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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and
+corrections of some imperfections of imp, by Francis Thynne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes
+       1865 edition
+
+Author: Francis Thynne
+
+Editor: George Henry Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This text uses UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and
+quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your
+text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
+(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last
+resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead.
+
+The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne’s _Animadversions_.
+Two purely typographic features have been adopted from the 1876 Chaucer
+Society re-edition of the same MS. Passages printed in brackets in 1865
+have been changed to 1876’s parentheses; conversely, letters and whole
+words supplied by the editor are shown in brackets, reserving italics
+for expanded abbreviations. A few apparent errors were corrected from
+the 1876 text. Some other differences between the two editions are
+noted at the end of the e-text.
+
+Italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. Other italics
+are shown conventionally with _lines_. Superscripts are shown with
+carets ^.
+
+The Sidenotes have been duplicated at the beginning of the text to act
+as a table of contents.]
+
+
+
+
+   Animaduersions
+
+        uppon
+
+  Chaucer’s Workes.
+
+
+
+
+  [Sidenotes:
+    The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on
+      his new edition of Chaucer.
+    Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition, and justifies
+      him as editor.
+    His father’s collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity.
+    The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen.
+    William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to
+      countenance him.
+    The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.
+    The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne’s house
+      at Erith.
+    Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed by parliament.
+    Reasons why the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s.
+    How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was dispersed
+      abroad.
+    He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s family.
+    Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.
+    Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued.
+    Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward.
+    Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault.
+    The conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no
+      valydytye.
+    Master Speight misquoteth Gower.
+    Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer.
+    Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or Gores) of Stittenham.
+    Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for poetry.
+    The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour.
+    The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.
+    Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer but?
+    The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.
+    Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor doth Thynne.
+    The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by
+      the Pope and the Parliament.
+    Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes.
+    Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.
+    Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.
+    The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but
+      William was not the first that did so.
+    The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as
+      themselves.
+    A merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.
+    Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas
+      Montacute.
+    He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing.
+    The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris, and finished
+      by John de la Meune.
+    Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess.
+    John of Gaunt, his incontinency.
+    Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition of old words,
+      but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.
+    Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.
+    A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.
+    Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even
+      metaphorically.
+    Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of gold,
+      a manufacture peculiar to the English.
+    Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.
+    Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.
+    Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and
+      hypocritical women from their nature.
+    Citrinatione or perfect digestion.
+    Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in
+      winter, or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean
+      grass.
+    Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.
+    The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine.
+    Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.
+    Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common.
+    Sendale, a sylke stuffe.
+    The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast
+      stones.
+    Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.
+    Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye.
+    Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.
+    Of the Vernacle.
+    Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth
+      reasons.
+    Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros,
+      and giveth reasons.
+    Of florins and their name from the Florentines.
+    Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings.
+    King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.
+    Of the oken garland of Emelye.
+    Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.
+    The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have
+      known Emelye.
+    Straught, a better word than haughte.
+    Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.
+    Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.
+    It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at
+      the window.
+    Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.
+    Cambuscan is Caius canne.
+    “That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no wighte say
+      naye.”
+    Theophraste, not Paraphraste.
+    The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from the author of Policraticon.
+    Country, not Couentry.
+    Maketh, not waketh.
+    Hugh of Lincoln.
+    “Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a good reading.
+    Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.
+    Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.
+    The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself.
+    Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of
+      Mercia.
+    Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.
+    Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner of meates.”
+    And also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for
+      the sake of the meter.
+    The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose,
+      but is there spelled Guindesores.
+    Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the Baron should be called
+      of Windsor.
+    The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor
+      for chastity only, but for many other matters.
+    The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not
+      going through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed
+      over nine burnynge shares.
+    The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry
+      III.
+    The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of
+      his owne mate.
+    The plowman’s tale is wrong placed.
+    Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from those
+      adulterat and not his.
+    There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne
+      dedicated his to Henry VIII.
+    The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented
+      and corrected them.
+    Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer.
+    It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.
+    The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt
+      in times past.
+    Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.
+    Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.
+    The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls
+      duties and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.
+    Master Thynne being a herold liketh not that false semblance
+      should be thought one.
+    Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse.
+    Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.]
+
+
+
+
+  +Chaucer.+
+
+
+  ANIMADUERSIONS
+
+  uppon the Annotacions and correct{i}ons of some
+  imperfect{i}ons of impress{i}ones
+  of Chaucer’s workes (sett
+  downe before tyme and
+  nowe) reprinted in the
+  yere of our lorde
+  1598
+
+  Sett downe by
+  FRANCIS THYNNE.
+
+  “Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien.”
+
+
+  Now Newly Edited from the MS. in the
+  Bridgewater Library
+
+  by
+
+  G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S.
+
+  LONDON:
+  Published for the Early English Text Society,
+  by N. Trübner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row.
+
+  MDCCCLXV.
+
+
+
+
+  John Childs and Son, Printers.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Although only the grandson of the first of his name, the author of the
+following interesting specimen of 16th-century criticism came of a
+family of great antiquity, of so great an antiquity, indeed, as to
+preclude our tracing it back to its origin. This family was originally
+known as the “De Botfelds,” but in the 15th century one branch adopted
+the more humble name of “Thynne,” or “of the Inne.” Why the latter name
+was first assumed has never been satisfactorily explained. It can hardly
+be supposed that “John de la Inne de Botfelde,” as he signed himself,
+kept a veritable hostelry and sold ale and provender to the travellers
+between Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used
+in the sense which has given us “Lincoln’s Inn,” “Gray’s Inn,” or
+“Furnivall’s Inn,” merely meaning a place of residence of the higher
+class, though in this case inverted, the Inn giving its name to its
+owner.
+
+However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful branch
+of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now
+represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was
+collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and
+published by him in his “Stemmata Botvilliana.”
+
+The first “John of the Inn” married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had a
+son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk
+of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry
+VIII. He married in the first place a lady who, however she may have
+advanced her husband’s prospects at court, behaved in a manner which
+must have considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who
+wish to study the matrimonial sorrows of “Thynnus Aulicus,” as he calls
+him, may consult Erasmus in his Epistolæ, lib. xv. Epist. xiv.
+
+His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of
+green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more
+fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis Thynne.
+
+Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry VIII.
+than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is careful to
+let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and that “there
+were those of good worship both at court and country” who had at one
+time been well pleased to be his father’s clerks. That he was a man of
+superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint in the
+following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their mutual
+fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read the
+English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love for
+his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another
+curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that
+William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an
+inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of
+bitter truth, his “Colin Clout,” a satire perhaps unsurpassed in our
+language.
+
+William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of
+Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two
+handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him
+in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most
+warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The
+dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness in
+these days of revived “farthingales and hoops.” These brasses were
+restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling
+for things old had prevented the owners of the “church property” from
+casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse.
+
+The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the “Animadversions” was most probably
+a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Gresham, the
+builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was devoted by his
+son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat of Long Leat,
+in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided indirectly by the
+Reformation, for, says the old couplet,
+
+  “Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne,
+  When the monks went out they came in.”
+
+Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father’s house at
+Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned
+Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the
+manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln’s Inn for a
+while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we
+may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne’s own desire that his court
+influence was used to procure him the post of “Blanch Lyon pursuivant,”
+a position which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of
+which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being
+converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John
+Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life,
+is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may
+become.
+
+Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and
+Clerkenwell, in “sweet and studious idleness,” as he himself calls it,
+the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of
+which has come down to us, principally in manuscript, scattered through
+various great libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden’s
+estimate of him as “an antiquary of great judgment and diligence.” It
+would seem that he had entertained the idea of following in his father’s
+footsteps, and of becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even
+made some collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight’s
+edition probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident
+soreness exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a
+feeling that his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him.
+However the wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne’s
+corrections, and Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all
+friendship and sympathy.[1] I suspect him of dabbling in alchemy and
+the occult sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms
+peculiar to those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only “enveyed”
+against the “sophisticall abuse,” not the honest use of the Arcana.
+Moreover in the British Museum (MS. add. 11,388) there is a volume
+containing much curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and
+not only collected but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and
+wondrous drawing, worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The
+costumes however are carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to
+the fashion of the raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and
+earnestness (most important elements in the search for the philosopher’s
+stone), of the small “signs” and prayers appended to these papers, it
+is, I think, clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief.
+Possibly the following lines, which seem to have been his favourite
+motto, may have been inspired by the disappointment and dyspepsia
+produced by his smoky studies and their ill success,
+
+  “My strange and froward fate
+    Shall turn her whele anew
+  To better or to payre my fate,
+    Which envy dothe pursue.”
+
+    [Footnote 1: “To the readers. After this booke was last printed,
+    I understand that M. Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he
+    hath when the time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment
+    in our tongue, as the Italians have Petrarke and others in their
+    language. Whereupon I purposed not to meddle any further in this
+    work, although some promise made to the contrarie, but to referre
+    all to him; being a gentleman for that purpose inferior to none,
+    both in regard to his own skill, as also of those helps left to
+    him by his father. Yet notwithstanding, Chaucer now being printed
+    againe I was willing not only to helpe some imperfections, but
+    also to add some things whereunto he did not only persuade me, but
+    most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this means most of
+    his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences marked: such
+    Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the text by
+    olde copies corrected.” Speight’s Chaucer, 1602.]
+
+On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to the
+honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as his
+successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to have
+died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He
+married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of
+Bransbe, but left no issue.
+
+There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following
+honest and straightforward bit of criticism, if we examine it closely:
+and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very
+characteristic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a shadowy
+outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given to tiny
+minutiæ, a careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable in collecting
+“contributions” to minor history; one jealous of all appearance of
+slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with Master Speight
+for printing “Harolds” instead of “Harlotts,” and letting him know how
+mightily a “Harold” like himself would be offended at being holden of
+the condition of so base a thing as False Semblance? Perhaps the more so
+from a half-consciousness that the glory of the office was declining,
+and that if the smallest opening were given, a ribald wit might create
+terrible havock amongst his darling idols. How delicately he snubs
+Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell Green (How would
+Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a long uphill walk
+for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe from long-staff
+sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he would have derived
+no “disparagement” from so doing; showing all the devotion to little
+matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old gentleman of our
+own day.
+
+But mark this old gentleman’s description of his father’s collection of
+Chaucer’s MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission than
+that one of William Thynne’s, empowering him to rout and to rummage
+amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the
+precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his
+pleasant toils? “Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst
+which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places
+‘Examinatur Chaucer’!” Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the
+tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one
+of those stolen from Francis Thynne’s house at Poplar by that
+bibliomaniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of
+generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann,
+that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be
+regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was
+not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the
+reformers?
+
+We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than
+twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small
+tything of the entire number extant, showing that there were men amongst
+the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even when directed against
+themselves, and that there must have been some considerable liberality
+if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the day. It would, I fancy,
+be difficult to find amongst the monkeries of our own time (except
+possibly those belonging to that very cheery order the Capuchines) an
+abbot inclined to permit his monks to read, much less to copy, so
+heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however freely he winked at
+the introduction of French nouvellettes.
+
+But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there were
+others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the
+churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence
+lurked under his seeming _bonhommie_. Wolsey thought it worth his while
+to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige William
+Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the promised
+protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the Parliament
+noticed in the tract (p. 7) was doubtless owing to the same
+influence:[2] an assumption of the right of censure by the Parliament
+which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer altogether. The
+Parliament men were right in regarding the works of Chaucer as mere
+fables, but they forgot that fables have “morals,” and that these morals
+were directed to the decision of the great question of whether the
+“spiritual” or the “temporal” man was to rule the world, a question
+unhappily not quite settled even in our own time.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury
+    Tales were exempt from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry
+    VIII. “For the advancement of true religion.” I find no notice of
+    this in the Act in the “Statutes at large,” 1763. He also refers
+    to Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, which is also merely negative on the
+    subject.]
+
+The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton (p. 7) is also
+very interesting, and gives us a hint of the existence of a “protesting”
+feeling in the Court of Henry VIII. before there was any reason for
+attributing it to mere private or political motives. From the way in
+which it is mentioned here, I suspect that the more general satire
+“Colin Clout” preceded the more directly personal one of “Why come ye
+nat to court?” which lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken
+virulence which would hardly have been tolerated by him when in the
+zenith of his power. It was not improbably written whilst its author was
+safe in sanctuary under Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite
+though he was, could never have kept Skelton’s head on his shoulders
+after so terrible a provocation.
+
+Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst satirists,
+there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was writing on
+the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he scorns to hide
+his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters fearlessly and
+openly what he has to say. Even in our own time,
+
+  “Though his rime be ragged
+  Tattered and iagged
+  Rudely rain-beaten
+  Rusty and moth-eaten
+  _If ye talke well therewyth
+  Yt hath in it some pith_.”
+
+Thynne’s note on the family of Gower (p. 14) is of value as agreeing
+with later theories, which deny that Gower the poet was of the Gowers of
+Stittenham, the ancestors of the present houses of Sutherland and
+Ellesmere. The question is not, however, finally decided, and we have
+reason to believe that all the Gowers of Great Britain are descended
+from the same family of Guers still flourishing in Brittany. Early
+coat-armours are not much to be depended on, and Thynne as a Herald may
+lean a little too much towards them. The question is, however, in good
+hands, and I hope that before long some fresh light may be thrown
+upon it.
+
+The old story of Chaucer’s having been fined for beating a Franciscan
+friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, I think, on
+sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is not
+lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than feminine
+powers of invective “spiritual” men seem to be not unfrequently endowed,
+and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be likely to
+be (of course from the best motives) to a man like Chaucer, who had
+burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the caustic of his wit,
+I shall continue to believe the legend for the present. If the mediæval
+Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of a friar was occasionally
+thought necessary even by the most faithful, and I see no reason why
+hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper on sufficient
+provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens does not
+outrage probability when he makes Martin Chuzzelwit the elder, fell Mr
+Pecksniff to the ground.
+
+Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the
+explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that
+the word “orfrayes,” which had gone so far out of date as to be
+unintelligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage for
+church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again. The
+note on the “Vernacle” is another bit of close and accurate antiquarian
+knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after all he says
+about that mysterious question of “The Lords son of Windsor,” a question
+as mysterious as that demanding why Falstalf likened Prince Henry’s
+father to a “singing man” of the same place, we should be left as wise
+as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to what we have
+lost from Thynne’s great storehouse of information; how valuable would
+have been “that long and no common discourse” which he tells us he might
+have composed on that most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal;
+and possibly much more so is that of his “collections” for his edition
+of Chaucer! This last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate
+literary mole.
+
+The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of “the
+second editione to one inferior personne, than my father’s editione
+was,” may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to
+Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne’s edition in
+1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight
+followed “a late English corrector whom I forbear to name,” I suspect
+that the “inferior personne” was poor John Stowe, and the edition to
+have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of date to
+that of Speight.
