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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of How Girls Can Help Their Country, by
+Juliette Low and Agnes Baden-Powell and Robert Baden-Powell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How Girls Can Help Their Country
+
+Author: Juliette Low
+        Agnes Baden-Powell
+        Robert Baden-Powell
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2009 [EBook #28983]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW GIRLS CAN HELP THEIR COUNTRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was made using scans of public domain works put
+online by Harvard University Library\\\'s Open Collections
+Program, Women Working 1800 - 1930.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How Girls Can Help Their Country
+
+Adapted from
+
+Agnes Baden-Powell
+
+and
+
+Sir Robert Baden-Powell's Handbook
+
+1917
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1917
+
+BY
+
+JULIETTE LOW
+
+Transcriber's note: Italics are signified by underscores, _, and bold is
+signified by tildes, ~, around the words. In one spot in the text [=V]
+is used to describe a V with a line above it and [V=] signifies a V with
+a line below it.
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Part I.
+                                      PAGE
+
+HISTORY                                  1
+
+HOW TO BEGIN                             4
+
+LAWS                                     7
+
+SELF-IMPROVEMENT                         9
+
+
+Part II.
+
+MEMBERSHIP                              20
+
+QUALIFICATIONS FOR GRADES AND RANK      25
+
+ENROLLMENT                              27
+
+BADGES AND AWARDS                       29
+
+TESTS FOR MERIT BADGES                  31
+
+
+Part III.
+
+GAMES                                   48
+
+CAMPING                                 57
+
+SCOUTCRAFT                              68
+
+STARS                                   83
+
+GARDENING                               92
+
+
+Part IV.
+
+SANITATION                              94
+
+HEALTH                                  98
+
+HOME LIFE                              106
+
+
+Part V.
+
+FIRST AID                              124
+
+
+Part VI.
+
+PATRIOTISM                             136
+
+LIST OF BOOKS TO READ                  142
+
+INDEX                                  153
+
+
+Copies of this book may be obtained from Girl Scout National
+Headquarters, 527 Fifth Avenue, City of New York; price 30 cents,
+postpaid.
+
+
+
+
+PATRONESSES OF GIRL SCOUTS.
+
+
+MRS. PHILIP BROWN                New York
+"    ARTHUR CHOATE                 "   "
+"    POWERS FARR                   "   "
+"    SNOWDON MARSHALL              "   "
+"    HENRY PARISH, JR.             "   "
+"    THEODORE PRICE                "   "
+"    DOUGLAS ROBINSON              "   "
+"    SAMUEL VAN DUSEN              "   "
+"    LEONARD WOOD                  "   "
+"    WM. J. BOARDMAN             Washington, D. C.
+"    ALBERT BURLESON               "         "  "
+"    JAS. MARION JOHNSTON          "         "  "
+"    JOSEPH R. LAMAR               "         "  "
+"    RICHARD G. LAY                "         "  "
+"    OSCAR UNDERWOOD               "         "  "
+"    JOHN VAN RENSSELAER           "         "  "
+"    EDWARD DOUGLAS WHITE          "         "  "
+"    H. C. GREENE                Boston, Mass.
+MISS KATHERINE LORING              "      "
+"    LOUISA LORING                 "      "
+MRS. RONALD LYMAN                  "      "
+"    HENRY PARKMAN                 "      "
+"    WILLIAM LOWELL PUTNAM         "      "
+"    LAWRENCE ROTCH                "      "
+"    WILLIAM W. VAUGHAN            "      "
+"    BARRETT WENDELL               "      "
+"    ROGER WOLCOTT                 "      "
+"    WILLIAM RUFFIN COX        Richmond, Va.
+"    HUNTER MCGUIRE                "      "
+"    GEO. HYDE CLARK           Cooperstown, N. Y.
+"    HERBERT BARRY             Orange, N. J.
+"    THOMAS EDISON               "     "  "
+"    PHILIP MCK. GARRISON        "     "  "
+"    GEORGE MERCK                "     "  "
+"    B. PALMER AXSON            Savannah, Ga.
+"    GEORGE J. BALDWIN             "      "
+MISS ELIZABETH BECKWITH            "      "
+MRS. ROCKWELL S. BRANK             "      "
+"    W. W. GORDON                  "      "
+"    LOUIS W. HASKELL              "      "
+MISS HORTENSE ORCUTT               "      "
+"    NINA PAPE                     "      "
+MRS. FREDERICK F. REESE            "      "
+" SAMUEL DRURY       St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.
+" ORTON BROWN                   Berlin, N. H.
+" FREDERICK FRELINGHUYSEN       Newark, N. J.
+" WAYNE PARKER                     "    "  "
+" DOUGLAS GORMAN                Baltimore, Md.
+MISS MANLY                         "       "
+MRS. JAS. HOUSTOUN JOHNSTON     Birmingham, Ala.
+" WILLIAM S. LOVELL                 "       "
+" ROBERT C. ALSTON                  "       "
+" JOHN B. GORDON                  Atlanta, Ga.
+" CLELAND KINLOCH NELSON           "       "
+" JOHN M. SLATON                   "       "
+" CARTER HARRISON                 Chicago, Ill.
+" HERBERT HAVEMEYER                 "      "
+" CYRUS MCCORMICK, SENIOR           "      "
+MISS SKINNER                        "      "
+" FREDERICA SKINNER                 "      "
+MRS. MARK WILLING                   "      "
+" CHARLES G. WASHBURN           Worcester, Mass.
+MISS KATHERINE HUTCHINSON       Philadelphia, Pa.
+MRS. ROBERT LESLIE                   "        "
+" JOHN MARKOE                        "        "
+" ALFONSO MUNOZ                      "        "
+MISS ANNE THOMPSON                   "        "
+MRS. CHARLES DOBNEY             Cincinnati, Ohio
+" JAMES PERKINS                     "        "
+MISS JOSEPHINE SIMRALL              "        "
+MRS. ROBERT TAFT, JUNIOR            "        "
+" MAX HIRSCH                        "        "
+" G. S. RAFTER                  Washington, D. C.
+
+
+
+
+Part I
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF GIRL SCOUTS
+
+
+Girl Scouts, like Boy Scouts, are found all over the world. When Sir
+Robert Baden-Powell formed the first troops of Boy Scouts, six thousand
+girls enrolled themselves, but, as Sir Robert's project did not include
+the admission of girls, he asked his sister, Miss Baden-Powell, to found
+a similar organization for girls, based on the Boy Scout laws, with
+activities and occupations properly adapted for girls. She then founded
+the Girl Guide organization.
+
+In America, in March, 1912, the first patrols of Girl Guides were
+enrolled by Juliette Low, in Savannah, Georgia. In 1913, the National
+Headquarters were established by her in Washington, D. C., and Miss
+Edith Johnston became the National Secretary. The name Girl Guides was
+then changed to Girl Scouts because the object of the organization is to
+promote the ten Scout Laws: TRUTH, LOYALTY, HELPFULNESS, FRIENDLINESS,
+COURTESY, KINDNESS, OBEDIENCE, CHEERFULNESS, PURITY, and THRIFT.
+
+The movement then grew and spread in a remarkable way. The success of
+the movement is due, in a great measure, to the work of the National
+Secretary, Miss Cora Neal, who built up the organization during the most
+difficult years of its existence. In 1916, Headquarters were removed
+from Washington to New York, and the machinery for unifying the national
+work of the organization is now placed on an efficient basis.
+
+The training of Girl Scouts is set forth in the Handbook, written by
+Lieut.-General Sir Robert Baden-Powell and Miss Baden-Powell.
+
+Juliette Low obtained the rights of their book and, with the help of
+committees and experts from all parts of America, adapted it to the use
+of the Girl Scouts of the United States. It is impossible to train Girl
+Scouts without the Handbook.
+
+In 1915, a Convention of Girl Scout leaders from most of the large
+cities was held and a National Council was formed, composed of delegates
+from the cities or communities where more than one hundred Girl Scouts
+were enrolled.
+
+This National Council met in Washington, D. C., on June 10, 1915, and
+put the management of the business of the National Organization in the
+hands of an Executive Committee, composed of:
+
+    A President.
+    A Secretary or Executive Officer.
+    A Treasurer.
+    A Vice-President.
+    Chief Commissioner.
+    Six or more members of the National Council.
+
+The Duties of the Executive Committee are:
+
+    (1) To grant charters to the Local Councils of Girl Scouts.
+    (2) To manufacture and copyright the badges.
+    (3) To select uniforms and other equipment.
+
+At every annual meeting of the National Council there is an election of
+the Executive Committee. This committee has the power to cancel a
+charter.
+
+
+National Headquarters
+
+The National Headquarters has a staff of officers to do the work of the
+organization, holding their positions at the pleasure of the Executive
+Board. The National Secretary is appointed by the President and holds
+office at the pleasure of the President.
+
+Each city or locality has a Local Council of twelve or more members,
+according to the size of the community. These local Councils are under
+the direction of the National Council and obtain their charters from
+Headquarters. Where one hundred or more Girl Scouts have been enrolled,
+the Local Council has the right to send one representative to the
+National Council for the annual meeting.
+
+The salute is three fingers raised, the little finger held down by the
+thumb.
+
+[Illustration: _The Salute_]
+
+Handshake with the left hand while the right hand is raised in half
+salute--that is three fingers raised and held on the line with the
+shoulder. This is the salute given between one Girl Scout and another,
+and the full salute is when the fingers are raised to the temple on a
+level with the brow. This is given to officers and to the United States
+flag. (In saluting, the hand is always held upright, never in a
+horizontal position.)
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO BEGIN
+
+
+It is not intended that Girl Scouts should necessarily form a new club
+separated from all others. Girls who belong to any kind of existing
+organization, such as school clubs or Y. W. C. A.'s may also undertake,
+in addition to their other work or play, the Girl Scouts' training and
+games, especially on Saturdays and Sundays.
+
+It is not meant that girls should play or work on Sunday, but that they
+may take walks where they can carry on a study of plants and animals.
+
+Groups or bands of girls not already belonging to any club may be
+organized directly as a Girl Scout Patrol or Troop.
+
+
+How to Start a Patrol
+
+Eight girls in any town, school, or settlement may join together to form
+a Patrol. They should have a Captain who must be at least twenty-one
+years old. The Captain selects a Lieutenant, or second in command, and
+the girls elect a Patrol leader. The girls should be from ten to
+seventeen years of age. It is best if all the girls in each Patrol are
+about the same age. A less number than eight girls can begin the
+movement, but eight girls are required to form a Patrol. A girl may not
+become a Lieutenant until she has reached the age of eighteen, or a
+Captain until she is twenty-one. In Europe, Girl Scout Patrols are
+sometimes formed by grown women who wish to carry out the Girl Scout
+program of preparedness. Members of such Patrols are called Senior
+Scouts. Senior Scouts make the three promises and accept the Scout law.
+They are enrolled as Scouts but do not meet regularly in the same manner
+as girls' Troops. They are organized in classes to learn first aid,
+signalling, marksmanship, or any other subject of the Girl Scout
+program of training. Senior Scouts may well practice what they learn in
+such classes by teaching, for one or two months, Patrols of younger Girl
+Scouts. Thus they improve their command of what they have learned, and
+serve as an example to the younger Scouts, stimulating their interest in
+being prepared and especially in the subject taught.
+
+
+The First Meeting
+
+At the first meeting, the Scout Captain, who has previously studied the
+plan, principles, and object of the Girl Scout organization, explains
+the laws, promises, and obligations of the Girl Scouts to the members
+who are to form the troops. The names and addresses of the girls are
+recorded, the day set for the regular meeting, and the length of time
+for each meeting determined. Fifteen minutes may be spent on knot-tying,
+the Scout Captain first explaining the parts of the knot, and the
+requirements for knot-tying. Three-quarters of an hour to an hour should
+be spent on recreation out of doors.
+
+
+Succeeding Meetings
+
+The second, third, and fourth meetings should be spent in learning the
+requirements for the Tenderfoot tests. Each meeting should open with the
+formation of the troop in rank, by patrols, facing the Scout Captain.
+The first salute should be given to the Scout Captain, followed by the
+pledge to the flag, and inspection of the troop by the captain. After
+inspection the troop should break ranks and hold a short business
+meeting. Elections may be held at the second or third meeting for the
+patrol leader, corporal, secretary, treasurer, and any other officers
+the members of the troop may desire. The Scout Captain should instruct
+the troop how to conduct a business meeting, and explain the nomination
+and election of officers. Weekly dues may be determined, and some
+decision had on the disposition of the funds. After the business
+meeting, the work or the tests should be studied, and the proper time
+spent on recreation. Every meeting should have a formal closing as well
+as a regular opening. For the closing, the troop should line up as for
+the opening routine, and give the good-bye salute. A definite time
+should be decided upon for the examination for Tenderfoot Scout, and the
+examination held at that time. Every Girl Scout who passes her
+examination is then ready to be enrolled and to make the Girl Scout
+Promise.
+
+
+Girl Scout's Promise
+
+Each girl must promise on her honor to try to do three things:
+
+    ~1. To do my duty to God and to my country.~
+
+    ~2. To help other people at all times.~
+
+    ~3. To obey the laws of the Scouts.~
+
+She learns the salute and the secret sign of the Scouts.
+
+The Girl Scout Motto Is
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+_These laws are for the guidance of Captains, and the girls, although
+they learn the Law, are not allowed to make the promise to keep the Law
+until the Captain considers they are capable of living up to its
+spirit._
+
+THE GIRL SCOUT LAWS
+
+
+1. A Girl Scout's Honor Is to be Trusted
+
+If a Scout says, "on my honor it is so," that means that what she says
+is as true as if she had taken a most solemn oath.
+
+
+2. A Girl Scout Is Loyal
+
+to the President, to her country, and to her officers; to her father, to
+her mother, and to her employers. She remains true to them through thick
+and thin. In the face of the greatest difficulties and calamities her
+loyalty must remain untarnished.
+
+
+3. A Girl Scout's Duty Is to be Useful and to Help Others
+
+She is to do her duty before anything else even if she gives up her own
+pleasure, safety, or comfort. When in doubt as to which of two things to
+do she must think, "Which is my duty?" which means, "Which is the best
+for other people?" and do that at once. She must be prepared at any time
+to save life or help the injured. She should do at least one good turn
+to someone every day.
+
+
+4. A Girl Scout Is a Friend to All, and a Sister to Every Other Girl
+Scout.
+
+Thus if a Scout meets another Scout, even though a stranger to her, she
+may speak to her, and help her in any way she can, either to carry out
+the duty she is then doing or by giving her food, or as far as possible
+anything she may want. Like Kim a Scout should be a "Little friend to
+all the world."
+
+
+5. A Girl Scout Is Courteous
+
+That is, she is polite to all. She must not take any reward for being
+helpful or courteous.
+
+
+6. A Girl Scout Keeps Herself Pure
+
+in thought, word, and deed.
+
+
+7. A Girl Scout Is a Friend to Animals
+
+She should save them as far as possible from pain and should not kill
+even the smallest unnecessarily. They are all God's creatures.
+
+
+8. A Girl Scout Obeys Orders
+
+Under all circumstances, when she gets an order she must obey it
+cheerfully and readily, not in a slow, sullen manner. Scouts never
+grumble, whine, or frown.
+
+
+9. A Girl Scout Is Cheerful
+
+under all circumstances.
+
+Scouts never grumble at hardships, nor whine at each other, nor frown
+when put out.
+
+A Scout goes about with a smile and singing. It cheers her and cheers
+other people, especially in time of danger.
+
+
+10. A Girl Scout Is Thrifty
+
+This means, that a Scout avoids all useless waste of every kind; she is
+careful about saving every penny she can put into the bank so that she
+may have a surplus in time of need. She sees that food is not wasted,
+and that her clothing is cared for properly. The Girl Scout does not
+waste time. She realizes that time is the most precious thing any one of
+us has. The Girl Scout's time is spent either in useful occupations or
+in wholesome recreation, and she tries to balance these two
+harmoniously.
+
+
+
+
+SELF-IMPROVEMENT
+
+
+A Great Law of Life
+
+One of the most fundamental laws of life is that, in the natural course
+of things, the influence of women over men is vastly greater than that
+of men over one another.
+
+This is what gives to girls and women a peculiar power and
+responsibility, for no Girl Scout or other honorable woman--whether old
+or young--could use her influence as a woman excepting to strengthen the
+characters and to support the honor of the men and boys with whom she
+comes in contact.
+
+Kipling, in ~Kim~, says that there are two kinds of women,--~one kind that
+builds men up, and the other that pulls men down~; and there is no doubt
+as to where a Girl Scout should stand.
+
+This great law is nothing to make a girl feel proud or superior to men;
+but, on the contrary, the understanding of it should make her humble and
+watchful to be faithful to her trust. Many a boy has been strengthened
+in his character and his whole life made happier by the brave refusal of
+a girl to do wrong; while the opposite weakness has been the cause of
+endless misery and wretchedness.
+
+To gain and always retain the power to be a true woman friend to the men
+who belong in her own sphere of life is not always an easy matter for a
+girl, for she cannot do it unless she keeps a watch over her own faults
+and weaknesses so that the best of her is always in control. You can not
+fight for the right in the life of another unless you are first fighting
+for the right in your own life.
+
+The chief difficulty in acquiring this happy and cheerful dignity comes
+from _the desire to be admired_, which is a tendency inborn in the great
+majority of women. It stands in the way of their greatest strength and
+usefulness, because it takes away their real independence and keeps them
+thinking about themselves instead of about others. It is a form of
+bondage which makes them vain and self-conscious and renders impossible
+the truest and happiest companionship between men and women friends.
+
+"Be prepared," therefore, to do a true woman's full duty to her men by
+never allowing the desire for admiration to rule your actions, words, or
+thoughts. Our country needs women who are prepared.
+
+Prepared for what?
+
+To do their duty.
+
+
+Be Strong
+
+Have you ever stopped to think that your most constant companion
+throughout life will be yourself? You will always have this body, this
+mind, and this spirit that you call "I," but this body, this mind, this
+spirit are constantly growing and changing, and it is quite possible for
+the owner to direct this growth and change. In order to live well, in
+order to possess the joy of life, and to be helpful to others, a Scout
+needs to apply her motto "Be prepared" to herself. Strength and beauty
+should be hers in body, mind, and spirit.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The body responds very readily to proper care and attention. In fact one
+may have the kind of body that she wishes, if a beginning is made in
+youth, and a plan persistently followed. The joyful exercise of vigorous
+outdoor games gives the finest type of training to the body, and at the
+same time the player enjoys the fun. To be happy and merry has a good
+effect itself on the body, while being angry or morose actually
+saturates the body with slow poisons. The body and mind are very closely
+related. Things that are good for one are good for the other. A girl who
+develops a strong agile body, at the same time improves her brain. A
+girl with weak, flabby muscles cannot have the strength of character
+that goes with normal physical power. It has been said, that "health is
+the vital principle of bliss, and exercise of health."
+
+
+Be Helpful
+
+To make others happy is the Scout's first wish. When you come home from
+work or school turn your thoughts to those you love at home and try to
+see what you can do to lighten their burdens or cheer them. It is not
+beyond the power of a girl to make home peaceful and happy. Perhaps
+there are little ones to think of. They are quick to copy and every good
+action and kind word of yours may have an effect on them through their
+whole lives.
+
+DO A GOOD TURN to some one every day. That is one of the Scout laws. Tie
+a knot that you will have to untie every night, and before you go to
+sleep think of the good turn you did that day--if you find you have
+forgotten, or that the opportunity has not arisen that day, do two next
+day to make up for it. By your Scout's oath you know you are in honor
+bound to try to do this. It need be only a small thing. Help some one
+across the street or show him the way to the place he wishes to go. Aid
+a person overburdened with packages, or pick one up that has dropped.
+Any little thing of this sort will count.
+
+
+Habits
+
+"'Tis today we make tomorrow." One of our wisest men has said that each
+one of us is a bundle of habits. We are so made that once we perform any
+act, that particular thing is ever afterward easier to do. We tend to do
+the things we have already done. By selecting the right things to do and
+always doing them, we actually are making our destiny. Each one of us
+has her character made by her habits. Habits are repeated acts, and we
+may choose what our habits should be by choosing our acts. As Scouts we
+choose to be happy, loyal, helpful girls. As we practice the Scout laws
+they become a part of us.
+
+
+Modesty
+
+Girl Scouts have often been complimented for their modest bearing. One
+does not hear them talk about what they have done, or what they are
+going to do. They just do the thing and say nothing about it. They go
+about their business or pleasure quietly and gently, and never draw
+attention to themselves unnecessarily by behaving noisily and talking or
+laughing loudly in public. They should be particularly careful of this
+when in the company of boys or men. Girls and boys should be comrades
+and should never do anything to lose the respect of older men and women.
+
+Girls of good feeling should be especially careful to be modest in
+dress and deportment on social occasions. Unfortunately many girls who
+are perfectly innocent and unconscious, cause comment and are the cause
+of improper feelings being aroused among their companions. Girls should
+not risk, by their manner of dress or method of dancing, bringing
+temptation to others. It is easily possible for a girl to exert an
+excellent influence upon her friends by setting a proper example.
+
+
+Reading
+
+Wherever you go you will have the choice of good or bad reading, and as
+reading has such a lasting effect on the mind, you should try to read
+only good things. If you find that you are tempted by reading rubbish,
+it is easy to stop doing so. Once you know what your fault is you can
+fight it squarely. Ruskin says, "All your faults are gaining on you
+every hour that you do not fight them."
+
+The thing is, when there is danger before you, don't stop and think
+about it,--the more you look at it the less you will like it,--but take
+the plunge and go boldly in at it, and it will not be half as bad as it
+looked, when you are once in it. This is the way to deal with any
+difficulty in life. If you have a job, or if any trouble arises which
+seems too difficult to meet, don't shirk it--just smile, and try and
+think out a way by which you may get successfully through with it. Read
+in _AEsop's Fables_ how the old man advised his son that it was easy to
+break a bundle of rods, but only if you took them one at a time.
+
+
+Economy
+
+More women are engaged in housekeeping than in all the other professions
+and employments combined. This is a difficult profession and requires
+knowledge and training, if good results are to be secured. Housekeepers
+need to have a plan, and especially a budget of expenses. One of the
+chief duties of housekeeping consists in seeing that there be no waste
+of any kind. The efficient housekeeper prevents a waste of food, of
+light, fuel, and of every other item. The wise individual gives special
+care to preventing a waste of time on the part of herself and others.
+The real orderly Girl Scout has a place for everything and keeps
+everything in its place. She has a time for performing each of her
+duties and does it at that time.
+
+
+Thrift
+
+It seems easy to learn how to spend money, but it is an art to learn how
+best to spend. Scouts gain experience by being allowed to purchase for
+the company, also by keeping the accounts, and they should always keep
+their own accounts neatly. We have to keep accounts when we grow up, and
+it is well to get into the way of measuring our expenditure from the
+first. You will remember that one of the Scout laws is to BE THRIFTY.
+The girl who begins making money young will go on making it as she grows
+older. It may be difficult at first, but it will come easier later on,
+especially if you earn money by hard work. If you try to make it only by
+easy means you are bound to lose after a time. Any number of poor girls
+have become rich, but in nearly every case it was because they meant to
+do so from the first. They worked for it and put every penny that could
+be spared into a savings account. The history of the majority of the
+world's greatest millionaires is that they began life without a dollar.
+To become a first-class Scout a girl must have a certain amount in the
+savings bank before she can have the honor of receiving her badge. By
+saving only two cents a week at least a dollar a year is saved.
+
+
+Employment
+
+"Stick to it" the thrush sings. One of the worst weaknesses of many
+people is that they do not have the perseverance to stick to what they
+have to do. They are always wanting to change. Whatever you take up, do
+it with all your might, and stick to it. Besides the professions of
+nursing, teaching, stenography and type-writing, and clerking, there are
+many less crowded employments, such as hair-dressing, making flowers,
+coloring photographs, assisting dentists, and gardening. There are many
+occupations for women, but before any new employment can be taken up one
+must begin while young to make plans and begin collecting information.
+"Luck is like a street car; the only way to get it is to look out for
+every chance and seize it--run at it and jump on; don't sit down and
+wait for it to pass. Opportunity is a street car which has few stopping
+places."
+
+CHOOSE A CAREER: "Be prepared" for what is going to happen to you in the
+future. Try to master one trade so that you will be independent. Being
+punctual is a most important thing. This counts for a great deal in
+filling any kind of position.
+
+
+Be Observant
+
+In the early days of human development, centuries ago, the chief
+training men had was gained from fishing, hunting, and the other
+activities of savage life in the woods. This is a very valuable kind of
+training which city people miss. This knowledge of the woods, of animals
+and their habits, and of all the other phases of nature necessary for
+life in the open is called "Wood-craft." It is possible to train
+ourselves to be observant of nature and to develop a keenness of sight
+and hearing that are very valuable. It is a part of the duty of Scouts
+to see and appreciate the beauties of nature, and not be blind to them
+as so many people are.
+
+Try to see everything. Consider it almost a disgrace if, when with
+others, they see anything big or small, high or low, near or far, that
+you fail to discover. See it first if you can.
+
+
+Careers
+
+Well educated women can make a good income by taking up translating,
+library work, architecture, and many professions which formerly have
+been open only to men. In Russia, a municipal fire brigade has been
+commanded by a young woman. The medical profession offers a great
+opportunity to women. Nursing is more easily learned, and is of the
+greatest advantage at the same time, for every woman is a better wife
+and mother for having been a nurse first. Even so long ago as the first
+century women devoted their lives to the medical profession, as Zenais,
+a relative of St. Paul, Leonilla, and Hildegarde of Mont Rupert. Later,
+Nicerate, in 404, studied medicine and practiced with great ability.
+Fifty years ago no woman could become a doctor. Now it is within the
+power of any intelligent girl, through study and perseverance, to enter
+the medical profession, and even to rise to distinction and to honorable
+celebrity. Mme. Curie has done such wonderful work in chemistry, that
+the Academy of Paris has long debated whether she should not be made an
+academician for her discoveries in connection with polonium and radium.
