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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories
+
+Author: Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+Editor: William Elliot Griffis
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2009 [EBook #28979]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Meredith Bach, Asad Razzaki and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      A few typographical and punctuation errors have been
+      corrected. A complete list follows the text.
+
+      Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been
+      retained as in the original.
+
+      Words italicized in the original are surrounded by
+      _underscores_.
+
+      Words with bold emphasis in the original are surrounded
+      by =equals signs=.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Lion of Korea.]
+
+
+
+
+CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN
+
+AND
+
+JAPANESE CHILD STORIES
+
+
+BY
+
+
+MRS. M. CHAPLIN AYRTON
+
+
+EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY
+
+WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, L.H.D.
+
+Author of "The Mikado's Empire" and "Japanese Fairy World"
+
+
+_WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING SEVEN FULL-PAGE PICTURES DRAWN AND
+ENGRAVED BY JAPANESE ARTISTS_
+
+
+ BOSTON, U.S.A.
+ D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
+ 1909
+
+
+ COPYRIGHT, 1901,
+ BY D. C. HEATH & CO.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Over a quarter of a century ago, while engaged in introducing the
+American public school system into Japan, I became acquainted in Tokio
+with Mrs. Matilda Chaplin Ayrton, the author of "Child-Life in Japan."
+This highly accomplished lady was a graduate of Edinburgh University,
+and had obtained the degrees of Bachelor of Letters and Bachelor of
+Sciences, besides studying medicine in Paris. She had married Professor
+William Edward Ayrton, the electric engineer and inventor, then
+connected with the Imperial College of Engineering of Japan, and since
+president of the Institute of Electric Engineers in London. She took a
+keen interest in the Japanese people and never wearied of studying them
+and their beautiful country. With my sister, she made excursions to some
+of the many famous places in the wonderful city of Tokio. When her own
+little daughter, born among the camellias and chrysanthemums, grew up
+under her Japanese nurse, Mrs. Ayrton became more and more interested in
+the home life of the Japanese and in the pictures and stories which
+delighted the children of the Mikado's Empire. After her return to
+England, in 1879, she wrote this book.
+
+In the original work, the money and distances, the comparisons and
+illustrations, were naturally English, and not American. For this
+reason, I have ventured to alter the text slightly here and there, that
+the American child reader may more clearly catch the drift of the
+thought, have given to each Japanese word the standard spelling now
+preferred by scholars and omitted statements of fact which were once,
+but are no longer, true. I have also translated or omitted hard Japanese
+words, shortened long sentences, rearranged the illustrations, and added
+notes which will make the subject clearer. Although railways,
+telegraphs, and steamships, clothes and architecture, schools and
+customs, patterned more or less closely after those in fashion in
+America and Europe, have altered many things in Japan and caused others
+to disappear, yet the children's world of toys and games and stories
+does not change very fast. In the main, it may be said, we have here a
+true picture of the old Japan which we all delighted in seeing, when, in
+those sunny days, we lived in sight of Yedo Bay and Fuji Yama, with
+Japanese boys and girls all around us.
+
+The best portions and all the pictures of Mrs. Ayrton's big and costly
+book have been retained and reproduced, including her own preface or
+introduction, and the book is again set forth with a hearty "ohio" (good
+morning) of salutation and sincere "om�d�to" (congratulations) that the
+nations of the world are rapidly becoming one family. May every reader
+of "Child-Life in Japan" see, sometime during the twentieth century, the
+country and the people of whom Mrs. Ayrton has written with such lively
+spirit and such warm appreciation.
+
+    WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS.
+
+ITHACA, N.Y.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                         Page
+
+ Preface by William Elliot Griffis          v
+
+ Introduction by the Author                xi
+
+ Seven Scenes of Child-Life in Japan        1
+
+ First Month                               16
+
+ The Chrysanthemum Show                    30
+
+ Fishsave                                  34
+
+ The Filial Girl                           37
+
+ The Parsley Queen                         38
+
+ The Two Daughters                         40
+
+ Second Sight                              44
+
+ Games                                     46
+
+ The Games and Sports of Japanese
+     Children, by William Elliot Griffis   50
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ The Lion of Korea                _Frontispiece_
+
+                                            PAGE
+ A Ride on a Bamboo Rail                       1
+
+ A Game of Snowball                            3
+
+ Boys' Concert--Flute, Drum, and Song          5
+
+ Lion Play                                     6
+
+ Ironclad Top Game                             7
+
+ Playing with Doggy                            9
+
+ Heron-Legs, or Stilts                        11
+
+ The Young Wrestlers                          13
+
+ Playing with the Turtle                      15
+
+ Presenting the Tide-Jewels to Hachiman       18
+
+ "Bronze fishes sitting on their throats"     19
+
+ The Treasure-Ship                            23
+
+ Girls' Ball and Counting Game                26
+
+ Firemen's Gymnastics                         28
+
+ Street Tumblers                              29
+
+ Eating Stand for the Children                31
+
+ Fishsave riding the Dolphin                  35
+
+ Bowing before her Mother's Mirror            37
+
+ Imitating the Procession                     39
+
+ The Two White Birds                          41
+
+ Eye-Hiding, or Blindman's Buff               47
+
+ Stilts and Clog-Throwing                     48
+
+ Playing at Batter-Cakes                      49
+
+ Hoisting the Rice-Beer Keg                   51
+
+ Getting ready to raise the Big Humming Kite  60
+
+ Daruma, the Snow-Image                       62
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In almost every home are Japanese fans, in our shops Japanese dolls and
+balls and other knick-knacks, on our writing-tables bronze crabs or
+lacquered pen-tray with outlined on it the extinct volcano [Fuji San][1]
+that is the most striking mountain seen from the capital of Japan. At
+many places of amusement Japanese houses of real size have been
+exhibited, and the jargon of fashion for "Japanese Art" even reaches our
+children's ears.
+
+[1] _Fuji San_, or Fuji no Yama, the highest mountain in the Japanese
+archipelago, is in the province of Suruga, sixty miles west of Tokio.
+Its crest is covered with snow most of the year. Twenty thousand
+pilgrims visit it annually. Its name may mean Not Two (such), or
+Peerless.
+
+Yet all these things seem dull and lifeless when thus severed from the
+quaint cheeriness of their true home. To those familiar with Japan, that
+bamboo fan-handle recalls its graceful grassy tree, the thousand and one
+daily purposes for which bamboo wood serves. We see the open shop where
+squat the brown-faced artisans cleverly dividing into those slender
+divisions the fan-handle, the wood-block engraver's where some dozen
+men sit patiently chipping at their cherry-wood blocks, and the
+printer's where the coloring arrangements seem so simple to those used
+to western machinery, but where the colors are so rich and true. We see
+the picture stuck on the fan frame with starch paste, and drying in the
+brilliant summer sunlight. The designs recall vividly the life around,
+whether that life be the stage, the home, insects, birds, or flowers. We
+think of halts at wayside inns, when bowing tea-house girls at once
+proffer these fans to hot and tired guests.
+
+The tonsured oblique-eyed doll suggests the festival of similarly
+oblique-eyed little girls on the 3rd of March. Then dolls of every
+degree obtain for a day "Dolls' Rights." In every Japanese household all
+the dolls of the present and previous generations are, on that festival,
+set out to best advantage. Beside them are sweets, green-speckled rice
+cake, and daintily gilt and lacquered dolls' utensils. For some time
+previous, to meet the increased demand, the doll shopman has been very
+busy. He sits before a straw-holder into which he can readily stick, to
+dry, the wooden supports of the plaster dolls' heads he is painting, as
+he takes first one and then another to give artistic touches to their
+glowing cheeks or little tongue. That dolly that seems but "so odd" to
+Polly or Maggie is there the cherished darling of its little owner. It
+passes half its day tied on to her back, peeping companionably its head
+over her shoulder. At night it is lovingly sheltered under the green
+mosquito curtains, and provided with a toy wooden pillow.
+
+The expression "Japanese Art" seems but a created word expressing either
+the imitations of it, or the artificial transplanting of Japanese things
+to our houses. The whole glory of art in Japan is, that it is not Art,
+but Nature simply rendered, by a people with a fancy and love of fun
+quite Irish in character. Just as Greek sculptures were good, because in
+those days artists modelled the corsetless life around them, so the
+Japanese artist does not draw well his lightly draped figures, cranes,
+and insects because these things strike him as beautiful, but because he
+is familiar with their every action.
+
+The Japanese house out of Japan seems but a dull and listless affair. We
+miss the idle, easy-going life and chatter, the tea, the sweetmeats, the
+pipes and charcoal brazier, the clogs awaiting their wearers on the
+large flat stone at the entry, the grotesquely trained ferns, the glass
+balls and ornaments tinkling in the breeze, that hang, as well as
+lanterns, from the eaves, the garden with tiny pond and goldfish, bridge
+and miniature hill, the bright sunshine beyond the sharp shadow of the
+upward curving angles of the tiled roof, the gay, scarlet folds of the
+women's under-dress peeping out, their little litter of embroidery or
+mending, and the babies, brown and half naked, scrambling about so
+happily. For, what has a baby to be miserable about in a land where it
+is scarcely ever slapped, where its clothing, always loose, is yet warm
+in winter, where it basks freely in air and sunshine? It lives in a
+house, that from its thick grass mats, its absence of furniture, and
+therefore of commands "not to touch," is the very beau-ideal of an
+infant's playground.
+
+The object with which the following pages were written, was that young
+folks who see and handle so often Japanese objects, but who find books
+of travels thither too long and dull for their reading, might catch a
+glimpse of the spirit that pervades life in the "Land of the Rising
+Sun." A portion of the book is derived from translations from Japanese
+tales, kindly given to the author by Mr. Basil H. Chamberlain, whilst
+the rest was written at idle moments during graver studies.
+
+The games and sports of Japanese children have been so well described by
+Professor Griffis, that we give, as an Appendix, his account of their
+doings.
+
+
+
+
+Child-Life in Japan.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN SCENES OF CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Ride on a Bamboo Rail.]
+
+These little boys all live a long way off in islands called "Japan."
+They have all rather brown chubby faces, and they are very merry. Unless
+they give themselves a really hard knock they seldom get cross or cry.
+
+In the second large picture two of the little boys are playing at
+snowball. Although it may be hotter in the summer in their country than
+it is here, the winter is as cold as you feel it. Like our own boys,
+these lads enjoy a fall of snow, and still better than snowballing they
+like making a snowman with a charcoal ball for each eye and a streak of
+charcoal for his mouth. The shoes which they usually wear out of doors
+are better for a snowy day than your boots, for their feet do not sink
+into the snow, unless it is deep. These shoes are of wood, and make a
+boy seem to be about three inches taller than he really is. The shoe,
+you see, has not laces or buttons, but is kept on the foot by that thong
+which passes between the first and second toe. The thong is made of
+grass, and covered with strong paper, or with white or colored calico.
+The boy in the check dress wears his shoes without socks, but you see
+the other boy has socks on. His socks are made of dark blue calico, with
+a thickly woven sole, and a place, like one finger of a glove, for his
+big toe. If you were to wear Japanese shoes, you would think the thong
+between your toes very uncomfortable. Yet from their habit of wearing
+this sort of shoe, the big toe grows more separate from the other toes,
+and the skin between this and the next toe becomes as hard as the skin
+of a dog's or a cat's paw.
+
+[Illustration: A Game of Snowball.]
+
+The boys are not cold, for their cotton clothes, being wadded, are warm
+and snug. One boy has a rounded pouch fastened to his sash. It is red
+and prettily embroidered with flowers or birds, and is his purse, in
+which he keeps some little toys and some money. The other boy very
+likely has not a pouch, but he has two famous big pockets. Like all
+Japanese, he uses the part of his large sleeve which hangs down as his
+pocket. Thus when a group of little children are disturbed at play you
+see each little hand seize a treasured toy and disappear into its
+sleeve, like mice running into their holes with bits of cheese.
+
+In the next large picture are two boys who are fond of music. One has a
+flute, which is made of bamboo wood. These flutes are easy to make, as
+bamboo wood grows hollow, with cross divisions at intervals. If you cut
+a piece with a division forming one end you need only make the outside
+holes in order to finish your flute.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The child sitting down has a drum. His drum and the paper lanterns
+hanging up have painted on them an ornament which is also the crest of
+the house of "Arima."[2] If these boys belong to this family they wear
+the same crest embroidered on the centre of the backs of their coats.
+
+[2] _Arima_ was one of the daimios or landed nobleman, nearly three
+hundred in number, out of whom has been formed the new nobility of
+Japan, a certain number of which are in the Upper House of the Imperial
+Diet.
+
+[Illustration: Boys' Concert--Flute, Drum, and Song.]
+
+[Illustration: Kangura, or Korean Lion Play]
+
+Korean Lion is the title of the picture which forms the frontispiece; it
+represents a game that children in Japan are very fond of playing. They
+are probably trying to act as well as the maskers did whom they saw on
+New Year's Day, just as our children try and imitate things they see
+in a pantomime. The masker goes from house to house accompanied by one
+or two men who play on cymbals, flute, and drum. He steps into a shop
+where the people of the house and their friends sit drinking tea, and
+passers-by pause in front of the open shop to see the fun. He takes a
+mask, like the one in the picture, off his back and puts it over his
+head. This boar's-head mask is painted scarlet and black, and gilt. It
+has a green cloth hanging down behind, in order that you may not
+perceive where the mask ends and the mans body begins. Then the masker
+imitates an animal. He goes up to a young lady and lays down his ugly
+head beside her to be patted, as "Beast" may have coaxed "Beauty" in the
+fairy tale. He grunts, and rolls, and scratches himself. The children
+almost forget he is a man, and roar with laughter at the funny animal.
+When they begin to tire of this fun he exchanges this mask for some of
+the two or three others he carries with him. He puts on a mask of an old
+woman over his face, and at the back of his head a very different second
+mask, a cloth tied over the centre of the head, making the two faces
+yet more distinct from each other. He has quickly arranged the back of
+his dress to look like the front of a person, and he acts, first
+presenting the one person to his spectators, then the other. He makes
+you even imagine he has four arms, so cleverly can he twist round his
+arm and gracefully fan what is in reality the back of his head.
+
+[Illustration: Ironclad Top Game.]
+
+The tops the lads are playing with in this picture[3] are not quite the
+same shape as our tops, but they spin very well. Some men are so clever
+at making spinning-tops run along strings, throwing them up into the air
+and catching them with a tobacco-pipe, that they earn a living by
+exhibiting their skill.
+
+[3] See page 7.
+
+Some of the tops are formed of short pieces of bamboo with a wooden peg
+put through them, and the hole cut in the side makes them have a fine
+hum as the air rushes in whilst they spin.
+
+The boys in the next large picture (p. 9) must be playing with the
+puppies of a large dog, to judge from their big paws. There are a great
+many large dogs in the streets of Tokio; some are very tame, and will
+let children comb their hair and ornament them and pull them about.
+These dogs do not wear collars, as do our pet dogs, but a wooden label
+bearing the owner's name is hung round their necks. Other big dogs are
+almost wild.[4]
+
+[4] _Wild-dogs:_ ownerless dogs have now been exterminated, and every
+dog in Japan is owned, licensed, taxed, or else liable to go the way of
+the old wolfish-looking curs. The pet spaniel-like dogs are called
+_chin_.
+
+Half-a-dozen of these dogs will lie in one place, stretched drowsily on
+the grassy city walls under the trees, during the daytime. Towards
+evening they rouse themselves and run off to yards and rubbish-heaps to
+pick up what they can. They will eat fish, but two or three dogs soon
+get to know where the meat-eating Englishmen live. They come trotting in
+regularly with a business-like air to search among the day's refuse for
+bones. Should any interloping dog try to establish a right to share the
+feast he can only gain his footing after a victorious battle. All these
+dogs are very wolfish-looking, with straight hair, which is usually
+white or tan-colored. There are other pet dogs kept in houses. These
+look something like spaniels. They are small, with their black noses so
+much turned up that it seems as if, when they were puppies, they had
+tumbled down and broken the bridge of their nose. They are often
+ornamented like dog Toby in "Punch and Judy," with a ruff made of some
+scarlet stuff round their necks.
+
+[Illustration: Playing with Doggy.]
+
+After the heavy autumn rains have filled the roads with big puddles,
+it is great fun, this boy thinks, to walk about on stilts. You see him
+on page 11. His stilts are of bamboo wood, and he calls them
+"Heron-legs," after the long-legged snowy herons that strut about in the
+wet rice-fields. When he struts about on them, he wedges the upright
+between his big and second toe as if the stilt was like his shoes. He
+has a good view of his two friends who are wrestling, and probably
+making hideous noises like wild animals as they try to throw one
+another. They have seen fat public wrestlers stand on opposite sides of
+a sanded ring, stoop, rubbing their thighs, and in a crouching attitude
+and growling, slowly advance upon one another. Then when near to one
+another, the spring is made and the men close. If after some time the
+round is not decided by a throw, the umpire, who struts about like a
+turkey-cock, fanning himself, approaches. He plucks the girdle of the
+weaker combatant, when the wrestlers at once retire to the sides of the
+arena to rest, and to sprinkle a little water over themselves.
+
+[Illustration: Heron-legs, or Stilts.]
+
+[Illustration: The Young Wrestlers.]
+
+In the neighborhood in which the children shown in the picture live,
+there is a temple (p. 11). In honor of the god a feast-day is held on
+the tenth of every month. The tenth day of the tenth month is a yet
+greater feast-day. On these days they go the first thing in the morning
+to the barber's, have their heads shaved and dressed, and their faces
+powdered with white, and their lips and cheeks painted pink. They wear
+their best clothes and smartest sashes. Then they clatter off on their
+wooden clogs to the temple and buy two little rice-cakes at the gates.
+Next they come to two large, comical bronze dogs sitting on stands, one
+on each side of the path. They reach up and gently rub the dog's nose,
+then rub their own noses, rub the dog's eyes, and then their own, and so
+on, until they have touched the dog's and their own body all over. This
+is their way of praying for good health. They also add another to the
+number of little rags that have been hung by each visitor about the
+dog's neck. Then they go to the altar and give their cakes to a boy
+belonging to the temple. In exchange he presents them with one rice-cake
+which has been blessed. They ring a round brass bell to call their god's
+attention, and throw him some money into a grated box as big as a
+child's crib. Then they squat down and pray to be good little boys. Now
+they go out and amuse themselves by looking at all the stalls of toys
+and cakes, and flowers and fish.
+
+The man who sells the gold-fish, with fan-like tails as long as their
+bodies, has also turtles. These boys at last settle that of all the
+pretty things they have seen they would best like to spend their money
+on a young turtle. For their pet rabbits and mice died, but turtles,
+they say, are painted on fans and screens and boxes because turtles live
+for ten thousand years. Even the noble white crane is said to live no
+more than a thousand years. In this picture they have carried home the
+turtle and are much amused at the funny way it walks and peeps its head
+in and out from under its shell.
+
+[Illustration: Playing with the Turtle.]
+
+
+
+
+FIRST MONTH.
+
+
+Little Good Boy had just finished eating the last of five rice cakes
+called "dango," that had been strung on a skewer of bamboo and dipped in
+soy sauce, when he said to his little sister, called Chrysanthemum:--
+
+"O-Kiku, it is soon the great festival of the New Year."
+
+"What shall we do then?" asked little O-Kiku, not clearly remembering
+the festival of the previous year.
+
+Thus questioned, Yoshi-san[5] had his desired opening to hold forth on
+the coming delights, and he replied:--
+
+"Men will come the evening before the great feast-day and help
+Plum-blossom, our maid, to clean all the house with brush and broom.
+Others will set up the decoration in front of our honored gateway. They
+will dig two small holes and plant a gnarled, black-barked father-pine
+branch on the left, and the slighter reddish mother-pine branch on the
+right. They will then put with these the tall knotted stem of a bamboo,
+with its smooth, hard green leaves that chatter when the wind blows.
+Next they will take a grass rope, about as long as a tall man, fringed
+with grass, and decorated with zigzag strips of white paper. These, our
+noble father says, are meant for rude images of men offering themselves
+in homage to the august gods."
+
+[5] _Yoshi-san. Yoshi_ means good, excellent, and _san_ is like our
+"Mr.," but is applied to any one from big man to baby. The girls are
+named after flowers, stars, or other pretty or useful objects.
+
+"Oh, yes! I have not forgotten," interrupts Chrysanthemum, "this cord is
+stretched from bamboo to bamboo; and Plum-blossom says the rope is to
+bar out the nasty two-toed, red, gray, and black demons, the badgers,
+the foxes, and other evil spirits from crossing our threshold. But I
+think it is the next part of the arch which is the prettiest, the whole
+bunch of things they tie in the middle of the rope. There is the
+crooked-back lobster, like a bowed old man, with all around the camellia
+branches, whose young leaves bud before the old leaves fall. There are
+pretty fern leaves shooting forth in pairs, and deep down between them
+the little baby fern-leaf. There is the bitter yellow orange, whose
+name, you know, means 'many parents and children.' The name of the black
+piece of charcoal is a pun on our homestead."
+
+"But best of all," says Yoshi-san, "I like the seaweed hontawara, for it
+tells me of our brave Queen Jingu Kogo, who, lest the troops should be
+discouraged, concealed from the army that her husband the king had died,
+put on armor, and led the great campaign against Korea.[6] Her troops,
+stationed at the margin of the sea, were in danger of defeat on account
+of the lack of fodder for their horses; when she ordered this hontawara
+to be plucked from the shore, and the horses, freshened by their meal of
+seaweed, rushed victoriously to battle. On the bronzed clasp of our
+worthy father's tobacco-pouch is, our noble father says, the Queen with
+her sword and the dear little baby prince,[7] Hachiman, who was born
+after the campaign, and who is now our Warrior God,[8] guiding our
+troops to victory, and that spirit on whose head squats a dragon has
+risen partly from the deep, to present an offering to the Queen and the
+Prince."
+
+[6] _The campaign against Korea_: 200 A.D.
+
+[7] _The Queen and the Prince_: See the story of "The Jewels of the
+Ebbing and the Flowing Tide" in the book of "Japanese Fairy Tales" in
+this series.
+
+[8] Ojin, son of Jingu Kogo, was, much later, deified as the god of
+war, Hachiman. See "The Religions of Japan," p. 204.
+
+[Illustration: Presenting the Tide-jewels to Hachiman.]
+
+"Then there is another seaweed, whose name is a pun on 'rejoicing.'
+There is the lucky bag that I made, for last year, of a square piece of
+paper into which we put chestnuts and the roe of a herring and dried
+persimmon fruit. Then I tied up the paper with red and white
+paper-string, that the sainted gods might know it was an offering."
+
+[Illustration: "Bronze fishes sitting on their throats."]
+
+Yoshi-san and his little sister had now reached the great gate
+ornamented with huge bronze fishes[9] sitting on their throats and
+twisting aloft their forked tails, that was near their home. He told his
+sister she must wait to know more about the great festival till the time
+arrived. They shuffled off their shoes, bowed, till their foreheads
+touched the ground, to their parents, ate their evening bowl of rice and
+salt fish, said a prayer and burnt a stick of incense to many-armed
+Buddha at the family altar. They spread their cotton-wadded quilts,
+rested their dear little shaved heads, with quaint circlet of hair, on
+the roll of cotton covered with white paper that formed the cushion of
+their hard wooden pillows. Soon they fell asleep to their mother's
+monotonously chanted lullaby of "Nenn� ko."
+
+    "Sleep, my child, sleep, my child,
+     Where is thy nurse gone?
+     She is gone to the mountains
+     To buy thee sweetmeats.
+     What shall she buy thee?
+     The thundering drum, the bamboo pipe,
+     The trundling man, or the paper kite."
+
+[9] The _bronze fishes_, called shachi-hoko, are huge metal figures,
+like dolphins, from four to twelve feet high, which were set on the
+pinnacles of the old castle towers in the days of feudalism. That from
+Nagoya, exhibited at the Vienna Exposition, had scales of solid gold.
+
+The great festival drew still nearer, to the children's delight, as they
+watched the previously described graceful bamboo arch rise before their
+gateposts. Then came a party of three with an oven, a bottomless tub,
+and some matting to replace the bottom. They shifted the pole that
+carried these utensils from their shoulders, and commenced to make the
+Japanese cake that may be viewed as the equivalent of a Christmas
+pudding. They mixed a paste of rice and put the sticky mass, to prevent
+rebounding, on the soft mat in the tub. The third man then beat for a
+long time the rice cake with a heavy mallet. Yoshi-san liked to watch
+the strong man swing down his mallet with dull resounding thuds. The
+well-beaten dough was then made up into flattish rounds of varying size
+on a pastry board one of the men had brought. Three cakes of graduated
+size formed a pyramid that was placed conspicuously on a lacquered
+stand, and the cakes were only to be eaten on the 11th of January.
+
+The mother told Plum-blossom and the children to get their clogs and
+overcoats and hoods, for she was going to get the New Year's
+decorations. The party shuffled off till they came to a stall where were
+big grass ropes and fringes and quaint grass boats filled with supposed
+bales of merchandise in straw coverings, a sun in red paper, and at bow
+and stern sprigs of fir. The whole was brightened by bits of gold leaf,
+lightly stuck on, that quivered here and there. When the children had
+chosen the harvest ship that seemed most besprinkled with gold,
+Plum-blossom bargained about the price. The mother, as a matter of form
+and rank, had pretended to take no interest in the purchase. She took
+her purse out of her sash, handed it to her servant, who opened it, paid
+the shopman, and then returned the purse to her mistress. This she did
+with the usual civility of first raising it to her forehead. The
+decorations they hung up in their sitting-room. Then they sent presents,
+such as large dried carp, tea, eggs, shoes, kerchiefs, fruits, sweets,
+or toys to various friends and dependants.
+
+On the 1st of January all were early astir, for the father, dressed at
+dawn in full European evening dress,[10] as is customary on such
+occasions, had to pay his respects at the levee of the Emperor. When
+this duty was over, he returned home and received visitors of rank
+inferior to himself. Later in the day and on the following day he paid
+visits of New Year greeting to all his friends. He took a present to
+those to whom he had sent no gift. Sometimes he had his little boy with
+him. For these visits Yoshi-san, in place of his usual flowing robe,
+loose trousers, and sash, wore a funny little knickerbocker suit, felt
+hat, and boots. These latter, though he thought them grand, felt very
+uncomfortable after his straw sandals. They were more troublesome to
+take off before stepping on the straw mats, that, being used as chairs
+as well as carpets, it would be a rudeness to soil. The maids, always
+kneeling, presented them with tiny cups of tea on oval saucers, which,
+remaining in the maid's hand, served rather as waiters. Sweetmeats, too,
+usually of a soft, sticky nature, but sometimes hard like sugar-plums,
+and called "fire-sweets," were offered on carved lotus-leaf or lacquered
+trays.
+
+[10] _First of January_: The old Chinese or lunar calendar ended in
+Japan, and the solar or Gregorian calendar began, January 1, 1872, when
+European dress was adopted by the official class.
+
+For the 2nd of January Plum-blossom bought some pictures of the
+treasure-ship or ship of riches, in which were seated the seven Gods of
+Wealth.[11] It has been sung thus about this Ship of Luck:--
+
+    "Nagaki yo no,          It is a long night.
+    To no numuri no.        The gods of luck sleep.
+    Mina m� sam�.           They all open their eyes.
+    Nami nori fun� no.      They ride in a boat on the waves.
+    Oto no yoki kana."      The sound is pleasing!
+
+[11] _The seven Gods of Wealth_: Concerning the origin of these popular
+deities, see "The Religions of Japan," p. 218.
+
+[Illustration: The Treasure-ship and the Seven Gods of Happiness.]
+
+These pictures they each tied on their pillow to bring lucky dreams.
+Great was the laughter in the morning when they related their dreams.
+Yoshi-san said he had dreamt he had a beautiful portmanteau full of nice
+foreign things, such as comforters, note-books, pencils, india-rubber,
+condensed milk, lama, wide-awakes, boots, and brass jewelry. Just as he
+opened it, everything vanished and he found only a torn fan, an odd
+chop-stick, a horse's cast straw shoe, and a live crow.
+
+When at home, the children, for the first few days of the New Year,
+dressed in their best crepe, made up in three silken-wadded layers.
+Their crest was embroidered on the centre of the back and on the sleeves
+of the quaintly flowered long upper skirt. Beneath its wadded hem peeped
+the scarlet rolls of the hems of their under-dresses, and then the
+white-stockinged feet, with, passing between the toes, the scarlet thong
+of the black-lacquered clog. The little girl's sash was of many-flowered
+brocade, with scarlet broidered pouch hanging at her right side. A
+scarlet over-sash kept the large sash-knot in its place. Her hair was
+gay with knot of scarlet crinkled crepe, lacquered comb, and hairpin of
+tiny golden battledore. Resting thereon were a shuttlecock of coral,
+another pin of a tiny red lobster and a green pine sprig made of silk.
+In her belt was coquettishly stuck the butterfly-broidered case that
+held her quire of paper pocket-handkerchiefs. The brother's dress was of
+a simpler style and soberer coloring. His pouch of purple had a dragon
+worked on it, and the hair of his partly shaven head was tied into a
+little gummed tail with white paper-string. They spent most of the day
+playing with their pretty new battledores, striking with its plain side
+the airy little shuttlecock whose head is made of a black seed. All the
+while they sang a rhyme on the numbers up to ten:--
+
+    "Hitogo ni futa-go--mi-watashi yo me-go,
+     Itsu yoni musashi nan no yakushi,
+     Kokono-ya ja--to yo."
+
+When tired of this fun, they would play with a ball made of paper and
+wadding evenly wound about with thread or silk of various colors. They
+sang to the throws a song which seems abrupt because some portions have
+probably fallen into disuse; it runs thus:--
+
+"See opposite--see Shin-kawa! A very beautiful lady who is one of the
+daughters of a chief magistrate of Odawara-cho. She was married to a
+salt merchant. He was a man fond of display, and he thought how he would
+dress her this year. He said to the dyer, 'Please dye this brocade and
+the brocade for the middle dress into seven-or eight-fold dresses;' and
+the dyer said, 'I am a dyer, and therefore I will dye and stretch it.
+What pattern do you wish?' The merchant replied, 'The pattern of falling
+snow and broken twigs, and in the centre the curved bridge of Gojo.'"
+
+[Illustration: Girls' Ball and Counting Game.]
+
+Then to fill up the rhyme come the words, "Chokin, chokera, kokin,
+kokera," and the tale goes on: "Crossing this bridge the girl was struck
+here and there, and the tea-house girls laughed. Put out of countenance
+by this ridicule, she drowned herself in the river Karas, the body sunk,
+the hair floated. How full of grief the husband's heart--now the ball
+counts a hundred."
+
+This they varied with another song:--
+
+    "One, two, three, four,
+     Grate hard charcoal, shave kiri wood;
+     Put in the pocket, the pocket is wet,
+     Kiyomadzu, on three yenoki trees
+     Were three sparrows, chased by a pigeon.
+     The sparrows said, 'Chiu, chiu,'
+     The pigeon said, 'po, po,'--now the
+     Ball counts a hundred."
+
+The pocket referred to means the bottom of the long sleeve, which is apt
+to trail and get wet when a child stoops at play. Kiyomadzu may mean a
+famous temple that bears that name. Sometimes they would simply count
+the turns and make a sort of game of forfeiting and returning the number
+of rebounds kept up by each.
+
+Yoshi-san had begun to think battledore and balls too girlish an
+amusement. He preferred flying his eagle or mask-like kite, or playing
+at cards, verses, or lotteries. Sometimes he played a lively game with
+his father, in which the board is divided into squares and diagonals. On
+these move sixteen men held by one player and one large piece held by
+the second player. The point of the game is either that the holder of
+the sixteen pieces hedges the large piece so it that can make no move,
+or that the big piece takes all its adversaries. A take can only be made
+by the large piece when it finds a piece immediately on each side of it
+and a blank point beyond. Or he watched a party of several, with the
+pictured sheet of Japanese backgammon before them, write their names on
+slips of paper or wood, and throw in turn a die. The slips are placed on
+the pictures whose numbers correspond with the throw. At the next round,
+if the number thrown by the particular player is written on the picture,
+he finds directions as to which picture to move his slip backward or
+forward to. He may, however, find his throw a blank and have to remain
+at his place. The winning consists in reaching a certain picture. When
+tired of these quieter games, the strolling woman player on a
+guitar-like instrument, would be called in. Or, a party of Kangura boy
+performers afforded pastime by the quaint animal-like movements of the
+draped figure. He wears a huge grotesque scarlet mask on his head, and
+at times makes this monster appear to stretch out and draw in its neck
+by an unseen change in position of the mask from the head to the
+gradually extended and draped hand of the actor. The beat of a drum and
+the whistle of a bamboo flute formed the accompaniment to the dumb-show
+acting.
+
+[Illustration: Firemen's Gymnastics at New Year's Time.]
+
+Yoshi-san thought the 4th and 5th days of January great fun, because
+loud shoutings were heard. Running in the direction of the sound, he
+found the men of a fire-brigade who had formed a procession to carry
+their new paper standard, bamboo ladders, paper lanterns, etc. This
+procession paused at intervals. Then the men steadied the ladder with
+their long fire-hooks, whilst an agile member of the band mounted the
+erect ladder and performed gymnastics at the top. His performance
+concluded, he dismounted, and the march continued, the men as before
+yelling joyously, at the highest pitch of their voices.
+
+[Illustration: Street Tumblers playing Kangura in Tokio.]
+
+After about a week of fun, life at the villa, gradually resumed its
+usual course, the father returned to his office, the mother to her
+domestic employments, and the children to school, all having said for
+that new year their last joy-wishing greeting--om�d�to
+(congratulations).
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
+
+
+Yoshi-san and his Grandmother go to visit the great temple at Shiba.
+They walk up its steep stairs, and arrive at the lacquered threshold.
+Here they place aside their wooden clogs, throw a few coins into a huge
+box standing on the floor. It is covered with a wooden grating so
+constructed as to prevent pilfering hands afterward removing the coin.
+Then they pull a thick rope attached to a big brass bell like an
+exaggerated sheep-bell, hanging from the ceiling, but which gives forth
+but a feeble, tinkling sound. To insure the god's attention, this is
+supplemented with three distinct claps of the hands, which are afterward
+clasped in prayer for a short interval; two more claps mark the
+conclusion. Then, resuming their clogs, they clatter down the steep,
+copper-bound temple steps into the grounds. Here are stalls innumerable
+of toys, fruit, fish-cakes, birds, tobacco-pipes, ironmongery, and rice,
+and scattered amidst the stalls are tea-houses, peep-shows, and other
+places of amusement. Of these the greatest attraction is a newly-opened
+chrysanthemum show.
+
+The chrysanthemums are trained to represent figures. Here is a
+celebrated warrior, Kato Kiyomasa by name, who lived about the year
+1600, when the eminent Hashiba (Hid�yoshi) ruled Japan. Near the end of
+his reign Hashiba, wishing to invade China, but being himself unable to
+command the expedition, intrusted the leadership of the fleet and army
+to Kiyomasa. They embarked, reached Korea, where a fierce battle was
+fought and victory gained by Kiyomasa. When, however, he returned to
+Japan, he found Hid�yoshi had died, and the expedition was therefore
+recalled. Tales of the liberality and generosity of the Chief, and how
+he, single-handed, had slain a large and wild tiger with the spear that
+he is represented as holding, led to his being at length addressed as a
+god. His face is modelled in plaster and painted, and the yellow
+chrysanthemum blossoms may be supposed to be gold bosses on the verdant
+armor.
+
+[Illustration: Eating Stand for the Children.]
+
+Next they looked at eccentric varieties of this autumn flower, such as
+those having the petals longer and more curly than usual. To show off
+the flowers every branch was tied to a stick, which caused Yoshi-san to
+think the bushes looked a little stiff and ugly. Near the warrior was a
+chrysanthemum-robed lady, Benten, standing in a flowery sailing-boat
+that is supposed to contain a cargo of jewels. Three rabbits farther on
+appeared to be chatting together. Perhaps the best group of all was old
+Fukurokujin, with white beard and bald head. He was conversing with two
+of the graceful waterfowl so constantly seen in Japanese decorations. He
+is the god of luck, and has a reputation for liking good cheer. This is
+suggested by a gourd, a usual form of wine-bottle, that is suspended to
+his cane, whilst another gourd contains homilies. He was said to be so
+tender-hearted that even timid wild fowl were not afraid of him.
+
+Not the least amusing part of the show was the figure before which
+Yoshi's Grandmother exclaimed, "Why, truly, that is clever! Behold, I
+pray thee, a barbarian lady, and even her child!" In truth it was an
+unconscious caricature of Europeans, although the lady's face had not
+escaped being made to look slightly Japanese. The child held a toy, and
+had a regular shock head of hair. The frizzed hair of many foreign
+children appeared very odd to Yoshi-san. He thought their mothers must
+be very unkind not to take the little "western men" more often to the
+barber's. He complacently compared the neatness of his own shaven crown
+and tidily-clipped and gummed side-locks.
+
+Being tired of standing, the old Grandmother told her grandson they
+would go and listen to a recital at the story-teller's. Leaving their
+wooden shoes in a pigeon-hole for that purpose, they joined an attentive
+throng of some twenty listeners seated on mats in a dimly-lighted room.