+
+The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of the
+treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good
+order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was
+evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton,
+and bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most
+probably got _his_ copy of Animadversions in a more humble form.
+
+In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands,
+originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away,
+probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert
+Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to
+presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally
+the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done
+him.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF THYNNE’S WORKS
+
+
+1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and
+Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 & 1652.
+
+(This was first published in 1651 under the title “The application of
+certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their functions.” The
+title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British Museum, 8005--a.)
+
+2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which Ra.
+Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586. fol.
+
+3. “There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or
+Regents of Scotland during the King’s minority, or the minority of
+several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the
+catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the
+Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of
+Scotland.” _A. a’ Wood._
+
+4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R. Holinshed’s Chronicle
+at the end of Q. Mary.
+
+5. “A Discourse of Arms,” dated “Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan., 1593.”
+MS. in the College of Arms.
+
+6. “Catalogue of the Chancellors of England.” MS. in the Bridgewater
+Library.
+
+7. “Collections for the History of England.” MS. in Bridgewater Library.
+
+8. Animadversions on Speight’s Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater Library.
+
+9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning Arms, monumental
+Antiquities, &c. MS. Cotton’s Lib. Cleopatra, C. 3. p. 62.
+
+10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605.
+MS. Bib. Ashmol. n. 835.
+
+11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599.
+
+12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court
+Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne’s Collection of Curious
+Discourses).
+
+13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, A.D. 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol.
+1374.
+
+14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam
+gallice. MS.
+
+“In the castrations to Hollingshed’s Chronicles are the four following
+discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from political motives,
+they have been added to the late quarto Edition.”
+
+15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585.
+
+16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586.
+
+17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the “Lives of the Lords Cobham
+of Cobham, Randale and Harborough,” British Mus. MS. add. 12,514.
+f. 56?)
+
+18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and
+constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed
+the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror. MS. 1585 (Was in the
+library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS. add.
+12,514).
+
+19. Of Stirling Money.
+
+20. Of what antiquity shires were in England.
+
+21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for administration
+of justice in England.
+
+22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law.
+
+23. Of Epitaphs.
+
+24. On the antiquity, &c., of the high Steward of England.
+
+25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are
+printed in “Hearne’s Curious Discourses.” 8vo, 1775.)
+
+26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139.
+
+27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning the
+Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530.
+
+28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514.
+
+29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and gentlemen
+of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus. Brit. MSS.
+add. 11,388.
+
+(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and illustrated
+by Thynne--principally bearing on the philosopher’s stone. The principal
+paper is a rhyming Latin poem, “De Phenicæ sive de Lapide Philosophico,”
+referred to in the tract.)
+
+Collections out of Domus Regni Angliæ. Nomina Episcoporum in Somerset.
+Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et Edwardo,
+Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. A book of collections and
+commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis.
+
+Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger
+books, and other antient manuscripts.
+
+
+
+
+ANIMADVERSIONS.
+
++To the righte Honorable his singular goode Lorde Sir Thomas
+Egertone knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of
+the Rooles of the Chancerye.+
+
+
+It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente
+and gretlye estemed custome emongste the Romans in the heigh[t]e
+of their glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or
+the desarte of his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe
+of Januarye (consecrated to the dooble faced godd Janus one the
+fyrste daye whereof they made electione of their cheife officers
+and magystrates) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as the
+noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene
+them, a pollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good
+effectes whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not
+restinge in the lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the
+Romans (as did their language and many other their usages and
+lawes) into euerye perticuler Countrye where theyr powre and
+gouermente stretched. passed also ouer the Oceane into the litle
+worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from thence, nor frome
+those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth combyne. ffor
+whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that moste
+excellente and yet embraced Custome, I thynke yt my parte to
+presente unto yo{u}r Lo{rdship} suche poore neweyeres gyfte as
+my weake estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will
+permytte: Wherefore, and because Cicero affirmethe, that he
+whiche hathe once ouer passed the frontiers of modestye must for
+euer after be impudente, (a grounde w{hi}che I fynde fully
+veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before outgonne the boundes
+of shamefastnesse in presentinge to yo{u}r Lordshippe my
+confused collect{i}ons and disordered discourse of the
+Chauncelors)[3] I ame nowe become utterlye impudente in not
+blusshinge to salute you agayne (in the begynnynge of this newe
+yere) with my petye animadvers{i}ons, uppon the annotac{i}ons
+and corrections delivered by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the
+last edit{i}one of Chaucer’s workes in the yere of oure
+redempt{i}one 1598; thinges (I confesse) not so answerable to
+yo{u}r Lordshippes iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your
+desarte and my dutye doo challenge. But althoughe they doo not
+in all respectes satisfye youre Lordshippes expectac{i}one and
+my goode will, (accordinge as I wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt
+not but yo{u}r lordshippe (not degeneratinge from youre former
+curtesye wontinge to accompanye all youre act{i}ons) will
+accepte these trifles from yo{u}r lovinge well-willer, in suche
+sorte, as I shall acknowledge my selfe beholdinge and endebted
+to yo{u}r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo{u}r
+Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione)
+because you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste
+booke, emboldened me to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of
+this pamfelette. Wherefore yf yo{u}r Lordshippe shall receve yt
+curteouslye (and so not to dischorage mee in my sweete and
+studiouse idlenesse) I will hereafter consecrate to yo{u}r
+lykinge some better labor of moore momente and higher subiecte,
+answerable to the excellencye of yo{u}r iudgemente, and mete to
+declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull mynde and service I beare
+and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all reuerence I
+commytte this simple treatyce. Thus (withe hartye prayer
+comendinge youre estate to the Almightye (who send to yo{u}r
+  Lordshippe manye happye
+  and helthfull yeres
+  and to me the
+  enlarged
+  contynuance of
+  youre honorable fauo{r})
+  I humblye take my leave.
+  Clerkenwell grene
+  the xx of
+  December
+  1599.
+  Yo{u}r Lordshippes wholye to
+  dyspose,
+  Francis Thynne.
+
+    [Footnote 3: “_The names and Armes of the Chancellors
+    collected into one Catologue by ffrancis Thynn declaring the
+    yeres of the reignes of the kinges and the yere of our Lorde in
+    whiche they possessed that office._” --_Folio MS. Bridgewater
+    Library._]
+
+
+
+
+TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn sendeth greeting.
+
+[Sidenote: The author is vexed that Master Speight did not
+consult him on his new edition of Chaucer.] THE INDUSTRYE AND
+LOVE (MASTER SPEIGHT) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and
+to oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe
+comendat{i}one and furtherance: the one to recompense yo{u}r
+trauayle, the other to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all
+beare (or at the least yf we reuerence lernynge or regarde the
+honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler
+ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet
+since there is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one,
+whereine some imp{er}fect{i}one maye not bee founde, (for as the
+prouerbe is Bernardus, or as others have Alanus, non videt
+omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in discharge of
+the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I suppose
+I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye
+other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made
+hym most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge
+his woorkes,) to enter into the examinat{i}one of this newe
+edit{i}one, and that the rather, because you with _Horace_ his
+verse “si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperti,” have
+willed all others to further the same, and to accepte yo{u}r
+labors in good p{ar}te, whiche as I most willingly doo, so
+meaninge but well to the worke, I ame to lett yo{u} understande
+my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo{u} wolde have
+vouchesafed my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn
+acqueynted with these matters, (whiche yo{u} might well have
+donne without anye whatsoeuer dispargement to yo{ur}selfe,) you
+sholde haue understoode before the impressione, althoughe this
+whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe will or fonnd
+conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke a knott in
+a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte,
+a thinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in
+whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here
+shewe such thinges as, in mye opynione, may seme to be touched,
+not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one inferior personne
+then my fathers editione was.
+
+[Sidenote: Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition,
+and justifies him as editor.] Ffyrste in yo{ur} forespeche to
+the reader, yo{u} saye “secondly the texte by written copies
+corrected” by whiche worde corrected, I maye seme to gather,
+that yo{u} imagine greate imperfect{i}one in my fathers
+editione, whiche peraduenture maye move others to saye (as some
+unadvisedlye have sayed) that my father had wronged Chaucer:
+wherefore to stoppe that gappe, I will answere, that Chaucers
+woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce, yf not thrice, and
+therfore by oure carelesse (and for the most p{ar}te unlerned)
+printers of Englande, not so well performed as yt ought to bee:
+so that of necessytye bothe in matter, myter and meaninge, yt
+must needes gather corrupt{i}one, passinge throughe so manye
+handes, as the water dothe the further yt run{n}ethe from the
+pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his
+edit{i}one (whiche I thinke yo{u} neuer sawe wholye together,
+beinge fyrst printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I
+will speake hereafter) was the p{er}fectest: ys the ernest
+desire and love my father hadde to have Chaucers woorkes
+rightlye to be publy{s}hed. for the performance whereof, my
+father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent
+kn[i]ghte and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made
+greate serche for copies to p{er}fecte his woorkes, as apperethe
+in the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit{i}one printed in
+the yere 1542; [Sidenote: His father’s collection of MS.
+Chaucers and their curiosity.] but further had comiss{i}one to
+serche all the liberaries of Englande for Chaucers works, so
+that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme (whiche reserved anye
+monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished w{i}th multitude of
+Bookes. emongst w{hic}he one coppye of some p{ar}te of his
+woorkes came to his handes subscribed in diuers places withe
+“examinatur Chaucer.” By this Booke, and conferringe manye of
+the other written copies together, he deliuered his edit{i}one,
+fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande, in the
+fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped
+by the fyrste impress{i}one that was in Englande) will well
+declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges w{hi}che were not
+before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of whiche I ame
+p{er}swaded (and that not w{i}thoute reasone) the originall came
+from mee. [Sidenote: The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil
+lives of churchmen.] In w{hi}che his edit{i}one, beinge printed
+but w{i}th one coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale,
+a thinge moore odious to the Clergye, then the speche of the
+plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte;
+
+  “In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne,
+  Standes a relligious howse who doth yt kenne,” &c.
+
+In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the
+pride, state, couetoussness, and extorc{i}one of the Bysshoppes,
+their officialls, archdeacons, vicars generalls, comissaryes,
+and other officers of the spirituall courte. The invent{i}one
+and order whereof (as I have herde yt related by some nowe of
+good worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers
+clerkes,) was, that one comynge into this relligious howse,
+walked upp and down the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of
+Bysshoppes in the windowes, at lengthe the manne contynuynge in
+that contemplatione, not knowinge what Byshoppes they were,
+a grave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde, in a
+large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym,
+what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he
+knewe not what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto
+our mitred Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is
+true, they are like, but not the same, for oure byshoppes are
+farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large
+discourse of the Byshoppes and of their courtes.
+
+[Sidenote: William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who
+promiseth to countenance him.] This tale when kinge henrye the
+eighte had redde, he called my father unto hym saying Williame
+Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I suspecte the
+Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt, to whome my father,
+beinge in great fauore with his prince, (as manye yet lyvinge
+canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo{ur} grace be not offended, I hoope
+to be protected by yo{u}, whereuppon the kinge bydd hym goo his
+waye and feare not. All whiche not withstandinge, [Sidenote:
+The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.] my father was
+called in quest{i}one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at by
+cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly
+for that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen
+Cloute againste the Cardinall, [Sidenote: The most part of Colin
+Clout written at William Thynne’s house at Erith.] the moste
+p{ar}te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse at
+Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls
+p{er}swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that
+thoughe by the kinges favor my father escaped bodelye daunger,
+yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so muche to myslyke of that
+tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and that discourse of
+the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed agayne,
+some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale
+(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat,
+father to hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene
+Marye, and not by Chaucer,) with muche ado p{er}mitted to passe
+with the reste, [Sidenote: Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed
+by parliament.] in suche sorte that in one open parliamente
+(as I have herde St. Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member
+of the howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden,
+chaucer had there for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that
+his woorkes had byn counted but fables. [Sidenote: Reasons why
+the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s.] Whereunto yf yo{u}
+will replye, that their colde not be any suche pilgrymes tale,
+because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye
+suche persoune, whiche he wolde haue doune yf yt had byn so: for
+after that he had recyted the knighte, the squyer, the squiers
+yeomane, the prioresse, her noone, and her thre prests, the
+monke, the fryer, the marchant, the clerke of Oxenforde,
+seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher, goldsmythe,
+webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of physecke,
+wyfe of Bathe, p{ar}soune and plowmane, he sayeth at the end of
+the plowmans prologue,
+
+  There was also a Reue, and a Millere
+  A sumpneure, and a Pardoner
+  A manciple and my selfe there was no mo.
+
+All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had
+byn anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses,
+whereunto I answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute some of
+those w{hic}he tolde their tales; as the chanons yomane, because
+he came after that they were passed out of theyre Inne, and did
+overtake them, as in lyke sorte this pilgrime did or mighte doo,
+and so afterwardes be one of their companye, as was that chanons
+yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of this pilgrime in
+his prologe then he doothe of the chanons yeomane; whiche I
+dobte not wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale
+mighte be restored to his former light they being nowe looste,
+as manye other of Chaucers tales were before that, as I am
+induced to thinke by manye reasons.
+
+[Sidenote: How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was
+dispersed abroad.] But to leave this, I must saye that in those
+many written Bookes of Chaucer, w{hic}he came to my fathers
+hands, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer shewethe in
+writinge of Adam Scriuener, (as yo{u} have noted) of whiche
+written copies there came to me after my fathers deathe some
+fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore and some fewer tales,
+and some but two and some three. w{hic}he bookes beinge by me
+(as one nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe donne for
+Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye
+stoolen out of my howse at Popler: I gave divers of them to
+Stephen Batemanne person of Newington, and to div{er}s other,
+whiche beinge copies unp{er}fecte and some of them corrected by
+my fathers hande yt maye happen soome of them to coome to some
+of yo{ur} frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I see agayne: and yf
+by anye suche written copies yo{u} have corrected Chaucer, yo{u}
+maye as well offende as seme to do good. But I judge the beste,
+for in dobtes I will not resolve with a settled judgement,
+althoughe yo{u} may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a
+needlesse thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the
+yce, and givinge lighte to others, who may moore easely
+p{er}fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere
+qua{m} Invenire, and so to other matters.