+
+
+Study
+
+Each one of us has her own destiny in her control, and has her own
+personal problems in life to settle. Thus, we all need all the knowledge
+and wisdom that we can secure. Each one of us should be a student, ever
+growing in power of thought and in usefulness to others. Too many
+people think that education consists in memorizing all kinds of
+information exactly as it is put down in the books. What each one of us
+really needs is to have a mind that can think definitely and
+intelligently upon all the problems presented in life. It is possible
+for us to train our minds for this kind of useful and independent
+thought. In the first place we should select subjects for study that are
+of real interest because they bear upon some problem that concerns us.
+Whenever we begin to read a book, or undertake any topic of study, it
+should be done with a definite purpose in mind. Propose to yourself some
+question that you expect to be answered by this book, or by this
+subject. Do not be satisfied with the statement of one author, but also
+find out what other authors say, and what some of your friends think
+upon this question. When you have done this, try to arrange the
+different thoughts and statements according to a plan. Pick out the
+largest truth in the whole matter and arrange other statements or
+thoughts as they are related to this central one. Making an outline of a
+book is an excellent plan. Do not commit yourself entirely to the
+author's point of view, if it does not agree with your own. Each one of
+us has a distinct individuality and is entitled to his own views, to a
+certain extent. However, we should keep our minds open, ready to accept
+new truths as they are brought to our attention. Science and knowledge
+are constantly advancing, and what we believe now, we may find, some
+years hence, to be only a part of the truth. Thus, it is not necessary
+to memorize lessons and subjects until after we have thought out what
+the real meaning is, and arranged the whole subject on a definite plan.
+Then, we will usually find that we know the topic without having to
+memorize it formally. Finally we should try to put to use the ideas we
+have gained. The real value of ideas lies in making them serve us. When
+you have actually put into practice some bit of knowledge, you may then
+feel that it really belongs to you.
+
+In our work and study we need to learn to devote our whole attention to
+one thing,--to do this one thing with all the power that we have. Too
+many of us form a habit of dividing our attention, trying to carry two
+things in mind at the same time. This is a weakness that interferes with
+our success. If we are truly interested, we should put our whole
+attention upon the one matter and develop power of concentration.
+
+To make what has been said about study clearer, let us use an
+illustration. Suppose one of our Girl Scouts is fond of gardening. The
+family has no garden, and there is a vacant space in the yard that could
+be used for this purpose. She begins the reading of one of the farmers'
+bulletins on this subject, and has in mind, all the time, making a
+garden of her own. This object of making her own garden is her guide in
+the study. She wishes to learn what plants are best suited to her plot,
+which ones will give her the best return for the kind of soil that she
+has, and so, as she reads, she chooses for herself from the ideas that
+are presented. The whole subject is arranged in her own mind around her
+own plan of making a garden. After reading this bulletin she is likely
+to consult her friends who know anything about this subject, and to read
+other articles. Finally she puts into practice the notions she has
+gathered, and finds through actual trial whether they succeed or not. If
+she is successful in growing flowers and vegetables, the ideas have been
+put to a very practical and beneficial use. This girl will know a great
+deal more about gardening than if she merely read the book.
+
+
+Patriotism
+
+You belong to the great United States of America, one of the great world
+powers for enlightenment and liberty. It did not just grow as
+circumstances chanced to form it. It is the work of your forefathers who
+spent brains and blood to complete it. Even when brothers fought they
+fought with the wrath of conviction, and when menaced by a foreign foe
+they swung into line shoulder to shoulder with no thought but for their
+country.
+
+In all that you do think of your country first. We are all twigs in the
+same fagot, and every little girl goes to make up some part or parcel of
+our great whole nation.
+
+
+
+
+Part II
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERSHIP
+
+
+This Organization is Non-Sectarian and Non-Political
+
+Any girl over ten years old may become a Girl Scout and she may belong
+to other organizations at the same time.
+
+She first ranks as Tenderfoot or third-class Girl Scout, then, after one
+month, she becomes, after passing certain tests, a second-class Girl
+Scout, and finally attains the rank of first-class Girl Scout.
+
+After she has reached the age of eighteen, a girl can become a
+lieutenant, and when she is twenty-one years old she may become a
+captain if she has passed the first-class examinations. Girl Scouts'
+patrols in Europe are sometimes formed by grown-up women, who wish to
+carry out the Girl Scout program of preparedness, and these are called
+Senior Scouts.
+
+
+Grades
+
+    Tenderfoot
+    Second Class
+    First Class
+
+
+Officers of the Local Organization
+
+A Commissioner. The duties of a Commissioner are:
+
+To inspect companies and patrols and advise how to conduct them
+according to the principles found in the Handbook.
+
+To secure the harmonious co-operation of all the captains in the
+district.
+
+To be the authority for recommending the issue or the denial of
+captains' certificates before they are sent to Headquarters.
+
+To foster the movement generally throughout the district. (Where there
+is no Secretary, the Commissioner must organize the examinations for
+Merit Badges.)
+
+To forward the semi-annual reports to Headquarters.
+
+
+A Secretary. The duty of a Secretary is to be the local executive
+officer.
+
+She shall have charge of Headquarters and other property of the local
+organization.
+
+She shall have a general supervision of the captains and instruct new
+captains in their duties.
+
+She shall keep a record of all the troops, the names and addresses of
+the captains and the councilors of Girl Scouts, and such other
+information in regard to them as may be necessary for her work. She
+shall receive all the applications for Girl Scout captains' certificates
+and send these applications to Headquarters. Where a local council
+exists, all applications must be approved by the local council.
+
+She shall render a report at the regular meetings of the local board of
+councilors on the condition and progress of the Girl Scouts.
+
+She shall notify all the members of the annual, regular, and special
+meetings.
+
+She shall attend all the public meetings connected with the
+organization.
+
+
+A Treasurer. The duties of a Treasurer:
+
+She shall keep an itemized account of all receipts and disbursements in
+a book, and present a written report at the regular meeting of the board
+of councilors.
+
+She shall pay only those bills that have been signed by the Commissioner
+and Secretary.
+
+She shall make an annual report and produce the vouchers which shall be
+submitted to an auditor at least one week before the annual meeting.
+
+All the local organization's funds shall pass through her hands.
+
+
+A Captain. The duties of a Captain:
+
+The captain has the power to enroll Scouts and to recommend them to the
+local committee for badges and medals. She also has the power to release
+a Scout from her promise, and to withdraw her badges at any time, and to
+discharge her. A Scout who considers herself unjustly treated may appeal
+to the local council. Their decision shall be final.
+
+The captain must apply to National Headquarters for an official
+certificate. Her application must be accompanied by the names of two
+prominent citizens, and in places where a local council is established
+her application must be sent through the local council or court of honor
+and be endorsed by one member of the council.
+
+The qualifications for a captain shall be:
+
+A general knowledge of the Handbook for Girl Scouts.
+
+A full appreciation of the religious and moral aim underlying the
+practical instruction of the entire scheme of training.
+
+Personal standing and character such as will insure a good moral
+influence over the girls, and sufficient steadfastness of purpose to
+carry out the work with energy and perseverance.
+
+Age not less than twenty-one years.
+
+A captain is assumed to have passed the first-class Scout Test. She
+wears the all-round cords, if she prefers to do so, instead of putting
+on all the separate badges as the girls do.
+
+Captains may join the Red Cross or any other organization or club.
+
+Officers' certificates must be returned if the officer resigns or if the
+certificate is cancelled, as these are the property of the President.
+
+
+A Lieutenant:
+
+The duties of a lieutenant are the same as those of a captain in the
+absence of the captain. She is chosen by the captain to work with her,
+and must be over eighteen years of age. Lieutenants may wear captains'
+badges after passing the first-class test.
+
+A Patrol Leader is selected in each patrol by the girls themselves (or,
+if the girls desire it, by the captain). She holds her office for six
+months or a year. The girls are apt to select the right girl for the
+place.
+
+The patrol leader must be what her name implies, "A Leader," for she
+stands next to the captain and lieutenant, and takes either place in
+their absence. The patrol must not look upon her as a "Boss." This
+feeling must not enter into the patrol affairs at all, but the girls
+must remember that they have put her there, and they must do all they
+can to uphold her and support her in the work. If she is the right sort
+of girl no such feeling will arise. If a patrol leader gives an order
+that a Girl Scout does not like or think fair, the Scout must obey the
+order, but later on she may talk it over with her patrol leader. If,
+still, she is dissatisfied, she may go to her captain, who must decide
+the matter. If the patrol leader is not a good officer, the captain may
+reduce her to Scout rank and have another election.
+
+The patrol leader appoints one of her girls as a Corporal, who takes her
+place when she is absent, and assists her in keeping the patrol leader's
+books.
+
+The duties of the patrol leader are to call the roll and keep a record
+of attendance of her patrol.
+
+The patrol leader keeps a record of the dues. Patrol leaders' registers
+may be obtained at Headquarters.
+
+The patrol leader is responsible for leaving the club room in perfect
+order. She may have her corporal assist her in tidying up, or she may
+choose some girls to help her.
+
+
+Patrol Officers:
+
+Each patrol selects its own secretary or scribe.
+
+The duties of a secretary: To keep a record of what is done at the
+meetings; to receive and answer letters.
+
+Patrol Nurse. The duty of a patrol nurse is to take care of any
+accidents to the girls during a hike or a picnic. She should possess a
+first-aid kit.
+
+
+
+
+QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE THREE GRADES OF GIRL SCOUTS
+
+
+The Tests
+
+~A Tenderfoot~ (Badge, a Brooch) must be ten years old.
+
+Before making the Scout Promise, she must know:
+
+How to tie four of the following knots: reef, sheet-bend, clove hitch,
+bowline, fisherman's, and sheep-shank (see p. 68).
+
+The name of the Governor of the State and of the Mayor of the city.
+
+The History of the Flag, and how to fly it (see p. 135).
+
+The ten Scout Laws.
+
+
+~A Second-Class Girl Scout~ (Badge, worn on left arm) must have had one
+month's service as Third-Class Scout. She must pass the following tests:
+
+Must have made a drawing of, or cut out and made in cloth or on paper,
+the Flag of the United States.
+
+Know how to cook one simple dish, such as potatoes or a quarter of a
+pound of meat.
+
+Lay a fire in stove, or light a fire in the open with two matches.
+
+Make a bed properly, and know how to make an invalid's bed.
+
+Know her own measurements (see cards at Headquarters for details of
+measurement).
+
+Must know the eight points of the compass (see compass, p. 71).
+
+Must know what to do in case of fire (see p. 125).
+
+Must know remedy for poison ivy and what to do to prevent frost-bite
+(see pp. 134 and 135).
+
+Must know health habits (page 96).
+
+Must know how to work a button-hole, or knit or crochet, sew a seam and
+hem a garment.
+
+Must know Morse alphabet or semaphore alphabet.
+
+
+~A First-Class Scout~ (Badge, sewn on left sleeve above elbow, which
+entitles the wearer to go in for all-round cords) must have gained a
+Second-Class Badge.
+
+Must know how to set a table properly for breakfast, dinner, and supper.
+
+Bring a shirt-waist or skirt sewn by herself or equivalent needlework.
+
+Be able to describe how to get a specified place and walk one mile in
+twenty minutes.
+
+Must be able to dress and bathe a child two years old or younger (see p.
+122).
+
+Be able to pass an examination upon the first three chapters of the
+woman's edition of the American Red Cross Abridged Text-Book in First
+Aid.
+
+Must have knowledge of signaling and of semaphore code or International
+alphabet (p. 75), writing 32 letters per minute.
+
+Must have 50 cents in savings bank earned by herself.
+
+Must produce a girl trained by herself in tests, Tenderfoot Class.
+
+Know how to distinguish and name ten trees, ten wild flowers, ten wild
+animals, ten wild birds.
+
+Must know simple laws of sanitation, health and ventilation (pp. 111 to
+115).
+
+Swim fifty yards in her clothes or show a list of twelve satisfactory
+good turns.
+
+Show points of compass without a compass.
+
+Must give correctly the Scouts' secret passwords.
+
+The subjects for proficiency badges may be undertaken after a girl
+becomes a Second-Class Girl Scout, and the interest in her work is thus
+continuous. The badges for proficiency are registered and are issued
+only by Headquarters.
+
+
+
+
+ENROLLMENT
+
+
+Ceremony of Investiture of Scouts
+
+The ceremonial for a Tenderfoot to be invested as a Scout should be a
+serious and earnest function. The captain calls "Fall in." The patrol is
+formed in a horseshoe, with captain and lieutenant in the gap, and the
+American flag spread out. The Tenderfoot, with her patrol leader (who
+will already have taught her tests and knots), stands just inside the
+circle, opposite the captain. "Salute." All salute her. The lieutenant
+holds the staff and hat, shoulder-knot and badge, and neckerchief of the
+Tenderfoot. When ordered to come forward by the captain, the patrol
+leader brings the Tenderfoot to the center. The captain then asks: "Do
+you know what your honor means?"
+
+The Tenderfoot replies: "Yes, it means that I can be trusted to be
+truthful and honest"--(or words to that effect).
+
+Captain: "Can I trust you on your honor to be loyal to God and the
+country, to help other people at all times, and to obey the Scout Law?"
+
+The Tenderfoot then makes the half salute, and so do the whole company,
+whilst she says: "I promise, on my honor to be loyal to God and my
+country, to help other people at all times, and to obey the Scout Law."
+
+The captain then says: "I trust you, on your honor, to keep this
+promise."
+
+Whilst the recruit is making her promises aloud, all the Scouts remember
+their own promises, and vow anew to keep them.
+
+The captain orders: "Invest."
+
+The patrol leader then steps out, gives the Tenderfoot her staff, and
+puts her hat, neckerchief, and knot on her.
+
+She then marches up the line to the captain, who pins on her trefoil
+badge, and explains that it is her Scout's "life." If, for misbehavior,
+her trefoil or life has to be taken from her, she becomes a dead Scout
+for the time the captain orders--a day or a week--and is in disgrace.
+The badge may be worn at all times, but the uniform is worn only when
+the patrol meets.
+
+The new Scout is then initiated into the mysteries of secret passwords
+Be Prepared (said backwards). The captain orders: "To your patrol--quick
+march."
+
+The whole patrol salute and shoulder staves; the new Scout and her
+patrol leader march back to their places.
+
+These badges being the registered designs of the Corps, do not belong to
+the girls who have passed the tests.
+
+The equipment does not belong to the girl except by special permission.
+
+Any person wearing Girl Scouts' badges without permission is liable to
+be prosecuted according to law, and may incur a penalty. Offenses, such
+as people who are not enrolled saluting, outsiders wearing Girl Scouts'
+badges, or "Monkey" patrols wearing Girl Scouts' uniforms, must be dealt
+with by trial at a Court of Honor to determine the forfeit or penalties
+to be imposed on the culprits.
+
+Captains have the power to dismiss a Scout, and the badge and the
+buttons of her uniform must then be returned.
+
+
+
+
+BADGES AND AWARDS
+
+
+The Badge
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Girl Scout badge is a clover leaf, the three leaves representing the
+Girl Scout promises: (1) To do her duty to God and her country. (2) To
+help other people at all times. (3) To obey the Scout law.
+
+
+When to Wear the Badge
+
+A girl asked me what were the occasions on which she might wear her
+badge, thinking it was not for everyday use. The reply was, "You may
+wear your badge any day and any hour when you are doing what you think
+is right. It is only when you are doing wrong that you must take it off;
+as you would not then be keeping your Scout promises. Thus you should
+either take off the badge, or stop doing what you think is wrong."
+
+
+The "Thanks" Badge
+
+The "Thanks" badge may be given to any one to whom a Girl Scout owes
+gratitude. Every Girl Scout throughout the whole world when she sees the
+thanks badge, recognizes that the person who wears it is a friend and it
+is her duty to salute and ask if she can be of service to the wearer of
+the badge.
+
+[Illustration: The "Thanks" Badge.]
+
+The approval of National Headquarters must be obtained before a thanks
+badge is presented to any one.
+
+
+Medals for Meritorious Deeds
+
+These medals are granted only by Headquarters, or by the President on
+special recommendation from the captain, who should send in a full
+account with written evidence from two witnesses of the case.
+
+These are worn on the right breast, and are awarded as follows:
+
+
+Life-Saving Medals
+
+The Bronze Cross. (Red Ribbon.) Presented as the highest possible award
+for gallantry, this medal may be won only when the claimant has shown
+special heroism or has faced extraordinary risk of life in saving life.
+
+The Silver Cross (Blue Ribbon) is given for gallantry, with considerable
+risk to herself.
+
+[Illustration: Bronze and Silver Cross for Saving Life.]
+
+The Badge of Merit (Gilt Wreath. White Ribbon), for a Scout who does her
+duty exceptionally well, though without grave risks to herself, or for
+specially good work in recruiting on behalf of the Girl Scout movement,
+or for especially good record at school for one year in attendance and
+lessons is awarded when full records of such deeds accompany the claim.
+
+[Illustration: Gilt Medal of Merit.]
+
+
+How to Become a "Golden Eaglet"
+
+To secure this honor a Girl Scout must win fourteen of the following
+badges: Ambulance, Clerk, Cook, Child-nurse, Dairy-maid, Matron,
+Musician, Needlewoman, Naturalist, Sick-nurse, Pathfinder, Pioneer,
+Signaler, Swimmer, Athletics, Health or Civics.
+
+In examining for tests one of the Court of Honor should, if possible, be
+present.
+
+The Local Committee should be satisfied, through the recommendation of
+the girls' captain, that the tests were satisfactorily performed.
+
+
+
+
+TESTS FOR MERIT BADGES
+
+A girl must become a Second Class Scout before she is eligible for the
+proficiency tests. Merit badges are issued to those who show proficiency
+in the various subjects listed in this chapter. These badges are
+registered at Headquarters and are issued from no other source.
+
+The purpose of the various tests is to secure continuity of work and
+interest on the part of the girls.
+
+The girl who wins one of these merit badges has her interest stimulated
+and gains a certain knowledge of the subject. It is not to be understood
+that the knowledge required to obtain a badge is sufficient to qualify
+one to earn a living in that branch of industry.
+
+
+Merit Badges 1. Ambulance. (Maltese Red Cross.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain a badge for First Aid or Ambulance a Girl Scout must have
+knowledge of the Sylvester or Schaefer methods of resuscitation in cases
+of drowning.
+
+Must pass examination on first three chapters of Woman's Edition of Red
+Cross Abridged Text Book on First Aid.
+
+Treatment and bandaging the injured (p. 131).
+
+How to stop bleeding (p. 133).
+
+How to apply a tourniquet (p. 134).
+
+Treatment of ivy poison (p. 134).
+
+Treatment of snake-bite (p. 59).
+
+Treatment of frost-bite (p. 135).
+
+How to remove cinder from eye (p. 124).
+
+2. Artist. (Palette.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain an artist's badge a Girl Scout must draw or paint in oils or
+water colors from nature; or model in clay or plasticine or modeling wax
+from plaster casts or from life; or describe the process of etching,
+half-tone engraving, color printing or lithographing; or
+
+Arts and Crafts:
+
+Carve in wood; work in metals; do cabinet work.
+
+
+3. Athletics. (Indian Clubs.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain this badge a Scout must:
+
+1. Write a 500-word article on value of Athletics to girls, giving
+proper method of dressing and naming activities most beneficial.
+
+2. Be a member of a gymnasium class of supervised athletics or a member
+of an active team for field work.
+
+3. Understand the rules of basket ball, volley ball, long ball, tether
+ball, tennis and captain ball.
+
+4. Must be able to float, swim, dive and undress in water.
+
+5. Know and be able to teach twenty popular games.
+
+
+4. Attendance. (Annual.) (Badge, Silver Star.)
+
+Must complete one year of regular attendance.
+
+
+5. Automobiling. (A Wheel.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Must pass an examination equal to that required to obtain a permit or
+license to operate an automobile in her community.
+
+2. Know how to start a motor and be able to do it and be able to explain
+necessary precautions.
+
+3. Know how to extinguish burning oil or gasoline.
+
+4. Comply with such requirements as are imposed by body conducting the
+test for licensing drivers.
+
+
+6. Aviation. (Monoplane.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain a merit badge for aviation, a Scout must:
+
+1. Have a knowledge of the theory of the aeroplane, helicopter, and
+ornithopter, and of the spherical and dirigible balloon.
+
+2. Have made a working model of any type of heavier than air machine,
+that will fly at least twenty-five yards; and have built a box kite that
+will fly.
+
+3. Have a knowledge of the types and makes of engines used for
+aeroplanes, of the best known makes of aeroplanes, and of feats
+performed or of records made by famous aviators.
+
+4. Have a knowledge of names of famous airships (dirigibles) and some of
+their records.
+
+5. Understand the difference between aviation and aerostation, and know
+the types of apparatus which come under these two heads.
+
+
+7. Bird Study. (Bird.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To secure this badge a Scout must:
+
+1. Give list of 30 well known wild birds of United States.
+
+2. State game bird laws of her State.
+
+3. Give list of 30 wild birds personally observed and identified in the
+open.
+
+4. Give list of 10 wild birds sold as cage birds.
+
+5. Name 10 birds that destroy rats and mice.
+
+6. Give list of 25 birds of value to farmers and fruit growers in the
+destruction of insect pests on crops and trees.
+
+7. Give name and location of 2 large bird refuges, explain the reason
+for their establishment and the birds they protect.
+
+8. Tell what the Audubon Society is and how it endeavors to conserve the
+birds of beautiful plumage.
+
+9. What an aigret is, how obtained, and from what bird. (_Land Birds and
+Water Birds_, C. A. Reed.) (The Department of Agriculture has a number
+of bulletins on birds. See list.)
+
+10. What methods to attract birds winter and summer.
+
+
+8. Boatswain. (Anchor.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain a badge for seamanship a Girl Scout must:
+
+1. Be able to tie six knots.
+
+2. Be able to row, pole, scull, or steer a boat.
+
+3. Land a boat and make fast.
+
+4. State directions by sun and stars.
+
+5. Swim 50 yards with clothes and shoes on.
+
+6. Box the compass and have a knowledge of tides.
+
+7. Know rules of the road for steamers and power boats, also lights for
+boats underway. See Pilot Rules, Gov. Ptg. Office, Washington, D. C.
+
+
+9. Child-Nurse. (Green Cross.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain this badge a Girl Scout must:
+
+1. Take care of a child for two hours each day for a month, or care for
+a baby for one hour a day for a month.
+
+2. Know how to bathe and dress a baby.
+
+(Examination should be made with infant present, if possible.)
+
+3. Should understand care of children, have elementary knowledge as to
+their food, clothing, etc.
+
+4. Know three kindergarten games and describe treatment of simple
+ailments.
+
+5. Be able to make poultices, and do patching and darning.
+
+6. Know how to test bath heat and use of thermometer; count the pulse
+(p. 123).
+
+
+10. Clerk. (Pen and Paper.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Must have legible handwriting; ability to typewrite; a knowledge of
+spelling and punctuation; a library hand; or, as an alternative, write
+in shorthand from dictation at twenty words a minute as a minimum.
+
+2. Ability to write a letter from memory on a subject given verbally
+five minutes previously.
+
+3. Knowledge of simple bookkeeping and arithmetic.
+
+4. Keep complete account of personal receipts and expenditure for six
+months, or household accounts for three months.
+
+
+11. Civics. (Eight-point Star.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain this badge a Scout must:
+
+1. Be able to recite the preamble to the Constitution.
+
+2. Be able to state the chief requirements of citizenship of a voter, in
+her state, territory or district.
+
+3. Be able to outline the principal points in the naturalization laws in
+the United States.
+
+4. Know how a president is elected and installed in office, also method
+of electing vice-president, senators, representatives, giving the term
+of office and salary of each.
+
+5. Be able to name the officers of the President's Cabinet and their
+portfolios.
+
+6. The number of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the
+method of their appointment and the term of office.
+
+7. Know how the Governor of her state, the lieutenant-governor, senators
+and representatives are elected and their term of office. Also explain
+the government of the District of Columbia and give the method of
+filling the offices.
+
+8. Know the principal officers in her town or city and how elected and
+the term of office.
+
+9. Know the various city departments, and their duties, such as fire,
+police, board of health, charities and education.
+
+10. Be able to name and give location of public buildings and points of
+interest in her city or town.
+
+11. Tell the history and object of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+
+12. Cook. (Gridiron.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Must know how to wash up, wait on table, light a fire, lay a table
+for four, and hand dishes correctly at table.
+
+2. Clean and dress fowl.
+
+3. Clean a fish.
+
+4. How to make a cook place in the open.
+
+5. Make tea, coffee or cocoa, mix dough and make bread in oven and state
+approximately cost of each dish.
+
+6. Know how to make up a dish out of what was left over from the meals
+of the day before.
+
+7. Know the order in which a full course dinner is served.
+
+8. Know how to cook two kinds of meat.
+
+9. Boil or bake two kinds of vegetables successfully.
+
+10. How to make two salads.
+
+11. How to make a preserve of berries or fruit, or how to can them.
+
+12. Estimate cost of food per day for one week.
+
+
+13. Invalid Cooking. (A palm leaf.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. How to make gruel, barley water, milk toast, oyster or clam soup,
+beef tea, chicken jelly.
+
+
+14. Cyclist. (A Wheel.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Own a bicycle.
+
+2. Be able to mend a tire.
+
+3. Pledge herself to give the services of her bicycle to the government
+in case of need.
+
+4. If she ceases to own a bicycle, she must return the badge.
+
+5. Read a map properly.
+
+6. Know how to make reports if sent out scouting on a road.
+
+
+15. Dairy. (Sickle.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Know how to test cow's milk with Babcock Test (p. 119).
+
+2. To make butter.
+
+3. How to milk.
+
+4. Know how to do general dairy work, such as cleaning pans, etc.,
+sterilizing utensils.
+
+5. Know how to feed, kill, and dress poultry.
+
+6. Test five cows for ten days each with Babcock Test and make proper
+reports.
+
+
+16. Electricity. (Lightning.)
+
+To obtain a merit badge for Electricity, a Scout must:
+
+1. Illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical attraction
+and repulsion are shown.
+
+2. Understand the difference between a direct and an alternating
+current, and show uses to which each is adapted. Give a method of
+determining which kind flows in a given circuit.