+Yoshi could not make out all the tale-teller said, but he liked to watch
+him toy with his fan as he introduced his listeners to the characters of
+his story. Then the story-teller would hold his fan like a rod of
+command, whilst he kept his audience in rapt attention, then sometimes,
+amidst the laughter of those present, he would raise his voice to a
+shrill whine, and would emphasize a joke by a sharp tap on the table
+with his fan. After they had listened to one tale Yoshi-san was sleepy.
+So they went and bargained with a man outside who had a carriage like a
+small gig with shafts called a "jin-riki-sha."[12] He ran after them to
+say he consented to wheel them home the two and a half miles for five
+cents.
+
+[12] The _jin-riki-sha_, man-power-carriage, invented in Japan in 1871,
+is now used all over the East.
+
+
+
+
+FISHSAVE.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There was once upon a time a little baby whose father was Japanese
+ambassador to the court of China, and whose mother was a Chinese lady.
+While this child was still in its infancy the ambassador had to return
+to Japan. So he said to his wife, "I swear to remember you and to send
+you letters by the ambassador that shall succeed me; and as for our
+baby, I will despatch some one to fetch it as soon as it is weaned."
+Thus saying he departed.
+
+Well, embassy after embassy came (and there was generally at least a
+year between each), but never a letter from the Japanese husband to the
+Chinese wife. At last, tired of waiting and of grieving, she took her
+boy by the hand, and sorrowfully leading him to the seashore, fastened
+round his neck a label bearing the words, "The Japanese ambassador's
+child." Then she flung him into the sea in the direction of the Japanese
+Archipelago, confident that the paternal tie was one which it was not
+possible to break, and that therefore father and child were sure to meet
+again.
+
+One day, when the former ambassador, the father, was riding by the beach
+of Naniwa (where afterward was built the city of Osaka), he saw
+something white floating out at sea, looking like a small island. It
+floated nearer, and he looked more attentively. There was no doubt about
+its being a child. Quite astonished, he stopped his horse and gazed
+again. The floating object drew nearer and nearer still. At last with
+perfect distinctness it was perceived to be a fair, pretty little boy,
+of about four years old, impelled onward by the waves.
+
+[Illustration: Fishsave riding the Dolphin to Japan.]
+
+Still closer inspection showed that the boy rode bravely on the back of
+an enormous fish. When the strange rider had dismounted on the strand,
+the ambassador ordered his attendants to take the manly little fellow in
+their arms, when lo, and behold! there was the label round his neck, on
+which was written, "The Japanese ambassador's child." "Oh, yes," he
+exclaimed, "it must be my child and no other, whom its mother, angry at
+having received no letters from me, must have thrown into the sea. Now,
+owing to the indissoluble bond tying together parents and children, he
+has reached me safely, riding upon a fish's back." The air of the little
+creature went to his heart, and he took and tended him most lovingly.
+
+To the care of the next embassy that went to the court of China, he
+intrusted a letter for his wife, in which he informed her of all the
+particulars; and she, who had quite believed the child to be dead,
+rejoiced at its marvellous escape.
+
+The child grew up to be a man, whose handwriting was beautiful.[13]
+Having been saved by a fish, he was given the name of "Fishsave."
+
+[13] _Beautiful handwriting_ was considered one of the most admirable of
+accomplishments in old Japan.
+
+
+
+
+THE FILIAL GIRL.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bowing before her Mother's Mirror.]
+
+A girl once lived in the province of Echigo,[14] who from her earliest
+years tended her parents with all filial piety. Her mother, when, after
+a long illness she lay at the point of death, took out a mirror that she
+had for many years concealed, and giving it to her daughter, spoke thus,
+"when I have ceased to exist, take this mirror in thy hand night and
+morning, and looking at it, fancy that 'tis I thou seest."
+
+[14] A _Echigo:_ the province on the west coast, now famous for its
+petroleum wells.
+
+With these last words she expired, and the girl, full of grief, and
+faithful to her mother's commands, used to take out the mirror night and
+morning, and gazing in it, saw there in a face like to the face of her
+mother. Delighted thereat (for the village was situated in a remote
+country district among the mountains, and a mirror was a thing the girl
+had never heard of), she daily worshipped her reflected face. She bowed
+before it till her forehead touched the mat, as if this image had been
+in very truth her mother's own self.
+
+Her father one day, astonished to see her thus occupied, inquired the
+reason, which she directly told him. But he burst out laughing, and
+exclaimed, "Why! 'tis only thine own face, so like to thy mother's, that
+is reflected. It is not thy mother's at all!"
+
+This revelation distressed the girl. Yet she replied: "Even if the face
+be not my mother's, it is the face of one who belonged to my mother, and
+therefore my respectfully saluting it twice every day is the same as
+respectfully saluting her very self." And so she continued to worship
+the mirror more and more while tending her father with all filial
+piety--at least so the story goes, for even to-day, as great poverty and
+ignorance prevail in some parts of Echigo, the peasantry know as little
+of mirrors as did this little girl.
+
+
+
+
+THE PARSLEY QUEEN.[15]
+
+
+How curious that the daughter of a peasant dwelling in a obscure country
+village near Aska, in the province of Yamato,[16] should become a Queen!
+Yet such was the case. Her father died while she was yet in her infancy,
+and the girl applied herself to the tending of her mother with all
+filial piety. One day when she had gone out in the fields to gather some
+parsley, of which her mother was very fond, it chanced that Prince
+Shotoku, the great Buddhist teacher,[17] was making a progress to his
+palace, and all the inhabitants of the country-side flocked to the road
+along which the procession was passing, in order to behold the gorgeous
+spectacle, and to show their respect for the Mikado's son. The filial
+girl, alone, paying no heed to what was going on around her, continued
+picking her parsley. She was observed from his carriage by the Prince,
+who, astonished at the circumstance, sent one of his retainers to
+inquire into its cause.
+
+[15] A story much like that of "The Parsley Queen" is told in the
+province of Echizen.
+
+[16] Yamato is the old classic centre of ancient life and history.
+
+[17] _Prince Shotoku Taishi_, a great patron of Buddhism, who, though a
+layman, is canonized (see "The Religions of Japan," p. 180).
+
+[Illustration: Imitating the Procession to the Temple.]
+
+The girl replied, "My mother bade me pick parsley, and I am following
+her instructions--that is the reason why I have not turned round to pay
+my respects to the Prince." The latter being informed of her answer, was
+filled with admiration at the strictness of her filial piety. Alighting
+at her mother's cottage on the way back, he told her of the occurrence,
+and placing the girl in the next carriage to his own, took her home with
+him to the Imperial Palace, and ended by making her his wife, upon which
+the people, knowing her story, gave her the name of the "Parsley Queen."
+
+
+
+
+THE TWO DAUGHTERS.
+
+
+At Akita, in the province of Inaba, lived an independent gentleman,[18]
+who had two daughters, by whom he was ministered to with all filial
+piety. He was fond of shooting with a gun, and thus very often committed
+the sin (according to the teaching of holy Buddha) of taking life.[19]
+He would never hearken to the admonitions of his daughters. These,
+mindful of the future, and aghast at the prospect in store for him in
+the world to come, frequently endeavored to convert him. Many were the
+tears they shed. At last one day, after they had pleaded with him more
+earnestly still than before, the father, touched by their supplications,
+promised to shoot no more. But, after a while, some of his neighbors
+came round to request him to shoot for them two storks.[20] He was
+easily led to consent by the strength of his natural liking for the
+sport. Still he would not allow a word to be breathed to his daughters.
+He slipped out at night, gun in hand, after they were, as he imagined,
+fast asleep.
+
+[18] _An independent gentleman_, a _ronin_ or "wave man," one who had
+left the service of his feudal lord and was independent,--sometimes a
+gentleman and a scholar, oftener a ruffian or vagabond.
+
+[19] Buddhism, on account of the doctrine of the transmigration of
+souls, forbids the taking of life.
+
+[20] There are very few storks in Japan, but white heron are quite
+common.
+
+[Illustration: The Two White Birds.]
+
+They, however, had heard everything, and the elder sister said to the
+younger: "Do what we may, our father will not condescend to follow our
+words of counsel, and nothing now remains but to bring him to a
+knowledge of the truth by the sacrifice of one of our own lives.
+To-night is fortunately moonless; and if I put on white garments and go
+to the neighborhood of the bay, he will take me for a stork and shoot me
+dead. Do you continue to live and tend our father with all the services
+of filial piety." Thus she spake, her eyes dimmed with the rolling
+tears. But the younger sister, with many sobs, exclaimed: "For you, my
+sister, for you is it to receive the inheritance of this house. So do
+you condescend to be the one to live, and to practise filial devotion to
+our father, while I will offer up my life."
+
+Thus did each strive for death. The elder one, without more words,
+seizing a white garment rushed out of the house. The younger one,
+unwilling to cede to her the place of honor, putting on a white gown
+also, followed in her track to the shore of the bay. There, making her
+way to her among the rushes, she continued the dispute as to which of
+the two should be the one to die.
+
+Meanwhile the father, peering around him in the darkness, saw something
+white. Taking it for the storks, he aimed at the spot with his gun, and
+did not miss his shot, for it pierced through the ribs of the elder of
+the two girls. The younger, helpless in her grief, bent over her
+sister's body. The father, not dreaming of what he was about, and
+astonished to find that his having shot one of the storks did not make
+the other fly away, discharged another shot at the remaining white
+figure. Lamentable to relate, he hit his second daughter as he had the
+first. She fell, pierced through the chest, and was laid on the same
+grassy pillow as her sister.
+
+The father, pleased with his success, came up to the rushes to look for
+his game. But what! no storks, alas! alas! No, only his two daughters!
+Filled with consternation, he asked what it all meant. The girls,
+breathing with difficulty, told him that their resolve had been to show
+him the crime of taking life, and thus respectfully to cause him to
+desist therefrom. They expired before they had time to say more.
+
+The father was filled with sorrow and remorse. He took the two corpses
+home on his back. As there was now no help for what was done, he placed
+them reverently on a wood stack, and there they burnt, making smoke to
+the blowing wind. From that hour he was a converted man. He built
+himself a small cell of branches of trees, near the village bridge.
+Placing therein the memorial tablets of his two daughters, he performed
+before them the due religious rites, and became the most pious follower
+of Buddha. Ah! that was filial piety in very truth! a marvel, that these
+girls should throw away their own lives, so that, by exterminating the
+evil seed in their father's conduct in this world, they might guard him
+from its awful fruit in the world to come!
+
+
+
+
+SECOND SIGHT.
+
+
+A traveller arrived at a village, and looking about for an inn, he found
+one that, although rather shabby, would, he thought, suit him. So he
+asked whether he could pass the night there, and the mistress said
+certainly. No one lived at the inn except the mistress, so that the
+traveller was quite undisturbed.
+
+The next morning, after he had finished break-fast, the traveller went
+out of the house to make arrangements for continuing his journey. To his
+surprise, his hostess asked him to stop a moment. She said that he owed
+her a thousand pounds, solemnly declaring that he had borrowed that sum
+from her inn long years ago. The traveller was astonished greatly at
+this, as it seemed to him a preposterous demand. So fetching his trunk,
+he soon hid himself by drawing a curtain all round him.
+
+After thus secluding himself for some time, he called the woman and
+asked, "Was your father an adept in the art of second sight?" The woman
+replied, "Yes; my father secluded himself just as you have done." Said
+the traveller, "Explain fully to me why you say I owe you so large a
+sum." The mistress then related that when her father was going to die,
+he bequeathed her all his possessions except his money. He said, that
+on a certain day, ten years later, a traveller would lodge at her house,
+and that, as the said traveller owed him a thousand pounds, she could
+reclaim at that time this sum from his debtor. She must subsist in the
+meanwhile by the gradual sale of her father's goods.
+
+Hitherto, being unable to earn as much money as she spent, she had been
+disposing of the inherited valuables, but had now exhausted nearly all
+of them. In the meantime, the predicted date had arrived, and a
+traveller had lodged at her house, just as her father had foretold.
+Hence she concluded he was the man from whom she should recover the
+thousand pounds.
+
+On hearing this the traveller said that all that the woman had related
+was perfectly true. Taking her to one side of the room, he told her to
+tap gently with her knuckles all over a wooden pillar. At one part the
+pillar gave forth a hollow sound. The traveller said that the money
+spoken about by the poor woman lay hidden in this part of the pillar.
+Then advising her to spend it only gradually, he went on his way.
+
+The father of this woman had been extremely skilful in the art of second
+sight or clairvoyance. By its means he had discovered that his daughter
+would pass through ten years of extreme poverty and that on a certain
+future day a diviner would come and lodge in the house. The father was
+also aware that if he bequeathed his daughter his money at once, she
+would spend it extravagantly. Upon consideration, therefore, he hid the
+money in the pillar, and instructed his daughter as related. In
+accordance with the father's prophecy, the man came and lodged in the
+house on the predicted day, and by the art of divination discovered the
+thousand pounds.
+
+
+
+
+GAMES.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The games we are daily playing at in our nurseries, or some of them,
+have been also played at for centuries by Japanese boys and girls. Such
+are blindman's buff (eye-hiding), puss-in-the-corner, catching, racing,
+scrambling, a variety of "here we go round the mulberry bush." The game
+of knuckle-bones is played with five little stuffed bags instead of
+sheep bones, which the children cannot get, as sheep are not used by the
+Japanese. Also performances such as honey-pots, heads in chancery,
+turning round back to back, or hand to hand, are popular among that
+long-sleeved, shaven-pated small fry. Still better than snow-balling,
+the lads like to make a snow-man, with a round charcoal ball for each
+eye, and a streak of charcoal for his mouth. This they call Buddha's
+squat follower "Daruma," whose legs rotted off through his stillness
+over his lengthy prayers.
+
+[Illustration: Eye-Hiding, or Blindman's Buff.]
+
+[Illustration: Stilts and Clog-Throwing.]
+
+As might be expected, some of the Japanese games differ slightly from
+ours, or else are altogether peculiar to that country. The facility with
+which a Japanese child slips its shoes on and off, and the absence on
+the part of the parents of conventional or health scruples regarding
+bare feet, lead to a sort of game of ball in which the shoes take the
+part of the ball, and to hiding pranks with the sandal, something like
+our hunt the slipper and hide-and-seek. On the other hand, kago play is
+entirely Japanese. In this game, two children carry a bamboo pole on
+their shoulders, on to which clings a third child, in imitation of a
+usual mode of travelling in Japan. In this the passenger is seated in a
+light bamboo palanquin borne on men's shoulders. A miniature festival is
+thought great fun, when a few bits of rough wood mounted on wheels are
+decorated with cut paper and evergreens, and drawn slowly along amidst
+the shouts of the exultant contrivers, in mimicry of the real festival
+cars. Games of soldiers are of two types. When copied from the
+historical fights, one boy, with his kerchief bound round his temples,
+makes a supposed marvelous and heroic defence. He slashes with his
+bamboo sword, as a harlequin waves his baton, to deal magical
+destruction all around on the attacking party. When the late
+insurrection commenced in Satsuma, the Tokio boys, hearing of the
+campaign on modern tactics, would form attack and defence parties. A
+little company armed with bamboo breech-loaders would march to the
+assault of the roguish battalion lurking round the corner.
+
+[Illustration: Playing at Batter-Cakes.]
+
+Wrestling, again, is popular with children, not so much on account of
+the actual throwing, as from the love of imitating the curious growling
+an animal-like springing, with which the professional wrestlers
+encounter one another. Swimming, fishing, and general puddling about are
+congenial occupation for hot summer days; whilst some with a toy bamboo
+pump, like a Japanese feeble fire-engine, manage to send a squirt of
+water at a friend, as the firemen souse their comrades standing on the
+burning housetops. Itinerant street sellers have, on stalls of a height
+suited to their little customers, an array of what looks like pickles.
+This is made of bright seaweed pods that the children buy to make a
+"clup!" sort of noise with between their lips, so that they go about
+apparently hiccoughing all day long. The smooth glossy leaves of the
+camellia, as common as hedge roses are in England, make very fair little
+trumpets when blown after having been expertly rolled up, or in spring
+their fallen blossoms are strung into gay chains.
+
+On a border-land between games and sweets are the stalls of the
+itinerant batter-sellers. At these the tiny purchaser enjoys the
+evidently much appreciated privilege of himself arranging his little
+measure of batter in fantastic forms, and drying them upon a hot metal
+plate. A turtle is a favorite design, as the first blotch of batter
+makes its body, and six judiciously arranged smaller dabs soon suggest
+its head, tail, and feet.
+
+
+
+
+THE GAMES AND SPORTS OF JAPANESE CHILDREN[21]
+
+
+How often in Japan one sees that the children of a larger growth enjoy
+with equal zest games which are the same, or nearly the same, as those
+of lesser size and fewer years! Certain it is that the adults do all in
+their power to provide for the children their full quota of play and
+harmless sports. We frequently see full-grown and able-bodied natives
+indulging in amusements which the men of the West lay aside with their
+pinafores, or when their curls are cut. If we, in the conceited pride of
+our superior civilization, look down upon this as childish, we must
+remember that the Oriental, from the pinnacle of his lofty, and to him
+immeasurably elevated, civilization, looks down upon our manly sports
+with contempt, thinking it a condescension even to notice them.
+
+[21] From the paper read before The Asiatic Society of Japan.
+
+[Illustration: Hoisting the Rice-beer Keg On Festival-day.]
+
+A very noticeable change has passed over the Japanese people since the
+modern advent of foreigners in respect to their love of amusement. Their
+sports are by no means as numerous or elaborate as formerly, and they do
+not enter into them with the enthusiasm that formerly characterized
+them. The children's festivals and sports are rapidly losing their
+importance, and some now are rarely seen. Formerly the holidays were
+almost as numerous as saints' days in the calendar. Apprentice-boys had
+a liberal quota of holidays stipulated in their indentures; and as the
+children counted the days before each great holiday on their fingers, we
+may believe that a great deal of digital arithmetic was being
+continually done. We do not know of any country in the world in which
+there are so many toy-shops or so many fairs for the sale of things
+which delight children. Not only are the streets of every city
+abundantly supplied with shops, filled as full as a Christmas stocking
+with gaudy toys, but in small towns and villages one or more children's
+bazaars may be found. The most gorgeous display of all things pleasing
+to the eye of a Japanese child is found in the courts or streets leading
+to celebrated temples. On a festival day, the toy-sellers and itinerant
+showmen throng with their most attractive wares or sights in front of
+the shrine or temple. On the walls and in conspicuous places near the
+churches and cathedrals in Europe and America, the visitor is usually
+regaled with the sight of undertakers' signs and gravediggers'
+advertisements. How differently the Japanese act in these respects let
+any one see, by visiting one or all of the three greatest temples in
+Tokio, or one of the numerous smaller shrines on some renowned festival
+day.
+
+We have not space in this paper to name or describe the numerous street
+shows and showmen who are supposed to be interested mainly in
+entertaining children; though in reality adults form a part, often the
+major part, of their audiences. Any one desirous of seeing these in full
+glory must ramble down some of the side streets in Tokio, on some fair
+day, and especially on a general holiday.
+
+Among the most common are the street theatricals, in which two, three,
+or four trained boys and girls do some very creditable acting, chiefly
+in comedy. Raree shows, in which the looker-on sees the inside splendors
+of the nobles' homes, or the heroic acts of Japanese warriors, or some
+famous natural scenery, are very common. The showman, as he pulls the
+wires that change the scenes, entertains the spectators with songs. The
+outside of his box is usually adorned with pictures of famous actors,
+nine-tailed foxes, demons of all colors, people committing hari-kiri or
+stomach cutting, bloody massacres, or some such staple horror in which
+the normal Japanese so delights. Story-tellers, posturers, dancers,
+actors of charades, conjurers, flute-players, song-singers are found on
+these streets, but those who specially delight the children are the men
+who, by dint of fingers and breath, work a paste made of wheat-gluten
+into all sorts of curious and gayly-smeared toys, such as flowers,
+trees, noblemen, fair ladies, various utensils, the foreigner, the
+jin-riki-sha, etc. Nearly every itinerant seller of candy,
+starch-cakes, sugared peas, and sweetened beans, has several methods of
+lottery by which he adds to the attractions on his stall. A disk having
+a revolving arrow, whirled round by the hand of a child, or a number of
+strings which are connected with the faces of imps, goddesses, devils,
+or heroes, lends the excitement of chance, and, when a lucky pull or
+whirl occurs, occasions the subsequent addition to the small fraction of
+a sen's worth to be bought. Men or women walk about, carrying a small
+charcoal brazier under a copper griddle, with batter, spoons, cups, and
+shoyu[22] sauce to hire out for the price of a jumon[23] each to the
+little urchins who spend an afternoon of bliss, making their own
+griddle-cakes and eating them. The seller of sugar-jelly exhibits a
+devil, taps a drum, and dances for the benefit of his baby-customers.
+The seller of nice pastry does the same, with the addition of gymnastics
+and skilful tricks with balls of dough. In every Japanese city there are
+scores, if not hundreds of men and women who obtain a livelihood by
+amusing the children.
+
+[22] _Shoyu_: the origin of the English soy.
+
+[23] _A jumon_: the tenth part of a sen or cent.
+
+Some of the games of Japanese children are of a national character, and
+are indulged in by all classes. Others are purely local or exclusive.
+Among the former are those which belong to the great festival days,
+which in the old calendar (before 1872) enjoyed vastly more importance
+than under the new one. Beginning with the first of the year, there are
+a number of games and sports peculiar to this time. The girls, dressed
+in their best robes and girdles, with their faces powdered and their
+lips painted, until they resemble the peculiar colors seen on a beetle's
+wings, and their hair arranged in the most attractive coiffure, are out
+upon the street playing battledore and shuttlecock. They play not only
+in twos and threes, but also in circles. The shuttlecock is a small
+seed, often gilded, stuck round with feathers arranged like the petals
+of a flower. The battledore is a wooden bat; one side of which is of
+bare wood, while the other has the raised effigy of some popular actor,
+hero of romance, or singing girl in the most ultra-Japanese style of
+beauty. The girls evidently highly appreciate this game, as it gives
+abundant opportunity for the display of personal beauty, figure, and
+dress. Those who fail in the game often have their faces marked with
+ink, or a circle drawn round the eyes. The boys sing a song that the
+wind will blow, the girls sing that it may be calm so that their
+shuttlecocks may fly straight. The little girls at this time play with a
+ball made of cotton cord, covered elaborately with many strands of
+bright vari-colored silk.
+
+Inside the house they have games suited not only for the daytime, but
+for the evenings. Many foreigners have wondered what the Japanese do at
+night, and how the long winter evenings are spent. On fair, and
+especially moonlight nights, most of the people are out of doors, and
+many of the children with them. Markets and fairs are held regularly at
+night in Tokio, and in other large cities. The foreigner living in a
+Japanese city, even if he were blind, could tell by stepping out of
+doors, whether the weather were clear and fine, or disagreeable. On dark
+and stormy nights the stillness of a great city like Tokio is unbroken
+and very impressive; but on a fair and moonlight night the hum and
+bustle tell one that the people are out in throngs, and make one feel
+that it is a city that he lives in.
+
+In most of the castle towns in Japan, it was formerly the custom of the
+people, especially of the younger, to assemble on moonlight nights in
+the streets or open spaces near the castle gates, and dance a sort of
+subdued dance, moving round in circles and clapping their hands. These
+dances often continued during the entire night, the following day being
+largely consumed in sleep. In the winter evenings in Japanese households
+the Japanese children amuse themselves with their sports, or are amused
+by their elders, who tell them entertaining stories. The Samurai father
+relates to his son Japanese history and heroic lore, to fire him with
+enthusiasm and a love of those achievements which every Samurai youth
+hopes at some day to perform. Then there are numerous social
+entertainments, at which the children above a certain age are allowed to
+be present.
+
+But the games relied on as standard means of amusement, and seen
+especially about New Year, are those of cards. In one of these, a large,
+square sheet of paper is laid on the floor. On this card are the names
+and pictures of the fifty-three post-stations between old Yedo and
+Kioto. At the place Kioto are put a few coins, or a pile of cakes, or
+some such prizes, and the game is played with dice. Each throw advances
+the player toward the goal, and the one arriving first obtains the
+prize. At this time of the year, also, the games of what we may call
+literary cards are played a great deal. The Iroha Garuta[24] are small
+cards each containing a proverb. The proverb is printed on one card, and
+the picture illustrating it upon another. Each proverb begins with a
+certain one of the fifty Japanese letters, i, ro, ha, etc., and so
+through the syllabary. The children range themselves in a circle, and
+the cards are shuffled and dealt. One is appointed to be reader. Looking
+at his cards he reads the proverb. The player who has the picture
+corresponding to the proverb calls out, and the match is made. Those
+who are rid of their cards first, win the game. The one holding the
+last card is the loser. If he be a boy, he has his face marked curiously
+with ink. If a girl, she has a paper or wisp of straw stuck in her hair.
+
+[24] _Garuta_, or karuta, our word "card," as spoken on Japanese lips.
+
+The One Verse (from each of the) Hundred Poets game consists of two
+hundred cards, on which are inscribed the one hundred stanzas or poems
+so celebrated and known in every household. A stanza of Japanese poetry
+usually consists of two parts, a first and second, or upper and lower
+clause. The manner of playing the game is as follows: The reader reads
+half the stanza on his card, and the player, having the card on which
+the other half is written, calls out, and makes a match. Some children
+become so familiar with these poems that they do not need to hear the
+entire half of the stanza read, but frequently only the first word.
+
+The game of Ancient Odes, that named after the celebrated Genji
+(Minamoto) family of the Middle Ages, and the Shi Garuta are all
+card-games of a similar nature, but can be thoroughly enjoyed only by
+well-educated Chinese scholars, as the references and quotations are
+written in Chinese and require a good knowledge of the Chinese and
+Japanese classics to play them well. To boys who are eager to become
+proficient in Chinese it often acts as an incentive to be told that
+they will enjoy these games after certain attainments in scholarship
+have been made. Having made these attainments, they play the game
+frequently, especially during vacation, to impress on their minds what
+they have already learned.
+
+Two other games are played which may be said to have an educational
+value. They are the "Wisdom Boards" and the "Ring of Wisdom." The former
+consists of a number of flat thin pieces of wood, cut in many
+geometrical shapes. Certain possible figures are printed on paper as
+models, and the boy tries to form them out of the pieces given him. In
+some cases much time and thinking are required to form the figure. The
+ring-puzzle is made of rings of bamboo or iron, on a bar. Boys having a
+talent for mathematics, or those who have a natural capacity to
+distinguish size and form, succeed very well at these games and enjoy
+them.
+
+The game of Checkers is played on a raised stand or table about six
+inches in height. The number of "go" or checkers, including black and
+white, is 360. In the Sho-gi, or game of Chess, the pieces number 40 in
+all. Backgammon is also a favorite play, and there are several forms of
+it.
+
+[Illustration: Getting Ready to Raise the big Humming Kite with the Sun
+Emblem.]
+
+About the time of old style New Year's Day, when the winds of February
+and March are favorable to the sport, kites are flown, and there are few
+games in which Japanese boys, from the infant on the back to the
+full-grown and the over-grown boy, take more delight. I have never
+observed, however, as foreign books so often tell us, old men flying
+kites and boys merely looking on. The Japanese kites are made of tough
+paper pasted on a frame of bamboo sticks, and are usually of a
+rectangular shape. Some of them, however, are made to represent children
+or men, several kinds of birds and animals, fans, etc. On the
+rectangular kites are pictures of ancient heroes or beautiful women,
+dragons, horses, monsters of various kinds, the symbol of the sun, or
+huge Chinese characters. Among the faces most frequently seen on these
+kites are those of the national heroes or heroines. Some of the kites
+are six feet square. Many of them have a thin tense ribbon of whalebone
+at the top of the kite which vibrates in the wind, making a loud humming
+noise. The boys frequently name their kites Genji or H�iki, and each
+contestant endeavors to destroy that of his rival. For this purpose the
+string for ten or twenty feet near the kite end is first covered with
+glue, and then dipped into pounded glass, by which the string becomes
+covered with tiny blades, each able to cut quickly and deeply. By
+getting the kite in proper position and suddenly sawing the string of
+his antagonist, the severed kite falls, to be reclaimed by the victor.
+
+The Japanese tops are of several kinds, some are made of univalve
+shells, filled with wax. Those intended for contests are made of hard
+wood, and are iron-clad by having a heavy iron ring round as a sort of
+tire. The boys wind and throw them in a manner somewhat different from
+ours. The object of the player is to damage his adversary's top, or to
+make it cease spinning. The whipping top is also known and used. Besides
+the athletic sports of leaping, running, wrestling, slinging, the
+Japanese boys play at blindman's buff, hiding-whoop, and with stilts,
+pop-guns, and blow-guns. On stilts they play various games and run
+races.
+
+In the northern and western coast provinces, where the snow falls to the
+depth of many feet and remains long on the ground, it forms the material
+of the children's playthings, and the theatre of many of their sports.
+Besides sliding on the ice, coasting with sleds, building snow-forts
+and fighting mimic battles with snow-balls, they make many kinds of
+images and imitations of what they see and know. In America the boy's
+snow-man is a Paddy with a damaged hat, clay pipe in mouth, and the
+shillelah in his hand. In Japan the snow-man is an image of Daruma.
+Daruma was one of the followers of Shaka (Buddha) who, by long
+meditation in a squatting position, lost his legs from paralysis and
+sheer decay. The images of Daruma are found by the hundreds in
+toy-shops, as tobacconists' signs, and as the snow-men of the boys.
+Occasionally the figure of G�iho, the sage with a forehead and skull so
+high that a ladder was required to reach his pate, or huge cats and the
+peculiar-shaped dogs seen in the toy-shops, take the place of Daruma.
+
+[Illustration: Daruma, the Snow-Image.]
+
+Many of the amusements of the children in-doors are mere imitations of
+the serious affairs of adult life. Boys who have been to the theatre
+come home to imitate the celebrated actors, and to extemporize mimic
+theatricals for themselves. Feigned sickness and "playing the doctor,"
+imitating with ludicrous exactness the pomp and solemnity of the real
+man of pills and powders, and the misery of the patient, are the
+diversions of very young children. Dinners, tea-parties, and even
+weddings and funerals, are imitated in Japanese children's plays.
+
+Among the ghostly games intended to test the courage of, or perhaps to
+frighten children, are two plays called respectively, the "One Hundred
+Stories" and "Soul-Examination." In the former play, a company of boys
+and girls assemble round the hibachi, while they or an adult, an aged
+person or a servant, usually relate ghost stories, or tales calculated
+to straighten the hair and make the blood crawl. In a distant dark room,
+a lamp (the usual dish of oil) with a wick of one hundred strands or
+piths, is set. At the conclusion of each story, the children in turn
+must go to the dark room and remove a strand of the wick. As the lamp
+burns down low the room becomes gloomy and dark, and the last boy, it is
+said, always sees a demon, a huge face, or something terrible. In
+"Soul-Examination," a number of boys during the day plant some flags in
+different parts of a graveyard, under a lonely tree, or by a haunted
+hill-side. At night they meet together and tell stories about ghosts,
+goblins, devils, etc., and at the conclusion of each tale, when the
+imagination is wrought up, the boys, one at a time, must go out in the
+dark and bring back the flags, until all are brought in.
+
+On the third day of the third month is held the Doll Festival. This is
+the day especially devoted to the girls, and to them it is the greatest
+day in the year. It has been called in some foreign works on Japan, the
+"Feast of Dolls." Several days before the Matsuri the shops are gay with
+the images bought for this occasion, and which are on sale only at this
+time of year. Every respectable family has a number of these
+splendidly-dressed images, which are from four inches to a foot in
+height, and which accumulate from generation to generation. When a
+daughter is born in the house during the previous year, a pair of hina
+or images are purchased for the little girl, which she plays with until
+grown up. When she is married her hina are taken with her to her
+husband's house, and she gives them to her children, adding to the stock
+as her family increases. The images are made of wood or enamelled clay.
+They represent the Mikado and his wife; the kug� or old Kioto nobles,
+their wives and daughters, the court minstrels, and various personages
+in Japanese mythology and history. A great many other toys,
+representing all the articles in use in a Japanese lady's chamber, the
+service of the eating table, the utensils of the kitchen, travelling
+apparatus, etc., some of them very elaborate and costly, are also
+exhibited and played with on this day. The girls make offerings of sak�
+and dried rice, etc., to the effigies of the emperor and empress, and
+then spend the day with toys, mimicking the whole round of Japanese
+female life, as that of child, maiden, wife, mother, and grand-mother.
+In some old Japanese families in which I have visited, the display of
+dolls and images was very large and extremely beautiful.
+
+The greatest day in the year for the boys is on the fifth day of the
+fifth month. On this day is celebrated what has been called the "Feast
+of Flags." Previous to the coming of the day, the shops display for sale
+the toys and tokens proper to the occasion. These are all of a kind
+suited to young Japanese masculinity. They consist of effigies of heroes
+and warriors, generals and commanders, soldiers on foot and horse, the
+genii of strength and valor, wrestlers, etc. The toys represent the
+equipments and regalia of a daimio's procession, all kinds of things
+used in war, the contents of an arsenal, flags, streamers, banners, etc.
+A set of these toys is bought for every son born in the family. Hence in
+old Japanese families the display on the fifth day of the fifth month
+is extensive and brilliant. Besides the display in-doors, on a bamboo
+pole erected outside is hung, by a string to the top of the pole, a
+representation of a large fish in paper. The paper being hollow, the
+breeze easily fills out the body of the fish, which flaps its tail and
+fins in a natural manner. One may count hundreds of these floating in
+the air over the city.
+
+The nobori, as the paper fish is called, is intended to show that a son
+has been born during the year, or at least that there are sons in the
+family. The fish represented is the carp, which is able to swim swiftly
+against the current and to leap over waterfalls. This act of the carp is
+a favorite subject with native artists, and is also typical of the young
+man, especially the young Samurai, mounting over all difficulties to
+success and quiet prosperity.
+
+One favorite game, which has now gone out of fashion, was that in which
+the boys formed themselves into a daimio's procession, having
+forerunners, officers, etc., and imitating as far as possible the pomp
+and circumstance of the old daimio's train. Another game which was very
+popular represented, in mimic war, the struggles of two great noble
+families (like the red and white roses of England). The boys of a town,
+district, or school, ranged themselves into two parties, each with
+flags. Those of the H�iki were white, those of the Genji red. Sometimes
+every boy had a flag, and the object of the contest, which was begun at
+the tap of a gun, was to seize the flags of the enemy. The party
+securing the greatest number of flags won the victory. In other cases
+the flags were fastened on the back of each contestant, who was armed
+with a bamboo for a sword, and who had fastened on a pad over his head a
+flat round piece of earthenware, so that a party of them looked not
+unlike the faculty of a college. Often these parties of boys numbered
+several hundred, and were marshalled in squadrons as in a battle. At a
+given signal the battle commenced, the object being to break the earthen
+disk on the head of the enemy. The contest was usually very exciting.
+Whoever had his earthen disk demolished had to retire from the field.
+The party having the greatest number of broken disks, indicative of
+cloven skulls, were declared the losers. This game has been forbidden by
+the Government as being too severe and cruel. Boys were often injured in
+it.
+
+There are many other games which we simply mention without describing.
+There are three games played by the hands, which every observant
+foreigner long resident in Japan must have seen played, as men and women
+seem to enjoy them as much as children. In the Stone game, a stone, a
+pair of scissors, and a wrapping-cloth are represented. The stone
+signifies the clenched fist, the parted fore and middle fingers the
+scissors, and the curved forefinger and thumb the cloth. The scissors
+can cut the cloth, but not the stone, but the cloth can wrap the stone.
+The two players sit opposite each other at play, throwing out their
+hands so as to represent either of the three things, and win, lose, or
+draw, as the case may be.
+
+In the Fox game, the fox, man, and gun are the figures. The gun kills
+the fox, but the fox deceives the man, and the gun is useless without
+the man. In the third game, five or six boys represent the various
+grades of rank, from the peasant up to the great daimios or shogun. By
+superior address and skill in the game the peasant rises to the highest
+rank, or the man of highest rank is degraded.
+
+From the nature of the Japanese language, in which a single word or
+sound may have a great many significations, riddles and puns are of
+extraordinary frequency. I do not know of any published collection of
+riddles, but every Japanese boy has a good stock of them on hand. There
+are few Japanese works of light, and perhaps of serious, literature, in
+which puns do not continually recur. The popular songs and poems are
+largely plays on words. There are also several puzzles played with
+sticks, founded upon the shape of certain Chinese characters. As for
+the short and simple story-books, song-books, nursery rhymes, lullabys,
+and what for want of a better name may be styled Mother Goose
+Literature, they are as plentiful as with us, but they have a very
+strongly characteristic Japanese flavor, both in style and matter.
+
+It is curious that the game of foot-ball seems to have been confined to
+the courtiers of the Mikado's court, where there were regular
+instructors of the game. In the games of Pussy wants a Corner and
+Prisoner's Base, the Oni, or devil, takes the place of Puss or the
+officer.
