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Ash 10 6 + Mr. Smith 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Ash's 7 7 6 + + +PUDSEY. + + + The Rev. Mr. Wainman 1 1 0 + Unknown 2 6 + + +PINNER. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Madgwick's. 10 1 9 + + +RUMSEY, IN HANTS. + + + The Rev. Mr. J. Samuel 1 1 0 + Mr. John Comley 1 11 6 + Mr. Thomas Comley 1 11 6 + Mrs. Comley 1 1 0 + Mr. Tarver 1 11 6 + Mr. Clement Sharp, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Clement Sharp, Jr. 1 1 0 + Mr. Madgwicke 1 1 0 + Mr. Newman 1 1 0 + Mr. Bernard 1 1 0 + Mr. Waldron 1 1 0 + Mr. Richard Sharpe 1 1 0 + Mr. Fanner 1 1 0 + Mr. Newlands 1 1 0 + Mr. John Hewlett and Sisters 1 1 0 + Mrs. Collier 1 1 0 + Sundry Persons unknown 1 11 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Samuel's 11 4 9 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Finch's 3 3 0 + + +RINGWOOD, IN HANTS. + + + Mr. N----n 5 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Wright's and + Horsey's 16 2 0 + + +ROTHWELL, IN NORTHUMBERLAND. + + + Collected at the Rev. Moses Gregson's 16 15 0 + + +RAWDON. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Aulton's 11 15 6 + + +ROTHERHAM, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Thorp's, and the Rev. + Mr. Moult's 21 18 9-1/2 + A Private Benefaction, sent by Rev. Mr. Moult 1 1 0 + + +ROYSTON, IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + Mrs. Ward 4 4 0 + Mr. Edward Fordham 2 2 0 + Mr. John Fordham 2 2 0 + Mr. Joseph Forster 1 6 0 + Mr. George Fordham 1 11 6 + Mr. Coxall 1 11 6 + Mr. Butler 1 1 0 + Mrs. Beldham 1 1 0 + Mrs. Wright 1 1 0 + Mr. John Phillips 1 1 0 + Mr. John Newling 1 1 0 + Mrs. Coxall 10 6 + Mr. Philips 10 6 + Mrs. Beldham 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wells' 6 10 1-1/2 + + +READING, IN BERKSHIRE. + + + The Mayor 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Merrick 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Camble 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Noon 1 1 0 + Mr. Davidson 1 1 0 + Mrs. King 1 1 0 + Mrs. Girl 1 1 0 + Mr. Harrison 10 6 + Mr. Willats 10 6 + Mrs. Noon 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Noon's 18 11 7-3/4 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Armstrong's 7 2 5 + A Clergyman and a person unknown, by the Rev. + Mr. Armstrong 2 2 0 + + +RAMSGATE, IN THE ISLE OF THANET. + + + Unknown 5 0 0 + Mr. George Rainier 2 2 0 + Mr. John Garret 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Bradbury 1 1 0 + Mr. Cornelius Friend 1 1 0 + Mr. Daniel Friend 1 1 0 + Mrs. Elizabeth and Sarah Friend 1 1 0 + Mrs. Abbot 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Curling 1 1 0 + Mrs. Kemp 1 1 0 + Unknown 1 1 0 + Mr. Small, Jr. 1 1 0 + Mr. Cracraft 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bradbury's 11 13 9-3/4 + + +SAFFRON WALDEN, IN ESSEX. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Gwenap's 70 10 0 + + +SOUTHWELL, IN HERTFORDSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Field's 12 10 6 + + +SHIPTON MALLETT, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Jellard 2 2 0 + Mrs. Stephenson 1 11 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Jellard's 13 0 0 + + +SOUTH MOULTON, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bishop's 5 5 0 + + +SALISBURY, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Williams's 9 17 10 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Phillips' 2 0 6 + + +SHERBORNE, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Mr. Samuel Foot 3 3 0 + Mr. Goadby 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lewis's 15 0 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Thomas's. 5 17 9 + + +SOUTH PETHERTON, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + Mr. Toller 1 16 0 + Masters John and Thomas Toller 5 0 + Mr. Ostler 1 1 0 + Mr. Channing 1 1 0 + Mr. Anstice 1 1 0 + Messrs. Adams, Phillips, & Vaux 15 6 + Mr. Chapman 10 6 + Mr. Lock 10 6 + Sundry Persons 1 11 3 + Rev. Mr. Thomas 5 3 + The Rev. Mr. Kirkup 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Kirkup's 14 10 0-1/2 + + +SOUTHAMPTON, IN HANTS. + + + Madame Rollestone 10 10 0 + Mr. Bartholomew Bray 3 3 0 + Mrs. & Miss Messer & Mr. Bulkley 2 12 6 + Rev. Mr. Rooke, V. of St. Michael's 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Wm. Kingsbury 1 1 0 + Mr. Walter Taylor 1 1 0 + Mr. Taylor, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Taylor 1 1 0 + ---- Norris, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Bissault 1 1 0 + Mrs. Percival 1 1 0 + Mr. Peter Bernard 1 1 0 + Mr. Thomas Bernard 1 1 0 + Mrs. Bernard 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Bernard 10 6 + Mrs. Raymond 10 6 + Mrs. Heckwich 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Mrs. Forithorne 2 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Kingsbury's 9 1 0 + + +STOURBRIDGE, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Edge's 21 10 4 + + +STRETTON, IN WARWICKSHIRE. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Richard Alliot of + Coventry 6 10 0 + + +SOUTH SHIELDS. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Rae's 3 14 0 + + +SUNDERLAND, IN DURHAM. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lee's 7 11 0-3/4 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Waugh's 9 9 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Somervil's 11 9 0-1/4 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 2 17 0 + + +STOCKTON, IN DURHAM. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Blackie's 8 4 0-1/4 + + +STROUD, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Ball's 18 19 0 + + +SAINT-NIOTS. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Davis' 6 18 1-1/4 + + +SHEFFIELD, IN YORKSHIRE. + + _Collected of the Rev. Mr. Pye's People._ + + + Mr. Benjamin Roebuck 5 5 0 + Mr. Samuel Greaves 3 3 0 + The Rev. Mr. Pye 2 2 0 + Mr. Vennor 2 2 0 + Mrs. Parker 2 2 0 + Messrs. John & Roger Wilson 1 1 0 + Mr. Samuel Wilson 1 1 0 + Mrs. Roebuck, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. John Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Bennett 1 1 0 + Mrs. Winter 1 1 0 + Mr. Windle & Mr. Love 1 1 0 + Mr. Bridges 1 1 0 + Mr. William Smith 1 1 0 + Mrs. Smith, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Nutt 1 1 0 + Mrs. Holy 10 6 + Mr. Andrews 10 6 + Mr. William Marshall 10 6 + Mr. Loy 10 6 + Mr. Robert Hall 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Wilson 10 6 + Mr. Worrell 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Parkin 10 6 + Mr. Littlewood 10 6 + By Sundries 1 13 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Pye's 15 12 0 + + + _Collected of the Rev. Messrs. Evans's and Dickinson's People._ + + + Mrs. Eddowes 1 16 0 + Mr. Shore, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mrs. Robarts 1 1 0 + Mr. Robarts 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Evans 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Hall of Stannington 1 1 0 + Mr. Simmons 10 6 + Mr. Kaigh 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Hall 10 6 + Mr. Haynes 10 6 + Mr. Marshall 10 6 + Mr. Nathaniel Hall 10 6 + From Sundries 19 9 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Evans' and + Dickinson's Meeting 7 3 9 + + + _Collected of others in Sheffield._ + + + Messrs. Broomhead 2 2 0 + Mr. G. Greaves 1 1 0 + Mr. John Fenton 1 1 0 + Mr. Roger Wilson 10 6 + Mr. G. Woodhead 10 6 + Mr. John Winter 10 6 + Unknown 2 6 + Mr. Kenyon and two others 15 6 + Mr. Matthews 10 6 + Mr. Moore 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Bryant's 5 5 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 2 17 0 + + +SUTTON, IN ASHFIELD. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Wilson's 4 0 8 + + +STAMFORD, IN LINCOLNSHIRE. + + + Rev. Dr. Wilberforce 1 1 0 + Dr. Jackson 1 1 0 + Mrs. Wingfield 1 1 0 + Middleton Trollop, Esq. 1 1 0 + Mr. Adams 1 1 0 + Mr. Torkington 10 6 + Mr. Woodroffe 10 6 + Rev. Mr. John Ralph 10 6 + Dr. Tathwell 10 6 + Mrs. Delamore 5 0 + + +STOW MARKET, IN SUFFOLK. + + + The Rev. Mr. Archer 1 1 0 + + +SUDBURY, IN SUFFOLK. + + + ---- Gainsborough, Esq. 10 10 0 + Mrs. Margaret Fenn 5 5 0 + Mr. John Burket, Sen. 5 5 0 + Mr. Holman 4 4 0 + Mr. Thomas Burket 3 3 0 + Mr. John Burket, Jr. 2 2 0 + Rev. Mr. Heginbothom 1 1 0 + Mrs. Holman, Jr. 1 1 0 + Mr. Stow 1 1 0 + Mr. Watkinson of Lavingham 1 1 0 + Mr. Stockdell (Clark) 1 1 0 + Mr. Darby 1 1 0 + Miss Shepherd 1 1 0 + Mr. Barker 10 6 + Mrs. Addison 10 6 + Mr. Ellis 10 6 + Mr. John Holman 10 6 + Mrs. Holman 10 6 + Miss Holman 10 6 + Mr. Brabrook 10 6 + Mr. Thomas Stow 10 6 + Mr. English 10 6 + Mrs. Pawlett 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Heginbothom's 4 12 6 + Thomas Fenn, Esq. 5 5 0 + Mr. T. Fenn, Jr. 3 3 0 + Mrs. Fenn 2 2 0 + Mr. Thomas Gibbons 2 2 0 + Mr. Addison 1 16 0 + Mr. John Ralling 1 11 6 + Mr. William Gibbons 1 1 0 + Mr. Abraham Greggs 1 1 0 + Mr. Chaplain 10 6 + Miss Ralling 10 6 + Miss Burket 10 6 + Miss Stow 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Lombard's 2 7 3 + + +STAMBORNE. + + + The Rev. Mr. Hallam 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Hallam's 10 18 11-1/4 + + +SHOREHAM, IN KENT. + + + The Rev. Mr. Perronett and Friends 1 16 9 + + +SEVEN OAKS, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Stenger's 5 6 8 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Bligh's 2 11 10-1/2 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Wesley's 1 13 6 + + +SHEERNESS, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the meeting 5 6 9 + + +SOUTHWOLD, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Hurrion 11 16 6 + + +TETBURY, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Phene 10 10 10 + + +TROWBRIDGE, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Mrs. Turner 2 12 6 + Mrs. Temple 2 2 0 + Mr. Whittaker 1 1 0 + Mr. Amos Simon 1 1 0 + Esquire Mortimer 1 1 0 + Mr. James Shrapnell and son 11 6 + Mr. Butlar 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Waldron's 16 18 0 + Ditto at the Rev. Mr. Cross' 15 6 6 + Ditto at Mr. Rawling's 2 4 8 + + +TAUNTON, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + Governor Pool 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. Blake 2 2 0 + Mr. Wascot 2 2 0 + Mrs. Welman 2 2 0 + Mr. Follaquire 2 2 0 + Mrs. Halliday 2 2 0 + The Rev. Mr. William Johnson 1 1 0 + Mr. Kirkpatrick 1 1 0 + Mr. Jefferies, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Joseph Jefferies 1 1 0 + Mrs. Follaquire 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. John Ward 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Joshua Toulmin 10 6 + Mr. Handcocke 10 6 + Mrs. Stone 10 6 + Mr. Harrison 10 6 + Mr. Norma 10 6 + Mr. Joseph Cornish 10 6 + Mr. William Stow 10 6 + Mrs. Peacock 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Reed 10 6 + Dr. Cabble 10 6 + Mr. Thomas Grove 10 6 + Mr. J. Furnival 10 6 + Mr. Nobb 10 6 + A Lady unknown 10 6 + Miss Smith 5 0 + Mr. J. Burcher 5 0 + Mr. Jowitt 2 6 + Unknown 2 6 + Ditto 2 0 + Mr. Slowar and a poor Widow 3 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Johnson's 19 4 1 + + +TOPSHAM, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Mrs. Fryer 4 4 0 + Mr. John Fryer 2 2 0 + Mr. William Elliott 1 1 0 + Mr. William Kennaway, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Simon Morris 1 1 0 + Mrs. Burgess 1 1 0 + Madam Collier 1 1 0 + Mr. John Woolcombe 10 6 + Mrs. Thomas 10 6 + Captain William Sherville 10 6 + Mr. Reynolds 10 6 + Captain Coleman 10 6 + Mr. George Culverwell 10 6 + Mr. Watton 10 6 + Mr. Samuel Hill 10 6 + Miss Bultell 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Pitts 10 6 + Unknown 10 6 + Mrs. Love 5 3 + The collection 27 4 3 + + +TOTNESS, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Reynell's and + Chapman's 27 6 0 + + +TAVISTOCK, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Mr. Thomas Windiat 5 5 0 + Mr. John Rowe 3 3 0 + Mr. Roger Lang 1 1 0 + Richard Turner, Esq. 1 1 0 + A person unknown 1 1 0 + Dr. Lavington 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Jago 7 3 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Dowdell's 8 2 5 + + +TEWKSBURY, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + + John Humphries, Esq. 10 0 0 + The Rev. Mr. Jones 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Hayward 10 6 + From sundries 1 19 0 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Graham's and + Haydon's 21 0 10 + + +TIVERTON, IN DEVONSHIRE. + + + Mr. Parsons 3 3 0 + Mrs. Lewis 3 3 0 + Mrs. Mary Moore 2 2 0 + Mr. Hamilton 2 2 0 + Mrs. Glass 1 1 0 + Mr. Lewis 1 1 0 + Mr. John Bosley 1 1 0 + Mr. Atherton 1 1 0 + Mr. Smith 1 1 0 + Mr. Ensmarch, Sen. 1 1 0 + Mr. Isaac Ensmarch 1 1 0 + Miss Ensmarch 1 1 0 + A person unknown 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Follett 10 6 + Mrs. Glass 10 6 + The Rev. Mr. Kiddall 10 6 + Mr. Zelby 10 6 + Mr. Gilbert 10 6 + Mr. Frank Besly 10 6 + Mr. Besly, Jr. 10 6 + Mrs. Lane 10 0 + Mr. Barn Besly 5 3 + Mrs. Munt 5 3 + Mrs. Kiddall 3 0 + Mr. Anstey 2 6 + Mrs. Hudford 2 6 + Mrs. Lachgate 2 6 + Mr. Raddon 2 6 + Mr. Small 2 6 + Mr. James 2 0 + Mr. Rathew 1 6 + Mr. Gill, Jr. 1 0 + Mr. Knight 1 0 + Mrs. Stone 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Kiddal's 2 9 9-1/2 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Follett's 2 4 0 + Sent to be added to the above, per Mr. Parminter 2 8 0 + + +THAXTED. + + + Mr. Daniel Haddon 3 3 0 + Mr. Thomas Saward 2 2 0 + Mrs. Haddon 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Parry's 6 4 0 + + +TUNBRIDGE WELLS, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Shepherd's and + Arnold's 6 0 10 + Rev. Mr. Johnson 10 6 + + +TENTERDEN, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Handcock's 24 8 2 + + +UFCULM. + + + Richard Clarke, Esq. 1 11 6 + Mrs. Elizabeth Churley 1 1 0 + Rev. Mr. Lamport 10 6 + Rev. Mr. Greenway 10 6 + Rev. Mr. John Windsor, Rector 10 6 + Mr. Nicholas Wreford 5 0 + Unknown 5 0 + Mrs. Hill 4 0 + Mr. Hucker 4 0 + The Quakers 1 16 0 + Unknown 2 0 + The collection 3 1 6 + + +UPPINGHAM, IN RUTLANDSHIRE. + + + Collected at the meeting 3 14 3-3/4 + + +UPTON, IN WORCESTERSHIRE. + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Jones' 18 7 7 + Mr. Brockhurst 1 1 0 + Mrs. Skinner 1 1 0 + The Rev. Mr. Steele 7 6 + + +WESTBURY, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Mylett's 14 11 3 + + +WARMINSTER, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Fisher's 15 3 1 + + +WELLINGTON, IN SHROPSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Field's and at the + Rev. Mr. Day's 23 12 10 + + +WAREHAM, IN DORSETSHIRE. + + + Sundry subscriptions sent to the Rev. Mr. S. + Reader 29 0 10 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. S. Reader's 9 4 8 + + +WILTON, IN WILTSHIRE. + + + Edward Baker, Esq. 3 3 0 + Major Seward 1 7 0 + Rev. Mr. Gardner 1 1 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Gardner's 10 0 8 + + +WINCHESTER. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Boarman's 5 18 3 + + +WELLINGBOROUGH, IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Grant's 9 1 1 + + +WARWICK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Kettle's 5 13 4 + + +WELFORD. + + + Mrs. Bakewell 2 2 0 + Unknown, per sundries 8 6 6 + Ditto 14 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. King's 4 1 6 + + +WORCESTER. + + + The Rev. Mr. Blackmore 2 2 0 + Mr. Cooke 1 1 0 + By private subscriptions 21 5 3 + A donation from the Public Fund 7 13 3 + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Urwick's and + Pointing's 21 2 6 + + +WOLVERHAMPTON. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Cole's, etc. 33 19 3-1/2 + + +WEST BRAMWICH. + + + Collected at the Rev. Messrs. Robin's, + Stillingfleet's, and Griffith's 42 8 8-1/2 + + +WALSALL, IN STAFFORDSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Llewellin's 10 3 0 + + +WAKEFIELD, IN YORKSHIRE. + + + James Milnes, Esq. 3 3 0 + John Milnes, Jr., Esq. 2 2 0 + Mr. Richard Lamb 1 1 0 + Mr. John Lamb 10 6 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. William Turner's 11 15 9 + + +WOODBRIDGE, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Palmer's 18 9 3-1/2 + By sundries 2 4 0 + Brought by Mr. Field to be added to ditto 2 7 4 + + +WATESFIELD. + + + The Rev. Mr. Harmer 1 1 0 + Given by the Trustees 5 5 0 + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Harmer's 5 6 0 + Sent afterwards 16 0 + + +WATFORD. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Medley's 30 0 0 + + +WHITCHURCH, IN HAMPSHIRE. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Meek's 8 17 5 + + +WINGHAM. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Chapman 2 15 0 + + +WOOLWICH, IN KENT. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. McGregor's 2 0 0 + + +WRENTHAM, IN SUFFOLK. + + + Collected by the Rev. Mr. Sweetland 20 0 0 + + +YEOVIL, IN SOMERSETSHIRE. + + + Mr. Bullock 1 1 0 + Mr. Gilson 1 1 0 + Dr. Dumaresque 1 1 0 + Rev. F. C. Parsons 10 6 + Dr. Daniel 10 6 + Mr. John Taylor 10 6 + Collected by Rev. Mr. Evans 6 4 3-3/4 + + +YARMOUTH, IN NORFOLK. + + + Collected at the Rev. Mr. Whiteside's 19 14 3 + Ditto at Rev. Mr. Howe's 27 10 0 + ------------------ + Total L9,494 7 7-1/2 + +Donations in Scotland amounted to about L2,500. + + +PROPOSED DONATIONS WHICH DETERMINED THE LOCATION OF THE COLLEGE AND +SCHOOL AT HANOVER IN 1770. + +The King's most gracious Majesty, by advice of his Excellency John +Wentworth, Esq., his Majesty's governor of the province of New +Hampshire, and of his council, a Charter of the township of Landaff, +about 24,000 acres. + +Honorable Benning Wentworth, Esq., late governor of New Hampshire, 500 +acres, on which the College is fixed in Hanover. + +Hon. Theodore Atkinson, Esq., 500 acres. + +Theodore Atkinson, Jr. Esq., one right. + +Hon. Mark H. Wentworth, Esq., one right in Plainfield. + +Hon. J---- Nevin, Esq., half a right. + +William Parker, Esq., half a right in Piermont. + +Hon. Peter Levius, Esq., one right in Piermont. + +Hon. Daniel Warner, Esq., one right in Leichester. + +Hon. John Wentworth, Esq., one right in Thetford. + +Hon. Daniel Pierce, Esq., 500 acres. + +Samuel Livermore, Esq., 300 acres in Chatham. + +Walter Bryent, Esq., one right in Burton. + +John Moffat, Esq., one right in Masons-Claim. + +Matthew Thornton, Esq., one right in Castleton. + +Mr. Ebenezer Smith, 100 acres. + +Phillips White, Esq., 250 acres in Wentworth, and 250 in Warren. + +Col. Jonathan Grulley, 125 acres in Wentworth, and 125 in Warren. + +John Phillips, Esq., seven rights in Sandwich. + +Col. Nathaniel Folsom, one right in Sandwich. + +Col. Nicholas Gilman, 100 acres in Sandwich. + +Samuel Folsom, Esq., 50 acres in Sandwich. + +Mr. Enoch Poor, 100 acres in Sandwich. + +Col. Clement March, one right in Addinson, and one right in +Leichester. + +Robert Fletcher, Esq., 100 acres. + +John Wendal, Esq., one right in Barnard. + +Walter Bryent, Jr. Esq., one right in Burton. + +Hunking Wentworth, Esq., half a right in Barnard. + +Reuben Kidder, Esq., half a right in Campton. + +Col. Jonathan Moulton, 250 acres in Orford, 250 in Piermont, 250 in +Relhan, and 250 in Moultenboro'. + +Mr. John Moulton, 100 acres in Moultenboro'. + +Mr. Moses Little, two rights in Saville. + +Mr. Samuel Emerson, 100 acres in Saville. + +Mr. William Moulton, 300 acres in Stonington. + +Mr. James Jewet, 100 acres in Stonington. + +Mr. Adam Cogswel, 100 acres in Stonington. + +Col. Jacob Bayley, 240 acres. + +Timothy Bedel, Esq., 80 acres. + +Capt. John Hazen, 240 acres. + +Benjamin Whiting. Esq., 240 acres in Newbury and Topsham. + +Israel Morey, Esq., 400 acres in Orford, and other towns, handy for +the use of the school. + +Mr. Noah Dewey, 80 acres in Orford. + +Capt. Noah Dewey, Jr., 80 acres in Orford. + +Mr. Thomas Sawyer, 80 acres in Orford. + +Mr. Daniel Tillotson, 80 acres in Thetford. + +Mr. Benjamin Baldwin, 104 acres in Thetford. + +Mr. Ebenezer Baldwin, 104 acres in Thetford. + +Mr. Daniel Cross, 40 acres in Farley. + +Mr. John Chamberlain, 120 acres in Canaan. + +Mr. Samuel Gillett, 40 acres in Thetford. + +Mr. Ebenezer Green, 80 acres in Thetford, and 80 acres in Lyme. + +Mr. Fredrick Smith, 176 acres in Strafford. + +Mr. Abner Chamberlain, 40 acres in Thetford. + +Mr. John Sloan, 56 acres in Lyme. + +Mr. William Sloan, 80 acres in Lyme. + +Mr. Alexander Murray, 40 acres in Lyme. + +Mr. David Sloan, 24 acres in Lyme. + +Mr. Thomas Sumner, 130 acres in Gilsom. + +Oliver Willard, Esq., 750 acres land and L20. + + L. s. d. + + Capt. Zadock Wright 3 7 6 + Lieut. Joel Matthews 1 13 9 + Mr. Paul Spooner 1 13 9 + Mr. John Laiton 1 13 9 + Mr. Christopher Billings 6 9 + Mr. Charles Killam 16 10-1/2 + Mr. Timothy Lull 1 0 3 + Mr. Asa Taylor 13 6 + Mr. Zebulon Lee 16 10-1/2 + Mr. John Johnson 11 3 + Mr. Matthias Rust 11 3 + Capt. Francis Smith 9 0 0 + Mr. John Stevens, Jr. 7 10 0 + Mr. Robert Miller 6 0 0 + Mr. Abel Stevens 7 10 0 + Mr. Reuben Jerold 2 5 0 + Mr. Willard Smith 6 0 0 + Mr. Adam Clark 2 5 0 + Mr. Charles Spalding 6 0 0 + Mr. Daniel Short 6 0 0 + Mr. Josiah Russel 2 5 0 + Mr. Josiah Russel, Jr. 3 15 0 + Mr. Daniel Woodward 3 15 0 + Mr. William Cutler 3 15 0 + Mr. Josiah Colton 3 15 0 + Mr. Joseph Smith 6 0 0 + Mr. John Stevens 7 10 0 + Mr. William Bramble 3 15 0 + Mr. Joshua Dewie 3 15 0 + Mr. Elisha Marsh 6 0 0 + Mr. Christopher Pease 6 0 0 + Mr. John Strong 4 10 0 + Mr. David Bliss 15 0 + Mr. Elijah Strong 1 10 0 + Mr. Ebenezer Bliss 3 15 0 + Mr. Daniel Pinneo 6 0 0 + Mr. Thomas Miner 3 0 0 + Mr. Nathaniel Holbrook 3 15 0 + Mr. Henry Woodward 3 0 0 + Mr. Abel Marsh 4 10 0 + Mr. Lionel Udal 4 10 0 + Lebanon Proprietors, 1440 acres. + Mr. Thomas Storrs, 20 acres. + Capt. Nathaniel Hall, 50 acres. + John Salter, Esq., 50 acres. + Mr. Nathaniel Storrs, 50 acres. + Mr. Constant Southworth, 100 acres. + Mr. Huckens Storrs, 100 acres. + Mr. Amariah Storrs, 20 acres. + Mr. Nehemiah Easterbrook, 50 acres. + Capt. Samuel Storrs, 50 acres. + Mr. Aaron Storrs, 200 acres. + Mr. Huckens Storrs, Jr., 100 acres. + Mr. Jedediah Hebard, 100 acres. + Mr. Oliver Griswould, 100 acres. + Mr. Levi Hyde, 100 acres. + Mr. Israel Gillet, 100 acres. + Mr. Rufus Baldwin L1 10 0 + and 100 acres. + Mr. John Gillet 1 10 0 + and 100 acres. + Mr. Eliezer Robinson, 2 5 0 + and 50 acres. + Mr. Charles Hill 7 10 0 + Major John Slapp 1 10 0 + Mr. Joseph Wood 3 15 0 + Mr. Silas Waterman 1 2 6 + Mr. John Griswold 15 0 + Mr. David Bliss 15 0 + Mr. Joseph Martin 1 2 6 + Mr. Benjamin Fuller 7 6 + Mr. Azariah Bliss 3 15 0 + Mr. William Dana 7 10 0 + Mr. William Downer 3 7 6 + Mr. Joseph Tilden 4 14 6 + Mr. Samuel Mecham 1 7 0 + Mr. Benjamin Wright 2 14 0 + Mr. Benjamin Parkhurst, 50 acres land. + Mr. David Rowland, 200 acres. + Mr. Josiah Wheeler, 50 acres. + Mr. Jacob Burton 67 acres, and L1 0 0 + Mr. Ebenezer Ball, 33 acres. + Mr. Thomas Murdock, 33 acres and L0 10 0 + Mr. Elisha Crane, 33 acres and 10 0 + Mr. Philip Smith, 33 acres and 1 0 0 + Mr. Joseph Hatch, 33 acres and 1 0 0 + Mr. Josiah Burton, 20 acres. + Mr. Israel Brown, 27 acres and L0 10 0 + Mr. Daniel Baldwin, 13 acres and 1 10 0 + Mr. Francis Fenton, 33 acres. + Capt. Hezekiah Johnson, 80 acres and L1 0 0 + Mr. John Serjeant, 40 acres and 2 10 0 + Mr. Timothy Bush, 40 acres and 2 0 0 + Mr. Peter Thatcher, 40 acres and 15 0 + Mr. Daniel Waterman, 24 acres and 15 0 + Mr. John Slafter, 40 acres and 1 0 0 + Mr. Samuel Hutchinson 2 10 0 + Mr. Medad Benton 2 0 0 + Mr. John Hatch 2 10 0 + Mr. Samuel Partridge 2 5 0 + Mr. Elisha Partridge 10 0 + Mr. Jonas Richards 10 0 + Mr. John Hutchinson 1 0 0 + Mr. Elisha Burton 1 10 0 + Mr. Nathan Messenger 5 0 + Mr. John Wright 1 0 0 + Mr. Aaron Wright 1 10 0 + Mr. Francis Smalley 1 0 0 + Mr. Joseph Ball 1 0 0 + Mr. Jonathan Ball 5 0 + Mr. Samuel Brown 2 5 0 + Mr. Samuel Waterman 7 6 + Mr. Samuel Partridge, Jr. 10 0 + Mr. Ebenezer Jaques 7 6 + Mr. Timothy Smith, 90 acres land. + Mr. Jonathan Curtiss, 120 acres and 3 15 0 + Mr. Benjamin Davis, 40 acres. + Mr. John Ordway, 90 acres. + Maj. Joseph Storrs, 110 acres. + Mr. John House, 100 acres. + Mr. Jonathan Freeman, 40 acres. + Mr. Nathaniel Wright, 40 acres. + Mr. Otis Freeman, 40 acres. + Mr. Gideon Smith, 21 dollars. + Mr. Nath. Woodward, 16 acres land. + Mr. Isaac Bridgman, 40 acres. + Mr. Knight Sexton, 80 acres and L15 0 0 + Mr. James Murch 30 0 0 + Mr. Simeon Dewey, 50 acres land and 7 10 0 + Mr. Benjamin Rice 7 10 0 + Mr. Asa Parker, 50 acres. + Mr. Edm. Freeman, Jr., 40 acres. + Mr. Isaac Wallbridge, 40 acres and 18 0 + Mr. David Mason 2 0 0 + Mr. Jeremiah Trescot 18 0 + Mr. Habakkuk Turner 7 10 0 + Mr. Samuel Rust 15 0 + Mr. Edmond Freeman, 50 acres. + Mr. William Johnson, Jr. 1 2 6 + Rev. Gideon Noble, 40 acres. + Mr. Abner Barker, 30 acres. + Mr. Prince Freeman, 50 acres. + Mr. Abel Johnson 1 2 6 + Mr. William Johnson 3 15 0 + Mr. Russel Freeman 18 0 + +It should be remarked that many of the above named were unable to +fulfill their promises. The College received in all about 10,000 acres +of land. + + +EXTRACT FROM HANOVER TOWN RECORDS. + +"Met according to adjournment, November 12, 1770. The following vote +was passed: + +"_Whereas_, John Wright, David Woodward, Edmund Freeman, Otis Freeman, +Isaac Walbridge, Isaac Bridgman, and John Bridgman, have agreed to +give the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D.D., 300 acres of land in this town, +voted, that the above-mentioned persons may give deed of 300 acres of +land in the land now lying undivided among the proprietors, as +follows, namely, to begin at Lebanon line at the bound of a lot of +land lately given by the Hon. Benning Wentworth, Esq., to the Trustees +of Dartmouth College; then in the east line of said lot about 300 +rods, to the southwest bound of the 17th hundred-acre lot west of the +half-mile line, then south sixty-four degrees, east about 168 rods, or +so far as that a line to run parallel with the first-mentioned line +and running to Lebanon will make 300 acres, said land to lie to the +above-mentioned persons for so much in their next division on the +respective original rights they now own; _i. e._ to John Wright 40 +acres, to David Woodward 50 acres, to Isaac Bridgman 50 acres, to +Edmund Freeman 40 acres, to Isaac Walbridge 40 acres, to Otis Freeman +50 acres, to John Bridgman 30 acres. And whereas, the persons whose +names are hereafter mentioned have covenanted and agreed to give to +the Trustees of Dartmouth College, for the benefit of said college, +the following quantities of land, namely, Knight Sexton 100 acres, +Joseph Storrs 100 acres, John House 100 acres, John Ordway 100 acres, +Jonathan Curtice 140 acres, Tim. Smith 100 acres, Edmund Freeman 50 +acres, Prince Freeman 50 acres, Jonathan Freeman 50 acres, Nathaniel +Wright 50 acres, Nathaniel Woodward 20 acres, Simon Dewey 50 acres, +Benjamin Davis 50 acres, Asa Parker 50 acres, voted, that the +above-named persons may give a deed of all the undivided land lying +east of the piece aforementioned, and south of the hundred-acre lots +in the 1st and 3d ranges of hundred acres in the 1st division of +hundred-acre lots, and west of the two-mile road, and north of Lebanon +line, it being about 1,000 acres, be it more or less, to lie for so +much to the original rights aforementioned as the present owners of +said rights have subscribed to give, reserving proper allowance for +highways for the benefit of the town." + + * * * * * + +OTHER PROPOSED DONATIONS. + + +"We the subscribers hereby severally promise for ourselves, our heirs, +etc., to pay to the Rev. Mr. Eleazar Wheelock, or such other person or +persons who shall be appointed to receive the same the sums +respectively affixed to our names for the founding and supporting a +school for the education of Indian youth and others to be paid in land +whereon to build a proper house or houses and in provisions and in +materials for building such house or houses which shall be judged +necessary for the support of said school, provided said school be +fixed in the first society in Hebron and there continued. Witness our +hands this 17th January, 1765. + + David Barbur L80 + Alex Phelps 50 + John Phelps 50 + Asahel Phelps 20 + Joshua Phelps 16 + Ebenezer Gilbert 16 + Increase Porter 20 + Benjamin Sumner 10 + Obadiah Horsford 50 + Silvanus Phelps 15 + Israel Morey 20 + Stephen Palmer 5 + Aaron Stiles 10 + Isaac Ford 10 + Ichabod Buell 10 + Lijah Buell 10 + Alexander Mack 6 + Stephen Stiles 7 + Eliphalet Case 10 + Benjamin Day 20 + Asa White 2 + Eliphalet Youngs, Jr. 2 + Saml. Phelps 5 + Israel Post 20 + Nathl. Phelps 10 + Stephen Barbur 30 + Neziah Bliss 15 + Samuel Fielding 2 + Oliver Phelps 2 + Pelatiah Porter 15 + Eleazar Strong 10 + Thomas Post 15 + Saml. Gilbert, Jr. 20 + Thos. Summer 5 + Abijah Rowlee 10 + Danl. Tillotson 20 + Ephraim Wright 2 + Saml. Jones 20 + Danl. Porter 15 + Oliver Barbur 8 + Worthy Waters 10 + Zebulon Strong 2 + Jonathan Birge 1 + Story Gott 25 + Solomon Huntington 4 + Solomon Tarbox 15 + Elisha Mack 10 + David Carver 10 + Adam Waters 10 + Samuel Bicler, Jr. 14 + Ichabod Phelps 20 + Ichabod Phelps, Jr. 10 + Eliphalet Young 10 + Samuel Gilbert 65 + Benjamin Buell 20 + Thomas Tarbox 10 + +Mr. Wheelock's correspondence indicates that the School was kept one +year at Hebron, by Mr. Alexander Phelps. + + * * * * * + +"At a meeting of the First Company of the Delaware Purchasers (so +called), held by adjournment at the Town-house in Norwich, on the 3d +day of January, A. D. 1769, + +"Voted that this Company do now grant to the Indian Charity School +under the care of Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D.D., of Lebanon, six miles +square of land, to be laid out on the westermost part of this +Company's purchase upon Delaware River, upon condition said School +shall be erected on the Susquehannah Purchase (so called). + +"The above is a true copy of the vote of the First Company of the +Delaware Purchasers. + + "Test Elisha Tracy, Clerk for said Company." + +"At a meeting of the Second Company of the Delaware Purchasers (so +called), held by adjournment at the Town-house in Norwich, on the 3d +day of January, A. D. 1769, + +"Voted that this Company do now grant to the Indian Charity School +under the care of the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D.D., of