+
+3. Make a simple electro-magnet.
+
+4. Have an elementary knowledge of the construction of simple battery
+cells, and of the working of electric bells and telephones.
+
+5. Be able to replace fuses and to properly splice, solder, and tape
+rubber-covered wires.
+
+6. Demonstrate how to rescue a person in contact with a live electrical
+wire, and have a knowledge of the method of resuscitation of a person
+insensible from shock.
+
+
+17. Farmer. (Sun.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Incubating chickens, feeding and rearing chickens under hens.
+
+2. Storing eggs (p. 116).
+
+3. Knowledge of bees.
+
+4. Swarming, hiving and use of artificial combs.
+
+5. Care of pigs.
+
+6. How to cure hams (p. 120).
+
+7. Know how to pasteurize milk (page 116).
+
+
+18. Gardening. (A Trowel.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Participate in the home and school garden work of her community.
+
+2. Plan, make and care for either a back-yard garden, or a window garden
+for one season.
+
+3. Give plan of her work, the flowers or vegetables planted, the size
+and cost of her plot and the profit gained therefrom.
+
+4. She must also supervise or directly care for the home lawns, flower
+beds; attend to the watering, the mowing of the grass, keeping yards
+free from waste paper and rubbish, to the clipping of shrubbery and
+hedges.
+
+This test is open to scouts already in the Girls' Garden and Canning
+Clubs throughout the country and a duplicate of their reports, sent in
+for their season's work, to the state agricultural agents, or
+agricultural colleges, in co-operation with the Department of
+Agriculture of the United States, may be submitted as their test
+material for this badge.
+
+_Farmers' Bulletins_, 218, 185, 195.
+
+
+19. Personal Health. (Dumb-bells.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To obtain a badge for personal health, a Scout must:
+
+1. Eat no sweets, candy, or cake between meals for three months.
+
+2. Drink nothing but water, chocolate, or cocoa for a year.
+
+3. Walk a mile daily for three months.
+
+4. Sleep with open window.
+
+5. Take a bath daily for a year, or sponge bath.
+
+6. Write a statement of the care of the teeth, and show that her teeth
+are in good condition as a result of proper care.
+
+7. Tell the difference in effect of a cold bath and a hot bath.
+
+8. Describe the effect of lack of sleep and improper nourishment on the
+growing girl.
+
+9. Tell how to care for the feet on a march.
+
+10. Describe a good healthful game and state its merits.
+
+11. Tell the dangers of specialization and over-training in the various
+forms of athletics, and the advantages of an all-around development.
+
+12. Give five rules of health which if followed will keep a girl healthy
+(page 96).
+
+
+20. Public Health. (U. S. A. Flag.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Write an article, not over 500 words, about the country-wide campaign
+against the housefly, and why, giving the diseases it transmits and make
+a diagram showing how the fly carries diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis
+and malaria. (See _Public Health Service Bulletins_ on these subjects.)
+
+(Also see page 117.)
+
+2. Tell how to cleanse and purify a house after the presence of
+contagious disease.
+
+3. State the laws of her community for reporting contagious disease.
+
+4. Tell how a city should protect its supplies of milk, meat and exposed
+foods.
+
+5. Tell how these articles should be cared for in the home. (See
+_Farmers' Bulletin_--"Care of Food in the Home.") (Also see pages 115
+and 116.)
+
+6. Tell how her community cares for its garbage.
+
+7. State rules for keeping Girl Scout camp sanitary--disposal of
+garbage, rubbish, etc.
+
+
+21. Horsemanship. (Spur.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot and gallop.
+
+2. Know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly, and how to groom a
+horse properly.
+
+3. Know how to harness correctly in a single or double harness, and how
+to drive.
+
+4. Know how to tether and hobble and when to give feed and drink.
+
+5. State lighting up time, city law.
+
+6. How to stop run-away horse (page 135).
+
+
+22. Home-Nursing. (Red Cross, Green Ring.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Must pass tests recommended by American Red Cross Text Book and
+Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of the Sick, by Jane A. Delaro,
+Department of the American Red Cross. These tests may be had from
+Headquarters, upon request.
+
+2. Know how to make invalid's bed.
+
+3. Know how to take temperature; how to count pulse and respirations.
+
+4. Know how to prepare six dishes of food suitable to give an invalid.
+
+
+23. Housekeeper. (Crossed Keys.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Tell how a house should be planned to give efficiency in housework.
+
+2. Know how to use a vacuum cleaner, how to stain and polish hardwood
+floors, how to clean wire window screens, how to put away furs and
+flannels, how to clean glass, kitchen utensils, brass and sinks.
+
+3. Marketing.
+
+Know three different cuts of meat and prices of each.
+
+Know season for chief fruits and vegetables, fish and game.
+
+Know how flour, sugar, rice, cereals and vegetables are sold; whether by
+packages, pound, or bulk, quarts, etc.
+
+4. Tell how to choose furniture.
+
+5. Make a list of table and kitchen utensils, dishes for dining-room and
+glasses necessary for a family of four people.
+
+6. How to make a fireless cooker, small refrigerator and window box for
+winter use.
+
+7. Prepare a budget showing proper per cent of income to be used for
+food, shelter, clothing, savings, etc.
+
+
+24. Interpreter. (Clasped Hands.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Be able to carry on a simple conversation in any other language than
+her own.
+
+2. Write a letter in a foreign language.
+
+3. Read or translate a passage from a book or newspaper in French,
+German, Italian, or in any other language than her own.
+
+
+25. Laundress. (Flatiron.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Know how to wash and iron a garment, clear starch and how to do up a
+blouse.
+
+2. Press a skirt and coat.
+
+3. Know how to use soap and starch, how to soften hard water, and how to
+use a wringer or mangle.
+
+
+26. Marksmanship. (Rifles.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Pass tests in judging distances, 300 to 600 yards and in miniature
+rifle shooting, any position, twenty rounds at 15 or 25 yards, 80 out of
+100.
+
+2. Know how to load pistol, how to fire and aim or use it.
+
+3. Or be proficient in fencing or archery.
+
+
+27. Music. (Harp.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Know how to play a musical instrument. Be able to do sight reading.
+Have a knowledge of note signs and terms.
+
+2. Name two master composers and two of their greatest works.
+
+3. Be able to name all of the 25 instruments in the orchestra in their
+proper order.
+
+4. Never play rag time music, except for dancing.
+
+Or, as an alternative:
+
+1. Have a knowledge of singing. Have a pleasing voice.
+
+2. Know two Scout songs and be able to sing them, or lead the Scout
+Troop in singing.
+
+3. Be able to do sight reading.
+
+4. Have a knowledge of note signs and terms.
+
+Or, as an alternative:
+
+1. Sound correctly on a Bugle the customary army calls of the United
+States.
+
+
+28. Naturalist. (Flower.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Make a collection of fifty species of wild flowers, ferns and grasses
+and correctly name them. Or,
+
+1. Fifty colored drawings of wild flowers, ferns or grasses drawn by
+herself.
+
+2. Twelve sketches or photographs of animal life.
+
+
+29. Needlewoman. (Scissors.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Know how to cut and fit. How to sew by hand and by machine.
+
+2. Know how to knit, embroider or crochet.
+
+3. Bring two garments cut out by herself; sew on hooks and eyes and
+buttons. Make a button-hole.
+
+4. Produce satisfactory examples of darning and patching.
+
+
+30. Pathfinder. (Hand.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Know the topography of the city, all the public buildings, public
+schools, and monuments.
+
+2. Know how to use the fire alarm.
+
+3. In the country know the country lanes and roads and by-paths, so as
+to be able to direct and guide people at any time in finding their way.
+
+4. Know the distance to four neighboring towns and how to get to these
+towns.
+
+5. Draw a map of the neighborhood with roads leading to cities and
+towns.
+
+6. Be able to state the points of the compass by stars or the sun, using
+watch as compass when sun is invisible.
+
+
+31. Pioneer. (Axes.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Tie six knots. Make a camp kitchen.
+
+2. Build a shack suitable for three occupants.
+
+
+32. Photography. (Camera.)
+
+1. Know use of lens, construction of camera, effect of light on
+sensitive films and the action of developers.
+
+2. Be able to show knowledge of several printing processes.
+
+3. Produce 12 photos of scout activities, half indoor and half outdoors,
+taken, developed and printed by herself, also 3 pictures of either
+birds, animals, or fish in their natural haunts, 3 portraits and 3
+landscapes.
+
+
+33. Scribe. (Open Book.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Must present a certificate from teacher of her school, showing a
+year's record of excellence in scholarship, attendance and deportment.
+
+2. Describe in an article, not to exceed a thousand words, how a
+newspaper is made; its different departments, the functions of its
+staff; how the local news is gathered; how the news of the world is
+gathered and disseminated.
+
+3. Define briefly a news item.
+
+4. Define briefly an editorial.
+
+5. Define briefly a special story.
+
+6. Tell how printer's ink is made.
+
+7. Tell how paper is made.
+
+8. Describe evolution of typesetting from hand composition to machine
+composition.
+
+9. Write 12 news articles (preferably one a month), not to exceed 500
+words each, on events that come within the observation of the Scout that
+are not public news, as for instance, school athletic events,
+entertainments of Scouts, church or school, neighborhood incidents.
+
+10. Write a special story on some phase of scout-craft, a hike, or
+camping experience, etc.
+
+Or, as an alternative:
+
+Write a good poem.
+
+Write a good story.
+
+Know principal American authors of prose and verse in the past and
+present century.
+
+
+34. Signaling. (Two Flags.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Send and receive a message in two of the following systems of
+signaling: Semaphore, Morse. Not fewer than twenty-four letters a
+minute.
+
+2. Receive signals by sound, whistle, bugle or buzzer.
+
+3. Or general service (International Morse Code).
+
+
+35. Swimmer. (Life-buoy.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Swim fifty yards in clothes, skirt and boots.
+
+2. Demonstrate diving.
+
+3. Artificial respiration.
+
+4. Flinging a life-line.
+
+5. Flinging a life-buoy.
+
+6. Saving the drowning.
+
+Requirements for examination must be sent to parents of candidate for
+approval. Approval must also be obtained from the family physician or
+some other doctor.
+
+
+36. Telegraphy. (Telegraph Pole.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Be able to read and send a message in Morse and in Continental Code,
+twenty letters per minute, or must obtain a certificate for wireless
+telegraphy. (These certificates are awarded by Government instructors.)
+(See p. 77.)
+
+[Illustration: Captain's Badge]
+
+
+
+
+Part III
+
+
+
+
+GAMES AND ATHLETICS FOR GIRLS
+
+
+The finest type of physical vigor is developed from playing vigorous
+outdoor games. This applies to girls as well as to boys. Games have the
+great advantage over drills and gymnastics that they are worth while for
+the fun alone. Play is a necessary and natural activity for every
+individual. Unless each one of us gives the proper share of her time to
+wholesome forms of recreation, she cannot be cheerful and happy, and
+thus she cannot influence those around her toward greater happiness.
+Each one of us should so plan each day that we shall spend at least one
+hour playing vigorous games outdoors. The younger girls should use the
+whole afternoon for play and recreation. No girl can become a normal
+woman without having had her share of joyful and active play.
+
+Girls nowadays are playing more and more, and growing stronger and more
+athletic. As a result they have better health and greater beauty. No
+beauty parlor can produce the perfect complexion and bright eyes which
+nature gives to the out-of-doors girl.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There are certain cautions which girls should use in practicing games
+and athletics. After they are twelve or thirteen, they should avoid
+sports like high or broad jumping, which cause a heavy jar upon landing.
+Girls should not compete in long distance running, or in games which
+call for violent and long-continued exertion. Basket-ball may easily be
+too severe if played according to boys' rules or for long halves. In
+such games there should be a gradual preparation for the competition. An
+examination of the heart by a physician is very desirable, before this
+type of game is played. Girls frequently overdo rope-skipping. No girl
+should jump more than fifty times in succession. Excessively keen
+competition under trying conditions frequently has a bad effect upon
+girls of a nervous temperament. Of course, girls should rest and not
+take part in active games when they are physically incapacitated. There
+are, however, a wide variety of games and sports in which girls may find
+both pleasure and profit. The ideal type of exercise for girls is found
+in swimming, walking and similar activities in which the exertion is not
+excessively violent, and which call for long-continued or repeated
+efforts. Girls excel in endurance in such sports.
+
+Team games are especially valuable for girls as they need the moral
+discipline of learning to efface themselves as individuals and to play
+as a member of the team. That is, they learn to cooperate. Among the
+team games suitable for girls are: field hockey, soccer, baseball played
+with a soft ball and basket-ball.
+
+Among athletic events that may be used for girls, are: short sprints,
+usually not over fifty yards, throwing balls for distance, relay races
+and balancing competitions.
+
+Walking is a delightful sport when done at a good pace, in the country.
+All girls are fond of rope-skipping and skating.
+
+Novelty competitions, in wide variety, may easily be invented to amuse a
+group of Scouts. The following will suggest many other variations: A
+short walking match, heel and toe. The distance may vary from twenty to
+one hundred yards or more. The same competition may be conducted going
+backward.
+
+Have all the girls take a prone position, face downward, hands and feet
+in a specified position. On a signal, get up and run to the finishing
+line. The usual signal is "On your marks," "Get set," "Go." There should
+be no movement whatever until the final signal "Go." Have the players
+hop backward or forward in a race. Various combinations of these will
+readily suggest themselves.
+
+Two or more teams of girls may find much fun in simple passing games.
+Arrange the teams in line, either seated or standing. Have them pass
+such an object as a bean bag, ball or stick in a specified way. For
+instance, if the girls are seated, one behind the other, the bean bag
+may be passed backward over the right shoulder with one hand, around the
+back of the last girl, and forward over the left shoulder. The game
+starts with the bag on the ground in front of the leader, and is
+finished when the leader replaces it there, after it has passed through
+the hands of each girl on the team. Be careful to see that there are the
+same number of girls on each team, and that the lines occupy, when
+arranged, the same space on the ground. Next let the players pass the
+bag backward overhead with both hands, and forward in any manner they
+like.
+
+The following variation will introduce an additional feature that makes
+the game all the livelier. Let the object be passed back to the last
+player who then runs forward and takes the place of the leading player,
+every player in that line moving back one position as this player runs
+to the front of the line. This is continued until the captain or leader
+has gone through every place in the line and run back to the front. The
+team whose captain gets to the front first, wins the game.
+
+Another stage of this game may be played by stretching a cord or rope
+across in front of the two lines, eight or ten feet high. As each player
+advances, the bag or ball must be thrown over the rope from the near to
+the far side, caught, and then thrown back. Any player failing to catch
+the object must make the throw over again. After she returns to the head
+of the line, the object is passed back to the last player in the same
+manner, and the game continues until the captain or leading player has
+passed through every position in the line, and come back to the front.
+
+A similar game may be played with a basket-ball and basket-ball goals,
+each girl being required to shoot a goal at one or both ends of the
+basket-ball court. In the woods or in camp a ring or hoop may be
+substituted for the basket-ball goal.
+
+Hundreds of such simple games are found in the books on games listed in
+the Handbook. A few of the more useful and popular games are described
+below.
+
+
+Three Deep
+
+Twenty-four or more players form a circle of pairs with space enough
+between the players (who stand closely one behind the other, facing the
+center of the circle) to allow the runners to turn and run in all
+directions. Two players on the outside of the circle and at a distance
+from each other begin the game. One of these is called the "tagger," the
+other is "It." She tries to tag "It" before she can secure a place in
+front of any of the pairs forming the circle. If she succeeds, roles are
+changed, the player who has been tagged then becomes the "tagger" and
+the former "tagger" tries to secure a place in front of some pair. But
+whenever the runner (the player pursued) has succeeded in getting in
+front of a pair before being tagged, then the hindmost (the last or
+third, in the respective rank) must take to her heels and seek to evade
+the unsuccessful "tagger" who now turns her attention to the new runner.
+In trying to evade a tagger the successive players may run in any
+direction, either left or right, outside the circle, but not pass in
+front of any one rank to another rank in such a manner as to induce
+wrong starts. A hindmost player may also form in front of his own rank,
+making the second player in such rank hindmost or "third." The play is
+always directed against the third or last of a rank, two players being
+the number limited to each place.
+
+(When classes of players in the beginning are too large the circle may
+be formed by rows or ranks of threes, instead of twos or pairs.)
+
+Expert players may form several circles and run from circle to circle,
+two pairs playing simultaneously. The above play may be varied in a
+number of ways.
+
+
+Day and Night
+
+The players divide into two parties, form in two lines, back to back,
+about three paces apart. One of the lines is named the "Day Party" the
+other the "Night Party." The leader has a disk painted black on one side
+and white on the other. (A coin may be used instead of the disk.) In
+front of each party is a goal. The leader throws the disk into the air.
+If the disk alights with the white side up the leader calls "Day." The
+"Day Party" then rushes toward its goal and the "Night Party" pursues,
+tagging as many players of the "Day Party" as possible. These they take
+back to their own line. The disk is thrown again, and the party whose
+side turns up starts for their goal as before. The game continues in
+this way until all the players on one of the sides are lost.
+
+
+Sculptor
+
+One of the players is chosen as the "Sculptor" and she arranges the
+other players in different positions and attitudes as statues. No player
+dares move or speak, for as soon as she does the sculptor punishes her
+by beating her with a knotted handkerchief or towel (the sack-beetle).
+After having arranged the players to suit her fancy the sculptor leaves
+the playground, saying: "The sculptor is not at home." No sooner is she
+gone than the statues come to life, sing, dance, jump and play havoc in
+general. On the return of the sculptor she counts, "One, two, three,"
+and any player who is not in her former posture at "Three" receives a
+beating with the knotted handkerchief from the sculptor. Should the
+sculptor punish the wrong statue all the players rush at her with
+knotted handkerchiefs and drive her to a goal previously decided upon,
+and the game is resumed with some other player as sculptor.
+
+
+Cross Tag
+
+Any player who is chased may be relieved by any other player running
+between her and the one trying to tag her. The latter must then run
+after the player who ran between, till she in turn is relieved.
+
+
+Dodge Ball
+
+Of any even number of players, half form a circle, while the other half
+stand inside the ring, facing outward. The players in the center dodge
+the ball, which, while in play, is thrown by any of those forming the
+circle. Those who are hit with the ball take their places among those
+around the circle, and have an equal chance at those remaining in the
+center. One is put out at a time. This is kept up until no one is left,
+in the circle, after which the players exchange places, that is, those
+who were in the circle now form around the circle, and _vice versa_.
+
+
+Kim's Game
+
+Place twenty or thirty small articles on a tray or table, or the floor,
+and cover with a cloth--different kinds of buttons, pencils, corks,
+nuts, string, knives, or other such small things. Make a list and have a
+column opposite for each player's name. Uncover for just one minute and
+then take each player by herself and check off the articles she can
+remember. The winner is the one who remembers the most.
+
+
+Morgan's Game
+
+Players run quickly to a certain bill-board or shop window where an
+umpire is posted to time them a minute for their observation. They then
+run back to head-quarters and report all they can remember of the
+advertisements on bill-board or objects in shop window.
+
+
+Scout Meets Scout
+
+Patrols of Scouts are to approach each other from a distance. The first
+to give the signal that the other is in sight wins. In this game it is
+not fair to disguise but hiding the approach in any way is admissible.
+You can climb a tree, ride in any vehicle, or hide behind some slowly
+moving or stationary object. But be sure to keep in touch with the one
+who is to give the signal.
+
+It is best that others should not know the Scouts' secret passwords, so
+one is given at a time in this book for those that can _search best_.
+
+
+Acting Charades
+
+may be indoors or out. A very good one is for two or three players to
+act as if they wanted some special thing that is in sight. The first who
+discovers what this is then selects some other players to act with her.
+
+
+Unprepared Plays
+
+Relate the plot of some simple play, after which assign a part to each
+of several to act out. Let them confer for a short time and then act it.
+This develops many fine talents and is one of the most useful games for
+the memory, expression, and imagination.
+
+A Scout always shakes hands when she loses a game and congratulates the
+winner.
+
+
+INVENTORY GAME. Let each girl go into a room for half a minute and when
+she comes out let her make a list of what she has seen. Then compare
+lists to find who has seen the most.
+
+TESTING NOSES. This is easiest with the competitors blindfolded. Let
+them smell different things and tell what they are. Also the objects may
+be placed in bags but this means much more work.
+
+CHASING AN OWL. Another good stalking game is chasing the owl. This is
+done in thick woods where one Scout represents the owl hooting at
+intervals and then moving to one side for a distance. Each pursuer when
+seen is called out of the game and the owl, if a real good one, may get
+safely back to her stump.
+
+TURKEY AND WILDCAT is played by the turkey blindfolded "going to roost"
+in some place where there are plenty of twigs or dry leaves to crack and
+rustle. At the first sound the turkey jumps. If not then in reach of the
+wildcat she is safe and another wildcat has a chance. This is sometimes
+very laughable for the turkey being blindfolded may jump right on the
+wildcat.
+
+FAR AND NEAR. On any walk, preferably in patrol formation, let each keep
+a list of things seen such as birds, flowers, different kinds of trees,
+insects, vehicles, tracks, or other "sign." Score up in points at the
+end of the walk on return to the club rooms.
+
+
+
+
+ATHLETIC FEATS
+
+
+The Palm Spring
+
+Stand at a little distance from a wall with your face toward it and
+leaning forward until you are able to place the palm of your hand quite
+flat on the wall; you must then take a spring from the hand and recover
+your upright position without moving either of your feet. It is better
+to practice it first with the feet at a little distance only from the
+wall, increasing the space as you gradually attain greater proficiency
+in the exercise.
+
+
+Foot-Throw
+
+Put a basket-ball between your feet in such a manner that it is held
+between your ankles and the inner side of the feet; then kick up
+backward with both your feet and in this manner try to jerk the ball
+over your head, catching it when it comes down.
+
+
+Hand Wrestling
+
+Two players face each other, feet planted firmly, full stride position
+apart, right hands grasped. Each player tries to displace the other
+player. One foot moved displaces a player.
+
+
+Sitting Toe Wrestle
+
+Two players sit on a mat facing each other, knees bent perpendicularly,
+toes touching opponent's. Pass stick under knees and clasp your hands in
+front of knees. When the signal is given, attempt to get your toes under
+opponent's toes and upset her.
+
+(An excellent list of games to be used while in camp will be found on
+page 440 of _Games for the Home, School, and Gymnasium_, by Jessie H.
+Bancroft. See, also, additional books listed under this topic in the
+Handbook.)
+
+
+
+
+CAMPING
+
+
+It is advisable that Patrols or Companies should have some place of
+their own at which to camp. Some small plot of woodland is easily
+secured near most any of our cities. At the beaches it is frequently
+impossible to secure the privacy desirable. The seaside is not easily
+fenced in. If you own your camping ground all desirable sanitary
+conditions can be looked after and buildings of a more or less permanent
+nature erected. Even a "brush house" in a spot which you are allowed to
+use exclusively is better than having to hunt a place every time you
+want to camp out. "Gypsying" from place to place is unadvisable.
+
+When you have your own camp, too, much better chances for study will be
+found possible. You will have your own trees, flowers, and birds to
+notice and care for, and a record of them is valuable even in a very
+limited space. Think of the beautiful work of White--_The Natural
+History of Selborne_.
+
+Name your camp by all means. Long ago we formed the habit of naming all
+our camps using by preference the name of the first bird seen there. Now
+we use the Seminole name. So we have our "Ostata" and "Tashkoka." Some
+of the names are too hard, though, for civilized tongues. "Mooganaga"
+for instance, might hurt somebody's mouth when she tries to pronounce
+it.
+
+When going into camp _never_ forget matches. When leaving camp I used to
+put all my spare matches into a dry empty bottle, cork it tight, and
+hide it. After many years I have found my matches as good as "new" where
+I had hidden them. By rubbing two sticks together one can make a fire
+without matches.
+
+Camping out is one of my hobbies. Walks and picnics are all very well
+as far as they go, but to get the full benefit of actual contact with
+Nature it is absolutely necessary to camp out. That does not mean
+sleeping on wet bare ground but just living comfortably out of doors,
+where every breath of heaven can reach you and all wild things are in
+easy reach. A camp can be easily planned within daily reach of many of
+our large cities but should be far enough to escape city sounds and
+smells. It is not a camp, however, if it is where a stream of strangers
+can pass by at any time of the day or night within sight and hearing.
+
+Water is a supreme requisite at any camp. Water to swim in may be
+dispensed with in extreme cases, but you can't carry your water with you
+and have a comfortable time. I have been where I had to do it so I know
+how it is. Also I have had to dig water out of the ground. That is not
+an easy operation so be sure and camp near a well or spring. Wood, too,
+you will want and it must be dry. Don't try to cook with fat pine. It's
+all right to kindle with but not for cooking. Your bacon fried over it
+will be as fine eating as a porous plaster. Fry your potatoes. If you
+must roast them dig a hole in the ashes and cover them deep. Then go
+away and forget them. Let some one else come along and cook all sorts of
+things on top of them. When you come back rake them out of the ashes and
+astonish every one.
+
+Be sure your cooking fire is not too big. You must be able to get up to
+it comfortably close without scorching your face. Start a small fire and
+feed it as required with small dry twigs. Cooking over an outdoor fire
+is a fine art and has to be studied carefully. It should be called
+almost a post-graduate course in the camp studies. Of course the regular
+camp-fire can be made as big and smoky as you like. Smoke is fine to
+watch but not to breathe. Even the mosquitoes dislike it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Roughing it is all very fine to talk about, but it is best to make your
+camp as comfortable as possible. The ground is good to sleep upon but
+not stones and sticks. It's really astonishing how big a stick, no
+longer than your finger, can grow in one night. Take my word for it and
+don't try it. It won't pay. A hammock is my preference but a cot is
+about as good. On a pinch twigs and grass are not to be despised. Moss
+is apt to be moist but there is no possible objection to clean dry sand.