+
+I have not mentioned all the games and sports of Japanese children, but
+enough has been said to show their general character. In general they
+seem to be natural, sensible, and in every sense beneficial. Their
+immediate or remote effects, next to that of amusement, are either
+educational, or hygienic. Some teach history, some geography, some
+excellent sentiments or good language. Others inculcate reverence and
+obedience to the elder brother or sister, to parents or to the emperor,
+or stimulate the manly virtues of courage and contempt for pain. The
+study of the subject leads one to respect more highly, rather than
+otherwise, the Japanese people for being such affectionate fathers and
+mothers, and for having such natural and docile children. The character
+of the children's plays and their encouragement by the parents has, I
+think, much to do with that frankness, affection, and obedience on the
+side of the children, and that kindness and sympathy on the side of the
+parents, which are so noticeable in Japan, and which is one of the many
+good points of Japanese life and character.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+_REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED_
+
+THE HEART OF OAK BOOKS
+
+A Collection of Traditional Rhymes and Stories for Children, and of
+Masterpieces of Poetry and Prose for Use at Home and at School, chosen
+with special reference to the cultivation of the imagination and the
+development of a taste for good reading.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+CHARLES ELIOT NORTON
+
+  =Book I.   Rhymes, Jingles and Fables.= For first reader classes.
+                 Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 128 pages. 25 cents.
+
+  =Book II.  Fables and Nursery Tales.= For second reader classes.
+                 Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 176 pages. 35 cents.
+
+  =Book III. Fairy Tales, Ballads and Poems.= For third reader classes.
+                 With illustrations after George Cruikshank and Sir John
+                 Tenniel. 184 pages. 40 cents.
+
+  =Book IV.  Fairy Stories and Classic Tales of Adventure.= For fourth
+                 reader grades. With illustrations after J. M. W.
+                 Turner, Richard Doyle, John Flaxman, and E.
+                 Burne-Jones. 248 pages. 45 cents.
+
+  =Book V.   Masterpieces of Literature.= For fifth reader grades. With
+                 illustrations after G. F. Watts, Sir John Tenniel, Fred
+                 Barnard, W. C. Stanfield, Ernest Fosbery, and from
+                 photographs. 318 pages. 50 cents.
+
+  =Book VI.  Masterpieces of Literature.= With illustrations after Horace
+                 Vernet, A. Symington, J. Wells, Mrs. E. B. Thompson,
+                 and from photographs. 376 pages. 55 cents.
+
+  =Book VII. Masterpieces of Literature.= With illustrations after J. M.
+                 W. Turner, E. Dayes, Sir George Beaumont, and from
+                 photographs. 382 pages. 60 cents.
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
+
+  BOSTON    NEW YORK    CHICAGO    LONDON
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Heath's Home and School Classics.
+
+FOR GRADES I AND II.
+
+  =Mother Goose:= A Book of Nursery Rhymes, arranged by C. Welsh. In two
+      parts. Illustrated. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts
+      bound in one, 30 cents.
+
+  =Perrault's Tales of Mother Goose.= Introduction by M. V. O'Shea.
+      Illustrated after Dor�. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Old World Wonder Stories:= Whittington and his Cat; Jack the Giant
+      Killer; Jack and the Bean-Stalk; Tom Thumb. Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Craik's So-Fat and Mew-Mew.= Introduction by Lucy Wheelock.
+      Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Six Nursery Classics:= The House That Jack Built; Mother Hubbard;
+      Cock Robin; The Old Woman and Her Pig; Dame Wiggins of Lee, and
+      the Three Bears. Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Ernest
+      Fosbery. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES II AND III.
+
+  =Sophie:= From the French of Madame de Segur by C. Welsh. Edited by
+      Ada Van Stone Harris. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Crib and Fly:= A Tale of Two Terriers. Edited by Charles F. Dole.
+      Illustrated by Gwendoline Sandham. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20
+      cents.
+
+  =Goody Two Shoes.= Attributed to Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Charles
+      Welsh. With twenty-eight illustrations after the wood-cuts in the
+      original edition of 1765. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Segur's The Story of a Donkey.= Translated by C. Welsh. Edited by
+      Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by E. H. Saunders. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES III AND IV.
+
+  =Trimmer's The History of the Robins.= Edited by Edward Everett Hale.
+      Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Aiken and Barbauld's Eyes and No Eyes, and Other Stories.= Edited by
+      M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes and C. M. Howard. Paper,
+      10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Edgeworth's Waste Not, Want Not, and Other Stories.= Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated by W. P. Bodwell. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20
+      cents.
+
+  =Ruskin's The King of the Golden River.= Edited by M. V. O'Shea.
+      Illustrated by Sears Gallagher. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Browne's The Wonderful Chair and The Tales It Told.= Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated by Clara E. Atwood after Mrs. Seymour Lucas.
+      In two parts. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound
+      in one, 30 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES IV AND V.
+
+  =Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring. A Fairy Tale.= Edited by Edward
+      Everett Hale. Illustrations by Thackeray. Paper, 15 cents; cloth,
+      25 cents.
+
+  =Ingelow's Three Fairy Stories.= Edited by Charles F. Dole.
+      Illustrated by E. Ripley. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Ayrton's Child Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories.= Edited by
+      William Elliot Griffis. Illustrated by Japanese Artists. Paper, 10
+      cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Ewing's Jackanapes.= Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrated. Paper, 10
+      cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Carov�'s Story Without an End.= Fourteen illustrations. Cloth, 25
+      cents.
+
+FOR GRADES V AND VI.
+
+  =Lamb's The Adventures of Ulysses.= Edited by W. P. Trent.
+      Illustrations after Flaxman. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Gulliver's Travels.= I. A Voyage to Lilliput. II. A Voyage to
+      Brobdingnag. Edited by T. M. Balliet. Fully illustrated. In two
+      parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one,
+      30 cents.
+
+  =Ewing's The Story of a Short Life.= Edited by T. M. Balliet.
+      Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Tales From the Travels of Baron Munchausen.= Edited by Edward Everett
+      Hale. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes after Dor�. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Muloch's The Little Lame Prince.= Preface by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
+      Ward. Illustrated by Miss E. B. Barry. In two parts. Paper, each
+      part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES VI AND VII.
+
+  =Lamb's Tales From Shakespeare.= Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart
+      Phelps Ward. Illustrated by Homer W. Colby after Pill�. In three
+      parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, three parts bound in
+      one, 40 cents.
+
+  =Martineau's The Crofton Boys.= Edited by William Elliot Griffis.
+      Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Cloth, 30 cents.
+
+  =Motley's The Siege of Leyden.= Edited by William Elliot Griffis. With
+      nineteen illustrations from old prints and photographs, and a map.
+      Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Brown's Rab and His Friends and Other Stories of Dogs.= Edited by T.
+      M. Balliet. Illustrated by David L. Munroe after Sir Noel Paton,
+      Mrs. Blackburn, George Hardy, and Lumb Stocks. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES VII, VIII AND IX.
+
+  =Hamerton's Chapters on Animals:= Dogs, Cats and Horses. Edited by W.
+      P. Trent. Illustrated after Sir E. Landseer, Sir John Millais,
+      Rosa Bonheur, E. Van Muyden, Veyrassat, J. L. Gerome, K. Bodmer,
+      etc. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Irving's Dolph Heyliger.= Edited by G. H. Browne. Illustrated by H.
+      P. Barnes. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Tempest.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Retzch and the Chandos portrait. Paper, 15
+      cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.= Edited by Sarah W.
+      Hiestand. Illustrations after Smirke and the Droeshout portrait.
+      Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Smirke, Creswick and Leslie. Paper, 15 cents;
+      cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Leslie, Wheatley, and Wright. Paper, 15 cents;
+      cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.= Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated.
+      In four parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, four parts bound
+      in one, 60 cents.
+
+  =Jordan's True Tales of Birds and Beasts.= By David Starr Jordan.
+      Illustrated by Mary H. Wellman. Cloth, 40 cents.
+
+  =Fouqu�'s Undine.= Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward.
+      Illustrations after Julius H�ppner. Cloth, 30 cents.
+
+  =Melville's Typee: Life in the South Seas.= Introduction by W. P.
+      Trent. Illustrated by H. W. Moore. Cloth, 45 cents.
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary English
+
+  =Allen and Hawkins's School Course in English.= Book I, 35 cts.; Book
+      II, 50 cts.
+
+  =Allen's School Grammar of the English Language.= A clear, concise,
+      adequate book for upper grades. 60 cents.
+
+  =Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading.= A manual for
+      primary teachers. Plain and practical. $1.50.
+
+  =Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language.= Being Part I and Appendix
+      of Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading. 50 cents.
+
+  =Benson's Practical Speller.= Contains nearly 13,000 words. Part I,
+      261 Lessons, 18 cents; Part II, 270 Lessons, 18 cents. Parts I and
+      II bound together, 25 cents.
+
+  =Benson and Glenn's Speller and Definer.= 700 spelling and defining
+      lists. 30 cts.
+
+  =Branson's Methods in Reading.= With a chapter on spelling. 15 cents.
+
+  =Buckbee's Primary Word Book.= Drills in articulation and in phonics.
+      25 cents.
+
+  =Clapp and Huston's Composition Work in Grammar Grades.= 15 cents.
+
+  =Fuller's Phonetic Drill Charts.= Exercises in elementary sounds. Per
+      set (3) 10 cts.
+
+  =Haaren's Word and Sentence Book.= A language speller. Book I, 20
+      cents; Book II, 25 cents.
+
+  =Hall's How to Teach Reading.= Also discusses what children should
+      read. 25 cts.
+
+  =Harrington's Course for Non-English Speaking People.= Book I, 25
+      cents; Book II, 30 cents. Language Lessons to accompany Book I, 25
+      cents.
+
+  =Harris's Spiral Course in English.= Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 60
+      cents.
+
+  =Heath's Graded Spelling Book.= 20 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book I.= Practical lessons in the
+      correct use of English, with the rudiments of grammar. 35 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book II.= A carefully graded
+      course of lessons in language, composition and technical grammar.
+      60 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Practical Lessons in English.= Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 50
+      cents. Book II, with Supplement, 60 cents. Supplement bound alone,
+      30 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Practical English Grammar.= 50 cents.
+
+  Hyde's Derivation of Words. With exercises on prefixes, suffixes, and
+      stems. 10 cts.
+
+  =MacEwan's The Essentials of the English Sentence.= A compendious
+      manual for review in technical grammar preparatory to more
+      advanced studies in language. 75 cents.
+
+  =Mathew's Outline of English Grammar.= With Selections for Practice.
+      70 cents.
+
+  =Penniman's New Practical Speller.= Contains 6500 words. 20 cents.
+
+  =Penniman's Common Words Difficult to Spell.= Contains 3500 words. 20
+      cents.
+
+  =Penniman's Prose Dictation Exercises.= 25 cents.
+
+  =Phillip's History and Literature in Grammar Grades.= 15 cents.
+
+  =Sever's Progressive Speller.= Gives spelling, pronunciation,
+      definition and use of words. 25 cents.
+
+  =Smith's Studies in Nature, and Language Lessons.= A combination of
+      object lessons with language work. 50 cents. Part I bound
+      separately, 25 cents.
+
+  =Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition.= Practical suggestions
+      for work in grammar grades. 40 cents.
+
+  _See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics,
+       Supplementary Reading, and English Literature._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary Science
+
+
+  =Austin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy.= Detailed studies of 35
+      minerals. Boards, 88 pages. 30 cents.
+
+  =Bailey's Grammar School Physics.= A series of practical lessons with
+      simple experiments that may be performed in the ordinary
+      schoolroom. 138 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.
+
+  =Ballard's The World of Matter.= Simple studies in chemistry and
+      mineralogy; for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in
+      giving object lessons. 264 pages. Illlustrated. $1.00.
+
+  =Brown's Good Health for Girls and Boys.= Physiology and hygiene for
+      intermediate grades. 176 pages. Illustrated. 45 cents.
+
+  =Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy.= Gives in detail
+      descriptions of methods that will lead the careful worker to
+      successful results. 233 pages. Illus. $1.60.
+
+  =Clarke's Astronomical Lantern.= Intended to familiarize students with
+      the constellations by comparing them with facsimiles on the
+      lantern face. With seventeen slides, giving twenty-two
+      constellations. $4.50.
+
+  =Clarke's How to Find the Stars.= Accompanies the above and helps to
+      an acquaintance with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15
+      cents.
+
+  =Colton's Elementary Physiology and Hygiene.= For grammar grades. 317
+      pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.
+
+  =Eckstorm's The Bird Book.= The natural history of birds, with
+      directions for observation and suggestions for study. 301 pages.
+      Illustrated. 60 cents.
+
+  =Guides for Science Teaching.= Teachers' aids for instruction in
+      Natural History.
+
+     I. Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts.
+
+    II. Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts.
+
+   III. Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages.
+            Paper. 20 cts.
+
+    IV. Agassiz's First Lesson in Natural History. Illus. 64 pages.
+            Paper. 25 cts.
+
+     V. Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated. 32 pages. Paper.
+            30 cts.
+
+    VI. Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper. 30 cts.
+
+   VII. Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper, 30
+            cts.
+
+   XII. Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages.
+            Paper, 40 cents. Cloth, 60 cts.
+
+  XIII. Richard's First Lessons in Minerals. 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts.
+
+   XIV. Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts.
+
+    XV. Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper, 30
+            cts.
+
+   XVI. Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts.
+
+         Pupils' Note-book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts.
+
+  =Rice's Science Teaching in the School.= With a course of instruction
+      in science for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cents.
+
+  =Ricks's Natural History Object Lessons.= Information on plants and
+      their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen
+      lessons. 332 pages. Illustrated. $1.50.
+
+  =Rick's Object Lessons and How to Give Them.=
+
+    Vol. I. Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cents.
+
+    Vol. II. Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212
+            pages. 90 cts.
+
+  =Scott's Nature Study and the Child.= A manual for teachers, with
+      outlines of lessons and courses, detailed studies of animal and
+      plant life, and chapters on methods and the relation of nature
+      study to expression. 652 pages. Illustrated. Retail price, $1.50.
+
+  =Sever's Elements of Agriculture.= For grammar grades. Illustrated.
+      151 pages. 50 cents.
+
+  =Shaler's First Book in Geology.= A helpful introduction to the study
+      of modern text-books in geography. 272 pages. Illus. Cloth, 60
+      cts. Boards, 45 cts.
+
+  =Smith's Studies in Nature.= Combines natural history and language
+      work. 48 pages. Paper. 15 cents.
+
+  =Spear's Leaves and Flowers.= An elementary botany for pupils under
+      twelve. 103 pages. Illustrated. 25 cents.
+
+  =Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Reader, No. 4.= Elementary
+      lessons in geology, astronomy, world life, etc. 372 pages.
+      Illustrated. 50 cents.
+
+See also our list of books in Science.
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary Mathematics
+
+
+  =Atwood's Complete Graded Arithmetic.= New edition. Work for each
+      grade from third to eighth inclusive, bound in a separate book.
+      Six books. Each, 25 cts. _Old edition_: Part I, 30 cts.; Part II,
+      65 cts.
+
+  =Badlam's Aids to Number.= Teacher's edition--First series, Nos. 1 to
+      10, 40 cts.; Second series, Nos. 10 to 20, 40 cts.; Pupil's
+      edition--First series, 25 cts.; Second series, 25 cts.
+
+  =Bigelow and Boyden's Primary Number Manual.= For teachers. 25 cts.
+
+  =Branson's Methods of Teaching Arithmetic.= 15 cts.
+
+  =Hanus's Geometry in the Grammar Schools.= An essay, with outline of
+      work for the last three years of the grammar school. 25 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Beginner's Arithmetic.= For first and second years. 30 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Primary Arithmetic.= Illustrated in color. 35 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Complete Practical Arithmetic.= 65 cts.
+
+  =Howland's Drill Cards.= For middle grades. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred,
+      $2.40.
+
+  =Hunt's Geometry for Grammar Schools.= The definitions and elementary
+      concepts taught concretely. 30 cts.
+
+  =Joy's Arithmetic Without a Pencil.= Mental Arithmetic. 35 cts.
+
+  =Pierce's Review Number Cards.= Two cards, for second and third year
+      pupils. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.
+
+  =Safford's Mathematical Teaching.= A monograph, with applications. 25
+      cts.
+
+  =Siefert's Principles of Arithmetic.= A teacher's guide. 75 cts.
+
+  =Sloane's Practical Lessons in Fractions.= 25 cts. Set of six fraction
+      cards, for pupils to cut. 10 cts.
+
+  =Sutton and Bruce's Arithmetics.= Lower, 35 cts.; Higher, 60 cts.
+
+  =The New Arithmetic.= By 300 teachers. Little theory and much
+      practice. An excellent review book. 65 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's New Arithmetics.= New Primary, 30 cts. New Grammar School, 65
+      cts. New Grammar School, Part I, 40 cts.; Part II, 45 cts.
+      Alternate Arithmetic, for upper grades, 00 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's Arithmetics.= _Two Book Series_--Primary, 30 cts.; Grammar
+      School, 65 cts. _Three Book Series_--Elementary, 30 cts.;
+      Intermediate, 35 cts.; Higher, 65 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's Algebra and Geometry for Grammar Grades.= 15 cts.
+
+  =Watson and White's Arithmetics.= Primary, 35 cts. Intermediate, 45
+      cts. Complete, in preparation.
+
+  =Wells and Gerrish's Beginner's Algebra.= For grammar grades. 50 cts.
+
+  =White's Arithmetics.= Two Years with Number, 35 cts. Junior
+      Arithmetic, 45 cts. Senior Arithmetic, 65 cts.
+
+_For advanced works see our list of books in Mathematics._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Supplementary Reading
+
+_A Classified List for all Grades._
+
+
+  GRADE I. Bass's The Beginner's Reader                         .23
+      Badlam's Primer                                           .25
+      Fuller's Illustrated Primer                               .25
+      Griel's Glimpses of Nature for Little Folks               .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book I                              .25
+      Regal's Lessons for Little Readers                        .30
+
+  GRADE II. Warren's From September to June with Nature         .35
+      Badlam's First Reader                                     .30
+      Bass's Stories of Plant Life                              .25
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book I                              .25
+      Snedden's Docas, the Indian Boy                           .35
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature, Readers No. 1        .25
+
+  GRADE III. Heart of Oak Readers, Book II                      .35
+      Pratt's America's Story, Beginner's Book                  .35
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 2        .35
+      Miller's My Saturday Bird Class                           .25
+      Firth's Stories of Old Greece                             .30
+      Bass's Stories of Animal life                             .35
+      Spear's Leaves and Flowers                                .25
+
+  GRADE IV. Bass's Stories of Pioneer Life                      .40
+      Brown's Alice and Tom                                     .40
+      Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends                          .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book III                            .45
+      Pratt's America's Story--Discoverers and Explorers        .40
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 3        .45
+
+  GRADE V. Bull's Fridtjof Nansen                               .30
+      Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends                          .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book III                            .45
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Earlier Colonies             .00
+      Kupfer's Stories of Long Ago                              .35
+
+  GRADE VI. Starr's Strange Peoples                             .40
+      Bull's Fridtjof Nansen                                    .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV                             .50
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Colonial Period              .00
+      Dole's The Young Citizen                                  .45
+
+  GRADE VII. Starr's American Indians                           .45
+      Penniman's School Poetry Book                             .30
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Revolution and the Republic  .00
+      Eckstorm's The Bird Book                                  .60
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV                             .50
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 4        .50
+
+  GRADES VIII _and_ IX. Heart of Oak Readers, Book V            .55
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book VI                             .60
+      Dole's The American Citizen                               .80
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+Transcriber's notes:
+
+The following corrections have been made to the text:
+
+    Page 18, last line: Queen and the Prince."[added missing close
+             quotes]
+
+    Page 20, line 1: at the family altar.[added missing period]
+
+    Page 25, fourth line from bottom: [added missing singlequote]I am a
+             dyer,
+
+    Page 39, line 1: the great Buddhist[original has Buddist] teacher
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN ***
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories
+
+Author: Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+Editor: William Elliot Griffis
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2009 [EBook #28979]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Meredith Bach, Asad Razzaki and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;">
+<img src="images/icover.jpg" width="347" height="516" alt="Book cover: Child Life in Japan" title="" />
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+<div><a name="ifrontis" id="ifrontis"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;">
+<a href="images/ifrontis-l.png"><img src="images/ifrontis.png" width="296" height="433" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">The Lion of Korea.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h1><big>CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN</big><br />
+
+<small><br />AND<br /></small><br />
+
+JAPANESE CHILD STORIES</h1>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em;">BY</p>
+
+<h2>MRS. M. CHAPLIN AYRTON</h2>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:3em;">EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY</p>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, L.H.D.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><small>Author of "The Mikado's Empire" and "Japanese Fairy World"</small></span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:3em;"><small><i>WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING SEVEN FULL-PAGE
+PICTURES DRAWN AND ENGRAVED
+BY JAPANESE ARTISTS</i></small></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:3em;"><span class="smcap"><small>BOSTON, U.S.A.</small></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., PUBLISHERS</span><br />
+1909</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1901,<br />
+By D. C. Heath &amp; Co.</span></p>
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>Over a quarter of a century ago, while engaged in
+introducing the American public school system into
+Japan, I became acquainted in Tokio with Mrs. Matilda
+Chaplin Ayrton, the author of "Child-Life in Japan."
+This highly accomplished lady was a graduate of Edinburgh
+University, and had obtained the degrees of
+Bachelor of Letters and Bachelor of Sciences, besides
+studying medicine in Paris. She had married Professor
+William Edward Ayrton, the electric engineer and inventor,
+then connected with the Imperial College of
+Engineering of Japan, and since president of the Institute
+of Electric Engineers in London. She took a keen
+interest in the Japanese people and never wearied of
+studying them and their beautiful country. With my
+sister, she made excursions to some of the many famous
+places in the wonderful city of Tokio. When her own
+little daughter, born among the camellias and chrysanthemums,
+grew up under her Japanese nurse, Mrs.
+Ayrton became more and more interested in the home
+life of the Japanese and in the pictures and stories
+which delighted the children of the Mikado's Empire.
+After her return to England, in 1879, she wrote this
+book.</p>
+
+<p>In the original work, the money and distances, the
+comparisons and illustrations, were naturally English,
+and not American. For this reason, I have ventured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>
+to alter the text slightly here and there, that the American
+child reader may more clearly catch the drift of
+the thought, have given to each Japanese word the
+standard spelling now preferred by scholars and omitted
+statements of fact which were once, but are no longer,
+true. I have also translated or omitted hard Japanese
+words, shortened long sentences, rearranged the illustrations,
+and added notes which will make the subject
+clearer. Although railways, telegraphs, and steamships,
+clothes and architecture, schools and customs, patterned
+more or less closely after those in fashion in America
+and Europe, have altered many things in Japan and
+caused others to disappear, yet the children's world of
+toys and games and stories does not change very fast.
+In the main, it may be said, we have here a true picture
+of the old Japan which we all delighted in seeing, when,
+in those sunny days, we lived in sight of Yedo Bay and
+Fuji Yama, with Japanese boys and girls all around us.</p>
+
+<p>The best portions and all the pictures of Mrs. Ayrton's
+big and costly book have been retained and reproduced,
+including her own preface or introduction, and
+the book is again set forth with a hearty "ohio" (good
+morning) of salutation and sincere "om�d�to" (congratulations)
+that the nations of the world are rapidly becoming
+one family. May every reader of "Child-Life in
+Japan" see, sometime during the twentieth century, the
+country and the people of whom Mrs. Ayrton has written
+with such lively spirit and such warm appreciation.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;">WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><small>Ithaca, N.Y.</small></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Preface by William Elliot Griffis</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Introduction by the Author</td><td align="right"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">xi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Seven Scenes of Child-Life in Japan</td><td align="right"><a href="#SEVEN_SCENES_OF_CHILD-LIFE_IN">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">First Month</td><td align="right"><a href="#FIRST_MONTH">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Chrysanthemum Show</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_CHRYSANTHEMUM_SHOW">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fishsave</td><td align="right"><a href="#FISHSAVE">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Filial Girl</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_FILIAL_GIRL">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Parsley Queen</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_PARSLEY_QUEEN">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Two Daughters</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_TWO_DAUGHTERS">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Second Sight</td><td align="right"><a href="#SECOND_SIGHT">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Games</td><td align="right"><a href="#GAMES">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Games and Sports of Japanese Children,<br />
+      by William Elliot Griffis</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_GAMES_AND_SPORTS_OF_JAPANESE">50</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr><td align="left">The Lion of Korea</td><td align="left"><i><a href="#ifrontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A Ride on a Bamboo Rail</td><td align="right"><a href="#i001">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A Game of Snowball</td><td align="right"><a href="#i003">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Boys' Concert&mdash;Flute, Drum, and Song</td><td align="right"><a href="#i005">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lion Play</td><td align="right"><a href="#i006">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ironclad Top Game</td><td align="right"><a href="#i007">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Playing with Doggy</td><td align="right"><a href="#i009">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Heron-Legs, or Stilts</td><td align="right"><a href="#i011">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Young Wrestlers</td><td align="right"><a href="#i013">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Playing with the Turtle</td><td align="right"><a href="#i015">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Presenting the Tide-Jewels to Hachiman</td><td align="right"><a href="#i018">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">"Bronze fishes sitting on their throats"</td><td align="right"><a href="#i019">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Treasure-Ship</td><td align="right"><a href="#i023">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Girls' Ball and Counting Game</td><td align="right"><a href="#i026">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Firemen's Gymnastics</td><td align="right"><a href="#i028">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Street Tumblers</td><td align="right"><a href="#i029">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eating Stand for the Children</td><td align="right"><a href="#i031">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fishsave riding the Dolphin</td><td align="right"><a href="#i035">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bowing before her Mother's Mirror</td><td align="right"><a href="#i037">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Imitating the Procession</td><td align="right"><a href="#i039">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Two White Birds</td><td align="right"><a href="#i041">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye-Hiding, or Blindman's Buff</td><td align="right"><a href="#i047">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stilts and Clog-Throwing</td><td align="right"><a href="#i048">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Playing at Batter-Cakes</td><td align="right"><a href="#i049">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hoisting the Rice-Beer Keg</td><td align="right"><a href="#i051">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Getting ready to raise the Big Humming Kite</td><td align="right"><a href="#i060">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Daruma, the Snow-Image</td><td align="right"><a href="#i062">62</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+<p>In almost every home are Japanese fans, in our
+shops Japanese dolls and balls and other knick-knacks,
+on our writing-tables bronze crabs or lacquered
+pen-tray with outlined on it the extinct
+volcano [Fuji San]<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> that is the most striking
+mountain seen from the capital of Japan. At
+many places of amusement Japanese houses of
+real size have been exhibited, and the jargon of
+fashion for "Japanese Art" even reaches our
+children's ears.</p>
+
+<p>Yet all these things seem dull and lifeless when
+thus severed from the quaint cheeriness of their
+true home. To those familiar with Japan, that
+bamboo fan-handle recalls its graceful grassy tree,
+the thousand and one daily purposes for which
+bamboo wood serves. We see the open shop
+where squat the brown-faced artisans cleverly
+dividing into those slender divisions the fan-handle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+the wood-block engraver's where some
+dozen men sit patiently chipping at their cherry-wood
+blocks, and the printer's where the coloring
+arrangements seem so simple to those used to
+western machinery, but where the colors are so
+rich and true. We see the picture stuck on the
+fan frame with starch paste, and drying in the
+brilliant summer sunlight. The designs recall
+vividly the life around, whether that life be the
+stage, the home, insects, birds, or flowers. We
+think of halts at wayside inns, when bowing tea-house
+girls at once proffer these fans to hot and
+tired guests.</p>
+
+<p>The tonsured oblique-eyed doll suggests the
+festival of similarly oblique-eyed little girls on the
+3rd of March. Then dolls of every degree obtain
+for a day "Dolls' Rights." In every Japanese
+household all the dolls of the present and previous
+generations are, on that festival, set out to
+best advantage. Beside them are sweets, green-speckled
+rice cake, and daintily gilt and lacquered
+dolls' utensils. For some time previous, to meet
+the increased demand, the doll shopman has been
+very busy. He sits before a straw-holder into
+which he can readily stick, to dry, the wooden
+supports of the plaster dolls' heads he is painting,
+as he takes first one and then another to give
+artistic touches to their glowing cheeks or little
+tongue. That dolly that seems but "so odd" to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+Polly or Maggie is there the cherished darling of
+its little owner. It passes half its day tied on to
+her back, peeping companionably its head over
+her shoulder. At night it is lovingly sheltered
+under the green mosquito curtains, and provided
+with a toy wooden pillow.</p>
+
+<p>The expression "Japanese Art" seems but a
+created word expressing either the imitations of it,
+or the artificial transplanting of Japanese things
+to our houses. The whole glory of art in Japan
+is, that it is not Art, but Nature simply rendered,
+by a people with a fancy and love of fun quite
+Irish in character. Just as Greek sculptures
+were good, because in those days artists modelled
+the corsetless life around them, so the Japanese
+artist does not draw well his lightly draped figures,
+cranes, and insects because these things
+strike him as beautiful, but because he is familiar
+with their every action.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese house out of Japan seems but a
+dull and listless affair. We miss the idle, easy-going
+life and chatter, the tea, the sweetmeats,
+the pipes and charcoal brazier, the clogs awaiting
+their wearers on the large flat stone at the entry,
+the grotesquely trained ferns, the glass balls and
+ornaments tinkling in the breeze, that hang, as
+well as lanterns, from the eaves, the garden with
+tiny pond and goldfish, bridge and miniature hill,
+the bright sunshine beyond the sharp shadow of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+the upward curving angles of the tiled roof, the
+gay, scarlet folds of the women's under-dress
+peeping out, their little litter of embroidery or
+mending, and the babies, brown and half naked,
+scrambling about so happily. For, what has a
+baby to be miserable about in a land where it is
+scarcely ever slapped, where its clothing, always
+loose, is yet warm in winter, where it basks freely
+in air and sunshine? It lives in a house, that
+from its thick grass mats, its absence of furniture,
+and therefore of commands "not to touch," is the
+very beau-ideal of an infant's playground.</p>
+
+<p>The object with which the following pages
+were written, was that young folks who see and
+handle so often Japanese objects, but who find
+books of travels thither too long and dull for their
+reading, might catch a glimpse of the spirit that
+pervades life in the "Land of the Rising Sun."
+A portion of the book is derived from translations
+from Japanese tales, kindly given to the author
+by Mr. Basil H. Chamberlain, whilst the rest was
+written at idle moments during graver studies.</p>
+
+<p>The games and sports of Japanese children
+have been so well described by Professor Griffis,
+that we give, as an Appendix, his account of their
+doings.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Child-Life_in_Japan" id="Child-Life_in_Japan"></a><big>Child-Life in Japan.</big></h2>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="SEVEN_SCENES_OF_CHILD-LIFE_IN" id="SEVEN_SCENES_OF_CHILD-LIFE_IN"></a>SEVEN SCENES OF CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN.</h2>
+
+<div><a name="i001" id="i001"></a></div>
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 100px;">
+<a href="images/i001-l.png"><img src="images/i001.png" width="100" height="164" alt="T" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">A Ride on a Bamboo
+Rail.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">T</span>hese little boys all live a long
+way off in islands called
+"Japan." They have all rather
+brown chubby faces, and they
+are very merry. Unless they
+give themselves a really hard
+knock they seldom get cross or
+cry.</p>
+
+<p>In the second large picture
+two of the little boys are playing
+at snowball. Although it
+may be hotter in the summer
+in their country than it is here, the winter is as
+cold as you feel it. Like our own boys, these lads
+enjoy a fall of snow, and still better than snowballing
+they like making a snowman with a charcoal
+ball for each eye and a streak of charcoal for his
+mouth. The shoes which they usually wear out
+of doors are better for a snowy day than your
+boots, for their feet do not sink into the snow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+unless it is deep. These shoes are of wood, and
+make a boy seem to be about three inches taller
+than he really is. The shoe, you see, has not laces
+or buttons, but is kept on the foot by that thong
+which passes between the first and second toe.
+The thong is made of grass, and covered with
+strong paper, or with white or colored calico.
+The boy in the check dress wears his shoes without
+socks, but you see the other boy has socks on.
+His socks are made of dark blue calico, with a
+thickly woven sole, and a place, like one finger of
+a glove, for his big toe. If you were to wear Japanese
+shoes, you would think the thong between
+your toes very uncomfortable. Yet from their
+habit of wearing this sort of shoe, the big toe
+grows more separate from the other toes, and the
+skin between this and the next toe becomes as
+hard as the skin of a dog's or a cat's paw.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i003" id="i003"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 305px;">
+<a href="images/i003-l.png"><img src="images/i003.png" width="305" height="367" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">A Game of Snowball.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 100px;">
+<a href="images/i004-l.png"><img src="images/i004.png" width="100" height="107" alt="T" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">T</span>he boys are not cold, for their cotton clothes,
+being wadded, are warm and snug. One boy has
+a rounded pouch fastened to his sash. It is red
+and prettily embroidered with flowers or birds,
+and is his purse, in which he keeps some little
+toys and some money. The other boy very likely
+has not a pouch, but he has two famous big
+pockets. Like all Japanese, he uses the part of
+his large sleeve which hangs down as his pocket.
+Thus when a group of little children are disturbed
+at play you see each little hand seize a treasured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">&nbsp;</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+toy and disappear into its sleeve, like mice running
+into their holes with bits of cheese.</p>
+
+<p>In the next large picture are two boys who are
+fond of music. One has a flute, which is made
+of bamboo wood. These flutes are easy to make,
+as bamboo wood grows hollow, with cross divisions
+at intervals. If you cut a piece with a
+division forming one end you need only make the
+outside holes in order to finish your flute.</p>
+
+<p>The child sitting down
+has a drum. His drum
+and the paper lanterns
+hanging up have painted on
+them an ornament which
+is also the crest of the
+house of "Arima."<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> If
+these boys belong to this
+family they wear the same
+crest embroidered on the centre of the backs of
+their coats.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i005" id="i005"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 306px;">
+<a href="images/i005-l.png"><img src="images/i005.png" width="306" height="434" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Boys&#39; Concert&mdash;Flute, Drum, and Song.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div><a name="i006" id="i006"></a></div>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<a href="images/i006-l.png"><img src="images/i006.png" width="300" height="210" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Kangura, or Korean Lion
+Play</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Korean Lion is the title of the picture which
+forms the frontispiece; it represents a game
+that children in Japan are very fond of playing.
+They are probably trying to act as well
+as the maskers did whom they saw on New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+Year's Day, just as our children try and imitate
+things they see in a pantomime. The masker goes
+from house to house accompanied by one or two
+men who play on cymbals, flute, and drum. He
+steps into a shop where the people of the house
+and their friends sit drinking tea, and passers-by
+pause in front of the open shop to see the fun.
+He takes a mask, like the one in the picture, off
+his back and puts it over his head. This boar's-head
+mask is painted scarlet and black, and gilt.
+It has a green cloth hanging down behind, in
+order that you may not perceive where the mask
+ends and the mans body begins. Then the
+masker imitates an animal. He goes up to a
+young lady and lays down his ugly head beside
+her to be patted, as "Beast" may have coaxed
+"Beauty" in the fairy
+tale. He grunts, and
+rolls, and scratches himself.
+The children almost
+forget he is a man, and
+roar with laughter at
+the funny animal. When
+they begin to tire of this
+fun he exchanges this mask for some of the two
+or three others he carries with him. He puts
+on a mask of an old woman over his face, and
+at the back of his head a very different second
+mask, a cloth tied over the centre of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">&nbsp;</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+head, making the two faces yet more distinct from
+each other. He has quickly arranged the back
+of his dress to look like the front of a person, and
+he acts, first presenting the one person to his
+spectators, then the other. He makes you even
+imagine he has four arms, so cleverly can he twist
+round his arm and gracefully fan what is in reality
+the back of his head.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i007" id="i007"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 286px;">
+<a href="images/i007-l.png"><img src="images/i007.png" width="286" height="473" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Ironclad Top Game.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tops the lads are playing with in this picture
+are not quite the same shape as our tops,
+but they spin very well. Some men are so clever
+at making spinning-tops run along strings, throwing
+them up into the air and catching them with
+a tobacco-pipe, that they earn a living by exhibiting
+their skill.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the tops are formed of short pieces of
+bamboo with a wooden peg put through them,
+and the hole cut in the side makes them have
+a fine hum as the air rushes in whilst they
+spin.</p>
+
+<p>The boys in the next large picture must
+be playing with the puppies of a large dog, to
+judge from their big paws. There are a great
+many large dogs in the streets of Tokio; some
+are very tame, and will let children comb their
+hair and ornament them and pull them about.
+These dogs do not wear collars, as do our pet
+dogs, but a wooden label bearing the owner's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">&nbsp;</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+name is hung round their necks. Other big
+dogs are almost wild.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div><a name="i009" id="i009"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 302px;">
+<a href="images/i009-l.png"><img src="images/i009.png" width="302" height="446" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Playing with Doggy.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Half-a-dozen of these dogs will lie in one place,
+stretched drowsily on the grassy city walls under
+the trees, during the daytime. Towards evening
+they rouse themselves and run off to yards and
+rubbish-heaps to pick up what they can. They
+will eat fish, but two or three dogs soon get to
+know where the meat-eating Englishmen live.
