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diff --git a/28951-8.txt b/28951-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f84bd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/28951-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1321 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion +by George H. Pettis + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Frontier service during the rebellion + or, A history of Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers + +Author: George H. Pettis + +Release Date: May 24, 2009 [EBook #28951] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRONTIER SERVICE *** + + + + +Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's note: The erratum at the end of the original | + | book has been applied to this e-book version. | + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + +PERSONAL NARRATIVES + +OF EVENTS IN THE + +WAR OF THE REBELLION, + +BEING PAPERS READ BEFORE THE + +RHODE ISLAND SOLDIERS AND SAILORS +HISTORICAL SOCIETY. + +THIRD SERIES--NO. 14. + +PROVIDENCE: + +PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. + +1885. + + + + +PROVIDENCE PRESS COMPANY, PRINTERS. + + + + +FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION; + +OR, A + +HISTORY OF COMPANY K, + +FIRST INFANTRY, CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS. + +BY + +GEORGE H. PETTIS, + +[Brevet Captain United States Volunteers; Late First Lieutenant Company K, +First California Infantry, and First Lieutenant and +Adjutant First New Mexico Infantry.] + + +PROVIDENCE: + +PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. + +1885. + + +[Edition limited to two hundred and fifty copies.] + + + + +FRONTIER SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION. + + +The first battle of Bull Run had been fought. The government had become +satisfied that the slaveholder's rebellion was not to be put down with +seventy-five thousand men. The Union people of the United States now +fully realized that the rebels were to use every effort on their part +towards the establishment of the Confederacy, and the men of the north, +on their part, were ready to "mutually pledge to each other our lives, +our fortunes, and our sacred honor" to preserve the government as their +fathers before them had pledged themselves to establish it. The loyal +States were ready to respond to any demand made upon them by the +government, and there were none more anxious to do their duty to the old +flag than the Union men of California. + +The people of that far distant part of our country were, in the early +days of our "late unpleasantness," stirred to their very depths. A large +portion of the inhabitants had emigrated from the southern States, and +were, therefore, in sympathy with their brethren at home. General Albert +Sidney Johnston was in command of the military department, and a majority +of the regular officers under him were sympathizers with the rebellion, +as were a majority of the State officers. The United States gunboat +"Wyoming," lying in the harbor of San Francisco in the early part of +'61, was officered by open advocates of secession, and only by the +secret coming of General E. V. Sumner, who arrived by steamer one fine +morning in the early part of '61, totally unknown and unannounced, and +presenting himself at the army headquarters on Washington street, San +Francisco, without delay, with, "Is this Gen. Johnston?" "Yes, sir." "I +am General E. V. Sumner, United States Army, and do now relieve you of +the command of this department," at the same time delivering the orders +to this effect from the War Department at Washington, were the people of +the Pacific States saved from a contest which would have been more +bitter, more fierce, and more unrelenting than was exhibited in any part +of the United States during all those long four years of the war. + +As I have said before, the prompt and secret action of the government +and that gallant old soldier, General E. V. Sumner (for you all will +remember that California had no railroads and telegraphs in those days), +prevented civil war there. The secessionists, who were preparing to take +possession of the property of the government in that department and turn +the guns of Alcatraz, Fort Point and the Presidio upon the loyalists, +were taken completely aback; they delayed action. General Sumner took +all precautions against surprise, and the Union men of the Pacific +States breathed free again, for civil war had been driven from their +doors. Many of the secession leaders, with General Albert Sidney Johnston, +seeing their plans miscarry, left the State shortly after, and did service +in the Confederate armies. + +On the steamer from the States that brought the news to California of +the disaster at Bull Run, came orders from President Lincoln for that +State to furnish its quota of men for the Union army. The same +afternoon, the Franklin Light Infantry, a militia company, composed of +printers only, held a meeting at its armory on Sacramento street, and +voted unanimously to offer their services to the government, which was +accordingly done, and they were the first company that was mustered into +the United States service in California, and was afterwards known as +Company B, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and were officered as +follows: Captain, Valentine Drescher; First Lieutenant, Francis S. +Mitchell; Second Lieutenant, George H. Pettis. Other companies were soon +formed, and the regiment, with nine companies, went into camp of +instruction at Camp Downey, near Oakland. + +The regiment had been in camp but a few days when it was ordered to +proceed by steamer to Los Angeles, in Southern California. The transfer +was made, and the regiment went into camp about nine miles from Los +Angeles, on the seashore, where the town of Santa Monica now is. The +First Battalion Cavalry, California Volunteers, consisting of five +companies, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Davis, who was afterwards +killed before Richmond, also accompanied us. In a few days after the +establishment of this camp, Lieutenant Pettis, of Company B, was sent on +detached duty as recruiting officer to San Francisco, in order that the +nine companies now in camp should be filled to the maximum standard. The +tenth company had not been admitted to the regiment as yet, although +several had made application for the position. + +Lieutenant Pettis arrived in San Francisco about the fifteenth of +October, and immediately commenced business by opening his recruiting +office on the corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in the same +building with the _Morning Call_. He was successful, as by the fifteenth +of January he had recruited and sent to the regiment one hundred and two +men, and was ordered by General George Wright, then commanding the +department of California (and who was afterwards lost on the steamer +"Brother Jonathan" on his way to Oregon), to close his office and join +his regiment at Camp Latham. In the meantime, four companies of the +regiment, under Major E. A. Rigg, had proceeded to Fort Yuma, on the +Colorado river, and relieved the regulars who were there. Captain +Winfield