+
+Be sure not to let your fire get away from you and spread. Besides the
+damage to trees and fences that it may do it is impossible to tell what
+suffering it may cause to animal life. So, be very careful.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To prevent forest fires Congress passed the law approved May 5, 1900,
+which--
+
+    ~Forbids setting fire to the woods, and~
+    ~Forbids leaving any fires unextinguished.~
+
+When you leave your camp clean up. Fragments of food--not pickles--can
+be put up somewhere for the birds. At some of our camps we have regular
+places to feed the birds and they get to know what time to come there.
+Here in the woods my wrens have established for themselves the hour of
+sunrise, and it is partly to escape their scolding for neglect that I
+get up with the sun. Mrs. Jenny scolds furiously but for actual singing
+she can beat any bird in the woods.
+
+Perhaps you notice that we have said nothing about snakes. Now it is
+really a very rare thing to see a snake in the woods. You have to look
+very carefully to find them, for they seem to be about the most timid of
+all creatures. So far as danger from poisonous snakes is concerned you
+are in much more danger from the driver of a dray than from a snake.
+Take our word for it, snakes are much more afraid of you than you are
+of them. Give them the least little bit of a chance and they will be out
+of the way before you can see them. A gorged snake--that is one that has
+just taken a full meal--may be sluggish but in a majority of cases he
+will crawl away and hide in some secure place till the process of
+digestion is over. Do not go near a tub if you are afraid of water for
+you can get drowned in it about as easy as you can get bitten by a snake
+in the woods and to wind up the subject, not one-tenth of the people who
+get snake bitten, die from it. A very few do die but most of them die
+from the bad treatment they receive afterwards. The "deadly auto" will
+not get out of your way but all snakes will.
+
+Once in a while you may find clinging in a low bush a pretty little
+green snake. It will readily submit to being handled and is perfectly
+harmless. We have found these snakes useful in the house to kill flies.
+The harmless snakes are the brown snake, the common banded moccasin, the
+black mountain snake, the green snake. The garter and ring-necked snakes
+wear Eve's wedding-ring as a collar. They cannot hurt and they eat up
+quantities of insects, but beware of the yellow and brown rattlesnakes,
+especially after rainy weather, for it is said that after wet weather
+they cannot make any noise with their rattles and therefore you are not
+warned of their presence. The most deadly snake, the moccasin, is
+brownish with a flat head.
+
+The green lizards, too, will almost rid a house of flies if left to
+wander about at will. The fence lizard, a scaly alligator looking chap,
+is just as useful but never gets tame.
+
+Try petting a toad some time. He will get to be quite at home in a
+garden and pay well, for he will eat all kinds of destructive insects.
+Some gardeners buy toads, paying as high as a quarter apiece, for they
+know how much good they can do. A toad digs his hole backwards. Watch
+him and see the fun. In the spring if there is water near he may be
+induced to sing to you. If you think he is slow and clumsy you have only
+to see how quick he can catch a fly.
+
+
+Provisioning a Camp
+
+This should be a matter of mature consideration. Unless there is some
+place near by where deficiencies can be supplied your camp may be a
+misery instead of a pleasure. Have lists made out of the things each is
+to bring, if it is to be a cooperative affair. It may be best to have a
+committee, even if it is a committee of one, to do all the buying. But
+even in this case individual tastes must be consulted. A full list
+should be made out and strictly adhered to. At one camp where each
+brought what she thought best there were six cans of soup, four pounds
+of sugar, and no tea or coffee.
+
+Canned goods are all very well if you do not have to carry them too far.
+So too are potatoes. For lightness on long trips, dried fruits and meal
+or grits are a wise selection. Oatmeal is light and easy to cook.
+Prepared batter-cake flour is a pure joy to the camp cook. Once when
+camping in the mountains we had unexpected difficulties. We were at such
+an elevation that water boiled at too low a temperature to cook many
+things "done," so the frying-pan there reigned supreme. As to that same
+frying-pan be sure to select the "long handled kind." If not you will
+have to splice out the handle with a long stick. Never pack up your
+"unwetables" in paper bags. At any time a shower or even a heavy dew at
+night may make you run short on salt, sugar, or flour. Covered tin cans
+are too cheap to make it necessary to run any such risks. Have a lantern
+and oil of course. Candles blow out too easily to be of much use. For
+sudden calls for a light the pocket electric affair is very good and
+cheap. Keep it standing up. The batteries waste quite fast if it is left
+down on the side.
+
+The quantity of provisions to be taken depends on the length of stay.
+Consult any good military or naval ration list and a very good guess can
+be made. They all seem to lay stress on beans which certainly are very
+good if you have the "Boston" appetite.
+
+Keep your camp clean. Keep it in order. Let your motto be, "Tidy as you
+go." It is as bad to have to hunt for a thing you want in camp as it is
+at home and particularly exasperating if, when you have found it, you
+must wash it before using. "A place for everything and that place
+anywhere" is a bad camp rule, though it does sound as if it was a real
+easy way of disposing of the matter. Dig a hole to throw slops in and do
+not let them "fly" on the ground. You may want to sit down right there.
+Whatever the birds will eat should be put aside for them. All other
+scraps and things that may become offensive _must_ be buried. Don't
+start to breed flies or fever. When near the water some part of this
+rule may be dispensed with in favor of the fish and crabs. They may be
+judiciously baited up, but if you are going to fish for them see that
+they are not overfed.
+
+There are times and seasons when wild fruits and berries are a most
+welcome addition to the camp fare, but unless you are perfectly sure of
+the supply do not reckon on them too much in making up your provision
+list. Better let them be a sort of joyful surprise. So too of fish and
+game. "Don't count your chickens before they are hatched." Fresh smilax
+shoots can scarcely be told from asparagus. Palmetto cabbage well cooked
+is fine; poorly prepared it is vile. Let some one that knows about these
+things "do" them for you.
+
+The "gipsy kettle" is picturesque and only picturesque. Drive a stout
+crotched stake on each side of the fire and put a stout stick across
+them. Use strong wire hooks--S-shaped on which to hang pots over the
+fire. If hung through the handle on the stick they are apt to boil over
+and put out the fire before you know it. They may be quickly lifted from
+the wire hooks as soon as they begin to look dangerous. Even the
+coffee-pot may be rigged with a wire handle by which to be hung. Wire
+and string are our special hobbies in camp. Fan a fire instead of
+blowing it. Your breath has lost most of its combustible gas. A tin or
+wooden plate makes a good fan. Put away dry kindling every night. You
+don't know what sort of weather it will be tomorrow.
+
+Use all precaution against your fire spreading. This is particularly
+necessary where there are tents. A dry tent will almost "whisk" up in
+smoke if the fire catches it. Rake dry leaves well away from about the
+fire. It may be best sometimes to make "a burn" round the camp. Do this
+a little at a time beating out all traces of the fire in the part burnt
+over. Be in no hurry about this but be thorough. Leave no smouldering
+embers or chunks of rotten wood smoking behind you. Burn clean as you
+go.
+
+
+Camp Oven
+
+The camp kitchen or camp oven is made with two lines of soda bricks,
+stones, or thick logs flattened at the top, about six feet long,
+slightly splayed from each other, being four inches apart at one end and
+eight inches at the other. The big end should be towards the wind, so
+that a sort of tunnel is formed in the big end at windward. Start your
+fire and the draught will carry the heat along the tunnel.
+
+
+Daily Routine in Camp
+
+_Have a set of general orders posted every morning. There should be one
+officer of the day and one orderly. These will be appointed in turn. The
+general order should be read before breakfast and include all duties and
+so far as possible the excursions and games for the day. In appointing
+cooks and details for the various duties be sure not to work the
+"willing horse" too hard but let all share as much alike as possible.
+Some will always want to volunteer too often and some will try to avoid
+certain duties distasteful to themselves or "swap" with others. This
+should not be allowed but helping must never be barred completely.
+Inspect camp personally at least once a day and call attention to
+shortcomings kindly without chiding. You can help your girls to help
+themselves. A "driver" in camp is sure to breed hard feelings and cause
+discontent. The camp is a hard school for the instructor. One of the
+necessary laws in a camp is that after lights are out at night, no one
+must speak. Silence should reign._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In some places mosquitoes are very troublesome. Oil of citronella will
+drive them away for a time but a "smudge" may be necessary. They won't
+stay in smoke or wind, so hunt the breeze. There are some other flies
+just as bad to which the same treatment may be applied. "Black-flies" of
+the northern woods are about the worst insect pest in America, though
+the mosquitoes in some parts of the South, are nearly as bad. In some of
+the coast regions, too, there is a species of "sand-fly" or midge that
+is exceedingly annoying, but all of these are readily controlled by the
+"smudge." This is a steady smoke not necessarily of an ill-smelling
+nature. One of the very best materials for a "smudge" is green cedar
+branches. They need some pretty hot coals to keep them smouldering but
+are very effective.
+
+Very few accidents need happen in camp. But still it may be a wise
+precaution to go over with each patrol, before the camping trip, some
+simple exercise in bandaging and other "First Aid" exercises. In a book
+of the scope of this one it is not possible to give a full course of
+instruction in such matters, so it seems best to make only casual
+mention and leave details to the judgment of the patrol leaders and
+captains.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If any boating is to be a part of the program they should inform
+themselves carefully which of their patrol can swim and just how expert
+they are. Also instruct in methods of throwing things to a drowning
+person or one who has just met with some mishap in a boat--such for
+instance as losing an oar. A board or a plank should not be thrown
+toward a person in the water but launched toward them. When adrift in an
+unmanageable boat cast anchor and wait for assistance. _Never rock a
+boat for fun._ A Scout who so far forgets herself as to do such a
+foolhardy act should be forbidden to go into a boat again for some time
+as a punishment. Most drowning accidents are from some such _fun_. It is
+_sin_--not _fun_.
+
+When bathing obey strictly all orders regarding distance to be ventured
+and other rules. You may think they are mere summary restrictions but
+you are probably not the best judge.
+
+Last summer a party of boys were bathing. Contrary to orders they
+scattered apart instead of keeping close together. While the Captain's
+back was turned looking after the smaller boys, some of the big boys
+began to dare each other to go farther and farther out. When the Captain
+blew the whistle for them some still persisted in swimming away from the
+beach and one of them was drowned. And to make it still worse he drowned
+in shallow water where, if he had only known or had kept his wits about
+him, he could have waded ashore.
+
+
+Camp Orders
+
+_In going into camp it is essential to have a few "Standing Orders"
+published, which may be added to from time to time, if necessary. These
+should be carefully explained to patrol leaders, who should then be held
+fully responsible for their Scouts carrying them out exactly._
+
+_Such orders might point out that each patrol will camp separately from
+the others, and that there will be a comparison between the respective
+camps as to cleanliness and good order of tents and surrounding
+ground._
+
+_Patrol leaders to report on the good or indifferent work of their
+Scouts, which will be recorded in the Captain's book of marks._
+
+_Bathing should be under strict supervision to prevent non-swimmers
+getting into dangerous water. No girl must bathe when not well._
+
+_Bathing picket of two good swimmers will be on duty while bathing is
+going on, and ready to help any girl in distress. This picket will be in
+the boat with bathing costume and overcoat on. They may bathe only when
+the general bathing is over and the last of the bathers has left the
+water. If bathing in the surf, a stake should be driven into the sand on
+the beach and a rope securely fastened to the stake so that non-swimmers
+can hold on to the rope in the water._
+
+_Orders as to what is to be done in case of fire alarm._
+
+_Orders as to boundaries, grounds to be worked over, damages to fences,
+property, good drinking water, etc._
+
+_No Scout allowed out of bounds without leave._
+
+_No lads allowed inside bounds without leave._
+
+
+Camping Equipment Necessary for One Week or Longer
+
+    1 Transport wagon.
+    2 Tents for girls.
+    1 Tent for officer.
+    3 Mallets and sufficient tent-pegs.
+    2 Blankets for each Scout.
+    2 Blankets for officer.
+    1 Kit bag each (2 ft. by 1 ft. or bigger).
+    8 Waterproof ground sheets.
+    3 Buckets.
+    3 Hurricane lamps.
+    2 Balls of twine (medium).
+    1 Spade.
+    1 Hatchet.
+
+
+Kitchen Equipment
+
+    Bowls.
+    2 Saucepans.
+    1 Large frying pan.
+    Kettle.
+    Gridiron.
+    Butcher knife.
+    Kitchen fork.
+    Spoons, ladles, and tea strainer.
+    Six tea cloths.
+    Cleaning rags.
+    Chopping board and knife.
+    Kitchen soap and scouring powder.
+    1 Dish pan.
+
+
+Clothing and Equipment for Each Scout
+
+    1 Set of underwear, cotton flannel nightgown, and lisle or
+      cotton stockings for each week. Do not take silk stockings.
+    1 Dress besides Scout uniform.
+    1 Pair heavy shoes.
+    1 Pair rubbers.
+    3 Handkerchiefs.
+    1 Apron.
+    1 Sweater or coat.
+    Hairbrush and comb and tooth-brush.
+    3 Towels.
+    Haversack.
+    2 Pillow-cases.
+    Soap and wash rag or sponge.
+    Bathing suit.
+    1 Plate.
+    1 Cup and saucer.
+    "Hussif" fitted with needles, thread, scissors.
+    Paper pad and envelopes and pencil.
+    Knife and fork.
+    Teaspoon and large spoon.
+    2 Woolen blankets.
+
+
+
+
+SCOUTCRAFT
+
+
+Useful Knots
+
+Everyone should be able to tie knots. A knowledge of knots is useful in
+every trade or calling, and forms an important part of a Girl Scout's
+training.
+
+As it may happen some day that a life may depend on a knot being
+properly tied you ought to know the proper way.
+
+THE BOWLINE is a loop that will not slip after the first grip. First
+make a loop, then pass the end up through it, round the back of the
+standing part, and down through the loop again. It is often used as a
+halter for horses.
+
+THE RUNNING BOWLINE. This is the nautical slip knot. First make the loop
+as in the ordinary bowline but allow a good length of end (A). Pass it
+round the standing part and up through the loop, and continue as in the
+ordinary bowline.
+
+THE REEF KNOT. It is used to join two dry ropes of the same thickness.
+It will not slip, and can be easily untied when wanted. Do not confuse
+it with the "Granny" knot. It is the _only_ knot used in First Aid work.
+
+THE CLOVE HITCH is made with two half-hitches. When fastened to a pole
+and pulled tight it can slip neither up nor down. Greatly used in
+pioneering work.
+
+THE HALF-HITCH. Pass the end round a pole, then round the standing part,
+then through below itself again.
+
+[Illustration: Bowline.]
+
+[Illustration: Running Bowline.]
+
+[Illustration: Half Hitch.]
+
+[Illustration: Reef Knot.]
+
+[Illustration: Clove Hitch.]
+
+[Illustration: Fisherman's Knot.]
+
+[Illustration: Round Turn and Two Half-Hitches.]
+
+[Illustration: Sheep Shank.]
+
+[Illustration: Slip Knot.]
+
+[Illustration: Sheet Bend.]
+
+[Illustration: Middleman's Knot.]
+
+[Illustration: Overhand Loop Knot.]
+
+THE FISHERMAN'S KNOT. Make this knot by tying a simple knot on rope B
+with the end of rope A, then tie a similar knot on rope A with the end
+of rope B. Pull the standing parts and the knots will remain fast.
+
+ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF-HITCHES. It is used for making fast a rope so
+that the strain will not jamb hitches.
+
+THE SHEET BEND. Used for uniting two dry ropes of different thicknesses.
+First form a loop, then pass the end of the other rope up through the
+loop, round the back of the end and standing part of loop, and through
+below itself.
+
+THE SHEEP-SHANK. A Scout should never cut rope unless absolutely
+necessary. To shorten a guy rope on tent or marquee, gather the rope in
+the form of two long loops and pass a half-hitch over each loop. It
+remains firm under a good strain and can be easily undone when required.
+
+MIDDLEMAN'S KNOT. Somewhat similar to the fisherman's knot but in this
+case only one rope is used. Can safely be used as a halter.
+
+THE SLIP KNOT. You sometimes want to release a knot quickly so this knot
+is used. It is simply the reef knot with one of the ends (A) pushed
+through one of the loops. To release, pull end A.
+
+OVERHAND LOOP KNOT. When pulling a rope you may wish to gain more
+purchase on it or you may wish to insert a short stick to pull with. Use
+the loop knot shown in our diagram.
+
+IMPORTANT. Many of the knots shown on these pages are open so that you
+may more easily see their working, but when in use they should always be
+drawn taut.
+
+
+The Mariner's Compass
+
+Boxing the compass consists in enumerating the points beginning with
+north and working around the circle as follows:
+
+    North
+    North by East
+    North, Northeast
+    Northeast by North
+    Northeast
+    Northeast by East
+    East, Northeast
+    East by North
+    East
+    East by South
+    East, Southeast
+    Southeast by East
+    Southeast
+    Southeast by South
+    South, Southeast
+    South by East
+    South
+    South by West
+    South, Southwest
+    Southwest by South
+    Southwest
+    Southwest by West
+    West, Southwest
+    West by South
+    West
+    West by North
+    West, Northwest
+    Northwest by West
+    Northwest
+    Northwest by North
+    North, Northwest
+    North by West
+    North
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+How to Read a Map
+
+Conventional Signs & Lettering Used in Field Sketching
+
+[Illustration: CONVENTIONAL SIGNS ETC]
+
+Conventional Signs enable you to give information on a sketch or map in
+a simple manner which is easily understood. In addition to the sign it
+is often necessary to give an additional description, _e. g._, whether a
+railway is double or single, the width of roads, the nature of woods
+(oak, pine, etc.), etc.
+
+[Illustration: CONVENTIONAL SIGNS ETC]
+
+Whatever lettering is used should be legible and not interfere with the
+detail of the sketch. All lettering should be horizontal, except the
+names of roads, railways, rivers, and canals, which should be written
+along them.
+
+Remember to fill in the North point on your sketch, as it is useless
+without it. Leave a margin of about an inch all round your sketch and
+state the scale that you have made your sketch, _e. g._, two inches to
+the mile.
+
+[Illustration: CONVENTIONAL SIGNS ETC]
+
+
+SIGNALLING
+
+CONTINENTAL
+
+Used on Submarine Cables, Wireless and in Foreign Countries
+
+    A .-
+    B -...
+    C -.-.
+    D -..
+    E .
+    F ..-.
+    G --.
+    H ....
+    I ..
+    J .---
+    K -.-
+    L .-..
+    M --
+    N -.
+    O ---
+    P .--.
+    Q --.-
+    R .-.
+    S ...
+    T -
+    U ..-
+    V ...-
+    W .--
+    X -..-
+    Y -.--
+    Z --..
+
+    1 .----
+    2 ..---
+    3 ...--
+    4 ....-
+    5 .....
+    6 -....
+    7 --...
+    8 ---..
+    9 ----.
+    0 -----
+
+    Period ......
+    Comma .-.-.-
+    Interrogation ..--..
+    Colon ---...
+    Semi-colon -.-.-.
+    Quotation Marks .-..-.
+
+The letter A is used for the word "Error"
+ " " K " " " " " "Negative"
+ " " L " " " " " "Preparatory"
+ " " N " " " " " "Annulling"
+ " " O " " " " " "Interrogatory"
+ " " P " " " " " "Affirmative"
+ " " R " " " " " "Acknowledgment"
+
+The Morse Code of Signals is not hard to learn but it requires much
+practice to "receive" even when the message is sent slowly. The
+old-fashioned instruments were fitted with a ribbon on which the dots
+and dashes were recorded, but all modern operators depend on the ear.
+
+The code is as follows:
+
+[Illustration: The American Morse Telegraph Alphabet]
+
+    A .-
+    B -...
+    C ...
+    D -..
+    E .
+    F .-.
+    G --.
+    H ....
+    I ..
+    J -.-.
+    K -.-
+    L -
+    M --
+    N -.
+    O . .
+    P .....
+    Q ..-.
+    R ...
+    S ...
+    T -
+    U ..-
+    V ...-
+    W .--
+    X .-..
+    Y .. ..
+    Z ... .
+    & . ...
+    $ ... .-..
+
+    NUMERALS
+
+    1.--.
+    2..-..
+    3...-.
+    4....-
+    5 ---
+    6......
+    7 --..
+    8 -....
+    9 -..-
+    0 -- [1 long dash, not 2 regular dashes]
+
+[Illustration: NUMERALS]
+
+
+_Punctuation_
+
+    Comma, . --. --
+    Semi-colon, Si
+    Colon, Ko
+    Period, .. -- --..
+    Interrogation, --.. --.
+    Quotation, Qn
+    Paragraph, -- -- -- --
+    Exclamation, -- -- --
+    Parenthesis, Pn
+    Brackets, Bn
+    Dollar mark, Sx
+    Dash, Dx
+    Hyphen, Hx
+    Underline, Ux
+
+
+_Signals_
+
+    4. Start me.
+    5. Have you anything for me?
+    9. Train order (or important military message)--give away.
+    13. Do you understand?
+
+All sorts of changes may be made when the signals are committed to
+memory. Flags--up for a dot and side for a dash is one of the commonest
+and easiest for the beginner; or whistles--long and short blasts. Even
+the hand or a hat may be substituted; coughing, stamping, and scratching
+with the foot or a bit of stick. In fact endless changes may be invented
+for use with this Code.
+
+
+COMMANDS AND SIGNALS
+
+_For the use of the Girl Scouts the following list of words of command
+and whistle signals has been compiled._
+
+
+Commands
+
+    "Fall in" (in line).
+    "Alert" (stand up smartly).
+    "Easy" (stand at ease).
+    "Sit easy" (sit or lie in ranks).
+    "Dismiss" (break off).
+    "Right" or "Left" (turn accordingly).
+    "Patrol right or patrol left" (patrol in line wheels).
+    "Quick march" (step off with the left foot first).
+    "Double" (run with arms down).
+    "Scouts' pace" (walk fifty paces and run fifty paces alternately).
+
+
+Whistle Signals
+
+1. One long blast means "Silence," "Alert," "Listen for next signal."
+
+2. A succession of long slow blasts means "Go out," "Get farther away,"
+or "Advance," "Extend," "Scatter."
+
+3. A succession of quick short blasts means "Rally," "Close in," "Come
+together," "Fall in."
+
+4. Alternate short and long blasts mean "Alarm," "Look out," "Be ready,"
+"Man your alarm posts."
+
+5. Three short blasts followed by one long one from the Captain calls up
+the patrol leaders.
+
+Any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double as fast as you
+can run, regardless of anything you may be doing.
+
+By previous agreement many other signals may be arranged. It all depends
+on the exigencies to be met or the special order or information to be
+conveyed. But these few important signals should be strictly adhered to
+in all drills and exercises of Scouts. The compiler of the present
+volume thinks it unwise to print the secret words so they are left for
+the patrol leaders and Captain to communicate verbally.
+
+
+Hand Signals
+
+    "ADVANCE"}   Swing the arm from rear to front, below the shoulder.
+    "FORWARD"}
+
+    "RETIRE"     Circle the arm above the head.
+
+    "HALT"       Raise the arm to full extension above head.
+
+    "DOUBLE"     The closed fist moved up and down between
+                 your shoulder and thigh.
+
+    "QUICK TIME" To change from the "Double" to the "Quick Time," raise the
+                 hand to the shoulder.
+
+    "REINFORCE"  Swing the arm from the rear to the
+                 front above the shoulder.
+
+    "LIE DOWN"   With the open hand make two or three
+                 slight movements towards the ground.
+
+    "WHEEL"      Extend your arm in line with your
+                 shoulder and make a circular movement
+                 in the direction required.
+
+    "INCLINE"    Extend your arm in line with your
+                 shoulder and make a turn with your
+                 body in the direction required.
+
+
+Indian Signs
+
+Burnt sticks are placed at the last camp-fire to tell the direction the
+Indians have gone from this spot. Two of them always make a V point and
+if the third is laid at the point of the [V=] it means north. Across the
+open end of the [=V] it means south. At one side |V it means east and V|
+would mean west. Now the above mark as made to indicate south would
+really mean southwest, if the stick which indicates direction were a
+little way to the west side--V-. Northwest would be V_.
+
+[V=] North
+[=V] South
+|V East
+V| West
+V- Southwest
+V_ Northwest
+
+
+Scout Signs.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sign   | Secret    |       Meaning.
+        | Patrol or |
+        |Troop Sign.|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+[symbol]|           |Road to be followed.
+[symbol]|           | Letter hidden 3 paces from here in direction of arrow.
+[symbol]|           | This path not to be followed.
+[symbol]|           | "I have gone home."
+[symbol]|           | War or trouble about.
+[symbol]|           | Peace.
+[symbol]|           | We camped here because one of us was sick.
+[symbol]|           | A long way to good water, go in direction of arrow.
+[symbol]|           | Good water not far, in this direction.
+[symbol]|           | This is good water.
+[symbol]|           | Signature of Scout No. 4 of the Fox Patrol, 21st Glasgow.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Shaking a blanket: I want to talk to you.
+
+Hold up a tree-branch: I want to make peace.
+
+Hold up a weapon (axe) means war: I am ready to fight.
+
+Hold up a pole horizontally, with hands on it: I have found something.
+
+
+Self-Defense
+
+
+SHOOTING
+
+All Scouts should know how to shoot. By this we do not mean that you
+should go all day behind some big dog and try to kill the birds he finds
+for you, for that is the most useless form of shooting, all things
+considered, that can be devised. What we mean is that Scouts should know
+how to load and fire a gun or other firearm so as not to be at a loss
+for a means of defense should an emergency arise. It is one of the best
+means to "be prepared." Our preference for practice of this kind is a
+small rifle as it is less dangerous than any form of pistol and it
+affords excellent training for hand and eye. Avoid, however, the very
+high power modern firearms--that kind that "shoot today and kill next
+week," as there is too much danger of reaching some one that is out of
+sight. The same may be said of the automatic pistol which fills too
+large a circle with missiles of sudden death.
+
+
+ARCHERY
+
+The bows and arrows of our ancestors are not to be despised as a means
+of training hand and eye. Archery is excellent practice for the eye, and
+good exercise for the muscles. It makes no noise, does not disturb game
+or warn the enemy. Scouts should know how to shoot with bows and arrows,
+and they can make them for themselves. The arrow, twenty-six inches
+long, must be as "straight as an arrow" and tipped with a heavy head,
+with wings to keep it level. Ash wood is the best. The bow should be
+unstrung when not in use, or it will get bent. It is usually made your
+own height. Old gloves should be worn.