+They come trotting in regularly with a business-like
+air to search among the day's refuse for
+bones. Should any interloping dog try to establish
+a right to share the feast he can only gain
+his footing after a victorious battle. All these
+dogs are very wolfish-looking, with straight hair,
+which is usually white or tan-colored. There
+are other pet dogs kept in houses. These look
+something like spaniels. They are small, with
+their black noses so much turned up that it
+seems as if, when they were puppies, they had
+tumbled down and broken the bridge of their
+nose. They are often ornamented like dog Toby
+in "Punch and Judy," with a ruff made of some
+scarlet stuff round their necks.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i011" id="i011"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<a href="images/i011-l.png"><img src="images/i011.png" width="300" height="383" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Heron-legs, or Stilts.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the heavy autumn rains have filled the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">&nbsp;</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+roads with big puddles, it is great fun, this boy
+thinks, to walk about on stilts. You see him on
+page 11. His stilts are of bamboo wood, and
+he calls them "Heron-legs," after the long-legged
+snowy herons that strut about in the wet rice-fields.
+When he struts about on them, he
+wedges the upright between his big and second
+toe as if the stilt was like his shoes. He has a
+good view of his two friends who are wrestling,
+and probably making hideous noises like wild
+animals as they try to throw one another. They
+have seen fat public wrestlers stand on opposite
+sides of a sanded ring, stoop, rubbing their
+thighs, and in a crouching attitude and growling,
+slowly advance upon one another. Then
+when near to one another, the spring is made
+and the men close. If after some time the round
+is not decided by a throw, the umpire, who struts
+about like a turkey-cock, fanning himself, approaches.
+He plucks the girdle of the weaker
+combatant, when the wrestlers at once retire to
+the sides of the arena to rest, and to sprinkle a
+little water over themselves.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i013" id="i013"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;">
+<a href="images/i013-l.png"><img src="images/i013.png" width="303" height="212" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">The Young Wrestlers.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the neighborhood in which the children
+shown in the picture live, there is a temple.
+In honor of the god a feast-day is
+held on the tenth of every month. The tenth
+day of the tenth month is a yet greater feast-day.
+On these days they go the first thing in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+the morning to the barber's, have their heads
+shaved and dressed, and their faces powdered
+with white, and their lips and cheeks
+painted pink. They wear their best clothes
+and smartest sashes. Then they clatter off on
+their wooden clogs to the temple and buy two
+little rice-cakes at the gates. Next they come to
+two large, comical bronze dogs sitting on stands,
+one on each side of the path. They reach up
+and gently rub the dog's nose, then rub their own
+noses, rub the dog's eyes, and then their own, and
+so on, until they have touched the dog's and their
+own body all over. This is their way of praying
+for good health. They also add another to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+number of little rags that have been hung by
+each visitor about the dog's neck. Then they
+go to the altar and give their cakes to a boy
+belonging to the temple. In exchange he presents
+them with one rice-cake which has been
+blessed. They ring a round brass bell to call
+their god's attention, and throw him some money
+into a grated box as big as a child's crib. Then
+they squat down and pray to be good little boys.
+Now they go out and amuse themselves by looking
+at all the stalls of toys and cakes, and flowers
+and fish.</p>
+
+<p>The man who sells the gold-fish, with fan-like
+tails as long as their bodies, has also turtles.
+These boys at last settle that of all the pretty
+things they have seen they would best like to
+spend their money on a young turtle. For their
+pet rabbits and mice died, but turtles, they say,
+are painted on fans and screens and boxes because
+turtles live for ten thousand years. Even
+the noble white crane is said to live no more
+than a thousand years. In this picture they have
+carried home the turtle and are much amused at
+the funny way it walks and peeps its head in and
+out from under its shell.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i015" id="i015"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;">
+<a href="images/i015-l.png"><img src="images/i015.png" width="296" height="326" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Playing with the Turtle.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FIRST_MONTH" id="FIRST_MONTH"></a>FIRST MONTH.</h2>
+
+<p>Little Good Boy had just finished eating the
+last of five rice cakes called "dango," that had
+been strung on a skewer of bamboo and dipped
+in soy sauce, when he said to his little sister,
+called Chrysanthemum:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"O-Kiku, it is soon the great festival of the
+New Year."</p>
+
+<p>"What shall we do then?" asked little O-Kiku,
+not clearly remembering the festival of the previous
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Thus questioned, Yoshi-san<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> had his desired
+opening to hold forth on the coming delights,
+and he replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Men will come the evening before the great
+feast-day and help Plum-blossom, our maid, to
+clean all the house with brush and broom.
+Others will set up the decoration in front of our
+honored gateway. They will dig two small holes
+and plant a gnarled, black-barked father-pine
+branch on the left, and the slighter reddish
+mother-pine branch on the right. They will then
+put with these the tall knotted stem of a bamboo,
+with its smooth, hard green leaves that chatter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+when the wind blows. Next they will take a grass
+rope, about as long as a tall man, fringed with
+grass, and decorated with zigzag strips of white
+paper. These, our noble father says, are meant
+for rude images of men offering themselves in
+homage to the august gods."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, yes! I have not forgotten," interrupts
+Chrysanthemum, "this cord is stretched from
+bamboo to bamboo; and Plum-blossom says the
+rope is to bar out the nasty two-toed, red, gray,
+and black demons, the badgers, the foxes, and
+other evil spirits from crossing our threshold.
+But I think it is the next part of the arch which
+is the prettiest, the whole bunch of things they
+tie in the middle of the rope. There is the
+crooked-back lobster, like a bowed old man, with
+all around the camellia branches, whose young
+leaves bud before the old leaves fall. There are
+pretty fern leaves shooting forth in pairs, and
+deep down between them the little baby fern-leaf.
+There is the bitter yellow orange, whose
+name, you know, means 'many parents and children.'
+The name of the black piece of charcoal
+is a pun on our homestead."</p>
+
+<p>"But best of all," says Yoshi-san, "I like the
+seaweed hontawara, for it tells me of our brave
+Queen Jingu Kogo, who, lest the troops should
+be discouraged, concealed from the army that her
+husband the king had died, put on armor, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+led the great campaign against Korea.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Her
+troops, stationed at the margin of the sea, were
+in danger of defeat on account of the lack of
+fodder for their horses; when she ordered this
+hontawara to be plucked from the shore, and
+the horses, freshened by their meal of seaweed,
+rushed victoriously to battle. On the bronzed
+clasp of our worthy father's tobacco-pouch is,
+our noble father says, the Queen with her
+sword and the dear little baby prince,<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Hachiman,
+who was born after the campaign, and
+who is now our Warrior God,<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> guiding our
+troops to victory, and that spirit on whose head
+squats a dragon has risen partly from the deep,
+to present an offering to the Queen and the
+Prince."</p>
+
+<div><a name="i018" id="i018"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 252px;">
+<a href="images/i018-l.png"><img src="images/i018.png" width="252" height="142" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Presenting the Tide-jewels to Hachiman.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Then there is another seaweed, whose name
+is a pun on 'rejoicing.' There is the lucky bag
+that I made, for last year, of a square piece of
+paper into which we put chestnuts and the roe
+of a herring and dried persimmon fruit. Then
+I tied up the paper with red and white paper-string,
+that the sainted gods might know it was
+an offering."</p>
+
+<div><a name="i019" id="i019"></a></div>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 170px;">
+<a href="images/i019-l.png"><img src="images/i019.png" width="170" height="219" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">&quot;Bronze fishes
+sitting on
+their throats.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Yoshi-san and his little sister had now reached
+the great gate ornamented with huge
+bronze fishes<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> sitting on their throats
+and twisting aloft their forked tails,
+that was near their home. He
+told his sister she must wait to
+know more about the great festival
+till the time arrived. They shuffled
+off their shoes, bowed, till their
+foreheads touched the ground, to
+their parents, ate their evening
+bowl of rice and salt fish, said a prayer and burnt
+a stick of incense to many-armed Buddha at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+family altar. They spread their cotton-wadded
+quilts, rested their dear little shaved heads, with
+quaint circlet of hair, on the roll of cotton covered
+with white paper that formed the cushion of their
+hard wooden pillows. Soon they fell asleep to
+their mother's monotonously chanted lullaby of
+"Nenn� ko."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Sleep, my child, sleep, my child,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where is thy nurse gone?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She is gone to the mountains<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To buy thee sweetmeats.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What shall she buy thee?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The thundering drum, the bamboo pipe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The trundling man, or the paper kite."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The great festival drew still nearer, to the children's
+delight, as they watched the previously
+described graceful bamboo arch rise before their
+gateposts. Then came a party of three with an
+oven, a bottomless tub, and some matting to
+replace the bottom. They shifted the pole that
+carried these utensils from their shoulders, and
+commenced to make the Japanese cake that may
+be viewed as the equivalent of a Christmas pudding.
+They mixed a paste of rice and put the
+sticky mass, to prevent rebounding, on the soft
+mat in the tub. The third man then beat for
+a long time the rice cake with a heavy mallet.
+Yoshi-san liked to watch the strong man swing
+down his mallet with dull resounding thuds.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+The well-beaten dough was then made up into
+flattish rounds of varying size on a pastry board
+one of the men had brought. Three cakes of
+graduated size formed a pyramid that was placed
+conspicuously on a lacquered stand, and the cakes
+were only to be eaten on the 11th of January.</p>
+
+<p>The mother told Plum-blossom and the children
+to get their clogs and overcoats and hoods,
+for she was going to get the New Year's decorations.
+The party shuffled off till they came to a
+stall where were big grass ropes and fringes and
+quaint grass boats filled with supposed bales of
+merchandise in straw coverings, a sun in red paper,
+and at bow and stern sprigs of fir. The whole was
+brightened by bits of gold leaf, lightly stuck on,
+that quivered here and there. When the children
+had chosen the harvest ship that seemed most
+besprinkled with gold, Plum-blossom bargained
+about the price. The mother, as a matter of
+form and rank, had pretended to take no interest
+in the purchase. She took her purse out of
+her sash, handed it to her servant, who opened it,
+paid the shopman, and then returned the purse
+to her mistress. This she did with the usual
+civility of first raising it to her forehead. The
+decorations they hung up in their sitting-room.
+Then they sent presents, such as large dried carp,
+tea, eggs, shoes, kerchiefs, fruits, sweets, or toys
+to various friends and dependants.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of January all were early astir, for
+the father, dressed at dawn in full European evening
+dress,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> as is customary on such occasions, had
+to pay his respects at the levee of the Emperor.
+When this duty was over, he returned home
+and received visitors of rank inferior to himself.
+Later in the day and on the following day he paid
+visits of New Year greeting to all his friends. He
+took a present to those to whom he had sent no
+gift. Sometimes he had his little boy with him.
+For these visits Yoshi-san, in place of his usual
+flowing robe, loose trousers, and sash, wore a
+funny little knickerbocker suit, felt hat, and boots.
+These latter, though he thought them grand, felt
+very uncomfortable after his straw sandals. They
+were more troublesome to take off before stepping
+on the straw mats, that, being used as chairs
+as well as carpets, it would be a rudeness to soil.
+The maids, always kneeling, presented them with
+tiny cups of tea on oval saucers, which, remaining
+in the maid's hand, served rather as waiters.
+Sweetmeats, too, usually of a soft, sticky nature,
+but sometimes hard like sugar-plums, and called
+"fire-sweets," were offered on carved lotus-leaf or
+lacquered trays.</p>
+
+<p>For the 2nd of January Plum-blossom bought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+some pictures of the treasure-ship or ship of
+riches, in which were seated the seven Gods of
+Wealth.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> It has been sung thus about this Ship
+of Luck:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div><a name="i023" id="i023"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;">
+<a href="images/i023-l.png"><img src="images/i023.png" width="283" height="224" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">The Treasure-ship and the Seven Gods of Happiness.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<table class="margleft" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Song about the Ship of Luck and its translation">
+<tr><td align="left" style="text-indent: 4em;">"Nagaki yo no,</td><td align="left" style="text-indent: 2em;">It is a long night.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="text-indent: 4em;">To no numuri no.</td><td align="left" style="text-indent: 2em;">The gods of luck sleep.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="text-indent: 4em;">Mina m� sam�.</td><td align="left" style="text-indent: 2em;">They all open their eyes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="text-indent: 4em;">Nami nori fun� no.</td><td align="left" style="text-indent: 2em;">They ride in a boat on the waves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="text-indent: 4em;">Oto no yoki kana."</td><td align="left" style="text-indent: 2em;">The sound is pleasing!</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>These pictures they each tied on their pillow
+to bring lucky dreams. Great was the laughter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+in the morning when they related their dreams.
+Yoshi-san said he had dreamt he had a beautiful
+portmanteau full of nice foreign things, such as
+comforters, note-books, pencils, india-rubber, condensed
+milk, lama, wide-awakes, boots, and brass
+jewelry. Just as he opened it, everything vanished
+and he found only a torn fan, an odd chop-stick,
+a horse's cast straw shoe, and a live crow.</p>
+
+<p>When at home, the children, for the first few
+days of the New Year, dressed in their best crepe,
+made up in three silken-wadded layers. Their
+crest was embroidered on the centre of the back
+and on the sleeves of the quaintly flowered long
+upper skirt. Beneath its wadded hem peeped
+the scarlet rolls of the hems of their under-dresses,
+and then the white-stockinged feet, with, passing
+between the toes, the scarlet thong of the black-lacquered
+clog. The little girl's sash was of
+many-flowered brocade, with scarlet broidered
+pouch hanging at her right side. A scarlet over-sash
+kept the large sash-knot in its place. Her
+hair was gay with knot of scarlet crinkled crepe,
+lacquered comb, and hairpin of tiny golden battledore.
+Resting thereon were a shuttlecock of
+coral, another pin of a tiny red lobster and a green
+pine sprig made of silk. In her belt was coquettishly
+stuck the butterfly-broidered case that held
+her quire of paper pocket-handkerchiefs. The
+brother's dress was of a simpler style and soberer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+coloring. His pouch of purple had a dragon
+worked on it, and the hair of his partly shaven
+head was tied into a little gummed tail with
+white paper-string. They spent most of the day
+playing with their pretty new battledores, striking
+with its plain side the airy little shuttlecock whose
+head is made of a black seed. All the while they
+sang a rhyme on the numbers up to ten:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Hitogo ni futa-go&mdash;mi-watashi yo me-go,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Itsu yoni musashi nan no yakushi,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kokono-ya ja&mdash;to yo."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div><a name="i026" id="i026"></a></div>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 185px;">
+<a href="images/i026-l.png"><img src="images/i026.png" width="185" height="141" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Girls&#39; Ball and Counting Game.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When tired of this fun, they would play with
+a ball made of paper and wadding evenly wound
+about with thread or silk of various colors. They
+sang to the throws a song which seems abrupt
+because some portions have probably fallen into
+disuse; it runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"See opposite&mdash;see Shin-kawa! A very beautiful
+lady who is one of the daughters of a chief
+magistrate of Odawara-cho. She was married
+to a salt merchant. He was a man fond of display,
+and he thought how he would dress her this
+year. He said to the dyer, 'Please dye this brocade
+and the brocade for the middle dress into
+seven-or eight-fold dresses;' and the dyer said,
+'I am a dyer, and therefore I will dye and stretch
+it. What pattern do you wish?' The merchant
+replied, 'The pattern of falling snow and broken
+twigs, and in the centre the curved bridge of Gojo.'"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then to fill up the rhyme come the words,
+"Chokin, chokera, kokin, kokera," and the tale
+goes on: "Crossing this bridge the girl was
+struck here and there,
+and the tea-house girls
+laughed. Put out of
+countenance by this ridicule,
+she drowned herself
+in the river Karas, the
+body sunk, the hair floated.
+How full of grief the husband's
+heart&mdash;now the ball counts a hundred."</p>
+
+<p>This they varied with another song:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"One, two, three, four,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grate hard charcoal, shave kiri wood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put in the pocket, the pocket is wet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kiyomadzu, on three yenoki trees<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were three sparrows, chased by a pigeon.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sparrows said, 'Chiu, chiu,'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pigeon said, 'po, po,'&mdash;now the<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ball counts a hundred."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The pocket referred to means the bottom of
+the long sleeve, which is apt to trail and get wet
+when a child stoops at play. Kiyomadzu may
+mean a famous temple that bears that name.
+Sometimes they would simply count the turns
+and make a sort of game of forfeiting and returning
+the number of rebounds kept up by each.</p>
+
+<p>Yoshi-san had begun to think battledore and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+balls too girlish an amusement. He preferred flying
+his eagle or mask-like kite, or playing at cards,
+verses, or lotteries. Sometimes he played a lively
+game with his father, in which the board is divided
+into squares and diagonals. On these move sixteen
+men held by one player and one large piece
+held by the second player. The point of the
+game is either that the holder of the sixteen pieces
+hedges the large piece so it that can make no
+move, or that the big piece takes all its adversaries.
+A take can only be made by the large piece
+when it finds a piece immediately on each side of
+it and a blank point beyond. Or he watched a
+party of several, with the pictured sheet of Japanese
+backgammon before them, write their names
+on slips of paper or wood, and throw in turn a
+die. The slips are placed on the pictures whose
+numbers correspond with the throw. At the next
+round, if the number thrown by the particular
+player is written on the picture, he finds directions
+as to which picture to move his slip backward or
+forward to. He may, however, find his throw
+a blank and have to remain at his place. The
+winning consists in reaching a certain picture.
+When tired of these quieter games, the strolling
+woman player on a guitar-like instrument, would be
+called in. Or, a party of Kangura boy performers
+afforded pastime by the quaint animal-like movements
+of the draped figure. He wears a huge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+grotesque scarlet mask on
+his head, and at times makes
+this monster appear to
+stretch out and draw in its
+neck by an unseen change in
+position of the mask from
+the head to the gradually
+extended and draped hand
+of the actor. The beat of
+a drum and the whistle of a
+bamboo flute formed the
+accompaniment to the dumb-show
+acting.</p>
+
+<p>Yoshi-san thought the 4th and 5th days of January
+great fun, because loud shoutings were heard.
+Running in the direction of the sound, he found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+the men of a fire-brigade who had formed a procession
+to carry their new paper standard, bamboo
+ladders, paper lanterns, etc. This procession
+paused at intervals. Then the men steadied
+the ladder with their long fire-hooks, whilst an
+agile member of the band mounted the erect
+ladder and performed gymnastics at the top. His
+performance concluded, he dismounted, and the
+march continued, the men as before yelling joyously,
+at the highest pitch of their voices.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i028" id="i028"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<a href="images/i028-l.png"><img src="images/i028.png" width="300" height="384" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Firemen&#39;s Gymnastics at New Year&#39;s Time.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After about a week of fun, life at the villa,
+gradually resumed its usual course, the father
+returned to his office, the mother to her domestic
+employments, and the children to school, all having
+said for that new year their last joy-wishing
+greeting&mdash;om�d�to (congratulations).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div><a name="i029" id="i029"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 288px;">
+<a href="images/i029-l.png"><img src="images/i029.png" width="288" height="181" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Street Tumblers playing Kangura in Tokio.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="THE_CHRYSANTHEMUM_SHOW" id="THE_CHRYSANTHEMUM_SHOW"></a>THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.</h2>
+
+<p>Yoshi-san and his Grandmother go to visit the
+great temple at Shiba. They walk up its steep
+stairs, and arrive at the lacquered threshold.
+Here they place aside their wooden clogs, throw
+a few coins into a huge box standing on the floor.
+It is covered with a wooden grating so constructed
+as to prevent pilfering hands afterward removing
+the coin. Then they pull a thick rope attached
+to a big brass bell like an exaggerated sheep-bell,
+hanging from the ceiling, but which gives forth
+but a feeble, tinkling sound. To insure the god's
+attention, this is supplemented with three distinct
+claps of the hands, which are afterward clasped
+in prayer for a short interval; two more claps
+mark the conclusion. Then, resuming their clogs,
+they clatter down the steep, copper-bound temple
+steps into the grounds. Here are stalls innumerable
+of toys, fruit, fish-cakes, birds, tobacco-pipes,
+ironmongery, and rice, and scattered amidst the
+stalls are tea-houses, peep-shows, and other places
+of amusement. Of these the greatest attraction
+is a newly-opened chrysanthemum show.</p>
+
+<p>The chrysanthemums are trained to represent
+figures. Here is a celebrated warrior, Kato
+Kiyomasa by name, who lived about the year
+1600, when the eminent Hashiba (Hid�yoshi)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+ruled Japan. Near the end of his reign Hashiba,
+wishing to invade China, but being himself unable
+to command the expedition, intrusted the leadership
+of the fleet and army to Kiyomasa. They
+embarked, reached Korea, where a fierce battle
+was fought and victory gained by Kiyomasa.
+When, however, he returned to Japan, he found
+Hid�yoshi had died, and the expedition was therefore
+recalled. Tales of the liberality and generosity
+of the Chief, and how he, single-handed, had
+slain a large and wild tiger with the spear that he
+is represented as holding, led to his being at length
+addressed as a god. His face is modelled in plaster
+and painted, and the yellow chrysanthemum
+blossoms may be supposed to be gold bosses on
+the verdant armor.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i031" id="i031"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 311px;">
+<a href="images/i031-l.png"><img src="images/i031.png" width="311" height="169" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Eating Stand for the Children.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Next they looked at eccentric varieties of this
+autumn flower, such as those having the petals
+longer and more curly than usual. To show off
+the flowers every branch was tied to a stick, which
+caused Yoshi-san to think the bushes looked a
+little stiff and ugly. Near the warrior was a
+chrysanthemum-robed lady, Benten, standing in
+a flowery sailing-boat that is supposed to contain
+a cargo of jewels. Three rabbits farther
+on appeared to be chatting together. Perhaps
+the best group of all was old Fukurokujin, with
+white beard and bald head. He was conversing
+with two of the graceful waterfowl so constantly
+seen in Japanese decorations. He is the god of
+luck, and has a reputation for liking good cheer.
+This is suggested by a gourd, a usual form of
+wine-bottle, that is suspended to his cane, whilst
+another gourd contains homilies. He was said
+to be so tender-hearted that even timid wild
+fowl were not afraid of him.</p>
+
+<p>Not the least amusing part of the show was
+the figure before which Yoshi's Grandmother
+exclaimed, "Why, truly, that is clever! Behold,
+I pray thee, a barbarian lady, and even her
+child!" In truth it was an unconscious caricature
+of Europeans, although the lady's face
+had not escaped being made to look slightly
+Japanese. The child held a toy, and had a
+regular shock head of hair. The frizzed hair of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+many foreign children appeared very odd to Yoshi-san.
+He thought their mothers must be very
+unkind not to take the little "western men" more
+often to the barber's. He complacently compared
+the neatness of his own shaven crown and
+tidily-clipped and gummed side-locks.</p>
+
+<p>Being tired of standing, the old Grandmother
+told her grandson they would go and listen to a
+recital at the story-teller's. Leaving their wooden
+shoes in a pigeon-hole for that purpose, they
+joined an attentive throng of some twenty listeners
+seated on mats in a dimly-lighted room.
+Yoshi could not make out all the tale-teller said,
+but he liked to watch him toy with his fan as he
+introduced his listeners to the characters of his
+story. Then the story-teller would hold his fan
+like a rod of command, whilst he kept his audience
+in rapt attention, then sometimes, amidst the
+laughter of those present, he would raise his
+voice to a shrill whine, and would emphasize a
+joke by a sharp tap on the table with his fan.
+After they had listened to one tale Yoshi-san was
+sleepy. So they went and bargained with a man
+outside who had a carriage like a small gig with
+shafts called a "jin-riki-sha."<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> He ran after them
+to say he consented to wheel them home the
+two and a half miles for five cents.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FISHSAVE" id="FISHSAVE"></a>FISHSAVE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 100px;">
+<a href="images/i034-l.png"><img src="images/i034.png" width="100" height="155" alt="T" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">T</span>here was once upon a time a
+little baby whose father was Japanese
+ambassador to the court of
+China, and whose mother was a
+Chinese lady. While this child
+was still in its infancy the ambassador
+had to return to Japan. So
+he said to his wife, "I swear to
+remember you and to send you
+letters by the ambassador that shall succeed me;
+and as for our baby, I will despatch some one
+to fetch it as soon as it is weaned." Thus saying
+he departed.</p>
+
+<p>Well, embassy after embassy came (and there
+was generally at least a year between each), but
+never a letter from the Japanese husband to the
+Chinese wife. At last, tired of waiting and of
+grieving, she took her boy by the hand, and sorrowfully
+leading him to the seashore, fastened round
+his neck a label bearing the words, "The
+Japanese ambassador's child." Then she flung
+him into the sea in the direction of the Japanese
+Archipelago, confident that the paternal tie was
+one which it was not possible to break, and that
+therefore father and child were sure to meet
+again.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One day, when the former ambassador, the
+father, was riding by the beach of Naniwa
+(where afterward was built the city of Osaka),
+he saw something white floating out at sea, looking
+like a small island. It floated nearer, and he
+looked more attentively. There was no doubt
+about its being a child. Quite astonished, he
+stopped his horse and gazed again. The floating
+object drew nearer and nearer still. At last
+with perfect distinctness it was perceived to be
+a fair, pretty little boy, of about four years old,
+impelled onward by the waves.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i035" id="i035"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 282px;">
+<a href="images/i035-l.png"><img src="images/i035.png" width="282" height="181" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Fishsave riding the Dolphin to Japan.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Still closer inspection showed that the boy
+rode bravely on the back of an enormous fish.
+When the strange rider had dismounted on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+strand, the ambassador ordered his attendants
+to take the manly little fellow in their arms,
+when lo, and behold! there was the label round
+his neck, on which was written, "The Japanese
+ambassador's child." "Oh, yes," he exclaimed,
+"it must be my child and no other, whom its
+mother, angry at having received no letters from
+me, must have thrown into the sea. Now, owing
+to the indissoluble bond tying together parents
+and children, he has reached me safely, riding
+upon a fish's back." The air of the little creature
+went to his heart, and he took and tended
+him most lovingly.</p>
+
+<p>To the care of the next embassy that went
+to the court of China, he intrusted a letter for
+his wife, in which he informed her of all the
+particulars; and she, who had quite believed
+the child to be dead, rejoiced at its marvellous
+escape.</p>
+
+<p>The child grew up to be a man, whose handwriting
+was beautiful.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Having been saved by a
+fish, he was given the name of "Fishsave."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_FILIAL_GIRL" id="THE_FILIAL_GIRL"></a>THE FILIAL GIRL.</h2>
+
+<div><a name="i037" id="i037"></a></div>
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 199px;">
+<a href="images/i037-l.png"><img src="images/i037.png" width="199" height="134" alt="A" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Bowing before her Mother&#39;s
+Mirror.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">A</span>&nbsp;girl once lived in the
+province of Echigo,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+who from her earliest
+years tended her parents
+with all filial piety. Her
+mother, when, after a long
+illness she lay at the point
+of death, took out a mirror that she had for many
+years concealed, and giving it to her daughter,
+spoke thus, "when I have ceased to exist, take
+this mirror in thy hand night and morning, and
+looking at it, fancy that 'tis I thou seest."</p>
+
+<p>With these last words she expired, and the
+girl, full of grief, and faithful to her mother's
+commands, used to take out the mirror night and
+morning, and gazing in it, saw there in a face like
+to the face of her mother. Delighted thereat
+(for the village was situated in a remote country
+district among the mountains, and a mirror was
+a thing the girl had never heard of), she daily
+worshipped her reflected face. She bowed before
+it till her forehead touched the mat, as if this
+image had been in very truth her mother's own
+self.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+<p>Her father one day, astonished to see her thus
+occupied, inquired the reason, which she directly
+told him. But he burst out laughing, and exclaimed,
+"Why! 'tis only thine own face, so like
+to thy mother's, that is reflected. It is not thy
+mother's at all!"</p>
+
+<p>This revelation distressed the girl. Yet she
+replied: "Even if the face be not my mother's, it
+is the face of one who belonged to my mother,
+and therefore my respectfully saluting it twice
+every day is the same as respectfully saluting her
+very self." And so she continued to worship the
+mirror more and more while tending her father
+with all filial piety&mdash;at least so the story goes,
+for even to-day, as great poverty and ignorance
+prevail in some parts of Echigo, the peasantry
+know as little of mirrors as did this little girl.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PARSLEY_QUEEN" id="THE_PARSLEY_QUEEN"></a>THE PARSLEY QUEEN.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor"><span class="minute">[14]</span></a></h2>
+
+<p>How curious that the daughter of a peasant
+dwelling in a obscure country village near Aska,
+in the province of Yamato,<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> should become a
+Queen! Yet such was the case. Her father
+died while she was yet in her infancy, and the
+girl applied herself to the tending of her mother
+with all filial piety. One day when she had gone
+out in the fields to gather some parsley, of which
+her mother was very fond, it chanced that Prince<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+Shotoku, the great Buddhist teacher,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> was making
+a progress to his palace, and all the inhabitants of
+the country-side flocked to the road along which
+the procession was passing, in order to behold the
+gorgeous spectacle, and to show their respect
+for the Mikado's son. The filial girl, alone, paying
+no heed to what was going on around her,
+continued picking her parsley. She was observed
+from his carriage by the Prince, who, astonished
+at the circumstance, sent one of his retainers to
+inquire into its cause.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i039" id="i039"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<a href="images/i039-l.png"><img src="images/i039.png" width="325" height="240" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Imitating the Procession to the Temple.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<p>The girl replied, "My mother bade me pick
+parsley, and I am following her instructions&mdash;that
+is the reason why I have not turned round
+to pay my respects to the Prince." The latter
+being informed of her answer, was filled with
+admiration at the strictness of her filial piety.
+Alighting at her mother's cottage on the way
+back, he told her of the occurrence, and placing
+the girl in the next carriage to his own, took her
+home with him to the Imperial Palace, and
+ended by making her his wife, upon which the
+people, knowing her story, gave her the name of
+the "Parsley Queen."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="THE_TWO_DAUGHTERS" id="THE_TWO_DAUGHTERS"></a>THE TWO DAUGHTERS.</h2>
+
+<p>At Akita, in the province of Inaba, lived an
+independent gentleman,<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> who had two daughters,
+by whom he was ministered to with all filial piety.
+He was fond of shooting with a gun, and thus
+very often committed the sin (according to the
+teaching of holy Buddha) of taking life.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> He
+would never hearken to the admonitions of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+daughters. These, mindful of the future, and
+aghast at the prospect in store for him in the world
+to come, frequently endeavored to convert him.
+Many were the tears they shed. At last one day,
+after they had pleaded with him more earnestly
+still than before, the father, touched by their
+supplications, promised to
+shoot no more. But, after a
+a while, some of his neighbors
+came round to request
+him to shoot for them
+two storks.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> He was easily
+led to consent by the
+strength of his natural
+liking for the sport. Still
+he would not allow a word
+to be breathed to his daughters. He slipped
+out at night, gun in hand, after they were, as he
+imagined, fast asleep.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i041" id="i041"></a></div>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 193px;">
+<a href="images/i041-l.png"><img src="images/i041.png" width="193" height="206" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">The Two White Birds.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They, however, had heard everything, and the
+elder sister said to the younger: "Do what we
+may, our father will not condescend to follow our
+words of counsel, and nothing now remains but
+to bring him to a knowledge of the truth by the
+sacrifice of one of our own lives. To-night is
+fortunately moonless; and if I put on white garments
+and go to the neighborhood of the bay, he
+will take me for a stork and shoot me dead. Do
+you continue to live and tend our father with all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+the services of filial piety." Thus she spake, her
+eyes dimmed with the rolling tears. But the
+younger sister, with many sobs, exclaimed: "For
+you, my sister, for you is it to receive the
+inheritance of this house. So do you condescend
+to be the one to live, and to practise filial
+devotion to our father, while I will offer up my
+life."</p>
+
+<p>Thus did each strive for death. The elder one,
+without more words, seizing a white garment
+rushed out of the house. The younger one, unwilling
+to cede to her the place of honor, putting
+on a white gown also, followed in her track to
+the shore of the bay. There, making her way
+to her among the rushes, she continued the dispute
+as to which of the two should be the one
+to die.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the father, peering around him in
+the darkness, saw something white. Taking it
+for the storks, he aimed at the spot with his gun,
+and did not miss his shot, for it pierced through
+the ribs of the elder of the two girls. The
+younger, helpless in her grief, bent over her sister's
+body. The father, not dreaming of what he
+was about, and astonished to find that his having
+shot one of the storks did not make the other fly
+away, discharged another shot at the remaining
+white figure. Lamentable to relate, he hit his
+second daughter as he had the first. She fell,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+pierced through the chest, and was laid on the
+same grassy pillow as her sister.</p>
+
+<p>The father, pleased with his success, came
+up to the rushes to look for his game. But
+what! no storks, alas! alas! No, only his two
+daughters! Filled with consternation, he asked
+what it all meant. The girls, breathing with
+difficulty, told him that their resolve had been
+to show him the crime of taking life, and thus
+respectfully to cause him to desist therefrom.
+They expired before they had time to say
+more.</p>
+
+<p>The father was filled with sorrow and remorse.
+He took the two corpses home on his
+back. As there was now no help for what was
+done, he placed them reverently on a wood stack,
+and there they burnt, making smoke to the blowing
+wind. From that hour he was a converted
+man. He built himself a small cell of branches
+of trees, near the village bridge. Placing therein
+the memorial tablets of his two daughters, he
+performed before them the due religious rites,
+and became the most pious follower of Buddha.
+Ah! that was filial piety in very truth! a marvel,
+that these girls should throw away their own
+lives, so that, by exterminating the evil seed in
+their father's conduct in this world, they might
+guard him from its awful fruit in the world
+to come!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="SECOND_SIGHT" id="SECOND_SIGHT"></a>SECOND SIGHT.</h2>
+
+<p>A traveller arrived at a village, and looking
+about for an inn, he found one that, although
+rather shabby, would, he thought, suit him. So
+he asked whether he could pass the night there,
+and the mistress said certainly. No one lived at
+the inn except the mistress, so that the traveller
+was quite undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, after he had finished break-fast,
+the traveller went out of the house to make
+arrangements for continuing his journey. To
+his surprise, his hostess asked him to stop a
+moment. She said that he owed her a thousand
+pounds, solemnly declaring that he had borrowed
+that sum from her inn long years ago. The
+traveller was astonished greatly at this, as it
+seemed to him a preposterous demand. So
+fetching his trunk, he soon hid himself by drawing
+a curtain all round him.</p>
+
+<p>After thus secluding himself for some time, he
+called the woman and asked, "Was your father
+an adept in the art of second sight?" The
+woman replied, "Yes; my father secluded himself
+just as you have done." Said the traveller,
+"Explain fully to me why you say I owe you so
+large a sum." The mistress then related that
+when her father was going to die, he bequeathed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+her all his possessions except his money. He
+said, that on a certain day, ten years later, a
+traveller would lodge at her house, and that, as
+the said traveller owed him a thousand pounds,
+she could reclaim at that time this sum from his
+debtor. She must subsist in the meanwhile by
+the gradual sale of her father's goods.</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto, being unable to earn as much money
+as she spent, she had been disposing of the inherited
+valuables, but had now exhausted nearly
+all of them. In the meantime, the predicted date
+had arrived, and a traveller had lodged at her
+house, just as her father had foretold. Hence
+she concluded he was the man from whom she
+should recover the thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<p>On hearing this the traveller said that all that
+the woman had related was perfectly true. Taking
+her to one side of the room, he told her to
+tap gently with her knuckles all over a wooden
+pillar. At one part the pillar gave forth a hollow
+sound. The traveller said that the money spoken
+about by the poor woman lay hidden in this part
+of the pillar. Then advising her to spend it only
+gradually, he went on his way.</p>
+
+<p>The father of this woman had been extremely
+skilful in the art of second sight or clairvoyance.
+By its means he had discovered that his daughter
+would pass through ten years of extreme poverty
+and that on a certain future day a diviner would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+come and lodge in the house. The father was
+also aware that if he bequeathed his daughter his
+money at once, she would spend it extravagantly.
+Upon consideration, therefore, he hid the money
+in the pillar, and instructed his daughter as related.
+In accordance with the father's prophecy,
+the man came and lodged in the house on the
+predicted day, and by the art of divination discovered
+the thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="GAMES" id="GAMES"></a>GAMES.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 100px;">
+<a href="images/i046-l.png"><img src="images/i046.png" width="100" height="170" alt="T" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">T</span>he games we are daily playing
+at in our nurseries, or
+some of them, have been also
+played at for centuries by
+Japanese boys and girls. Such
+are blindman's buff (eye-hiding),
+puss-in-the-corner, catching,
+racing, scrambling, a
+variety of "here we go round
+the mulberry bush." The
+game of knuckle-bones is played with five little
+stuffed bags instead of sheep bones, which the
+children cannot get, as sheep are not used by
+the Japanese. Also performances such as honey-pots,
+heads in chancery, turning round back to
+back, or hand to hand, are popular among that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+long-sleeved, shaven-pated small fry. Still better
+than snow-balling, the lads like to make a snow-man,
+with a round charcoal ball for each eye, and
+a streak of charcoal for his mouth. This they call
+Buddha's squat follower "Daruma," whose legs
+rotted off through his stillness over his lengthy
+prayers.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i047" id="i047"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;">
+<a href="images/i047-l.png"><img src="images/i047.png" width="265" height="161" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Eye-Hiding, or Blindman&#39;s Buff.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div><a name="i048" id="i048"></a></div>
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 100px;">
+<a href="images/i048-l.png"><img src="images/i048.png" width="100" height="188" alt="A" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Stilts and Clog-Throwing.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">A</span>s might be expected, some of the Japanese
+games differ slightly from ours, or else are altogether
+peculiar to that country. The facility
+with which a Japanese child slips its shoes on
+and off, and the absence on the part of the
+parents of conventional or health scruples regarding
+bare feet, lead to a sort of game of ball
+in which the shoes take the part of the ball, and
+to hiding pranks with the sandal, something like
+our hunt the slipper and hide-and-seek. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+the other hand, kago play is entirely Japanese.