Scott Hancock, Assistant Quartermaster United States Army, had +also been relieved and ordered to the States. He had been on duty at Los +Angeles. Three companies of the regiment had been ordered to Warner's +Ranch, about half way between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma, and established +Camp Wright. On the twelfth of February, orders had been received by +Colonel J. H. Carleton, commanding the regiment, to form the tenth +company of his regiment from the recruits enlisted in San Francisco by +Lieutenant Pettis. Company K, First Infantry, California Volunteers, was +thus formed, and was officered as follows: Captain, Nicholas S. Davis, +promoted from First Lieutenant of Company A; First Lieutenant, George H. +Pettis, promoted from Second Lieutenant of Company B; Second Lieutenant, +Jeremiah Phelan, appointed from Hospital Steward of the regular army. + +In the meantime, the government at Washington had received information +that General H. H. Sibley had left San Antonio, Texas, with about three +thousand seven hundred rebel soldiers for New Mexico, and as the +government had immense stores of clothing, camp and garrison equipage, +and commissary stores in different posts in that Territory and Arizona, +with but few troops to defend them, and a majority of the officers +avowed secessionists, the rebels expected an easy conquest. Accordingly, +Colonel Carleton had orders to organize what was known as the +"California Column," which consisted of the First and Fifth Infantry, +California Volunteers, (George W. Bowie was Colonel of the Fifth +Infantry, California Volunteers); First Battalion Cavalry, California +Volunteers; Company B, Captain John C. Cremoney, Second Cavalry, +California Volunteers, and Light Battery A, Third United States +Artillery, Captain John B. Shinn. + +That an idea may be obtained of the difficulties of this enterprise, I +will say that it is about nine hundred miles from Los Angeles to the Rio +Grande, not a pound of food or of forage was to be obtained on the +route, and everything to be consumed had to be brought from California. +Neither was there, as we afterwards ascertained, a single resident in +all that long march, except at Fort Yuma. The country through which the +"Column" passed was without water, and the Colorado and Gila Deserts to +be crossed before we should come in sight of the green cottonwoods of +the Rio Grande. The Apache Indians supposed that they had driven all the +whites out of the Territory of Arizona, and the former required constant +watching and attention. In consequence of the scarcity of water on the +route, the "Column" could only be moved in detachments. + +Companies K and C, First Infantry, and Company G, Fifth Infantry, +Captain Hugh L. Hinds, left Captain Latham about the first of March, +1862, under command of Captain William McMullen, of Company C, and +arrived at Camp Wright in due season, it being about one hundred and +forty miles. The only incident on this march worthy of mention was, that +when the battalion marched through the town of Los Angeles the American +flag had been hauled down from the court house. As it was well known +that the people of Los Angeles at that time were nearly all strong in +their sympathies with the rebellion, it was thought that the hauling +down of the flag was to insult the command. Consequently, on the arrival +of the battalion on the banks of the Los Angeles river, which flows on +the eastern side of the town, it was halted and Captain McMullen +returned, and, finding some of the town officials, insisted that the +flag should be hoisted immediately. The citizens denied any intended +insult to the flag, and proceeded to replace it, which being seen by the +men of the battalion, they gave three cheers, and continued on their +way. + +A delay of a couple of weeks at Camp Wright, when orders were received +by Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West, of the First Infantry, commanding at +Camp Wright, to organize the advance detachment of the "Column," to +consist of Companies K and C, First Infantry, California Volunteers, and +Companies B and G, Fifth Infantry, California Volunteers, and proceed +without delay to Fort Yuma. The command as above constituted left camp +at a late hour in the afternoon, and after a short march made camp +beside a laguna, or pond. It rained during the night, and daylight found +us at breakfast, which was quickly dispatched, and we were soon on our +march, the road continually ascending. At nine o'clock in the forenoon +we had reached the line of snow, where it was snowing heavily. At noon +we had reached the summit, and found the snow about two feet in depth, +and as cold as Greenland. A short halt was made, when great fires were +built to warm the men, and then the command moved down the mountain. At +three o'clock in the afternoon we passed through the line of snow, +shortly after through the precipitous cañon of San Felipe, and towards +evening went into camp, the grass being more than knee high, the air +redolent with the perfume of flowers and the sweet melody of the birds. + +A short march the next day brought us to Los Dos Palmas, or the "Two +Palms," so called from the fact that two luxuriant palm trees formerly +flourished here, the stumps of which were then to be seen. Thence to +Carizo Creek, nine miles, where the command rested one day. Here +commences the then much-dreaded Colorado Desert. For more than a hundred +miles we were at the mercy of its sands and storms and burning sun. Such +another scene of desolation does not exist on the American continent; +treeless mountains on either side, brown and sombre to their very tops; +no signs of life were to be seen anywhere. Although it was in the first +days of April, still the sun poured down with an intensity that I had +never before experienced, no shade could be found, and the very water in +the creek could not be bathed in--being more fit for cooking than +bathing, it being so hot. Such was the Colorado Desert as we approached +it. What will it be further on? We shall see. + +The command left camp at Carizo Creek in the middle of the afternoon, +and continued the march until midnight, when we arrived at Sackett's +Wells. Here it was supposed a ration of water for the men would be +found, but upon examination it was ascertained that somebody had knocked +the bottom out of the well, and no water was to be obtained, except such +as could be caught in cups as it trickled drop by drop from the strata +of clay that had heretofore formed the bottom of the well. No camp could +be made here, and the command moved on, marching until about ten o'clock +in the morning, when we arrived at the Indian Wells, having made +thirty-two miles. A large number of the men were now suffering for the +want of water, and the animals, upon discovering the green bushes in the +distance, near these wells, pricked their ears, and every exertion was +required by riders and drivers to prevent a stampede, so much were they +in want of water. Upon our arrival it was found that but a few buckets +of water was in the well, as a detachment of cavalry had made camp there +the day before, and had only left upon seeing our command approach, +using all the