+
+
+
+
+STARS
+
+
+How to Find the Time by the Stars
+
+Fig. 1 shows the stars around the northern pole of the heavens (Pole
+Star), and the Pointers of the Great Bear, which direct us to the Pole
+Star.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
+
+Since all stars appear to rise in the East and set in the West (which is
+really due to our earth turning round under them), the Pointers revolve
+once around the Pole Star in the opposite direction to the hands of a
+clock, once in twenty-four hours, or they swing through a quarter of a
+circle once in six hours; it is thus a simple matter after a little
+practice to judge what part of the imaginary circle they will pass
+through in an hour or less.
+
+Assuming that all the stars rise four minutes earlier each night, and
+that the Pointers of the Plough are vertically above the Pole at
+midnight at the end of February, we may calculate the position of the
+Pointers for any hour of the night.
+
+
+The First Twenty Stars in Order of Brightness
+
+                                               Date of
+                                              rising at
+                                            9 P.M. in the
+                                                East.
+
+     1. Sirius, the Dog-star                   Dec. 4
+     2. (Canopus, of the Ship)
+     3. (Alpha, of the Centaur)
+     4. Vega, of the Lyre                      April 1
+     5. Capella, of the Charioteer             Aug. 21
+     6. Arcturus, of the Herdsman              Feb. 20
+     7. Rigel, of Orion                        Nov. 4
+     8. Procyon, the Little Dog-star           Nov. 27
+     9. (Achernar, of Eridanus)
+    10. (Beta, of the Centaur)
+    11. Altair, of the Eagle                   May 26
+    12. Betelgeux, of Orion's right shoulder   Oct. 30
+    13. (Alpha, of the Southern Cross)
+    14. Aldebaran, of the Bull's right eye     Oct. 2
+    15. Pollux, of the Twins                   Nov. 4
+    16. Spica, of the Virgin                   Mar. 1
+    17. Antares, of the Scorpion               May 9
+    18. Fomalhaut, of the Southern Fish        Aug. 27
+    19. Deneb, of the Swan                     Apr. 22
+    20. Regulus, of the Lion                   Jan. 1
+
+
+Orion
+
+Then there is another set of stars representing a man wearing a sword
+and a belt, named "Orion." It is easily recognized by the three stars in
+line, which are the belt, and three smaller stars in another line, close
+by, which are the sword. Then two stars to right and left below the
+sword are his feet, while two more above the belt are his shoulders, and
+a group of three small stars between them make his head.
+
+Now the great point about Orion is that by him you can always tell which
+way the North or Pole Star lies, and which way the South, as you can see
+him whether you are in the South or the North part of the world. The
+Great Bear can be seen only when you are in the North, and the Southern
+Cross when you are in the South.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If you draw a line by holding up your staff against the sky, from the
+center star of Orion's belt through the center of his head, and carry
+that line on through two big stars till it comes to a third, that third
+one is the North or Pole Star.
+
+Then if you draw a line the other way, beginning again with the center
+star of the belt, and passing through the center star of the sword, your
+line goes through another group of stars shaped like the letter L. And
+if you go about as far again past L, you come to the South Pole, which
+unfortunately is not marked by any star. Roughly Orion's sword, the
+three small stars, points North and South.
+
+East and West. Orion sets due west, and rises due east, so that, if you
+can catch him rising or setting, you know where the points of the
+compass are. Constellations, such as Orion, or the Bull, rise in the
+east, four minutes earlier each succeeding night--that is about half an
+hour earlier every Saturday.
+
+Read _The Song of the Fifty Stars_ by Arthur A. Carey, and try to find
+each star on a chart and then in the Heavens.
+
+
+The Song of the Fifty Stars
+
+    Alpherat, Caph, and Algenib--three leading stars--
+    Move in front of all the host,
+    Turning from East to West,
+    Over the rounded dome;
+    And, near the head of the line, the Star of the North,
+    Polaris, turns his round and marks the hub of the wheel.
+
+    From Alpherat, North and East, Andromeda shoots,
+    Like a branch, with Mirach and Almach; while, far in the South,
+    Achernar shines, a beacon-light, at the "End of the River."
+
+    From Almach pass to Algol, of the changing face,
+    Called by the Arabs the Demon--
+    The Medusa of the Greeks.
+
+    But, not so fast! lest we forget the little changing star
+    Whose place is West of Algol, farther South--
+    Mira, "the Wonderful," in Cetus or the Whale.
+
+    Algol leads to Mirfach, the brightest star of Perseus,
+    Who saved the captive Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, "the Monarch,"
+    And royal Cassiopeia.
+
+    Then comes, surrounded by her sisters, gentle Alcyone,
+    The peaceful, daughter of the King who rules the tempestuous winds;
+    And, running in pursuit of these--the happy Pleiades--
+    Aldebaran, "the Follower," shines from the eye of the Bull.
+
+    Next comes Capella--the Mother Goat--watching her three Kids;
+    Her yellow light the color of our Sun.
+
+    Capella and Rigel move in line, and afterwards comes Nath,
+    Who marks the horn of the butting Bull.
+
+    Orion, the Hunter, on the Equator--the Giant of the Arabs--
+    Shines glorious North and South;
+    Bellatrix his left shoulder; Mintaka marks his belt.
+
+    After Mintaka comes Betelgeux, right shoulder of Orion;
+    While, between them in order, though farther North,
+    Is Zeta of Taurus, the Bull, who marks the other horn.
+
+    The next is Menkalinan, the shoulder of the Charioteer;
+    And, two degrees to the Eastward, the Circle of the Solstice passes by.
+    While, far down in the South,
+    Canopus gleams from the stern of Argo, the Ship.
+
+    Sirius, Star of the Greater Dog, brightest of all in the heavens,
+    Is followed by Castor, one of the Twins.
+    While Procyon--"Dog-in-advance"--the bright "forerunner" of Sirius,
+    Is followed by Pollux, the greater of the Twins.
+
+    Next Regulus comes in the Lion's heart, Denebola, the tip of his tail;
+    While, between them in order, Merak and Dubhe, the pointers,
+    Point to their aim in the North.
+
+    Two brilliant stars in the Southern Cross are Alpha and Beta Crucis,
+    The former a glorious double Sun, with a third star in attendance;
+    To see them ourselves we must travel far,
+    But we know that the glory is great in the South,
+    Although from us it is hidden.
+
+    Next, in the hand of the Virgin, the pointed Ear of Wheat--
+    Spica of the Romans--
+    Not far from the Autumn Equinox.
+
+    Now, back to the North we go, and look for Mizar and Alcor--
+    The Indian Squaw with the little papoose on her back,
+    And the tip of the tail of the Greater Bear
+    Where Benetnasch commands.
+
+    Now, again to the South, where the forefeet of the Centaur
+    Are marked by Beta and Alpha;--the former is known as Hadar--"the Ground";--
+    The latter sun is nearest to ours
+    And famous as Serk-t, toward whom the ancient Egyptians
+    Turned their temples in homage--
+
+    And, between them in order, the great and distant Arcturus
+    Shines out warm in the North.
+
+    Pulcherrima--most beautiful--must be sought by those who love her;
+    For she is modest and shy in the presence of the Great One.
+
+    Nearby is Gemma, the Bud,
+    In the beautiful Northern Crown.
+
+    Near the point where the "roof-tree" crosses the Zodiac Ring
+    Is a warm, red star in Scorpio.
+    This is Antares; while, in the North,
+    Etanin marks the Dragon's head.
+
+    Mu Sagitarii--closer still to the Solstice and Ecliptic--
+    Marks the northern part of the heavenly Archer's bow.
+
+    On summer evenings, high above our heads,
+    Vega shines with cool and brilliant light;
+    While, to the South and East, is Altair of the Eagle.
+
+    Nearby is the Northern Cross, or Cygnus,
+    Whom we call "the Swan,"
+    With Deneb Adige marking her outspread tail.
+
+    The nose of Pegasus, the soaring horse,
+    Shines out in the star Enif, or Epsilon of Pegasus--a triple star--
+    While Fomalhaut gleams in the South,
+    Guarding the Fish's Mouth.
+
+    Now Scheat and Markab, hand in hand, watch for the stragglers--
+    Bringing up the rear of all the Fifty Stars that have passed by.
+
+
+The Sun Clock
+
+When you have been able to find the North Star it will be very easy to
+set up a sun-dial. This device is not so valuable now as standard time
+is universally used. If you know the difference between "sun time" and
+standard time, the sun-dial can be referred to with a fair amount of
+accuracy and many people regard it as a curiosity.
+
+Select a place where the sun shines all day and the ground is level. Set
+up a post or stake perpendicular and firm. At night go and "sight" a
+straight stick at the North Star and fasten it securely. This stick will
+now be parallel to the axis of the earth and its shadow will fall at the
+same line on any given hour no matter what season of the year it may be.
+At noon by the sun the shadows of the slanting stick and the upright one
+will coincide. This gives you the "sun noon" and the time by a standard
+watch or clock will tell you what correction to apply to your dial to
+convert its time into standard. Having once established the noon, or "no
+hour" mark the I, II, III, IV, V, and VI with stakes. Then calculate the
+correct sun time of VI A.M. by your standard watch and stake out the
+morning hours. Halves and even quarters can be marked between if you
+wish.
+
+A flower dial can be made by having your upright post a pretty tall
+one, say ten or even twenty feet, and planting rows of flowers like
+spokes of a wheel along the hour lines. It may be possible even to
+select such as are likely to open at or near the indicated hour. The
+entire semicircle of pegs will also make a pretty finish with tall
+ornamental foliage plants or shrubs.
+
+
+PRACTICE
+
+_Make a sun-dial on the ground, mark the hours with stones or sticks,
+and see if it shows the time every day._
+
+
+AMONG THE STARS
+
+Scouts must be able to find their way by night, but unless they practise
+it they are very apt to lose themselves. At night distances seem much
+greater, and land-marks are hard to see.
+
+When patrolling in dark places, keep closer together, and in the dark or
+in the woods or caves keep in touch with each other by catching hold of
+the end of the next Scout's staff.
+
+The staff is also useful for feeling the way.
+
+WINTER EVENINGS.--_Cut out a quantity of little stars from stamp edging.
+Take an old umbrella, open, and stick the stars inside it, in the
+patterns of the chief constellations, then hold it overhead, and turn it
+once round for twenty-four hours, making the stars rise in the east._
+
+_The sun and the moon appear almost the same size as a rule. When we are
+a little nearer the sun, in winter, he looks a trifle larger than the
+moon._
+
+_To study the constellations, go out when the stars are bright, armed
+with a star map and a bicycle lamp to read it by, and spread a rug on
+the ground to lie on, or have a deck-chair, or hammock. Watch for
+meteors in August and November._
+
+_Let each girl try to draw a sketch map of a given constellation, from
+memory._
+
+
+
+
+GARDENING
+
+
+Now what about the gardens, for it goes without saying that Girl Scouts
+must have gardens. Getting right down and smelling the fresh soil is
+good for any one. It is mother earth's own breath. Watching the growth
+of our seeds is a veritable joy of joys. But what had we better plant?
+Why not let every one plant at least one tree? Never mind what kind of a
+tree. We will talk about that in a minute but decide at the outset that
+you will have at least one tree growing this year. Your trees will be a
+legacy to posterity, a gift from the Girl Scouts to their country. For
+in this United States of ours we have cut down too many trees and our
+forests are fast following the buffalo. Nay, the bare face of the land
+has already begun to prove less attractive to the gentle rains of heaven
+and offers far too open a path to the raw blasts of winter. In many
+sections of our country the climate is drier and colder than it was
+before so much of the forest was destroyed. We are just waking up to
+this sad fact which it will take many years to rectify. So let us plant
+trees.
+
+A tree is a tree anyway be it large or small. Some are useful food
+producers while others are of value for ornament or timber. All are
+good. There are no bad trees. So if you plant and raise a tree there can
+be no mistake. Whatever kind you select you will have done well. Fruit
+and nut trees will of course appeal most strongly to the young,
+especially to those with good healthy appetites. Many very young trees
+can be made to return some fruit in a comparatively short time by being
+budded or grafted. Scouts should learn how to bud and graft. It is not
+hard. Pears, plums, figs, and peaches all do well in the South as do
+also some apples and grapes. Peach trees though are in the main
+short-lived. But trees of different kinds can be grown all over the
+country. Apples and pears are at their best in the North and many kinds
+are very long-lived trees. There are apple trees known to be a hundred
+years old still bearing. Sugar maple does well where there are long
+winters, and a wood of them--locally called a "sugar bush"--is a paying
+piece of property. Most fruit trees are best bought from dealers or
+obtained from your friends. They do not come "true," as it is called,
+from the seed. A Baldwin apple-seed will not produce a Baldwin apple.
+But as all the varieties are got by selecting from seedlings we can
+experiment if we wish. We are already saving apple-seeds for next year,
+and it will certainly be grand if we can get a new kind of apple and
+name it the Girl Scout.
+
+We shall not make many suggestions about flowers. Any and all kinds of
+flowers will do in your gardens but do not neglect our own wild ones.
+Take the goldenrod for instance. The finest we have ever seen is grown
+in a city garden. Many other of our wild flowers will bear cultivating
+and some well repay the care necessary to "tame" them. The atamasco lily
+seems to be perfectly at home in the garden and so does the bloodroot.
+Violets of course would be favorites if our native species were not with
+one exception scentless. As any gardener's book will tell you all about
+our "tame" flowers it is not necessary to say much about them.
+
+
+
+
+Part IV
+
+
+
+
+SANITATION
+
+
+Girl Scouts should do everything in their power to make and keep their
+homes healthy as well as happy.
+
+Most of you cannot choose your own dwelling, but whether you live in a
+house, a cottage, a flat, in rooms, or even in one room of a house, you
+can do a very great deal to keep it healthy and pure.
+
+Fresh air is your great friend; it will help you to fight disease better
+than anything else. Open all your windows as often as you can, so that
+the air may get into every nook and corner. Never keep an unused room
+shut up. You know what a stagnant pool is like--no fresh water runs
+through it, it is green and slimy, and full of insects and dead things;
+you would not care to bathe in it. Well, still and stuffy air in a house
+is very much worse, only, unluckily, its dangers cannot be seen, but
+they are there lying in ambush for the ignorant person. Disease germs,
+poisonous gases, mildew, insects, dust, and dirt have it all their own
+way in stale, used-up air.
+
+You do not like to wash in water other people have used, but it is far
+worse to breathe air other people have breathed. Air does not flow in
+and flow out of the same opening at the same time any more than water
+does, so you want two openings in a room--an open window to let the good
+air in, and a fireplace and chimney to let the stale air out, or, where
+there is no fireplace, a window open both at top and bottom. The night
+air in large towns is purer than the day air, and both in town and
+country you should sleep with your window open if you want to be
+healthy. Draughts are not good, as they carry away the heat from your
+body too fast; so if your bed is too near the window, put up a shelter
+between it and the open window, and cover yourself more. At least one
+window on a staircase or landing should always be kept open, and also
+the larder and the closet windows.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Tidiness
+
+_Motto_: "TIDY AS YOU GO."
+
+Half your time will be saved if little things are kept tidy. Have a
+place for everything, and have everything in its place. If you are not
+sure which is the right place for a thing, think "_Where, if I wanted
+it, should I go to look for it?_" That place is the right one. Get into
+the habit of always making hanks of any string you get, and keep them.
+
+War must be waged against rats and mice, or they will multiply and loot
+everything. If you have no mouse-traps, put a newspaper over a pail of
+water, break a hole slightly in the center in the form of a star, and
+place a bit of herring or cheese on the center tips of star to entice
+the mouse. Let the paper reach to the floor, not too upright, for the
+mouse to climb up. Try putting broken camphor into their holes; they
+dislike the smell. Fly and wasp traps are made by tying paper over a
+tumbler half-filled with water and beer or treacle. Break a hole in the
+paper, and fit in a tube of rolled paper about one inch long and one
+inch across.
+
+Try to keep yourself neat, and see that the house you live in is clean,
+sweet, and pleasant.
+
+
+GOLDEN HEALTH HABITS FOR GIRL SCOUTS
+
+Contributed by Dr. Thomas D. Wood.
+
+1. Remember Fresh Air and Sunlight Are The Best Medicines.
+
+Ventilate, therefore, every room you occupy. Germs cannot live more than
+a few minutes in sunlight. Breathe deeply, sleep out, if you can. Work
+and play as much as possible out-of-doors.
+
+
+2. Be Not the Slave of Unhygienic Fashions.
+
+Be proud to have efficient feet. Wear light, loose and porous, but
+sufficient clothing.
+
+
+3. Eat Slowly.
+
+Do not eat between meals. Chew food thoroughly. Do not overeat. Remember
+a Girl Scout is always cheerful and helpful. She eats what is provided
+and is thankful for it. (She does not complain about her food.) If there
+are any suggestions she can make, she reserves them until mother or the
+(camp) cook is preparing the menu or the meal. Eat some hard, some bulky
+and some raw foods.
+
+
+4. Drink Pure Water at Frequent Intervals.
+
+Remember that not all water that looks pure is free from disease germs.
+Boil the water if the Scout leader (or older person) is doubtful about
+it. The few minutes spent in boiling and cooling water is time well
+spent. Do not drink water when there is food in the mouth.
+
+
+5. Be Mistress of Your Time--Be Regular in Your Habits of Life.
+
+Go to bed early enough to get sufficient sleep. Be in bed 10-1/2 to 10
+hours each night. Get up in the morning promptly. Do not doze after it
+is time to get up. If you have not had enough sleep go to bed earlier
+the next night.
+
+Be sure your bowels move regularly, at least once a day. If outside
+engagements are so pressing as to conflict with your personal health,
+remember you have an important "previous engagement" with yourself for
+sufficient time for meals, sleep, out-of-door exercise and, if
+necessary, rest.
+
+
+6. Avoid Infection and Do Not Spread It.
+
+Wash your hands always before eating. Use your handkerchief to cover a
+sneeze or cough and try to avoid coughing, sneezing or blowing the nose
+in front of others, or at the table. Do not use a common towel or
+drinking cup, or other appliance which may contain disease germs.
+
+
+7. Keep Clean.
+
+The smell of flowers has been said to be their soul. Try to keep your
+body as fresh as possible with the sweetness of cleanliness, not
+perfumery. Take a sponge bath, shower or quick tub bath daily.
+
+
+8. Play Hard and Fair.
+
+Be loyal to your team mates and generous to your opponents.
+
+Study hard--and in work, study or play, do your best.
+
+
+9. Remember Dentist's Bills are Largely Your Own Fault.
+
+Get the habit of cleaning your teeth and rinsing your mouth after each
+meal. It is more than worth the habit.
+
+
+10. Remember Silence Is Golden.
+
+In solitudes poets and philosophers have touched the heights of life. It
+is valuable for everyone to take account of stock occasionally with
+oneself.
+
+
+
+
+HEALTH
+
+
+Exercises and their Object
+
+The best results of exercise are to be had outdoors from the activity of
+vigorous games. Some of us are so placed that we cannot have daily
+recreation outdoors and it becomes necessary to give our bodies some
+type of activity to keep them normal. More than half the weight of the
+body is made up of muscular tissue. If this muscle is not used the
+health of the whole body is affected. Exercise is a necessary condition
+of health, just as food and sleep are. The body is very responsive to
+the demands made upon it. In fact, each one of us can mold her own body,
+very much as a sculptor fashions a statue. This is done by giving the
+body proper care and the right forms of activity. A weak, infirm
+physique is nothing less than a crime. It is the duty of each one of us,
+both for our own sakes, and for the benefit of future generations, to
+perfect our physical frame. It is a duty to be strong and beautiful in
+body as well as in mind and spirit.
+
+
+The Nose
+
+Always breathe through the nose. Fifty years ago Mr. Catlin wrote a book
+called _Shut your Mouth and Save your Life_, and he showed how the Red
+Indians for a long time had adopted that method with their children to
+the extent of a cruel habit of tying up their jaws at night, to ensure
+breathing through the nostrils.
+
+Breathing through the nose prevents germs of disease getting from the
+air into the throat and stomach; it also prevents a growth in the back
+of the throat called "adenoids," which reduce the breathing capacity of
+the nostrils, and also cause deafness.
+
+By keeping the mouth shut you prevent yourself from getting thirsty
+when you are doing hard work. The habit of breathing through the nose
+prevents snoring. Therefore practice keeping your mouth shut and
+breathing through your nose.
+
+
+Ears
+
+A Scout must be able to hear well. The ears are very delicate, and once
+damaged are apt to become incurably deaf. No sharp or hard instrument
+should be used in cleaning the ear. The drum of the ear is a very
+delicate, tightly stretched skin which is easily damaged. Very many
+children have had the drums of their ears permanently injured by getting
+a box on the ear.
+
+
+Eyes
+
+A Scout, of course, must have particularly good eye-sight; she must be
+able to see anything very quickly, and to see it a long way off. By
+practicing your eyes in looking at things at a great distance they will
+grow stronger. While you are young you should save your eyes as much as
+possible, or they will not be strong when you get older; therefore avoid
+reading by lamplight or in the dusk, and also sit with your back or side
+to the light when doing any work during the day; if you sit facing the
+light it strains your eyes.
+
+The strain of the eyes is a very common failure with growing girls,
+although very often they do not know it, and headaches come most
+frequently from the eyes being strained; frowning on the part of a girl
+is very generally a sign that her eyes are being strained. Reading in
+bed brings headaches.
+
+
+Teeth
+
+Bad teeth are troublesome, and are often the cause of neuralgia,
+indigestion, abscesses, and sleepless nights. Good teeth depend greatly
+on how you look after them when you are young. Attention to the first
+set of teeth keeps the mouth healthy for the second teeth, which begin
+to come when a child is seven and these will last you to the end of your
+life, if you keep them in order.
+
+If one tooth is allowed to decay, it will spread decay in all the
+others, and this arises from scraps of food remaining between the teeth
+and decaying there.
+
+A thorough Scout always brushes her teeth inside and outside and between
+all, just the last thing at night as well as other times, so that no
+food remains about them to decay. Scouts in camps or in the wilds of the
+jungle cannot always buy tooth-brushes, but should a tiger or a
+crocodile have borrowed yours, you can make your teeth just as bright
+and white as his are by means of a frayed-out-dry, clean stick.
+
+_Learn how to make camp tooth-brushes out of sticks. Slippery elm or
+"dragonroot" sticks for cleaning teeth can be got at chemists' shops as
+samples._
+
+
+MEASUREMENT OF THE GIRL
+
+_It is of paramount importance to teach the young citizen to assume
+responsibility for her own development and health._
+
+_Physical drill is all very well as a disciplinary means of development,
+but it does not give the girl any responsibility in the matter._
+
+_It is therefore deemed preferable to tell each girl, according to her
+age, what ought to be her height, weight, and various measurements (such
+as chest, waist, arm, leg, etc.). She is then measured, and learns in
+which points she fails to come up to the standard. She can then be shown
+which exercises to practice for herself in order to develop those
+particular points. Encouragement must afterwards be given by periodical
+measurements, say every three months or so._
+
+_Cards can be obtained from the "Girl Scouts" Office, which, besides
+giving the standard measurements for the various ages, give columns to
+be filled in periodically, showing the girl's remeasurements and
+progress in development. If each girl has her card it is a great
+incentive to her to develop herself at odd times when she has a few
+minutes to spare._
+
+
+My Physical Development
+
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|Date. |Weight. |Height. |Chest Expanded. |Neck. |Forearm. |Biceps. |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|      |        |        |                |      |         |        |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|      |        |        |                |      |         |        |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|      |        |        |                |      |         |        |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|      |        |        |                |      |         |        |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+|      |        |        |                |      |         |        |
+-------+--------+--------+----------------+------+---------+---------
+
+Fill in this page quarterly, the progress shown should be a useful
+incentive.
+
+
+Games to Develop Strength
+
+Skipping, rowing, fencing, swimming, tennis, and handball are all
+valuable aids to developing strength.
+
+Use also:--
+
+Staff exercises, to music if possible. Maze and spiral;
+follow-my-leader, done at a jog-trot in the open air. A musical
+accompaniment when possible. If done indoors, all the windows in the
+room must be kept open top and bottom. Sing the tune.
+
+FLAGS.--Choose sides; each player lays down a flag or a handkerchief at
+her own goal, and each side tries to capture the flags of the other;
+once she touches the opponent's flag she cannot be taken prisoner, but
+goes back with the flag to her side.
+
+Players can rescue a prisoner by touching her in prison. Players should
+keep moving as much as possible all the time, and try to evade being
+captured.
+
+PRACTICE throwing at a mark. Put a pebble on the top of a staff and
+stand at a certain line so many paces off.
+
+Morris dances (old English country dances) and the folk-songs.
+
+
+ENDURANCE IS USEFUL
+
+Have you not often heard of accidents on the ice? In the winter of 1895
+some schoolgirls were sliding on a frozen canal, when one girl twelve
+years old ventured into the middle. Then there was an ominous cracking,
+and in a moment she was struggling in water many feet deep.
+
+Miss Alice White, a teacher, happened to witness the accident.
+Notwithstanding the warnings of several persons standing on the
+towing-path, who assured her it was most dangerous, she at once went on
+the ice and approached as close to the hole as she dared with safety.
+She then lay down at full length, so as to more equally distribute her
+weight, and tried to seize the struggling child. But under her weight
+the ice broke, and the brave girl was precipitated into the cold water.
+The bystanders shouted to her to forsake the child, and at least save
+her own life, but she did nothing of the kind. She held on to her
+precious burden, and literally fought her way out. Piece after piece of
+the ice broke off, but she at length reached the bank in a state of
+great exhaustion. Her hands were cut in many places by the sharp ice,
+but they were wounds of which any one might well have been proud. Miss
+White was only sixteen years old, and it was the second time she had
+saved a life.
+
+Laying a pole or a branch across the hole is a good plan.