Lebanon, six +miles square of land, to be laid out for the use of said School on the +westermost part of this Company's purchase of land upon Lacawack +River, upon condition said School shall be erected upon the +Susquehannah Purchase, so called. + +"The above is a true copy of the vote of the Second Delaware Company. + + "Test Elisha Tracy, Clerk for said Company." + +In September, 1768, Messrs. Williams, Woodbridge, Sergeant, Willard, +Brown, Goodrich, Gray, Pixley, Jones, Curtis, Bement, Wilson, +Stoddard, Bouton, Dean, Fuller, and others, proposed to give various +sums, ranging from $5 to L150, provided the College, should be +located, agreeably to their wishes, at Stockbridge, Mass. During the +same year, Zephaniah Batcheller writes from Albany, stating that +Captain Abraham J. Lansing will give, in all, more than two hundred +acres of land, suitably located for buildings and other uses, and +worth L2,500, provided the College is located at Lansingburg, N. Y. + +"Province of New Hampshire, June 18, 1770. At a proprietor's meeting, +lawfully warned and held at my dwelling-house in Lyme in the province +above said, voted to lay out to the use and benefit of Dartmouth +College fifteen hundred acres of land, ... provided said Trustees +shall fix or build said college in the township of Lyme, south of Clay +Brook. + +"A true copy of file + + Test Jonathan Sumner, Proprietor's Clerk. + +Lyme, June 18, 1770." + + * * * * * + +"January 22, 1770. Proprietors' meeting at Hampton. + +"Whereas a charter for a College to be erected in the western part of +this province, by the name of Dartmouth College, has been granted +under the great seal of said province, with a special view of +Christianizing the several Indian tribes in America, therefore in +consideration of the many advantages that would accrue to the +proprietors of Orford if said College could be settled in said town, +and that the same pious design might be carried into immediate +execution, + +"Voted, in case said College should be settled in said township, to +give and grant for the Use and Benefit of said College, for ever, one +thousand acres of land in said town. Also, whereas the Rev. Eleazar +Wheelock is appointed president of said College, and doubtless will +settle himself and family in the town where the College shall be, +where it will be very necessary he should have some land to settle +upon, therefore, for encouraging and promoting the same, + +"Voted to give and grant unto the said Eleazar Wheelock, his heirs and +assigns for ever, one thousand acres of land in said town. They also + +"Voted (conditionally) to give to the said Eleazar Wheelock the sum of +one hundred pounds lawful money." + + * * * * * + +Piermont offered one thousand acres of land to secure the College. +Other towns, not mentioned hereafter, among them Canaan, Boscawen, and +Cornish, are said to have presented some attractions to Dr. Wheelock. + + * * * * * + +"Honorable and Reverend: In the capacity of agent for the towns of +Newbury and Haverhill, I promise and engage (if Dartmouth College is +placed in said Haverhill in New Hampshire) that out of the +subscriptions of said Haverhill and Newbury and the town of Bath, that +three thousand acres of land shall be laid out in a convenient form at +the corner of Haverhill, adjoining the southwest corner of said town +of Landaff, and one thousand acres more, laid out in a gore, in Bath +adjoining said town of Landaff, and the three thousand acres in +Haverhill as above; and also I engage to give five hundred acres more +to the Honorable and Reverend Trust of said College, for the use of +said College, in a handsome form, round said College, if set in said +Haverhill; provided it is not set on lands already laid out, which if +it is to lay out said five hundred next adjoining, in a convenient +form, as also to make and raise a frame for a building two hundred +feet long and eighteen feet broad, one story high, or a frame or labor +to that value. The above I promise to perform at or before the first +day of November next. The frame I promise to set up on demand. Witness +my hand, + + Jacob Bayley. + + "Portsmouth, June 29, 1770. + + "To the Honorable and Reverend Trust of Dartmouth College." + + Newburyport, March 6, 1770. + +Reverend Sir: I have lately received an account from Plymouth of a +subscription being opened and there is already three thousand dollars +in labor, provisions, etc., subscribed; also another here worth one +thousand dollars, provided the College is fixed in Campton, Rumney, or +Plymouth; also being sensible that you will be at great expense to +move into a new country, have opened another subscription for Rev. Dr. +Wheelock, which will be generous; I have lately heard that the College +is to be fixed before the meeting of the trustees, which is the reason +of Mr. Call's journey, the bearer of this, who is a friend to the +Indian cause, and in time past has been a means of collecting a +considerable for them. I should be much obliged if you would inform me +the time the College will be fixed, and I will bring or send the +subscriptions, which I make no doubt will be generous when completed. +If it should not be agreeable to the trustees to fix the College in +any of the above mentioned towns, these subscriptions will not do any +hurt to the College nor Dr. Wheelock, but spur on others to outdo. I +think, where it is fixed, they ought to do generously, as it must help +them much. I conclude with our family's and my duty to you and Madam +Wheelock, and regards to all the family, and remain your most obedient +servant, + + Moses Little. + +"P. S. We hear that the most generous subscription is to carry the +College, provided the place is suitable; hope what we offer Dr. +Wheelock will not be any damage, for it is not done as a private +thing, but are willing the trustees and everybody else should know. + +"M. L. has subscribed: + + 20 thousand boards. + 20 tons hay, three years, is 60 tons. + 10 bushels wheat, three years, is 30 bushels. + 10 bushels rye, three years, is 30 bushels. + 10 bushels Indian, three years, is 30 bushels. + 10 days labor, three years, is 30 days. + +"Also use of house and barn and land pasturing round it, twenty acres +cleared; also Esq. Brainerd, one right of land, etc., in Rumney; also +sent a man with a subscription, to be followed, we hope, in proportion +and more than proportion to the above. Expect some hundred bushels +grain yearly for three years, also land and labor; and if the above is +not enough subscribed by Moses Little, Dr. Wheelock shall have liberty +to improve as much of his land as he pleases." + + * * * * * + + "Albany, May 9, 1767. + +"Reverend Sir: I have had the pleasure to see your letter, directed to +the mayor of this city and others. The subject of it was a very +agreeable one. To encourage literature indicates a great mind; to +civilize savages, with a view to their eternal happiness, evinces a +goodness of heart and a charitable disposition truly commendable; +whoever attempts it has a right to claim the assistance of every +worthy member of society. I shall be happy if I can be any ways +instrumental in promoting the success of your humane plan; I am +informed that Mr. Mayor and the other gentlemen of the corporation +have expressed an equal desire, and I make no doubt but their offers +will be such as a corporation ought to make who are impressed with a +sense of its general utility. I could say much of the advantages that +would accrue from fixing the School near this city, but as you have +doubtless considered this affair with attention, you will have +anticipated all I could say on the subject. I shall only remark that I +have observed with much satisfaction that the morals of my +fellow-citizens are much less vitiated than those of other cities that +have an immediate foreign trade, and consequently import the vices of +other climes; to this, give me leave to add, that a becoming economy +is what characterizes our people, and may, by way of example, have a +very good effect on the Indian children, and such others as might be +allowed to take their education in the proposed seminary. + +"Should you, however, reverend sir, after receiving the proposals of +the corporation, think them inadequate to the advantages the city +would receive, or should you, for reasons that do not occur to me, +think a more remote situation more eligible (which I wish may not be), +I then, sir, will make an offer, to forward the charity. But though I +have already fixed on the proposals I intend to make, I must yet +declare that those that I am told the city intends to offer appear to +me to have the advantage in point of fulfilling the intentions of the +gentlemen at home, but perhaps it may be thought otherwise, and I be +mistaken. + +"Whenever, sir, this or your other affairs may call you into this +county, I shall be extremely glad to show you any civilities in my +power, and beg you will make my house your home, where I try to keep +up to the good old adage, 'to welcome the coming and to speed the +going guest.' + + "I am, with much respect, reverend sir, + Your most obedient, humble servant, + "To the Rev. Mr. Wheelock. Ph. Schuyler." + + * * * * * + + "February 10, 1770. + +"Reverend Sir: As I understand that Colonel Alexander Phelps, Esquire, +has been on business of importance relative to your College, to wit, +the consulting the honorable trustees, at Portsmouth, concerning the +place where it will be best to set the said College, and as there is +great engagedness and large subscriptions making by the Proprietors +and others of the towns of Plainfield, Hartford, Harford, Lebanon, +Norwich, Hanover, and some other back towns, for the said School, if +said School should be set in Hanover, in the Province of New +Hampshire, now, sir, I suppose that Colonel Phelps never heard of this +subscription, and I apprehend he has not laid this donation, with the +circumstances of the place, before the Board at Portsmouth. + +"Trusting in your wisdom and willingness to hear everything of +consequence to said School, I would therefore pray that the place for +the said College may not be fixed on till the donations may be +gathered and the circumstances of the place be properly laid before +their Honors. + +"P. S. I suppose there can be as much or more said in favor of its +going to the said town of Hanover than any town on the river, which +will be laid before their Honors in writing, if desired. + + "From their humble servant and well-wisher to said School, + James Murch." + +In a later letter he says: + +"Now, sir, we all hope you will view the place yourself, and the +people well all be satisfied that the College will be set in the best +place for its benefit; or, if a disinterested man should come and view +the places, and make a representation, it is generally thought it +would come to Hanover or Lebanon. Now, sir, I shall endeavor to set +before you some of the benefits of this place for the College. First, +here is a large tract of land of near three thousand acres or more, +all lying together, and the greater part some of the best of land. I +shall only add that there may be a good road to Portsmouth; and it is +in a line to Crown Point from Portsmouth; and a very narrow place in +the great river, for a brig; and it is by a long pair of falls; and +where salt and other articles, brought up the river, will be cheaper +than they will be further up. + +"Having given some short hints of what is commonly talked of where I +have been, I hope you will condescend to forgive what is amiss in this +broken letter. + + "So I remain, yours to serve, James Murch. + "Hanover, New Hampshire, March 13, 1770. + +"P. S. I would inform you we all got up here well." + + * * * * * + +"The Company expected to attend Commencement at Dartmouth College, +August 26, 1772, with his Excellency Governor Wentworth, viz.: The +Honorable Mark Hunking Wentworth, Esq.; George Jaffrey, Esq.; Daniel +Rogers, Esq.; Peter Gilman, Esq.; the Honorable John Wentworth, Esq., +_Speaker of Assembly_; Major Samuel Hobart, Esq., John Giddinge, Esq., +Colonel John Phillips, Esq., John Sherburne, Esq., _Members of +Assembly_; John Fisher, Esq., _Collector of Salem_; Colonel Nathaniel +Folsom, Esq.; Rev. Dr. Langdon, of Portsmouth; Rev. Mr. Emerson, of +Hollis; Dr. Cutter; Dr. Bracket; Samuel Penhallow, Esq.; William +Parker, Jun., Esq.; Benjamin Whiting, Esq., _High Sheriff of +Hillsboro' County_; Honorable Samuel Holland, Esq., _Surveyor-General +of the Northern District of America and a Councillor of Canada_; +Thomas Mac-donogh, Esq., _Secretary to the Governor_. About ten more +are invited, but I think uncertain whether they'll undertake the +journey." From Gov. Wentworth. + + * * * * * + + "Dartmouth College, June 3, 1777, at break of day. + +"My dear Sir: I trust you have received my two late letters, by my son +and Sir Trimble, with orders, if you can to good advantage, to make +sale of my tenement at the Crank, and pay my debts to Mr. Dean, Mr. +Watson, and yourself. If you have successfully attempted the affair, +or shall soon so do, I should be glad to see you, and if it may be +with the remainder of the money as soon as may be; or if you could, +before you come, visit Dr. Mead, who was principal of, and agent for, +the first grantees of the town of Landaff, the settlement of which is +now retarded and discouraged by the influence of Mr. Joseph Davenport, +who has inspired an apprehension in the minds of the populace that +they shall be exposed to a quarrel, if they should settle there, etc. +I wish I could send you a copy of the College Charter, and enable you +to discourse understandingly with Dr. Mead, and let him see how amply +this incorporation is endowed, and how independent it is made of this +government or any other incorporation; that the first object of the +royal grant of said township was the dispersed Indian natives, and to +this corporation only in trust for that purpose; that such a matter of +controversy can be decided by no judicatory but supreme, or one equal +to that which incorporated it, that is the Continental Congress; that +unless they can prove that the fee of those lands was not in reality +in the king when the charter thereof was given to the College and the +grant made to the grantees (however irregular and unkind the steps +taken may have been), they will find it difficult, if not +impracticable, to recover it. However, to prevent any expense in that +matter, quiet the minds of people and facilitate the settlement, as +well as exercise proper regard to those who have looked upon +themselves injured thereby, I would propose some conditions of +agreement with those first grantees, whereby I might obtain their +quitclaims to the premises; that is, either a sum of money, or some +other way. What if you should see Dr. Mead and discourse with him +before you come hither? But the bearer is waiting. Accept love to you +and yours, etc., from your affectionate, + + "Mr. Jabez Bingham, Jun." + + * * * * * + +This