water in the well for their animals before leaving. +However, guards were placed over the well, men sent down to pass the +water up as it collected, and in the course of a few hours the men had +each received his pint of water; then the animals were furnished. + +Before the water had all been distributed, one of those terrible sand +storms for which this desert is renowned began, and as the sun went down +it was at its very height. Neither man nor animal could face this shower +of stones and gravel, and the sand and dust penetrated everything. The +only thing that was to be done was to throw oneself down upon his face, +draw his blankets around him, and ride it out, sleeping. The storm +continued through the night, and before dawn approached it had ceased, +and upon crawling out of my sand bank, I saw in all directions what +appeared to be graves, but they were only mounds of sand that had been +formed by the storm over the bodies of the soldiers. Imagine, if you +can, near four hundred of these mounds becoming animate and dissolving +in the desert, as reveille sounded. + +At about noon the command moved on, and after marching twenty-five +miles arrived at Alamo Mucho at about two o'clock in the morning. Here +was found a well that would have furnished water for an army +corps--sweet, cold water. It was a pleasure to look at this, to hold it +in a tin cup, look at it, take a mouthful, holding it there a time +before swallowing it; it seemed a sin to drink it. This water was not +taken on the point of the bayonet, as water had been taken for the past +four days, and we had marched sixty-six miles from Los Dos Palmos since +we had our fill of water. After the men had satisfied their thirst they +spread their blankets wherever they pleased, and there was no person in +that command, except the guard, that was not soon in the arms of +Morpheus. + +Before daylight another sand storm commenced, and when reveille was beat +off, not a dozen men were in line, and they were only brought out of +their sand hills by beating the long roll. The storm subsided in the +early afternoon, when the command moved on, making Gardiner's Wells, +twelve miles, before sundown, where was found a fine well with plenty of +water, but none of the command wanted any, the only objection being, and +that a slight one, that there was standing above the level of the water +in the well, a pair of boots--and a dead man in them. Seven Wells was +soon reached, and, as the name implies, there were plenty of wells, but +there was no water. Thence to Cook's Well, twelve miles, with plenty of +good water, thence fourteen miles to the Colorado river, at Algodones. +The next day, before noon, the command arrived at Fort Yuma and went +into camp. Here we met Don Pascual, a head chief of the Yumas, Don Diego +Jaeger, and the "Great Western," three of the most celebrated characters +in the annals of Fort Yuma. + +It was supposed that our command was to constitute the advance of the +"Column" from Fort Yuma. But upon our arrival at that point, we found +that a reconnoitering party, consisting of Company I, First California +Infantry, Captain W. P. Calloway; Company A, First California Cavalry, +Captain William McLeave, and Lieutenant Phelan, with detachments for two +mountain howitzers, had been sent up the Gila river, as the Indians had +reported that a large body of rebels were advancing on Fort Yuma from +Tucson. On the third day after our arrival we crossed over the Colorado +river and continued our march. We passed the divide between the Colorado +and Gila rivers, and arrived at Gila City that afternoon, eighteen +miles. Our route was the old overland stage route on the south side of +the Gila. Here we first saw that peculiar and picturesque cactus, so +characteristic of the country, called by the Indians "_petayah_," but +more generally known as the "_suaro_," and recognized by botanists as +the "_Cereus grandeus_." + +Our next march was to Filibuster camp, eleven miles; thence to Antelope +Peak, fifteen; Mohawk, twelve; Texas Hill, eleven; Stanwix, seventeen; +Burke's, twelve miles. Here we found the reconnoitering party, under +Captain Calloway, that had left Fort Yuma a few days before our arrival +there. They had had a brush with the rebels at Picacho, a point about +forty-five miles west of Tucson. Lieutenant Barrett, Company A, First +Cavalry, California Volunteers, and three men of the same company, had +been killed. They had secured three rebel prisoners. The poor devils +were under guard beneath some cottonwoods in their camp. They were now +on their return to Fort Yuma. + +The next morning our command moved out with more alacrity than usual, +for we felt that we were now the advance of the "Column," and we would +meet the rebels, too. A short march of twelve miles brought us to Oatman +Flat. We had come down from the high mesa lands into this valley, and as +we passed through near the middle of it, saw upon the right side of the +road a small enclosure of rails, on one end of which was inscribed "The +Oatman Family." We had all heard of this tragedy years before, and now +we were upon the spot where the terrible massacre had been perpetrated. +No one of us could look upon this humble monument without awakening a +feeling of revenge, and many were the silent pledges given that day that +when the opportunity should offer, that at least one shot would be given +for these silent victims to Indian treachery. One officer was so +affected that he approached Colonel J. R. West, our commanding officer, +with the interrogatory: "Colonel, if we should at anytime meet any of +these Indians, what course should be pursued towards them?" "Tell your +men when they see a head, hit it if they can!" was the Colonel's quick +rejoinder. You may think this to have been rather harsh, but remember we +were standing above the remains of the innocent victims of a most +terrible tragedy. + +A few miles after leaving Oatman's Flat we came to a pile of immense +boulders in the centre of a pleasant valley. These were the famous +"Pedras Pintados," or painted rocks. A march of fourteen miles brought +the command to Kenyon's. The next day, after sixteen miles marching, we +arrived at Gila Bend. Here we lay over a day, as our next march was to +be to the Maricopa Wells, forty miles distant, the dreaded Gila Desert. +After marching all night and all of the next day, we approached the +Maricopa Wells at about twelve o'clock on the second night. When within +a mile of this point, a small reconnoitering party that had been sent +ahead of our command, met us and reported that a large force of the +rebels had possession of the wells, and from appearances intended to +prevent our command from reaching there. This report served to put new +life into everybody, notwithstanding that the whole command had now been +without sleep for over forty hours, had marched forty miles and was +somewhat fatigued. One company was thrown out as skirmishers, the rest +of the command in line of battle. We approached the watering place, and +when we arrived there, instead of finding a formidable enemy, we found a +half a dozen of our own cavalry that had been scouting ahead of the +command. We found the water strongly impregnated