+
+
+An Easy Way to Grow Strong
+
+It is possible for any girl, even though she may be small and weak, to
+make herself into a strong and healthy woman if she takes the trouble to
+do a few body exercises every day. They take only about ten minutes, and
+do not require any kind of apparatus.
+
+This should be practiced every morning, the first thing on getting up,
+and every evening before going to bed. A girl of ten years should weigh
+at least fifty pounds, the average height at that age being forty-nine
+inches. The value of this exercise is much increased if you think of the
+object of each move while you are doing it, and if you are very
+particular to breathe the air in through your nose. A great many people
+who are pale and ill are made so by living in rooms where the windows
+are seldom opened and the air is full of poisonous gases or germs. Open
+your windows, especially at the top, every day to let the foul air out.
+
+Do not exercise immediately _after_ eating; let your meal be digested.
+
+Girls who have not done these exercises before should begin them
+gradually with care, bit by bit, doing more every day. Brush your hair,
+clean your teeth, wash out your mouth and nose, drink a cup of cold
+water, and then go on with the following exercises.
+
+It is best to carry these out with as few clothes on as possible, either
+in the open air or close to an open window. The movements should be
+executed vigorously.
+
+
+First Series
+
+EXERCISE I.
+
+Stand erect, hands at side.
+
+Count 1. Bend knees deeply with trunk held vertical.
+
+Count 2. Straighten knees and return to an erect position.
+
+Count 3. Let the body fall directly forward until it reaches an angle of
+45 degrees, advancing the left foot a long stride to catch the weight of
+the body, and bringing the closed hands to shoulders, palms forward,
+elbows close at side, shoulders drawn back and chest out.
+
+Count 4. Bend at the waist without moving the legs and touch the floor
+with both hands.
+
+Count 5. Return to the third position.
+
+Count 6. Stand erect.
+
+Repeat ten times, using first one foot, then the other. At the end of
+one week use this exercise fifteen times. Continue to increase the
+repetitions by fives each week until you can do thirty.
+
+EXERCISE II.
+
+Take five deep breaths, inhaling and exhaling, filling the lower part of
+the chest, and at the end of the breath expelling all the air you can.
+
+
+Second Series
+
+EXERCISE I.
+
+Run in place, that is go through the movements of running without
+gaining ground, twenty steps, rest a minute and do fifty counts.
+
+EXERCISE II.
+
+Lying on the back, hands at side, raise the body and touch the toes with
+both hands, ten times.
+
+EXERCISE III.
+
+Count 1. Charge sideways, raising the arms sideways to a vertical
+position.
+
+Count 2. Bend and twist to the left, touching the floor with both hands
+on the left side of the foot.
+
+Counts 3 and 4. Make the return movements.
+
+Repeat ten times in each direction.
+
+EXERCISE IV.
+
+Deep breathing eight times.
+
+
+Third Series
+
+EXERCISE I.
+
+Bend knees deeply, fifteen times.
+
+EXERCISE II.
+
+Lying face downward, hands at side, raise the head and chest from the
+floor as far as possible.
+
+EXERCISE III.
+
+Lying face downward, head resting on the folded arms, raise each leg
+upward and backward from the hip with straight knee, ten times.
+
+EXERCISE IV.
+
+Lying on the back, hands under head, raise both legs with straight knees
+to a vertical position, toes pointed upward, ten times.
+
+EXERCISE V.
+
+Charge obliquely forward left, arms in line with the body and rear leg;
+touch the floor and return, making it a four-count exercise.
+
+Repeat ten times in each direction.
+
+EXERCISE VI.
+
+Run in place for one minute, rest and repeat.
+
+EXERCISE VII.
+
+Take ten deep breaths.
+
+
+
+
+HOME LIFE
+
+
+Housewifery
+
+Every Girl Scout is as much a "hussif" as she is a girl. She is sure to
+have to "keep house" some day, and whatever house she finds herself in,
+it is certain that that place is the better for her being there.
+
+Too many odds and ends and draperies about a room are only dust-traps,
+and rugs or carpet squares, which can be taken up easily, are better
+than nailed down carpets. Keep all the furniture clean and bright. Fresh
+air, soap, and water are the good housewife's best allies. Bars of soap
+should be cut up in squares, and kept for six weeks before being used.
+This hardens it, and makes it last longer.
+
+In scrubbing boarded floors, the secret is not to deluge the floor;
+change the water in the pail frequently.
+
+In the work of cleaning, think out your plan beforehand, so as not to
+dirty what has been cleaned. Plan certain times for each kind of work,
+and have your regular days for doing each thing.
+
+PASTE-BOARDS AND DEAL TABLES.--Scrub hard the way of the grain. Hot
+water makes boards and tables yellow. Rinse in cold water, and dry well.
+
+SAUCEPANS.--New saucepans must not be used till they have first been
+filled with cold water and a little soda, and boiled for an hour or so,
+and must be well scoured. After basins or saucepans have been used fill
+them at once with cold water to the brim; this will prevent anything
+hardening on the saucepan, and will make cleaning easier.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Needlework
+
+"A stitch in time saves nine." We cannot agree with this favorite
+saying, because it saves so many more than nine, besides saving time and
+preventing untidiness.
+
+Tailors, who are such neat workers, will say that they never pin their
+work first. If you are not a tailor, it is much better to place your
+work, before you begin, with plenty of pins. You will never get straight
+lines or smooth corners if you do not plan and place it all first, just
+as it has got to be, and tack it there.
+
+Have you noticed that thread is very fond of tying itself into a bow;
+but this can be prevented by threading the cotton into the needle before
+you cut it off the reel, making your knot at the end you cut.
+
+In rough measures, one inch is equivalent to the distance across a
+twenty-five-cent piece, and a yard is from nose to thumb, as far as you
+can reach. Needlework is good for all of us; it rests and calms the
+mind. You can think peacefully over all the worries of Europe whilst you
+are stitching. Sewing generally solves all the toughest problems,
+chiefly other peoples'.
+
+Pillow lace needs a little more attention, but is a lovely art which
+girls can easily master. The writer was taught to make the flowers of
+Honiton lace by a little Irish girl, and the variations you can invent
+are endless. You would find a good sale for insertion lace of the
+Torchon patterns. Make your own pillow, and buy some cheap bobbins to
+begin learning with, and do not try fine work at first. Learn to spin
+wool and thread; a spinster can earn money in this way.
+
+
+The Girl Scouts' Patch
+
+We don't know whether you ever did such a thing as burn a hole in your
+dress, but we have, and if it is in the front, oh, dear! what will
+mother say. Now, there is a very good way that Girl Scouts have of
+making it all right and serviceable; they put in a piece and darn it in
+all round. If possible, get a piece of the same stuff, then it will not
+fade a different tint, and will wear the same as the rest. You may undo
+the hem and cut out a bit, or perhaps you may have some scraps left over
+from cutting out your dress.
+
+The piece must be cut three or four inches larger than the hole, and
+frayed out on all four sides. Trim the hole with your scissors neatly
+all round quite square with the thread. Then lay your piece over the
+hole--of course on the back or "wrong side"--and tack it there with
+cotton. Now take a darning needle, and thread each thread in turn, and
+darn each one into the stuff. If the ends of stuff are very short, it is
+best to run your needle in and out where you are going to darn, and
+then, before pulling it through, thread it with the wool. This patching
+is excellent for table-linen.
+
+We once had an aunt who was a thorough old Scout, and was rather proud
+of her mending. She always said that she didn't mind what colored cotton
+you gave her to sew with, because her stitches hardly ever showed, they
+were so small, and also she put them inside the stuff. If she was
+putting on a patch to blue stuff, she could do it with red cotton, and
+you would never have noticed it on the right side; her stitches were all
+under the edge. Or else she sewed it at the back, on the wrong side, so
+that it looked perfectly neat.
+
+If you are not able to match the wool for a darn, it is a good plan to
+use the ravelings of the stuff itself. Sometimes, away in the country,
+you can't go to a shop and you have nothing like the piece you want to
+mend. A Scout would turn it inside out and undo a little of the hem, and
+ravel out the edge. Suppose you were to cut a hole in the front of your
+blue serge skirt; if you darn it with the ravelings of the turnings of
+the seam or the hem, that will be exactly the same color and the same
+thickness as your dress. No wool you could buy would match as well. Or
+if you want to mend a jersey or knitted gloves, you never could buy such
+a good match--the same sized wool and the tints.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Damask table-cloths should be darned to match the pattern, following the
+flowers of the design, and large holes may be mended like the "Scouts'
+Patch" just described. To sew on buttons properly, leave them loose
+enough for the iron to push. On washing articles have your threads long
+enough to make a little stalk to the button, which is wound round before
+finishing. Your needle should be sloped out to all sides, so as to take
+up fresh stuff farther out than the holes in the button.
+
+Scouts may make many useful presents in their spare time, such as
+cretonne covered blotters or frames, mittens, warm felt slippers (for
+which woolly soles can be bought), pen-wipers, pin-cushions, and
+needle-books. They could also make articles for their hospitals, such as
+night-clothing, soft caps, handkerchiefs, pillow-cases, and dusters.
+
+
+HOME COOKING
+
+There is a legend in Turkey that when a rich man is engaged to marry a
+lady he can break it off if she is not able to cook him a dish of dates
+in a different way every day for a whole month. A friend of ours did
+somewhat the same in trying a new cook; he always tested them with
+nothing but cutlets for a fortnight. The real test of a good cook is to
+see how little food she wastes. She uses up all the scraps, and old bits
+of bread are baked for making puddings and for frying crumbs; she sees
+that nothing goes bad, and she also buys cleverly. Those who do not
+understand cookery waste money.
+
+Perfect cleanliness and neatness should be insisted on, or your food
+will be bad and unwholesome.
+
+
+Eggs
+
+Is an egg lighter or heavier when cooked? An experienced cook is
+experienced in eggs. There are "new laid" eggs which are fresh and
+"fresh" eggs which are not; there are "cooking" eggs which are liable to
+squeak. Eggs are safe in their shells, and think you don't know whether
+they are fresh or not, or whether they are raw. Any egg can be thrown
+out of a first-floor window on to the lawn without the shell breaking;
+it falls like a cat, right end upwards, and this is not a boiled egg,
+either! You can tell that because it will not spin on the table, so it
+must have been a raw egg. A cooked egg would spin.
+
+To tell a stale egg, you will see it is more transparent at the _thick_
+end when held up to the light.
+
+Fresh eggs are more transparent in the _middle_. Very bad eggs will
+_float_ in a pan of water.
+
+
+Poached Eggs
+
+Break each egg separately into a cup. When your water is boiling fast,
+drop in an egg sharply. Use a large deep pan, with salt and vinegar in
+the water. Lift the egg very carefully in a ladle before it is set too
+hard. Place the eggs all round a soup plate, pour over them a nice sauce
+made with flour and butter, a little milk, and some grated cheese and
+salt.
+
+STOCK POT.--Keep a pot going all day, into which you can put any
+broken-up bones or scraps left over, to make nourishing broth. Clean
+turnips, carrots, and onions improve it. Before using let it get cold,
+so as to skim off the fat.
+
+
+HOME HEALTH
+
+Contributed by Dr. Thomas D. Wood.
+
+
+~1. Dust~ (carries germs and bacteria)--
+
+  a. Must be kept out of the house by
+
+    1. Being careful not to bring it in on shoes or clothing.
+
+    2. By really removing the dust when cleaning, not just brushing it from
+       place to place with dry brushes and dust cloths.
+
+  b. Tools needed--
+
+    1. Vacuum cleaner (if possible).
+
+    2. Brooms and brushes of different kinds.
+
+    3. Mops.
+
+    4. Dust cloths of cotton, outing flannel and wool.
+
+    5. Soft paper.
+
+  c. Methods of cleaning--
+
+    1. Cleansing and putting away all small movable articles first.
+
+    2. Wiping walls, pictures, floor, furniture, woodwork, etc., using damp
+       cloths and brushes, if possible, so that no dust can fly, and
+       gathering all dust on a dustpan that has a damp paper on it to
+       collect dust.
+
+    3. Airing and sunning each room while cleaning.
+
+    4. Wiping window shades at least once a week.
+
+    5. Cleaning hangings often and laundering table and cushion covers.
+
+    6. Keeping every corner, drawer, and closet aired, cleansed, sunned and
+       in order at all times to prevent accumulation of dust, germs and
+       household pests.
+
+    7. Keeping all bathroom furnishings spotless and sweet, always drying
+       after cleansing.
+
+    8. Scalding all cleaning tools and drying in sunshine, if possible,
+       before putting away.
+
+
+~2. Care of the Bedroom--~
+
+  Hygiene of the Bedroom--
+
+  1. Substances that tend to make the bedroom unhealthy are--
+
+    a. Excretions from lungs, skin, kidneys.
+
+    b. Street dust that has settled on clothing in day.
+
+  2. Relation of personal habits to healthfulness of the bedroom--
+
+    a. Leave outside wraps outside bedroom, if at all possible, at least
+       until they have been well dusted.
+
+    b. Never put into the closet clothing that has been next to the
+       skin during the day. Such articles should be aired by an open
+       window during the night.
+
+    c. A bath each day at some time and a thorough cleansing of face, hands
+       and feet before going to bed will prevent much dust and body
+       excretions from accumulating on bed clothing.
+
+  3. Preparation for the Night--
+
+    a. Remove counterpane and fold carefully.
+
+    b. Protect blanket by covering with a sheet or other light covering.
+
+    c. Open windows from top and bottom.
+
+    d. Hang used clothing to air.
+
+  4. Care of Room on Rising--
+
+    a. Remove bed clothing and hang by open window in the sun.
+
+    b. Air night clothing before hanging away.
+
+    c. If a washstand is used, empty all bowls and jars, soap dishes, etc.,
+       wash and dry them before leaving the room for breakfast.
+
+    d. When thoroughly aired, make the bed and put the room in order.
+
+
+  5. Making the Bed Properly--
+
+    a. Mattress must have been turned. There should be a covering for the
+       mattress under the first sheet.
+
+    b. Put on the under sheet, tucking it securely under mattress at top,
+       bottom and sides.
+
+    c. Put on upper sheet and blankets, tucking in at bottom only.
+
+    d. Turn upper sheet down over blankets.
+
+    e. Cover with counterpane and place on well-beaten pillows.
+
+
+  6. Weekly Cleaning--
+
+    a. Mattress, rugs, and unwashable hangings should be removed to
+       some place in outdoor air and sunshine, beaten and dusted.
+
+    b. Closets must be cleaned and dusted first, then used to store all
+       small articles from room after they have been thoroughly cleaned.
+
+    c. Clean walls, pictures, woodwork, floors, windows and shades.
+
+    d. Put room in order.
+
+    e. Such care of the rooms of a house make regular "housecleaning"
+       spells unnecessary.
+
+
+~3. Kitchen Sanitation--~
+
+  a. Do not wash--
+
+    1. Iron (range).
+
+    2. Brass and copper.
+
+    3. Tin.
+
+    4. Zinc.
+
+    5. Aluminum, nickel, silver.
+
+  To clean metals of grease, use kerosene, gasoline, benzine, naphtha,
+  chloroform, soap suds.
+
+  b. Care of Sink--
+
+    1. Pour dishwater through a sieve.
+
+    2. Greasy water must be changed into a soap or dissolved before being
+       poured down to drain.
+
+    3. Flush sink drain three times a week with boiling sal soda solution,
+       one pint sal soda to three gallons of water. Use at least two quarts.
+
+  c. Kitchen needs same treatment for general cleanliness, removal of
+     dust, etc., as other rooms and walls. Woodwork--floor should be
+     often washed thoroughly in hot soapsuds, rinsed and dried to be
+     sure no germs develop where food is being prepared.
+
+  d. Care of Ice Chest--
+
+    1. Should be emptied and thoroughly washed and dried at least twice a
+       week to make it a wholesome place for food.
+
+
+~4. Cellar--~
+
+  1. Must be kept as free of dust and rubbish as the kitchen.
+
+  2. No decaying vegetables or fruit must be found in it.
+
+
+~5. Door-Yard and Out-Building--~
+
+  1. Grass and growing things, especially if sprayed with water daily, will
+     help keep dust out of houses.
+
+  2. Rubbish of any kind should be burned, for it is in such places that
+     flies and mosquitoes breed.
+
+  3. Grass should be kept cut and lawns raked to keep mosquitoes from
+     breeding.
+
+  4. No manure from domestic animals should be allowed to be exposed on the
+     premises, for in such material the typhoid fly lays its eggs.
+
+  5. Barns and out-houses should be screened.
+
+
+~6. To Clean Fruits and Vegetables--~
+
+  1. Garden soil is the home of a multitude of small forms of life,
+     many quite harmless, but some organisms causing disease. For
+     instance, germs of tetanus are found in dust and soil.
+
+  2. Top-dressing or fertilizer used to enrich the soil may contain such
+     disease germs.
+
+  3. If fruits or vegetables come from the market instead of the garden
+     they are quite as likely to have dust and bacteria clinging to them.
+
+  4. It is necessary, therefore, to wash all vegetables and fruits
+     thoroughly before using.
+
+
+~7. How to Wash Fruit and Vegetables~--
+
+  1. Put berries and small fruits in a colander, a few at a time, and dip
+     lightly down and up in a basin of water, being careful not to crush
+     the fruit.
+
+  2. Wash strawberries with hulls on.
+
+  3. Firm fruits, as grapes, cherries, etc., can be washed by standing
+     the colander under the cold water faucet for some time.
+
+  4. Lettuce is best washed under the cold water faucet and celery needs
+     scrubbing with a brush.
+
+  5. Apples from exposed fruit stands should be soaked for some time and
+     carefully dried.
+
+
+~8. Fresh Foods Are Best--~
+
+  1. Celery, cabbage, apples, pumpkins, beets, squash, white and
+     sweet potatoes, etc., can be kept fresh for out of season use if
+     carefully cleansed and stored away in a dry, cool, dark place.
+
+
+~9. Methods of Preserving Foods--~
+
+  1. Salting.
+
+  2. Pickling.
+
+  3. Refrigeration.
+
+  4. Canning.
+
+  5. Preserving.
+
+  6. Drying or evaporation.
+
+
+~10. Method of Preserving Eggs--~
+
+  1. Packing in coarse salt.
+
+  2. Cover with water-glass in large stone jars, set in cool place.
+
+
+~11. Care of Milk--~
+
+  1. Use certified milk or inspected milk.
+
+  2. Wash bottle top before removing cover.
+
+  3. Pour milk in pans that have been scalded and drained dry in the
+     sun or, in damp weather, by the stove.
+
+  4. As soon as cool enough put in refrigerator or in coolest place
+     possible, as milk spoils very quickly unless kept cold.
+
+
+~12. Care of Meat--~
+
+  1. Wash thoroughly as soon as it arrives.
+
+  2. Place on clean pan of aluminum, porcelain or some such ware.
+
+  3. Place in refrigerator until ready to cook.
+
+
+~13. General Rules For Care of Food--~
+
+  1. Keep food clean--(personal cleanliness, washing food).
+
+  2. Keep food dry.
+
+  3. Keep food cool.
+
+  4. Care for food left from each meal. If carefully put away it can be
+     used and not wasted.
+
+
+Inspected Milk--
+
+  1. Comes from sanitary farms where cows, cases and bottles are reasonably
+     clean; the rules are much less strict than for certified milk.
+
+  2. Cannot by law contain more than 500,000 germs in each teaspoonful,
+     while certified milk contains not more than 50,000 germs.
+
+
+Pasteurized Milk--
+
+  1. Method recommended by Department of Health of Chicago. In a small tin
+     pail place a saucer.
+
+On the saucer stand the bottle of milk (leaving
+the cap on the bottle). Now put sufficient hot
+water (not so hot as to break the bottle) into the
+pail to fill same to within three or four inches of
+the top of the bottle, and then stand the pail and
+its contents on the top of the stove. The instant
+the water begins to boil remove the bottle of
+milk from the pail and cool it as rapidly as
+possible. Keep the bottle of milk in the ice box
+and keep the cap on the bottle when not in use.
+When you remove the cap do so with a clean
+prong, and be careful that the milk side of the
+cap does not come in contact with anything dirty.
+None but inspected or certified milk should be
+used.
+
+Milk should be kept covered with clean cheese
+cloth to prevent dust getting in.
+
+
+Water--
+
+  1. Water will carry germs of typhoid fever, cholera, etc.
+
+  2. Boiling and cooling all water that might be suspected.
+
+
+Unprotected and Exposed Food--
+
+  a. Prevention--
+
+    1. Be sure of a pure water supply (inspection of Board of Health).
+
+    2. Cleanse all foods properly before eating.
+
+
+House Fly--
+
+  a. Why it is a Disease Carrier--
+
+    1. Breeds in filth where disease germs are found.
+
+    2. Construction of feet, legs, body, wings, etc., favorable for
+       catching and holding great numbers of filth and disease germs.
+
+  b. How to Fight the Fly--
+
+    1. Catch all flies that get in the house.
+
+  2. Keep food covered.
+
+  3. Trap flies out of doors.
+
+  4. Screen all windows of houses, barns or out-buildings.
+
+
+Mosquito--
+
+  1. Carries germs of malaria and yellow fever.
+
+  2. Turn over every pail or tub that may hold water.
+
+  3. Pick up old tin cans and bottles and put them where rain cannot fill
+     them.
+
+  4. Screen rain barrels and cisterns so mosquitoes cannot get to the water
+     and lay eggs.
+
+  5. Screen the wash water if it is left standing over night.
+
+  6. Change water every day in drinking pans for birds and animals.
+
+
+Rats--
+
+  Prevention--
+
+    Get rid of them by trapping and killing.
+
+
+HINTS TO HOUSEKEEPERS
+
+
+HOW TO CLEAN WIRE WINDOW SCREENS.
+
+_Rub down with Kerosene oil outside and inside._
+
+
+THREE PRIMARY COLORS _are, Red, Blue and Yellow._
+
+
+POLISHING FLOORS
+
+_One quart of turpentine to one quarter (1/4) pound of beeswax. Warm,
+taking care not to let any fire reach the turpentine. Rub in the floor
+with flannel and polish with hard brush. A little powdered burnt umber
+mixed in gives a nice brown stain._
+
+
+TO PUT AWAY FLANNELS
+
+_First thoroughly air and beat them, then wrap up with cedar chips,
+refuse tobacco, or camphor, and wrap in newspapers, being careful to
+close every outlet to keep out moths._
+
+
+Babcock Test
+
+_The Babcock test is a test for determining the butter fat in milk._
+
+_Bottles are devised which are known as Babcock milk bottles, and are
+registered to show the per cent. of fat in milk. A certain amount of
+milk is mixed with a certain amount of Commercial Sulphuric acid of a
+specific gravity 1.83 which is added by degrees and thoroughly shaken up
+with the milk. Enough distilled water is added to fill the bottle. The
+mixture is then centrifuged in a Babcock Centrifuge, and the centrifuged
+fat read in per cent. on the neck of the bottle._
+
+_The Official Travelers' Babcock Test can be purchased from the Creamery
+Package Manufactory Co., Chicago Ill., and costs between $5.00 and
+$6.00._
+
+_All utensils used in dairy work should be sterilized by steaming or
+boiling for five minutes._
+
+
+How to Cure Hams
+
+Rub one tablespoonful of Saltpetre into the face of each ham; let it
+remain one day. Literally cover the ham with salt and pack it in a
+closed box. Leave it in box as many days as there are pounds to the ham.
+
+Take it out, wash in warm water; cover the face of the ham with black
+pepper, and smoke it ten days with green hickory or red-oak chips.
+
+
+Care of Children
+
+_Mrs. Benson writes: "There is no way in which a girl can help her
+country better than by fitting herself to undertake the care of
+children. She should learn all she can about them, and take every
+opportunity of helping to look after these small Girl Scouts and Boy
+Scouts of the future."_
+
+An infant cannot tell you its wants, but a Scout with a knowledge of the
+needs of children, what to feed them on, and the rules for good health,
+may save many a baby, for she never knows how soon the precious gift of
+some child's life may be placed in her hands.
+
+Baby does not know that fire will burn, or that water will drown one, so
+you need to guard him. Baby requires the proper food to build up a
+healthy body. He prefers milk for the first months of his life, and even
+up till three years old he takes mostly milk; and as a baby cannot
+digest flour, bread, corn-flour, and such things are so much poison to
+him. They may injure a little baby's health for life. As has been said
+to older children, let him keep quiet after eating. Even up to three
+years old, Baby's food must be chiefly milk--biscuits, puddings, and
+fruit being gradually added. He is very particular about his milk being
+fresh and good. Baby is extremely punctual. He feels it keenly if you do
+not feed him at the fixed hour, and will very likely let you know it,
+and woe betide you if he finds out that you have not properly scalded
+out his bottle before and after each meal.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When his digestion is not right, his appetite will not be so good.
+Digestion means that the food you eat is turned into muscle and brain
+and bone.
+
+We eat onions to make bone, and oats to make brain, but Baby must not be
+allowed such food till he is older. What is _indigestion?_ It means not
+only uncomfortable pains in the middle of the night, but also that you
+have not used up the food you ate, and that food is going bad inside
+you, and making bad blood. Eat only the foods that you know you can
+digest comfortably. Do not give Baby too much at a time, or he will not
+be able to digest it, and keep him to plain food.
+
+
+Air
+
+Sun and air are life-giving. Put a pale withering plant or human being
+into the sun, and each will recover health. Give a baby plenty of fresh
+air, out of doors if you can, but avoid draughty places. Air the rooms
+well. You know, too, that the air inside the bed-clothes is impure, so
+do not let Baby sleep with his head under the sheet; tuck it in under
+his chin. You remember what air did in curing illness in the case of the
+expressman's children. He had two boys and three little girls all
+beginning to have consumption, and constantly requiring a doctor at
+great expense. He got the happy idea of putting them all into his cart
+when he started out very early on his work, and he drove them about
+every morning till school time. Every one of them soon got well, and
+became strong and healthy.
+
+
+Bath
+
+No one can be healthy unless she is extremely clean. Baby will want his
+bath daily, with soap and warmish water. He likes to kick the water and
+splash, as long as you support his head. Before starting on this
+swimming expedition, you should have all his clothes, warm, by you, and
+all that you will want must be within reach, and he expects a warm
+flannel on your knees to lie on. You must carefully dry all the creases
+in his fat body for him, with a soft towel.