+
+[Sidenote: He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s
+family.] Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] yo{u} seme to
+make yt probable that Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was
+Geffrye Chaucers father, But I holde that no moore the{n} that
+Johne Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of whiche
+Johne I fynde in the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. 24 de
+anno 30. Ed. 1. in the towre. that kinge Edwarde the firste had
+herde the compleinte of Johne chaucer of London, who was beaten
+and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some
+amountinge at this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a
+comiss{i}one went forthe to enquire thereof. wherbye yt semethe
+that he was of some Reconynge. But as I cannott saye that Johne
+was father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I
+will deliuer in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of
+chaucer, that his anncesters (as you well coniecture) were
+strangers, as the etymon of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe
+synyfyinge one who shueth or hooseth a manne) dothe prove,
+[Sidenote: Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.] for that
+dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of
+whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted Johne) on
+Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the thirde and of
+Edwarde the firste, of whome the record of pellis exitus in the
+receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of Edwarde ye
+firste hathe thus noted: “Edwardus dei gra{tia} &c. Liberate de
+thesauro Nostro Elie chauseryr decem solidos super arreragia
+triu{m} obuloru{m} diurnoru{m} quos ad vita{m} sua{m} per
+litteras domini. H. Regis patris nostri, percepit ad
+scaccar{iu}m nostru{m}. datu{m} per manu{m} Walleri Merton
+cancellarii nostri apud West {minsteriu}m 24 Julii anno regni
+nostri primo.” with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written
+in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde
+the seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat{i}one,
+whiche after came to be the surname of a famelye, as did Smythe,
+Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke, Butler, and suche lyke,
+and that yt was a name of office apperethe in the recordes of
+the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more annciente
+then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of
+10: H. 3 ys this: Reginaldus mirifir^s et alicia uxor eius
+attornaveru{n}t Radulfu{m} le Chausier contra Joh{ann}em Le
+furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno messuagio in London. This
+chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge John. And thus this
+muche for the Antiquytye and synificat{i}one of Chaucer,
+w{hic}he I canne prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye
+also, in oure Englishe tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe
+of the legge: for thus hathe the Antique recordes of Domus Regni
+Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of the kinges howse to doo the
+kings comanndementes: that they shalbe allowed for their Chauses
+yerely iiij^s viij^d: But what shall wee stande uppon the
+Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when the rolle of Battle Abbeye
+affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer. [Sidenote: Chaucer
+his arms injustly undervalued.] Under the title of Chaucers
+countrye, yow sett downe that some Heraldes are of opyny-o{n}e
+that he did not discende of any great howse; whiche they gather
+by his armes. This ys a slender coniecture, for as honorable
+howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue borne as meane armes as
+Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane eyther for
+coolo{r}, chardge or partic{i}one as some will make them.
+And where yo{u} saye, yt semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in
+Geometrye considered, that he tooke the groundes and reasons
+of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight and twentye
+proposit{i}ones of Euclide’s first booke, that ys no inference
+that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of
+Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye:
+for so yo{u} maye saye of all the auncient armes of England
+w{hic}he consyste not of anymalls or vegitalls. for all other
+armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as Cheuerons,
+pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon
+geometricall proport{i}one{s}. And therfore howe greate so euer
+their skyll bee, which attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer
+[they] had no moore skyle in armes then they needed.
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Error for family?_]
+
+[Sidenote: Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince
+Edward.] In the same title also, yo{u} sett downe Quene
+Isabell, &c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried
+wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two
+unperfect{i}ons. the first whereof ys, that his wyfe came oute
+of Henalte w{it}h the prince, but that is not soo, for the
+prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the
+prince was onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her
+before his arryvall in Englande, beinge two yeres and moore
+after that contracte, (betwene the erle of henalt and his
+mother,) about the latter ende of the seconde yere of his
+reigne, thoughe others haue the firste, the solempnytye of that
+mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides she came not ouer with
+Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent for her
+afterwardes, and so I suppose sayeth Hardinge in his cronicle,
+yf I do not mysconceve yt, not havinge the historye now in my
+handes. But whether he saye so or no, yt ys not materiall,
+because the recordes be playne, that he sent for her into
+Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne in october, and she
+came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge, w{hic}he was
+aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of his reigne,
+wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of the
+tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed
+therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in
+master warders office hathe thus sett downe to the forthe daye
+of februarye [Sidenote: Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for
+Philippa of Henault.] “Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad
+partes Douor ad obuiandu{m} filiæ comitis Hannoniæ consorti
+ipsius Regis &c.” but this recorde followinge is most pleyne,
+shewing bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their
+yourneye towardes henalte, with the daye when and where they
+presented her to the kinge after their retorne into Englande,
+and the daye one whiche they wer payed their charges, beinge the
+forthe of marche one w{hic}he daye yt is thus entred in the
+records of pellis exitus, Michaell. 2. ed. 3. “Rogero couentry
+&c Lichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu{m} domini Regis ad
+partes Hannoniæ pro matrimonio inter dominu{m} Regem et filiam
+comitis Hannoniæ contrahendo, ab octavo die octobris proxime
+preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha{m} ipso domino Rege
+ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu{m} predictu{m}, versus
+partes predictas, usqu{e} vicesimu{m} tertiu{m} diem Januarii
+proxime sequente{m}, quo die rediit ad ipsu{m} Regem predictu{m}
+apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua filiæ comitis Hannoniæ predictæ
+utroqu{e} die computato pro cviij diebus percipiendo per diem
+iij.^li vj.^s viij.^d pro expensis suis.” Thus muche the
+recorde, whiche confirmethe that w{hi}che I go aboute to prove,
+that she came not into Englande with prince Edwarde, and that he
+was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by
+agremente betwene the erle and his mother. [Sidenote: The
+conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no
+valydytye.] Next yo{u} seme to implye by a coniecturall
+argumente, that Chaucers auncesters sholde be m{e}rcha{n}ts,
+for that in place where they haue dwelled the armes of the
+marchantes of the staple haue bin seene in the glasse windowes.
+This ys a mere coniecture, and of no valydytye. For the
+m{a}rchantes of the staple had not any armes granted to them
+(as I haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the deathe of
+Chaucers parentes, w{hi}che was aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde
+the thirde; and those merchantes had no armes before the tyme of
+Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as I dobt not but
+wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte the
+staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume{n}te that chaucers
+auncesters were merchantes because those armes were in the
+wyndowes, as you shall well p{er}ceave, yf yo{u} drawe yt into a
+syllogisme, and therefore yo{u} did well to conclude, that yt
+was not materiall whether they were merchants or noo.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight misquoteth Gower.] In the title of
+Chaucer’s educat{i}one, yo{u} saye that Gower in his booke
+entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye poet,
+and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in w{hi}che
+Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a worthye
+poet, (althoughe I confesse he well deserueth that name, and
+that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge hym,)
+nether doth he after a sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see)
+make hym iudge of his workes, (whereof I wolde be glad to be
+enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes, vttered by Venus in
+that booke of confessio Amantis:
+
+  And grete well Chaucer when ye mete,
+  As my disciple and my poet:
+  for in the flowere of his youthe,
+  In sondrye wise, as he well couthe,
+  of dytyes and of songes glade
+  the whiche for my sake he made,
+  the laude fulfilled is ouer all:
+  wherefore to hym in especiall
+  aboue all others I am most holde;
+  for thy nowe in his dayes olde,
+  thow shalt hym tell this message,
+  that he vppon his latter age
+  sett an ende of all his werke,
+  as he whiche is myne owne clerke
+  do make his _testament of Love_,
+  as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue,
+  so that my Courte yt may recorde, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to
+Chaucer.] These be all the verses w{hi}che I knowe or yet canne
+fynde, in whiche Gower in that booke mentioneth Chaucer, where
+he nether nameth hym worthye poet, nor after a sorte submyttethe
+his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye Chaucer doth
+submytte the correctione of his woorks to Gower in these playne
+woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus:
+
+  O Morall Gower, this booke I directe
+  To the, and the philosophicall stroode,
+  To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte
+  Of your benignityes and zeales good.
+
+But this error had in you byn p{ar}doned, yf you had not sett yt
+downe as your owne, but warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in
+Scriptoribus Anglie, from whence yo{u} haue swallowed yt.
+[Sidenote: Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or Gores) of
+Stittenham.] Then in a marginall note of this title yo{u} saye
+agayne oute of Bale, that Gower was a Yorkshire manne; but you
+are not to be touched therfore, because you discharge yo{ur}
+selfe in vouching yo{ur} auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche
+mistaken yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de
+scriptoribus Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect{i}ons
+of Lelande. For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower
+beinge argent one a cheuerone azure, three leopardes heddes or,
+do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to the Gowers of
+Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and gules a
+crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference of armes semethe a
+difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo{u} canne prove that, beinge
+of one howse, they altered their armes vppone some iuste
+occas{i}one, as that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did
+leave his owne armes and bare the armes of his moother; as was
+accustoomed in tymes paste. But this differe{n}ce of Cootes for
+this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,) shall
+you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall
+howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note goeth
+further out of Bale, that Gower had one his hedde a garlande of
+ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a knyghte, the other
+of a poet. [Sidenote: Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for
+poetry.] But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest
+you will metaphoricallye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a
+garlande as Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence
+they had their originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne
+whiche seethe yt may well iudge, and therefore not there sett
+for anye suche intente as an ensigne of his poetrye, but ys
+symplye a chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme
+vsed ether of golde, or other embroderye, made after the
+fasshone of Roses, one of the peculier ornamentes of a knighte,
+as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and spurres.
+[Sidenote: The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of
+honour.] W{hi}che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well
+attributed to knights, the lowest degree of honor, as to the
+hygher degrees of Duke, Erle, &c. beinge knyghtes, for so I haue
+seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his chaplett of Rooses; and
+kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte,
+only the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so
+had the[y] fewer Rooses placed on their chaplett or cyrcle of
+golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne whiche had
+thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte had
+them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande ytselfe. of whiche dukes
+crowne to be adorned with little rooses, [Sidenote: The
+knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.] Mathewe Paris,
+speakinge of the creatinge of Johne erle Mortone, duke of
+Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye, Interim
+comes Johannes Rothomagu{m} veniens in octavis pasche gladio
+ducatus Normaniæ cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per
+ministeriu{m} Waltheri Rothomage{n}sis Archie{pisco}pi, vbi
+Archiepiscopus memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit
+circulu{m} aureu{m} habente{m} in su{m}mitate per gyru{m}
+rosulas aureas artificialiter fabricatas, whiche chaplett of
+Rooses came in the ende to be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette
+with golde Buttons, as may be supposed.--In the same title yo{u}
+saye, yt semethe that these lerned menne were of the Inner
+Temple; [Sidenote: Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a
+Franciscan Fryer but?] for that, manye yeres since, master
+Buckley did see a recorde in the same howse, where Geffrye
+Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge a Franciscane
+Fryer in flete-streate. This is a hard collect[i]one to prove
+Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for
+thus yo{u} frame yo{ur} argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde
+in the Temple, that Chaucer was fyned for beatinge the fryer;
+ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the Temple. But for myne owne
+parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for matter of Antiquytye
+and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst settlinge in the
+Temple, I dobte whether Chaucer were of the temple or noe,
+vnless yt were towardes his latter tyme, for he was an olde
+manne, as appereth by Gower in Confessione Amantis in the xvi
+yere of R. 2: when Gower wroote that Booke. [Sidenote: The
+lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.]
+And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of
+Recordes, that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill
+towardes the latter parte of the reygne of kinge Edwarde the
+thirde; at w{hi}che tyme Chaucer was a grave manne, holden in
+greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that me thinkethe he
+sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were, I sholde
+iudge yt strange that he sholde violate the rules of peace and
+gravytye yn those yeares. But I will passe over all those
+matters scito pede, and leave euerye manne to his owne
+iudgemente therein for this tyme.
+
+[Sidenote: Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor
+doth Thynne.] IN THE TITLE OF Chawcer’s mariage yo{u} saye,
+yo{u} cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne whome he
+maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others,
+I sholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, a waytinge womanne of
+Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde & daughter to
+Willi{a}m erle of Henalte. but I favor not their oppynyone, for,
+althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus, in the tyme of
+Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe Chawcer,
+domicellæ reginæ Philippæ, wh{ic}he domicella dothe signyfye one
+of her waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke
+this was his wyfe, but rather his sister or kinswomanne, who
+after the deathe of her mystresse Quene philippe did forsake the
+worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte Heleins in london,
+accordinge as yo{u} haue touched one of that profess{i}one in
+primo of kinge Richarde the seconde.
+
+[Sidenote: The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and
+legytymated by the Pope and the Parliament.] In the Latyne
+stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine Swyneforde,
+Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi tertij Edwardi Regis filio,
+Lancastriæ duci, illi procreavit filios tres et vnica{m}
+filia{m}. Wherbye we may inferre that Johne of Gaunte had these
+childrene by her after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had
+all his children by her longe before that mariage, so that they
+beinge all illegitimate were enforced afterwarde vppon that
+maryage to be legytymated by the poope; & also by acte of
+Parliamente, aboute the two & twentythe of kinge Richarde the
+seconde; so that yo{u} cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit
+Lancastriæ duci tres filios, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the
+Burgershes.] In the title of Chawcers children and their
+advauncemente, in a marginall noote yo{u} vouche master Campdene
+that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from
+whome the Burgershes, whose daughter & heyre was maryed to
+Thomas Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one error. for
+this Barthelmewe was of a collaterall lyne to that S^r Johne
+Burgershe the father of Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and
+therefore coulde not that S^r Johne Burghershe be descended of
+this Barthelmewe Burgershe, though hee were of that howse.
+[Sidenote: Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.]
+Then, in that title, yo{u} vouche oute of Mr. Campdene that
+Serlo de Burgo brother to Eustachius de Vescye builte
+Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not right for this Serlo beinge
+called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to Johne
+father to Eustace Vescye, as haue the recordes of the towre, and
+so vncle and not brother to Eustace. [Sidenote: Jane of Navarre
+maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.] for one
+other marginall noote in that tytle, yo{u} saye, that Jane of
+Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in the fourthe yere of
+his reygne, wherein you followe a late englishe cronicler whome
+I forbeare to name.[5] But Walsingha{m} bothe in his historye of
+Henry the fourthe, & in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was
+maryed the 26 of Januarye in the yere of Christe 1403, whiche
+was in the fyfte yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of
+oure lorde at the annu{n}tiat{i}one of the Virgine, as we nowe
+doo; but this is no matter of great momente. [Sidenote: The de
+la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but
+William was not the first that did so.] ffourthlye in that title
+yo{u} seme to attribute the advancemente of the Pooles to
+Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the kinge a
+greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste
+advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole
+beinge a cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the kings
+necessytye with money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of
+great accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to
+the succedynge famelye. Whereof the Record to prove Ric. de la
+Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the
+eleventhe yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures
+office, the lorde treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner:
+Edwardus dei gratia rex Angliæ et dux Acquitaniæ, &c.
+Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster Richardus de la Poole Pincerna
+noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii Pincernariæ ac omnibus
+aliis officiu{m} illud tangentibus, ad dictu{m} Scaccariu{m} a
+festo sancti michaelis anno regni nostri decimo, vsque ad ide{m}
+festu{m} proxime sequens plenarie computaverit, et 2090^li:
+13^s: et 11^d et vnus obulus sibi per computu{m} illud de claro
+debeatur: volumus ei solutione{m} inde, seu aliàs
+satisfactione{m} sibi fieri competentem: Nos eius supplicationi
+in hac parte, prout iustu{m} est, an{n}uentes, vobis mandamus,
+etc. Datu{m} apud Westmonasteriu{m} 14 Decembris, anno regni
+nostri vndecimo. To whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the
+older, and to his sonne Michaell de la Poole (who was after
+Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the kinge graunted fowre hundred
+markes by yere out of the custome of Hull, as apperethe in the
+record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same Michaell de la
+Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus yt is
+entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that
+yere: Michaeli de la poole filio et heredi Will{iel}mi de la
+poole senioris per Tallia{m} levata{m} isto die continentem
+iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum
+suum factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator virtute cuiusdam brevis
+de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus Scaccarii directum
+pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda{m} annuo certo iiij^c marc.
+per annu{m} quas dominus rex Willielmo de la Poole seniori
+defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de corpore suo
+exeuntibus, de Custumia in portis ville de kingeston super Hull
+per litteras suas patentes concess: percipendu{m} qua{m}diu
+vij^c xxxv^li xviij^s i^d ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu{m}
+predictu{m} sic debitu{m}, etc. D{omi}n{u}s Rex mandat vt ei
+satisfactionem vel assignationem competentem (in locis vbi ei
+celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet, per breve de
+magno sigillo inter mandata de termino Paschæ anno quadragesimo
+tercio, etc. So that Richarde, Michaell de la Pooles
+grandfather, (a magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) was the
+fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although Williame,
+father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte.
+nether canne I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole
+was a marchante, (havinge two such welthy marchantes to his
+ancestors before hym,) notwithstandinge that Walsingha{m}
+[Sidenote: The clergy offended that the temporal men were found
+as wise as themselves.] (moore offended than reasone, as all the
+Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become chief
+officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then
+possessinge those offices, displaced, w{hic}he bredd greate
+Sorseye in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that
+michaell de la poole fuerit à pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote
+Mercator Mercatoris filius) quam militia occupatus. [Sidenote:
+A merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.] And yet yt may bee
+that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and deale by
+his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have donne,
+whereuppon Walsingham (who wroote longe after) might seme to
+call hym merchante by reasone of others mens dealinge for hym,
+althoughe in troothe he was neuer merchante in respecte of his
+owne persone, (for whiche they are properly called merchantes,)
+as may be supposed. [Sidenote: Alice, the wife of Richard
+Neville, was daughter of Thomas Montacute.] ffyftlye in the same
+title yo{u} saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame de la poole duke
+of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande thomas
+montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice,
+maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of
+Westmerlande, by whome he had issue Richarde, Johne, and George.
+But this is nothinge so. for this Alice, the wyfe of Richarde
+Neville, (erle of Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,)
+was daughter of Thomas Montacute erle of Salisburye and of Alice
+his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and not of
+Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and widdowe to William de la
+Poole duke of Suffolke.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Stowe.]
+
+[Sidenote: He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of
+printing.] IN THE LATTER END of the title of Chawcers deathe
+yo{u} saye, that printinge was brought oute of Germanye in the
+yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge fyrst founde
+at Magunce by one Johne Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by
+Conradus one Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the
+37. H. 6. but the eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, as
+some have yt, was not fyrste founde at Magonce or mentz but at
+Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago{n}ce. David Chytreus in his
+historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno 1440, and brought
+to Rome by Henricus Han[6] a Germane in the yere 1470; whereof
+Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame:
+
+  Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, quòd alis
+    Constreperis, Gallus decidit; vltor adest
+  Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum,
+    Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis.
+
+    [Footnote 6: “Hahn,”--German, a cock. “Cognomine Latino
+    _Gallus_,” Maittaire _Ann. Typ._ i. 52.]
+
+But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote,
+as dothe Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier
+Archbyshoppe of Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof
+I leave at this tyme to farther examinat{i}one, not havinge nowe
+presente leysure therefore.
+
+[Sidenote: The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris,
+and finished by John de la Meune.] IN THE TITLE OF THE augmente
+to euerye tale and booke you write, that the Romante of the
+Roose was made in frenche by Johne Clopinell alias Johne Moone;
+when in truthe the booke was not made by hym alone: for yt was
+begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished fourtye yeres after
+the death of Loris, by Johne de Meune alias Johne Clopinell, as
+apperethe by Molinet, the frenche author of the moralytye vppon
+the Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere
+also in the frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, w{hic}h
+Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted, not havinge
+translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the
+middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one
+other, intituled La reprobat{i}o{ne} de la Romante del Roose; as
+affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed
+moralizatione, where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe
+Gersone for that Booke, because Gersone soughte no further
+meanynge than what was conteyned in the outewarde letter, this
+Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these verses of
+Chaucer:
+
+  Alas my wane hoope nay, pardyee;
+  for I will neuer dispayred bee:
+  yf happe me fayle, then am I
+  vngratious and vnworthy, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the
+Duchess.] Secondlye, under that title yo{u} saye, the woorke,
+before this last edit{i}one of Chaucer, termed the Dreame of
+Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the Booke of the Duches,
+or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye mysledde in
+my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or of
+the Deathe of Blanche, because Johne of Gaunt was then but fowre
+and twentye yere olde when the same was made, as apperethe by
+that tretyse in these verses:
+
+  Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte
+  A wonder well faringe knighte,
+  By the manner me thought so,
+  Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto,
+  Of the age of twentye fowre yere,
+  Vppon his bearde but little heare.
+
+Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born,
+as hath Walsingha{m}, in the yere of Christ 1339 the 13. of
+kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche the
+fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was
+at this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres
+after sholde make his lamentac{i}on for Blanche the duchesse
+which must be then dedde. But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the
+pestilence in the yere of xxe 1368, as hath Anonimus MS, or
+1369, as hath Walsinghame w{hi}che by the first accompte was the
+{ix.} and by the last the {x.} yere after the mariage, and sixe
+or at the least five yeres after this lamentatione of Johne of
+Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his age. Wherfor
+this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not
+lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that
+yt pleinlye apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the
+duches Blaunche, whiche signyfyethe whyte, by which name he
+often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these
+verses,
+
+  Her throte, as I haue memoyre,
+  semed as a round towre of yuoire,
+  of good gretnesse and not to greate,
+  and fayre white she hete,
+  that was my ladies name righte;
+  she was thereto fayre and brighte,
+  she had not her name wronge,
+  right fayre sholders and body longe, &c.
+
+I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of
+Blanche the Duchesse because he sayeth her name was white; since
+there ys a famelye of that denominatione, and some female of
+that lyne myghte be both white in name, and fayre and white in
+p{er}sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as
+Chaucer sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer of his called
+Blanche, [Sidenote: John of Gaunt, his incontinency.] since he
+had many paramou{r}s in his youthe, and was not verye contynente
+in his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that
+yt coulde not be mente of the Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche
+dyed long after that compleinte. for whiche cause that Dreame of
+Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye rather of righte sholde)
+contynewe his former title of The Dreame of Chaucer. for that,
+wh{ic}he you will haue the Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of
+Glasse; as I haue seene the title thereof noted, and the thinge
+yt selfe confirmethe.
+
+[Sidenote: Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition
+of old words, but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.] IN
+THE EXPOSITIONE of the olde wordes, as yo{u} shewe greate
+diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, unlesse a manne
+be a good saxoniste, french, and Italyane linguiste, (from
+whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well
+expounde the same to oure nowe vnderstandinges, and therefore
+(thoughe I will not presume of much knowledge in these tounges)
+yt semeth yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome woordes
+are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they mighte bee,
+althoughe peradventure yo{u} haue framed them to make sence.
+Wherefore I haue collected these fewe (from many others lefte
+for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee not to be fully explaned
+in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure yo{u} will seme to
+excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose.
+
+[Sidenote: Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.]
+Aketon or Haketone you expounde a jackett w{i}thoute sleves,
+without any further addit{i}one, that beinge an indiffynyte
+speache, and therefore may be entended a comone garmente daylye
+vsed, suche as we call a jerken or jackett withoute sleues:
+But _haketon_ is a slevelesse jackett of plate for the warre,
+couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called a
+jackett of plate, suche aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of
+Excester and Custos or Wardene of Londone, had vppon hym
+secretlye, when he was apprehended and behedded in the twentyeth
+yere of Edwarde the seconde.
+
+[Sidenote: A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.] Besante you
+expounde a duckett, But a duckett ys farre from a besante, bothe
+for the tyme of the invent{i}one, and for the forme; and as I
+suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge that Hollybande in his
+frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the valewe of a duckett,
+whiche duckett is for the most part eyther venetiane or
+spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; a coyne well knowen
+and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one auncient coyne
+of Englande, as Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) emongst
+the Saxons before, and the Normans after the Conqueste; the
+forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe settinge
+downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in
+armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of
+golde,) was called in Latine Byzant{i}um, obteyninge that name
+because yt was the coyne of Constantinople sometyme called
+Bizant{i}um; and because you shall not thinke this any
+fic{ti}one of myne owne, I will warrante the same with Williame
+of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who hathe these
+wordes: Constantinopolis prim{u}m Bizantiu{m} dicta forma{m}
+antiqui vocabuli preferu{n}t imperatorii nu{m}mi Bizantiu{m}
+dicta; where one other coppye for nummi Bizantiu{m} hath
+Bizantini nu{m}mi, and the frenche hath yt besante or Bezantine,
+makinge yt an olde coyne of france, (when he sholde haue sayed
+one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of a
+duckette.
+
+[Sidenote: Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even
+metaphorically.] Fermentac{i}o{n}e yo{u} expounde Dawbinge,
+whiche cannott anye way be metaphoricallye so vsed in Chaucer,
+althoughe yt sholde be improperlye or harsely applied. For
+fermentac{i}one ys a peculier terme of Alchymye, deduced from
+the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the Chimicall
+philosophers defyne the fermente to bee anima, the sowle or
+lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger
+Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante viuificatio{ne}m id
+est fermentac{i}o{ne}m, w{hi}che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge
+tincture or cooler; that beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge
+sowle or lyfe to the philosophers stoone, wherby that may
+fermente or cooler or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of
+gold, a manufacture peculiar to the English.] Orfrayes yo{u}
+expounde Goldsmythes worke, w{hi}che ys as nere to goldsmythes
+woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes, beinge
+compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the
+Englishe is that w{hi}che to this daye (beinge now made all of
+one stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of
+gold; in Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or
+aurifrixori{u}m. A thinge well knowen to the Saxons in Englande
+before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste, and therfore
+fullye to satisfye you thereof, I will produce twoo
+auctorauctors of the weavinge and vse thereof before the
+conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was,
+and in what acco{m}pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to
+the Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of Ediswetha
+daughter to Brightnothus, aldermanne, erle or duke, of
+northumberlande before the Conquest sayethe; cui tradita
+Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et texturæ
+secretiùs cu{m} puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica
+Rubra purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq{ue}
+circumdatu{m}. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe
+thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because
+I haue not my mathewe Paris here, I will vouche one whose name
+hathe muche affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker
+Archbyshoppe of Canterburye, who, in the Lyfe of Bonifacius
+Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes. “A^o. Domini 1246,
+Romæ multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu{n}t
+chorealibus, et infulis, ornamentisq{ue} ecclesiasticis, ex
+Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificiosè
+intexto fabricatis, vterentur. Huius modi ornamentoru{m} aspectu
+et concupiscentia provocatus Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent.
+Responsu{m} est, aurifrisia appellari, quia et eminens ex panno
+et lana qua{m} Angli fryse appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui
+subridens et dulcedine captus Papa, Vere, inquit,” (for these
+are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,)
+“Hortus noster delitiaru{m} est Anglia, verus puteus est
+inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere
+licet. Itaq{ue}, concupiscentia illectus oculorum, litteras
+suas Bullatas sacras misit ad Cistercienses in Anglia Abbates,
+quoru{m} orationibus se devotè commendabat, vt ipsi hec
+aurifrisia speciosissima ad suum ornandu{m} choru{m}
+compararent. Hoc Londoniensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia
+habebant, tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt.” In whiche
+discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe of
+golde and not goldsmythe worke, and that Englande had before and
+since the conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate
+Cloothe of golde as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd,
+the poope wolde haue made suche prouis{i}one thereof in other
+places, and not from Englande. And because you shall not thinke
+that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye, you shall fynde in a
+record of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the kings
+garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in Rotulo Patentiu{m} 6.
+Joh{ann}is in Dorso (in whiche the kinge comaunded the templers
+to deliuer suche jewells, garmentes, and ornamentes as they had
+of the kings in kepinge,) are these wordes: “Dalmaticam de eodem
+samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu{m} lapidibus.” Whiche is to
+saye, the kings Dalmaticall garmente of the same samitte (spoken
+of before, whiche was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we
+nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.] fforthlye
+Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled, whiche
+sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye
+of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme
+appropriate to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or
+movinge, as the water dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda
+for water, for so her haire was oundye, that is, layed in rooles
+vppone and downe, lyke waves of water when they are styrred with
+the winde, and not slyked or playne, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.] ffyftlye You
+expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as yo{u} leave
+manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be resalgar,
+wherefore I will shewe yo{u} what resalgar ys in that abstruse
+science, whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye
+againste the sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans
+Tale. This Resalgar is that w{hi}che by some is called
+Ratesbane, a kynde of poysone named Arsenicke, which the
+chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I
+coulde produce infynyte examples; but I will gyve yo{u} onlye
+these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in Rosario Philosophoru{m},
+sayethe, “nullu{m} tingens venenum generatur absq{ue} sole et
+eius vmbra, id est, uxore.” whiche venome they call by all names
+presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a toode, a dragon,
+a Basilyske, a serpente, arsenicke, and suche lyke; and by manye
+other names, as “in exercitacio{n}e ad turbam philosophorum,”
+apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu{m}, Argentum
+vivum, Cinnabar, aqua permanens, gumma, acetu{m}, urina, aqua
+maris, Draco, serpens, etc. And of this poysone the treatyce _de
+phenice_,[7] or the philosophers stoone, written in Gothyshe
+rymynge verse, dothe saye;
+
+  Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat
+  quod materna{m} faciem ca{n}dida{m} fœdabat.
+
+    [Footnote 7: A copy of this curious poem in Thynne’s
+    hand-writing, and marvellously illustrated by him, is in the
+    Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.]
+
+[Sidenote: Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean
+superstitious and hypocritical women from their nature.] Begyn
+and Bigott yo{u} expounde sup{er}sticious hypocrites, whiche
+sence I knowe yt maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of
+the disposit{i}one of those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the
+true wrytinge. But this woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature
+rightlye haue ben expounded, sup{er}sticious or hipocriticall
+wemenne, as appereth by chaucer himselfe, w{hi}che nombrethe
+them emongest the wemen in the Romante of the Roose when he
+sayethe,
+
+  But empresses, & duchesses,
+  These queenes, & eke countesses
+  These abbasses, & eke Bigins,
+  These greate ladyes palasins.