with alkali, but it +served to assuage our thirst. + +A short march of ten miles then brought us to the Casa Blanca, the +largest village of the Pimo Indians. Our command remained here for +several weeks, until at least a large part of the "Column" had arrived, +and large stores of commissaries and forage had been collected. Our +Indian scouts and spies brought every few days extravagant reports of +the force of rebels at Tucson, and they all agreed that when our troops +should reach that point, we would meet with a warm reception, and that +rifle-pits, sufficiently manned, extended a long ways on either side of +the town. These Indians were on the best of terms with us, as they had +sold large amounts of their produce to our command, for which they had +been promptly and abundantly paid--a different experience when the +rebels were there. They had been employed by our quartermaster's +department as herders of our beef cattle, and were paid to their own +satisfaction for all services they had rendered, but no inducement that +our commander offered them, no amount of pay, could influence any one of +them to accompany us towards Tucson, so assured were they that we were +to be "wiped out" before we should reach there. + +On or about the twelfth day of May, 1862, the advance, constituted as +before stated, with B Company, California Cavalry, Captain Emil Fritz, +added, left the peaceful and hospitable homes of the Pimos, and arrived +at the Sacatone, twelve miles. Here we left the overland mail road, +which we had followed since leaving Los Angeles, and keeping up the +south bank of the Gila to White's Ranch; thence to the celebrated ruins +of the Casa Blanca, so graphically described by Mr. John R. Bartlett in +his "Personal Narratives" of the Boundary Commission; thence to +Rattlesnake Spring; thence to old Fort Breckenridge, which had been so +cowardly deserted the year before by our regular troops; thence to Cañon +de Oro. As we now approached Tucson, everything was in fighting trim. A +short halt was made near the town, and the cavalry company, in two +divisions, approached the place from the north and west. The infantry +marched in by the main street from the west, with the field music +playing "Yankee Doodle," and instead of being received by shot and +shell, we found neither friend nor enemy, only a village without +population, if we except some hundreds of dogs and cats. + +When we were at the Pimos, Governor Pesquira, of Sonora, Mexico, +arrived there from California on his way home; he was allowed to pass +our lines; he and his party arrived in Tucson a few days before our +command, and found the place nearly deserted. Captain Hunter, with his +rebel soldiers, were far on their way to the Rio Grande, and as they had +assured the native population--wholly Mexican--that when the +"Abs"--meaning the Union troops--arrived they would massacre all the men +and abuse all the women, they stood not upon the order of going, but +went at once for Sonora. Governor Pesquira hurried forward, overtaking +parties of the fugitives each day, and assuring them of different +treatment from the Union soldiers than they had been told by the rebels, +induced many to return to their homes, and within a week Tucson was +again alive; stores and gambling saloons were numerous, the military had +taken possession of the best buildings in the town for quarters, and the +stars and stripes again waved over the Capital of the Territory of +Arizona. + +The advance of the "Column" entered Tucson on the twentieth day of +May, 1862. Several Americans, among them Sylvester Mowry, formerly of +Rhode Island, returned, and being violent in their sympathies with the +rebellion, were arrested. Some were sent out of the Territory, while +Mowry was sent to Fort Yuma, where he remained incarcerated a long time. +About the fifteenth of June, Captain N. S. Davis was relieved from the +command of Company K by Lieutenant Pettis, who remained in command, with +a short interval, until its final muster out. Captain Davis was on duty +in the quartermaster's department. By the first of July, a large part of +the "Column" had arrived at Tucson, a large depot of army stores had +been brought from California, and preparations were commenced for the +movement again of the advance column. Several spies and scouts had been +sent forward from Tucson, but as they had not returned, matters were +rather uncertain. However, in the first week in July, Company E, First +California Infantry, Captain Thomas L. Roberts, and Company B, Second +California Cavalry, were ordered to proceed to Apache Pass and hold +possession of the water at that point. On the twentieth of July the +advance column left Tucson, and on the second day arrived at the San +Pedro, twenty-five miles. Here a delay of one day was made to put the +fording place in good order for the crossing of the "Column." +Information was received here that Captain Roberts' advance into the +Apache Pass had been attacked by a large force of the Apaches, under the +renowned chief, "Cochise," and after fighting during an entire afternoon +had succeeded in driving the Indians, with a loss on our side of several +of our men killed and wounded. + +Our next march was to Dragoon Springs, eighteen miles; thence to +Sulphur Springs, twenty-two miles. The famous Apache Pass was reached by +another march of twenty-five miles. Here was found the command of +Captain Roberts, with evidences of the struggle of a few days before. On +leaving Apache Pass the next day, we were again the advance of the +"Column," which position was retained until our arrival on the Rio +Grande. The next camping ground was at San Simon, eighteen miles. As we +were assured by our guides that no water would be found until we reached +_Ojo de Vaca_, or Cow Springs, a distance of sixty-seven miles, it was +deemed advisable to leave the overland route at this point, and proceed +by another route. Accordingly, the next morning the command moved south, +following up the San Simon Valley, a distance of twelve miles, and +camped at the Cienega. Here was found water, the best and most abundant +on the whole march. Imagine, if you can, a valley twenty miles in width, +on either side a range of mountains; and to the north and south, up and +down the valley, a level plain as far as the eye could reach. A trench +three feet wide, by five or six in depth, filled nearly to the top with +clear cold water, running with a velocity of at least six miles an hour, +the bottom covered with white smooth pebbles. Two miles above this point +no water was to be found. As you descended the valley and approached +this water, you found at first the ground moist, then water appeared, a +mere drop, then a small stream of running water, which increased in +volume, until you found a stream as described above. Below this point +the water gradually lessened, until, two miles below, this magnificent +stream had entirely disappeared. There was no shade to be had here, +except that found under the wagon bodies, still there was no fault +found; the fine stream of water that we were enjoying satisfied us for +all other discomforts. It was with feelings of regret that we left this +point late the next afternoon, with well