letter was evidently written by President Wheelock. + + +MISCELLANEOUS MATTER. + +"Since there is great misrepresentations by some concerning my life +and education, I take this opportunity to give the world, in few +words, the true account of my education. I was born a heathen in +Mmoyanheeunnuck, alias Mohegan, in New London, North America. My +parents were altogether heathens, and I was educated by them in their +heathenish notions, though there was a sermon preached to our Mohegan +tribe sometimes, but our Indians regarded not the Christian religion. +They would persist in their heathenish ways, and my parents in +particular were very strong in the customs of their forefathers, and +they led a wandering life up and down in the wilderness, for my father +was a great hunter. Thus I lived with them till I was sixteen years +old, and then there was a great stir of religion in these parts of the +world both amongst the Indians as well as the English, and about this +time I began to think about the Christian religion, and was under +great trouble of mind for some time. I thought the religion which I +heard at this time was a new thing among mankind, such as they never +heard the like before, so ignorant was I, and when I was seventeen +years of age I received a hope, and as I begun to think about +religion, so I began to learn to read, though I went to no school till +I was in my nineteenth year, and then I went to the Rev. Mr. +Wheelock's to learning, and spent four years there, and was very +weakly most of the time; this is the true account of my education. + + Samson Occom. + + "Boston, Nov. 28, 1765." + + * * * * * + +Mr. Occom spent the closing years of a useful life at Brotherton, N. +Y., where he died, in 1792, aged nearly seventy. + + * * * * * + +"A List of Charity Scholars (in Rev. E. Wheelock's School), from 1754 +to 1767: + + John Pumpshire, a Delaware. + Jacob Woolley, a Delaware. + Samson Woyboy. + Joseph Woolley, a Delaware. + Hezekiah Calvin, a Delaware. + Joseph Johnson, a Mohegan. + David Fowler, a Montauk. + Aaron Occom, a Mohegan. + Samuel Kirtland, of Norwich. + Isaiah Uncas, a Mohegan. + Amie Johnson, a Mohegan. + Joseph Brant, } + Negyes ----, } Mohawks. + Center ----, dead, } + Miriam Stores, a Delaware. + Moses ----, } Mohawks. + Johannes ----, } + Sarah Wyog, a Mohegan. + Enoch Closs, a Delaware. + Samuel Tallman, a Delaware. + Daniel Mossock, a Farmington. + Abraham Primus, } + Abraham Secundus, } Mohawks. + Peter ----, } + Patience Johnson, a Mohegan. + Samuel Gray, of Boston. + Mr. Samuel Ashpo, a Mohegan. + Eleazar Sweetland, of Andover. + Jacob Fowler, a Montauk. + Manuel Simon, a Narraganset. + Hannah Poquiantus, a Nehantic. + Hannah Garret, a Narraganset. + Mary Sequettass, a Narraganset. + David Avery, of Norwich. + David McCluer, of Boston. + Mr. Titus Smith, of South Hadley. + William Primus, } + William Secundus, } Mohawks. + Elias ----, } + + Mr. Theophilus Chamberlain, of South Hadley. + Susannah, } + Katharine, } Mohawks. + Mary ----, } + David ----, an Oneida. + Mr. Aaron Kinne, of Volentown. + Mundeus, } Oneidas. + Jacob, } + Sarah Simons, a Narraganset. + Charles Daniel, a Narraganset. + John Green, a Mohawk. + Sam'l Johnson, a member of Yale College. + Allen Mather, of Windsor. + William, an Oneida. + Paulus, a Mohawk. + Seth ----, a Mohawk. + John Shaddock, } Narragansets. + Toby Shaddock, } + Levi Frisbie, of Branford. + Abigail ----, } Narragansets. + Martha ----, } + Toby Shadock's wife and child. + Margaret ----." + + * * * * * + +In the "History of the Five Indian Nations," by Cadwallader Colden, we +find the following paragraph: + +"The French priests had (from time to time) persuaded several of the +Five Nations to leave their own country and to settle near Montreal, +where the French are very industrious in encouraging them. Their +numbers have been likewise increased by the prisoners the French have +taken in war, and by others who have run from their own country +because of some mischief that they had done, or debts which they owed +to the Christians. These Indians all profess Christianity, and +therefore are commonly called the Praying Indians by their countrymen, +and they are called _Cahnuagas_ (Caghnawagas) by the people of +Albany." + + * * * * * + +"An agreement between the Reverend Doctor Eleazar Wheelock, president +of Dartmouth College, and Mr. John Smith, late tutor of the same, with +respect to said Mr. Smith's settlement and salary in capacity of +professor of the languages in Dartmouth College. + +"Mr. Smith agrees to settle as Professor of English, Latin, Greek, +Hebrew, Chaldee, etc., in Dartmouth College, to teach which, and as +many of these and other such languages as he shall understand, as the +Trustees shall judge necessary and practicable for one man, and also +to read lectures on them, as often as the president, tutors, etc., +with himself shall judge profitable for the Seminary. He also agrees, +while he can do it consistently with his office as professor, annually +to serve as tutor to a class of students in the College. In +consideration of which, Dr. Wheelock agrees to give him (the said Mr. +Smith) one hundred pounds L. My. annually as a salary to be paid one +half in money and the other half in money or in such necessary +articles for a family as wheat, Indian corn, rye, beef, pork, mutton, +butter, cheese, hay, pasturing, etc., as long as he shall continue +professor as aforesaid, and that he shall have these articles +delivered to him at the same price for which they were usually sold +before the commencement of the present war in America, viz.: that he +shall have wheat at 5s. per bushel, rye at 3s., Indian corn at 2s. +6d., fresh beef at 3d. per lb., salt beef at 4-1/2d., fresh pork at +4-1/2d., salt do. at 7d., fresh beef at 18s. per ct., do. pork at +25s., mutton at 3d. per lb., butter at 3d., cheese at 3d., bread at +2d., hay at 30s. per ton, pasturing per season for horse 30s., for cow +20s., and also to give him one acre of land near the College for a +building spot, a deed of which he promises to give him whenever he +shall request the same. Doctor Wheelock also agrees that Mr. Smith's +salary, viz.: one hundred pounds annually, shall not be diminished +when his business as professor shall be so great that it will render +it impracticable for him to serve as a tutor to a class in College; +and that Mr. Smith shall not be removed from his professorship except +the Trustees of Dartmouth College shall judge him incapacitated +therefor, and also that Mr. Smith's salary shall begin with the date +hereof. Doctor Wheelock also promises to lay this agreement before the +Trustees of Dartmouth College to be confirmed by them at their next +meeting. Mr. Smith also promises that whenever he shall have a +sufficient support from any fund established for the maintenance of a +professor of languages, he will give up the salary to which the +agreement entitles him. + +"In testimony whereof, we have hereunto interchangeably affixed our +hands and seals this 9th day of November, 1777. + + "Eleazar Wheelock. [L. S.] + "John Smith. [L. S.] + + "In presence of: + "Sylvanus Ripley. + "Joseph Mottey." + + * * * * * + +"July 3, 1816. The Governor and Council appointed Hon. Josiah +Bartlett, of Stratham, Hon. Joshua Darling, of Henniker, Hon. Wm. H. +Woodward, of Hanover, Matthew Harvey, Esq., of Hopkinton, and Levi +Woodbury, Esq., of Francestown, Trustees of Dartmouth University, and +on the following day added Henry Hubbard, Esq., of Charlestown, Dr. +Cyrus Perkins, of Hanover, Aaron Hutchinson, Esq., of Lebanon, and +Daniel M. Durell, Esq., of Dover. On the same days, Hon. John Langdon, +of Portsmouth, Hon. William Gray, of Boston, Mass., Gen. Henry +Dearborn, of Roxbury, Mass., Rev. Thomas Baldwin, of Boston, Hon. +Joseph Story, of Salem, Mass., Hon. W. Crowninshield, of Salem, Mass., +Hon. Benjamin Greene, of Berwick, Me., Hon. Cyrus King, of Saco, Me., +Elisha Ticknor, Esq., of Boston, Hon. Clifton Claggett, of Amherst, +Hon. Dudley Chase, of Randolph, Vt., Gen. Henry A. S. Dearborn, of +Boston, Hon. Jonathan H. Hubbard, of Windsor, Vt., Hon. George +Sullivan, of Exeter, James T. Austin, Esq., of Boston, Hon. Levi +Lincoln, Jr., of Worcester, Mass., Hon. Albion K. Parris, of Paris, +Me., Amos Twitchell, M.D., of Keene, Hon. William A. Griswold, of +Danville, Vt., Hon. Clement Storer, of Portsmouth, and Rev. David +Sutherland, of Bath, Overseers of Dartmouth University." + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS OF CULVER HALL. + +Culver Hall has 1. The Hall Collection of Minerals, worth $5,000 by +estimate when presented to the College about forty years since. 2. +Minerals and rocks collected since, of no great value. 3. Minerals, +fossils, and a collection of 2,000 specimens from Maine deposited by +Professor Hitchcock. 4. A small zoological collection. 5. A large cast +of animals from Ward's University Series. 6. Antiquities. In the story +below is one room devoted to an excellent herbarium, another to the +natural objects obtained from the States of New Hampshire and Vermont. +These are largely those collected by the State Geologist, consisting +of 4,000-5,000 specimens illustrating the rocks. A wall of sections, +where specimens have been collected along thirteen lines east and +west through New Hampshire and Vermont; and colored geological +profiles behind, on the wall. A case of maps, ten in number, showing +such physical features of New Hampshire as these: geological +structure, surface geology, distribution of fauna, distribution of +trees, areas occupied by forests in 1874, hydrographic basins, +isothermal lines, amount of annual rainfall, distribution of soils and +the topography by means of contour lines. There is a large model or +relief map of the State on a table, scale one mile to the inch +horizontally, and 1,000 feet to the inch vertically, about fifteen +feet long, with the town boundaries, names of villages, rivers, ponds, +railroads, and mountains inserted in their proper places; other +collections are of the economic products of New Hampshire and Vermont, +their minerals and fossils. A large collection of birds and 1,000 +species of insects are here also, presented by Professor H. Fairbanks. + +The Geological recitation room has a large map of the United States in +it, and a case of drawers containing minerals, rocks, fossils, models +of crystals and other collections for use in giving instruction. The +laboratory is in two parts, one for general and the other for +analytical instruction. Agricultural College library in second story, +and several recitation rooms. Small working shop for Thayer Department +in the basement. + + * * * * * + +PICTURES IN THE HALLS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. + + 1. Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D.D., Founder. + 2. Rev. Francis Brown, D.D. + 3. The Same. + 4. Rev. Bennet Tyler, D.D. + 5. Rev. Nathan Lord, D.D., LL. D. + 6. Ebenezer Adams, A. M., F. R. S. + 7. Rev. Roswell Shurtleff, D.D. + 8. Nathan Smith, M.D. + 9. Cyrus Perkins, M.D. + 10. Charles B. Haddock, LL. D. + 11. William Chamberlain, A. M. + 12. Dixi Crosby, M.D., LL. D. + 13. Albert Smith, M.D., LL. D. + 14. Rev. Benjamin Hale, D.D. + 15. Ira Young, A. M. + 16. Rev. David Peabody, A. M. + 17. Rev. Sam'l G. Brown, D.D., LL. D. + 18. Rev. Dan'l J. Noyes, D.D. + 19. Edwin D. Sanborn, LL. D. + 20. Stephen Chase, A. M. + 21. Edmund R. Peaslee, M.D., LL. D. + 22. John S. Woodman, A. M. + 23. Rev. John N. Putnam, A. M. + 24. Rev. Charles A. Aiken, D.D., Ph. D. + 25. Hon. James W. Patterson, LL. D. + 26. William Legge, Second Earl of Dartmouth. + 27. John Phillips, LL. D. + 28. Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker, D.D. + 29. Hon. Daniel Webster, LL. D. + 30. The Same (large picture). + 31. The Same (head and bust). + 32. Hon. Jeremiah Mason, LL. D. + 33. Hon. Jeremiah Smith, LL. D. + 34. Hon. Joseph Hopkinson. + 35. Amos Twitchell, M.D. + 36. Richard Fletcher, LL. D. + 37. Hon. Matthew Harvey. + 38. Hon. Charles Marsh. + 39. Hon. Rufus Choate, LL. D. (in action). + 40. The Same (head and bust). + 41. Richard B. Kimball, LL. D. + 42. Abiel Chandler. + 43. Samuel Appleton, A. M. + 44. Rev. Samson Occom. + 45. John Conant. + 46. Gen. Sylvanus Thayer, LL. D. + 47. Hon. John Quincy Adams, LL. D. + 48. A Knight in Armor. + 49. A Lady (a companion picture). + 50. Supposed to be a portrait of an Italian poet. + 51. An untouched photograph of the original of Stuart's Washington. + 52. An untouched photograph of Daniel Webster. + 53. A bust of Rev. Nathan Lord, D.D., LL. D. + 54. John Hubbard, A. M. + 55. Alpheus Crosby, A. M. + 56. Thomas R. Crosby, M.D. + 57. Pres. J. Wheelock. + 58. Rev. George T. Chapman, D.D. + +The picture gallery also contains six slabs, with seven heroic +figures, from Nineveh, the gift of Sir Henry Rawlinson, obtained by +Rev. Austin H. Wright, D.D., of Ooroomiah, Persia. + + * * * * * + +In 1862 an inventory of the Philosophical Apparatus belonging to the +college was taken, and the transfer was made to the Appleton Fund; the +amount of this inventory was $2,352.75. While Rev. H. Fairbanks +occupied the chair of Natural Philosophy about $800 was paid out. +Prof. C. A. Young expended over $5,000 for apparatus while he had +charge of the department. Most of the apparatus is in good condition, +and its value is not far from $10,000. + +For the Astronomical Department Prof. C. A. Young raised among the +Alumni and friends of the college, mostly in New England, over $5,000, +to put the Observatory in good condition. + +Recent liberal donations to the College from the State, and from Hon. +E. W. Stoughton, of New York, have enabled the Faculty to put the +Medical Building in complete repair throughout. A suitable room for a +Pathological Museum has been finished, which is frequently receiving +specimens of diseased structure. The supply of plates, models, etc., +is very ample, and is freely used in illustration of the lectures. + + * * * * * + +LEADING DONORS TO THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT, SINCE THE DEATH OF THE +FOUNDER. + + Samuel Appleton, founder of the Appleton Professorship. + George H. Bissell ($24,000), founder of Bissell Hall. + Henry Bond, for the Library. + Salmon P. Chase. + David Culver ($25,000), founder of Culver Hall. + William E. Dodge. + Israel Evans, founder of the Evans Professorship. + Richard Fletcher. + James W. Grimes. + Frederic Hall, founder of the Hall Professorship. + Jeremiah Kingman, for Scholarships. + Aaron Lawrence, founder of the Lawrence Professorship. + Joel Parker, for the Library. + John Phillips, founder of the Phillips Professorship. + William Reed, founder of Reed Hall. + George C. Shattuck, founder of the Shattuck Observatory. + Isaac Spalding. + Edward S. Tobey. + John Wentworth. + Henry Winkley ($25,000). + Miss Mary C. Bryant, for the Library. + Mrs. Betsey Whitehouse, for Scholarships. + +The sums given by the above average perhaps about $15,000. + +It is worthy of remark that a majority of these donations were made or +received during the administration of President Smith. + + * * * * * + +There are at present ten principal edifices erected for the use of the +various departments of the College: + +Dartmouth Hall and the Medical College, erected during the +administration of Pres. John Wheelock; Thornton, Wentworth, and Reed +Halls, Shattuck Observatory, and the Chandler Building, erected or +completed during the administration of President Lord; Bissell, +Culver, and Conant Halls, erected during the administration of +President Smith. + +During the latter period the President's chair received an endowment +of $30,000, and more than sixty scholarships an endowment of $1,000 +each. + +Recent bequests to the various departments from Tappan Wentworth, John +D. Willard, Richard Fletcher, John S. Woodman, and Joel Parker will +amount, _when available_, to over $700,000. + + + + +CHARTER OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. + +GEORGE THE THIRD BY THE GRACE OF GOD, OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE AND +IRELAND, KING, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, ETC. + + + _To all to whom these presents shall come_, Greeting: + +Whereas it hath been represented to our trusty and well-beloved John +Wentworth, Esq., Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in and over our +province of New Hampshire, in New England in America, that the Rev. +Eleazar Wheelock of Lebanon, in the colony of Connecticut, in New +England aforesaid, now Doctor in Divinity, did, on or about the year +of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and fifty-four, at his own +expense, on his own estate and plantation, set on foot an _Indian +Charity School_, and for several years, through the assistance of well +disposed persons in America, cloathed, maintained and educated a +number of the children of the _Indian natives_, with a view to their +carrying the gospel in their own language, and spreading the knowledge +of the great Redeemer among their savage tribes, and hath actually +employed a number of them as Missionaries and School Masters in the +wilderness for that purpose, and by the blessing of God upon the +endeavors of said Wheelock, the design became reputable among the +Indians, insomuch that a larger number desired the education of their +children in said School, and were also disposed to receive +missionaries and school masters in the wilderness, more than could be +supported by the charitable contributions in these American colonies. + +Whereupon the said Eleazar Wheelock thought it expedient that +endeavors should be used to raise contributions from well disposed +persons in England, for the carrying on and extending said +undertaking, and for that purpose said Eleazar Wheelock requested the +Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker, now Doctor in Divinity, to go over to England +for that purpose, and sent over with him the Rev. Sampson Occom, an +Indian minister, who had been educated by the said Wheelock. And to +enable the said Whitaker, to the more successful performance of said +work on which he was sent, said Wheelock gave him a full power of +attorney, by which said Whitaker solicited those worthy and generous +contributors to the charity, viz. the Right Hon. William Earl of +Dartmouth, the Hon. Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe, Knight, one of the +Barons of his Majesty's Court of Exchequer, John Thornton, of Clapham, +in the county of Surrey, Esq., Samuel Roffey, of Lincoln's Innfields, +in the county of Middlesex, Esq., Charles Hardey, of the parish of St. +Mary-le-bonne, in said county, Esq., Daniel West, of Christ's Church, +Spitalfields, in the county aforesaid, Esq., Samuel Savage, of the +same place, gentleman; Josiah Robarts, of the parish of St. Edmund the +King, Lombard Street, London, gentleman, and Robert Keen, of the +parish of St. Botolph, Aldgate, London, gentleman; to receive the +several sums of money which should be contributed, and to be trustees +to the contributors to such charity: which they cheerfully agreed to. + +Whereupon, the said Whitaker did, by virtue of said power of attorney, +constitute and appoint the said Earl of Dartmouth, Sir Sidney Stafford +Smythe, John Thornton, Samuel Roffey, Charles Hardey, and Daniel West, +Esquires, and Samuel Savage, Josiah Robarts, and Robert Keen, +gentlemen, to be trustees of the money which had then been +contributed, and which should by his means be contributed for said +purpose; which trust they have accepted, as by their engrossed +declaration of the same under their hands and seals, well executed +fully appears, and the same hath also been ratified by a deed of +trust, well executed by said Wheelock. + +And the said Wheelock further represents, that he has, by a power of +attorney, for many weighty reasons, given full power to the said +trustees, to fix upon and determine the place for said school, most +subservient to the great end in view. And to enable them +understandingly to give the preference, the said Wheelock has laid +before the said trustees the several offers which have been generously +made in the several governments in America to encourage and invite the +settlement of said school among them for their own private emolument, +and for the increase of learning in their respective places, as well +as for the furtherance of the general design in view. + +And whereas a large number of the proprietors of lands in the western +part of this our province of New Hampshire, animated and excited +thereto by the generous example of his Excellency their Governor, and +by the liberal contributions of many noblemen and gentlemen in +England, and especially by the consideration that such a situation +would be as convenient as any for carrying on the great design among +the Indians; and also considering that without the least impediment to +the said design, the same school may be enlarged and improved to +promote learning among the English, and be a means to supply a great +number of churches and congregations which are likely soon to be +formed in that new country, with a learned and orthodox ministry, they +the said proprietors have promised large tracts of land for the uses +aforesaid, provided the school shall be settled in the western part of +our said province. + +And they the said Right Hon. Hon. and worthy trustees before +mentioned, having maturely considered the reasons and arguments in +favor of the several places proposed, have given the preference to the +western part of our said province, lying on Connecticut river, as a +situation most convenient for said school. + +And the said Wheelock has further represented a necessity of a legal +incorporation, in order to the safety and well being of said seminary, +and its being capable of the tenure and disposal of lands and bequests +for the use of the same. And the said Wheelock has also represented, +that for many weighty reasons, it will be expedient, at least in the +infancy of said institution, or till it can be accommodated in that +new country, and he and his friends be able to remove and settle by +and round about it, that the gentlemen whom he has already nominated +in his last will (which he has transmitted to the aforesaid gentlemen +of the trust in England) to be trustees in America, should be of the +corporation now proposed. And also as there are already large +collections for said school in the hands of the aforesaid gentlemen of +the trust in England, and all reason to believe from their signal +wisdom, piety, and zeal, to promote the Redeemer's cause (which has +already procured for them the utmost confidence of the kingdom) we may +expect they will appoint successors in time to come, who will be men +of the same spirit, whereby great good may and will accrue many ways +to the institution, and much be done by their example and influence to +encourage and facilitate the whole design in view; for which reasons +said Wheelock desires that the trustees aforesaid, may be vested with +all that power therein which can consist with their distance from the +same. + +Know ye therefore that We, considering the premises and being willing +to encourage the laudable design of spreading Christian knowledge +among the savages of our American wilderness. And also that the best +means of education be established in our province of New Hampshire, +for the benefit of said province, do, of our special grace, certain +knowledge and mere motion, by and with the advice of our council for +said province, by these presents will, ordain, grant and constitute +that there be a college erected in our said province of New Hampshire, +by the name of _Dartmouth College_, for the education and instruction +of youths of the Indian tribes in this land, in reading, writing, and +all parts of learning, which shall appear necessary and expedient, for +civilizing and christianizing the children of pagans, as well as in +all liberal arts and sciences, and also of English youths, and any +others. And the trustees of said college may, and shall be, one body +corporate and politic in deed, action and name, and shall be called, +named, and distinguished by the name of _The Trustees of Dartmouth +College_. + +And further, We have willed, given, granted, constituted and ordained, +and by this our present charter, of our special grace, certain +knowledge and mere motion, with the advice aforesaid, do for us, our +heirs and successors forever, will, give, grant, constitute, and +ordain, that there shall from henceforth and forever, be in the said +Dartmouth College, a body politic, consisting of Trustees of Dartmouth +College. And for the more full and perfect erection of said +Corporation and body politic, consisting of Trustees of Dartmouth +College, We, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, +do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, make, ordain, +constitute and appoint, our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, +Esquire, Governor of our said province, and the governor of our said +province of New Hampshire, for the time being, and our trusty and well +beloved Theodore Atkinson, Esquire, now president of our council of +our said province, George Jaffrey and Daniel Pierce, Esqrs., both of +our said council, and Peter Gilman, Esq., now Speaker of our House of +Representatives in said province, and William Pitkin, Esq., one of the +Assistants of our colony of Connecticut, and our trusty and well +beloved Eleazar Wheelock, of Lebanon, Doctor in Divinity, Benjamin +Pomeroy, of Hebron, James Lockwood, of Weathersfield, Timothy Pitkin +and John Smalley, of Farmington, and William Patten of Hartford, all +of our said colony of Connecticut, ministers of the gospel (the whole +number of said trustees consisting, and hereafter forever to consist, +of twelve and no more) to be trustees of said Dartmouth College, in +this our province of New Hampshire. + +And We do further, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere +motion, for us, our heirs and successors, will, give, grant and +appoint that the said trustees and their successors shall, forever +hereafter, be in deed, act and name, a body corporate and politic, and +that they the said body corporate and politic, shall be known and +distinguished in all deeds, grants, bargains, sales, writings, +evidences or otherwise however, and in all courts forever hereafter +plead and be impleaded by the name of _The Trustees of Dartmouth +College_. And that the said corporation by the name aforesaid, shall +be able and in law capable for the use of said Dartmouth College, to +have, get, acquire, purchase, receive, hold, possess and enjoy, +tenements, hereditaments, jurisdictions and franchises for themselves +and their successors, in fee simple or otherwise however, and to +purchase, receive, or build any house or houses, or any other +buildings, as they shall think needful and convenient for the use of +said Dartmouth College, and in such town in the western part of our +said province of New Hampshire, as shall, by said trustees, or the +major part of them be agreed upon, their said agreement to be +evidenced by an instrument in writing under their hands ascertaining +the same. And also to receive and dispose of any lands, goods, +chattels and other things of what nature soever, for the use +aforesaid. And also to have, accept and receive any rents, profits, +annuities, gifts, legacies, donations or bequests of any kind +whatsoever for the use aforesaid: so nevertheless, that the yearly +value of the premises do not exceed the sum of six thousand pounds +sterling. And therewith or otherwise to support and pay, as the said +trustees, or the major part of such of them as are regularly convened +for that purpose, shall agree; the president, tutors, and other +officers and ministers of said Dartmouth College, and also to pay all +such missionaries and school masters as shall be authorized, appointed +and employed by them for civilizing, Christianizing, and instructing +the Indian natives of this land, their several allowances, and also +their respective annual salaries or allowances, and also such +necessary and contingent charges, as from time to time shall arise and +accrue, relating to said Dartmouth College. And also to bargain, sell, +let or assign lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods or chattels, and +all other things whatsoever, by the name aforesaid, in as full and +ample a manner, to all intents and purposes as a natural person or +other body corporate or politic, is able to do by the laws of our +realm of Great Britain, or of said province of New Hampshire. + +And further, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, +to the intent that our said corporation and body politic may answer +the end of their erection and constitution, and may have perpetual +succession and continuance forever, We do for us, our heirs and +successors, will, give and grant unto the said trustees of Dartmouth +College, and to their successors forever, that there shall be once a +year, and every year, a meeting of said trustees, held at said +Dartmouth College, at such time as by said trustees, or the major part +of them, at any legal meeting of said trustees shall be agreed on. The +first meeting to be called by the said Eleazar Wheelock, as soon as +conveniently may be, within one year next after the enrolment of these +our letters patent, at such time and place as he shall judge proper. +And the said trustees, or the major part of any seven or more of them, +shall then determine on the time for holding the annual meeting, +aforesaid, which may be altered as they shall hereafter find most +convenient. + +And We do further ordain and direct, that the said Eleazar Wheelock +shall notify the time for holding the first meeting to be called as +aforesaid, by sending a letter to each of said trustees, and causing +an advertisement thereof to be printed in the "New Hampshire Gazette," +and in some public newspaper printed in the colony of Connecticut. But +in case of the death or incapacity of said