+In this game, two children carry a bamboo pole
+on their shoulders, on to which clings a third
+child, in imitation of a usual mode of travelling
+in Japan. In this the passenger is seated in a
+light bamboo palanquin borne on men's shoulders.
+A miniature festival is
+thought great fun, when
+a few bits of rough wood
+mounted on wheels are
+decorated with cut paper
+and evergreens, and drawn
+slowly along amidst the
+shouts of the exultant contrivers,
+in mimicry of the
+real festival cars. Games
+of soldiers are of two
+types. When copied from
+the historical fights, one
+boy, with his kerchief
+bound round his temples,
+makes a supposed marvelous
+and heroic defence. He slashes with his
+bamboo sword, as a harlequin waves his baton, to
+deal magical destruction all around on the attacking
+party. When the late insurrection commenced
+in Satsuma, the Tokio boys, hearing of
+the campaign on modern tactics, would form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+attack and defence parties. A little company
+armed with bamboo breech-loaders would march
+to the assault of the roguish battalion lurking
+round the corner.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i049" id="i049"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 268px;">
+<a href="images/i049-l.png"><img src="images/i049.png" width="268" height="210" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Playing at Batter-Cakes.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Wrestling, again, is popular with children, not
+so much on account of the actual throwing, as
+from the love of imitating the curious growling
+an animal-like springing, with which the professional
+wrestlers encounter one another. Swimming,
+fishing, and general puddling about are congenial
+occupation for hot summer days; whilst
+some with a toy bamboo pump, like a Japanese
+feeble fire-engine, manage to send a squirt of water
+at a friend, as the firemen souse their comrades<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+standing on the burning housetops. Itinerant
+street sellers have, on stalls of a height suited to
+their little customers, an array of what looks like
+pickles. This is made of bright seaweed pods
+that the children buy to make a "clup!" sort of
+noise with between their lips, so that they go
+about apparently hiccoughing all day long. The
+smooth glossy leaves of the camellia, as common
+as hedge roses are in England, make very fair
+little trumpets when blown after having been
+expertly rolled up, or in spring their fallen blossoms
+are strung into gay chains.</p>
+
+<p>On a border-land between games and sweets
+are the stalls of the itinerant batter-sellers. At
+these the tiny purchaser enjoys the evidently
+much appreciated privilege of himself arranging
+his little measure of batter in fantastic forms, and
+drying them upon a hot metal plate. A turtle is
+a favorite design, as the first blotch of batter
+makes its body, and six judiciously arranged
+smaller dabs soon suggest its head, tail, and feet.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="THE_GAMES_AND_SPORTS_OF_JAPANESE" id="THE_GAMES_AND_SPORTS_OF_JAPANESE"></a>THE GAMES AND SPORTS OF JAPANESE CHILDREN<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor"><span class="minute">[20]</span></a></h2>
+
+<div><a name="i051" id="i051"></a></div>
+<div class="figcap" style="width: 143px;">
+<a href="images/i051-l.png"><img src="images/i051.png" width="143" height="160" alt="H" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Hoisting the Rice-beer Keg
+On Festival-day.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="nodisp">H</span>ow often in Japan one sees that the children of
+a larger growth enjoy with equal zest games which
+are the same, or nearly the same, as those of lesser<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+size and fewer years! Certain it is that the adults
+do all in their power to provide for the children
+their full quota of play and harmless sports. We
+frequently see full-grown and able-bodied natives
+indulging in amusements which the men of the
+West lay aside with their pinafores, or when their
+curls are cut. If we, in the conceited pride of
+our superior civilization, look down upon this as
+childish, we must remember
+that the Oriental, from
+the pinnacle of his lofty,
+and to him immeasurably
+elevated, civilization, looks
+down upon our manly
+sports with contempt,
+thinking it a condescension
+even to notice them.</p>
+
+<p>A very noticeable
+change has passed over
+the Japanese people since
+the modern advent of foreigners in respect to
+their love of amusement. Their sports are by no
+means as numerous or elaborate as formerly, and
+they do not enter into them with the enthusiasm
+that formerly characterized them. The children's
+festivals and sports are rapidly losing their importance,
+and some now are rarely seen. Formerly the
+holidays were almost as numerous as saints' days in
+the calendar. Apprentice-boys had a liberal quota<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+of holidays stipulated in their indentures; and as
+the children counted the days before each great
+holiday on their fingers, we may believe that a great
+deal of digital arithmetic was being continually
+done. We do not know of any country in the world
+in which there are so many toy-shops or so many
+fairs for the sale of things which delight children.
+Not only are the streets of every city
+abundantly supplied with shops, filled as full as
+a Christmas stocking with gaudy toys, but in
+small towns and villages one or more children's
+bazaars may be found. The most gorgeous display
+of all things pleasing to the eye of a
+Japanese child is found in the courts or streets
+leading to celebrated temples. On a festival
+day, the toy-sellers and itinerant showmen throng
+with their most attractive wares or sights in front
+of the shrine or temple. On the walls and in
+conspicuous places near the churches and cathedrals
+in Europe and America, the visitor is usually
+regaled with the sight of undertakers' signs
+and gravediggers' advertisements. How differently
+the Japanese act in these respects let any
+one see, by visiting one or all of the three greatest
+temples in Tokio, or one of the numerous smaller
+shrines on some renowned festival day.</p>
+
+<p>We have not space in this paper to name or
+describe the numerous street shows and showmen
+who are supposed to be interested mainly in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+entertaining children; though in reality adults
+form a part, often the major part, of their audiences.
+Any one desirous of seeing these in full
+glory must ramble down some of the side streets
+in Tokio, on some fair day, and especially on a
+general holiday.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most common are the street theatricals,
+in which two, three, or four trained boys
+and girls do some very creditable acting, chiefly
+in comedy. Raree shows, in which the looker-on
+sees the inside splendors of the nobles' homes,
+or the heroic acts of Japanese warriors, or some
+famous natural scenery, are very common. The
+showman, as he pulls the wires that change the
+scenes, entertains the spectators with songs. The
+outside of his box is usually adorned with pictures
+of famous actors, nine-tailed foxes, demons of all
+colors, people committing hari-kiri or stomach
+cutting, bloody massacres, or some such staple
+horror in which the normal Japanese so delights.
+Story-tellers, posturers, dancers, actors of charades,
+conjurers, flute-players, song-singers are found on
+these streets, but those who specially delight the
+children are the men who, by dint of fingers and
+breath, work a paste made of wheat-gluten into all
+sorts of curious and gayly-smeared toys, such as
+flowers, trees, noblemen, fair ladies, various utensils,
+the foreigner, the jin-riki-sha, etc. Nearly
+every itinerant seller of candy, starch-cakes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+sugared peas, and sweetened beans, has several
+methods of lottery by which he adds to the attractions
+on his stall. A disk having a revolving
+arrow, whirled round by the hand of a child, or a
+number of strings which are connected with the
+faces of imps, goddesses, devils, or heroes, lends
+the excitement of chance, and, when a lucky pull
+or whirl occurs, occasions the subsequent addition
+to the small fraction of a sen's worth to be bought.
+Men or women walk about, carrying a small charcoal
+brazier under a copper griddle, with batter,
+spoons, cups, and shoyu<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> sauce to hire out for the
+price of a jumon<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> each to the little urchins who
+spend an afternoon of bliss, making their own
+griddle-cakes and eating them. The seller of
+sugar-jelly exhibits a devil, taps a drum, and
+dances for the benefit of his baby-customers.
+The seller of nice pastry does the same, with the
+addition of gymnastics and skilful tricks with balls
+of dough. In every Japanese city there are scores,
+if not hundreds of men and women who obtain a
+livelihood by amusing the children.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the games of Japanese children are of
+a national character, and are indulged in by all
+classes. Others are purely local or exclusive.
+Among the former are those which belong to the
+great festival days, which in the old calendar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+(before 1872) enjoyed vastly more importance than
+under the new one. Beginning with the first of
+the year, there are a number of games and sports
+peculiar to this time. The girls, dressed in their
+best robes and girdles, with their faces powdered
+and their lips painted, until they resemble the
+peculiar colors seen on a beetle's wings, and
+their hair arranged in the most attractive coiffure,
+are out upon the street playing battledore and
+shuttlecock. They play not only in twos and
+threes, but also in circles. The shuttlecock is a
+small seed, often gilded, stuck round with feathers
+arranged like the petals of a flower. The battledore
+is a wooden bat; one side of which is of bare
+wood, while the other has the raised effigy of some
+popular actor, hero of romance, or singing girl in
+the most ultra-Japanese style of beauty. The girls
+evidently highly appreciate this game, as it gives
+abundant opportunity for the display of personal
+beauty, figure, and dress. Those who fail in the
+game often have their faces marked with ink, or
+a circle drawn round the eyes. The boys sing a
+song that the wind will blow, the girls sing that it
+may be calm so that their shuttlecocks may fly
+straight. The little girls at this time play with a
+ball made of cotton cord, covered elaborately with
+many strands of bright vari-colored silk.</p>
+
+<p>Inside the house they have games suited not
+only for the daytime, but for the evenings. Many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+foreigners have wondered what the Japanese do
+at night, and how the long winter evenings are
+spent. On fair, and especially moonlight nights,
+most of the people are out of doors, and many of
+the children with them. Markets and fairs are
+held regularly at night in Tokio, and in other
+large cities. The foreigner living in a Japanese
+city, even if he were blind, could tell by stepping
+out of doors, whether the weather were clear and
+fine, or disagreeable. On dark and stormy nights
+the stillness of a great city like Tokio is unbroken
+and very impressive; but on a fair and moonlight
+night the hum and bustle tell one that the people
+are out in throngs, and make one feel that it
+is a city that he lives in.</p>
+
+<p>In most of the castle towns in Japan, it was
+formerly the custom of the people, especially of
+the younger, to assemble on moonlight nights in
+the streets or open spaces near the castle gates,
+and dance a sort of subdued dance, moving round
+in circles and clapping their hands. These dances
+often continued during the entire night, the following
+day being largely consumed in sleep. In
+the winter evenings in Japanese households the
+Japanese children amuse themselves with their
+sports, or are amused by their elders, who tell
+them entertaining stories. The Samurai father
+relates to his son Japanese history and heroic
+lore, to fire him with enthusiasm and a love of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+those achievements which every Samurai youth
+hopes at some day to perform. Then there are
+numerous social entertainments, at which the
+children above a certain age are allowed to be
+present.</p>
+
+<p>But the games relied on as standard means of
+amusement, and seen especially about New Year,
+are those of cards. In one of these, a large,
+square sheet of paper is laid on the floor. On
+this card are the names and pictures of the fifty-three
+post-stations between old Yedo and Kioto.
+At the place Kioto are put a few coins, or a pile
+of cakes, or some such prizes, and the game is
+played with dice. Each throw advances the
+player toward the goal, and the one arriving first
+obtains the prize. At this time of the year, also,
+the games of what we may call literary cards are
+played a great deal. The Iroha Garuta <a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> are small
+cards each containing a proverb. The proverb is
+printed on one card, and the picture illustrating it
+upon another. Each proverb begins with a certain
+one of the fifty Japanese letters, i, ro, ha, etc., and so
+through the syllabary. The children range themselves
+in a circle, and the cards are shuffled and
+dealt. One is appointed to be reader. Looking
+at his cards he reads the proverb. The player
+who has the picture corresponding to the proverb
+calls out, and the match is made. Those who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+are rid of their cards first, win the game. The
+one holding the last card is the loser. If he be
+a boy, he has his face marked curiously with ink.
+If a girl, she has a paper or wisp of straw stuck
+in her hair.</p>
+
+<p>The One Verse (from each of the) Hundred
+Poets game consists of two hundred cards, on
+which are inscribed the one hundred stanzas or
+poems so celebrated and known in every household.
+A stanza of Japanese poetry usually consists
+of two parts, a first and second, or upper
+and lower clause. The manner of playing the
+game is as follows: The reader reads half the
+stanza on his card, and the player, having the card
+on which the other half is written, calls out, and
+makes a match. Some children become so
+familiar with these poems that they do not need
+to hear the entire half of the stanza read, but
+frequently only the first word.</p>
+
+<p>The game of Ancient Odes, that named after the
+celebrated Genji (Minamoto) family of the Middle
+Ages, and the Shi Garuta are all card-games of
+a similar nature, but can be thoroughly enjoyed
+only by well-educated Chinese scholars, as the
+references and quotations are written in Chinese
+and require a good knowledge of the Chinese
+and Japanese classics to play them well. To
+boys who are eager to become proficient in Chinese
+it often acts as an incentive to be told that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+they will enjoy these games after certain attainments
+in scholarship have been made. Having
+made these attainments, they play the game frequently,
+especially during vacation, to impress on
+their minds what they have already learned.</p>
+
+<p>Two other games are played which may be said
+to have an educational value. They are the
+"Wisdom Boards" and the "Ring of Wisdom."
+The former consists of a number of flat thin pieces
+of wood, cut in many geometrical shapes. Certain
+possible figures are printed on paper as models,
+and the boy tries to form them out of the pieces
+given him. In some cases much time and thinking
+are required to form the figure. The ring-puzzle
+is made of rings of bamboo or iron, on a
+bar. Boys having a talent for mathematics, or
+those who have a natural capacity to distinguish
+size and form, succeed very well at these games
+and enjoy them.</p>
+
+<p>The game of Checkers is played on a raised
+stand or table about six inches in height. The
+number of "go" or checkers, including black and
+white, is 360. In the Sho-gi, or game of Chess,
+the pieces number 40 in all. Backgammon is also
+a favorite play, and there are several forms of it.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i060" id="i060"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;">
+<a href="images/i060-l.png"><img src="images/i060.png" width="283" height="133" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Getting Ready to Raise the big Humming Kite with the Sun
+Emblem.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>About the time of old style New Year's Day,
+when the winds of February and March are favorable
+to the sport, kites are flown, and there are
+few games in which Japanese boys, from the infant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+on the back to the full-grown and the over-grown
+boy, take more delight. I have never observed,
+however, as foreign books so often tell us, old men
+flying kites and boys merely looking on. The
+Japanese kites are made of tough paper pasted on
+a frame of bamboo sticks, and are usually of a rectangular
+shape. Some of them, however, are
+made to represent children or men, several kinds
+of birds and animals, fans, etc. On the rectangular
+kites are pictures of ancient heroes or beautiful
+women, dragons, horses, monsters of various
+kinds, the symbol of the sun, or huge Chinese
+characters. Among the faces most frequently
+seen on these kites are those of the national
+heroes or heroines. Some of the kites are six feet
+square. Many of them have a thin tense ribbon
+of whalebone at the top of the kite which vibrates
+in the wind, making a loud humming noise. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+boys frequently name their kites Genji or H�iki,
+and each contestant endeavors to destroy that of
+his rival. For this purpose the string for ten or
+twenty feet near the kite end is first covered with
+glue, and then dipped into pounded glass, by which
+the string becomes covered with tiny blades, each
+able to cut quickly and deeply. By getting the
+kite in proper position and suddenly sawing the
+string of his antagonist, the severed kite falls, to
+be reclaimed by the victor.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese tops are of several kinds, some
+are made of univalve shells, filled with wax. Those
+intended for contests are made of hard wood, and
+are iron-clad by having a heavy iron ring round
+as a sort of tire. The boys wind and throw them
+in a manner somewhat different from ours. The
+object of the player is to damage his adversary's
+top, or to make it cease spinning. The whipping
+top is also known and used. Besides the athletic
+sports of leaping, running, wrestling, slinging, the
+Japanese boys play at blindman's buff, hiding-whoop,
+and with stilts, pop-guns, and blow-guns.
+On stilts they play various games and run races.</p>
+
+<p>In the northern and western coast provinces,
+where the snow falls to the depth of many feet
+and remains long on the ground, it forms the material
+of the children's playthings, and the theatre
+of many of their sports. Besides sliding on the
+ice, coasting with sleds, building snow-forts and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+fighting mimic battles with snow-balls, they make
+many kinds of images and imitations of what they
+see and know. In America the boy's snow-man
+is a Paddy with a damaged hat, clay pipe in
+mouth, and the shillelah in his hand. In Japan
+the snow-man is an image of Daruma. Daruma
+was one of the followers of Shaka (Buddha) who,
+by long meditation in a squatting position, lost
+his legs from paralysis and sheer decay. The
+images of Daruma are found by the hundreds in
+toy-shops, as tobacconists' signs, and as the snow-men
+of the boys. Occasionally the figure of G�iho,
+the sage with a forehead and skull so high that a
+ladder was required to reach his pate, or huge cats
+and the peculiar-shaped dogs seen in the toy-shops,
+take the place of Daruma.</p>
+
+<div><a name="i062" id="i062"></a></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 291px;">
+<a href="images/i062-l.png"><img src="images/i062.png" width="291" height="142" alt="" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Daruma, the Snow-Image.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many of the amusements of the children in-doors
+are mere imitations of the serious affairs of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+adult life. Boys who have been to the theatre
+come home to imitate the celebrated actors, and
+to extemporize mimic theatricals for themselves.
+Feigned sickness and "playing the doctor," imitating
+with ludicrous exactness the pomp and
+solemnity of the real man of pills and powders,
+and the misery of the patient, are the diversions
+of very young children. Dinners, tea-parties, and
+even weddings and funerals, are imitated in Japanese
+children's plays.</p>
+
+<p>Among the ghostly games intended to test the
+courage of, or perhaps to frighten children, are two
+plays called respectively, the "One Hundred
+Stories" and "Soul-Examination." In the former
+play, a company of boys and girls assemble round
+the hibachi, while they or an adult, an aged person
+or a servant, usually relate ghost stories, or tales
+calculated to straighten the hair and make the
+blood crawl. In a distant dark room, a lamp (the
+usual dish of oil) with a wick of one hundred
+strands or piths, is set. At the conclusion of each
+story, the children in turn must go to the dark
+room and remove a strand of the wick. As the
+lamp burns down low the room becomes gloomy
+and dark, and the last boy, it is said, always sees
+a demon, a huge face, or something terrible. In
+"Soul-Examination," a number of boys during
+the day plant some flags in different parts of
+a graveyard, under a lonely tree, or by a haunted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+hill-side. At night they meet together and tell
+stories about ghosts, goblins, devils, etc., and at
+the conclusion of each tale, when the imagination
+is wrought up, the boys, one at a time, must go
+out in the dark and bring back the flags, until all
+are brought in.</p>
+
+<p>On the third day of the third month is held the
+Doll Festival. This is the day especially devoted
+to the girls, and to them it is the greatest day in
+the year. It has been called in some foreign
+works on Japan, the "Feast of Dolls." Several
+days before the Matsuri the shops are gay with
+the images bought for this occasion, and which
+are on sale only at this time of year. Every respectable
+family has a number of these splendidly-dressed
+images, which are from four inches to a
+foot in height, and which accumulate from generation
+to generation. When a daughter is born
+in the house during the previous year, a pair of
+hina or images are purchased for the little girl,
+which she plays with until grown up. When
+she is married her hina are taken with her to her
+husband's house, and she gives them to her children,
+adding to the stock as her family increases.
+The images are made of wood or enamelled clay.
+They represent the Mikado and his wife; the
+kug� or old Kioto nobles, their wives and daughters,
+the court minstrels, and various personages
+in Japanese mythology and history. A great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+many other toys, representing all the articles in
+use in a Japanese lady's chamber, the service of
+the eating table, the utensils of the kitchen, travelling
+apparatus, etc., some of them very elaborate
+and costly, are also exhibited and played with on
+this day. The girls make offerings of sak� and
+dried rice, etc., to the effigies of the emperor and
+empress, and then spend the day with toys, mimicking
+the whole round of Japanese female life, as
+that of child, maiden, wife, mother, and grand-mother.
+In some old Japanese families in which
+I have visited, the display of dolls and images was
+very large and extremely beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest day in the year for the boys is on
+the fifth day of the fifth month. On this day is
+celebrated what has been called the "Feast of
+Flags." Previous to the coming of the day, the
+shops display for sale the toys and tokens proper
+to the occasion. These are all of a kind suited
+to young Japanese masculinity. They consist of
+effigies of heroes and warriors, generals and commanders,
+soldiers on foot and horse, the genii of
+strength and valor, wrestlers, etc. The toys represent
+the equipments and regalia of a daimio's
+procession, all kinds of things used in war, the
+contents of an arsenal, flags, streamers, banners,
+etc. A set of these toys is bought for every son
+born in the family. Hence in old Japanese families
+the display on the fifth day of the fifth month<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+is extensive and brilliant. Besides the display in-doors,
+on a bamboo pole erected outside is hung,
+by a string to the top of the pole, a representation
+of a large fish in paper. The paper being hollow,
+the breeze easily fills out the body of the fish, which
+flaps its tail and fins in a natural manner. One
+may count hundreds of these floating in the air
+over the city.</p>
+
+<p>The nobori, as the paper fish is called, is intended
+to show that a son has been born during
+the year, or at least that there are sons in the
+family. The fish represented is the carp, which
+is able to swim swiftly against the current and to
+leap over waterfalls. This act of the carp is a
+favorite subject with native artists, and is also
+typical of the young man, especially the young
+Samurai, mounting over all difficulties to success
+and quiet prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>One favorite game, which has now gone out of
+fashion, was that in which the boys formed themselves
+into a daimio's procession, having forerunners,
+officers, etc., and imitating as far as possible
+the pomp and circumstance of the old daimio's
+train. Another game which was very popular
+represented, in mimic war, the struggles of two
+great noble families (like the red and white
+roses of England). The boys of a town, district,
+or school, ranged themselves into two parties,
+each with flags. Those of the H�iki were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+white, those of the Genji red. Sometimes every
+boy had a flag, and the object of the contest, which
+was begun at the tap of a gun, was to seize the
+flags of the enemy. The party securing the
+greatest number of flags won the victory. In
+other cases the flags were fastened on the back
+of each contestant, who was armed with a bamboo
+for a sword, and who had fastened on a pad
+over his head a flat round piece of earthenware,
+so that a party of them looked not unlike the faculty
+of a college. Often these parties of boys
+numbered several hundred, and were marshalled
+in squadrons as in a battle. At a given signal
+the battle commenced, the object being to break
+the earthen disk on the head of the enemy. The
+contest was usually very exciting. Whoever had
+his earthen disk demolished had to retire from
+the field. The party having the greatest number
+of broken disks, indicative of cloven skulls, were
+declared the losers. This game has been forbidden
+by the Government as being too severe and
+cruel. Boys were often injured in it.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other games which we simply
+mention without describing. There are three
+games played by the hands, which every observant
+foreigner long resident in Japan must have
+seen played, as men and women seem to enjoy
+them as much as children. In the Stone game,
+a stone, a pair of scissors, and a wrapping-cloth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+are represented. The stone signifies the
+clenched fist, the parted fore and middle fingers
+the scissors, and the curved forefinger and
+thumb the cloth. The scissors can cut the
+cloth, but not the stone, but the cloth can wrap
+the stone. The two players sit opposite each other
+at play, throwing out their hands so as to represent
+either of the three things, and win, lose, or
+draw, as the case may be.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fox game, the fox, man, and gun are
+the figures. The gun kills the fox, but the fox
+deceives the man, and the gun is useless without
+the man. In the third game, five or six boys
+represent the various grades of rank, from the
+peasant up to the great daimios or shogun. By
+superior address and skill in the game the peasant
+rises to the highest rank, or the man of highest
+rank is degraded.</p>
+
+<p>From the nature of the Japanese language, in
+which a single word or sound may have a great
+many significations, riddles and puns are of extraordinary
+frequency. I do not know of any published
+collection of riddles, but every Japanese boy has
+a good stock of them on hand. There are few
+Japanese works of light, and perhaps of serious,
+literature, in which puns do not continually recur.
+The popular songs and poems are largely plays
+on words. There are also several puzzles played
+with sticks, founded upon the shape of certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+Chinese characters. As for the short and simple
+story-books, song-books, nursery rhymes, lullabys,
+and what for want of a better name may be styled
+Mother Goose Literature, they are as plentiful as
+with us, but they have a very strongly characteristic
+Japanese flavor, both in style and matter.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious that the game of foot-ball seems
+to have been confined to the courtiers of the
+Mikado's court, where there were regular instructors
+of the game. In the games of Pussy
+wants a Corner and Prisoner's Base, the Oni,
+or devil, takes the place of Puss or the officer.</p>
+
+<p>I have not mentioned all the games and sports
+of Japanese children, but enough has been said
+to show their general character. In general they
+seem to be natural, sensible, and in every sense
+beneficial. Their immediate or remote effects,
+next to that of amusement, are either educational,
+or hygienic. Some teach history, some geography,
+some excellent sentiments or good language.
+Others inculcate reverence and obedience to the
+elder brother or sister, to parents or to the
+emperor, or stimulate the manly virtues of courage
+and contempt for pain. The study of the
+subject leads one to respect more highly, rather
+than otherwise, the Japanese people for being
+such affectionate fathers and mothers, and for
+having such natural and docile children. The
+character of the children's plays and their encouragement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+by the parents has, I think, much to do
+with that frankness, affection, and obedience on
+the side of the children, and that kindness and
+sympathy on the side of the parents, which are
+so noticeable in Japan, and which is one of the
+many good points of Japanese life and character.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Fuji San</i>, or Fuji no Yama, the highest mountain in the Japanese
+archipelago, is in the province of Suruga, sixty miles west of Tokio.
+Its crest is covered with snow most of the year. Twenty thousand
+pilgrims visit it annually. Its name may mean Not Two (such), or
+Peerless.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Arima</i> was one of the daimios or landed nobleman, nearly three
+hundred in number, out of whom has been formed the new nobility
+of Japan, a certain number of which are in the Upper House of the
+Imperial Diet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Wild-dogs:</i> ownerless dogs have now been exterminated, and
+every dog in Japan is owned, licensed, taxed, or else liable to go
+the way of the old wolfish-looking curs. The pet spaniel-like dogs
+are called <i>chin</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Yoshi-san. Yoshi</i> means good, excellent, and <i>san</i> is like our
+"Mr.," but is applied to any one from big man to baby. The girls
+are named after flowers, stars, or other pretty or useful objects.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>The campaign against Korea</i>: 200 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>The Queen and the Prince</i>: See the story of "The Jewels of the
+Ebbing and the Flowing Tide" in the book of "Japanese Fairy
+Tales" in this series.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Ojin, son of Jingu Kogo, was, much later,
+deified as the god of war, Hachiman. See "The Religions of
+Japan," p. 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The <i>bronze fishes</i>, called shachi-hoko, are huge metal figures,
+like dolphins, from four to twelve feet high, which were set on
+the pinnacles of the old castle towers in the days of feudalism.
+That from Nagoya, exhibited at the Vienna Exposition, had scales
+of solid gold.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>First of January</i>: The old Chinese or lunar calendar ended in
+Japan, and the solar or Gregorian calendar began, January 1, 1872,
+when European dress was adopted by the official class.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>The seven Gods of Wealth</i>: Concerning the origin of these popular
+deities, see "The Religions of Japan," p. 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The <i>jin-riki-sha</i>, man-power-carriage, invented in Japan in 1871,
+is now used all over the East.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Beautiful handwriting</i> was considered one of the most admirable
+of accomplishments in old Japan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> A <i>Echigo:</i> the province on the west coast, now famous for its petroleum
+wells.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> A story much like that of "The Parsley Queen" is told
+in the province of Echizen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Yamato is the old classic centre of ancient
+life and history.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Prince Shotoku Taishi</i>, a great patron of Buddhism, who, though
+a layman, is canonized (see "The Religions of Japan," p. 180).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>An independent gentleman</i>, a <i>ronin</i> or "wave man," one who had
+left the service of his feudal lord and was independent,&mdash;sometimes
+a gentleman and a scholar, oftener a ruffian or vagabond.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Buddhism, on account of the doctrine of the
+transmigration of souls, forbids the taking of life.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> There are very few storks in Japan, but white heron
+are quite common.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> From the paper read before The Asiatic Society of Japan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Shoyu</i>: the origin of the English soy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>A jumon</i>: the tenth part of a sen or cent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Garuta</i>, or karuta, our word "card," as spoken on Japanese lips.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+<div style="margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;">
+<h2>ADVERTISEMENTS</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><i>REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED</i></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+<p class="title"><span class="h2">The Heart of Oak Books</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em;">A Collection of Traditional Rhymes and Stories for
+Children, and of Masterpieces of Poetry and Prose
+for Use at Home and at School, chosen with special
+reference to the cultivation of the imagination and
+the development of a taste for good reading.</p>
+
+<p class="title"><small>EDITED BY</small>
+<br />
+CHARLES ELIOT NORTON</p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book I. Rhymes, Jingles and Fables.</b> For first reader classes.
+               Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 128 pages. 25 cents.
+</p>
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book II. Fables and Nursery Tales.</b> For second reader classes.
+               Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 176 pages. 35 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book III. Fairy Tales, Ballads and Poems.</b> For third reader classes.
+               With illustrations after George Cruikshank and Sir John<br />
+               Tenniel. 184 pages. 40 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book IV. Fairy Stories and Classic Tales of Adventure.</b> For fourth
+               reader grades. With illustrations after J. M. W.
+               Turner, Richard Doyle, John Flaxman, and E.
+               Burne-Jones. 248 pages. 45 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book V. Masterpieces of Literature.</b> For fifth reader grades. With
+               illustrations after G. F. Watts, Sir John Tenniel, Fred
+               Barnard, W. C. Stanfield, Ernest Fosbery, and from
+               photographs. 318 pages. 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book VI. Masterpieces of Literature.</b> With illustrations after Horace
+               Vernet, A. Symington, J. Wells, Mrs. E. B. Thompson,
+               and from photographs. 376 pages. 55 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad1"><b>Book VII. Masterpieces of Literature.</b> With illustrations after J. M.
+               W. Turner, E. Dayes, Sir George Beaumont, and from
+               photographs. 382 pages. 60 cents.</p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+<p class="title">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of offices">
+<tr><td align="center"><small>BOSTON</small></td><td align="center"><small>NEW YORK</small></td><td align="center"><small>CHICAGO</small></td><td align="center"><small>LONDON</small></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="center"><span class="h2">Heath's Home and School Classics.</span></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES I AND II.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Mother Goose:</b> A Book of Nursery Rhymes, arranged by C. Welsh. In two
+parts. Illustrated. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts
+bound in one, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Perrault's Tales of Mother Goose.</b> Introduction by M. V. O'Shea.
+Illustrated after Dor�. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Old World Wonder Stories:</b> Whittington and his Cat; Jack the Giant
+Killer; Jack and the Bean-Stalk; Tom Thumb. Edited by M. V.
+O'Shea. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Craik's So-Fat and Mew-Mew.</b> Introduction by Lucy Wheelock. Illustrated
+by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Six Nursery Classics:</b> The House That Jack Built; Mother Hubbard; Cock
+Robin; The Old Woman and Her Pig; Dame Wiggins of Lee, and the
+Three Bears. Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Ernest
+Fosbery. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES II AND III.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Sophie:</b> From the French of Madame de Segur by C. Welsh. Edited by Ada Van Stone
+Harris. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Crib and Fly:</b> A Tale of Two Terriers. Edited by Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by
+Gwendoline Sandham. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Goody Two Shoes.</b> Attributed to Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Charles Welsh. With
+twenty-eight illustrations after the wood-cuts in the original edition of 1765. Paper,
+10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Segur's The Story of a Donkey.</b> Translated by C. Welsh. Edited by Charles F. Dole.
+Illustrated by E. H. Saunders. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES III AND IV.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Trimmer's The History of the Robins.</b> Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated
+by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Aiken and Barbauld's Eyes and No Eyes, and Other Stories.</b> Edited by M. V. O'Shea.
+Illustrated by H. P. Barnes and C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Edgeworth's Waste Not, Want Not, and Other Stories.</b> Edited by M. V. O'Shea.
+Illustrated by W. P. Bodwell. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ruskin's The King of the Golden River.</b> Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by
+Sears Gallagher. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Browne's The Wonderful Chair and The Tales It Told.</b> Edited by M. V. O'Shea.
+Illustrated by Clara E. Atwood after Mrs. Seymour Lucas. In two parts. Paper, each
+part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES IV AND V.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring. A Fairy Tale.</b> Edited by Edward Everett Hale.
+Illustrations by Thackeray. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ingelow's Three Fairy Stories.</b> Edited by Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by E. Ripley.
+Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ayrton's Child Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories.</b> Edited by William Elliot
+Griffis. Illustrated by Japanese Artists. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ewing's Jackanapes.</b> Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Carov�'s Story Without an End.</b> Fourteen illustrations. Cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES V AND VI.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Lamb's The Adventures of Ulysses.</b> Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrations after Flaxman.
+Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Gulliver's Travels.</b> I. A Voyage to Lilliput. II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag. Edited
+by T. M. Balliet. Fully illustrated. In two parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth,
+two parts bound in one, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ewing's The Story of a Short Life.</b> Edited by T. M. Balliet. Illustrated by A. F.
+Schmitt. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Tales From the Travels of Baron Munchausen.</b> Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated
+by H. P. Barnes after Dor�. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Muloch's The Little Lame Prince.</b> Preface by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. Illustrated
+by Miss E. B. Barry. In two parts. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts
+bound in one, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES VI AND VII.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Lamb's Tales From Shakespeare.</b> Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward.
+Illustrated by Homer W. Colby after Pill�. In three parts. Paper, each part, 15
+cents; cloth, three parts bound in one, 40 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Martineau's The Crofton Boys.</b> Edited by William Elliot Griffis. Illustrated by A. F.
+Schmitt. Cloth, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Motley's The Siege of Leyden.</b> Edited by William Elliot Griffis. With nineteen illustrations
+from old prints and photographs, and a map. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Brown's Rab and His Friends and Other Stories of Dogs.</b> Edited by T. M. Balliet.
+Illustrated by David L. Munroe after Sir Noel Paton, Mrs. Blackburn, George Hardy,
+and Lumb Stocks. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="title">FOR GRADES VII, VIII AND IX.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hamerton's Chapters on Animals:</b> Dogs, Cats and Horses. Edited by W. P. Trent.
+Illustrated after Sir E. Landseer, Sir John Millais, Rosa Bonheur, E. Van Muyden,
+Veyrassat, J. L. Gerome, K. Bodmer, etc. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Irving's Dolph Heyliger.</b> Edited by G. H. Browne. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes.
+Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Shakespeare's The Tempest.</b> Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after Retzch
+and the Chandos portrait. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.</b> Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations
+after Smirke and the Droeshout portrait. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors.</b> Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations
+after Smirke, Creswick and Leslie. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.</b> Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after
+Leslie, Wheatley, and Wright. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.</b> Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated. In four parts.
+Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, four parts bound in one, 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Jordan's True Tales of Birds and Beasts.</b> By David Starr Jordan. Illustrated by Mary
+H. Wellman. Cloth, 40 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Fouqu�'s Undine.</b> Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. Illustrations after
+Julius H�ppner. Cloth, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Melville's Typee: Life in the South Seas.</b> Introduction by W. P. Trent. Illustrated by
+H. W. Moore. Cloth, 45 cents.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="h2">Elementary English</span></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Allen and Hawkins's School Course in English.</b> Book I, 35 cts.; Book II, 50 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Allen's School Grammar of the English Language.</b> A clear, concise, adequate
+book for upper grades. 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading.</b> A manual for primary
+teachers. Plain and practical. $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language.</b> Being Part I and Appendix of Suggestive
+Lessons in Language and Reading. 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Benson's Practical Speller.</b> Contains nearly 13,000 words. Part I, 261 Lessons,
+18 cents; Part II, 270 Lessons, 18 cents. Parts I and II bound together, 25
+cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Benson and Glenn's Speller and Definer.</b> 700 spelling and defining lists. 30 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Branson's Methods in Reading.</b> With a chapter on spelling. 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Buckbee's Primary Word Book.</b> Drills in articulation and in phonics. 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Clapp and Huston's Composition Work in Grammar Grades.</b> 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Fuller's Phonetic Drill Charts.</b> Exercises in elementary sounds. Per set (3) 10 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Haaren's Word and Sentence Book.</b> A language speller. Book I, 20 cents; Book
+II, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hall's How to Teach Reading.</b> Also discusses what children should read. 25 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Harrington's Course for Non-English Speaking People.</b> Book I, 25 cents; Book
+II, 30 cents. Language Lessons to accompany Book I, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Harris's Spiral Course in English.</b> Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Heath's Graded Spelling Book.</b> 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book I.</b> Practical lessons in the correct use
+of English, with the rudiments of grammar. 35 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book II.</b> A carefully graded course of lessons
+in language, composition and technical grammar. 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hyde's Practical Lessons in English.</b> Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 50 cents. Book
+II, with Supplement, 60 cents. Supplement bound alone, 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hyde's Practical English Grammar.</b> 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hyde's Derivation of Words.</b> With exercises on prefixes, suffixes, and stems. 10 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>MacEwan's The Essentials of the English Sentence.</b> A compendious manual for
+review in technical grammar preparatory to more advanced studies in language.