+
+And a little after, in the same Romante, he doth write,
+
+  That dame abstinence streyned
+  Tooke one a Robe of camelyne,
+  And ganne her gratche as a Bygin.
+  A large cover-cherfe of Thredde
+  She wrapped all aboute her hedde.
+
+These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in
+Latyne called Bigrinæ or Biguinæ. Whose originall order,
+encrease, and contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and
+Mathewe Westm{inster}. But as I sayed, since I haue not my
+mathewe Paris at hand, I will sett you downe the wordes of
+mathewe Westmynster (otherwise called “Flores Historiarum” or
+“Florilegus”) in this sorte. Sub eisdem diebus (w{hi}ch was in
+the yere of Christe 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry the
+thirde,) quidam in Almania precipuè se asserentes vitam et
+habitu{m} relligionis elegisse, in utroq{ue} sexu, sed maximè
+in muliebri, continentia{m}, cu{i}u{s} vitæ simplicitate
+profitentes, se voto priuato deo obligaru{n}t. Mulieresq{ue},
+quas Bigrinas vulgaritèr vocamus, adeò multiplicatæ sunt, quòd
+earu{m} numerus in vna ciuitate, scilicèt Colonia, ad plus quam
+mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche, speakinge yn the
+yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of relligious orders, he
+sayeth, Item in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas
+nominant, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Citrinatione or perfect digestion.] Citrinatione
+yo{u} do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye. Whiche
+Citrinatione is bothe a color and parte of the philosophers
+stoone. for, as hathe Tractatus Avicennæ (yf yt be his and not
+liber suppositi[ti]us, as manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are
+foysted in vnder the names of the best lerned authors and
+philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and suche others,) in
+parte of the 7 chapter. Citrinatio est que fit inter albu{m} et
+rubru{m}, et non dicitur coolor perfectus, whiche
+Citrinat{i}one, as sayethe Arnoldus de Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5.
+nihil aliud est quàm completa digestio. For the worke of the
+philosophers stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke
+color in the same degree. for as the vrine of manne, being
+whityshe, sheweth imp{er}fecte digestione: But when he hathe
+well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione
+p{er}fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe
+cooler: so ys yt in Alchymye. whiche made Arnolde call this
+citrinatione perfect digestion, or the cooler provinge the
+philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the heigh[t]e of
+perfect{i}one.
+
+[Sidenote: Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and
+cattle in winter,] Forage in one place you expounde meate, and
+in other place fodder. boothe whiche properly cannott stande in
+this place of chaucer in the reves prologue, where he sayeth,
+“my fodder is forage.” for yf forrage be fodder, then is the
+sence of that verse, “my fodder is fodder.” But fodder beinge a
+generall name for meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of
+affynytie withe foode applied to menne and beasts, dothe onlye
+signyfye meate. And so the sence is, “my meate ys forage,” that
+is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis{i}one as ys made for
+horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu{m}
+in latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the word
+next before dothe well shewe yt, when the Reve sayeth,
+
+  I ame olde, me liste not play for age,
+  Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage.
+
+[Sidenote: or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may
+mean grass.] Yet metaphorically yt may be taken for other than
+drye horse meate, although improperlye; as Chaucer hathe, in Sir
+Topas Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and vseth
+the woorde rather to make vpp the ryme than to shewe the true
+nature thereof; sayinge,
+
+  That downe he layed hym in that place,
+  to make his steede some solace
+  and gyve hym good forage.
+
+[Sidenote: Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.] Heroner
+yo{u} expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true, for a
+gowshawke, sparrowe hawke, tassell, &c. be kyndes of hawkes. But
+this heroner, is an especiall hawke (of anye of the kyndes of
+longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other hawkes are,
+because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous than of
+other fowles, insomuch, that when she fyndeth her selfe in
+danger, she will lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp
+her bellye towardes the hawke; and so defile her enymye with her
+excrementes, that eyther she will blinde the hawke, or ells with
+her byll or talons pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to cease
+vppon her.
+
+[Sidenote: The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or
+eglantine.] The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the
+Bryer, vnlest yo{u} adde this epithetone and saye, the redde
+Berrye one the swete Bryer, (which is the Eglantyne,) to
+distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer or Bramble beringe the
+blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them boothe; when
+the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe yo{u} that
+yo{u} saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from the Blacke,
+for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may be
+called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme.
+
+[Sidenote: Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.] Nowell yo{u}
+expounde Christmasse, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt is
+that tyme, whiche is properlye called the Advente together with
+Christmasse and Newe yeres tyde, wherefore the true etymologye
+of that worde ys not Christmasse, or the twelve dayes, but yt is
+godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of
+Christe in the fleshe, whiche p{er}adventure after a sorte, by
+the figure synecdoche, yo{u} may seeme to excuse, placinge ther
+xþemas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of Nowell for all
+the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in the same worde is
+conteyned sometyme xx, but for the most p{ar}te thirtye dayes
+before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that
+woorde being deduced as hathe Will{iel}m{u}s Postellus in
+Alphabet. 12 Linguarum, from the hebrue worde Noell: for thus he
+writethe: ‏‏ נאלnoel, sonat deus noster sive Deus nobis advenit,
+solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe ante xþi ({Christi})
+natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam desiderio.
+
+[Sidenote: Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in
+common.] Porpherye you expounde marble, w{hi}che m{ar}ble ys
+genus, but porpherye is species, for as there is white and grey
+marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye,
+a stone of reddish purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with
+white veynes as yo{u} may see in the great pillars entringe into
+the royall exchange or burse in Cornhill.
+
+[Sidenote: Sendale, a sylke stuffe.] Sendale you expounde a
+thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne stuffe lyke
+sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but
+courser and narrower, than the sarcenett nowe ys, as my selfe
+canne remember.
+
+[Sidenote: The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine
+to cast stones.] Trepegett you expounde a ramme to batter
+walles. But the trepegete was the same that the magonell;
+for Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the
+trepegett and magonell being all one, and the magonell one
+instrumente to flynge or cast stones (as youre selfe
+expounde yt) into a towne, or against a towne walles, (an engine
+not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an instrumente to cast forthe
+dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget must nedes also be one
+instrumente to cast stones or such lyke against a wall or into a
+towne, and not a Ramme to batter wales; since the Ramme was no
+engine to flinge anye thinge, but by mens handes to be broughte
+and pusshed againste the walles; a thinge farr different in
+forme from the magonell or catapulte, as appereth by Vigetius
+and Robertus Valturius de re militari.
+
+[Sidenote: Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.] Wiuer
+yo{u} expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, a wyuer is a
+kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of
+whose kinde he is, a thinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes,
+vsinge the same for armes, and crestes, & supporters of manye
+gentle and noble menne. As the erle of Kent beareth a wiuer for
+his creste and supporters, the erle of Pembroke, a wiuer vert
+for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande, a wiuer geules for his
+supporters.
+
+[Sidenote: Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of
+antiquitye.] Autenticke yo{u} expounde to be antiquytye. But
+howe yo{u} may seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers
+meaninge, I knowe not; but sure I ame the proper
+signyficat{i}one of autenticke is a thinge of auctoritye or
+credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the originall or
+fyrste archetypu{m} of any thinge; whiche I muse that you did
+not remember.
+
+[Sidenote: Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.]
+Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, Frenche,
+and Spanishe, signifyeth relinquere, to forsake and leave a
+thinge; w{hi}che me thinkethe yo{u} most hardely stretche to
+libertye, vnlest yo{u} will saye that, when one forsakethe a
+thinge, he leaveth yt at libertye; whiche ys but a streyned
+speche, although the frenche Hollybande, not vnderstandinge the
+true energye of our tongue, hath expounded yt libertye; whiche
+may be some warrante vnto you.
+
+VNDER THE TITLE OF YOURE Annotacions and Corrections.
+
+[Sidenote: Of the Vernacle.] IN YOURE ANNOTACIONS you describe,
+oute of the prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure,
+wherein was sett the instruments wherewith Christe was
+crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was the printe of his
+face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the instrumentes of his
+deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure of his face;
+as I conceve yt with others.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and
+giveth reasons.] Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade
+Capaneus, wherunto I cannott yelde. for althoughe Statius and
+other latine authors do call hym Capaneus; yet all the writers
+of Englande in that age call him campaneus; as Gower, in
+confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye of Thebes taken
+out of Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so
+that yt semethe they made the pronu{n}tiatione of Campaneus to
+be the dialecte of our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is
+in this to be p{ar}doned, in that taking his knightes tale out
+of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane (and of late
+translated into frenche,) doth there, after the Italiane manner,
+call him campaneus; for so the Italians pronounce woordes
+beginninge with cap: with the interposit{i}one of the l{ette}re
+m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w{hi}che the Latins call
+capitoliu{m}, the Italians call campidoglio; and suche lyke.
+Wherefore since yt was vniversallye receued in that age, to call
+him Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p{er}mytte yt to
+have free passage accordinge to the pronuntiat{i}one and
+wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge woordes from one
+language to one other, there ys often additione and
+substract{i}one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the
+middle, and in the ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte
+examples mighte be produced, whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye.
+
+[Sidenote: Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of
+Heros, and giveth reasons.] Fo: 3. pa: 2. (“Noughte comelye lyke
+to lovers maladye of Hereos.”) for whiche woorde hereos you
+reade eros, i. cupide, a very good and probable correct{i}one,
+well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient{i}a vestra,
+and reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe
+mystake yt,) I wolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read
+heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the
+letters; a comone thinge for the printer to do, and the
+corrector to overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love,
+did not shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, whiche the Heroes,
+or valiante p{er}sons, in tymes past vsed, for thoughe they
+loued, yet that passione did not generallye so farre overrule
+them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p{ar}ticuler personne) as
+that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke actions,
+whiche they before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as
+that they sholde not forgett, what they were in place, valor, or
+magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass{i}one, did not observe
+“lyke to lovers malady of Heroes.” Whereof I coulde produce six
+hundred examples, (as the proverbe ys,) were yt not that I
+avoyde tedious prolixytye.
+
+[Sidenote: Of florins and their name from the Florentines.]
+Fo: 6. pa: 2. (“Manye a florence.”) In whiche noote yo{u} expounde
+a florence to be ij^s frenche, and a gelder to be the same in
+dutche. Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens, suche
+as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, w{hic}he taking his name of the
+woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (of the terrytorye of florence
+in Italye,) were called Florens; [Sidenote: Sterling money
+taketh its name from the Esterlings.] as sterlinge money tooke
+their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver
+in the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges
+frenche ys not equall in valewe (as I nowe take yt) to two
+shillinges Englishe: and much lesse equall to the florens in
+Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre shillings, fowre
+pence, or halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges
+tenne pence farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye:
+some of them being called florens de scuto or of the valewe of
+the shelde or frenche crowne and some of them called florens
+regall. Whereof yo{u} shall fynde, in the recorde of pellis
+exitus in the exchequer in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note.
+Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in
+parte solutionis 8000 florenoru{m} de scuto pretii petii iij^s.
+iiij^d. sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru{m} de scuto in
+quibus Rex tenebatur eidem Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure,
+prisonario suo apud Bellu{m} de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab
+eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis empt{o}, vt patet per litteras
+Regis patentes, quas idem Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in
+Dors. de summa subscripta, per bre{ve} de magno sigillo, inter
+mandata de Term. Michaelis de anno 36 --xx^li. To the valewe
+whereof agreeth Hipodigma Neustriæ, pa. 127, [Sidenote: King
+John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.] where
+setting downe the ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters
+to the valewe of thre milliones of florens, he sayethe “of
+w{hic}he florens duo valebant vj^s. viij^d.” These florens the
+same Walsingha{m} in another place callethe scutes or frenche
+crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex quidem Franciæ pro sua
+redemptione soluit regi Angliæ tres milliones scutoru{m},
+quoru{m} duo valent vnu{m} nobile, videlicet, sex solidos et
+octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme of
+kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in
+Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those
+florens for the redempt{i}one of the frenche kinge, were of the
+valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that kings reigne
+there were also one other sorte of florens, not of lyke valewe,
+but conteyned within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]. called
+florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme,
+of Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the
+sixte of Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne,
+In denariis sibi liberatis per manus Walteri Hewett militis in
+pretio 4000 florenoru{m} regaliu{m} pretii petii --ij^s. x^d.
+[QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} 7 computantur pro tribus
+nobilibus, eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo{u} see the
+meanest of these florens did exceed the valewe of ij^s. frenche,
+(although you sholde equall that with ii^s. Englishe,) as yt did
+also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those
+dayes yt was much aboute the valewe of iij^s. iiij^d. beinge
+halfe a pistolet Italiane or Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius
+Delphicus, (in the Historye of Burgundye, in the lyfe of
+Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and sonne to the
+frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius’ woordes
+be these. Illustris viri aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} mors adeò
+comite{m} com{m}ovit, vt relicta obsidione exercitus ad
+co{m}meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit. Decem
+millibus florenorum (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu{m}
+Italicu{m} pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m}
+cadaverum redemptione solutis, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Of the oken garland of Emelye.] Fo: 7. pa: 2. For
+unseriall yo{u} will vs to reade cerriall, for cerrus[8] is a
+kynde of tree lyke one oke, bearinge maste; and therefore by
+yo{ur} correct{i}one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke
+cerriall: But for the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of
+oke as ys also the Ilex) I judge yt sholde not be redde cerriall
+but unseriall, that ys, (yf you will nedes have this worde
+cerriall,) a garlande of greene oke not cerriall, as who sholde
+saye, she had a Garlande of Grene oke, but not of the oke
+Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke unseriall, signifyinge
+a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of dedd wannyshe
+Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the Cerrus,
+being the tree w{hi}che we comonly call the holme oke,
+(as Cooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that which wee call
+holme,) produceth two kyndes; whereof the one hathe greater, and
+the other lesser acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one
+the one syde, and of one ouer russett and darkyshe Coolor on the
+other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche
+sholde be freshe and Grene one everye parte, as were her younge
+and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to whome she sacryfyced,
+and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall, not beinge of
+oke cerriall, for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue
+shewed duskyshe and as yt were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe
+and orient as chaucer wolde haue her garlande. And this for
+yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde
+suppose that this worde unseriall dothe not vnaptly signifye
+perfectione of coolor, so that She having a Garlande of Grene
+oke unseriall, doth signyfye the oke to be grene and unseriall,
+that is, (as some do expounde this worde unseriall,) unsered,
+unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke unto the oke
+Quercus whiche hath no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes.