filled canteens; and the +uncertainty of finding water in advance, added to this feeling. We +arrived at Leiteresdorffer's Wells soon after sunset, but no water was +to be found. The march was continued during the night, and all of the +next day, until we arrived at Soldier's Farewell, and no water. The +command was strung out a distance of at least five miles; we had been +marching thirty hours, with only a canteen each of water, with the +thermometer at least 130. A large number of the men had given out and +were scattered in parties of three or four, for a dozen miles in the +rear. What was left of the command moved on, and after leaving the wagon +road, we arrived in Burro Cañon, some time after dark, where plenty of +water was found, when, after taking in a fill, turned into our blankets, +entirely forgetting our hunger in our weariness. Company K marched into +Burro Cañon with less than ten men out of eighty, and it was long after +daylight the next day before the whole command had arrived. A short +march of twelve miles brought us to Ojo de Baca; thence eighteen miles +to the Miembres river. + +Our next march, twenty-five miles, was to Cooke's Springs, passing +through Cooke's Cañon. This location was known by Mexicans as _La Valle +del Muerto_, or Valley of Death. It seemed to be rightly named, too, as +for nearly two miles were to be seen, on either side, skulls and other +portions of human remains who had fallen by Indian assassination. Mounds +and crosses were met every few minutes. As we emerged from this _triste_ +locality, we encountered the remains of wagons and government stores, +that had been destroyed the year before by the regular troops, who had +deserted Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge, in Arizona. When they had +arrived at this point, they were informed of the surrender of the +regulars at Fort Fillmore; consequently, without further inquiry, they +destroyed all the government property they had in charge, and made their +way, on the west side of the Rio Grande, to Fort Craig. + +The next march brought us near to Mule Springs, fifteen miles; and on +the next afternoon could be discovered, in the distance, the green, +winding way of the Rio Grande, with the Sierras de Organos in the +background. Camp was made that night on the banks of the Rio Bravo del +Norte, near to old Fort Thorn. The next march was down the west bank of +the river to the fording place, known as San Diego, which you will find +set down on all maps as a town or village, but to my certain knowledge, +up to the time mentioned, and for several years afterwards, there was +but one house in the vicinity, and that contained but one room and no +roof. As the river was now, the third of August, at its extreme height, +caused by the melting of the snow in the upper Rocky Mountains, we +experienced some difficulty in getting our wagons and stores across; +still all was completed before sundown, and the next day we arrived at +Roblado, near the town of Dona Ana. On the fifth of August, after +passing through the villages of Dona Ana and Las Cruces, we arrived at +the pleasant town of La Mesilla. + +Here was to be our resting place. We found a well-built village, with +a numerous population, mostly Mexican. The rebels, who had arrived in +the Territory, we learned, had, after the treacherous surrender of the +regular troops at Fort Fillmore (directly opposite La Mesilla), marched +north. They found Fort Craig too strong to be attacked, and, contrary to +all military maxims, had continued on, leaving a fortified position in +their rear. The desperate battle of Val Verde had taken place on the +twenty-first and twenty-second of February, 1862, a short distance above +Fort Craig. And as long as Major Benny Roberts had command of the +Federal troops they were successful, but when General E. R. S. Canby +came on the field and took command, the rebels soon had turned the tide +of the battle in their favor. McRae's battery was taken, and our troops +were returning, panic-stricken, across the river, and fleeing towards +Fort Craig, about three miles down the river. The rebels then approached +Albuquerque, where was stored a large amount of government stores, which +were surrendered without a struggle. Thence they proceeded to Santa Fé, +where, without opposition, they took possession. There was one other +fort to be taken, about one hundred miles northwest--Fort Union. After +some delay at Santa Fé, the rebels, numbering some sixteen hundred, set +out for Fort Union. At Apache Pass, or Pigeon's Ranch, they were met by +a Colorado regiment, with what regulars and militia could be found, all +under command of Colonel John P. Slough (afterwards chief justice of the +Territory), and were defeated, their wagons, ammunition, and all their +stores having been destroyed by a party of Union troops under Captain +W. H. Lewis, Fifth United States Infantry, and Captain A. B. Cary, of the +Third United States Infantry, who scaled a mountain and got into their +rear. The rebels precipitately retreated from this point, to and down +the Rio Grande, having passed La Mesilla a few weeks before our arrival, +and left the Territory with about twelve hundred men out of thirty-seven +hundred, that they had arrived with. + +The different companies of the "Column," as they arrived, were now sent +to different points in the department. Our Colonel, James H. Carleton, +had been promoted to Brigadier General, and had relieved General E. R. S. +Canby, in command of the department of New Mexico. The regular troops +were all relieved, except the Fifth Infantry, and sent east, and a +protection was now assured to the population, by the California +Volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel J. R. West was now promoted to Colonel of +the regiment, and in command of the southern district of the department. +Fine quarters were found for the command in the village of La Mesilla, +and the district was under martial law. Duty was really pleasant +here,--plenty of society, with frequent _bailes_, few drills, and plenty +of everything to eat and drink. The white population were nearly all of +secession proclivities, one in particular, Samuel L. Jones (better known +as the pro-slavery Sheriff Jones, of Kansas), who resided here, was +arrested usually about once a week, and incarcerated in the guard-house +for treasonable utterances. + +After a protracted season of this duty, or up to about the twentieth +of November, came the most unpleasant part of the history of Company K. +There had been several escapes from the guard-house of persons who had +been imprisoned for treasonable utterances, until it seemed that there +might exist a disposition among some of the command to be a party to +these frequent escapades. This state of affairs existed until one +morning an escape was reported to the commanding officer, Colonel West, +who immediately ordered the sergeant of the guard, with sentinels +numbers one, two, three, four and five, who were on duty at the time, to +be placed in the guard-house, in irons. It so happened that this +sergeant and all the sentinels belonged to Company K, and at the morning +drill, after guard mount, the company refused to do further duty, or +until the irons were taken off of Sergeant Miller. The soldier most +aggrieved appeared to be Corporal Charles Smith, or rather he acted as +spokesman for the company. The company was immediately ordered into +their quarters by Lieutenant Pettis, and put under guard, and the facts +reported to the commanding officer. Orders were given for all prisoners +to be placed in the guard-house; Company K was ordered to proceed to the +plaza or parade without arms, when the long roll was beat. The other two +companies of the garrison were soon on the plaza, fully equipped. +Colonel West now made his appearance, mounted; he then marched Company +A, Fifth California Infantry, about five paces in front of and facing +Company K, with pieces loaded, and at a "ready." He then called Corporal +Smith to the front, and asked him if he still persisted in refusing to +do his duty? The Corporal respectfully, but firmly, announced that he +would do no duty until the irons were removed from Sergeant Miller. +Company D, First California Infantry, had been wheeled to the right out +of line, and the Corporal was now ordered to place himself about six +paces in front of this company. Upon his again refusing to do duty, +Captain Mitchell, of Company D, was ordered to fire upon him. This order +was unhesitatingly obeyed; and after the smoke had cleared away, it was +seen that the Corporal was uninjured. Not so with some others. The +position of Company D was such that it was facing the cathedral, which +is situated on the west side of the plaza; on either side of the +cathedral were long straight streets, running from the plaza; the long +roll and the other preparations had called all the inhabitants from +their residences, and the result of the first volley was to wound two +invalid soldiers, together with one Mexican woman and one child, and the +cathedral, which was built of adobes, was concealed for a few minutes by +its own dust, caused by the minie balls penetrating its front. The +Corporal was again questioned by Colonel West, who returned his former +answer, and Company D again fired a volley, but the Corporal remained +untouched. After another questioning by the Colonel, Company D was once +more ordered to fire, when, between the commands "aim," "fire," Colonel +West rode up behind the company with uplifted sabre, and gave the +command to "lower those rifles," when the command was given by the +Captain to "fire." At this discharge, the Corporal fell to the ground, a +minie ball having passed directly through him, having entered his right +breast. He was immediately placed upon a stretcher, and expired on his +way to the hospital. The rest of the company was now questioned by +Colonel West, and each man asserted his willingness to do his duty, when +the command was dismissed to their quarters, and Company K immediately +assumed their arms and accoutrements and appeared upon the plaza for +drill. This was the only evidence of insubordination ever shown in the +"Column," and the prompt manner in which this one was met and punished, +precluded any danger of another exhibition of this character. + +A few days after these occurrences, some of our spies and scouts +brought in the intelligence that another large party of rebels had left +San Antonio, Texas, for New Mexico. Accordingly, Companies K and D were +ordered to San Elizario, Texas, a town about twenty-five miles below El +Paso, Mexico, and the last point of civilization towards San Antonio, on +outpost duty. After remaining here about six weeks, and no rebels +appearing, Company K was ordered to Fort Craig. A march of twenty-five +miles brought us to Franklin or Fort Bliss, directly opposite El Paso; +thence two marches, aggregating fifty miles, found us in our old +quarters at La Mesilla, where the company was ordered to remain until +the adjournment of a general court-martial which was then in session at +that post. A week later, and Company K commenced its march for Fort +Craig. A short march brought us again to Dona Ana. Three miles from that +village brought us to the commencement of the much dreaded _Jornada del +Muerto_ (Journey of Death). The _Jornada_ is a large desert, well +supplied with fine gramma grass in some portions, but absolutely +destitute of water or shade for seventy-five miles. Why it ever received +its title, I never distinctly learned, but suppose it was on account of +the very numerous massacres committed on it by the Apache Indians. On +the east, in the far distance, are the Sierras Blancos, and is fringed +on the west by the Sierra Caballo and Sierra de Frey Cristobal. From +these heights, on either side, the Indians are enabled to distinctly +perceive any party of travellers coming over the wide and unsheltered +expanse of the _Jornada del Muerto_. When any such parties are seen, +they come sweeping down upon the unsuspecting immigrant in more than +usual numbers, and if successful, as they generally are, in their +attack, invariably destroy all of the party, for there is no possible +chance of escape; and the Apaches never take any prisoners but women and +young children, and they become captives for life. + +The first camp was a dry one, and as the command was accompanied by a +tank of water, drawn by six mules, thus being prepared by a plentiful +supply of water, I concluded to cross this desert at my leisure. The +next forenoon we passed by the celebrated "Point of Rocks," the company +being deployed as skirmishers, with the hope of finding Indians hiding +between the huge boulders of which it was composed, but without results. +Late in the afternoon we arrived at the Aleman, so called from the fact +that a whole German immigrant family had been massacred at this point +some years before by the Indians. The next night another dry camp, +having passed during the day the _Laguna del Muerto_, where water is +found in some seasons. While some three miles on our left was the _Ojo +del Muerto_, a point where Fort McRae was established in 1863 by Captain +Henry A. Greene, commanding Company G, First California Infantry, now a +resident of this city, (Providence, R. I.). The next day's march brought +us to the little village of El Paraje del Fra Cristobal. Near the spot +on which the camp was made, was the peaceful flowing and muddy Rio +Grande. A short march of five miles brought us to our destination--Fort +Craig. Our arrival was in January, 1863. + +The company remained at this post during the year 1863, monotony of +garrison life being relieved by furnishing escorts to wagon trains bound +north and south, and an occasional scout after Indians. In July of that +year, Assistant Surgeon Watson, who had been commissioned at Sacramento, +California, more than a year before, and had been ordered to report to +the headquarters of his regiment at Fort Craig, arrived at Fort McRae, +without accident. On leaving that post, Captain Greene had furnished him +with one government wagon and an escort of five or six men of his +company. They set out with joyful anticipation; the Doctor was delighted +to know that after a year's travel, he would soon be at his new home, +and be doing duty with his own regiment, which he had never seen. The +wagon, with its occupants, soon emerged from the cañon