+75 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Mathew's Outline of English Grammar.</b> With Selections for Practice. 70 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Penniman's New Practical Speller.</b> Contains 6500 words. 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Penniman's Common Words Difficult to Spell.</b> Contains 3500 words. 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Penniman's Prose Dictation Exercises.</b> 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Phillip's History and Literature in Grammar Grades.</b> 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Sever's Progressive Speller.</b> Gives spelling, pronunciation, definition and use of
+words. 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Smith's Studies in Nature, and Language Lessons.</b> A combination of object
+lessons with language work. 50 cents. Part I bound separately, 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition.</b> Practical suggestions for work
+in grammar grades. 40 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i><small>See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics,<br />
+Supplementary Reading, and English Literature.</small></i></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="h2">Elementary Science</span></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Austin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy.</b> Detailed studies of 35 minerals.
+Boards, 88 pages. 30 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Bailey's Grammar School Physics.</b> A series of practical lessons with simple experiments
+that may be performed in the ordinary schoolroom. 138 pages.
+Illustrated. 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ballard's The World of Matter.</b> Simple studies in chemistry and mineralogy;
+for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in giving object lessons. 264
+pages. Illlustrated. $1.00.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Brown's Good Health for Girls and Boys.</b> Physiology and hygiene for intermediate
+grades. 176 pages. Illustrated. 45 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy.</b> Gives in detail descriptions of methods
+that will lead the careful worker to successful results. 233 pages. Illus. $1.60.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Clarke's Astronomical Lantern.</b> Intended to familiarize students with the constellations
+by comparing them with facsimiles on the lantern face. With seventeen
+slides, giving twenty-two constellations. $4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Clarke's How to Find the Stars.</b> Accompanies the above and helps to an acquaintance
+with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Colton's Elementary Physiology and Hygiene.</b> For grammar grades. 317 pages.
+Illustrated. 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Eckstorm's The Bird Book.</b> The natural history of birds, with directions for
+observation and suggestions for study. 301 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2" style="margin-bottom:0em;"><b>Guides for Science Teaching.</b> Teachers' aids for instruction in Natural History.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="List of books">
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">I.</td><td align="left">Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">II.</td><td align="left">Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">III.</td><td align="left">Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages. Paper. 20 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">IV.</td><td align="left">Agassiz's First Lesson in Natural History. Illus. 64 pages. Paper. 25 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">V.</td><td align="left">Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated. 32 pages. Paper. 30 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">VI.</td><td align="left">Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper. 30 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">VII.</td><td align="left">Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper, 30 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">XII.</td><td align="left">Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages. Paper, 40 cents. Cloth, 60 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">XIII.</td><td align="left">Richard's First Lessons in Minerals. 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">XIV.</td><td align="left">Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">XV.</td><td align="left">Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper, 30 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">XVI.</td><td align="left">Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">Pupils' Note-book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Rice's Science Teaching in the School.</b> With a course of instruction in
+science for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Ricks's Natural History Object Lessons.</b> Information on plants and
+their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen
+lessons. 332 pages. Illustrated. $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2" style="margin-bottom:0em;"><b>Rick's Object Lessons and How to Give Them.</b></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="List of books">
+<tr><td align="left" style="width: 15%;">Vol. I.</td><td align="left">Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Vol. II.&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212 pages. 90 cts.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Scott's Nature Study and the Child.</b> A manual for teachers, with outlines of lessons
+and courses, detailed studies of animal and plant life, and chapters on
+methods and the relation of nature study to expression. 652 pages. Illustrated.
+Retail price, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Sever's Elements of Agriculture.</b> For grammar grades. Illustrated. 151 pages.
+50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Shaler's First Book in Geology.</b> A helpful introduction to the study of modern
+text-books in geography. 272 pages. Illus. Cloth, 60 cts. Boards, 45 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Smith's Studies in Nature.</b> Combines natural history and language work. 48
+pages. Paper. 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Spear's Leaves and Flowers.</b> An elementary botany for pupils under twelve. 103
+pages. Illustrated. 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Reader, No. 4.</b> Elementary lessons in
+geology, astronomy, world life, etc. 372 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i><small>See also our list of books in Science.</small></i></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="h2">Elementary Mathematics</span></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Atwood's Complete Graded Arithmetic.</b> New edition. Work for each grade from
+third to eighth inclusive, bound in a separate book. Six books. Each, 25 cts.
+<i>Old edition</i>: Part I, 30 cts.; Part II, 65 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Badlam's Aids to Number.</b> Teacher's edition&mdash;First series, Nos. 1 to 10, 40 cts.;
+Second series, Nos. 10 to 20, 40 cts.; Pupil's edition&mdash;First series, 25 cts.;
+Second series, 25 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Bigelow and Boyden's Primary Number Manual.</b> For teachers. 25 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Branson's Methods of Teaching Arithmetic.</b> 15 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hanus's Geometry in the Grammar Schools.</b> An essay, with outline of work for
+the last three years of the grammar school. 25 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Heath's Beginner's Arithmetic.</b> For first and second years. 30 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Heath's Primary Arithmetic.</b> Illustrated in color. 35 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Heath's Complete Practical Arithmetic.</b> 65 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Howland's Drill Cards.</b> For middle grades. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Hunt's Geometry for Grammar Schools.</b> The definitions and elementary concepts
+taught concretely. 30 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Joy's Arithmetic Without a Pencil.</b> Mental Arithmetic. 35 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Pierce's Review Number Cards.</b> Two cards, for second and third year pupils.
+Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Safford's Mathematical Teaching.</b> A monograph, with applications. 25 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Siefert's Principles of Arithmetic.</b> A teacher's guide. 75 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Sloane's Practical Lessons in Fractions.</b> 25 cts. Set of six fraction cards, for
+pupils to cut. 10 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Sutton and Bruce's Arithmetics.</b> Lower, 35 cts.; Higher, 60 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>The New Arithmetic.</b> By 300 teachers. Little theory and much practice. An
+excellent review book. 65 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Walsh's New Arithmetics.</b> New Primary, 30 cts. New Grammar School, 65 cts.
+New Grammar School, Part I, 40 cts.; Part II, 45 cts. Alternate Arithmetic,
+for upper grades, 00 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Walsh's Arithmetics.</b> <i>Two Book Series</i>&mdash;Primary, 30 cts.; Grammar School, 65
+cts. <i>Three Book Series</i>&mdash;Elementary, 30 cts.; Intermediate, 35 cts.; Higher,
+65 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Walsh's Algebra and Geometry for Grammar Grades.</b> 15 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Watson and White's Arithmetics.</b> Primary, 35 cts. Intermediate, 45 cts.
+Complete, in preparation.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>Wells and Gerrish's Beginner's Algebra.</b> For grammar grades. 50 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="ad2"><b>White's Arithmetics.</b> Two Years with Number, 35 cts. Junior Arithmetic, 45
+cts. Senior Arithmetic, 65 cts.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small><i>For advanced works see our list of books in Mathematics.</i></small></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="h2">Supplementary Reading</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small><i>A Classified List for all Grades.</i></small></p>
+
+<div>
+<table width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="List of books">
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE I.</b> Bass's The Beginner's Reader</td><td align="right">.23</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Badlam's Primer</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Fuller's Illustrated Primer</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Griel's Glimpses of Nature for Little Folks</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book I</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Regal's Lessons for Little Readers</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE II.</b> Warren's From September to June with Nature</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Badlam's First Reader</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Bass's Stories of Plant Life</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book I</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Snedden's Docas, the Indian Boy</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature, Readers No. 1</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE III.</b> Heart of Oak Readers, Book II</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Pratt's America's Story, Beginner's Book</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 2</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Miller's My Saturday Bird Class</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Firth's Stories of Old Greece</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Bass's Stories of Animal life</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Spear's Leaves and Flowers</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE IV.</b> Bass's Stories of Pioneer Life</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Brown's Alice and Tom</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book III</td><td align="right">.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Pratt's America's Story&mdash;Discoverers and Explorers</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 3</td><td align="right">.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE V.</b> Bull's Fridtjof Nansen</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book III</td><td align="right">.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Pratt's America's Story&mdash;The Earlier Colonies</td><td align="right">.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Kupfer's Stories of Long Ago</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE VI.</b> Starr's Strange Peoples</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Bull's Fridtjof Nansen</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Pratt's America's Story&mdash;The Colonial Period</td><td align="right">.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Dole's The Young Citizen</td><td align="right">.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADE VII.</b> Starr's American Indians</td><td align="right">.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Penniman's School Poetry Book</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Pratt's America's Story&mdash;The Revolution and the Republic</td><td align="right">.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Eckstorm's The Bird Book</td><td align="right">.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 4</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>GRADES VIII <i>and</i> IX.</b> Heart of Oak Readers, Book V</td><td align="right">.55</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Heart of Oak Readers, Book VI</td><td align="right">.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Dole's The American Citizen</td><td align="right">.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Shaler's First Book in Geology (boards)</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="scnd"> Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><small><i>Descriptive circular sent free on request.</i></small></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="title"><span class="h2">America's Story<br />
+
+For America's Children</span></p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+<p class="center">By MARA L. PRATT.</p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p>A series of history readers which present the personal
+and picturesque elements of the story in a way
+as attractive to young readers as romance, and which
+will supplement the regular instruction in history in an
+effective manner.</p>
+
+<p>Every statement of fact is historically accurate and
+the illustrations are correct even to the smallest details.
+Unusual care has been taken in these matters.</p>
+
+<p>These books are effectively illustrated in black and
+white and in color; are bound in attractive and artistic
+cloth covers; uniform in size, 6&frac14; x 7&frac34;; printed on
+extra heavy paper, in large type and contain about 160
+pages each.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="List of books">
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>Book I. The Beginners' Book.</b></td><td align="right" style="width: 20%;">35 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A delightful story book, developing centers of interest through picturesque and personal incidents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>Book II. Exploration and Discovery.</b></td><td align="right">40 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The great explorers and discoverers from Lief Ericson to Henry Hudson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>Book III. The Earlier Colonies.</b></td><td align="right">40 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">An accurate and fascinating account of the first settlements and the 13 colonies.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>Book IV. The Later Colonial Period.</b></td><td align="right">40 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Settlements in the Mississippi Valley, The French and Indian Wars, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="first" align="left"><b>Book V. The Revolution and the Republic.</b></td><td align="right">40 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The causes that led to it, the men who guided events, and subsequent civil history.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><small><i>Descriptive circular free on request</i></small></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 125%;">AN ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF<br />
+THE UNITED STATES</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="width: 100%; border-bottom: double;">By ALLEN C. THOMAS, A. M.
+<br />
+<small><i>Author of "A History of the United States," and Professor of History
+in Haverford College.</i></small><br />&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Elementary History is for the use of younger
+classes, and serves as an introduction to the
+author's larger History of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Effort has been made to present such important phases
+of national growth as the difficulties and dangers of exploration,
+and how they were overcome by earnestness
+and perseverance; the risks and hardships of settlement,
+and how they were met and conquered; the independence
+and patriotism of the colonists, and how they
+triumphed; the effect of environment upon character;
+the development of the people in politics and government
+and in social life; and the progress of invention
+and its effect upon national development.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing the fascination that the personalities of our
+national heroes have for the young, the author has
+chosen those men who best illustrate the important
+periods in the making of our nation, and in a series
+of interesting biographical sketches uses their lives as
+centers around which the history is written. Thus the
+book has all the freshness and vitality, all the rapidity
+of action, and all the interest, of tales of patriotism and
+courage and untiring endurance, and yet preserves accuracy
+of fact and due proportion of importance of events.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="width: 100%; border-bottom: double;"><small><i>Cloth.&nbsp;&nbsp;357 pages.&nbsp;&nbsp;Maps and illustrations.&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction price, 60 cents.</i></small></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston New York Chicago</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="title" style="width: 100%; border-bottom: double;"><span class="h2">THE HEATH READERS</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-bottom: .2em;">A new series, that excels in its</p>
+
+<ol style="margin-top: 0em;"><li>Interesting and well graded lessons.</li>
+<li>Masterpieces of English and American literature.</li>
+<li>Beautiful and appropriate illustrations.</li>
+<li>Clear and legible printing.</li>
+<li>Durable and handsome binding.</li>
+<li>Adaptation to the needs of modern schools.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p style="width: 100%; border-top: double;"><br /><span class="smcap">The Heath Readers</span> enable teachers, whether they
+have much or little knowledge of the art, to teach children to
+read intelligently and to read aloud intelligibly. They do this
+without waste of time or effort, and at the same time that the
+books aid pupils in acquiring skill in reading, they present
+material which is in itself worth reading.</p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p>The purpose of the <span class="smcap">Heath Readers</span> is, <i>first</i>, to enable
+beginners to master the mechanical difficulties of reading
+successfully and in the shortest time; <i>second</i>, to develop the
+imagination and cultivate a taste for the best literature;
+<i>third</i>, to appeal to those motives that lead to right conduct,
+industry, courage, patriotism, and loyalty to duty. The larger
+purpose is, briefly, to aid in developing an appreciation of
+that which is of most worth in life and literature.</p>
+<hr class="ads" />
+
+<p class="center"><small>The series contains seven books, as follows:</small></p>
+
+<div class="center" style="font-size:80%;">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="List of books">
+<tr><td class="br" align="left">Primer, 128 pages, 25 cents.</td><td align="left">Fourth Reader, 320 pages, 45 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br" align="left">First Reader, 130 pages, 25 cents.</td><td align="left">Fifth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br" align="left">Second Reader, 176 pages, 35 cents.</td><td align="left">Sixth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br" align="left">Third Reader, 256 pages, 40 cents.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Descriptive circulars sent free on request.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">D. C. HEATH &amp; CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="notebox">
+<h2>Transcriber's Notes:</h2>
+
+<p>The images are moved to their appropriate position in the text.
+The page numbers for full-page images are not displayed.</p>
+
+<p>The following corrections have been made to the text:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Page 18, last line: Queen and the Prince."[added missing close quotes]</p>
+
+<p>Page 20, line 1: at the family altar.[added missing period]</p>
+
+<p>Page 25, fourth line from bottom: [added missing singlequote]I am a dyer,</p>
+
+<p>Page 39, line 1:  the great Buddhist[original has Buddist] teacher</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2754 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories
+
+Author: Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+Editor: William Elliot Griffis
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2009 [EBook #28979]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Meredith Bach, Asad Razzaki and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      A few typographical and punctuation errors have been
+      corrected. A complete list follows the text.
+
+      Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been
+      retained as in the original.
+
+      Words italicized in the original are surrounded by
+      _underscores_.
+
+      Words with bold emphasis in the original are surrounded
+      by =equals signs=.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Lion of Korea.]
+
+
+
+
+CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN
+
+AND
+
+JAPANESE CHILD STORIES
+
+
+BY
+
+
+MRS. M. CHAPLIN AYRTON
+
+
+EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY
+
+WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, L.H.D.
+
+Author of "The Mikado's Empire" and "Japanese Fairy World"
+
+
+_WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING SEVEN FULL-PAGE PICTURES DRAWN AND
+ENGRAVED BY JAPANESE ARTISTS_
+
+
+ BOSTON, U.S.A.
+ D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
+ 1909
+
+
+ COPYRIGHT, 1901,
+ BY D. C. HEATH & CO.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Over a quarter of a century ago, while engaged in introducing the
+American public school system into Japan, I became acquainted in Tokio
+with Mrs. Matilda Chaplin Ayrton, the author of "Child-Life in Japan."
+This highly accomplished lady was a graduate of Edinburgh University,
+and had obtained the degrees of Bachelor of Letters and Bachelor of
+Sciences, besides studying medicine in Paris. She had married Professor
+William Edward Ayrton, the electric engineer and inventor, then
+connected with the Imperial College of Engineering of Japan, and since
+president of the Institute of Electric Engineers in London. She took a
+keen interest in the Japanese people and never wearied of studying them
+and their beautiful country. With my sister, she made excursions to some
+of the many famous places in the wonderful city of Tokio. When her own
+little daughter, born among the camellias and chrysanthemums, grew up
+under her Japanese nurse, Mrs. Ayrton became more and more interested in
+the home life of the Japanese and in the pictures and stories which
+delighted the children of the Mikado's Empire. After her return to
+England, in 1879, she wrote this book.
+
+In the original work, the money and distances, the comparisons and
+illustrations, were naturally English, and not American. For this
+reason, I have ventured to alter the text slightly here and there, that
+the American child reader may more clearly catch the drift of the
+thought, have given to each Japanese word the standard spelling now
+preferred by scholars and omitted statements of fact which were once,
+but are no longer, true. I have also translated or omitted hard Japanese
+words, shortened long sentences, rearranged the illustrations, and added
+notes which will make the subject clearer. Although railways,
+telegraphs, and steamships, clothes and architecture, schools and
+customs, patterned more or less closely after those in fashion in
+America and Europe, have altered many things in Japan and caused others
+to disappear, yet the children's world of toys and games and stories
+does not change very fast. In the main, it may be said, we have here a
+true picture of the old Japan which we all delighted in seeing, when, in
+those sunny days, we lived in sight of Yedo Bay and Fuji Yama, with
+Japanese boys and girls all around us.
+
+The best portions and all the pictures of Mrs. Ayrton's big and costly
+book have been retained and reproduced, including her own preface or
+introduction, and the book is again set forth with a hearty "ohio" (good
+morning) of salutation and sincere "omedeto" (congratulations) that the
+nations of the world are rapidly becoming one family. May every reader
+of "Child-Life in Japan" see, sometime during the twentieth century, the
+country and the people of whom Mrs. Ayrton has written with such lively
+spirit and such warm appreciation.
+
+    WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS.
+
+ITHACA, N.Y.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                         Page
+
+ Preface by William Elliot Griffis          v
+
+ Introduction by the Author                xi
+
+ Seven Scenes of Child-Life in Japan        1
+
+ First Month                               16
+
+ The Chrysanthemum Show                    30
+
+ Fishsave                                  34
+
+ The Filial Girl                           37
+
+ The Parsley Queen                         38
+
+ The Two Daughters                         40
+
+ Second Sight                              44
+
+ Games                                     46
+
+ The Games and Sports of Japanese
+     Children, by William Elliot Griffis   50
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ The Lion of Korea                _Frontispiece_
+
+                                            PAGE
+ A Ride on a Bamboo Rail                       1
+
+ A Game of Snowball                            3
+
+ Boys' Concert--Flute, Drum, and Song          5
+
+ Lion Play                                     6
+
+ Ironclad Top Game                             7
+
+ Playing with Doggy                            9
+
+ Heron-Legs, or Stilts                        11
+
+ The Young Wrestlers                          13
+
+ Playing with the Turtle                      15
+
+ Presenting the Tide-Jewels to Hachiman       18
+
+ "Bronze fishes sitting on their throats"     19
+
+ The Treasure-Ship                            23
+
+ Girls' Ball and Counting Game                26
+
+ Firemen's Gymnastics                         28
+
+ Street Tumblers                              29
+
+ Eating Stand for the Children                31
+
+ Fishsave riding the Dolphin                  35
+
+ Bowing before her Mother's Mirror            37
+
+ Imitating the Procession                     39
+
+ The Two White Birds                          41
+
+ Eye-Hiding, or Blindman's Buff               47
+
+ Stilts and Clog-Throwing                     48
+
+ Playing at Batter-Cakes                      49
+
+ Hoisting the Rice-Beer Keg                   51
+
+ Getting ready to raise the Big Humming Kite  60
+
+ Daruma, the Snow-Image                       62
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In almost every home are Japanese fans, in our shops Japanese dolls and
+balls and other knick-knacks, on our writing-tables bronze crabs or
+lacquered pen-tray with outlined on it the extinct volcano [Fuji San][1]
+that is the most striking mountain seen from the capital of Japan. At
+many places of amusement Japanese houses of real size have been
+exhibited, and the jargon of fashion for "Japanese Art" even reaches our
+children's ears.
+
+[1] _Fuji San_, or Fuji no Yama, the highest mountain in the Japanese
+archipelago, is in the province of Suruga, sixty miles west of Tokio.
+Its crest is covered with snow most of the year. Twenty thousand
+pilgrims visit it annually. Its name may mean Not Two (such), or
+Peerless.
+
+Yet all these things seem dull and lifeless when thus severed from the
+quaint cheeriness of their true home. To those familiar with Japan, that
+bamboo fan-handle recalls its graceful grassy tree, the thousand and one
+daily purposes for which bamboo wood serves. We see the open shop where
+squat the brown-faced artisans cleverly dividing into those slender
+divisions the fan-handle, the wood-block engraver's where some dozen
+men sit patiently chipping at their cherry-wood blocks, and the
+printer's where the coloring arrangements seem so simple to those used
+to western machinery, but where the colors are so rich and true. We see
+the picture stuck on the fan frame with starch paste, and drying in the
+brilliant summer sunlight. The designs recall vividly the life around,
+whether that life be the stage, the home, insects, birds, or flowers. We
+think of halts at wayside inns, when bowing tea-house girls at once
+proffer these fans to hot and tired guests.
+
+The tonsured oblique-eyed doll suggests the festival of similarly
+oblique-eyed little girls on the 3rd of March. Then dolls of every
+degree obtain for a day "Dolls' Rights." In every Japanese household all
+the dolls of the present and previous generations are, on that festival,
+set out to best advantage. Beside them are sweets, green-speckled rice
+cake, and daintily gilt and lacquered dolls' utensils. For some time
+previous, to meet the increased demand, the doll shopman has been very
+busy. He sits before a straw-holder into which he can readily stick, to
+dry, the wooden supports of the plaster dolls' heads he is painting, as
+he takes first one and then another to give artistic touches to their
+glowing cheeks or little tongue. That dolly that seems but "so odd" to
+Polly or Maggie is there the cherished darling of its little owner. It
+passes half its day tied on to her back, peeping companionably its head
+over her shoulder. At night it is lovingly sheltered under the green
+mosquito curtains, and provided with a toy wooden pillow.
+
+The expression "Japanese Art" seems but a created word expressing either
+the imitations of it, or the artificial transplanting of Japanese things
+to our houses. The whole glory of art in Japan is, that it is not Art,
+but Nature simply rendered, by a people with a fancy and love of fun
+quite Irish in character. Just as Greek sculptures were good, because in
+those days artists modelled the corsetless life around them, so the
+Japanese artist does not draw well his lightly draped figures, cranes,
+and insects because these things strike him as beautiful, but because he
+is familiar with their every action.
+
+The Japanese house out of Japan seems but a dull and listless affair. We
+miss the idle, easy-going life and chatter, the tea, the sweetmeats, the
+pipes and charcoal brazier, the clogs awaiting their wearers on the
+large flat stone at the entry, the grotesquely trained ferns, the glass
+balls and ornaments tinkling in the breeze, that hang, as well as
+lanterns, from the eaves, the garden with tiny pond and goldfish, bridge
+and miniature hill, the bright sunshine beyond the sharp shadow of the
+upward curving angles of the tiled roof, the gay, scarlet folds of the
+women's under-dress peeping out, their little litter of embroidery or
+mending, and the babies, brown and half naked, scrambling about so
+happily. For, what has a baby to be miserable about in a land where it
+is scarcely ever slapped, where its clothing, always loose, is yet warm
+in winter, where it basks freely in air and sunshine? It lives in a
+house, that from its thick grass mats, its absence of furniture, and
+therefore of commands "not to touch," is the very beau-ideal of an
+infant's playground.
+
+The object with which the following pages were written, was that young
+folks who see and handle so often Japanese objects, but who find books
+of travels thither too long and dull for their reading, might catch a
+glimpse of the spirit that pervades life in the "Land of the Rising
+Sun." A portion of the book is derived from translations from Japanese
+tales, kindly given to the author by Mr. Basil H. Chamberlain, whilst
+the rest was written at idle moments during graver studies.
+
+The games and sports of Japanese children have been so well described by
+Professor Griffis, that we give, as an Appendix, his account of their
+doings.
+
+
+
+
+Child-Life in Japan.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN SCENES OF CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Ride on a Bamboo Rail.]
+
+These little boys all live a long way off in islands called "Japan."
+They have all rather brown chubby faces, and they are very merry. Unless
+they give themselves a really hard knock they seldom get cross or cry.
+
+In the second large picture two of the little boys are playing at
+snowball. Although it may be hotter in the summer in their country than
+it is here, the winter is as cold as you feel it. Like our own boys,
+these lads enjoy a fall of snow, and still better than snowballing they
+like making a snowman with a charcoal ball for each eye and a streak of
+charcoal for his mouth. The shoes which they usually wear out of doors
+are better for a snowy day than your boots, for their feet do not sink
+into the snow, unless it is deep. These shoes are of wood, and make a
+boy seem to be about three inches taller than he really is. The shoe,
+you see, has not laces or buttons, but is kept on the foot by that thong
+which passes between the first and second toe. The thong is made of
+grass, and covered with strong paper, or with white or colored calico.
+The boy in the check dress wears his shoes without socks, but you see
+the other boy has socks on. His socks are made of dark blue calico, with
+a thickly woven sole, and a place, like one finger of a glove, for his
+big toe. If you were to wear Japanese shoes, you would think the thong
+between your toes very uncomfortable. Yet from their habit of wearing
+this sort of shoe, the big toe grows more separate from the other toes,
+and the skin between this and the next toe becomes as hard as the skin
+of a dog's or a cat's paw.
+
+[Illustration: A Game of Snowball.]
+
+The boys are not cold, for their cotton clothes, being wadded, are warm
+and snug. One boy has a rounded pouch fastened to his sash. It is red
+and prettily embroidered with flowers or birds, and is his purse, in
+which he keeps some little toys and some money. The other boy very
+likely has not a pouch, but he has two famous big pockets. Like all
+Japanese, he uses the part of his large sleeve which hangs down as his
+pocket. Thus when a group of little children are disturbed at play you
+see each little hand seize a treasured toy and disappear into its
+sleeve, like mice running into their holes with bits of cheese.
+
+In the next large picture are two boys who are fond of music. One has a
+flute, which is made of bamboo wood. These flutes are easy to make, as
+bamboo wood grows hollow, with cross divisions at intervals. If you cut
+a piece with a division forming one end you need only make the outside
+holes in order to finish your flute.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The child sitting down has a drum. His drum and the paper lanterns
+hanging up have painted on them an ornament which is also the crest of
+the house of "Arima."[2] If these boys belong to this family they wear
+the same crest embroidered on the centre of the backs of their coats.
+
+[2] _Arima_ was one of the daimios or landed nobleman, nearly three
+hundred in number, out of whom has been formed the new nobility of
+Japan, a certain number of which are in the Upper House of the Imperial
+Diet.
+
+[Illustration: Boys' Concert--Flute, Drum, and Song.]
+
+[Illustration: Kangura, or Korean Lion Play]
+
+Korean Lion is the title of the picture which forms the frontispiece; it
+represents a game that children in Japan are very fond of playing. They
+are probably trying to act as well as the maskers did whom they saw on
+New Year's Day, just as our children try and imitate things they see
+in a pantomime. The masker goes from house to house accompanied by one
+or two men who play on cymbals, flute, and drum. He steps into a shop
+where the people of the house and their friends sit drinking tea, and
+passers-by pause in front of the open shop to see the fun. He takes a
+mask, like the one in the picture, off his back and puts it over his
+head. This boar's-head mask is painted scarlet and black, and gilt. It
+has a green cloth hanging down behind, in order that you may not
+perceive where the mask ends and the mans body begins. Then the masker
+imitates an animal. He goes up to a young lady and lays down his ugly
+head beside her to be patted, as "Beast" may have coaxed "Beauty" in the
+fairy tale. He grunts, and rolls, and scratches himself. The children
+almost forget he is a man, and roar with laughter at the funny animal.
+When they begin to tire of this fun he exchanges this mask for some of
+the two or three others he carries with him. He puts on a mask of an old
+woman over his face, and at the back of his head a very different second
+mask, a cloth tied over the centre of the head, making the two faces
+yet more distinct from each other. He has quickly arranged the back of
+his dress to look like the front of a person, and he acts, first
+presenting the one person to his spectators, then the other. He makes
+you even imagine he has four arms, so cleverly can he twist round his
+arm and gracefully fan what is in reality the back of his head.
+
+[Illustration: Ironclad Top Game.]
+
+The tops the lads are playing with in this picture[3] are not quite the
+same shape as our tops, but they spin very well. Some men are so clever
+at making spinning-tops run along strings, throwing them up into the air
+and catching them with a tobacco-pipe, that they earn a living by
+exhibiting their skill.
+
+[3] See page 7.
+
+Some of the tops are formed of short pieces of bamboo with a wooden peg
+put through them, and the hole cut in the side makes them have a fine
+hum as the air rushes in whilst they spin.
+
+The boys in the next large picture (p. 9) must be playing with the
+puppies of a large dog, to judge from their big paws. There are a great
+many large dogs in the streets of Tokio; some are very tame, and will
+let children comb their hair and ornament them and pull them about.
+These dogs do not wear collars, as do our pet dogs, but a wooden label
+bearing the owner's name is hung round their necks. Other big dogs are
+almost wild.[4]
+
+[4] _Wild-dogs:_ ownerless dogs have now been exterminated, and every
+dog in Japan is owned, licensed, taxed, or else liable to go the way of
+the old wolfish-looking curs. The pet spaniel-like dogs are called
+_chin_.
+
+Half-a-dozen of these dogs will lie in one place, stretched drowsily on
+the grassy city walls under the trees, during the daytime. Towards
+evening they rouse themselves and run off to yards and rubbish-heaps to
+pick up what they can. They will eat fish, but two or three dogs soon
+get to know where the meat-eating Englishmen live. They come trotting in
+regularly with a business-like air to search among the day's refuse for
+bones. Should any interloping dog try to establish a right to share the
+feast he can only gain his footing after a victorious battle. All these
+dogs are very wolfish-looking, with straight hair, which is usually
+white or tan-colored. There are other pet dogs kept in houses. These
+look something like spaniels. They are small, with their black noses so
+much turned up that it seems as if, when they were puppies, they had
+tumbled down and broken the bridge of their nose. They are often
+ornamented like dog Toby in "Punch and Judy," with a ruff made of some
+scarlet stuff round their necks.
+
+[Illustration: Playing with Doggy.]
+
+After the heavy autumn rains have filled the roads with big puddles,
+it is great fun, this boy thinks, to walk about on stilts. You see him
+on page 11. His stilts are of bamboo wood, and he calls them
+"Heron-legs," after the long-legged snowy herons that strut about in the
+wet rice-fields. When he struts about on them, he wedges the upright
+between his big and second toe as if the stilt was like his shoes. He
+has a good view of his two friends who are wrestling, and probably
+making hideous noises like wild animals as they try to throw one
+another. They have seen fat public wrestlers stand on opposite sides of
+a sanded ring, stoop, rubbing their thighs, and in a crouching attitude
+and growling, slowly advance upon one another. Then when near to one
+another, the spring is made and the men close. If after some time the
+round is not decided by a throw, the umpire, who struts about like a
+turkey-cock, fanning himself, approaches. He plucks the girdle of the
+weaker combatant, when the wrestlers at once retire to the sides of the
+arena to rest, and to sprinkle a little water over themselves.
+
+[Illustration: Heron-legs, or Stilts.]
+
+[Illustration: The Young Wrestlers.]
+
+In the neighborhood in which the children shown in the picture live,
+there is a temple (p. 11). In honor of the god a feast-day is held on
+the tenth of every month. The tenth day of the tenth month is a yet
+greater feast-day. On these days they go the first thing in the morning
+to the barber's, have their heads shaved and dressed, and their faces
+powdered with white, and their lips and cheeks painted pink. They wear
+their best clothes and smartest sashes. Then they clatter off on their
+wooden clogs to the temple and buy two little rice-cakes at the gates.
+Next they come to two large, comical bronze dogs sitting on stands, one
+on each side of the path. They reach up and gently rub the dog's nose,
+then rub their own noses, rub the dog's eyes, and then their own, and so
+on, until they have touched the dog's and their own body all over. This
+is their way of praying for good health. They also add another to the
+number of little rags that have been hung by each visitor about the
+dog's neck. Then they go to the altar and give their cakes to a boy
+belonging to the temple. In exchange he presents them with one rice-cake
+which has been blessed. They ring a round brass bell to call their god's
+attention, and throw him some money into a grated box as big as a
+child's crib. Then they squat down and pray to be good little boys. Now
+they go out and amuse themselves by looking at all the stalls of toys
+and cakes, and flowers and fish.
+
+The man who sells the gold-fish, with fan-like tails as long as their
+bodies, has also turtles. These boys at last settle that of all the
+pretty things they have seen they would best like to spend their money
+on a young turtle. For their pet rabbits and mice died, but turtles,
+they say, are painted on fans and screens and boxes because turtles live
+for ten thousand years. Even the noble white crane is said to live no
+more than a thousand years. In this picture they have carried home the
+turtle and are much amused at the funny way it walks and peeps its head
+in and out from under its shell.
+
+[Illustration: Playing with the Turtle.]
+
+
+
+
+FIRST MONTH.
+
+
+Little Good Boy had just finished eating the last of five rice cakes
+called "dango," that had been strung on a skewer of bamboo and dipped in
+soy sauce, when he said to his little sister, called Chrysanthemum:--
+
+"O-Kiku, it is soon the great festival of the New Year."
+
+"What shall we do then?" asked little O-Kiku, not clearly remembering
+the festival of the previous year.
+
+Thus questioned, Yoshi-san[5] had his desired opening to hold forth on
+the coming delights, and he replied:--
+
+"Men will come the evening before the great feast-day and help
+Plum-blossom, our maid, to clean all the house with brush and broom.
+Others will set up the decoration in front of our honored gateway. They
+will dig two small holes and plant a gnarled, black-barked father-pine
+branch on the left, and the slighter reddish mother-pine branch on the
+right. They will then put with these the tall knotted stem of a bamboo,
+with its smooth, hard green leaves that chatter when the wind blows.
+Next they will take a grass rope, about as long as a tall man, fringed
+with grass, and decorated with zigzag strips of white paper. These, our
+noble father says, are meant for rude images of men offering themselves
+in homage to the august gods."
+
+[5] _Yoshi-san. Yoshi_ means good, excellent, and _san_ is like our
+"Mr.," but is applied to any one from big man to baby. The girls are
+named after flowers, stars, or other pretty or useful objects.
+
+"Oh, yes! I have not forgotten," interrupts Chrysanthemum, "this cord is
+stretched from bamboo to bamboo; and Plum-blossom says the rope is to
+bar out the nasty two-toed, red, gray, and black demons, the badgers,
+the foxes, and other evil spirits from crossing our threshold. But I
+think it is the next part of the arch which is the prettiest, the whole
+bunch of things they tie in the middle of the rope. There is the
+crooked-back lobster, like a bowed old man, with all around the camellia
+branches, whose young leaves bud before the old leaves fall. There are
+pretty fern leaves shooting forth in pairs, and deep down between them
+the little baby fern-leaf. There is the bitter yellow orange, whose
+name, you know, means 'many parents and children.' The name of the black
+piece of charcoal is a pun on our homestead."
+
+"But best of all," says Yoshi-san, "I like the seaweed hontawara, for it
+tells me of our brave Queen Jingu Kogo, who, lest the troops should be
+discouraged, concealed from the army that her husband the king had died,
+put on armor, and led the great campaign against Korea.[6] Her troops,
+stationed at the margin of the sea, were in danger of defeat on account
+of the lack of fodder for their horses; when she ordered this hontawara
+to be plucked from the shore, and the horses, freshened by their meal of
+seaweed, rushed victoriously to battle. On the bronzed clasp of our
+worthy father's tobacco-pouch is, our noble father says, the Queen with
+her sword and the dear little baby prince,[7] Hachiman, who was born
+after the campaign, and who is now our Warrior God,[8] guiding our
+troops to victory, and that spirit on whose head squats a dragon has
+risen partly from the deep, to present an offering to the Queen and the
+Prince."
+
+[6] _The campaign against Korea_: 200 A.D.
+
+[7] _The Queen and the Prince_: See the story of "The Jewels of the
+Ebbing and the Flowing Tide" in the book of "Japanese Fairy Tales" in
+this series.
+
+[8] Ojin, son of Jingu Kogo, was, much later, deified as the god of
+war, Hachiman. See "The Religions of Japan," p. 204.
+
+[Illustration: Presenting the Tide-jewels to Hachiman.]
+
+"Then there is another seaweed, whose name is a pun on 'rejoicing.'
+There is the lucky bag that I made, for last year, of a square piece of
+paper into which we put chestnuts and the roe of a herring and dried
+persimmon fruit. Then I tied up the paper with red and white
+paper-string, that the sainted gods might know it was an offering."
+
+[Illustration: "Bronze fishes sitting on their throats."]
+
+Yoshi-san and his little sister had now reached the great gate
+ornamented with huge bronze fishes[9] sitting on their throats and
+twisting aloft their forked tails, that was near their home. He told his
+sister she must wait to know more about the great festival till the time
+arrived. They shuffled off their shoes, bowed, till their foreheads
+touched the ground, to their parents, ate their evening bowl of rice and
+salt fish, said a prayer and burnt a stick of incense to many-armed
+Buddha at the family altar. They spread their cotton-wadded quilts,
+rested their dear little shaved heads, with quaint circlet of hair, on
+the roll of cotton covered with white paper that formed the cushion of
+their hard wooden pillows. Soon they fell asleep to their mother's
+monotonously chanted lullaby of "Nenne ko."
+
+    "Sleep, my child, sleep, my child,
+     Where is thy nurse gone?
+     She is gone to the mountains
+     To buy thee sweetmeats.