+
+
+Illnesses
+
+What will you do when you suddenly find that baby is ill. Call in the
+doctor? Yes--that is, if there is one. But when there is no doctor! You
+will at once think of all the First Aid you have learnt, and what you
+know of nursing.
+
+Drugs are bad things. You may ruin a child by giving it soothing drugs
+and advertised medicines. They sometimes produce constipation. Never
+neglect the bowels if they become stopped, or you may bring on
+inflammation. Children's illnesses often are brought on by damp floors;
+you can trace them to the evening that the boards were washed. A flood
+of water could not dry without damping the room and the children.
+
+Bowed legs come from walking too soon. It does baby good to lie down and
+kick about, for crawling and climbing exercise his muscles.
+
+The best remedy, if you find a child suffering from convulsions, is to
+place it in a warm bath, as hot as your bare elbow can endure.
+
+Childhood is the time to form the body; it cannot be altered when you
+are grown up.
+
+
+Clothing
+
+Children's clothes should be warm but light, and the feet and legs
+should be kept warm and dry. To put on their stockings, turn the toe in
+a little way, and poke the toes into the end, then pull over a little at
+a time, instead of putting the foot in at the knee of the stocking. Put
+the left stocking on the right foot next day, so as to change them every
+day.
+
+Flannelette is made of cotton, so it is not warm like wool, and it
+catches fire easily, as cotton-wool does.
+
+Rubber is most unhealthful, and causes paralysis. Don't sit on rubber or
+on oilcloth unless covered, and never put rubber next to the skin.
+
+
+Thermometers
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To convert a given number of degrees Fahrenheit into Centigrade, deduct
+32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. To convert into Reaumur, deduct 32,
+multiply by 4, and divide by 9. To convert degrees Centigrade into
+Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32. To convert Reaumur
+into Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 4, and add 32.
+
+The diagram shows corresponding degrees.
+
+
+Beat of Pulse per minute
+
+Pulse beat for normal person:
+
+Infant before age of one year, 130 to 115 beats per minute.
+
+Infant up to two years of age, 115 to 130 beats per minute.
+
+Adult, 70 to 80 beats per minute. Adult in old age, 70 to 60 in normal
+health.
+
+
+
+
+Part V
+
+
+
+
+FIRST AID
+
+
+The National Red Cross Society award certificates in First Aid to girls
+over sixteen years old only, but any Girl Scout can win the Girl Scout
+Ambulance badge by passing an examination on the first three chapters of
+the Woman's Edition of the Red Cross Abridged Text-Book on First Aid.
+
+This training of the Girl Scouts awakens taste for hospital work. The
+scope of this book is insufficient for a complete course of instruction
+in hospital work, so it is best for the leaders to have lectures,
+lessons, and demonstrations. There is danger in a "little knowledge" of
+such an important subject. So we shall only say that the one important
+Scout precept of obeying orders is in a hospital of paramount
+importance. Disobedience is certainly a _crime_.
+
+
+Nosebleed
+
+Slight nosebleed does not require treatment; no harm results from it.
+When severe nosebleed occurs, loosen the collar (do not blow the nose),
+apply cold to the back of the neck by means of a key or a cloth wrung
+out in cold water; a roll of paper under the upper lip between it and
+the gum will help; when bleeding still continues shove a cotton or a
+gauze plug into the nostrils leaving it there until the bleeding stops.
+
+
+Eyes
+
+Dust, flies, or cinder in the eye. Get the person's head well back,
+seize the upper eyelash and pull the upper lid well forward over the
+lower, press it against the latter as it slips back into place, and if
+the fly is beneath the upper lid it will be left on the lower lid. If
+this fails, place a match on the upper eyelid, catch the eyelashes and
+turn the lid over the match, and if you can see the cause of the trouble
+remove it with the corner of a handkerchief or use a camel's-hair brush.
+A drop of castor-oil in the eye soothes it afterwards. For lime in the
+eye use a weak solution of vinegar and water.
+
+
+FIRST AID TO INJURED
+
+Fire constitutes a danger, especially if there is a panic where the fire
+starts. Never throw away a lighted match, it may fall on inflammable
+material and start fire. Reading in bed is dangerous, as if you go to
+sleep the bed-clothes may catch fire. If you must dry your clothes by a
+fire watch them carefully.
+
+Cut away all dry grass around a fire in camp.
+
+Never carry a light into a room that smells strongly of escaped gas;
+never handle gunpowder with matches in your pocket.
+
+
+How to Put out Fire
+
+If your clothing catches fire don't run for help, that will fan the
+flames; lie down, roll up in an overcoat or rug. If nothing can be found
+to roll about you, roll over slowly beating out the flames with your
+hands. If another person is on fire throw him on the ground and smother
+the fire with a rug away from the face.
+
+
+What to Do in Case of Fire
+
+Show coolness and presence of mind; throw water (a few bucketfuls will
+often put out the fire), or blankets, woolen clothing, sand, ashes,
+dirt, or even flour on fire.
+
+If you discover a fire sound the alarm on the street fire-alarm post, or
+telephone to the Fire Department. The doors of a house or a room that is
+on fire should be closed to prevent draughts spreading the flames.
+
+While searching a burning house tie a wet handkerchief over the nose and
+mouth. Remember that within six inches of the floor there is no smoke;
+when you have difficulty in breathing, crawl along the floor with the
+head low, dragging any one you have rescued behind you. Tie the
+insensible person's hands together and put them over your head. You can
+then crawl along the floor dragging the rescued person with you.
+
+Never jump from the window unless the flames are so close that it is
+your only means of escape. If outside a burning building put mattresses
+and bedding piled high to break the jumper's fall and get a strong rug
+to hold, to catch the jumper, and let many people hold the rug. In
+country districts organize a bucket brigade; two lines of girls from
+water to fire--pass buckets, jugs, tumblers, or anything that will hold
+water from girl to girl and throw water on the fire, passing buckets
+back by another line of girls.
+
+
+Rescue from Drowning
+
+There are four practical methods of bringing a drowning person to land.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+1. If quiet, turn him on his back, and grip him by the head so that the
+palms of the hands cover the ears, and swim on the back. Keep his face
+above water (Fig. 1).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+2. In case of struggling, turn him on his back. Then grip his arms just
+above the elbows and raise them until they are at right angles to his
+body, and swim on the back (Fig. 2).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+3. If the arms are difficult to grasp, push your arms under those of the
+subject, bend them upwards, and place your hands, with the fingers
+separated, flat on his chest, the thumbs resting on his shoulder joints.
+Swim on the back (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+4. In rescuing a swimmer with cramp or exhausted, or a drowning person
+who is obedient and remains quiet, the person assisted must place his
+hands on the rescuer's shoulders close to the neck at arm's length, turn
+on his back, and lie perfectly still with the head well back. Here the
+rescuer is uppermost; and, having his arms and legs free, swims with the
+breast stroke. This is the easiest method, and enables the rescuer to
+carry the person a longer distance without much exertion (Fig. 4).
+
+
+Release
+
+A drowning person will sometimes grip his would-be rescuer in such a
+manner as to render it impossible to tow him to land. The three
+following methods are recommended for releasing oneself when clutched by
+a drowning person.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+1. When the rescuer is grasped by the wrists: Extend the arms
+straightforward, bring them down until they are in a line with the hips,
+and then jerk the wrists against the thumbs of the subject. This will
+break the hold (Figs. 5 and 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+2. When the rescuer is clasped round the neck: Take a deep breath and
+lean well over the drowning person. At the same time, place the left
+hand in the small of his back. Then pinch the nostrils close between the
+fingers of the right, while resting the palm on his chin, and push away
+with all possible force (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 8]
+
+3. When the rescuer is clasped round the body: Take a deep breath and
+lean well over as before. Place the left hand on the subject's right
+shoulder and the right palm on his chin. At the same time bring the
+right knee against the lower part of his chest. Then by means of a
+strong and sudden push, stretch your arms and leap straight out,
+throwing the whole weight of your body backwards (Fig. 8).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Artificial Respiration
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 9]
+
+When a person is brought to land in an apparently drowned condition lose
+no time in attempting restoration. Delay may prove fatal. Act at once
+and work with caution, continuous energy, and perseverance. Life has, in
+many cases, been restored after long hours of unceasing work. In all
+cases send for a doctor as soon as possible. Meanwhile proceed at once
+to clear the water out of the patient's lungs. The following method is
+the simplest and is called the Schaefer system, after the inventor.
+Incline the patient face downwards and the head downwards, so that the
+water may run out of his mouth, and pull his tongue forward. After
+running the water out of the patient, place him on his side with his
+body slightly hanging down, and keep the tongue hanging out. If he is
+breathing let him rest; if he is not breathing, you must at once
+endeavor to restore breathing artificially. Here are Professor Schaefer's
+own instructions:
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 10]
+
+1. Lay the patient face downwards with arms extended and the face turned
+to the side.
+
+2. Don't put a cushion or any support under the chest. Kneel or squat
+alongside or astride of the patient facing towards his head.
+
+3. Place your hands on the small of the patient's back, one on each
+side, with thumbs parallel and nearly touching.
+
+4. Bend forward with the arms straight, so as to allow the weight of
+your body to fall on your wrists, and then make a firm, steady downward
+pressure on the loins of the patient, while you count slowly,
+"one--two--three."
+
+5. Then swing your body backward so as to relieve the pressure and
+without removing your hands, while you count slowly, "one--two."
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 11]
+
+Continue this backward and forward movement, alternately relieving and
+pressing the patient's stomach against the ground in order to drive the
+air out of his chest and mouth, and allowing it to suck itself in again,
+until gradually the patient begins to do it for himself. The proper pace
+for the movement should be about twelve pressures to the minute. As soon
+as the patient is breathing you can leave off the pressure; but watch
+him, and if he fails you must start again till he can breathe for
+himself. Then let him lie in a natural position and set to work to get
+him warm by putting hot flannels or bottles of hot water between his
+thighs, and under the arms and against the soles of his feet. Wet
+clothing should be taken off and hot blankets rolled round him. The
+patient should be disturbed as little as possible and encouraged to
+sleep while carefully watched for at least an hour afterwards.
+
+
+Ice Rescue
+
+To rescue a person who has broken through the ice, you should first tie
+a rope around your own body and have the other end tied or held in
+shore. Then get a long board or a ladder, or the limb of a tree, crawl
+out on this and push it out so that the person in the water may reach
+it. If nothing can be found on which to support your weight don't
+attempt to walk to the person to be rescued, but lie flat on your face
+and crawl out to him, thus so much less weight bears on the ice at one
+point than walking. Remember, if you break through the ice yourself,
+that if you try to crawl on the broken ice it will break again with you;
+better support yourself on edge of ice and await rescue.
+
+
+Gas and Sewer Gas
+
+Never go to sleep in a room where the gas is burning low. As gas may
+escape into the room, very big fires burning in sleeping rooms are
+dangerous, especially in charcoal stoves. In underground sewers and
+wells dangerous gases are found; if a lighted candle will not burn in
+such a place it is certain the air will be dangerous for any one
+entering it.
+
+In rescuing a person from a place filled with gas, take a few deep
+breaths before entering, carry him quickly out without breathing
+yourself. Gas will not be found near the floor of a building, so you may
+be able to crawl out where it would be dangerous to walk.
+
+
+Treating and Bandaging the Injured
+
+A fracture is the same thing as a broken bone. When the bone pierces
+through the skin it is called a compound fracture. When it does _not_, a
+simple fracture.
+
+If you have to deal with a broken leg or arm, and can't get a doctor at
+once, make the patient lie down.
+
+Place the leg in the same position as sound one, and hold it in splints
+made of anything that is stiff and rigid like a _flat_ board (that is
+better than a round pole) or a limb broken from a tree. Shingles make
+excellent splints.
+
+In applying splints, they should extend beyond the next joint above and
+the next joint below the broken point. Otherwise the movement of the
+joint will cause the broken part to move.
+
+With a broken thigh, the splint should be very long, extending from
+armpit to below the feet; a short splint just below the knee will do for
+the inner splint.
+
+Splints may be tied on with handkerchiefs; tie firmly, but not so tight
+as to cause severe pain.
+
+In a fractured thigh it is well to bind the broken leg to the sound one
+by two or three pieces of cloth around both.
+
+The clothing around the leg makes a padding for the splints unless it is
+thin summer clothing, in which case straw and leaves should be put
+between the splint and the leg or arm.
+
+Fractures of the leg and arm are treated the same way, with splints on
+inner and outer sides of broken bone.
+
+A sling will be required with fractures of the arm; this may be made
+with triangular bandage or triangular neck handkerchief or piece torn
+from your skirt or petticoat. Red Cross outfits are very convenient for
+injuries.
+
+
+Compound Fracture
+
+If the sharp edges of the broken bone pierce through the skin, which
+often happens if splints are not well applied and the person moves, the
+broken bone again pierces the skin. If a wound is made by the broken
+bone, then the wound must be treated first.
+
+
+Dressing Wounds
+
+All wounds, unless protected from germs, are liable to become infected
+by matter or pus. Blood-poisoning or even death may result. To prevent
+infection of wound, a sterilized dressing should be applied; this is a
+surgical dressing which has been treated so that it is free from germs
+and can be got at any druggist's or can be had in First Aid outfits.
+Don't handle a wound with your hands, because even though your hands
+appear perfectly clean, they are not so; neither is water free from
+germs, so a wound should never be washed.
+
+If you have no surgical dressing, boil a folded towel fifteen minutes;
+don't touch the inner surface. Apply inner surface of the towel or a
+clean unused handkerchief to the wound.
+
+
+How to Stop Bleeding
+
+Keep a person quiet after severe bleeding from a wound as the bleeding
+may recommence, and give no stimulants unless patient is very weak.
+
+There are two kinds of blood--that which flows from arteries and the
+blood which flows from veins; the latter is of a dark color and flows in
+a steady stream and goes back to the heart. A pad firmly tied on such a
+wound usually stops the bleeding.
+
+Don't be afraid of leaving a wound exposed to air.
+
+When wounds bleed use Red Cross outfit as directed on slip contained in
+outfit.
+
+If an artery is cut a person may bleed to death in a few minutes. Girls
+should know that the blood from a cut artery is bright red and flows in
+spirts and jets.
+
+There are arteries in the throat. The artery in the upper arm is about
+in a line with the inner seam of the sleeve of your coat.
+
+The artery in the leg runs down from the center line from the point of
+the hip in the middle of the crotch in a line with the inseam of
+trousers.
+
+Pressure should be applied by putting your fingers three inches above
+the crotch and holding it pressed against the bone. You can feel the
+artery beating under your fingers, but don't put your finger in the
+wound as it may infect the latter. While you hold the artery some one
+else should make a tourniquet easily improvised.
+
+
+How to Make a Tourniquet
+
+Tie a handkerchief loosely around the limb and place a cork or a smooth
+stone, just above your fingers on the artery. When this is placed, put a
+stick about a foot long under the handkerchief at the outer side of the
+limb and twist the stick so that the handkerchief gets tight enough to
+keep the stone or cork pressing on the artery just as your fingers did
+at first. Tie the stick in position so it will not slip.
+
+Remember that cutting off the circulation for too long is dangerous;
+don't leave the tourniquet more than an hour. Loosen it and be ready to
+tighten it quickly if the bleeding recommences.
+
+Another method to stay bleeding from an artery when the injury is below
+the knee or elbow is to place a pad in the bend and tie the arm or leg
+bent with the pad tight in the angle of the joint.
+
+If an artery is cut at the throat, hold tightly together the wound to
+stop the bleeding or the person may die instantly from loss of blood.
+
+The best stimulant in cases where the patient is very weak is aromatic
+spirits of ammonia. One teaspoonful in a half-glass of water.
+
+
+Ivy Poisoning
+
+Avoid poison oak or ivy. If poisoned use carbolized vaseline or
+baking-soda and water made into a thick paste. Apply alcohol first.
+
+
+To Ease Itching of Midge-Bites
+
+For midge and sand-fly bites use listerine and Eucalyptus--equal
+quantities--liquid carbonic soap--apply one drop on bite--or preparation
+sold by druggist.
+
+
+Frost-Bite
+
+To prevent frost-bite, rub the body when exposed to cold with too little
+clothing on, because rubbing brings blood to the surface. When the part
+that was cold suddenly has no feeling, then to restore warmth rub it
+first with snow or cold water, then gradually with warm water; if hot
+water is applied at first it may cause mortification in the frozen part.
+
+
+Runaway Horses
+
+Don't try to check a run-away horse by standing in front and waving your
+arms. The horse only dodges you and runs faster.
+
+
+Electric Shock
+
+Artificial Respiration should always be promptly given in cases of
+electric shock.
+
+The rescuer must not touch the body of a person touching a live wire or
+a third rail unless his own body is thoroughly insulated.
+
+He must act quickly. He should, if possible, insulate himself by
+covering his hands with a rubber coat, rubber sheeting or even several
+thicknesses of dry cloth. Silk is a good non-conductor. In addition he
+should complete his insulation by standing on a dry board, or a thick
+piece of dry paper or on a dry coat.
+
+Rubber gloves or boots are safer, but they cannot usually be immediately
+available.
+
+If a live wire is under a patient and the ground is dry it will be
+perfectly safe to stand upon it and pull him off with the bare hands.
+But they should touch only his clothing and this must not be wet.
+
+A live wire on a patient may with safety be flipped off with a dry board
+or stick. A live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with a dry
+wooden handle and the electric current may be short circuited by
+dropping a crowbar or a poker on the wire. They should be dropped on the
+side from which the current is coming and not on the further side as the
+latter will not short circuit the current before it has passed through
+the patient's body. Drop the metal bar, do not place it on the wire or
+you will then be made a part of the short circuit and receive the
+current of electricity through your body.
+
+From American Red Cross Text Book on Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of
+the Sick.
+
+
+
+
+Part VI
+
+
+
+
+PATRIOTISM
+
+
+History of the Flag
+
+On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. By this the
+united colonies dissolved all the ties that bound them to England and
+became an independent nation, the United States. It was immediately
+necessary to adopt a new flag, as the new nation would not use the union
+jack. Congress appointed a committee, consisting of George Washington,
+Robert Morris, and Colonel Ross, to design a flag. They got Mrs. Betsey
+Ross, who kept an upholstery shop at 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, to
+help plan and to make the new flag. They kept the thirteen stripes of
+the colonies' flag, and replaced the union jack by a blue field bearing
+thirteen stars, arranged in a circle. On June 14, 1777, Congress passed
+the resolution adopting this flag.
+
+     Resolved: That the flag of the thirteen United States be
+     thirteen stripes, alternate red and white: that the Union be
+     thirteen stars, white on a blue field, representing a new
+     constellation.
+
+George Washington said: "We take the star from Heaven, the red from our
+mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we
+have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to
+posterity representing liberty."
+
+This new flag was first carried into battle at Port Stanwix, in August,
+1777.
+
+At first when new States came into the Union, a new stripe and a new
+star were added to the flag, but it was soon evident that the added
+stripes would make it very unwieldy. So on April 4, 1818, Congress
+passed this act, to establish the flag of the United States.
+
+     SEC. 1. Be it enacted, etc. That from and after the fourth day
+     of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen
+     horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union
+     have twenty stars, white in a blue field.
+
+     SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, that, on the admission of every
+     new State into the Union, one star be added to the Union of the
+     flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth
+     day of July succeeding such admission.
+
+In our flag today the thirteen stripes symbolize the thirteen original
+States, and the blue field bears forty-eight stars, one for each State
+in the Union. The five-pointed star is used, it is said, at Betsey
+Ross's suggestion. This five-pointed star is the seal of King Solomon,
+and the sign of infinity. Even the colors of the flag mean something:
+red stands for valor, blue for justice, and white for purity. The whole
+flag stands for freedom, liberty, and justice.
+
+
+Respect Due the Flag
+
+1. The flag should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain
+up after sunset.
+
+2. At retreat, sunset, civilian spectators should stand at attention and
+give the military salute.
+
+3. When the national colors are passing on parade or review the
+spectators should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, rise and stand at
+attention and uncover.
+
+4. When the flag is flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning it should
+be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. In placing
+the flag at half-mast, it should first be hoisted to the top of the
+staff and then be lowered to position. Preliminary to lowering from
+half-mast it should first be raised to top.
+
+5. On Memorial Day, May 30th, the flag should fly at half-mast from
+sunrise till noon, and at full mast from noon to sunset.
+
+     The flag at half-mast is a sign of mourning.
+
+     The flag flown upside down is a signal of distress.
+
+
+America
+
+The first home of social and religious freedom in America was in the
+Colony of Maryland. When all the other colonies were persecuting every
+one that did not believe in their own peculiar religious doctrine and
+making the most invidious social distinctions, Maryland--the Ever
+Faithful--was a haven of refuge for all. Situated in a middle place
+among the colonies, her doctrines gradually spread till today the proud
+boast of America is that she is the home of the free. Had the sentiments
+of Massachusetts prevailed, we would have had today a most bigoted form
+of religious government. Had John Locke's Carolina laws lasted, we would
+have been under a grinding oligarchy. Georgia under Oglethorpe's wise
+management joined hands with Calvert in Maryland, and the result of
+their joint efforts for the betterment of mankind is the grand Republic
+of the United States of today. Adams and Washington, Franklin and
+Lincoln are names which shine out from the pages of history today, and
+back of each was a good and honored mother. These were patriots--not
+politicians or place hunters. Throughout our history the emergency seems
+always to have found the man. And they have been prepared by our great
+women. For even if a man has not a wife it is seldom that any great
+thing is done that is not helped on by a woman. Girls, know your places.
+They are no mean positions that you are destined to hold. The pages of
+the history of the future may hold your names in a high and honored
+place. Do well your part today. The work of today is the history of
+tomorrow, and we are its makers. So let us strive to show just as grand
+names on the pages yet unwritten as are inscribed on those that we have
+for our proud inheritance.
+
+It is not necessary that every Scout should be proficient in all things
+suggested for practice. All should be able to drill and know the
+signs--secret and open--for the use of the organization. They should
+practice the precepts laid down for their guidance and be above all
+things "the little friend to all" that makes such a distinctive feature
+in the work and training of every day's meeting of Scouts. Consider it a
+paramount duty to attend all meetings and get the most out of the
+opportunities offered you in the American Band of Girl Scouts. Make your
+duties amusements and your amusements duties. So will you find that you
+daily increase in usefulness and your pleasure in life will grow
+broader. In union there is strength. The Union of Scouts is to be a
+strong union for the good of our nation in the future and an
+ever-increasing bond for success to ourselves and aid to others.
+
+
+The Star-Spangled Banner
+
+    O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
+      What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming?
+    Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight,
+      O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming;
+    And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
+    Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there!
+    O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
+    O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
+
+    On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep,
+      Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
+    What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
+      As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
+    Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
+    In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream--
+    'Tis the star-spangled banner. O long may it wave
+    O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
+
+    And where is that band who so vauntingly swore,
+      'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
+    A home and a country they'd leave us no more?
+      Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
+    No refuge could save the hireling and slave
+    From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave--
+    And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave,
+    O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
+
+    O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
+      Between their loved homes and foul war's desolation,
+    Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land
+      Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
+    Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
+    And this be our motto, "In God is our trust"--
+    And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave,
+    While the land of the free is the home of the brave.
+
+    FRANCIS SCOTT KEY.
+
+
+America
+
+    My country, 'tis of thee,
+    Sweet land of liberty,
+      Of thee I sing;
+    Land where my fathers died,
+    Land of the Pilgrims' pride,
+    From every mountain side
+      Let freedom ring.
+
+    My native country, thee,
+    Land of the noble free,
+      Thy name I love;
+    I love thy rocks and rills,
+    Thy woods and templed hills;
+    My heart with rapture thrills
+      Like that above.
+
+    Let music swell the breeze,
+    And ring from all the trees
+      Sweet freedom's song;
+    Let mortal tongues awake,
+    Let all that breathe partake,
+    Let rocks their silence break,
+      The sound prolong!
+
+    Our father's God, to Thee,
+    Author of liberty,
+      To Thee we sing:
+    Long may our land be bright
+    With freedom's holy light;
+    Protect us by Thy might,
+      Great God, our King.
+
+    SAMUEL F. SMITH, 1832.
+
+
+Allegiance to the Flag
+
+I pledge allegiance to the flag, and to the republic for which it
+stands; one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
+
+
+Girl Scout Salute to the Flag
+
+A salute to the Flag should be the first number on the program of every
+meeting. Use the Scout full salute. The salute may be accompanied by the
+words of the pledge. Let the hand reach the forehead on the word
+"allegiance," pointing, palm outward, to the flag and recite the
+remaining words with hand still pointing to flag.
+
+
+
+
+READING LIST
+
+
+BOOKS ON MERIT BADGE SUBJECTS
+
+  AMBULANCE:
+_Emergencies._ Gulick, C. E.
+_Firebrands._ Martin, F. E.
+_Home Nursing._ Harrison, E.
+_Sure Pop and the Safety Scouts._ Bailey, R. R.
+
+  ASTRONOMY:
+_Story of the Heavens._ Ball, Roberts.
+_Heavens with an Opera Glass._ Serviss, Garrett.
+_The Friendly Stars._ Martin, M. E.
+_Ways of the Planets._ Martin, M. E.
+_Easy Guide to the Constellations._ Gall, James.
+_Sun Lore of All Ages._ Olcott, W. T.
+
+  ART:
+_Composition._ Dow.
+_How to Judge a Picture._ Van Dyke.
+
+  ARTS AND CRAFTS:
+_Art Crafting in Metals for Amateurs._ Chandler.
+_Art Crafts for Beginners._ Sanford, F. E.
+_Dan Beard's Books._
+
+  BIRDS: (_see also_ NATURALIST.)
+_Birds of Village and Field._ Merriam, Florence A.
+_Birds and Bees._ Burroughs, John.
+_Squirrels and Other Fur Bearers._ Burroughs, John.
+_Sharp Eyes._ Gibson, Wm. H.
+_Chapman's Books on Birds--According to Locality._
+_Bird Guide._ Reed, Chester A.