Wheelock, then such meeting +to be notified in manner as aforesaid, by the Governor or Commander in +Chief of our said province for the time being. + +And We also, for us, our heirs and successors, hereby will, give and +grant unto the said trustees of Dartmouth College aforesaid, and to +their successors forever, that when any seven or more of the said +trustees or their successors are convened and met together for the +service of said Dartmouth College, at any time or times, such seven or +more shall be capable to act as fully and amply to all intents and +purposes, as if all the trustees of said College were personally +present; and all affairs and actions whatsoever, under the care of +said trustees, shall be determined by the majority or greater number +of those seven or more trustees, so convened and met together. + +And we do further will, ordain and direct, that the president, +trustees, professors, and tutors, and all such officers as shall be +appointed for the public instruction and government of said College, +shall, before they undertake the execution of their respective offices +or trusts, or within one year after, take the oaths and subscribe the +declaration, provided by an act of Parliament, made in the first year +of King George the First, entitled, "An Act for the further security +of his Majesty's person and government, and the succession of the +Crown in the heirs of the late Princess Sophia being Protestants, and +for the extinguishing the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales, and +his open and secret abettors," that is to say, the president before +the governor of our said province for the time being, or by one +empowered by him to that service, or by the president of our council, +and the trustees, professors, tutors and other officers before the +president of said college, for the time being, who is hereby empowered +to administer the same: an entry of all which shall be made in the +records of the said college. + +And we do for us, our heirs and successors, hereby will, give and +grant full power and authority to the president, hereafter by us +named, and to his successors, or in case of his failure, to any three +or more of said trustees, to appoint other occasional meetings, from +time to time, of the said seven trustees, or any greater number of +them, to transact any matter or thing necessary to be done, before the +next annual meeting, and to order notice to the said seven or any +greater number of them, of the times and places of meetings for the +services aforesaid, by a letter under his or their hands of the same, +one month before said meeting. Provided always, that no standing rule +or order be made or altered, for the regulation of said college, or +any president or professor be chosen or displaced, or any other matter +or thing transacted or done, which shall continue in force after the +then next annual meeting of said trustees as aforesaid. + +And further, We do by these presents, for us, our heirs and +successors, create, make, constitute, nominate and appoint our trusty +and well beloved Eleazar Wheelock, Doctor in Divinity, the founder of +said college, to be president of said Dartmouth College, and to have +the immediate care of the education and government of such students, +as shall be admitted into said Dartmouth College, for instruction and +education; and do will, give and grant to him in said office, full +power, authority and right to nominate, appoint, constitute and ordain +by his last will, such suitable and meet person or persons as he shall +choose, to succeed him in the presidency of said Dartmouth College; +and the person so appointed by his last will, to continue in office, +vested with all the powers, privileges, jurisdiction and authority of +a president of said Dartmouth College, that is to say, so long as +until such appointment, by said last will, shall be disapproved by the +trustees of said Dartmouth College. + +And We do also for us, our heirs and successors, will, give and grant +to the said trustees of Dartmouth College, and to their successors +forever, or any seven or more of them, convened as aforesaid, that in +case of the ceasing or failure of a president, by any means +whatsoever, that the said trustees do elect, nominate and appoint such +qualified person, as they, or the major part of any seven or more of +them, convened for that purpose, as above directed, shall think fit, +to be president of said Dartmouth College, and to have the care of the +education and government of the students as aforesaid. And in case of +the ceasing of a president as aforesaid, the senior professor or +tutor, being one of the trustees, shall exercise the office of a +president, until the trustees shall make choice of, and appoint a +president as aforesaid; and such professor or tutor, or any three or +more of the trustees, shall immediately appoint a meeting of the body +of the trustees for the purpose aforesaid. And also, We do will, give +and grant to the said trustees, convened as aforesaid, that they +elect, nominate and appoint, so many tutors and professors, to assist +the president in the education and government of the students +belonging thereto as they the said trustees shall, from time to time, +and at any time think needful and serviceable to the interests of said +Dartmouth College. And also that the said trustees, or their +successors, or the major part of any seven or more of them, convened +for that purpose as above directed, shall at any time displace and +discharge from the service of said Dartmouth College, any or all such +officers, and elect others in their room and stead as before directed. +And also that the said trustees or their successors, or the major part +of any seven of them which shall convene for that purpose as above +directed, do from time to time as occasion shall require, elect, +constitute and appoint a treasurer, a clerk, an usher and a steward, +for the said Dartmouth College, and appoint to them, and each of them, +their respective businesses and trust; and displace and discharge from +the service of said college, such treasurer, clerk, usher or steward, +and elect others in their room and stead; which officers so elected as +before directed, We do for us, our heirs and successors, by these +presents constitute and establish in their respective offices, and do +give to each and every of them, full power and authority, to exercise +the same in said Dartmouth College, according to the directions and +during the pleasure of the said trustees, as fully and freely as any +like officers in any of our universities, colleges, or seminaries of +learning, in our realm of Great Britain, lawfully may or ought to do. + +And also, that the said trustees or their successors, or the major +part of any seven or more of them, which shall convene for that +purpose, as is above directed, as often as one or more of said +trustees shall die, or by removal or otherwise shall, according to +their judgment become unfit or incapable to serve the interests of +said college, do, as soon as may be, after the death, removal, or such +unfitness or incapacity of such trustee or trustees, elect and appoint +such trustee or trustees as shall supply the place of him or them so +dying, or becoming incapable to serve the interests of said college; +and every trustee so elected and appointed, shall, by virtue of these +presents, and such election and appointment, be vested with all the +powers and privileges which any of the other trustees of said college +are hereby vested with. And We do further will, ordain and direct, +that from and after the expiration of two years from the enrolment of +these presents, such vacancy or vacancies shall be filled up unto the +complete number of _twelve Trustees_, eight of the aforesaid whole +number of the body of the trustees shall be resident and respectable +freeholders of our said Province of _New Hampshire_, and seven of said +whole number shall be laymen. + +And We do further of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere +motion, will, give and grant unto the said trustees of _Dartmouth +College_ that they and their successors, or the major part of any +seven of them which shall convene for that purpose as above directed, +may make, and they are hereby fully empowered from time to time fully +and lawfully to make and establish such ordinances, orders and laws, +as may tend to the good and wholesome government of the said +_College_, and all the students and the several officers and ministers +thereof, and to the public benefit of the same, not repugnant to the +laws and statutes of our realm of _Great Britain_ or of this our +province of _New Hampshire_ (and not excluding any person of any +religious denomination whatsoever from free and equal liberty and +advantage of education, or from any of the liberties and privileges or +immunities of the said _College_ on account of his or their +speculative sentiments in religion, and of his or their being of a +religious profession different from the said _Trustees_ of the said +_Dartmouth College_), and such ordinances, orders and laws which shall +as aforesaid be made, we do by these presents, for us, our heirs and +successors, ratify, allow of and confirm, as good and effectual to +oblige and bind all the students and the several officers and +ministers of said _College_. And We do hereby authorize and empower +the said _Trustees of Dartmouth College_, and the _president_, tutors +and professors by them elected and appointed as aforesaid, to put such +ordinances, laws and orders into execution to all intents and +purposes. + +And We do further of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere +motion, will, give and grant unto the said _Trustees_, of said +_Dartmouth College_, for the encouragement of learning and animating +the students of said _College_ to diligence and industry and a +laudable progress in literature, that they and their successors, or +the major part of any seven or more of them convened for that purpose +as above directed, do by the _President_ of said _College_ for the +time being, or any other deputed by them, give and grant any such +degree or degrees to any of the students of the said _College_, or any +others by them thought worthy thereof, as are usually granted in +either of the _Universities_ or any other _College_ in our realm of +_Great Britain_; and that they sign and seal diplomas or certificates +of such graduations to be kept by the graduates as perpetual memorials +and testimonies thereof. + +And We do further of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere +motion, for us, our heirs and successors, by these presents give and +grant unto the _Trustees_ of said _Dartmouth College_ and to their +successors, that they and their successors shall have a common seal +under which they may pass all diplomas or certificates of degrees, and +all other affairs of business of and concerning the said _College_, +which shall be engraven in such form and with such an inscription as +shall be devised by the said Trustees for the time being, or by the +major part of any seven or more of them convened for the service of +said _College_ as is above directed. + +And We do further for us our heirs and successors, give and grant unto +the _Trustees_ of said _Dartmouth College_ and their successors, or to +the major part of any seven or more of them convened for the service +of said _College_, full power and authority from time to time to +nominate and appoint all other officers and ministers which they shall +think convenient and necessary for the service of the said _College_ +not herein particularly named or mentioned; which officers and +ministers we do hereby impower to execute their offices and trusts as +fully and freely as any one of the officers and ministers in our +_Universities_ or _Colleges_ in our realm of _Great Britain_ lawfully +may or ought to do. + +And further, that the generous contributors to the support of this +design of spreading the knowledge of the only true God and Saviour +among the _American_ savages, may from time to time be satisfied that +their liberations are faithfully disposed of in the best manner for +that purpose, and that others may in future time be encouraged in the +exercise of the like liberality for promoting the same pious design; +it shall be the duty of the _President_ of said _Dartmouth College_ +and of his successors, annually or as often as he shall be thereunto +desired or requested, to transmit to the Right Hon., Hon. and worthy +Gentlemen of the trust in _England_ before mentioned, a faithful +account of the improvements and disbursements of the several sums he +shall receive from the donations and bequests made in _England_ +through the hands of the said _Trustees_, and also advise them of the +general plans laid and prospects exhibited, as well as a faithful +account of all remarkable occurrences, in order if they shall think +expedient that they may be published. And this to continue so long as +they shall perpetuate their board of Trust, and there shall be any of +the _Indian_ natives remaining to be proper objects of that charity. + +And lastly, our express will and pleasure is, and We do by these +presents for us our heirs and successors, give and grant unto the said +_Trustees_ of _Dartmouth College_ and to their successors forever, +that these our letters patent or the enrolment thereof in the +Secretary's office of our province of _New Hampshire_ aforesaid, shall +be good and effectual in law to all intents and purposes against us +our heirs and successors, without any other license, grant or +confirmation from us our heirs and successors hereafter by the said +_Trustees_ to be had and obtained, notwithstanding the not writing or +misrecital, not naming or misnaming the aforesaid offices, franchises, +privileges, immunities, or other the premises or any of them, and +notwithstanding a writ of _ad quod damnum_ hath not issued forth to +enquire of the premises or any of them before the ensealing hereof, +any statute, act, ordinance or proviso, or any other matter or thing +to the contrary notwithstanding. + +To have and to hold, all and singular the privileges, advantages, +liberties, immunities, and all other the premises herein and hereby +granted and given, or which are meant, mentioned, or intended to be +herein and hereby given and granted unto them the said _Trustees_ of +_Dartmouth College_ and to their successors forever. + + * * * * * + +In Testimony whereof We have caused these our letters to be made +_patent_, and the public seal of our said province of _New Hampshire_ +to be hereunto affixed. + +Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esq., Governor and +Commander in Chief in and over our said Province, etc., this +thirteenth day of _December_, in the tenth year of our reign, and in +the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine. + + J. WENTWORTH. + + By his Excellency's command + with the advice of Council. + Theodore Atkinson, _Secretary_. + + [Locus ] + [Sigilli.] + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abbott, 276. + +Accum, F., 272. + +Adams, D., 405. + +Adams, Ebenezer, 90, 112, 126, 235, 239, 241, 243, 244, 287, 291, + 295, 404. + +Adams, Eliza, 291. + +Adams, Ephraim, 241. + +Adams, John, 77. + +Adams, Joseph, 16, 17, 18. + +Adams, J. O., 165, 166. + +Adams, R. L., 241. + +Aiken, C. A., 337. + +Aiken, J., 394. + +Aiken, S., 337, 370, 394. + +Akerman, A. T., 401. + +Albany Medical School, 359. + +Alexander, A., 233. + +Allen, D. H., 403. + +Allen, E. A., 166. + +Allen, H., 400. + +Allen, S. C., 97, 400. + +Allen, Thomas, 35. + +Allen, Timothy, 20. + +Allen, W., 72, 76. + +Alvord, J. C., 401. + +Amherst College, 247, 389, 402. + +Amherst, J., 23. + +Anderson, R., 277, 396, 397. + +Andover Theological Seminary, 169, 249, 277, 287, 304, 319, 321, 330, + 389, 396. + +Andral, 361. + +Andrews, G. L., 378. + +Antietam, 407. + +Appleton, J., 119, 127, 169, 276, 396, 402, 405. + +Appleton, S., 162, 391. + +Arnold, L. H., 400. + +Arnold, T., 206. + +Atkinson, G. H., 403. + +Atkinson, T., 51, 52. + +Auburn Theological Seminary, 330, 331, 336. + +Austin, 222. + + +Backus, C., 233, 245. + +Backus, S., 401. + +Badger, J., 310. + +Bailey, K., 397. + +Bailey, M., 403. + +Bailey, R. W., 337, 403. + +Baker, W. L., 407. + +Bancroft, C. F. P., 404. + +Bancroft, J. P., 406. + +Bangor Theological Seminary, 397. + +Bannister, 165. + +Barber, J., 20. + +Barker, F., 360. + +Barnard, W. E., 403. + +Barrett, J., 186, 401. + +Barstow, J. W., 354, 363. + +Barstow, Z. S., 174. + +Bartlett, E., 345, 366. + +Bartlett, L., 114, 400. + +Bartlett, S. C., 186, 190, 337, 358, 405, 408. + +Bartlett, W. H., 401. + +Barton, B. S., 350. + +Bates College, 402. + +Baylies, N., 401. + +Beattie, 380. + +Bedel, 76. + +Bell, J., 400. + +Bell, L. V., 406. + +Bell, S., 394, 400, 406. + +Bell, S. N., 400. + +Bellamy, J. S, 8, 89. + +Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 359, 366. + +Berkeley, G., 3, 4, 9. + +Bermuda, College at, 3. + +Bernard, 361. + +Bernard, Sir F., 49. + +Betton, S., 400. + +Bickmore, A. S., 403. + +Bigelow, A., 400. + +Bigelow, J., 265. + +Bigelow, T., 107. + +Bingham, 220. + +Bingham, A., 13. + +Bingham, C., 338, 404, 405. + +Birney, 399. + +Bissell, C., 390. + +Bissell, G. H., 390, 407. + +Bissell, W. H., 390. + +Blaisdell, J. J., 403. + +Blanchard, J., 400. + +Blois, 79. + +Boardman, B., 20. + +Boardman, H. E. J., 403. + +Bond, H., 162, 337, 392, 405. + +Bonney, B. W., 401. + +Bouton, J. B., 405. + +Bouton, N., 171, 172, 394. + +Bowdoin College, 159, 276, 277, 278, 351, 358, 362, 366, 402. + +Boyle, R., 2, 3, 4, 12. + +Bradford, 53. + +Bradford, E. P., 100. + +Bradford, W., 8. + +Brainerd, D., 12. + +Brainerd, J., 12. + +Brant, J., 29. + +Breck, D., 400. + +Brewer, F. B., 407. + +Briggs, 166. + +Brigham, E., 400. + +Brigham, L., 305. + +Brigham, L. F., 401. + +Brigham, M., 305. + +Brown, A., 403, 407. + +Brown, A. H., 403, 406. + +Brown, B., 117. + +Brown, E. G., 120, 260, 262. + +Brown, F., 100, 108, 112, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 213, + 242, 338, 408. + +Brown, J., 337, 397. + +Brown, J. P., 406. + +Brown, P. K., 117. + +Brown, S. G., 120, 186, 238, 248, 307, 308, 313, 315, 316, 321, 336. + +Brown University, 212. + +Brunson, D., 400. + +Buffum, J., 400. + +Bullen, H. L., 403. + +Bull Run, 407. + +Burleigh, W., 387. + +Burlingame, 184. + +Burnham, A., 392, 397. + +Burr, A., 8. + +Burroughs, E., 9, 212. + +Burton, A., 397, 405. + +Bush, G., 403, 405. + +Butler, C., 338, 404. + +Byles, M., 20. + +Byrd, W., 3. + + +Caghnawaga Chiefs, 67. + +Caldwell, H. M., 407. + +California, College of, 403. + +Calvin, J., 120. + +Carroll, C. W., 407. + +Carter, E., 257, 404. + +Carter, N. H., 257, 258, 405. + +Carteret, 3. + +Casey, 365. + +Centennial Celebration, 183. + +Chamberlain, J. E., 256. + +Chamberlain, S. L. G., 260, 262, 326. + +Chamberlain, W., 256, 257, 260, 261, 262, 263, 280, 283, 326. + +Chamberlain, W. M., 360. + +Chamberlin, G. E., 407. + +Chandler, 30. + +Chandler, A., 367, 369, 381, 382. + +Chapman, 350. + +Chapman, G. T., 189, 397, 403. + +Chase, B. P., 298. + +Chase, C. C., 285. + +Chase, D., 400. + +Chase, E., 349. + +Chase, J., 349. + +Chase, M. C., 298. + +Chase, P., 397, 402. + +Chase, Sarah, 349. + +Chase, Stephen, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 326, 327, 371. + +Chase, S. P., 139, 183, 186, 392, 399. + +Chenery, 6. + +Cheney, O. B., 402. + +Chesley, M. A., 329. + +Chesley, S. P., 329. + +Chicago Theological Seminary, 190. + +Chipman, D., 400. + +Chittenden, M., 400. + +Choate, R., 117, 123, 185, 193, 240, 287, 337, 399, 405. + +Church, J. H., 393. + +Churchill, C. H., 403. + +Clap, T., 8, 41, 58, 88. + +Clare Hall, 6. + +Clark, A., 31, 34. + +Clark, Daniel, 186, 400. + +Clark, Dorus, 247. + +Clark, E. W., 397. + +Clarke, A. W., 403. + +Clarke, I. L., 407. + +Clay, H., 400. + +Cleaveland, C. D., 403, 405. + +Cleaveland, E., 35, 37, 38, 217. + +Cleaveland, M., 217. + +Clyde, 79, 290. + +Cogswell, F., 407. + +Cogswell, J., 309. + +Cogswell, J. B., 309. + +Cogswell, J. G., 265. + +Cogswell, W., 298, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315. + +Coke, 116. + +Colby, J. K., 404. + +Cold Harbor, 407. + +Collar, 289. + +Collins, 222. + +Collins' Peerage, 380. + +Colman, 4. + +Colman, H., 405, 406. + +Columbia, 31. + +Columbia College, 281. + +Columbian College, 376. + +Comings, G. P., 403. + +Commerce, Journal of, 260. + +Conant, J., 382, 383. + +Conner, P. S., 406. + +Converse, A., 405. + +Cook, A. J., 404. + +Cooke, G., 403. + +Cooper, Sir A., 352. + +Cotton, 1. + +Cotton, W., 17, 18. + +Craft, J., 6. + +Crane, C., 337. + +Crosby, 406. + +Crosby, Alpheus, 141, 182, 276, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, + 290, 316, 317, 405. + +Crosby, Asa, 283, 354. + +Crosby, A. B., 339, 345, 349, 363, 364, 366. + +Crosby, A. G. J. C., 288. + +Crosby, A. R., 283. + +Crosby, D., 339, 345, 354, 355, 356, 357, 363, 364. + +Crosby, M. J. M., 363. + +Crosby, N., 182, 258, 388, 405. + +Crosby, T. R., 375. + +Culver, D., 374, 390, 391. + +Currier, A. N., 403. + +Curtis, A., 167, 405. + +Cushing, J. P., 402. + +Cushman, 43. + +Cutler, A. C. G. J., 288. + +Cutler, A. G. J., 288. + +Cutler, J., 288. + +Cutting, J., 401. + + +Daggett, 58. + +Dana, C. B., 403. + +Dana, D., 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 310, 408. + +Dana, E. C., 132. + +Dana, James F., 256, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 344, 345. + +Dana, Jonathan F., 271. + +Dana, Joseph, 403. + +Dana, Judah, 338, 400. + +Dana, L., 271. + +Dana, L. G., 271. + +Dana, R., 271. + +Dana, S., 271. + +Dana, S. E., 132. + +Dana, S. L., 271. + +Dartmouth Controversy, 88. + +Dartmouth, Earl of, 4, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 72, + 78, 380, 381. + +Dartmouth Hall, Erection of, 80. + +Davenport, J., 71. + +Davis, 272. + +Davis, C. A., 407. + +Davis, E., 247, 248. + +Davis, M., 163, 164. + +Deaf Mutes, College for, 402. + +Dean, J., 57, 219, 257, 258, 337, 403. + +De Berdt, 41. + +Dedham, 6, 7, 55, 310, 313. + +Delamater, J., 345, 366. + +De Lancey, W. H., 282. + +Delano, S., 394. + +Dickinson, A., 397. + +Dickinson, S. F., 402. + +Dimond, D., 403. + +Dimond, E. W., 374, 375. + +Dingley, N., 401. + +Dinsmoor, S., 400, 401. + +Dixwell, J. J., 368. + +Doddridge, P., 253. + +Doe, C., 401. + +Dorsey, 350. + +Douglass, 283. + +Dover Town Records, 15. + +Downer, J., 401. + +Draper, G., 403. + +Dresden, 167. + +Drury College, 403. + +Drury, P., 246. + +Drury, T., 246. + +Dudley, T., 6. + +Dumas, 77. + +Duncan, W. H., 167, 183, 186, 392. + +Dunham, J., 82, 338. + +Dunning, B., 20. + +Durell, D. M., 400. + +Durkee, S., 405. + +Duvall, 114. + +Dyer, E., 41. + +Dyke, H. M., 407. + + +Eastman, I. A., 171, 400. + +Eastman, T., 213. + +East Tennessee, College of, 403. + +East Windsor Theological Seminary, 138, 397. + +Eaton, J., 404. + +Eaton, S., 6. + +Edinburgh, University of, 35. + +Edwards, J., 5, 10, 75. + +Edwards, T. M., 400, 407. + +Eells, N., 20. + +Eliot, 1. + +Eliot, John, 7, 263. + +Ellis, J. M., 403. + +Emerson, C. F., 337. + +Emerson, J. S., 338, 397. + +Emery, N., 401. + +Emmet, T. A., 358, 360. + +Emmons, N., 397. + +Erskine, 41, 57, 71. + +Estabrook, H., 20. + +Estabrook, J., 403. + +Evans, I., 82, 392. + +Evans, W. M., 399. + +Everett, Alexander, 265. + +Everett, Augustus, 403. + +Everett, D., 405. + +Everett, E., 403. + +Exeter Donation, 15. + + +Fairbanks, H., 337. + +Fairfield Medical College, 351. + +Farnsworth, B. F., 403. + +Farrar, C. S., 403. + +Farrar, T., 108, 394. + +Fellows, S., 407. + +Felt, J. B., 405. + +Fessenden, T. G., 405, 407. + +Field, H. M., 366. + +Field, W. A., 400. + +Fillmore, M., 253. + +First effort to found a College in America, 2. + +Fish, J., 20. + +Fisk, M. H., 403. + +Fiske, J., 397. + +Fiske, M., 337. + +Fiske, N. W., 337, 397, 402, 405. + +Fitch, 41, 245. + +Fitch, J., 7. + +Flanders, B. F., 400. + +Fletcher, I., 400. + +Fletcher, Richard, 189, 386, 387, 393, 394, 400. + +Fletcher, Robert, 376, 377. + +Fletcher, S., 370, 394. + +Flint, 360. + +Fogg, G. G., 400, 401. + +Folsom, N. S., 136, 138, 253, 260, 330, 403, 405. + +Forbes, 380. + +Forsythe, 79. + +Foster, 20. + +Foster, A., 397. + +Foster, C., 407. + +Foster, C. L., 407. + +Foster, D., 407. + +Foster, S., 403. + +Fowler, D., 14. + +Fowler, Jacob, 338. + +Fowler, Joseph, 20. + +Fox, J., 258. + +Franklin, B., 58, 77. + +Fredericksburg, 407. + +Freeman, E., 53. + +Freeman, J., 53, 394. + +Frink, A., 241. + +Frost, C. P., 366. + +Frost, E. B., 407. + +Fuller, 6. + +Fuller, H. T., 404. + +Furber, D. L., 303, 322. + + +Gale, N., 132. + +Gallup, J. A., 406. + +Gardiner, R. H., 278. + +Gates, 76. + +Geneva College, 281, 282, 283. + +George II., 3. + +George III., 380. + +Gerrish, A., 387. + +Gifford, A., 14, 71. + +Gilbert, Samuel, 50. + +Gilbert, Sylvester, 400. + +Gillett, E., 397. + +Gilman, Joseph, 260. + +Gilman, Josiah, 262. + +Gilman, N., 262. + +Gilman, P., 22, 51. + +Gilman, T., 120. + +Gilmanton Theological Seminary, 311, 314. + +Gladstone, 193, 206. + +Goddard, C., 400. + +Godding, W. W., 406. + +Gooch, D. W., 400. + +Goodell, W., 397. + +Goodhue, A. B., 403. + +Goodrich, C. B., 401. + +Goodwin, I., 303. + +Goodwin, J. N., 400. + +Goodwin S. T., 303. + +Gookin, N., 17, 18. + +Gorham, 271. + +Grant, U. S., 407. + +Graves, M., 20. + +Graves, R., 343, 402. + +Gray, S., 59. + +Greeley, A., 120. + +Greenleaf, B., 404, 405. + +Gregg, J., 330, 336, 337, 403. + +Grennell, G., 400. + +Griffith, R., 78. + +Grimes, J. W., 400. + +Griswold, 280. + +Grosvenor, C. P., 403. + +Grover, J., 57. + +Gurley, E., 57. + + +Haddock, A. W., 248. + +Haddock, C. B., 117, 120, 140, 241, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, + 254, 255, 269, 329, 401, 405. + +Haddock, W. T., 248. + +Hadley, J., 403, 406. + +Hagar, 287. + +Hale, B., 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 345. + +Hale, T., 276. + +Halifax, Lord, 41. + +Hall, F., 337, 392, 403. + +Hamilton College, 73, 119, 120, 186. + +Hampden Sidney College, 402. + +Handel Society, 318. + +Hanover, Press in, 163. + +Hardy, 14. + +Hardy, C., 39. + +Harris, W., 397. + +Hartford Theological Seminary, 397. + +Harvard College, 15, 48, 50, 73, 250, 263, 271, 272, 275, 316, 381, + 386, 389, 390, 392, 393, 402. + +Harvey, M., 189, 400. + +Harwood, T., 12. + +Haskell, F. A., 407. + +Haven, N. A., 100. + +Haven, S., 17, 18, 20. + +Hayes, F. B., 368. + +Hayes, J. L., 405. + +Hayes, J. M., 403. + +Hayes, W. A., 338, 406. + +Hazen, H. A., 167, 405. + +Heath, R. R., 401. + +Hebron, 8, 12, 20, 31. + +Henry, C. S., 403, 404. + +Hibbard, A., 57. + +Hibbard, H., 400. + +Hill, I., 142. + +Hinckley, O. S., 337, 403. + +Hitchcock, C. H., 337. + +Hitchcock, H. O., 406. + +Hobart College, 282. + +Hoit, 354. + +Hoit, B., 354. + +Hollenbush, C. G., 407. + +Holmes, J., 113. + +Holmes, O. W., 345, 366. + +Holyoke, 266. + +Hood, J. E., 165, 166, 167. + +Hooker, T., 7, 75. + +Hopkins, E., 407. + +Hopkins, S., 405. + +Hopkinson, J., 113. + +Hovey, A., 398, 405. + +Hovey, C. E., 404. + +Hovey, E. O., 403. + +How, L. B., 345, 366. + +Howard, 382. + +Howard, T., 12. + +Howe, 350. + +Howe, G., 140, 336. + +Hubbard, H., 400. + +Hubbard, H. J., 225. + +Hubbard, J., 225, 226, 228, 241, 401, 404. + +Hubbard, O. P., 336, 345, 366, 378. + +Hubbard, S., 393. + +Hubbard, W., 263. + +Hudnut, J. O., 403. + +Hulbert, C. B., 402. + +Hunt, J., 400. + +Huntington, C., 7. + +Huntington, D., 57. + +Huntington Family Memoir, 7. + +Huntington, J., 76. + +Huntington, M., 7. + +Huntington, R., 7. + +Hurd, S., 403. + +Hutchins, A. E., 407. + +Hutchinson, 220. + +Hyde, A., 397, 402. + + +Illinois College, 403. + + +Jackson, L., 230, 231. + +Jackson, W., 397, 402. + +Jacob, S., 394. + +Jaffrey, G., 51. + +James, 350. + +Jarvis, R., 405. + +Jefferson Medical College, 366. + +Jefferson, T., 101. + +Jewett, D., 20. + +Jewett, L., 400. + +Jewett, M. P., 403. + +Johnson, D., 71. + +Johnson, O., 316, 338, 404. + +Johnson, Sir W., 29, 30, 219. + +Joy, J. F., 402, 407. + +Jubilee College, 402. + +Judson, 222. + + +Keen, R., 39, 42, 70, 222. + +Kelly, J., 370. + +Kendall, A., 401, 402. + +Kendall, T., 57. + +Kendrick, J., 403. + +Kendrick, M. T., 362. + +Kendrick, S., 362. + +Kent, G., 186. + +Kenyon College, 402. + +Kimball, G., 406. + +Kimball, R., 255. + +Kimball, R. B., 186, 405. + +King, C., 278. + +King, M. C., 278. + +Kingman, Jeremiah, 392. + +Kingman, Joseph, 290. + +Kingman, M., 290. + +Kirkland, J. T., 73. + +Kirkland, S., 72, 73. + +Kirkland, D., 20. + +Kirkland, S., 55. + +Kittredge, G. W., 387. + +Knapp, S. L., 405. + +Knox, 65. + + +Labaree, B., 402. + +Laennec, 361. + +Lancaster, D., 257, 260, 309, 312. + +Landaff, 36, 70, 81, 83, 116. + +Lang, R., 255. + +Lang, S. S., 255. + +Langdon, S., 17, 18, 20, 43, 65. + +Lansing, A. J., 35. + +Lawrence, A., 392. + +Lebanon, Conn., 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 31, 35, 43, 53, 59, + 71, 76, 220, 223. + +Ledyard, 45. + +Leeds, S. P., 324. + +Library, Origin of, 70. + +Lincoln, A., 202. + +Lincoln, N. S., 403, 406. + +Little, A., 276. + +Little, E., 20. + +Little, J., 276. + +Little, M., 276. + +Lockwood, J., 52. + +Long, C., 228, 316, 329, 330, 331, 336, 404. + +Long Island Medical College, 366. + +Long, M. C., 329. + +Long, S., 329. + +Lord, E. K. L., 176. + +Lord, J., 168, 405. + +Lord, J. K., 337, 397. + +Lord, M. P., 168. + +Lord, N., 131, 143, 157, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176, 256, 293, 298, + 306, 308, 329, 331, 369, 391, 408. + +Lothian, Marquis of, 14. + +Lothrop, E., 20. + +Louis, 347, 361. + +Lowe, A. T., 348. + +Lundy's Lane, 407. + +Luzerne, Chevalier de, 77. + +Lyman, J., 188. + +Lyman, J. S., 400. + +Lyman, P., 41. + +Lyon, A., 400. + + +Macclion, 78. + +Mack, A., 337, 404. + +Malgaigne, 361. + +Mann, T., 165. + +March, C., 22. + +Marsh, 9. + +Marsh, C., 90, 96, 107, 392, 400. + +Marsh, G. P., 400, 401, 405. + +Marsh, J., 287, 337, 402, 404. + +Marsh, L., 403. + +Marshall, J., 113, 122, 189, 195. + +Marston, G., 400. + +Mason, 9. + +Mason, D., 217. + +Mason, J., 96, 114, 124, 125, 392, 400. + +Mason, S., 217. + +Mather, A., 