+     What shall she buy thee?
+     The thundering drum, the bamboo pipe,
+     The trundling man, or the paper kite."
+
+[9] The _bronze fishes_, called shachi-hoko, are huge metal figures,
+like dolphins, from four to twelve feet high, which were set on the
+pinnacles of the old castle towers in the days of feudalism. That from
+Nagoya, exhibited at the Vienna Exposition, had scales of solid gold.
+
+The great festival drew still nearer, to the children's delight, as they
+watched the previously described graceful bamboo arch rise before their
+gateposts. Then came a party of three with an oven, a bottomless tub,
+and some matting to replace the bottom. They shifted the pole that
+carried these utensils from their shoulders, and commenced to make the
+Japanese cake that may be viewed as the equivalent of a Christmas
+pudding. They mixed a paste of rice and put the sticky mass, to prevent
+rebounding, on the soft mat in the tub. The third man then beat for a
+long time the rice cake with a heavy mallet. Yoshi-san liked to watch
+the strong man swing down his mallet with dull resounding thuds. The
+well-beaten dough was then made up into flattish rounds of varying size
+on a pastry board one of the men had brought. Three cakes of graduated
+size formed a pyramid that was placed conspicuously on a lacquered
+stand, and the cakes were only to be eaten on the 11th of January.
+
+The mother told Plum-blossom and the children to get their clogs and
+overcoats and hoods, for she was going to get the New Year's
+decorations. The party shuffled off till they came to a stall where were
+big grass ropes and fringes and quaint grass boats filled with supposed
+bales of merchandise in straw coverings, a sun in red paper, and at bow
+and stern sprigs of fir. The whole was brightened by bits of gold leaf,
+lightly stuck on, that quivered here and there. When the children had
+chosen the harvest ship that seemed most besprinkled with gold,
+Plum-blossom bargained about the price. The mother, as a matter of form
+and rank, had pretended to take no interest in the purchase. She took
+her purse out of her sash, handed it to her servant, who opened it, paid
+the shopman, and then returned the purse to her mistress. This she did
+with the usual civility of first raising it to her forehead. The
+decorations they hung up in their sitting-room. Then they sent presents,
+such as large dried carp, tea, eggs, shoes, kerchiefs, fruits, sweets,
+or toys to various friends and dependants.
+
+On the 1st of January all were early astir, for the father, dressed at
+dawn in full European evening dress,[10] as is customary on such
+occasions, had to pay his respects at the levee of the Emperor. When
+this duty was over, he returned home and received visitors of rank
+inferior to himself. Later in the day and on the following day he paid
+visits of New Year greeting to all his friends. He took a present to
+those to whom he had sent no gift. Sometimes he had his little boy with
+him. For these visits Yoshi-san, in place of his usual flowing robe,
+loose trousers, and sash, wore a funny little knickerbocker suit, felt
+hat, and boots. These latter, though he thought them grand, felt very
+uncomfortable after his straw sandals. They were more troublesome to
+take off before stepping on the straw mats, that, being used as chairs
+as well as carpets, it would be a rudeness to soil. The maids, always
+kneeling, presented them with tiny cups of tea on oval saucers, which,
+remaining in the maid's hand, served rather as waiters. Sweetmeats, too,
+usually of a soft, sticky nature, but sometimes hard like sugar-plums,
+and called "fire-sweets," were offered on carved lotus-leaf or lacquered
+trays.
+
+[10] _First of January_: The old Chinese or lunar calendar ended in
+Japan, and the solar or Gregorian calendar began, January 1, 1872, when
+European dress was adopted by the official class.
+
+For the 2nd of January Plum-blossom bought some pictures of the
+treasure-ship or ship of riches, in which were seated the seven Gods of
+Wealth.[11] It has been sung thus about this Ship of Luck:--
+
+    "Nagaki yo no,          It is a long night.
+    To no numuri no.        The gods of luck sleep.
+    Mina me same.           They all open their eyes.
+    Nami nori fune no.      They ride in a boat on the waves.
+    Oto no yoki kana."      The sound is pleasing!
+
+[11] _The seven Gods of Wealth_: Concerning the origin of these popular
+deities, see "The Religions of Japan," p. 218.
+
+[Illustration: The Treasure-ship and the Seven Gods of Happiness.]
+
+These pictures they each tied on their pillow to bring lucky dreams.
+Great was the laughter in the morning when they related their dreams.
+Yoshi-san said he had dreamt he had a beautiful portmanteau full of nice
+foreign things, such as comforters, note-books, pencils, india-rubber,
+condensed milk, lama, wide-awakes, boots, and brass jewelry. Just as he
+opened it, everything vanished and he found only a torn fan, an odd
+chop-stick, a horse's cast straw shoe, and a live crow.
+
+When at home, the children, for the first few days of the New Year,
+dressed in their best crepe, made up in three silken-wadded layers.
+Their crest was embroidered on the centre of the back and on the sleeves
+of the quaintly flowered long upper skirt. Beneath its wadded hem peeped
+the scarlet rolls of the hems of their under-dresses, and then the
+white-stockinged feet, with, passing between the toes, the scarlet thong
+of the black-lacquered clog. The little girl's sash was of many-flowered
+brocade, with scarlet broidered pouch hanging at her right side. A
+scarlet over-sash kept the large sash-knot in its place. Her hair was
+gay with knot of scarlet crinkled crepe, lacquered comb, and hairpin of
+tiny golden battledore. Resting thereon were a shuttlecock of coral,
+another pin of a tiny red lobster and a green pine sprig made of silk.
+In her belt was coquettishly stuck the butterfly-broidered case that
+held her quire of paper pocket-handkerchiefs. The brother's dress was of
+a simpler style and soberer coloring. His pouch of purple had a dragon
+worked on it, and the hair of his partly shaven head was tied into a
+little gummed tail with white paper-string. They spent most of the day
+playing with their pretty new battledores, striking with its plain side
+the airy little shuttlecock whose head is made of a black seed. All the
+while they sang a rhyme on the numbers up to ten:--
+
+    "Hitogo ni futa-go--mi-watashi yo me-go,
+     Itsu yoni musashi nan no yakushi,
+     Kokono-ya ja--to yo."
+
+When tired of this fun, they would play with a ball made of paper and
+wadding evenly wound about with thread or silk of various colors. They
+sang to the throws a song which seems abrupt because some portions have
+probably fallen into disuse; it runs thus:--
+
+"See opposite--see Shin-kawa! A very beautiful lady who is one of the
+daughters of a chief magistrate of Odawara-cho. She was married to a
+salt merchant. He was a man fond of display, and he thought how he would
+dress her this year. He said to the dyer, 'Please dye this brocade and
+the brocade for the middle dress into seven-or eight-fold dresses;' and
+the dyer said, 'I am a dyer, and therefore I will dye and stretch it.
+What pattern do you wish?' The merchant replied, 'The pattern of falling
+snow and broken twigs, and in the centre the curved bridge of Gojo.'"
+
+[Illustration: Girls' Ball and Counting Game.]
+
+Then to fill up the rhyme come the words, "Chokin, chokera, kokin,
+kokera," and the tale goes on: "Crossing this bridge the girl was struck
+here and there, and the tea-house girls laughed. Put out of countenance
+by this ridicule, she drowned herself in the river Karas, the body sunk,
+the hair floated. How full of grief the husband's heart--now the ball
+counts a hundred."
+
+This they varied with another song:--
+
+    "One, two, three, four,
+     Grate hard charcoal, shave kiri wood;
+     Put in the pocket, the pocket is wet,
+     Kiyomadzu, on three yenoki trees
+     Were three sparrows, chased by a pigeon.
+     The sparrows said, 'Chiu, chiu,'
+     The pigeon said, 'po, po,'--now the
+     Ball counts a hundred."
+
+The pocket referred to means the bottom of the long sleeve, which is apt
+to trail and get wet when a child stoops at play. Kiyomadzu may mean a
+famous temple that bears that name. Sometimes they would simply count
+the turns and make a sort of game of forfeiting and returning the number
+of rebounds kept up by each.
+
+Yoshi-san had begun to think battledore and balls too girlish an
+amusement. He preferred flying his eagle or mask-like kite, or playing
+at cards, verses, or lotteries. Sometimes he played a lively game with
+his father, in which the board is divided into squares and diagonals. On
+these move sixteen men held by one player and one large piece held by
+the second player. The point of the game is either that the holder of
+the sixteen pieces hedges the large piece so it that can make no move,
+or that the big piece takes all its adversaries. A take can only be made
+by the large piece when it finds a piece immediately on each side of it
+and a blank point beyond. Or he watched a party of several, with the
+pictured sheet of Japanese backgammon before them, write their names on
+slips of paper or wood, and throw in turn a die. The slips are placed on
+the pictures whose numbers correspond with the throw. At the next round,
+if the number thrown by the particular player is written on the picture,
+he finds directions as to which picture to move his slip backward or
+forward to. He may, however, find his throw a blank and have to remain
+at his place. The winning consists in reaching a certain picture. When
+tired of these quieter games, the strolling woman player on a
+guitar-like instrument, would be called in. Or, a party of Kangura boy
+performers afforded pastime by the quaint animal-like movements of the
+draped figure. He wears a huge grotesque scarlet mask on his head, and
+at times makes this monster appear to stretch out and draw in its neck
+by an unseen change in position of the mask from the head to the
+gradually extended and draped hand of the actor. The beat of a drum and
+the whistle of a bamboo flute formed the accompaniment to the dumb-show
+acting.
+
+[Illustration: Firemen's Gymnastics at New Year's Time.]
+
+Yoshi-san thought the 4th and 5th days of January great fun, because
+loud shoutings were heard. Running in the direction of the sound, he
+found the men of a fire-brigade who had formed a procession to carry
+their new paper standard, bamboo ladders, paper lanterns, etc. This
+procession paused at intervals. Then the men steadied the ladder with
+their long fire-hooks, whilst an agile member of the band mounted the
+erect ladder and performed gymnastics at the top. His performance
+concluded, he dismounted, and the march continued, the men as before
+yelling joyously, at the highest pitch of their voices.
+
+[Illustration: Street Tumblers playing Kangura in Tokio.]
+
+After about a week of fun, life at the villa, gradually resumed its
+usual course, the father returned to his office, the mother to her
+domestic employments, and the children to school, all having said for
+that new year their last joy-wishing greeting--omedeto
+(congratulations).
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
+
+
+Yoshi-san and his Grandmother go to visit the great temple at Shiba.
+They walk up its steep stairs, and arrive at the lacquered threshold.
+Here they place aside their wooden clogs, throw a few coins into a huge
+box standing on the floor. It is covered with a wooden grating so
+constructed as to prevent pilfering hands afterward removing the coin.
+Then they pull a thick rope attached to a big brass bell like an
+exaggerated sheep-bell, hanging from the ceiling, but which gives forth
+but a feeble, tinkling sound. To insure the god's attention, this is
+supplemented with three distinct claps of the hands, which are afterward
+clasped in prayer for a short interval; two more claps mark the
+conclusion. Then, resuming their clogs, they clatter down the steep,
+copper-bound temple steps into the grounds. Here are stalls innumerable
+of toys, fruit, fish-cakes, birds, tobacco-pipes, ironmongery, and rice,
+and scattered amidst the stalls are tea-houses, peep-shows, and other
+places of amusement. Of these the greatest attraction is a newly-opened
+chrysanthemum show.
+
+The chrysanthemums are trained to represent figures. Here is a
+celebrated warrior, Kato Kiyomasa by name, who lived about the year
+1600, when the eminent Hashiba (Hideyoshi) ruled Japan. Near the end of
+his reign Hashiba, wishing to invade China, but being himself unable to
+command the expedition, intrusted the leadership of the fleet and army
+to Kiyomasa. They embarked, reached Korea, where a fierce battle was
+fought and victory gained by Kiyomasa. When, however, he returned to
+Japan, he found Hideyoshi had died, and the expedition was therefore
+recalled. Tales of the liberality and generosity of the Chief, and how
+he, single-handed, had slain a large and wild tiger with the spear that
+he is represented as holding, led to his being at length addressed as a
+god. His face is modelled in plaster and painted, and the yellow
+chrysanthemum blossoms may be supposed to be gold bosses on the verdant
+armor.
+
+[Illustration: Eating Stand for the Children.]
+
+Next they looked at eccentric varieties of this autumn flower, such as
+those having the petals longer and more curly than usual. To show off
+the flowers every branch was tied to a stick, which caused Yoshi-san to
+think the bushes looked a little stiff and ugly. Near the warrior was a
+chrysanthemum-robed lady, Benten, standing in a flowery sailing-boat
+that is supposed to contain a cargo of jewels. Three rabbits farther on
+appeared to be chatting together. Perhaps the best group of all was old
+Fukurokujin, with white beard and bald head. He was conversing with two
+of the graceful waterfowl so constantly seen in Japanese decorations. He
+is the god of luck, and has a reputation for liking good cheer. This is
+suggested by a gourd, a usual form of wine-bottle, that is suspended to
+his cane, whilst another gourd contains homilies. He was said to be so
+tender-hearted that even timid wild fowl were not afraid of him.
+
+Not the least amusing part of the show was the figure before which
+Yoshi's Grandmother exclaimed, "Why, truly, that is clever! Behold, I
+pray thee, a barbarian lady, and even her child!" In truth it was an
+unconscious caricature of Europeans, although the lady's face had not
+escaped being made to look slightly Japanese. The child held a toy, and
+had a regular shock head of hair. The frizzed hair of many foreign
+children appeared very odd to Yoshi-san. He thought their mothers must
+be very unkind not to take the little "western men" more often to the
+barber's. He complacently compared the neatness of his own shaven crown
+and tidily-clipped and gummed side-locks.
+
+Being tired of standing, the old Grandmother told her grandson they
+would go and listen to a recital at the story-teller's. Leaving their
+wooden shoes in a pigeon-hole for that purpose, they joined an attentive
+throng of some twenty listeners seated on mats in a dimly-lighted room.
+Yoshi could not make out all the tale-teller said, but he liked to watch
+him toy with his fan as he introduced his listeners to the characters of
+his story. Then the story-teller would hold his fan like a rod of
+command, whilst he kept his audience in rapt attention, then sometimes,
+amidst the laughter of those present, he would raise his voice to a
+shrill whine, and would emphasize a joke by a sharp tap on the table
+with his fan. After they had listened to one tale Yoshi-san was sleepy.
+So they went and bargained with a man outside who had a carriage like a
+small gig with shafts called a "jin-riki-sha."[12] He ran after them to
+say he consented to wheel them home the two and a half miles for five
+cents.
+
+[12] The _jin-riki-sha_, man-power-carriage, invented in Japan in 1871,
+is now used all over the East.
+
+
+
+
+FISHSAVE.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There was once upon a time a little baby whose father was Japanese
+ambassador to the court of China, and whose mother was a Chinese lady.
+While this child was still in its infancy the ambassador had to return
+to Japan. So he said to his wife, "I swear to remember you and to send
+you letters by the ambassador that shall succeed me; and as for our
+baby, I will despatch some one to fetch it as soon as it is weaned."
+Thus saying he departed.
+
+Well, embassy after embassy came (and there was generally at least a
+year between each), but never a letter from the Japanese husband to the
+Chinese wife. At last, tired of waiting and of grieving, she took her
+boy by the hand, and sorrowfully leading him to the seashore, fastened
+round his neck a label bearing the words, "The Japanese ambassador's
+child." Then she flung him into the sea in the direction of the Japanese
+Archipelago, confident that the paternal tie was one which it was not
+possible to break, and that therefore father and child were sure to meet
+again.
+
+One day, when the former ambassador, the father, was riding by the beach
+of Naniwa (where afterward was built the city of Osaka), he saw
+something white floating out at sea, looking like a small island. It
+floated nearer, and he looked more attentively. There was no doubt about
+its being a child. Quite astonished, he stopped his horse and gazed
+again. The floating object drew nearer and nearer still. At last with
+perfect distinctness it was perceived to be a fair, pretty little boy,
+of about four years old, impelled onward by the waves.
+
+[Illustration: Fishsave riding the Dolphin to Japan.]
+
+Still closer inspection showed that the boy rode bravely on the back of
+an enormous fish. When the strange rider had dismounted on the strand,
+the ambassador ordered his attendants to take the manly little fellow in
+their arms, when lo, and behold! there was the label round his neck, on
+which was written, "The Japanese ambassador's child." "Oh, yes," he
+exclaimed, "it must be my child and no other, whom its mother, angry at
+having received no letters from me, must have thrown into the sea. Now,
+owing to the indissoluble bond tying together parents and children, he
+has reached me safely, riding upon a fish's back." The air of the little
+creature went to his heart, and he took and tended him most lovingly.
+
+To the care of the next embassy that went to the court of China, he
+intrusted a letter for his wife, in which he informed her of all the
+particulars; and she, who had quite believed the child to be dead,
+rejoiced at its marvellous escape.
+
+The child grew up to be a man, whose handwriting was beautiful.[13]
+Having been saved by a fish, he was given the name of "Fishsave."
+
+[13] _Beautiful handwriting_ was considered one of the most admirable of
+accomplishments in old Japan.
+
+
+
+
+THE FILIAL GIRL.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bowing before her Mother's Mirror.]
+
+A girl once lived in the province of Echigo,[14] who from her earliest
+years tended her parents with all filial piety. Her mother, when, after
+a long illness she lay at the point of death, took out a mirror that she
+had for many years concealed, and giving it to her daughter, spoke thus,
+"when I have ceased to exist, take this mirror in thy hand night and
+morning, and looking at it, fancy that 'tis I thou seest."
+
+[14] A _Echigo:_ the province on the west coast, now famous for its
+petroleum wells.
+
+With these last words she expired, and the girl, full of grief, and
+faithful to her mother's commands, used to take out the mirror night and
+morning, and gazing in it, saw there in a face like to the face of her
+mother. Delighted thereat (for the village was situated in a remote
+country district among the mountains, and a mirror was a thing the girl
+had never heard of), she daily worshipped her reflected face. She bowed
+before it till her forehead touched the mat, as if this image had been
+in very truth her mother's own self.
+
+Her father one day, astonished to see her thus occupied, inquired the
+reason, which she directly told him. But he burst out laughing, and
+exclaimed, "Why! 'tis only thine own face, so like to thy mother's, that
+is reflected. It is not thy mother's at all!"
+
+This revelation distressed the girl. Yet she replied: "Even if the face
+be not my mother's, it is the face of one who belonged to my mother, and
+therefore my respectfully saluting it twice every day is the same as
+respectfully saluting her very self." And so she continued to worship
+the mirror more and more while tending her father with all filial
+piety--at least so the story goes, for even to-day, as great poverty and
+ignorance prevail in some parts of Echigo, the peasantry know as little
+of mirrors as did this little girl.
+
+
+
+
+THE PARSLEY QUEEN.[15]
+
+
+How curious that the daughter of a peasant dwelling in a obscure country
+village near Aska, in the province of Yamato,[16] should become a Queen!
+Yet such was the case. Her father died while she was yet in her infancy,
+and the girl applied herself to the tending of her mother with all
+filial piety. One day when she had gone out in the fields to gather some
+parsley, of which her mother was very fond, it chanced that Prince
+Shotoku, the great Buddhist teacher,[17] was making a progress to his
+palace, and all the inhabitants of the country-side flocked to the road
+along which the procession was passing, in order to behold the gorgeous
+spectacle, and to show their respect for the Mikado's son. The filial
+girl, alone, paying no heed to what was going on around her, continued
+picking her parsley. She was observed from his carriage by the Prince,
+who, astonished at the circumstance, sent one of his retainers to
+inquire into its cause.
+
+[15] A story much like that of "The Parsley Queen" is told in the
+province of Echizen.
+
+[16] Yamato is the old classic centre of ancient life and history.
+
+[17] _Prince Shotoku Taishi_, a great patron of Buddhism, who, though a
+layman, is canonized (see "The Religions of Japan," p. 180).
+
+[Illustration: Imitating the Procession to the Temple.]
+
+The girl replied, "My mother bade me pick parsley, and I am following
+her instructions--that is the reason why I have not turned round to pay
+my respects to the Prince." The latter being informed of her answer, was
+filled with admiration at the strictness of her filial piety. Alighting
+at her mother's cottage on the way back, he told her of the occurrence,
+and placing the girl in the next carriage to his own, took her home with
+him to the Imperial Palace, and ended by making her his wife, upon which
+the people, knowing her story, gave her the name of the "Parsley Queen."
+
+
+
+
+THE TWO DAUGHTERS.
+
+
+At Akita, in the province of Inaba, lived an independent gentleman,[18]
+who had two daughters, by whom he was ministered to with all filial
+piety. He was fond of shooting with a gun, and thus very often committed
+the sin (according to the teaching of holy Buddha) of taking life.[19]
+He would never hearken to the admonitions of his daughters. These,
+mindful of the future, and aghast at the prospect in store for him in
+the world to come, frequently endeavored to convert him. Many were the
+tears they shed. At last one day, after they had pleaded with him more
+earnestly still than before, the father, touched by their supplications,
+promised to shoot no more. But, after a while, some of his neighbors
+came round to request him to shoot for them two storks.[20] He was
+easily led to consent by the strength of his natural liking for the
+sport. Still he would not allow a word to be breathed to his daughters.
+He slipped out at night, gun in hand, after they were, as he imagined,
+fast asleep.
+
+[18] _An independent gentleman_, a _ronin_ or "wave man," one who had
+left the service of his feudal lord and was independent,--sometimes a
+gentleman and a scholar, oftener a ruffian or vagabond.
+
+[19] Buddhism, on account of the doctrine of the transmigration of
+souls, forbids the taking of life.
+
+[20] There are very few storks in Japan, but white heron are quite
+common.
+
+[Illustration: The Two White Birds.]
+
+They, however, had heard everything, and the elder sister said to the
+younger: "Do what we may, our father will not condescend to follow our
+words of counsel, and nothing now remains but to bring him to a
+knowledge of the truth by the sacrifice of one of our own lives.
+To-night is fortunately moonless; and if I put on white garments and go
+to the neighborhood of the bay, he will take me for a stork and shoot me
+dead. Do you continue to live and tend our father with all the services
+of filial piety." Thus she spake, her eyes dimmed with the rolling
+tears. But the younger sister, with many sobs, exclaimed: "For you, my
+sister, for you is it to receive the inheritance of this house. So do
+you condescend to be the one to live, and to practise filial devotion to
+our father, while I will offer up my life."
+
+Thus did each strive for death. The elder one, without more words,
+seizing a white garment rushed out of the house. The younger one,
+unwilling to cede to her the place of honor, putting on a white gown
+also, followed in her track to the shore of the bay. There, making her
+way to her among the rushes, she continued the dispute as to which of
+the two should be the one to die.
+
+Meanwhile the father, peering around him in the darkness, saw something
+white. Taking it for the storks, he aimed at the spot with his gun, and
+did not miss his shot, for it pierced through the ribs of the elder of
+the two girls. The younger, helpless in her grief, bent over her
+sister's body. The father, not dreaming of what he was about, and
+astonished to find that his having shot one of the storks did not make
+the other fly away, discharged another shot at the remaining white
+figure. Lamentable to relate, he hit his second daughter as he had the
+first. She fell, pierced through the chest, and was laid on the same
+grassy pillow as her sister.
+
+The father, pleased with his success, came up to the rushes to look for
+his game. But what! no storks, alas! alas! No, only his two daughters!
+Filled with consternation, he asked what it all meant. The girls,
+breathing with difficulty, told him that their resolve had been to show
+him the crime of taking life, and thus respectfully to cause him to
+desist therefrom. They expired before they had time to say more.
+
+The father was filled with sorrow and remorse. He took the two corpses
+home on his back. As there was now no help for what was done, he placed
+them reverently on a wood stack, and there they burnt, making smoke to
+the blowing wind. From that hour he was a converted man. He built
+himself a small cell of branches of trees, near the village bridge.
+Placing therein the memorial tablets of his two daughters, he performed
+before them the due religious rites, and became the most pious follower
+of Buddha. Ah! that was filial piety in very truth! a marvel, that these
+girls should throw away their own lives, so that, by exterminating the
+evil seed in their father's conduct in this world, they might guard him
+from its awful fruit in the world to come!
+
+
+
+
+SECOND SIGHT.
+
+
+A traveller arrived at a village, and looking about for an inn, he found
+one that, although rather shabby, would, he thought, suit him. So he
+asked whether he could pass the night there, and the mistress said
+certainly. No one lived at the inn except the mistress, so that the
+traveller was quite undisturbed.
+
+The next morning, after he had finished break-fast, the traveller went
+out of the house to make arrangements for continuing his journey. To his
+surprise, his hostess asked him to stop a moment. She said that he owed
+her a thousand pounds, solemnly declaring that he had borrowed that sum
+from her inn long years ago. The traveller was astonished greatly at
+this, as it seemed to him a preposterous demand. So fetching his trunk,
+he soon hid himself by drawing a curtain all round him.
+
+After thus secluding himself for some time, he called the woman and
+asked, "Was your father an adept in the art of second sight?" The woman
+replied, "Yes; my father secluded himself just as you have done." Said
+the traveller, "Explain fully to me why you say I owe you so large a
+sum." The mistress then related that when her father was going to die,
+he bequeathed her all his possessions except his money. He said, that
+on a certain day, ten years later, a traveller would lodge at her house,
+and that, as the said traveller owed him a thousand pounds, she could
+reclaim at that time this sum from his debtor. She must subsist in the
+meanwhile by the gradual sale of her father's goods.
+
+Hitherto, being unable to earn as much money as she spent, she had been
+disposing of the inherited valuables, but had now exhausted nearly all
+of them. In the meantime, the predicted date had arrived, and a
+traveller had lodged at her house, just as her father had foretold.
+Hence she concluded he was the man from whom she should recover the
+thousand pounds.
+
+On hearing this the traveller said that all that the woman had related
+was perfectly true. Taking her to one side of the room, he told her to
+tap gently with her knuckles all over a wooden pillar. At one part the
+pillar gave forth a hollow sound. The traveller said that the money
+spoken about by the poor woman lay hidden in this part of the pillar.
+Then advising her to spend it only gradually, he went on his way.
+
+The father of this woman had been extremely skilful in the art of second
+sight or clairvoyance. By its means he had discovered that his daughter
+would pass through ten years of extreme poverty and that on a certain
+future day a diviner would come and lodge in the house. The father was
+also aware that if he bequeathed his daughter his money at once, she
+would spend it extravagantly. Upon consideration, therefore, he hid the
+money in the pillar, and instructed his daughter as related. In
+accordance with the father's prophecy, the man came and lodged in the
+house on the predicted day, and by the art of divination discovered the
+thousand pounds.
+
+
+
+
+GAMES.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The games we are daily playing at in our nurseries, or some of them,
+have been also played at for centuries by Japanese boys and girls. Such
+are blindman's buff (eye-hiding), puss-in-the-corner, catching, racing,
+scrambling, a variety of "here we go round the mulberry bush." The game
+of knuckle-bones is played with five little stuffed bags instead of
+sheep bones, which the children cannot get, as sheep are not used by the
+Japanese. Also performances such as honey-pots, heads in chancery,
+turning round back to back, or hand to hand, are popular among that
+long-sleeved, shaven-pated small fry. Still better than snow-balling,
+the lads like to make a snow-man, with a round charcoal ball for each
+eye, and a streak of charcoal for his mouth. This they call Buddha's
+squat follower "Daruma," whose legs rotted off through his stillness
+over his lengthy prayers.
+
+[Illustration: Eye-Hiding, or Blindman's Buff.]
+
+[Illustration: Stilts and Clog-Throwing.]
+
+As might be expected, some of the Japanese games differ slightly from
+ours, or else are altogether peculiar to that country. The facility with
+which a Japanese child slips its shoes on and off, and the absence on
+the part of the parents of conventional or health scruples regarding
+bare feet, lead to a sort of game of ball in which the shoes take the
+part of the ball, and to hiding pranks with the sandal, something like
+our hunt the slipper and hide-and-seek. On the other hand, kago play is
+entirely Japanese. In this game, two children carry a bamboo pole on
+their shoulders, on to which clings a third child, in imitation of a
+usual mode of travelling in Japan. In this the passenger is seated in a
+light bamboo palanquin borne on men's shoulders. A miniature festival is
+thought great fun, when a few bits of rough wood mounted on wheels are
+decorated with cut paper and evergreens, and drawn slowly along amidst
+the shouts of the exultant contrivers, in mimicry of the real festival
+cars. Games of soldiers are of two types. When copied from the
+historical fights, one boy, with his kerchief bound round his temples,
+makes a supposed marvelous and heroic defence. He slashes with his
+bamboo sword, as a harlequin waves his baton, to deal magical
+destruction all around on the attacking party. When the late
+insurrection commenced in Satsuma, the Tokio boys, hearing of the
+campaign on modern tactics, would form attack and defence parties. A
+little company armed with bamboo breech-loaders would march to the
+assault of the roguish battalion lurking round the corner.
+
+[Illustration: Playing at Batter-Cakes.]
+
+Wrestling, again, is popular with children, not so much on account of
+the actual throwing, as from the love of imitating the curious growling
+an animal-like springing, with which the professional wrestlers
+encounter one another. Swimming, fishing, and general puddling about are
+congenial occupation for hot summer days; whilst some with a toy bamboo
+pump, like a Japanese feeble fire-engine, manage to send a squirt of
+water at a friend, as the firemen souse their comrades standing on the
+burning housetops. Itinerant street sellers have, on stalls of a height
+suited to their little customers, an array of what looks like pickles.
+This is made of bright seaweed pods that the children buy to make a
+"clup!" sort of noise with between their lips, so that they go about
+apparently hiccoughing all day long. The smooth glossy leaves of the
+camellia, as common as hedge roses are in England, make very fair little
+trumpets when blown after having been expertly rolled up, or in spring
+their fallen blossoms are strung into gay chains.
+
+On a border-land between games and sweets are the stalls of the
+itinerant batter-sellers. At these the tiny purchaser enjoys the
+evidently much appreciated privilege of himself arranging his little
+measure of batter in fantastic forms, and drying them upon a hot metal
+plate. A turtle is a favorite design, as the first blotch of batter
+makes its body, and six judiciously arranged smaller dabs soon suggest
+its head, tail, and feet.
+
+
+
+
+THE GAMES AND SPORTS OF JAPANESE CHILDREN[21]
+
+
+How often in Japan one sees that the children of a larger growth enjoy
+with equal zest games which are the same, or nearly the same, as those
+of lesser size and fewer years! Certain it is that the adults do all in
+their power to provide for the children their full quota of play and
+harmless sports. We frequently see full-grown and able-bodied natives
+indulging in amusements which the men of the West lay aside with their
+pinafores, or when their curls are cut. If we, in the conceited pride of
+our superior civilization, look down upon this as childish, we must
+remember that the Oriental, from the pinnacle of his lofty, and to him
+immeasurably elevated, civilization, looks down upon our manly sports
+with contempt, thinking it a condescension even to notice them.
+
+[21] From the paper read before The Asiatic Society of Japan.
+
+[Illustration: Hoisting the Rice-beer Keg On Festival-day.]
+
+A very noticeable change has passed over the Japanese people since the
+modern advent of foreigners in respect to their love of amusement. Their
+sports are by no means as numerous or elaborate as formerly, and they do
+not enter into them with the enthusiasm that formerly characterized
+them. The children's festivals and sports are rapidly losing their
+importance, and some now are rarely seen. Formerly the holidays were
+almost as numerous as saints' days in the calendar. Apprentice-boys had
+a liberal quota of holidays stipulated in their indentures; and as the
+children counted the days before each great holiday on their fingers, we
+may believe that a great deal of digital arithmetic was being
+continually done. We do not know of any country in the world in which
+there are so many toy-shops or so many fairs for the sale of things
+which delight children. Not only are the streets of every city
+abundantly supplied with shops, filled as full as a Christmas stocking
+with gaudy toys, but in small towns and villages one or more children's
+bazaars may be found. The most gorgeous display of all things pleasing
+to the eye of a Japanese child is found in the courts or streets leading
+to celebrated temples. On a festival day, the toy-sellers and itinerant
+showmen throng with their most attractive wares or sights in front of
+the shrine or temple. On the walls and in conspicuous places near the
+churches and cathedrals in Europe and America, the visitor is usually
+regaled with the sight of undertakers' signs and gravediggers'
+advertisements. How differently the Japanese act in these respects let
+any one see, by visiting one or all of the three greatest temples in
+Tokio, or one of the numerous smaller shrines on some renowned festival
+day.
+
+We have not space in this paper to name or describe the numerous street
+shows and showmen who are supposed to be interested mainly in
+entertaining children; though in reality adults form a part, often the
+major part, of their audiences. Any one desirous of seeing these in full
+glory must ramble down some of the side streets in Tokio, on some fair
+day, and especially on a general holiday.
+
+Among the most common are the street theatricals, in which two, three,
+or four trained boys and girls do some very creditable acting, chiefly
+in comedy. Raree shows, in which the looker-on sees the inside splendors
+of the nobles' homes, or the heroic acts of Japanese warriors, or some
+famous natural scenery, are very common. The showman, as he pulls the
+wires that change the scenes, entertains the spectators with songs. The
+outside of his box is usually adorned with pictures of famous actors,
+nine-tailed foxes, demons of all colors, people committing hari-kiri or
+stomach cutting, bloody massacres, or some such staple horror in which
+the normal Japanese so delights. Story-tellers, posturers, dancers,
+actors of charades, conjurers, flute-players, song-singers are found on
+these streets, but those who specially delight the children are the men
+who, by dint of fingers and breath, work a paste made of wheat-gluten
+into all sorts of curious and gayly-smeared toys, such as flowers,
+trees, noblemen, fair ladies, various utensils, the foreigner, the
+jin-riki-sha, etc. Nearly every itinerant seller of candy,
+starch-cakes, sugared peas, and sweetened beans, has several methods of
+lottery by which he adds to the attractions on his stall. A disk having
+a revolving arrow, whirled round by the hand of a child, or a number of
+strings which are connected with the faces of imps, goddesses, devils,
+or heroes, lends the excitement of chance, and, when a lucky pull or
+whirl occurs, occasions the subsequent addition to the small fraction of
+a sen's worth to be bought. Men or women walk about, carrying a small
+charcoal brazier under a copper griddle, with batter, spoons, cups, and
+shoyu[22] sauce to hire out for the price of a jumon[23] each to the
+little urchins who spend an afternoon of bliss, making their own
+griddle-cakes and eating them. The seller of sugar-jelly exhibits a
+devil, taps a drum, and dances for the benefit of his baby-customers.
+The seller of nice pastry does the same, with the addition of gymnastics
+and skilful tricks with balls of dough. In every Japanese city there are
+scores, if not hundreds of men and women who obtain a livelihood by
+amusing the children.
+
+[22] _Shoyu_: the origin of the English soy.
+
+[23] _A jumon_: the tenth part of a sen or cent.
+
+Some of the games of Japanese children are of a national character, and
+are indulged in by all classes. Others are purely local or exclusive.
+Among the former are those which belong to the great festival days,
+which in the old calendar (before 1872) enjoyed vastly more importance
+than under the new one. Beginning with the first of the year, there are
+a number of games and sports peculiar to this time. The girls, dressed
+in their best robes and girdles, with their faces powdered and their
+lips painted, until they resemble the peculiar colors seen on a beetle's
+wings, and their hair arranged in the most attractive coiffure, are out
+upon the street playing battledore and shuttlecock. They play not only
+in twos and threes, but also in circles. The shuttlecock is a small
+seed, often gilded, stuck round with feathers arranged like the petals
+of a flower. The battledore is a wooden bat; one side of which is of
+bare wood, while the other has the raised effigy of some popular actor,
+hero of romance, or singing girl in the most ultra-Japanese style of
+beauty. The girls evidently highly appreciate this game, as it gives
+abundant opportunity for the display of personal beauty, figure, and
+dress. Those who fail in the game often have their faces marked with
+ink, or a circle drawn round the eyes. The boys sing a song that the
+wind will blow, the girls sing that it may be calm so that their
+shuttlecocks may fly straight. The little girls at this time play with a
+ball made of cotton cord, covered elaborately with many strands of
+bright vari-colored silk.
+
+Inside the house they have games suited not only for the daytime, but
+for the evenings. Many foreigners have wondered what the Japanese do at
+night, and how the long winter evenings are spent. On fair, and
+especially moonlight nights, most of the people are out of doors, and
+many of the children with them. Markets and fairs are held regularly at
+night in Tokio, and in other large cities. The foreigner living in a
+Japanese city, even if he were blind, could tell by stepping out of
+doors, whether the weather were clear and fine, or disagreeable. On dark
+and stormy nights the stillness of a great city like Tokio is unbroken
+and very impressive; but on a fair and moonlight night the hum and
+bustle tell one that the people are out in throngs, and make one feel
+that it is a city that he lives in.
+
+In most of the castle towns in Japan, it was formerly the custom of the
+people, especially of the younger, to assemble on moonlight nights in
+the streets or open spaces near the castle gates, and dance a sort of
+subdued dance, moving round in circles and clapping their hands. These
+dances often continued during the entire night, the following day being
+largely consumed in sleep. In the winter evenings in Japanese households
+the Japanese children amuse themselves with their sports, or are amused
+by their elders, who tell them entertaining stories. The Samurai father
+relates to his son Japanese history and heroic lore, to fire him with
+enthusiasm and a love of those achievements which every Samurai youth
+hopes at some day to perform. Then there are numerous social
+entertainments, at which the children above a certain age are allowed to
+be present.