+_Bird Craft._ Wright, M. A.
+_How to Attract the Birds._ Trafton, G.
+
+  BOATSWAIN:
+_Boys' Outdoor Vacation Book._ Verrill, A. H.
+_Harper's Boating Book for Boys._ Verrill, A. H.
+
+  CHILD NURSE:
+_Baby Clothing._ Hitching, W.
+_Care and Feeding of Children._ Holt, L. E.
+_Care and Training of Children._ Kerr, L.
+_Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home._ U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
+
+  CLERK:
+_Goodwin's Improved Bookkeeping and Business Manual._ Goodwin, J. H.
+_Handbook of Style._ (_Punctuation._) Houghton, Mifflin.
+_Modern Business Arithmetic._ Curtis, U.
+_New Practical Typewriting._
+
+  COOK, INVALID COOKING:
+_Boston Cooking-School Cook Book._ Fanner, F. A.
+_Food for the Invalid and the Convalescent._ Gibbs, W. S.
+_Mary Frances Cook Book._ Fryer, J. E.
+_When Mother Lets Us Cook._ Johnson, C.
+
+  DAIRY MAID:
+_Dairy Chemistry._ Snyder, H.
+_Milk and Its Products._ Wing, H. H.
+_Official Travelers' Babcock Test._ Creamery Package Manufacturing Co.,
+Chicago.
+
+  ELECTRICIAN:
+_A. B. C. of Electricity._ Meadowcroft, W. H.
+_Boy Electrician._ Morgan, A. P.
+_Electricity for Young People._ Jenks, T.
+_Harper's Beginning Electricity._ Shafer, D. C.
+_Harper's Electricity Book for Boys._ Adams, J. H.
+
+  FARMER:
+_Bees._ (_Farmers' Bulletin 447._) U. S. Dept. of Agr.
+_How to Keep Bees._ Comstock, A. B.
+_Hints to Poultry Raisers._ (_Farmers' Bulletin 528._) U. S. Dept. of Agr.
+_Incubation and Incubators._ (_Farmers' Bulletin 236._) U. S. Dept. of Agr.
+_Pig Management._ (_Farmers' Bulletin 205._) U. S. Dept. of Agr.
+_Poultry Management._ (_Farmers' Bulletin 287._) U. S. Dept. of Agr.
+_First Book of Birds._ Miller.
+_Second Book of Birds._ Miller.
+_Our Home Pets._ Miller.
+_The Garden Book for Young People._ Lounsberry.
+_Bird Stories from Burroughs._
+_Butterflies and Bees._ Morley.
+_Insect Stories._ Kellog.
+_The Scout Garden._ Bennet, F. H.
+
+  GARDENS:
+_Children's Gardens for Pleasure, Health and Education._ Parsons, H. G.
+_Garden Primer._ Tabor, G.
+_Harper's Book for Young Gardeners._ Verrill, A. H.
+_School Garden Book._ Weed, Clarence.
+_When Mother Lets Us Garden._ Duncan, F.
+_First Book of Birds._ Miller, O. T.
+_Second Book of Birds._ Miller, O. T.
+_Our Home Pets._ Miller, O. T.
+_Little Gardens for Boys and Girls._ Higgins, M.
+_The Garden Book for Young People._ Lounsberry.
+_Bird Stories._ Burroughs.
+_Butterflies and Bees._ Morley.
+_Insect Stories._ Kellog.
+_The Scout Garden._ Bennet, F. H.
+
+  HEALTH:
+_Body at Work._ Jewett, F: G.
+_Good Health._ Jewett, F. G.
+_Personal Hygiene._ Pyle.
+_Handbook Girls' Branch of Public School Athletic League._ Burchenal.
+_The Human Mechanism._ Hough & Sedgwick.
+
+  HOUSEKEEPER:
+_Good Housekeeping Magazine._ Gilman, E. H.
+_Housekeeping._ (Children's Library of Work and Play.) Gilman, E. H.
+_How to Live on a Small Income._ Hewitt, E. C.
+_Manual of Household Work and Management._ Butterworth.
+_Mary Frances, Housekeeper._ Fryer, J. E.
+
+  LAUNDRESS:
+_Laundry Manual._ Balderston, L. R.
+_Housekeeping._ (_Children's Library of Work and Play._) Gilman, E.
+H.
+
+  MUSICAL:
+_Dictionary of Music and Musicians._ Gove, G.
+_Operas that Every Child Should Know._ Bacon, M. S.
+_Stories from the Operas._ Davidson.
+_Story of Music and Musicians._ Millie, L. C.
+_Young People's Story of Music._ Whitcomb, I. P.
+_Intervals, Theory, Chords, and Ear Training._ Brown, J. P.
+
+  NATURALIST:
+_Bird-Life._ Chapman, F. M.
+_Bird Neighbors._ Blanchan, N.
+_Flower Guide._ Reed, C. A.
+_Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America._ Chapman, F. M.
+_How to Attract the Birds._ Blanchan, N.
+_How to Know the Wild Flowers._ Parsons, F. T.
+_Land Birds._ Reed, C. A.
+_Nature Library._ Doubleday.
+_Standard Library of Natural History._ University Society.
+_Wild Flowers Every Child Should Know._ Stack, F. W.
+_The American Flower Garden._ Blanchan, Neltye.
+_How to Know the Wild Flowers._ Mrs. W. M. S. Dana.
+_How to Know the Ferns._ Parsons, Frances T.
+_Primer of Forestry._ Pinchot, Gifford.
+_Our Native Trees._ Keeler, Harriet L.
+
+_Ways of Wood Fowls._ Long, Wm. D.
+_Secrets of the Woods._ Long, Wm. D.
+_Lives of the Hunted._ Seton-Thompson, Ernest.
+_Wild Animals I Have Known._ Seton-Thompson, Ernest.
+_Jungle Books._ Kipling, Rudyard.
+_Our National Parks._ Muir, John.
+_Earth and Its Story._ Hulprin, Angels.
+
+_Naturalist._ Trafton.
+
+  NEEDLEWOMAN:
+_Easy Steps in Sewing._ Fryer, J. E.
+_Home Art Crochet Book._ Klickmann, F.
+_Magic of Dress._ Gould.
+_Needlecraft._ (_Children's Library of Work and Play._) Archer, E. A.
+_Sewing for Little Girls._ Foster, O. H.
+_Three Hundred Things a Bright Girl Can Do._ Kelley, L. E.
+_When Mother Lets Us Sew._ Johnson, C.
+
+  PIONEER:
+_Boy's Camp Book._ Cave, E.
+_Boy Scout's Hike Book._ Cave, E.
+_Camp Cookery._ Kephart, H.
+_On the Trail._ Beard, L.
+
+  SIGNALLING:
+_Official Handbook for Girls._
+
+  SWIMMER:
+_Swimming._ Brewster.
+
+  TELEGRAPHIST:
+_Official Handbook for Boys._ Boy Scouts of America.
+
+
+GENERAL READING
+
+  FAMOUS WOMEN:
+_When I Was a Girl in Italy._ Ambrosi, M.
+_Promised Land._ Antin, M.
+_Lives of Girls Who Became Famous._ Bolton, S. K.
+_Joan of Arc._ de Monvel, B.
+_Girls' Book of Famous Queens._ Farmer, L. H.
+_Life of Mary Lyon._ Gilchrist, B. B.
+_Autobiography of a Tomboy._ Gilder, J. L.
+_Historic Girlhoods._ Holland, R. S.
+_Group of Famous Women._ Horton, E.
+_Story of My Life._ Keller, H.
+_New England Girlhood._ Larcom, L.
+_Heroines that Every Child Should Know._ Mabie, H. W.
+_Louise, Queen of Prussia._ Merz, H.
+_Louisa May Alcott._ Moses, B.
+_Life of Alice Freeman Palmer._ Palmer, G. H.
+_Florence Nightingale._ Richards, L. E.
+_When I Was Your Age._ Richards, L. E.
+_Wonder Workers._ Wade, M. H.
+_Jeanne D'Arc._ Wilmot-Buxton.
+_Queens of England._ Strickland.
+
+  FAIRY TALES AND FOLK LORE:
+_Arabian Nights._
+_Fairy Tales._ Andersen, H. C.
+_Granny's Wonderful Chair._ Browne, F.
+_Alice's Adventures in Wonderland._ Carroll, L.
+_Fairy Tales._ Grimm Bros.
+_Uncle Remus, His Songs and Sayings._ Harris.
+_Celtic Fairy Tales._ Jacobs, J.
+_Blue Fairy Book._ Lang, A.
+_Pinocchio._ Lorenzini, C.
+_Children's Book._ Scudder, H. E.
+
+  HISTORY OF LITERATURE:
+_History of the English Language._ Lounsbury, T. P.
+_English Literature for Boys and Girls._ Marshall, H. E.
+_Introduction to American Literature._ Pancoast, H. S.
+
+  POETRY:
+_Songs of Innocence._ Blake, Wm.
+_Golden Staircase._ Chisholm, L.
+_Poems of Childhood._ Field, E.
+_Lyra Heroica._ Henley, W.
+_Boy's Percy._ Lanier, S.
+_Nonsense Books._ Lear, E.
+_Story Telling Poems._ Olcott, F. J.
+_Golden Treasury._ Palgrave, F. T.
+_Book of Famous Verse._ Repplier, A.
+_Child's Garden of Verse._ Stevenson, R. L.
+_Golden Numbers._ Wiggin, K. D.
+_Pinafore Palace._ Wiggin, K. D.
+_Posy Ring._ Wiggin, K. D.
+_Lays of Ancient Rome._ Macaulay.
+_Longfellow's Poems._ Longfellow.
+_Lady of the Lake._ Scott.
+_Idylls of the King._ Tennyson.
+_Robin Hood Ballads._ Parker.
+_Rosemary and Rue._ Gordon.
+
+  STORIES:
+_Lisbeth Longfrock._ Aanrud, A.
+_Little Men._ Alcott, L. M.
+_Little Women._ Alcott, L. M.
+_Under the Lilacs._ Alcott, L. M.
+_Marjorie Daw._ Aldrich, T. B.
+_Pride and Prejudice._ Austen, J.
+_Little Minister._ Barrie, J. M.
+_Lorna Doone._ Blackmore, R. D.
+_Jane Eyre._ Bronte, C. M.
+_Last Days of Pompeii._ Lytton, Bulwer.
+_Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines._ Clarke, M. C.
+_Friend of Caesar._ Davis, W. S.
+_Egyptian Princess._ Ebers, G. M.
+_Silas Marner._ Eliot, G.
+_Ramona._ Jackson, H. H.
+_Hypatia._ Kingsley, C.
+_Mr. Achilles._ Lee, J.
+_Scottish Chiefs._ Porter, J.
+_Cloister and the Hearth._ Reade, C.
+_Daisy Chain._ Yonge, C. M.
+_Peter and Wendy._ Barrie, J. M.
+_Four Gondons._ Brown, E. A.
+_Peep-in-the-World._ Crichton, F.
+_Hans Brinker._ Dodge, M. M.
+_Lass of the Silver Sword._ Dubois, M. C.
+_Mary's Meadow._ Ewing, J. H.
+_Peterkin Papers._ Hale, L. P.
+_York and a Lancaster Rose._ Keary.
+_Bimbi._ Ramee.
+_Queen Hildegarde._ Richards, L. E.
+_Castle Blair._ Shaw, F. E.
+_Heidi._ Spyri, J.
+_Mother Carey's Chickens._ Wiggin, K. D.
+_David Copperfield._ Dickens.
+_A Tale of Two Cities._ Dickens.
+_The Talisman._ Sir Walter Scott.
+_Little Lord Fauntleroy._ Burnett.
+_Sarah Crewe._ Burnett.
+_Six Girls._ Irving, F. B.
+_John Halifax, Gentleman._ Craik, D. M.
+_Last of the Mohicans._ Cooper.
+_Pathfinder._ Cooper.
+_Deerslayer._ Cooper.
+_Otto of Silver Hand._ Pyle.
+_Merry Adventures of Rab._ Brown.
+_Treasure Island._ Stevenson.
+_Black Arrow._ Stevenson.
+_Jackanapes._ Ewing.
+_Nelly's Silver Mine_, Jackson.
+_Robinson Crusoe._ De Foe.
+_Rab and His Friends._ Brown.
+_Bob, Son of Battle._ Ollivant.
+_The Call of the Wild._ London.
+_Master Skylark._ Bennett.
+_The Prince and the Pauper._ Twain.
+_Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings._ Bulwer-Lytton.
+_The White Company._ Doyle, Conan
+_Wonderful Adventures of Nils._ Lagerloef.
+_Tales of Laughter._ Smith.
+_Richard Carvel._ Churchill.
+_Hugh Wynne._ Mitchell.
+_Quentin Durward._ Scott.
+_Ben Hur._ Wallace.
+_Holiday House._ Sinclair.
+_Alice in Wonderland._ Carroll.
+_Just So Stories._ Kipling.
+_Eight Cousins._ Alcott.
+_Juan and Juanita._ Baylor.
+_Black Beauty._ Sewell.
+_Birds' Christmas Carol._ Wiggin.
+_Story of Siegfried._ Baldwin.
+_Swiss Family Robinson._ Wyss.
+_Six to Sixteen._ Ewing.
+_Man Without a Country._ Hale.
+_Tom Brown's School Days._ Hughes.
+_Anne of Green Gables._ Montgomery.
+_Barnaby Lee._ Bennett.
+_Judith Shakespeare._ Black.
+_Colonel's Opera Cloak._ Brush.
+_Smith College Stories._ Daskam.
+_Captains Courageous._ Kipling.
+_Kidnapped._ Stevenson.
+_Rudder Grange._ Stockton.
+_A Gentleman of France._ Weyman.
+_New Chronicles of Rebecca._ Wiggin.
+_Polly Oliver's Problem._ Wiggin.
+_Dove in the Eagle's Nest._ Yonge.
+_Elizabeth and her German Garden._ (Anonymous.)
+_Princess Pricelta's Fortnight._ Arnim, M. A.
+_Days of Bruce._ Aguilar.
+_Tales of King Arthur._ Lang.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE FOR MERIT BADGE
+
+BIRDS:
+
+     Birds as Weed Destroyers. Pp. 221 to 232. Illus. (From
+     _Yearbook_, 1898.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:133._
+
+     Birds that Eat Scale Insects. Pp. 189 to 198. Illus. (From
+     _Yearbook_, 1906.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:416._
+
+     Bookkeeping. Farm Bookkeeping. 1912. 37 pp. Illus. (_Farmers'
+     Bulletin 511._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:511._
+
+     Does it Pay the Farmer to Protect Birds? Pp. 165 to 178. Illus.
+     (From _Yearbook_, 1907.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:443._
+
+     Economic Value of Predaceous Birds and Mammals. Pp. 187 to 194.
+     Illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1908.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:474._
+
+     Fifty Common Birds of Farm and Orchard. 1913. 31 pp. Illus.
+     (_Farmers' Bulletin 513._) Paper, 15c. _A 1.9:513._
+
+     Food of Some Well-Known Birds of Forest, Farm, and Garden.
+     1912. 35 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin 506._) Paper, 5c. _A
+     1.9:506._
+
+     How Birds Affect the Orchard. Pp. 291 to 304. Illus. (From
+     _Yearbook_, 1900.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:197._
+
+     Migratory Movements of Birds in Relation to Weather. Pp. 379 to
+     390. 1 illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1910.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:545._
+
+     Relation of Birds to Fruit Growing in California. Pp. 241 to
+     254. (From _Yearbook_, 1904.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:344._
+
+     Some Common Birds in their Relation to Agriculture. Revised,
+     1904. 48 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin 54._) Paper, 5c. _A
+     1.9:54._
+
+     Some Common Game, Aquatic, and Rapacious Birds in Relation to
+     Man. 1912. 30 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin 497._) Paper, 5c.
+     _A 1.9:497._
+
+HEALTH:
+
+     Health and Cleanliness--O'Shea and Kellogg--pp. 54-124.
+
+HOUSEKEEPING:
+
+     Butter.
+
+     Butter-Making on the Farm. 1905. 31 pp. (_Farmers' Bulletin
+     241._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:241._
+
+     Canning Vegetables in the Home. 1909. 16 pp. Illus. (_Farmers'
+     Bulletin 359._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:359._
+
+     School Lessons on Corn. 1910. 29 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin
+     409._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:409._
+
+     The Home and Family--Kinne and Cooley--pp. 96-137.
+
+     Handbook of Domestic Science and Household Arts--Wilson--pp.
+     273-276 and 55-58.
+
+FARM HOUSES:
+
+     Modern Conveniences for the Farm Home. 1906. 48 pp. Illus.
+     (_Farmers' Bulletin 270._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:270._
+
+FARMERS' BULLETINS:
+
+    34. Meats, Composition and Cooking. Paper, 5c.
+    131. Household Tests for the Detection of Oleomargarine and Renovated
+         Butter. Paper, 5c.
+    154. Home Fruit Garden, Preparation and Care. Paper, 5c.
+    166. Cheese-Making on the Farm. Paper, 5c.
+    180. Game Laws for 1903. Paper, 5c.
+    185. Beautifying the Home Grounds. Paper, 5c.
+    188. Weeds Used in Medicine. Paper, 5c.
+    195. Annual Flowering Plants. Paper, 5c.
+    197. Importation of Game Birds and Eggs for Propagation. Paper, 5c.
+    218. School Garden. 2d revised edition. Paper, 5c.
+    234. Guinea Fowl and its Use as Food. Paper, 5c.
+    351. Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis. Paper, 5c.
+    375. Care of Food in Home, corrected to Mar. 25, 1910. Paper, 5c.
+    409. School Lessons on Corn. Paper, 5c.
+    459. House Flies. Paper, 5c.
+
+    468. Forestry in Nature Study. Paper, 5c.
+    478. How to Prevent Typhoid Fever. Paper, 5c.
+    506. Food of Some Well-Known Birds of Forest, Farm, and Garden. Paper, 5c.
+    511. Farm Bookkeeping. Paper, 5c.
+    513. Fifty Common Birds of Farm and Orchard. Paper, 15c.
+    525. Raising Guinea Pigs. Paper, 5c.
+
+FARMS:
+
+     Figs. Smyrna Fig Culture in United States. Pp. 79 to 106.
+     Illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1900.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:196._
+
+FOREST FIRES:
+
+     Attitude of Lumbermen toward Forest Fires. Pp. 133 to 140.
+     Illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1904.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:337._
+
+     Forestry in Nature Study (with Key to Common Kinds of Trees).
+     1911. 43 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin 468._) Paper, 5c. _A
+     1.9:468._
+
+     Grosbeaks. Our Grosbeaks and their Value to Agriculture. 1911.
+     14 pp. Illus. (_Farmers' Bulletin 456._) Paper, 5c. _A
+     1.9:456._
+
+     Headache Mixtures. Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures (containing
+     Acetanilid, Antipyrin, and Phenacetin). 1909. 16 pp. (_Farmers'
+     Bulletin 377._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:377._
+
+PERFUMERY:
+
+     Can Perfumery Farming Succeed in United States? Pp. 377 to 398.
+     Illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1898.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:135._
+
+PLANTS:
+
+     Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit. Pp. 185 to
+     196. (From _Yearbook_, 1909.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:504._
+
+     School Exercises in Plant Production. 1910. 48 pp. Illus.
+     (_Farmers' Bulletin 408._) Paper, 5c. _A 1.9:408._
+
+POISONOUS PLANTS:
+
+     Some Poisonous Plants of Northern Stock Ranges. Pp. 305 to 324.
+     Illus. (From _Yearbook_, 1900.) Paper, 5c. _A 1.10:206._
+
+     School Garden. 2d revised edition, 1909. 41 pp. Illus.
+     (_Farmers' Bulletin 218._) Paper, 5c.
+
+     _Yearbook._ (Separates.)
+
+    414. Cage-Bird Traffic of United States. Paper, 10c.
+    485. Manufacture of Flavoring Extracts. Paper. 5c.
+
+
+_Farmers' Bulletins_
+
+(These Bulletins can be obtained in Washington Agricultural Department
+for five cents.)
+
+Woman's Edition of Red Cross Abridged Text-Book on First Aid, can be
+obtained for 35 cents from Girl Scout Headquarters, 527 Fifth Avenue,
+New York City.
+
+Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of Sick, by Jane Delano.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Accidents, 64, 131
+
+Air, 121
+
+Ambulance, 31
+
+Archery, 82
+
+Art, 142
+
+Artificial respiration, 129
+
+Artist, 32
+
+Astronomy, 82, 142
+
+Athletic feats, 55
+
+Athletics, 48. (Also see Manual)
+
+Attendance, 33
+
+Automobiling, 33
+
+Aviation, 33
+
+
+Babcock test, 119
+
+Badge, 29
+
+Badges, merit, 31
+
+Bandaging, 131
+
+Bath, 122
+
+Bathing, precautions, 65
+
+Bird Study, 34, 142
+
+Bleeding, 133
+
+Boating, 64
+
+Boatswain, 34, 142
+
+Body, 9
+
+Books, 13, 146
+
+Bronze cross, 30
+
+
+Camping, 57
+
+Camp oven, 63
+
+Captain, 22
+
+Career, 15, 16
+
+Carey, Arthur A., 86
+
+Charades, 54
+
+Child nurse, 35, 120, 142
+
+Civics, 36
+
+Cleaning, 106, 111, 115
+
+Cleanliness, 96
+
+Clerk, 35, 143
+
+Clothing, 67
+
+Commands, 78. (Also see Manual)
+
+Commissioner, 20
+
+Compass, 70, 71
+
+Concentration, 18
+
+Contents, table of, iii
+
+Continental code, 75
+
+Conventional signs, 72
+
+Cook, 37, 109, 139
+
+Council, Local, 3
+
+Council, National, 2
+
+Crafts, 142
+
+
+Dairy, 38, 116, 143
+
+Dampness, 96
+
+"Day and Night," 52
+
+Dismissal, 28
+
+Dodge ball, 53
+
+Dressing wounds, 132
+
+Drinking water, 97
+
+Drowning, 126
+
+
+Ears, 99
+
+Economy, 13
+
+Eggs, 110
+
+Electricity, 38, 143
+
+Employment, 15
+
+Endurance, 102
+
+Enrollment, 27
+
+Equipment, camp, 66
+
+Executive committee, 2
+
+Exercise, 98, 103
+
+Eyes, 99, 124
+
+
+Farmer, 39, 143
+
+Fire, 58
+
+First-Class Scout, 26
+
+Flag, 136
+
+Flag Salute, 141
+
+Fracture, 132
+
+Frostbite, 135
+
+
+Games, 48. (Also see Manual)
+
+Gardening, 39, 92, 144
+
+Gas, 131
+
+Golden eaglet, 30
+
+Grades, 20
+
+
+Habits, 12
+
+Hams, curing, 120
+
+Hand signals, 79
+
+Hand-wrestling, 56
+
+Headquarters, 1, 2
+
+Health, 40, 98, 144
+
+Helpfulness, 11
+
+Home life, 106
+
+Home nursing, 41
+
+Horsemanship, 41
+
+Housekeeping, 13, 23, 116, 119 and 144
+
+Housewife, 106
+
+Hygiene, personal, 96. (See Manual)
+
+
+Ice rescue, 130
+
+Illness, 118
+
+Influence of women, 9
+
+Insect bites, 134
+
+Interpreter, 42
+
+Invalid cooking, 37
+
+Investiture, 27
+
+Ivy-poisoning, 130, 134
+
+
+Kim's game, 53
+
+Knots, 68
+
+
+Laundress, 43
+
+Laws, 7
+
+Leader, 23
+
+Lieutenant, 23
+
+
+Marksmanship, 43
+
+Measurements, 100
+
+Meats, cooking, 110
+
+Medals, 30
+
+Membership, 20
+
+Milk, 116
+
+Modesty, a Scout's, 12
+
+Morgan's game, 54
+
+Morse code, 77
+
+Motto, 6
+
+Music, 43
+
+
+Naturalist, 41
+
+Needlewoman, 41
+
+Needlework, 107
+
+Nose, hygiene of, 98
+
+Nosebleed, 124
+
+Novelty competitions, 49
+
+Nurse, 24
+
+
+Observation, 15
+
+Officers, 5
+
+Orders, camp, 65
+
+Organizing, 4
+
+Orion, 84
+
+
+Patch, Scout, 107
+
+Pathfinder, 44
+
+Patriotism, 18, 136
+
+Patronesses, v
+
+Photography, 45
+
+Physical development, 101 (Also see Manual)
+
+Pioneer, 45
+
+Pledge to flag, 141
+
+Promise, Scout's, 6
+
+Provisions for camp, 61
+
+Pulse, normal rate, 123
+
+
+Reading, 13, 146
+
+Reference books, 142 (Leaders, also see Manual)
+
+Respect to flag, 141
+
+Routine, camp, 63
+
+
+Salute, 3, 141
+
+Sanitation, 94
+
+Scoutcraft, 68
+
+Scribe, 45
+
+Sculptor, 52
+
+Second-Class Scout, 25
+
+Secretary, 21
+
+Self-improvement, 9
+
+Shooting, 81
+
+Signaling, 75
+
+Signs, 75
+
+Snakes, 59
+
+Song of the Fifty Stars, 86
+
+Songs, 141
+
+Stars, 83
+
+Star Spangled Banner, 141
+
+Stories, 142, 143
+
+Strength, physical, 102
+
+Study, 16. (Leaders, also see Manual, List of Books)
+
+Sun clock, 90
+
+Swimmer, 46
+
+
+Tag, 53
+
+Team games, 49
+
+Teeth, 99
+
+Telegraphy, 47
+
+Tenderfoot, 25
+
+Tests, 25
+
+"Thanks" badge, 29
+
+Thermometer, 123
+
+Three Deep, 51
+
+Thrift, 14
+
+Time by stars, 83
+
+Tourniquet, 134
+
+Treasurer, 21
+
+
+Vanity, 9
+
+Vegetables, 115
+
+
+Water, drinking, 58, 117
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of How Girls Can Help Their Country, by
+Juliette Low and Agnes Baden-Powell and Robert Baden-Powell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW GIRLS CAN HELP THEIR COUNTRY ***
+
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