+And yt was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must
+haue a garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they
+whiche sacryfyced vnto Diana, otherwise called Hecate, (which
+name is attribute to Diana, as natalis Comes affirmethe with
+statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke sayinge,
+
+  Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris,
+
+being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes, called also
+Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one, whereof
+Virgil speaketh,
+
+  Tergemina{m}q{ue} Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianæ,)
+
+were adorned w{i}th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because
+that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius
+Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate
+quoquè Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be
+consecrate to Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same
+in Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet
+Antiqutye adorned and crowned Diana Heccate with the same crowne
+also. Wherefore I conclude, since she (Emelye) had a garlande of
+Grene oke, (as Chaucer of purpose addeth that woorde Greene to
+explane unseriall, whiche signyfyethe unsered, unparched,
+unwithered in every parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose
+leafe one the one syde is duskyshe as though yt were somewhat
+withered,) that the same word unseriall must stand unamended,
+as well (as I sayed before) by youre owne correct{i}one and the
+nature of the worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was
+crowned with the oke Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf
+yo{u} obiecte to mee that, in this place, yt must be a garlande
+of oke cerriall accordinge to the woordes of Chaucer in one
+other place, because that he in the flower and the leafe (newely
+printed by yo{u}) hath these woordes;
+
+  I sie come first all in theire clokes white
+  a companye that were for delight.
+  Chapletts freshe of oke serriall
+  Newly spronge and Trompetts they were all;
+
+I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke
+serriall. for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as
+trompettes might be crowned with so base one oke as the serriall
+ys, whiche I call base in respecte of the oke Quercus (dedicate
+to the godd Jupiter) wherewithe Heccate was crowned, and whereof
+Garlands were gyven to the Romans for their nooble desarts in
+the warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those
+whiche had saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and
+of purpose with great iudgm{en}t in my conceyte) make a
+difference in the chaplettes of the Trompettes and the garlands
+of Emelye, in that the trompetts chapletts were of oke seriall
+newly spronge; and not come to perfect{i}one, whiche yet yf they
+had byn p{er}fecte wolde not haue byn soo oryente and Greene one
+bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus, wherewithe he wolde haue this
+Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse Heccate Diana (to whom she
+dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so in tymes past (as I
+sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned with garlandes of
+suche thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they
+sacryfyced. for whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe
+Caxtone in his seconde editione do call yt one oke serriall. for
+I knowe (not withstandinge his fayre prologe of printing that by
+a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke.
+
+    [Footnote 8: _The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?_]
+
+[Sidenote: Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.] Fo: 9.
+pa: 1. For euerye) yo{u} will us to reade eyther. But the sence
+ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as
+of eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye
+syde of hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde
+of him; and therefore they two ryding one euerye side of hym,
+canne haue noone other construct{i}one then that the one did
+ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side, aud
+therefore an ouer nice correct{i}one, thoughe some coppies do
+warrant yt:
+
+[Sidenote: The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he
+would not have known Emelye.] Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save only the
+intellecte,) yo{u} wolde haue us to reade “and also the
+intellecte.” But yf yo{u} well consider the woordes of Chaucer,
+(as I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet
+seene,) his meaninge ys not that the intellecte was wholye
+goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo{u} sholde reade, “and also the
+intellecte” for “save only the intellecte.” for Chaucers
+meanynge ys, that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites aboute
+his outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye the intellecte or
+vnderstandinge, w{hi}che remayned sounde and good, as apperethe
+after by the followinge woordes, for when deathe approched, and
+that all outwarde senses fayled, he (Arcite) yet cast eye vppon
+Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the cheifest vitall sprite of
+his harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde
+not haue cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled
+hym. Yet yf you liste to reade, “and also the intellecte,” for
+saue only the intellecte, yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne
+withall, notwithstandinge that a pointe at streng[t]he is
+looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save only the intellecte,
+without moore,) will make the sence good in this sort as I have
+here pointed yt:
+
+  And yet moore ouer from his armes two
+  the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo
+  (save only the intellecte without moore)
+  that dwelleth in his hart sicke and sore
+  gan faylen: When the hart felt death &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Straught, a better word than haughte.] Fo: 10. pa: 2.
+For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when straughte
+is moore significa{n}t (and moore answerable to Chaucers woordes
+whiche followethe) than haughte ys. for he speakethe of the
+Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or branches of the
+tree, whiche this woorde straughte doth signyfye, and is moore
+aptlye sett downe for stretched, then this woorde haughte,
+whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde, or holdinge faste, or (yf
+you will streyne yt againste his nature) stretching on heigh,
+whiche agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge. for these be
+his words:
+
+  And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte;
+  That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.]
+Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue
+vs reade, “for all forgotten is then his visage;” a thinge mere
+impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is
+not materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten,
+but yt is muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his
+vassalage, and the good service donne in his youthe, shold be
+forgotten when he waxethe olde. And therefore yt must bee “his
+vassalage forgotten;” as presently after Chaucer sayeth, better
+for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and his honor in price,
+than when he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten;
+w{hic}he I coulde dilate and prove by manye examples; but I
+cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I
+wolde not be tedious vnto yo{u}, as for that leysure serveth me
+not thereunto.
+
+[Sidenote: Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.] Fo: 13.
+pa: 1. For lothe yo{u} bidde vs reade leefe, which annotacione
+neded not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde
+in the texte is lefe.
+
+[Sidenote: It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he
+coughed at the window.] Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo{u} reade
+coughed, but, the circumstance considered, (althoughe they may
+both stande,) yt is moore probable that he[9] knocked at her[10]
+windowe, than that he coughed. for although those woordes “with
+a semely sownde” may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may
+as well and with as much consonancye haue reference to a semely
+and gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce,
+and so his meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde
+rather be by the noyse of a knocke than of a coughe. for so he
+determyned before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when
+he sayed,
+
+  So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes crow
+  Full priuily knocke at his windowe:
+
+And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he
+did before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he
+knocked twyce.
+
+    [Footnote 9: [_Absolon._]]
+
+    [Footnote 10: [_The Carpenter’s wife’s._]]
+
+[Sidenote: Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.] Fo: 23. pa: 2.
+For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written copies
+haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after
+the written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my
+fathers editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, I wolde
+more willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most
+lykelye that the tartarians whiche dwelt at Sara (a place yet
+well knowen, and bordering vppon the lake Mare Casp{iu}m,) are
+nerer to Sorria or the countryes adioynynge called Syria, than
+to Russya. For as Hato the Armeniane, in his Tartariane
+Historye, sayeth, The cyttye of Sara was auncyently the famous
+cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the Tartarians obteyned
+the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240, w{hi}che must be in the
+tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called Caius canne,
+[Sidenote: Cambuscan is Caius canne.] beinge (as I suppose) he
+whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so ys the written copies,
+such affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I
+gather, yt was after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in
+Russia. But I leave yt indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge
+further to consider of yt.
+
+[Sidenote: “That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no
+wighte say naye.”] Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, “that may
+not saye naye,” yo{u} reade “there may no wighte say naye.”
+bothe whiche are good, and boothe founde in written coppyes; and
+yet the firste will better stande, in my conceyte, because [_the
+king of Faerie_] there speakinge to his wyfe, he urgethe her
+that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe that cannott
+say naye, as who sholde saye yo{u} cannot denye yt because you
+knowe yt; and experience teacheth yt, so that these woordes,
+“that cannott say naye,” must be taken as spoken of his wyfes
+knowledge, and so as good or rather better than “there may no
+wighte saye naye,” consideringe that these wordes “that cannott
+saye naye,” dothe signyfye, “whoe cannott saye naye,” in such
+sorte that this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue
+reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe.
+
+[Sidenote: Theophraste, not Paraphraste.] Fo: 35. pa: 2. For “He
+cleped yt valerye and theophraste,” you saye some wolde haue vs
+reade “Valery and his Paraphraste.” But as yo{u} haue left yt at
+libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be
+Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte
+Booke, ca. 11. [Sidenote: The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from
+the author of Policraticon.] (from whome Chaucer borrowethe
+almost worde for worde a great parte of the Wyfe of Bathes
+Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that booke, Johannes
+Sarisburiensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde,
+sayethe, Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de
+nuptiis, in quo quæritur an vir sapiens ducat vxorem, etc. And
+the frenche molinet, moralizinge the Romant of the roose in
+frenche, and turnynge it oute of verse into proese, writeth,
+Ha si i’eusse creu Theophraste, &c. Oh, yf I had beleved
+Theophraste, I had never maried womanne, for he doth not holde
+hym wise that marieth anye womanne, be she fayre, foule, poore,
+or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye
+wordes chaucer doth recyte.
+
+[Sidenote: Country, not Couentry.] Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde
+Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye. But in my writtene
+copies yt is, “in my Countrye,” whiche I holde the truer and for
+the sence as good yf not better.
+
+[Sidenote: Maketh, not waketh.] Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde
+makethe is corrected by you, who for the same do place wakethe;
+w{hi}che cannott well stande, for Chaucers woordes being, “this
+maketh the fende,” dothe signyfye (by a true conuers{i}one after
+the dialecte of our tonge, w{hi}che with beawtye vsethe suche
+transmutac{i}one as I coulde gyve yo{u} manye pretye instances,)
+that the sence thereof ys, “the fende makethe this,” for whiche
+Chaucer vseth these wordes by Transposit{i}one, (accordinge to
+the rhethoricall figure Hiperbatone) “This makethe the fende:”
+Whiche this? Anger: for that comethe, ys made, or occasioned,
+by the deuell. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence
+bee, that this (whiche is the anger he speakethe of before)
+wakethe the fende; whiche oure offences cannot do, because he
+cannott be waked, in that he neyther slumbrethe nor slepethe,
+but alwayes watcheth and howrely seekethe occas{i}one to
+destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone. But yf you will nedes saye
+“this wakethe the fende,” that is, by conuersione after this
+manner, “the fende waketh this,” whiche signyfyeth the fende
+waketh or styrreth this in manne, yt may, after a harde and
+over-streyned sorte, beare some sence, whiche yet hath not that
+energye, sprite or lyfe, w{hi}che haue Chaucers woordes, “this
+maketh the fende.” Whiche woordes are in my written copies, and
+in all written and auncient printed copies whiche I have yet
+seene.
+
+[Sidenote: Hugh of Lincoln.] Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes,
+“O hughe of Lincolne sleyne also, &c.” You saye, that in the 29.
+H. 3. eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne, and hanged
+for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte was
+[in] the 39. H. 3. so that yo{u} mighte verye well haue sayed,
+that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe of
+Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, viz. thys younger
+Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed
+in the yere 1200, long before this litle seinte hughe. And to
+prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde and that yonge
+hughe of Lincolne were but one; I will sett downe two
+auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and Walsinghame, whereof the
+fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe 1255, beinge the 39.
+of Henrye the 3, a childe called Hughe was sleyne by the Jewes
+at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he delyvereth at large;
+and further, in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth,
+Dimissi sunt quieti 24 Judei à Turri London, qui ibidem infames
+tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis Lincolniæ:
+All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in Hypodigma Neustriæ, confirmeth;
+sayinge, A^o. 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine HUGO, à
+Judeis captus, in opprobriu{m} Christiani nominis crudelitèr est
+crucifixus.
+
+[Sidenote: “Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a good
+reading.] Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his
+ascensione, &c.) You will us to reade for the same,
+
+  Ware the soone in his ascensione
+  Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte,
+  For yf yt doe, &c.
+
+But, savinge correct{i}one, the former sence is good: for these
+woordes: Where the sonne is in his ascensione, must haue
+relat{i}one to the woordes of the verse before,
+
+  Ye be righte colericke of complex{i}one,
+
+and then is the sence, that she [_the fair Pertelote_] willed
+hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in
+the highest degree) collericke of complex{i}one, where (whiche
+signyfyeth when) the sonne is in his ascent{i}one. Wherefore he
+must take heede, that he did not fynde hym repleate (at that
+tyme of the sonnes being in his ascent{i}one) of hoote humors,
+for yf he did, he sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will
+stand with the woordes Where the sonne is in his ascentione,
+taking where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf yo{u} mislyke
+that gloosse, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some
+written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his ascentione ne
+fynde you not repleate, &c. yet yt cannott bee that the other
+wordes, (for yf yt doo,) canne answer the same, because this
+pronoune relative (yt) cannot haue relat{i}one to this worde
+(you) which wente before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo{u} not
+repleate of humors hotte. So that yf you nowe will nedes reade
+ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse must
+nedes be, “for yf you doe,” and not “for yf yt dooe;” vnleste
+you will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat{i}one to
+these woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott
+have, those woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne
+(you) interposed betwene the same and that his correlative (yt.)
+Wherefore these woordes, (for yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as
+they did before, though you will correcte “Where the sonne &c.”
+and saye “Ware the sonne &c.” W{hi}che yf you will nedes haue,
+you must correcte the rest in this sorte:
+
+  Ware the sonne in his ascentione
+  that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte,
+  for yf yt do, &c.
+
+But this correct{i}one (savinge, as I sayed, correct{i}one)
+semeth not so good as the former texte.
+
+[Sidenote: Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.] Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon
+these woordes, (Lo, in the lyfe of Kenelme we reade,) you saye
+that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche sholde be
+Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have. Whiche
+Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the
+Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof
+(supposed to be Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that
+auctor, speakinge of the wyfe of Offa the greate kinge of
+Mercia, (a wicked and proude womanne because she was of the
+stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that she was called
+Drida, and being the kings wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est,
+Regina Drida.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.] Fo: 87. p: 1.
+Vppon these woordes of “Taurus was fortye degrees and one,” you
+saye that this place ys misprinted, as well in not namynge of
+the sygne, as of the misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two
+and twentye of Marche the sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven
+degrees or thereaboutes, and hathe in all but thirtye degrees.
+In whiche, in semynge to correcte the former printe (whiche in
+truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that order,) you seme
+to mee to erre, as farre as heauen and yerthe, in mistakinge
+Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, as well for the daye of the
+monthe, as for the signe. for where yo{u} suppose that Chaucere
+meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt.
+for although yt should be the 22 of the monthe, as the printed
+booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22 daye of Marche, but must
+of necessytye be the two and twentythe of Aprille: and so the
+signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye, the number of
+the dayes are misprinted, for where yt is twentye dayes and two,
+yt must be (and so are my written copies) thirtye dayes and two,
+whiche must be the seconde of Maye, as yo{u} shall well see by
+the woordes of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two
+dayes, withe the truthe, as hathe the written copye, or xxii
+dayes, withe the printe: yet must yo{u} begynne to recken them
+from after the last of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge
+Marche was compleate, in these woordes:
+
+  When the month in whiche the worlde began,
+  That hight Marche, when God first made man,
+  Was complete, and passed were also
+  Since Marche byganne, &c.