+
+But the games relied on as standard means of amusement, and seen
+especially about New Year, are those of cards. In one of these, a large,
+square sheet of paper is laid on the floor. On this card are the names
+and pictures of the fifty-three post-stations between old Yedo and
+Kioto. At the place Kioto are put a few coins, or a pile of cakes, or
+some such prizes, and the game is played with dice. Each throw advances
+the player toward the goal, and the one arriving first obtains the
+prize. At this time of the year, also, the games of what we may call
+literary cards are played a great deal. The Iroha Garuta[24] are small
+cards each containing a proverb. The proverb is printed on one card, and
+the picture illustrating it upon another. Each proverb begins with a
+certain one of the fifty Japanese letters, i, ro, ha, etc., and so
+through the syllabary. The children range themselves in a circle, and
+the cards are shuffled and dealt. One is appointed to be reader. Looking
+at his cards he reads the proverb. The player who has the picture
+corresponding to the proverb calls out, and the match is made. Those
+who are rid of their cards first, win the game. The one holding the
+last card is the loser. If he be a boy, he has his face marked curiously
+with ink. If a girl, she has a paper or wisp of straw stuck in her hair.
+
+[24] _Garuta_, or karuta, our word "card," as spoken on Japanese lips.
+
+The One Verse (from each of the) Hundred Poets game consists of two
+hundred cards, on which are inscribed the one hundred stanzas or poems
+so celebrated and known in every household. A stanza of Japanese poetry
+usually consists of two parts, a first and second, or upper and lower
+clause. The manner of playing the game is as follows: The reader reads
+half the stanza on his card, and the player, having the card on which
+the other half is written, calls out, and makes a match. Some children
+become so familiar with these poems that they do not need to hear the
+entire half of the stanza read, but frequently only the first word.
+
+The game of Ancient Odes, that named after the celebrated Genji
+(Minamoto) family of the Middle Ages, and the Shi Garuta are all
+card-games of a similar nature, but can be thoroughly enjoyed only by
+well-educated Chinese scholars, as the references and quotations are
+written in Chinese and require a good knowledge of the Chinese and
+Japanese classics to play them well. To boys who are eager to become
+proficient in Chinese it often acts as an incentive to be told that
+they will enjoy these games after certain attainments in scholarship
+have been made. Having made these attainments, they play the game
+frequently, especially during vacation, to impress on their minds what
+they have already learned.
+
+Two other games are played which may be said to have an educational
+value. They are the "Wisdom Boards" and the "Ring of Wisdom." The former
+consists of a number of flat thin pieces of wood, cut in many
+geometrical shapes. Certain possible figures are printed on paper as
+models, and the boy tries to form them out of the pieces given him. In
+some cases much time and thinking are required to form the figure. The
+ring-puzzle is made of rings of bamboo or iron, on a bar. Boys having a
+talent for mathematics, or those who have a natural capacity to
+distinguish size and form, succeed very well at these games and enjoy
+them.
+
+The game of Checkers is played on a raised stand or table about six
+inches in height. The number of "go" or checkers, including black and
+white, is 360. In the Sho-gi, or game of Chess, the pieces number 40 in
+all. Backgammon is also a favorite play, and there are several forms of
+it.
+
+[Illustration: Getting Ready to Raise the big Humming Kite with the Sun
+Emblem.]
+
+About the time of old style New Year's Day, when the winds of February
+and March are favorable to the sport, kites are flown, and there are few
+games in which Japanese boys, from the infant on the back to the
+full-grown and the over-grown boy, take more delight. I have never
+observed, however, as foreign books so often tell us, old men flying
+kites and boys merely looking on. The Japanese kites are made of tough
+paper pasted on a frame of bamboo sticks, and are usually of a
+rectangular shape. Some of them, however, are made to represent children
+or men, several kinds of birds and animals, fans, etc. On the
+rectangular kites are pictures of ancient heroes or beautiful women,
+dragons, horses, monsters of various kinds, the symbol of the sun, or
+huge Chinese characters. Among the faces most frequently seen on these
+kites are those of the national heroes or heroines. Some of the kites
+are six feet square. Many of them have a thin tense ribbon of whalebone
+at the top of the kite which vibrates in the wind, making a loud humming
+noise. The boys frequently name their kites Genji or Heiki, and each
+contestant endeavors to destroy that of his rival. For this purpose the
+string for ten or twenty feet near the kite end is first covered with
+glue, and then dipped into pounded glass, by which the string becomes
+covered with tiny blades, each able to cut quickly and deeply. By
+getting the kite in proper position and suddenly sawing the string of
+his antagonist, the severed kite falls, to be reclaimed by the victor.
+
+The Japanese tops are of several kinds, some are made of univalve
+shells, filled with wax. Those intended for contests are made of hard
+wood, and are iron-clad by having a heavy iron ring round as a sort of
+tire. The boys wind and throw them in a manner somewhat different from
+ours. The object of the player is to damage his adversary's top, or to
+make it cease spinning. The whipping top is also known and used. Besides
+the athletic sports of leaping, running, wrestling, slinging, the
+Japanese boys play at blindman's buff, hiding-whoop, and with stilts,
+pop-guns, and blow-guns. On stilts they play various games and run
+races.
+
+In the northern and western coast provinces, where the snow falls to the
+depth of many feet and remains long on the ground, it forms the material
+of the children's playthings, and the theatre of many of their sports.
+Besides sliding on the ice, coasting with sleds, building snow-forts
+and fighting mimic battles with snow-balls, they make many kinds of
+images and imitations of what they see and know. In America the boy's
+snow-man is a Paddy with a damaged hat, clay pipe in mouth, and the
+shillelah in his hand. In Japan the snow-man is an image of Daruma.
+Daruma was one of the followers of Shaka (Buddha) who, by long
+meditation in a squatting position, lost his legs from paralysis and
+sheer decay. The images of Daruma are found by the hundreds in
+toy-shops, as tobacconists' signs, and as the snow-men of the boys.
+Occasionally the figure of Geiho, the sage with a forehead and skull so
+high that a ladder was required to reach his pate, or huge cats and the
+peculiar-shaped dogs seen in the toy-shops, take the place of Daruma.
+
+[Illustration: Daruma, the Snow-Image.]
+
+Many of the amusements of the children in-doors are mere imitations of
+the serious affairs of adult life. Boys who have been to the theatre
+come home to imitate the celebrated actors, and to extemporize mimic
+theatricals for themselves. Feigned sickness and "playing the doctor,"
+imitating with ludicrous exactness the pomp and solemnity of the real
+man of pills and powders, and the misery of the patient, are the
+diversions of very young children. Dinners, tea-parties, and even
+weddings and funerals, are imitated in Japanese children's plays.
+
+Among the ghostly games intended to test the courage of, or perhaps to
+frighten children, are two plays called respectively, the "One Hundred
+Stories" and "Soul-Examination." In the former play, a company of boys
+and girls assemble round the hibachi, while they or an adult, an aged
+person or a servant, usually relate ghost stories, or tales calculated
+to straighten the hair and make the blood crawl. In a distant dark room,
+a lamp (the usual dish of oil) with a wick of one hundred strands or
+piths, is set. At the conclusion of each story, the children in turn
+must go to the dark room and remove a strand of the wick. As the lamp
+burns down low the room becomes gloomy and dark, and the last boy, it is
+said, always sees a demon, a huge face, or something terrible. In
+"Soul-Examination," a number of boys during the day plant some flags in
+different parts of a graveyard, under a lonely tree, or by a haunted
+hill-side. At night they meet together and tell stories about ghosts,
+goblins, devils, etc., and at the conclusion of each tale, when the
+imagination is wrought up, the boys, one at a time, must go out in the
+dark and bring back the flags, until all are brought in.
+
+On the third day of the third month is held the Doll Festival. This is
+the day especially devoted to the girls, and to them it is the greatest
+day in the year. It has been called in some foreign works on Japan, the
+"Feast of Dolls." Several days before the Matsuri the shops are gay with
+the images bought for this occasion, and which are on sale only at this
+time of year. Every respectable family has a number of these
+splendidly-dressed images, which are from four inches to a foot in
+height, and which accumulate from generation to generation. When a
+daughter is born in the house during the previous year, a pair of hina
+or images are purchased for the little girl, which she plays with until
+grown up. When she is married her hina are taken with her to her
+husband's house, and she gives them to her children, adding to the stock
+as her family increases. The images are made of wood or enamelled clay.
+They represent the Mikado and his wife; the kuge or old Kioto nobles,
+their wives and daughters, the court minstrels, and various personages
+in Japanese mythology and history. A great many other toys,
+representing all the articles in use in a Japanese lady's chamber, the
+service of the eating table, the utensils of the kitchen, travelling
+apparatus, etc., some of them very elaborate and costly, are also
+exhibited and played with on this day. The girls make offerings of sake
+and dried rice, etc., to the effigies of the emperor and empress, and
+then spend the day with toys, mimicking the whole round of Japanese
+female life, as that of child, maiden, wife, mother, and grand-mother.
+In some old Japanese families in which I have visited, the display of
+dolls and images was very large and extremely beautiful.
+
+The greatest day in the year for the boys is on the fifth day of the
+fifth month. On this day is celebrated what has been called the "Feast
+of Flags." Previous to the coming of the day, the shops display for sale
+the toys and tokens proper to the occasion. These are all of a kind
+suited to young Japanese masculinity. They consist of effigies of heroes
+and warriors, generals and commanders, soldiers on foot and horse, the
+genii of strength and valor, wrestlers, etc. The toys represent the
+equipments and regalia of a daimio's procession, all kinds of things
+used in war, the contents of an arsenal, flags, streamers, banners, etc.
+A set of these toys is bought for every son born in the family. Hence in
+old Japanese families the display on the fifth day of the fifth month
+is extensive and brilliant. Besides the display in-doors, on a bamboo
+pole erected outside is hung, by a string to the top of the pole, a
+representation of a large fish in paper. The paper being hollow, the
+breeze easily fills out the body of the fish, which flaps its tail and
+fins in a natural manner. One may count hundreds of these floating in
+the air over the city.
+
+The nobori, as the paper fish is called, is intended to show that a son
+has been born during the year, or at least that there are sons in the
+family. The fish represented is the carp, which is able to swim swiftly
+against the current and to leap over waterfalls. This act of the carp is
+a favorite subject with native artists, and is also typical of the young
+man, especially the young Samurai, mounting over all difficulties to
+success and quiet prosperity.
+
+One favorite game, which has now gone out of fashion, was that in which
+the boys formed themselves into a daimio's procession, having
+forerunners, officers, etc., and imitating as far as possible the pomp
+and circumstance of the old daimio's train. Another game which was very
+popular represented, in mimic war, the struggles of two great noble
+families (like the red and white roses of England). The boys of a town,
+district, or school, ranged themselves into two parties, each with
+flags. Those of the Heiki were white, those of the Genji red. Sometimes
+every boy had a flag, and the object of the contest, which was begun at
+the tap of a gun, was to seize the flags of the enemy. The party
+securing the greatest number of flags won the victory. In other cases
+the flags were fastened on the back of each contestant, who was armed
+with a bamboo for a sword, and who had fastened on a pad over his head a
+flat round piece of earthenware, so that a party of them looked not
+unlike the faculty of a college. Often these parties of boys numbered
+several hundred, and were marshalled in squadrons as in a battle. At a
+given signal the battle commenced, the object being to break the earthen
+disk on the head of the enemy. The contest was usually very exciting.
+Whoever had his earthen disk demolished had to retire from the field.
+The party having the greatest number of broken disks, indicative of
+cloven skulls, were declared the losers. This game has been forbidden by
+the Government as being too severe and cruel. Boys were often injured in
+it.
+
+There are many other games which we simply mention without describing.
+There are three games played by the hands, which every observant
+foreigner long resident in Japan must have seen played, as men and women
+seem to enjoy them as much as children. In the Stone game, a stone, a
+pair of scissors, and a wrapping-cloth are represented. The stone
+signifies the clenched fist, the parted fore and middle fingers the
+scissors, and the curved forefinger and thumb the cloth. The scissors
+can cut the cloth, but not the stone, but the cloth can wrap the stone.
+The two players sit opposite each other at play, throwing out their
+hands so as to represent either of the three things, and win, lose, or
+draw, as the case may be.
+
+In the Fox game, the fox, man, and gun are the figures. The gun kills
+the fox, but the fox deceives the man, and the gun is useless without
+the man. In the third game, five or six boys represent the various
+grades of rank, from the peasant up to the great daimios or shogun. By
+superior address and skill in the game the peasant rises to the highest
+rank, or the man of highest rank is degraded.
+
+From the nature of the Japanese language, in which a single word or
+sound may have a great many significations, riddles and puns are of
+extraordinary frequency. I do not know of any published collection of
+riddles, but every Japanese boy has a good stock of them on hand. There
+are few Japanese works of light, and perhaps of serious, literature, in
+which puns do not continually recur. The popular songs and poems are
+largely plays on words. There are also several puzzles played with
+sticks, founded upon the shape of certain Chinese characters. As for
+the short and simple story-books, song-books, nursery rhymes, lullabys,
+and what for want of a better name may be styled Mother Goose
+Literature, they are as plentiful as with us, but they have a very
+strongly characteristic Japanese flavor, both in style and matter.
+
+It is curious that the game of foot-ball seems to have been confined to
+the courtiers of the Mikado's court, where there were regular
+instructors of the game. In the games of Pussy wants a Corner and
+Prisoner's Base, the Oni, or devil, takes the place of Puss or the
+officer.
+
+I have not mentioned all the games and sports of Japanese children, but
+enough has been said to show their general character. In general they
+seem to be natural, sensible, and in every sense beneficial. Their
+immediate or remote effects, next to that of amusement, are either
+educational, or hygienic. Some teach history, some geography, some
+excellent sentiments or good language. Others inculcate reverence and
+obedience to the elder brother or sister, to parents or to the emperor,
+or stimulate the manly virtues of courage and contempt for pain. The
+study of the subject leads one to respect more highly, rather than
+otherwise, the Japanese people for being such affectionate fathers and
+mothers, and for having such natural and docile children. The character
+of the children's plays and their encouragement by the parents has, I
+think, much to do with that frankness, affection, and obedience on the
+side of the children, and that kindness and sympathy on the side of the
+parents, which are so noticeable in Japan, and which is one of the many
+good points of Japanese life and character.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+_REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED_
+
+THE HEART OF OAK BOOKS
+
+A Collection of Traditional Rhymes and Stories for Children, and of
+Masterpieces of Poetry and Prose for Use at Home and at School, chosen
+with special reference to the cultivation of the imagination and the
+development of a taste for good reading.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+CHARLES ELIOT NORTON
+
+  =Book I.   Rhymes, Jingles and Fables.= For first reader classes.
+                 Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 128 pages. 25 cents.
+
+  =Book II.  Fables and Nursery Tales.= For second reader classes.
+                 Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 176 pages. 35 cents.
+
+  =Book III. Fairy Tales, Ballads and Poems.= For third reader classes.
+                 With illustrations after George Cruikshank and Sir John
+                 Tenniel. 184 pages. 40 cents.
+
+  =Book IV.  Fairy Stories and Classic Tales of Adventure.= For fourth
+                 reader grades. With illustrations after J. M. W.
+                 Turner, Richard Doyle, John Flaxman, and E.
+                 Burne-Jones. 248 pages. 45 cents.
+
+  =Book V.   Masterpieces of Literature.= For fifth reader grades. With
+                 illustrations after G. F. Watts, Sir John Tenniel, Fred
+                 Barnard, W. C. Stanfield, Ernest Fosbery, and from
+                 photographs. 318 pages. 50 cents.
+
+  =Book VI.  Masterpieces of Literature.= With illustrations after Horace
+                 Vernet, A. Symington, J. Wells, Mrs. E. B. Thompson,
+                 and from photographs. 376 pages. 55 cents.
+
+  =Book VII. Masterpieces of Literature.= With illustrations after J. M.
+                 W. Turner, E. Dayes, Sir George Beaumont, and from
+                 photographs. 382 pages. 60 cents.
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
+
+  BOSTON    NEW YORK    CHICAGO    LONDON
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Heath's Home and School Classics.
+
+FOR GRADES I AND II.
+
+  =Mother Goose:= A Book of Nursery Rhymes, arranged by C. Welsh. In two
+      parts. Illustrated. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts
+      bound in one, 30 cents.
+
+  =Perrault's Tales of Mother Goose.= Introduction by M. V. O'Shea.
+      Illustrated after Dore. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Old World Wonder Stories:= Whittington and his Cat; Jack the Giant
+      Killer; Jack and the Bean-Stalk; Tom Thumb. Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Craik's So-Fat and Mew-Mew.= Introduction by Lucy Wheelock.
+      Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Six Nursery Classics:= The House That Jack Built; Mother Hubbard;
+      Cock Robin; The Old Woman and Her Pig; Dame Wiggins of Lee, and
+      the Three Bears. Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Ernest
+      Fosbery. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES II AND III.
+
+  =Sophie:= From the French of Madame de Segur by C. Welsh. Edited by
+      Ada Van Stone Harris. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Crib and Fly:= A Tale of Two Terriers. Edited by Charles F. Dole.
+      Illustrated by Gwendoline Sandham. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20
+      cents.
+
+  =Goody Two Shoes.= Attributed to Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Charles
+      Welsh. With twenty-eight illustrations after the wood-cuts in the
+      original edition of 1765. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Segur's The Story of a Donkey.= Translated by C. Welsh. Edited by
+      Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by E. H. Saunders. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES III AND IV.
+
+  =Trimmer's The History of the Robins.= Edited by Edward Everett Hale.
+      Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Aiken and Barbauld's Eyes and No Eyes, and Other Stories.= Edited by
+      M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes and C. M. Howard. Paper,
+      10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Edgeworth's Waste Not, Want Not, and Other Stories.= Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated by W. P. Bodwell. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20
+      cents.
+
+  =Ruskin's The King of the Golden River.= Edited by M. V. O'Shea.
+      Illustrated by Sears Gallagher. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Browne's The Wonderful Chair and The Tales It Told.= Edited by M. V.
+      O'Shea. Illustrated by Clara E. Atwood after Mrs. Seymour Lucas.
+      In two parts. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound
+      in one, 30 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES IV AND V.
+
+  =Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring. A Fairy Tale.= Edited by Edward
+      Everett Hale. Illustrations by Thackeray. Paper, 15 cents; cloth,
+      25 cents.
+
+  =Ingelow's Three Fairy Stories.= Edited by Charles F. Dole.
+      Illustrated by E. Ripley. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Ayrton's Child Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories.= Edited by
+      William Elliot Griffis. Illustrated by Japanese Artists. Paper, 10
+      cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Ewing's Jackanapes.= Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrated. Paper, 10
+      cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Carove's Story Without an End.= Fourteen illustrations. Cloth, 25
+      cents.
+
+FOR GRADES V AND VI.
+
+  =Lamb's The Adventures of Ulysses.= Edited by W. P. Trent.
+      Illustrations after Flaxman. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Gulliver's Travels.= I. A Voyage to Lilliput. II. A Voyage to
+      Brobdingnag. Edited by T. M. Balliet. Fully illustrated. In two
+      parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one,
+      30 cents.
+
+  =Ewing's The Story of a Short Life.= Edited by T. M. Balliet.
+      Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Tales From the Travels of Baron Munchausen.= Edited by Edward Everett
+      Hale. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes after Dore. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Muloch's The Little Lame Prince.= Preface by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
+      Ward. Illustrated by Miss E. B. Barry. In two parts. Paper, each
+      part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES VI AND VII.
+
+  =Lamb's Tales From Shakespeare.= Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart
+      Phelps Ward. Illustrated by Homer W. Colby after Pille. In three
+      parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, three parts bound in
+      one, 40 cents.
+
+  =Martineau's The Crofton Boys.= Edited by William Elliot Griffis.
+      Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Cloth, 30 cents.
+
+  =Motley's The Siege of Leyden.= Edited by William Elliot Griffis. With
+      nineteen illustrations from old prints and photographs, and a map.
+      Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.
+
+  =Brown's Rab and His Friends and Other Stories of Dogs.= Edited by T.
+      M. Balliet. Illustrated by David L. Munroe after Sir Noel Paton,
+      Mrs. Blackburn, George Hardy, and Lumb Stocks. Paper, 10 cents;
+      cloth, 20 cents.
+
+FOR GRADES VII, VIII AND IX.
+
+  =Hamerton's Chapters on Animals:= Dogs, Cats and Horses. Edited by W.
+      P. Trent. Illustrated after Sir E. Landseer, Sir John Millais,
+      Rosa Bonheur, E. Van Muyden, Veyrassat, J. L. Gerome, K. Bodmer,
+      etc. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Irving's Dolph Heyliger.= Edited by G. H. Browne. Illustrated by H.
+      P. Barnes. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Tempest.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Retzch and the Chandos portrait. Paper, 15
+      cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.= Edited by Sarah W.
+      Hiestand. Illustrations after Smirke and the Droeshout portrait.
+      Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Smirke, Creswick and Leslie. Paper, 15 cents;
+      cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.= Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand.
+      Illustrations after Leslie, Wheatley, and Wright. Paper, 15 cents;
+      cloth, 25 cents.
+
+  =Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.= Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated.
+      In four parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, four parts bound
+      in one, 60 cents.
+
+  =Jordan's True Tales of Birds and Beasts.= By David Starr Jordan.
+      Illustrated by Mary H. Wellman. Cloth, 40 cents.
+
+  =Fouque's Undine.= Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward.
+      Illustrations after Julius Hoeppner. Cloth, 30 cents.
+
+  =Melville's Typee: Life in the South Seas.= Introduction by W. P.
+      Trent. Illustrated by H. W. Moore. Cloth, 45 cents.
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary English
+
+  =Allen and Hawkins's School Course in English.= Book I, 35 cts.; Book
+      II, 50 cts.
+
+  =Allen's School Grammar of the English Language.= A clear, concise,
+      adequate book for upper grades. 60 cents.
+
+  =Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading.= A manual for
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+
+  =Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language.= Being Part I and Appendix
+      of Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading. 50 cents.
+
+  =Benson's Practical Speller.= Contains nearly 13,000 words. Part I,
+      261 Lessons, 18 cents; Part II, 270 Lessons, 18 cents. Parts I and
+      II bound together, 25 cents.
+
+  =Benson and Glenn's Speller and Definer.= 700 spelling and defining
+      lists. 30 cts.
+
+  =Branson's Methods in Reading.= With a chapter on spelling. 15 cents.
+
+  =Buckbee's Primary Word Book.= Drills in articulation and in phonics.
+      25 cents.
+
+  =Clapp and Huston's Composition Work in Grammar Grades.= 15 cents.
+
+  =Fuller's Phonetic Drill Charts.= Exercises in elementary sounds. Per
+      set (3) 10 cts.
+
+  =Haaren's Word and Sentence Book.= A language speller. Book I, 20
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+
+  =Hall's How to Teach Reading.= Also discusses what children should
+      read. 25 cts.
+
+  =Harrington's Course for Non-English Speaking People.= Book I, 25
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+
+  =Harris's Spiral Course in English.= Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 60
+      cents.
+
+  =Heath's Graded Spelling Book.= 20 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book I.= Practical lessons in the
+      correct use of English, with the rudiments of grammar. 35 cents.
+
+  =Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book II.= A carefully graded
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+
+  =Hyde's Practical Lessons in English.= Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 50
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+
+  =Hyde's Practical English Grammar.= 50 cents.
+
+  Hyde's Derivation of Words. With exercises on prefixes, suffixes, and
+      stems. 10 cts.
+
+  =MacEwan's The Essentials of the English Sentence.= A compendious
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+      advanced studies in language. 75 cents.
+
+  =Mathew's Outline of English Grammar.= With Selections for Practice.
+      70 cents.
+
+  =Penniman's New Practical Speller.= Contains 6500 words. 20 cents.
+
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+
+  =Penniman's Prose Dictation Exercises.= 25 cents.
+
+  =Phillip's History and Literature in Grammar Grades.= 15 cents.
+
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+      definition and use of words. 25 cents.
+
+  =Smith's Studies in Nature, and Language Lessons.= A combination of
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+      separately, 25 cents.
+
+  =Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition.= Practical suggestions
+      for work in grammar grades. 40 cents.
+
+  _See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics,
+       Supplementary Reading, and English Literature._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary Science
+
+
+  =Austin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy.= Detailed studies of 35
+      minerals. Boards, 88 pages. 30 cents.
+
+  =Bailey's Grammar School Physics.= A series of practical lessons with
+      simple experiments that may be performed in the ordinary
+      schoolroom. 138 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.
+
+  =Ballard's The World of Matter.= Simple studies in chemistry and
+      mineralogy; for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in
+      giving object lessons. 264 pages. Illlustrated. $1.00.
+
+  =Brown's Good Health for Girls and Boys.= Physiology and hygiene for
+      intermediate grades. 176 pages. Illustrated. 45 cents.
+
+  =Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy.= Gives in detail
+      descriptions of methods that will lead the careful worker to
+      successful results. 233 pages. Illus. $1.60.
+
+  =Clarke's Astronomical Lantern.= Intended to familiarize students with
+      the constellations by comparing them with facsimiles on the
+      lantern face. With seventeen slides, giving twenty-two
+      constellations. $4.50.
+
+  =Clarke's How to Find the Stars.= Accompanies the above and helps to
+      an acquaintance with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15
+      cents.
+
+  =Colton's Elementary Physiology and Hygiene.= For grammar grades. 317
+      pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.
+
+  =Eckstorm's The Bird Book.= The natural history of birds, with
+      directions for observation and suggestions for study. 301 pages.
+      Illustrated. 60 cents.
+
+  =Guides for Science Teaching.= Teachers' aids for instruction in
+      Natural History.
+
+     I. Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts.
+
+    II. Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts.
+
+   III. Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages.
+            Paper. 20 cts.
+
+    IV. Agassiz's First Lesson in Natural History. Illus. 64 pages.
+            Paper. 25 cts.
+
+     V. Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated. 32 pages. Paper.
+            30 cts.
+
+    VI. Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper. 30 cts.
+
+   VII. Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper, 30
+            cts.
+
+   XII. Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages.
+            Paper, 40 cents. Cloth, 60 cts.
+
+  XIII. Richard's First Lessons in Minerals. 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts.
+
+   XIV. Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts.
+
+    XV. Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper, 30
+            cts.
+
+   XVI. Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts.
+
+         Pupils' Note-book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts.
+
+  =Rice's Science Teaching in the School.= With a course of instruction
+      in science for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cents.
+
+  =Ricks's Natural History Object Lessons.= Information on plants and
+      their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen
+      lessons. 332 pages. Illustrated. $1.50.
+
+  =Rick's Object Lessons and How to Give Them.=
+
+    Vol. I. Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cents.
+
+    Vol. II. Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212
+            pages. 90 cts.
+
+  =Scott's Nature Study and the Child.= A manual for teachers, with
+      outlines of lessons and courses, detailed studies of animal and
+      plant life, and chapters on methods and the relation of nature
+      study to expression. 652 pages. Illustrated. Retail price, $1.50.
+
+  =Sever's Elements of Agriculture.= For grammar grades. Illustrated.
+      151 pages. 50 cents.
+
+  =Shaler's First Book in Geology.= A helpful introduction to the study
+      of modern text-books in geography. 272 pages. Illus. Cloth, 60
+      cts. Boards, 45 cts.
+
+  =Smith's Studies in Nature.= Combines natural history and language
+      work. 48 pages. Paper. 15 cents.
+
+  =Spear's Leaves and Flowers.= An elementary botany for pupils under
+      twelve. 103 pages. Illustrated. 25 cents.
+
+  =Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Reader, No. 4.= Elementary
+      lessons in geology, astronomy, world life, etc. 372 pages.
+      Illustrated. 50 cents.
+
+See also our list of books in Science.
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Elementary Mathematics
+
+
+  =Atwood's Complete Graded Arithmetic.= New edition. Work for each
+      grade from third to eighth inclusive, bound in a separate book.
+      Six books. Each, 25 cts. _Old edition_: Part I, 30 cts.; Part II,
+      65 cts.
+
+  =Badlam's Aids to Number.= Teacher's edition--First series, Nos. 1 to
+      10, 40 cts.; Second series, Nos. 10 to 20, 40 cts.; Pupil's
+      edition--First series, 25 cts.; Second series, 25 cts.
+
+  =Bigelow and Boyden's Primary Number Manual.= For teachers. 25 cts.
+
+  =Branson's Methods of Teaching Arithmetic.= 15 cts.
+
+  =Hanus's Geometry in the Grammar Schools.= An essay, with outline of
+      work for the last three years of the grammar school. 25 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Beginner's Arithmetic.= For first and second years. 30 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Primary Arithmetic.= Illustrated in color. 35 cts.
+
+  =Heath's Complete Practical Arithmetic.= 65 cts.
+
+  =Howland's Drill Cards.= For middle grades. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred,
+      $2.40.
+
+  =Hunt's Geometry for Grammar Schools.= The definitions and elementary
+      concepts taught concretely. 30 cts.
+
+  =Joy's Arithmetic Without a Pencil.= Mental Arithmetic. 35 cts.
+
+  =Pierce's Review Number Cards.= Two cards, for second and third year
+      pupils. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.
+
+  =Safford's Mathematical Teaching.= A monograph, with applications. 25
+      cts.
+
+  =Siefert's Principles of Arithmetic.= A teacher's guide. 75 cts.
+
+  =Sloane's Practical Lessons in Fractions.= 25 cts. Set of six fraction
+      cards, for pupils to cut. 10 cts.
+
+  =Sutton and Bruce's Arithmetics.= Lower, 35 cts.; Higher, 60 cts.
+
+  =The New Arithmetic.= By 300 teachers. Little theory and much
+      practice. An excellent review book. 65 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's New Arithmetics.= New Primary, 30 cts. New Grammar School, 65
+      cts. New Grammar School, Part I, 40 cts.; Part II, 45 cts.
+      Alternate Arithmetic, for upper grades, 00 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's Arithmetics.= _Two Book Series_--Primary, 30 cts.; Grammar
+      School, 65 cts. _Three Book Series_--Elementary, 30 cts.;
+      Intermediate, 35 cts.; Higher, 65 cts.
+
+  =Walsh's Algebra and Geometry for Grammar Grades.= 15 cts.
+
+  =Watson and White's Arithmetics.= Primary, 35 cts. Intermediate, 45
+      cts. Complete, in preparation.
+
+  =Wells and Gerrish's Beginner's Algebra.= For grammar grades. 50 cts.
+
+  =White's Arithmetics.= Two Years with Number, 35 cts. Junior
+      Arithmetic, 45 cts. Senior Arithmetic, 65 cts.
+
+_For advanced works see our list of books in Mathematics._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+Supplementary Reading
+
+_A Classified List for all Grades._
+
+
+  GRADE I. Bass's The Beginner's Reader                         .23
+      Badlam's Primer                                           .25
+      Fuller's Illustrated Primer                               .25
+      Griel's Glimpses of Nature for Little Folks               .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book I                              .25
+      Regal's Lessons for Little Readers                        .30
+
+  GRADE II. Warren's From September to June with Nature         .35
+      Badlam's First Reader                                     .30
+      Bass's Stories of Plant Life                              .25
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book I                              .25
+      Snedden's Docas, the Indian Boy                           .35
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature, Readers No. 1        .25
+
+  GRADE III. Heart of Oak Readers, Book II                      .35
+      Pratt's America's Story, Beginner's Book                  .35
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 2        .35
+      Miller's My Saturday Bird Class                           .25
+      Firth's Stories of Old Greece                             .30
+      Bass's Stories of Animal life                             .35
+      Spear's Leaves and Flowers                                .25
+
+  GRADE IV. Bass's Stories of Pioneer Life                      .40
+      Brown's Alice and Tom                                     .40
+      Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends                          .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book III                            .45
+      Pratt's America's Story--Discoverers and Explorers        .40
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 3        .45
+
+  GRADE V. Bull's Fridtjof Nansen                               .30
+      Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends                          .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book III                            .45
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Earlier Colonies             .00
+      Kupfer's Stories of Long Ago                              .35
+
+  GRADE VI. Starr's Strange Peoples                             .40
+      Bull's Fridtjof Nansen                                    .30
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV                             .50
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Colonial Period              .00
+      Dole's The Young Citizen                                  .45
+
+  GRADE VII. Starr's American Indians                           .45
+      Penniman's School Poetry Book                             .30
+      Pratt's America's Story--The Revolution and the Republic  .00
+      Eckstorm's The Bird Book                                  .60
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV                             .50
+      Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 4        .50
+
+  GRADES VIII _and_ IX. Heart of Oak Readers, Book V            .55
+      Heart of Oak Readers, Book VI                             .60
+      Dole's The American Citizen                               .80
+      Shaler's First Book in Geology (boards)                   .40
+      Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield                            .50
+      Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley                           .35
+
+_Descriptive circular sent free on request._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+AMERICA'S STORY
+FOR AMERICA'S CHILDREN
+
+By MARA L. PRATT.
+
+
+A series of history readers which present the personal and picturesque
+elements of the story in a way as attractive to young readers as
+romance, and which will supplement the regular instruction in history in
+an effective manner.
+
+Every statement of fact is historically accurate and the illustrations
+are correct even to the smallest details. Unusual care has been taken in
+these matters.
+
+These books are effectively illustrated in black and white and in color;
+are bound in attractive and artistic cloth covers; uniform in size,
+6-1/4 X 7-3/4; printed on extra heavy paper, in large type and contain
+about 160 pages each.
+
+  =Book I. The Beginners' Book.=                               35 cents.
+        A delightful story book, developing centers of interest through
+        picturesque and personal incidents.
+
+  =Book II. Exploration and Discovery.=                        40 cents.
+        The great explorers and discoverers from Lief Ericson to Henry
+        Hudson.
+
+  =Book III. The Earlier Colonies.=                            40 cents.
+        An accurate and fascinating account of the first settlements and
+        the 13 colonies.
+
+  =Book IV. The Later Colonial Period.=                        40 cents.
+        Settlements in the Mississippi Valley, The French and Indian
+        Wars, etc.
+
+  =Book V. The Revolution and the Republic.=                   40 cents.
+        The causes that led to it, the men who guided events, and
+        subsequent civil history.
+
+_Descriptive circular free on request_
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+AN ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+By ALLEN C. THOMAS, A. M.
+
+_Author of "A History of the United States," and Professor of History in
+Haverford College._
+
+
+The Elementary History is for the use of younger classes, and serves as
+an introduction to the author's larger History of the United States.
+
+Effort has been made to present such important phases of national growth
+as the difficulties and dangers of exploration, and how they were
+overcome by earnestness and perseverance; the risks and hardships of
+settlement, and how they were met and conquered; the independence and
+patriotism of the colonists, and how they triumphed; the effect of
+environment upon character; the development of the people in politics
+and government and in social life; and the progress of invention and its
+effect upon national development.
+
+Realizing the fascination that the personalities of our national heroes
+have for the young, the author has chosen those men who best illustrate
+the important periods in the making of our nation, and in a series of
+interesting biographical sketches uses their lives as centers around
+which the history is written. Thus the book has all the freshness and
+vitality, all the rapidity of action, and all the interest, of tales of
+patriotism and courage and untiring endurance, and yet preserves
+accuracy of fact and due proportion of importance of events.
+
+_Cloth. 357 pages. Maps and illustrations. Introduction price, 60
+cents._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston New York Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+THE HEATH READERS
+
+A new series, that excels in its
+
+  1. Interesting and well graded lessons.
+  2. Masterpieces of English and American literature.
+  3. Beautiful and appropriate illustrations.
+  4. Clear and legible printing.
+  5. Durable and handsome binding.
+  6. Adaptation to the needs of modern schools.
+
+
+THE HEATH READERS enable teachers, whether they have much or little
+knowledge of the art, to teach children to read intelligently and to
+read aloud intelligibly. They do this without waste of time or effort,
+and at the same time that the books aid pupils in acquiring skill in
+reading, they present material which is in itself worth reading.
+
+The purpose of the HEATH READERS is, _first_, to enable beginners to
+master the mechanical difficulties of reading successfully and in the
+shortest time; _second_, to develop the imagination and cultivate a
+taste for the best literature; _third_, to appeal to those motives that
+lead to right conduct, industry, courage, patriotism, and loyalty to
+duty. The larger purpose is, briefly, to aid in developing an
+appreciation of that which is of most worth in life and literature.
+
+The series contains seven books, as follows:
+
+  Primer, 128 pages, 25 cents.
+  First Reader, 130 pages, 25 cents.
+  Second Reader, 176 pages, 35 cents.
+  Third Reader, 256 pages, 40 cents.
+  Fourth Reader, 320 pages, 45 cents.
+  Fifth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.
+  Sixth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.
+
+_Descriptive circulars sent free on request._
+
+D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago
+
+|______________________________________________________________|
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+The following corrections have been made to the text:
+
+    Page 18, last line: Queen and the Prince."[added missing close
+             quotes]
+
+    Page 20, line 1: at the family altar.[added missing period]
+
+    Page 25, fourth line from bottom: [added missing singlequote]I am a
+             dyer,
+
+    Page 39, line 1: the great Buddhist[original has Buddist] teacher
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-Life in Japan and Japanese Child
+Stories, by Mrs. M. Chaplin Ayrton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILD-LIFE IN JAPAN ***
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