37. + +Mattoon, E., 400, 407. + +Mayhew, 1. + +McClure, D., 8, 58, 65, 221. + +McDowell, E., 359. + +McFarland, A., 105, 106, 107, 337, 394, 397. + +McIntire, R., 400. + +McKeen, J., 169, 402. + +Meadville Theological Seminary, 136. + +Medfield, 6. + +Mendon, 6. + +Merrill, T. A., 337, 397, 402. + +Merton College, 203. + +Metcalf, K., 403. + +Metcalf, R., 401. + +Miami Medical College, 351. + +Michie, P. S., 378. + +Michigan, University of, 366. + +Middlebury College, 133, 241, 351, 402. + +Miller, 407. + +Miller, O., 401. + +Mills, C., 403. + +Milton, J., 6. + +Minot, B., 241. + +Monthly Anthology, 223. + +Moody, J., 17, 20. + +Moody, M. J., 357. + +Moody, Samuel, 211, 214. + +Moody, Stephen, 357. + +Moore, J., 244. + +Moore, M. S., 244. + +Moore, Z. S., 90, 241, 244, 246, 247, 248, 256, 402. + +More, J., 6, 12, 13, 40. + +Morland, W. W., 405. + +Morris, G., 40. + +Morris, G. S., 403. + +Morrison, N. J., 403. + +Morse, 6. + +Morse, H. B., 306. + +Morse, S. F. B., 273, 274, 275. + +Morton, 304. + +Moseley, S., 12, 20. + +Murch, E., 403. + +Murch, J., 54. + +Mussey, J., 349. + +Mussey, R. D., 127, 266, 267, 272, 278, 339, 343, 344, 345, 349, 350, + 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 406. + + +Narragansett Fort, 13. + +Nason, B., 387. + +Nelson, Jeremiah, 400. + +Nelson, John, 308, 309. + +New Jersey, College of, 13, 23. + +Newman, M., 404. + +Newton, I., 58. + +New York Medical College, 358. + +New York, University of, 273, 366. + +Nicholl, Sir C. G., 380. + +Nicholl, F. C., 380. + +Niebuhr, 199, 206, 207. + +Niles, J. B., 403. + +Niles, N., 89, 394. + +Norris, M., 400. + +Northern Academy, Formation of Society of, 161, 311. + +Norton, J., 6, 20. + +Noyes, D. J., 336. + +Noyes, E. F., 401. + +Noyes, John, 337, 400. + +Noyes, Josiah, 337, 403, 406. + +Nutting, W., 404. + + +Oakes, V. B., 407. + +Occom, S., 12, 13, 14, 23, 26, 27, 42. + +Odlin, W., 17. + +Ohio, Medical College of, 268, 351. + +Olcott, B., 89. + +Olcott, Mills, 393. + +Oliver, B. L., 265, 266. + +Oliver, D., 87, 256, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 278, 279, 281, + 345, 350. + +Oliver, F. E., 405. + +Oliver, H. K., 258. + +Oliver, T., 263. + +Oliver, T. F., 263. + +Orange, Prince of, 78. + +Orcutt, H., 404. + +Ordronaux, J., 403, 406. + +Orr, B., 400. + +Osgood, 350. + +Osgood, H., 350. + + +Pacific University, 403. + +Packard, 277. + +Packard, T., 397. + +Packard, W. A., 337. + +Paine, E., 105, 118, 392. + +Palermo, Academy of, 270. + +Palfrey, J. C., 378. + +Palmer, B. R., 406. + +Pancoast, 366. + +Parish, E., 8, 225. + +Park, J., 404, 405. + +Parker, E., 162, 369, 384, 393. + +Parker, E. H., 405. + +Parker, H. E., 337, 365. + +Parker, I., 162. + +Parker, I. A., 403. + +Parker, J., 162, 369, 370, 384, 385, 386, 394, 400. + +Parker, W., 46. + +Parkhurst, J. L., 287. + +Parks, B., 404. + +Parris, A. K., 189, 400. + +Parsons, S., 18. + +Parsons, U., 345, 366. + +Patten, W., 10, 217. + +Patterson, J. W., 186, 328, 336, 371, 400. + +Payson, E., 241. + +Payson, M. P., 393. + +Payson, S., 394. + +Peabody, D., 298, 304, 306, 307, 308, 330, 331. + +Peabody, J., 304. + +Peabody, L. B., 304. + +Peabody, S., 310. + +Peaslee, C. H., 400. + +Peaslee, E. R., 339, 345, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 405, 406. + +Peck, 365. + +Pendexter, E., 329. + +Pendexter, M. A., 329. + +Pennsylvania, University of, 266, 268, 350. + +Perkins, A. C., 404. + +Perkins, C., 272, 343, 344, 404, 406. + +Perley, I., 186, 337, 401. + +Perry, J., 338. + +Peters, A., 405, 407. + +Phelps, A., 45, 46. + +Phelps, E. E., 345, 366. + +Philbrick, J. D., 404. + +Phillips, J., 71, 81, 392. + +Philotechnic Society, Formation of, 182. + +Physic, 266, 350, 360. + +Physicians and Surgeons, College of, 273, 364. + +Pickering, J., 267. + +Pierce, D., 51. + +Pierce, P., 404. + +Pike, J., 16, 17, 18. + +Pinneo, B., 397. + +Pinneo, J., 31, 34. + +Pitkin, T., 52. + +Pitkin, W., 52. + +Plumer, W., 100, 101. + +Pomeroy, B., 6, 12, 20, 30, 50, 51. + +Poor, D., 397. + +Pope, A., 235. + +Pope, J., 235. + +Porter, 222. + +Porter, A. L., 406. + +Porter, E., 132, 396, 405. + +Portsmouth, Annals of, 15. + +Potter, 222. + +Powers, P., 20. + +Preble, W. P., 265. + +Prentiss, S., 394. + +Prescott, B. F., 401. + +Preston, J., 228. + +Preston, R., 226. + +Price, 79. + +Prince, 53. + +Proctor, J. C., 337. + +Pulling, E., 267. + +Pulling, M. R., 267. + +Pumpshire, J., 12. + +Punchard, G., 136, 405. + +Putnam, A. B. F., 316. + +Putnam, D., 403. + +Putnam, I. W., 393. + +Putnam, J. N., 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326. + +Putnam, S., 316. + +Pynchon, W., 263. + + +Quimby, E. T., 337, 375. + +Quimby, G. W., 407. + +Quimby, J. H., 403. + +Quint, A. H., 405. + + +Rand, A., 405. + +Rawden, Lord, 79. + +Redfield, I. F., 401, 405. + +Redfield, T. P., 401. + +Reed, E. C., 400. + +Reed Hall, Erection of, 161. + +Reed, W., 388, 394. + +Rice, J. H., 304. + +Richards, C. S., 404. + +Richards, J. D. F., 403. + +Richardson, D. F., 403. + +Richardson, J., 400. + +Richardson, W. M., 113. + +Ripley, E. W., 401, 407. + +Ripley, J., 217. + +Ripley, S., 76, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 233. + +Roberts, J., 39. + +Robinson, J., 271. + +Roby, J., 345, 366. + +Rockwell, A., 336. + +Rockwell, R. E., 336. + +Roffey, S., 39. + +Rogers, J., 18, 22. + +Rogers, L., 263. + +Rogers, N. P., 405. + +Root, E., 400. + +Roots, P. P., 397. + +Rose, 78. + +Rosetter, A., 20. + +Rosetter, E., 20. + +Ruggles, E. R., 367, 371. + +Rush, B., 266, 350, 353, 354. + +Rush Medical College, 362. + +Ruter, M., 120. + + +Salter, R., 20. + +Sanborn, E. D., 163, 336, 405. + +Sanborn, J. S., 401. + +Sandys, Sir E., 2, 3. + +Sargent, J. E., 401. + +Savage, S., 14, 39, 70. + +Sawyer, 211. + +Sawyer, A. W., 403. + +Schuyler, P., 31. + +Scott, C. W., 70. + +Scott, T., 381. + +Scott, W., 407. + +Scribner, J. W., 404. + +Sedgwick, 365. + +Sergeant, J., 4, 5, 11. + +Sewall, M., 350. + +Shattuck, B., 389. + +Shattuck, G. C., 162, 389, 406. + +Shattuck, W., 389. + +Shaw, 393. + +Shaw, L. S., 407. + +Shepard, M., 397. + +Shepard, T., 6. + +Shepherd, F., 403. + +Shepley, E., 401. + +Shepley, G. F., 401. + +Sherburne, H., 22. + +Sherburne, J. S., 401, 407. + +Sherman, W. T., 186, 189, 407. + +Shillaber, B. P., 165. + +Shirley, J., 258. + +Shropshire, 6. + +Shurtleff, A. P., 134. + +Shurtleff, H. C., 228. + +Shurtleff, R., 89, 90, 112, 133, 135, 140, 162, 213, 225, 228, 229, + 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 336. + +Shurtleff, W., 228. + +Silliman's Journal, 272. + +Simmons, G. A., 401. + +Sinclair, J. E., 404. + +Sketches of the History of Dartmouth College and Moor's Charity School, + 76, 90, 94, 95, 96. + +Smalley, 9. + +Smalley, J., 52, 73. + +Smith, A., 339, 345, 362, 363. + +Smith, A. D., 135, 136, 177, 182, 189, 377, 390, 408. + +Smith, C. J., 24. + +Smith, E., 397. + +Smith, E. P., 211. + +Smith, Jeremiah, 114. + +Smith, Jesse, 406. + +Smith, John, 27, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 233, 397. + +Smith, Joseph, 211. + +Smith, L. A., 406. + +Smith, M. G., 366. + +Smith, N., 339, 340, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350. + +Smith, N. R., 348. + +Smith, S. A. A., 189. + +Smith, W., 40, 41, 42. + +Smith, W. R., 366. + +Smythe, S. S., 39. + +Snell, T., 246. + +Social Friends, Formation of Society of, 85. + +Souther, S., 407. + +Spaulding, L., 397. + +Spear, C., 163, 164. + +Spooner, A., 167. + +Spooner, J. P., 167. + +Spotswood, 78. + +Sprague's Annals, 72, 117, 211, 244, 303, 309, 398. + +Sprague, P., 401. + +Sprague, Z., 222. + +Spring, 277. + +Stacey, 67. + +Standish, M., 8. + +Stanley, R. C., 403. + +Stanwix Fort, 37. + +Stark, J., 76. + +St. Clair, 166. + +Stearns, F., 363. + +Steele, B. H., 401. + +Stevens, G., 286. + +Stevens, S., 30. + +Stevens, T., 398. + +Stiles, E., 58, 88. + +St. Mary's College, 268. + +Stone, 365. + +Stone, S., 6. + +Storrs, J., 53. + +Storrs, S., 53. + +Story, D., 397, 404. + +Story, J., 195, 264, 265, 385, 386. + +Stoughton, E. W., 392. + +Stowe, C. E., 10, 243, 283, 336. + +Straghn, 78. + +Strong, Joanna, 313. + +Strong, Jonathan, 313, 397. + +Strong, N., 58. + +Sturtevant, J. M., 402. + +Suhm, C., 99. + +Sullivan, 80, 114. + +Sullivan, G., 394. + +Sumner, C., 385. + +Swift, Dean, 3. + + +Taggart, S., 401. + +Tarbell, 67. + +Taylor, S. H., 186, 337, 404. + +Taylor, T., 218. + +Temple, D., 397. + +Tenney, C. J., 397. + +Tenney, S., 284. + +Thayer, S., 182, 376, 377, 383, 384, 407. + +Thayer, T., 316, 324. + +Thomas, 360. + +Thomas, I., 140. + +Thompson, C. O., 404. + +Thompson, J., 352. + +Thompson, T. W., 105, 106, 107, 394. + +Thornton Hall, Erection of, 256. + +Thornton, J., 39, 78, 381. + +Throop, B., 20. + +Thurston, 165. + +Ticknor, 9. + +Ticknor, E., 338, 404. + +Ticknor, G., 402, 405. + +Tisdale, 9. + +Tisdale, N., 60. + +Torrey, J., 249, 253, 402, 405. + +Townsend, L. T., 398, 405. + +Tracy, C., 403. + +Tracy, E. C., 337, 405. + +Tracy, J., 405. + +Treat, 1. + +Trumbull, 9. + +Trumbull, B., 9, 73, 337. + +Tuck, A., 170, 171, 172, 401. + +Twitchell, A., 362, 406. + +Tyler, B., 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, + 168, 254, 260, 393, 395, 408. + +Tyler, E. S., 142. + +Tyler, J. E., 133, 135, 136, 406. + +Tyler, W. S., 402. + + +Uncas, I., 13. + +Union Theological Seminary, 304. + +United Fraternity, Formation of Society of, 85. + +Upham, J. B., 186, 405. + +Upham, T. C., 402, 404. + + +Varney, J. R., 337. + +Velpeau, 361. + +Vergennes, Count de, 77. + +Vermont Medical College, 362. + +Vermont, University of, 366, 393, 402. + +Vindication by Trustees, 94. + +Virginia, Stith's History of, 2. + +Virginia, University of, 273. + +Vose, J., 117, 404. + + +Wabash College, 403. + +Wainwright, 275. + +Waldron, E. Q. S., 403. + +Waldron, T. W., 22. + +Walker, C. A., 406. + +Walker, J., 384. + +Washburn, P. T., 401. + +Washington, G., 77, 122, 354, 392. + +Weare, M., 22. + +Webber, M., 272. + +Webber, S., 272. + +Webster, D., 113, 114, 124, 163, 164, 185, 189, 202, 248, 254, 258, + 386, 393, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401. + +Webster, Ebenezer, 80. + +Webster, Ezekiel, 138, 248, 393, 400. + +Webster, Josiah, 310. + +Webster, J. C., 403. + +Webster, J. D., 407. + +Wellman, M., 13. + +Wentworth, B., 16, 22, 29. + +Wentworth Hall, Erection of, 256. + +Wentworth, I., 387. + +Wentworth, J., 22, 28, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 63, 65, 70, + 79, 81, 184, 211, 218, 380, 387, 392, 401. + +Wentworth, M. H., 27. + +Wentworth, P., 78. + +Wentworth, T., 387, 388. + +West, D., 39. + +Western Reserve College, 330, 331. + +Weston, N., 189, 401. + +West Point Military Academy, 273, 378, 383, 407. + +West Point Military Academy, Boynton's History of, 383. + +Wheeler, J., 393, 402. + +Wheelock, 222. + +Wheelock, A., 220. + +Wheelock, E., 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, + 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, + 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, + 73, 74, 75, 83, 115, 116, 209, 212, 217, 219, 220, 224, 395, 408. + +Wheelock, J., 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, + 116, 118, 214, 233, 392, 408. + +Wheelock, M., 224. + +Wheelock, Memoirs of, 8, 10, 68, 84, 214, 219, 223. + +Wheelock, M. B., 71. + +Wheelock, M. S., 79, 99. + +Wheelock, Ralph, 6, 7, 35, 337. + +Wheelock, Rebecca, 6. + +Wheelock, S. D. M., 71. + +Wheelock, Vt., 80. + +Whitaker, N., 20, 23, 26, 27, 35, 42, 45, 221. + +White, C., 403. + +White, D. A., 100. + +White, J. H., 387. + +White, P., 401. + +White, S., 20. + +White, W., 337. + +Whitefield, G., 25, 26, 27, 30, 56, 222. + +Whitehouse, B., 392. + +Whiting, 36. + +Whiting, S., 8. + +Wight, J., 20. + +Wilberforce, W., 381. + +Wilcox, L., 401. + +Wilde, S. S., 400. + +Wilderness, 407. + +Willard, 30. + +Willard, C. W., 401. + +Willard, J. D., 337, 392. + +Willey, S. H., 403. + +William and Mary's College, 3. + +Williams College, 120, 245, 247, 311, 402. + +Williams, E., 4, 8, 12, 40. + +Williams, H., 401. + +Williams, J., 67. + +Williams, S., 60. + +Williams, S. W., 345, 366. + +Wilson, W., 401. + +Windham, 7, 8, 12, 13, 20, 31. + +Wines, A., 397. + +Winthrop, 263. + +Wirt, W., 113. + +Wistar, 266, 350. + +Wood, A., 405. + +Wood, H., 337, 405. + +Wood, S., 397. + +Woodbridge, T., 35. + +Woodbury, B., 397. + +Woodbury, L., 398. + +Woodhouse, 350. + +Woodman, A. H. C., 326. + +Woodman, J. S., 316, 326, 327, 328, 329, 371. + +Woodman, N., 326. + +Woods, A. S., 401. + +Woods, L., 135. + +Woodward, B., 58, 80, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226. + +Woodward, D., 53. + +Woodward, H., 220. + +Woodward, I., 31, 34, 220. + +Woodward, M. S., 220. + +Woodward, W. G., 401. + +Woodward, W. H., 112, 114. + +Woolley, J., 12, 13. + +Worcester, E., 337. + +Worcester, N., 406. + +Worcester, S., 233, 310, 396. + +Wright, A. H., 397. + +Wright, J., 37, 53, 54. + +Wright, N., 53. + +Wyllis, 45. + +Wyllis, G., 42. + + +Yale College, 4, 8, 12, 41, 48, 50, 58, 59, 88, 220, 223, 250, 349, + 358, 371. + +Young, C. A., 337. + +Young, C. K., 255. + +Young, I., 276, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 329, 330. + +Young, J. K., 387. + +Young, R. B., 290. + +Young, S., 290. + + + + +ERRATA. + + +Page 22, for _Mishech_, read _Meshech_. + +" 53, for _relation_, read _relative_. + +" 60, for _Simeon_, read _Simon_. + +" 65, for _M'Clare_, read _M'Clure_. + +" 136, for _Meadville College_, read _Meadville Theological Seminary_. + +" 182, for _Alphaeus_, read _Alpheus_. + +" 222, for _consideratio_, read _consideratis_. + +" 241, for _nineteen_, read _fifteen_. + +" 303, for _Furbur_, read _Farber_. + +" 349, for _Elizabeth_, read _Elisabeth_. + +" 420, for _Brompton_, read _Brampton_. + +" 420, for _Calumpton_, read _Columpton_. + +" 439, for _Bultell_, read _Bulteel_. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +The caret character (^) indicates a superscript. + +There is one instance of [=m] which indicates a bar over the m in +the original. + +The footnote on page 84 does not have an anchor in the text. I have +guessed the correct placement is after 'fundamental rules of +Arithmetic.' + +The footnote on page 167 does not have an anchor in the text. I have +guessed the correct placement is after 'were printed by them at about +the same period.' + +On page 14, it is unclear what the fraction is, but the bottom number +is clearly 4, so I have guessed at 1/4. "L66 17_s._ 7-1/4_d._, +lawful money." + +Inconsistencies in the spelling of names in the Appendix, misspelled +words within quoted material (i.e. neccessary), and inconsistencies +in hyphenated words have all been retained. + +Inconsistencies between spelling in the text and in the Index have +been normalized. For instance, Delancey was changed to De Lancey. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Dartmouth College, by +Baxter Perry Smith + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE *** + +***** This file should be named 28641.txt or 28641.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/6/4/28641/ + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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