+
+Wherebye yo{u} see, that yo{u} must begynne to recken the nomber
+of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then woulde the
+signe fall out to be in Taurus. Yf yo{u} holde yo{u} to the
+printe (for the 22 daye after Marche, which is the 22 daye of
+Aprill in which the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to
+the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w{hi}che is the seconde
+of maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees
+in Taurus;) the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo{u}
+suppose. nether canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe
+you to recken them from the begynnynge of Marche, (as you seme
+to doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the
+former wordes of Chaucer, w{hi}che sayethe M{ar}che was
+complete, and, for that we shoulde not dobte thereof, he addethe
+also farther, And passed were also since Marche beganne; where
+the worde beganne ys mysprinted for be gonne, that is, since
+marche be gonne, this word begonne being put for is gonne, or
+gonne bye, or departed. so that the genuyniell sence hereof is,
+When march was complete, and also were passed, since march is
+gonne, or gonne by, or departed. for, in many olde inglishe
+woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to make yt moore
+signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone, for
+sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed, &c. as in this case
+for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But although there be no
+misnaminge of the [Sidenote: The degrees of the signe are
+misreckoned, not the signe itself.] signe; yet yt is true the
+degrees of the signes are misreckoned, the error whereof grewe,
+because the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree
+of the sonne ascended above the Horizon, beinge at that tyme xli
+degrees in heighte from the Horizon. But to remedye all this,
+and to correcte yt accordinge as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne
+and other written copies; and that yt may stande w{i}th all
+mathematicall proport{i}one, whiche Chaucer knewe and observed
+there, the print must be corrected after those written copies
+(whiche I yet holde for sounde till I maye disprove them) having
+these woordes:
+
+  when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne,
+  that hight Marche, when god first made manne,
+  was complete, and passed were also
+  since marche begonne thirty dayes and two:
+  befell that Chanteclere in all his pride,
+  his seven wives walkinge him beside,
+  cast vp his eyen to the bright sonne,
+  that in the signe of Taurus had yronne
+  Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore;
+  And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore
+  That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven:
+  The sunne, quoth he, is clomben vp on heaven
+  Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &c.
+
+And that this shoulde be mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the
+seconde of Maye, there be manye reasons, besides those that
+Chaucer nameth; which are, that the sonne was not farre from the
+middle of his ascent{i}one, and in the signe Taurus. ffurther,
+since I am now in Chantecler’s discourse, I must speake of one
+woorde in the same, deservinge correct{i}one, w{hi}che I see you
+overslipped; and because I thinke yo{u} knewe not what to make
+of yt, (as in dede by the printinge few menne canne
+vnderstande yt,) I will sett downe the correct{i}one of the
+same; [Sidenote: Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke,
+or the kingdom of Mercia.] being the worde Mereturicke, farr
+corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the
+kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus
+the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres,
+and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before
+noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the
+woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a
+kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches of
+Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu{m} Merciæ, or the
+kingdome of Mercia, or of the boundes so called, because almost
+all the other kingdoms of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and
+that lykewise vppon them, since that kingdome did lye in the
+middle of England, and conteyned most of the shires thereof.
+
+[Sidenote: Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.] Fo: 90.
+pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge
+furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them
+had their outwarde ornamentes thereof when they came to their
+service, as the Chanons had their Grey amises; yet in this
+place, to shewe the proude and stately ensignes of the Clergye,
+he there nameth the popes crowne, and the Cardinalls pilloures,
+yf I be not deceved. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his
+honorable ensignes borne before hym, certein silver pillers; as
+had Cardinall Wolsey, in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte,
+and Cardinall Poole, in my memory. So that pilloure in that
+place is better than pellure, because pilloures were a note of
+more pride and maiestye (againste whiche the Plowmanne dothe
+enveye in those woordes,) than in the weringe of furres.
+
+[Sidenote: Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner
+of meates.”] Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these wordes, with change of
+many manner of meates, yo{u} wolde have vs reade, They eate of
+many manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence
+stande well, yet sure Chaucer followeth this matter in many
+staues together with this preposit{i}one (cu{m}, with,) and this
+coniunctione (et, and;)--as, “With pride misledd the poore, and
+with money filled manye a male, &c.” so he contynuethe yt still
+with that prepositione, “with change of many meates;” w{hi}che
+is as good as the other, for euery one knoweth Chaucers meanynge
+to be that they eate of many meates, when they haue change of
+many meates; for why sholde they haue change of meates, but for
+varyetye to please the palates taste in eatynge. [Sidenote: And
+also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for the
+sake of the meter.] In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one
+or two) you teache vs to reade, “myters they weare mo then one
+or two;” whiche, me thinkethe, nedeth not. For the wearinge of
+their myters is included in these woordes, And myters more then
+one or two. W{hi}che wordes are curteyled for the verse his
+cause, that the same mighte kepe an equall proport{i}one and
+decorum in the verse, whiche would be lengthened one foote or
+sillable moore than the other verses, yf your readinge shoulde
+stande. But yf yo{u} saye, that in this and other thinges I am
+overstreyghte laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the
+former printed editione, in that I woulde rather allowe one
+imperfecte sence, and suche as must be vnderstoode, when yt ys
+not fully expressed, than a playne style, I will answere withe a
+grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri
+potest per pauciora, and quod subintelligitur non deest.
+Wherefore yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit{i}one of
+woordes, when yt maye be as well conceyved in any reasonable
+mens vnderstandinge without such addit{i}one. But on these and
+suche petit matters, I will not nowe longe insiste, (being
+things of no greate momente,) vntill I haue further examyned
+more written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the olde
+texte or your newe correctione.
+
+[Sidenote: The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant
+of the rose, but is there spelled Guindesores.] Fo: 122. pa: 2.
+The lordes sonne of Windsore.) Vppon these woordes you saye,
+this maye seme strange bothe in respecte that yt is not in the
+frenche, as also for that there was no lorde Windsore at those
+dayes. But yt semeth to me moore strange that these woordes
+shoulde seme strange to yo{u}, not to bee in the frenche, where
+yo{u} shall fynde them. For thus hathe the frenche written
+Romante, as maye appere in the old frenche vsed at the tyme when
+the Romante was composed, in this sorte:
+
+  Pris a Franchise lez alez
+  Ne sai coment est apelles,
+  Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores
+  Fuiz au seign{eur} de Guindesores:
+
+Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young
+bacheler, I knowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and
+gentle, as yf he had byn sonne to the lorde of Windsore. Where
+in olde frenche this word fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of
+that Booke) is placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at
+this daye for filz or fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that it is
+here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the Roose turned
+into proese, moralized, by the french Molinet, and printed at
+Paris in the yere 1521, who hathe the same verses in these
+woordes in proese. A Franchise s’estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler
+de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en son temps filz du
+seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo{u} mighte have well seene,
+had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the latyne,
+Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche,
+the Englishe, and such as haue affynytye with the Dutche, since
+they vse for doble w (a letter comone to vs) these two letters
+Gu, as in Gulielmus, which we wryte Willielmus; in guerra, which
+we call and writte warre, in Gualterus, which we write Walter;
+in guardeine, which we pronounce and write wardeyne; and suche
+lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for
+Windesore. [Sidenote: Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the
+Baron should be called of Windsor.] for your other coniectures,
+whye that Chaucer sholde inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore,
+they are of [{no}?] great momente, neque adhuc constat that
+Chaucer translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in
+buildinge. for then I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge;
+whereof I will not stande at this tyme, no moore than I will
+that there was no lord Windsore in those dayes; althoughe I
+suppose that sir William Windsore, being then a worthye knighte
+and of great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes beyond the
+seas under the kinge of Englande, mighte be lord Windsore, of
+whom the Frenche tooke notice, being in those partes, and by
+them called seigneure de Windesore, as euery gouerno{r} was
+called seigneure emongst them. But whether he were a Baron or no
+in Englande, I cannott yet saye, because I haue not my booke of
+Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this instante.
+
+[Sidenote: The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also
+by water, nor for chastity only, but for many other matters.]
+Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall, &c. Vppone whiche yo{u} write thus.
+“Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did
+Emma, mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge
+culters of yrone barefotte, as did Cunegunde, &c.” But in
+this describinge definit{i}one, you have commytted manye
+imp{er}fect{i}ons. first, that ordell was a tryall by fyre,
+w{hi}che is but a species of the ordell; for ordaliu{m} was a
+tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a tryall of
+Chastitye whiche was but parcell thereof; for the ordale was a
+tryall for manye other matters. [Sidenote: The fyery ordeal was
+by going on hote shares and cultors, not going through the fyre.
+The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine burnynge
+shares.] Thirdlye, yo{u} saye yt was by goinge throughe the
+fyre. when the fyery ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares
+or cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande,
+and not going through the fyre. fourthlye, that Emma, mother to
+Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through the
+fyre: But she passed not through the fyre as you bringe her for
+one example of your ordale but passed barefotte vppone nyne
+burnynge shares, fowr for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne
+Bishoppe of Winchester, with whome she was suspected with
+incontynencye, whiche historye you maye see at large in
+Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone li: 6. ca: 23, and in
+other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a longe and no
+commone discourse; of the manner of consecrating the fyre and
+water, how yt was vsed emongst the saxons before, and the
+normans since, the Conqueste, and of many other thinges
+belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer
+to you a thinge knowen to fewe, [Sidenote: The ordeal taken away
+by the court of Rome, and after by Henry III.] how this ordale
+was contynued in Englande in the tyme of kinge Johne, as
+appereth in Claus. 17. Johīs, m. 25, vntill yt was taken awaye
+by the courte of Rome; and after that, in Englande, by the
+auctorytye of kinge Henrye the thirde, whereof you shall fynde
+this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H. 3. mem. 5, where yt
+speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water to be
+forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be
+vsed here in Englande; as apperethe in the woordes of that
+record: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt, et quibus
+competeret iudiciu{m} ignis vel aquæ si non esset prohibitum, et
+de quibus si regnum nostru{m} abiurarent, nulla fieret postea,
+maleficiendi suspitio, regnu{m} nostru{m} abiurent &c.
+
+[Sidenote: The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the
+adultery of his owne mate.] Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the
+storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes “wreaker of adulterye”
+shoulde rather bee “bewrayer of Adulterye;” w{hi}che in truth
+accordinge to one propryetye of his nature may be as you saye,
+but according to another propryetye of his nature, yt sholde be
+“the wreaker of Adulterye,” as Chaucer hathe; for he ys a
+greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female
+than the bewrayer of the adulterye of one other kynde, and of
+his hostesse one the toppe of whose howse he harborethe. for
+Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus de proprietatibus reru{m} li: 12.
+cap. 8. with many other auctors, that yf the storke by any
+meanes perceve that his female hath brooked spousehedde, he will
+no more dwell with her, but stryketh and so cruelly beateth her,
+that he will not surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye,
+to wreake and revenge that adulterye.
+
+These and suche lyke in my conceyte are worthye to be touched in
+your Annotac{i}ons, besides other matters whiche you haue not
+handled; whereof (because tyme requirethe after all this tedious
+treatyce to drawe to one ende) I will not now treate; but onlye
+speake a little moore of fyve especiall thinges, woorthye the
+animadvers{i}one, of which the fyrste ys, [Sidenote: The
+plowman’s tale is wrong placed.] that yo{u} make the Plowmans
+tale to go next before the persons tale, suffering the persons
+corrupted prologue to passe with this begynnynge, “By that the
+plowmanne had his tale ended,” when all written copies, (whiche
+I coulde yet see,) and my fathers editione, haue yt, “By that
+the mancyple had his tale ended.” And because my father colde
+not see by any Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the
+most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,)
+where to place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons
+tale, whiche, by Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as
+apperethe by the persons prologue, where the hooste sayethe,
+that “euery manne had tolde his Tale before.” So that the
+plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the
+manciple and persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last
+edit{i}one.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from
+those adulterat and not his.] One other thinge ys, that yt would
+be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were distinguyshed from the
+adulterat and suche as were not his, as the Testamente of
+Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge
+“I have a ladye where so she bee,” &c. whiche Chaucer never
+composed, as may sufficientlye be proved by the things
+themselves.
+
+[Sidenote: There were three editions of Chaucer before William
+Thynne dedicated his to Henry VIII.] The thirde matter ys, that
+in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte Cecille, yo{u} saye,
+“This Booke whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate
+to kinge Henrye the eighte.” But that is not soo. for the firste
+dedicatione to that kinge was by my father, when diverse of
+Chaucers woorkes had byn thrise printed before; whereof two
+editions were by Will{ia}m Caxtone, the firste printer of
+Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one columne in a
+ragged letter, and after in one colume in a better order; and
+the thirde edit{i}one was printed, as farre as I remember, by
+Winkin de Worde or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde
+printers of Englande, as I take them.[11] [Sidenote: The first
+editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and
+corrected them.] Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte
+and corrupte occasioned my father (for the love he oughte to
+Chaucers learnynge) to seeke the augmente and correct{i}one of
+Chaucers Woorkes, w{hi}che he happily fynyshed; the same being,
+since that tyme, by often printinge much corrupted. of this
+matter I sholde have spooken first of all, because yt is the
+first imperfect{i}one of your paynfull and comendable labors:
+Yet because the proverb ys better late than never, I hold yt
+better to speake of yt here then not at all.
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Caxton_, 1475-1481-2. _Wynkyn de Word_,
+    1495-1498.]
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by
+Chaucer.] The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the
+auctors, you haue omytted many auctors vouched by chaucer; and
+therefore did rightlye intitle yt, moost, and not all, of the
+auctors cited by Geffrye Chaucer.