of the _Ojo del +Muerto_, and came out on the hard, smooth, natural road of the +_Jornada_. About the middle of the afternoon, they were proceeding +leisurely along; twelve miles in advance could be plainly seen the +buildings of Fort Craig, with "Old Glory" on the flag-staff. The driver +of the team, Johnson, a soldier of Greene's company, sat on his near +wheel-mule chatting pleasantly with the Doctor, who occupied the front +of the wagon, with his feet hanging down on the whiffle-trees; the +escort were all in the wagon, lying on their blankets, with their arms +and equipments beneath them. Within five miles of them there was not a +rock, tree, shrub, or bush, as large as a man's head--they felt a +perfect security. Another moment, how changed! There arose from the sand +of the desert, where they had buried themselves, some ten or twelve +Apaches, within twenty feet of the moving wagon, and poured a volley of +arrows into the doomed party, and closing in immediately, a part +attacked the occupants of the wagon, while the rest disengaged the +mules, and mounting their backs started for the mountains on the west, +towards the river, and before the soldiers were out of the wagon were +out of reach of their fire. Doctor Watson was shot with two arrows, one +in his right arm, and the other on the inside of his right thigh, +severing the femoral artery. He breathed his last in a few minutes; the +driver was shot through the heart, and one or two of the escorts were +slightly wounded. News of this affair reached the post before sunset, +and in twenty minutes Company K was on its way down the west side of the +river to intercept, if possible, these murderers. The company was kept +in the field for thirty days, without other result than to find a hot +trail of eighty-two Navajoes, who were on their way to their own +country, with some eight thousand head of sheep and other stock that +they had stolen in the upper counties of New Mexico. As the company were +dismounted, it was impossible to take up the trail. The commander of the +company, however, with five cavalrymen and two Mexican scouts, followed +and overtook the Indians after a run of twenty-five miles, but +accomplished nothing except exchanging some twenty or twenty-five shots +on either side, as our animals were completely "blown," and eighty-two +to eight was an unpleasant disparity of numbers. The lieutenant and his +men arrived back at the river the next morning, having been in the +saddle nearly twenty-four hours. The result of the short skirmish was +that one of the cavalrymen's horses was shot through the breast, and one +Navajo was sent to his happy hunting-grounds and one was wounded. + +January, 1864, Company K was ordered to Los Pinos, about one hundred +miles further up the Rio Grande, and about twenty miles south of +Albuquerque; marching through the towns of Socorro, La Limitar, across +the sand hills at the foot of the _Sierra de los Ladrones_, or Thieves +Mountains; crossing the Rio Puerco, near its affluence with the Rio +Grande; thence to Sabinal, La Belen, and Los Lunes. They remained here +until the first of February, when Colonel Kit Carson arrived there from +the Navajo country, with some two hundred and fifty-three Navajo +Indians, whom he had taken prisoners in his operations against that +nation. Orders were received from department headquarters for Company K +to proceed with these Indians to the Bosque Redondo, some two hundred +and fifty miles down on the Pecos river. Accordingly, after formally +receiving these prisoners and receipting therefor, the command moved +out, and on the second night arrived at Carnwell Cañon; thence to San +Antonio, San Antoinette, Los Placeres and Gallisteo. Thus far the +command had moved across the country, but on the day of leaving +Gallisteo, the company struck the military road leading from Fort Union +to Santa Fé, near the old Peces ruins. The command moved along this road +to the village of Tecolote; from here they proceeded down the Pecos +river, and arrived at Fort Sumner after eighteen days' marching. Fort +Sumner was a new post, established for the purpose of a reservation for +Indians, both Navajo and Apache, that should be taken prisoners by the +troops, and Colonel Carson was on a campaign against the Navajoes, in +which he was successful, as there were finally some eight thousand of +these Indians captured and placed on this reservation. Those brought in +by Company K were the first large body that had arrived. I will say +here, in parenthesis, that this is the only way to treat the Indian +question; for this Indian nation (the Navajoes), after receiving a +severe drubbing by Carson, and all had surrendered, were finally allowed +to return to their own country, since which time they have continued on +the best of terms with our people. This has always been the experience +on the frontiers--one effective campaign is better than all the treaties +that were ever consummated. + +Fort Sumner was at this time in command of Major Henry D. Wallen, United +States Seventh Infantry, than whom there was no more excellent gentleman +in the service of the government. His administration was marked by a +sincere desire to do justice to all under him, a feature that was sadly +deficient in too many officers of the time that is spoken of. He was a +perfect example of sobriety, and his case certainly was a commendation +of the excellence of education of the academy at West Point, of which he +was an honored graduate. + +Company K had been at Fort Sumner but a few days when it was ordered to +report to the commanding officer at Fort Union, necessitating a march of +one hundred and twenty-five miles. The command arrived at Fort Union on +the eighteenth day of March, 1864, and remained there, doing camp duty, +during the months of April, May and June. In July, the company +proceeded, with a company of New Mexican cavalry, towards the east, by +the route known as the Cummarron route, passing on our way, Burgwin's +Spring, named after the gallant Captain Burgwin, First Regiment United +States Dragoons, who fell while leading the attack upon the insurgents +at Taos, 1847, and the Wagon Mound, a high landmark (so called from its +shape). From this point to the "Point of Rocks," forty miles, is the +track of a bloody, brave and disastrous fight made by eight passengers +in the stage against a band of sixty Apaches. They fought every inch of +the long, dread struggle. Killed one by one, and dropped on the road, +two survivors maintained their defense a long time, and when the sole +contestant was left, his last dying effort was to strew the contents of +his powder-horn in the sand, and stir it in with his foot, so that the +Indians could not use it. Wilson's Creek, some miles further on, is +named after a Mr. Wilson, a merchant of Santa Fé, who was overtaken here +by the Indians, and, with his wife and child--for he was alone with +them--butchered with the usual savage outrage and cruelty. + +The command returned to Fort Union in September, in which month the +First Infantry, California Volunteers, was mustered out of service, +their term of three years having expired, with the exception of Company +K, it being recollected that they were enlisted at San Francisco some +time after the other companies had been formed. However, the members of +that company began, in October, to be dropped out, and when orders +arrived at Fort Union for the formation of the Commanche expedition, +under Colonel Kit Carson, there remained of the First Infantry Regiment, +California Volunteers, one officer (Lieutenant Pettis) and twenty-six +enlisted men of Company K. This company accompanied Carson's expedition +with two mountain howitzers, mounted on prairie carriages, and +rendezvoued at Fort Bascom, on the Canadian river, near the line of +Texas. This expedition consisted as follows: Colonel Christopher Carson, +First New Mexico Cavalry, commanding; Colonel Francisco P. Abreú, First +New Mexico Infantry; Major William McCleave, First California Cavalry; +Captain Emil Fritz, Company B, First California Cavalry, one officer and +forty enlisted men; Lieutenant Sullivan Heath, Company K, First +California Cavalry, one officer and forty men; Captain Meriam, Company +M, First California Cavalry, one officer and thirty-four men; Lieutenant +George H. Pettis, Company K, First California Infantry, one officer and +twenty-six men; Captain Charles Deus, Company M, First New Mexico +Cavalry, two officers and seventy men; Captain Joseph Berney, Company D, +First New Mexico Cavalry, two officers and thirty-six men; Company A, +First California Veteran Infantry, seventy-five men; Assistant Surgeon +George S. Courtright, United States Volunteers, and an officer whose +name escapes me, as Assistant Quartermaster and Commissary,--numbering +in all, fourteen officers and three hundred and twenty-one enlisted men. +In addition to the command, Colonel Carson had induced seventy-two +friendly Indians (Utes and Apaches), and as big scoundrels as there were +on the frontiers, by promising them all the plunder that they might +acquire, to join the expedition. + +On the sixth of November, the command left Fort Bascom, and proceeded +down on the north bank of the Canadian, hoping to find the Commanche and +Kiowa Indians (who had been committing their atrocities during the whole +of 1864) in their winter quarters. The Indians with our command, on +every night, after making camp, being now on the war-path, indulged in +the accustomed war dance, which, although new to most of us, became +almost intolerable, it being kept up each night until nearly day-break; +and until we became accustomed to their groans and howlings, incident to +the dance, it was impossible to sleep. Each morning of our march, two of +our Indians would be sent ahead several hours before we started, who +would return to camp at night and report. + +We had been on our march day after day without particular incident +until our arrival at Mule Creek, when our scouts brought in the +intelligence that they had seen signs of a large body of Indians that +had moved that day, and that they could be overtaken without much +effort. Immediately after supper, all of the Cavalry, with Company K, +moved out of camp in light marching order, leaving the infantry, under +command of Colonel Abreú, to protect the wagon train and proceed on our +trail on the morrow. Colonel Carson and command marched all night, +except a short halt just before dawn, and struck an outpost of the enemy +on the opposite side of the river, at about sunrise, who being mounted +retreated, followed by our Indians and two companies of our Cavalry. The +rest of the command moved down on the north side of the river, and a few +miles below the cavalry struck a Kiowa _rancheria_ of one hundred and +seventy-six lodges, the Indians retreating down the river on their +approach. Company K, escorted by Lieutenant Heath's command, and +accompanied by Colonel Carson, could not advance with the rapidity of +the cavalry, as the cannoneers were dismounted, and the wheels tracking +very narrow, caused the utmost attention to prevent their being +overturned. The Indians from the Kiowa encampment retreated until they +were reinforced by a large force of Commanches from a Commanche +_rancheria_ of five hundred lodges, a short distance below the "Adobe +Walls," a location well known by all frontiersmen. The cavalry made a +stand here, and were engaged in skirmishing with the enemy, when Company +K came on the field with the two mountain howitzers. An order from +Colonel Carson to Lieutenant Pettis to "fling a few shell over thar!" +indicating with his hand a large body of Indians who appeared to be +about to charge into our forces, that officer immediately ordered +"Battery halt! action right, load with shell--load!" Before the fourth +discharge of the howitzers, the Indians had retreated out of range, and +it was supposed that there would be no more fighting; but we counted +without our host, for our animals had scarcely been watered when the +enemy returned to the conflict. The horses of the cavalry were again +placed in the "Adobe Walls," which were elevated enough to protect them +from the rifle balls of the enemy, and the fight was soon at its height. + +About the middle of the afternoon, Carson concluded to return to the +Kiowa village that we had passed through in the morning, contrary to the +wishes of his officers, who were anxious to advance to the Commanche +village, which was less than a mile in our front. The return column +consisted of the cavalry horses, the number four of each set of fours +leading the other three horses, with the howitzers in the rear, the +dismounted cavalry acting as skirmishers on the front, rear and either +flank. The firing was continued from each side until the village was +reached, when our troops proceeded to destroy it, which was effectually +done before dark. + +A further march of about four miles, and the wagon train was reached, +the safety of which had been the subject of much anxiety during the day. +The gun carriages and ammunition carts of Company K were packed with the +wounded on their return from the Kiowa village. A rest was had the next +day, which was sadly needed, as the whole command had been marching and +fighting about twenty-seven hours, on a few broken hard tack and a slice +of salt pork each. The second day after the fight, Carson concluded to +return to Fort Bascom, which post was reached in twenty-one days. Here +the command remained until orders were received from General Carleton, +commanding the department, and Company K was ordered to Fort Union, as +the term of service of nearly all the men had expired. By the first of +February, 1865, all the enlisted men of the company had been mustered +out of service, and Lieutenant Pettis, the last man of his regiment, was +ordered to report to the mustering officer at Santa Fé, with all the +records of his company; and on the fifteenth of February, he was +mustered out of service, and Company K, First Infantry, California +Volunteers, had ceased to exist, having marched on foot during its term +of service four thousand two hundred and forty-five miles. + + + + +ERRATUM. + + +On pages 6 and 7 read for "General Joe Johnston," General Albert Sidney +Johnston. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frontier service during the rebellion +by George H. 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