+
+[Sidenote: It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.] The fyfte
+matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde
+Haroldes in this verse,
+
+  My kinge of Haroltes shalte thou bee,
+
+must, by a mathesis or transpositione of the letters, be
+Harlotes, and not Haroltes, and the verse thus,
+
+  My kinge of Harlottes shalt thou bee
+
+And so ys yt in the edit{i}one of Chaucer’s Works, printed in
+anno Domini 1542, accordinge to the frenche moralizatione of
+Molinet, fo. 149. where he is called “Roye des Ribauldez,”
+[Sidenote: The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great
+accompt in times past.] w{hi}che is, the kinge of Ribaldes or
+Harlottes or evill or wicked persons; one officer of great
+acco{m}pte in tymes paste, and yet vsed in the courte of France
+but by one other name, in some parte beinge the office of the
+marshall of Englande. All whiche, because yo{u} shall not thinke
+I dreame, (though yt may seme strange to the ignorant to have so
+greate one officer intituled of suche base p{er}sons as to be
+called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,) [Sidenote: Johannes
+Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.] yo{u} shall here
+Joh{ann}es Tyllius (in his seconde booke de rebus Gallicis vnder
+the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in these woordes:
+In domesticis regu{m} constitutionibus, quos proximo capite
+nominavimus, fit mentio Regis Ribaldorum, officii domestici,
+quem semper oportet stare extra Portam pretorii, &c. and a litle
+after the explanynge of their office, he addeth; “sic autem
+appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi, et Ribaldæ
+mulieres puellæq{ue} perditæ vocantur. Regis nomen superiori aut
+Iudici tribuitur, Quemadmodu{m} magnus Cubicularius dicitur Rex
+Mercatorum,” &c. Where he maketh the “Regem Ribaldoru{m}” an
+honorable officer for manye causes, [Sidenote: Also Vincentius
+Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.] as Vincentius
+Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france doth
+also, vnder the title of “Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus
+Hospitii;” makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum
+or provostus hospitii to seme all one, addinge further (after
+manye other honorable partes belonginge to this office) that
+“meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat.” In whiche
+pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and
+evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the
+duty of the marshall,) the frenche and wee agree. [Sidenote: The
+Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties
+and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.] Wherefor, touching
+that parte, yo{u} shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office
+sett downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of
+Brothertonne (sonne to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to
+his office of Marshalcye; where, emongst other thinges, are
+these woordes: eoru{m} (w{hi}che was of the marshalls deputyes
+executinge that he shoulde ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam
+à meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex
+consuetudine mariscallus ex quâlibet meretrice com[m]uni infra
+metas hospitii inventa iiij^d. primo die. Quæ, si iteru{m}
+inventa in Balliuâ suâ inveniatur, capiatur; et coram
+seneschallo inhibea{n}tur ei hospitia Regis et Reginæ et
+liberoru{m} suorum, ne iteru{m} ingrediatur, &c. And so
+afterwarde shewethe what shall be done to those women, yf they
+be founde agayne in the Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as
+by Tillius, this Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was over homines
+perditos, mulieres puellasq{ue} perditas. And that yt was, by
+Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge out of the courte, (for
+so modestye willeth vs to vnderstande, because they shoulde not
+offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,)
+so ys yt our Marshalls office, to banyshe those harlottes the
+courte, and bestowe them in some other place, where they might
+be lesse annoyance. [Sidenote: Master Thynne being a herold
+liketh not that false semblance should be thought one.]
+Wherefore I conclude w{i}th the frenche, and the former
+edit{i}one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False
+Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not
+of Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden
+of the conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nugæ in the
+Romante of the Roose, I cannott (as the proverb ys) take my hand
+from the table, (fyndinge go manye oversightes in the two last
+editiones,) but must speake of one thing more, deserving
+correctione, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of the
+last impress{i}one:
+
+  Amide saw I hate stonde,
+  That for wrathe and yre & onde
+  Semed to be a minoresse;
+
+[Sidenote: Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a
+minoresse.] Where this woorde Minoresse shoulde be Moueresse,
+signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to debate, for these be the
+frenche verses in the oldest written copye that euer was (to be
+founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,) by the age
+of the frenche wordes, which are these:
+
+  Enz euz le milieu vi hayne,
+  qui de courouz et datayn
+  Sembla bien estre moueresse,
+  et courouse et teucerresse.
+
+Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to
+the frenche:
+
+  Amyde sawe I hate stonde,
+  That of wrathe and yre & onde
+  Semed well to be mooveresse,
+  An angry wighte and chyderesse.
+
+[Sidenote: Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] Whiche
+woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat{i}one of
+that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, a leader or leadresse,
+so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a
+mooveresse or leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose
+woordes will as well and rather better fytt the sence and verse
+of Chaucer, and better answere the Frenche originall and
+meanynge, than the incerted woorde Minoresse.
+
+Thus hooping that yo{u} will accepte in good and frendlye parte,
+these my whatsoever conceytes vttered vnto you, (to the ende
+Chawcers Woorkes by much conference and many iudgmentes mighte
+at leng[t]he obteyne their true p{er}fect{i}one and glory, as I
+truste they shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and
+leysure to reprinte, correcte, and comente the same after the
+manner of the Italians who have largely comented Petrarche;)
+I sett end to these matters; comyttinge yo{u} to god, and me to
+your curtesye.
+
+  Clerkenwell Greene,
+  the xvi of december 1599.
+  Your lovinge frende,
+  FRANCIS THYNNE.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  Abandone, p. 33.
+  Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, p. 42.
+  Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, p. 24.
+  Arcite, his intellect, p. 40.
+  Authentic, a thing of authority, p. 33.
+
+  Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, p. 44.
+  Begyns, superstitious women, p. 29.
+  Besant, a coin of Bizantium, p. 25.
+  Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, p. 12.
+  Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, p. 18.
+
+  Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, p. 43.
+  Campaneus, reading of, p. 34.
+  Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, p. 5.
+  Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, p. 8.
+  Chaucer’s parentage, p. 9.
+  Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, p. 16.
+  Chaucer’s marriage, p. 17.
+  Chaucer’s coat-of-arms, p. 10.
+  Chaucer’s children, p. 17.
+  Chaucer, his education, p. 13.
+  Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, p. 11.
+  Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no,
+      pp. 12, 13.
+  Chaucer, the stemme of, p. 17.
+  Chaucer, his children and their advancement, p. 17.
+  Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh,
+      p. 18.
+  Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, pp. 22, 23.
+  Chaucer, early editions of, p. 56.
+  Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, p. 9.
+  Citrination, a term of Alchemy, p. 30.
+  Colin Clout, written in William Thynne’s house at Erith, p. 7.
+
+  Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, p. 47.
+
+  Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, p. 25.
+  Florius, concerning, p. 35.
+  Forage, winter provision, p. 30.
+
+  Garland, oken of Emelye, p. 37.
+  Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, p. 17.
+  Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, p. 23.
+  Gaunt, John of, his marriage, p. 23.
+  Gower, query whether of the
+  Gowers of Stittenham, p. 14.
+  Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, p. 13.
+
+  Harlottes, King of, p. 57.
+  Heroner, a hawk for a heron, p. 31.
+  Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, p. 31.
+
+  John of France, his ransome, p. 36.
+
+  Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, p. 18.
+  Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, p. 47.
+
+  Leefe, for lothe, p. 42.
+  Lincoln, Hugh of, p. 44.
+
+  Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, p. 16.
+  Merecenrycke, p. 50.
+
+  Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., p. 18.
+  Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, p. 21.
+  Nowell, meaning of, p. 32.
+
+  Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, p. 26.
+  Ordeal, the manner of, p. 54.
+  Oundye meaneth wavy, p. 28.
+
+  Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, p. 11.
+  Pilgrime’s Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, p. 6.
+  Plowman’s Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, p. 7.
+  Porpherye, a peculiar marble, p. 32.
+  Printing, notes on the history of, p. 21.
+  Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, p. 51.
+  Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King,
+      p. 18.
+  Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis,
+      p. 18.
+  Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, p. 19.
+
+  Resager, or Ratsbane, p. 28.
+  Ribalds, king of, p. 57.
+  Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, p. 15.
+  Rose, Romant of, notes on, p. 21.
+
+  Sendale, a sylke stuffe, p. 32.
+  Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., p. 13.
+  Sterling money, p. 35.
+  Straught, a better word than haughte, p. 41.
+  Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, p. 55.
+  Surrye or Russye, p. 43.
+
+  Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., p. 16.
+  Theophraste, not Paraphraste, p. 44.
+  Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, p. 33.
+  Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid
+      Chaucer’s tales, p. 7.
+  Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., p. 6.
+  Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer’s MSS., p. 5.
+  Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, p. 7.
+
+  Vernacle, of the, p. 34.
+  Veseye, Eustace de, p. 18.
+  Visage for vassalage, p. 42.
+
+  Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office,
+      p. 20.
+  Windsore, Lords son of, p. 52.
+  Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, p. 33.
+  Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, p. 7.
+  Wolsey, his great power with the King, p. 7.
+  Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, p. 7.
+
+
+    JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Errors and Inconsistencies_
+
+Non-Roman Scripts
+
+  In the 1865 text, thorn þ is used for Saxon “r” ꞃ:
+    in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was
+    Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia;
+    the one reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister
+    Quendrida, as ys before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of
+    Mercia, the etymon of the woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon
+    tonge signyfyethe a kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes.
+
+  The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms:
+    Meꞃecenꞃÿke, ꞃÿk, meꞃcen.
+
+_At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been assigned
+Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your text reader
+will probably not be able to display the character._
+
+  Similarly for Greek Χρ (Chi, rho):
+    placinge ther xþemas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of
+    Nowell .... ante xþi (_Christi_) natalitia viginti aut triginta
+    dies quodam desiderio.
+  The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words
+  in Chr-.
+
+  Hebrew:
+    for thus he writethe: נאל noel
+      [_both editions misprint באל with bet ב for nun נ_]
+
+Introduction
+
+  a careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable  [_unchanged_]
+  a ribald wit might create terrible havock [_unchanged_]
+  Footnote 2 [_reference missing, supplied from 1876 edition_]
+  Martin Chuzzelwit the elder [_unchanged_]
+  demanding why Falstalf [_unchanged_]
+
+List of Thynne’s Works
+
+  18 ... since the reign of the conqueror.  [_extraneous close quote_]
+
+
+Errors corrected from 1876 edition:
+
+  _This list includes missing letters that were silently supplied in
+  1865: that is, the text is right but the MS reading was wrong. It
+  does not include misplaced italics such as “tri{u}m” for “triu{m}”._
+
+  the Romans in the heigh[t]e of their glorye  [heighe]
+  selfe will or fonnd conceyte  [found]
+  Chaucers woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce  [sitheus]
+  that lerned and eloquent kn[i]ghte  [knighte]
+  as I have herde S^r Johne Thynne reporte  [St. Johne]
+  as the chanons yomane  [chanous]
+    [_all occurrences of “chanons” in this passage are printed
+    “chanous” in 1865_]
+  the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent.  [Rolulor]
+    [_1876 edition also adds “me{m}b.” after “patent.”_]
+  datu{m} per manu{m} Walteri Merton  [Walleri]
+  consorti ipsius Regis &c.”  [_close quote missing_]
+  “Rogero couentry &c  [_open quote missing_]
+  so had the[y] fewer Rooses placed  [they]
+  euerye manne to his owne iudgemente  [iudgemte]
+  Gersone soughte no further meanynge   [meanyuge]
+  tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt.”  [_close quote missing_]
+  (otherwise called “Flores Historiarum” or “Florilegus”)
+    [_printed with open parenthesis, close bracket_]
+  almoste to the heigh[t]e of perfect{i}one  [heighte]
+  solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe  [cantaria]
+  shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente,  [gouernmente]
+  (“Manye a florence.”)  [’ for ”]
+  in another place callethe scutes or frenche crownes  [calle the]
+  yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall  [exposit{i}one]
+  tria virginis ora Dianæ,)  [_close parenthesis missing_]
+  that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites  [strengthe]
+  a pointe at streng[t]he is looste  [strengthe]
+  agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge  [Chancers]
+  Whiche facte was [in] the 39. H. 3.  [_“in” not bracketed_]
+  with change of many manner of meates,  [_superfluous close bracket_]
+  Regis nomen superiori aut Iudici tribuitur,
+    [_superfluous close quote_]
+  Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus Hospitii
+    [_“pro-/vuostus” at line break_]
+  si iteru{m} inventa in Balliuâ suâ  [Ballinâ]
+  many iudgmentes mighte at leng[t]he obteyne  [lengthe]
+
+Shared anomalies:
+
+  Thus (withe hartye prayer comendinge
+    [both versions have extra open bracket/parenthesis]
+  I will passe over all those matters scito pede
+    [both versions have “scito”: error for “cito”?]
+  The lordes sonne of Windsore.)
+    [both versions missing open bracket/parenthesis]
+  by a mathesis or transpositione  [shared error for “metathesis”]
+
+Textual differences, with 1876 reading shown in brackets:
+
+  p{ar}soune and plowmane  [p{ar}sonne]
+  Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4]  [countrye, no footnote]
+  H. Regis patris nostri  [Henrici Regis]
+  apud West {minsteriu}m  [Westm{onasterium}]   316
+  In whiche are two unperfect{i}ons.  [imperfect{i}ons]
+  thus sett downe to the forthe daye of februarye
+    [... in the ferthe daye ...]
+  with the daye when and where they presented her
+    [_“with de daye” with footnote “MS. plainly de”_]
+  apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua  [Ebor{ac}u{m}]
+  the laude fulfilled is ouer all  [lande]  346
+  For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower  [{th}e armes]
+  an ensigne of his poetrye  [one]
+  for he was an olde manne  [one]
+  Ric. de la Poole  [Ric{hard}]
+  continentem iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d  [I^d (capital Eye for One)]
+  factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator  [computator{is}]
+  iiij^c marc.  [marc{as}]
+  (a magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,)  [a marchante]
+  Walsingham (who wroote longe after)  [w{hic}he wroote]
+  by reasone of others mens dealinge
+    [_“othere mens dealing{es}” with footnote “MS. others”_]
+  and, as some have yt
+    [and, [printinge,] as some have yt]
+  In the title of the augmente  [argumente]
+  w{hic}h Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted
+    [w{i}th Chawcer,]
+    [_footnote “? _for_ which Chaucer englisht”_]
+  In the expositione of the olde wordes
+    [_Footnote: “+of+ of” with first “of” boldface_]
+  to oure nowe vnderstandinges  [vnderstandinge]
+  beinge an indiffynyte speache  [one]
+  an olde coyne of france  [one]
+  I will produce twoo auctorauctors  [twoo Auctors]
+  written in Gothyshe rymynge verse  [verses]
+  That dame abstinence streyned
+    [_“weyned” with footnote (MS) “streyned”_]
+  And ganne her gratche as a Bygin.
+    [_footnote (MS) “graithe”_]
+  A large cover-cherfe of Thredde  [cover-cheife]
+  whiche is true, for a gowshawke
+    [_“goshawke”, with footnote “MS. gowshake”_]
+  with her byll or talons  [talentes]
+  an engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte  [one engine]
+  a Ramme to batter wales  [wal[l]es]
+  Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens  [a florens]
+  the same Walsingha{m} in another place  [in other place]
+  within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]
+  --ij^s. x^d. [QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus}
+    [_in both passages, 1865 has the “QR” symbol while
+    1876 expands to “q{uad}r{anta}”_]
+  as were her younge and grene yeres  [was]
+  yo{u} wolde haue us to reade  [haue us reade]
+  save onlye the intellecte or vnderstandinge  [his intellecte]
+  And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte  [breed th’armes]
+  he[9] knocked at her[10] windowe
+    [_1876 text ADDS “to make her the better to heare” after this
+    phrase (skipped line in original MS?)_]
+  are nerer to Sorria  [is nerer]
+  reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe
+    [_word “i. e.” omitted_]
+  eightene Jewes were broughte  fro{m} Lincolne
+    [_1876 text ADDS [to London] in brackets after “broughte”_]
+  For yf yt doe, &c.  [For yf yt doe, . . .]
+  [_the fair Pertelote_]
+    [parenthesised in 1865 text, moved to footnote in 1876]
+  So that yf you nowe will  [yf yowe will]
+  that hight Marche ... the bright sonne  [hight[e] ... bright[e]]
+  and in the signe Taurus  [signe of Taurus]
+  than in the weringe of furres  [than ys]
+  “with change of many meates;”  [with many change of meates]
+  kepe an equall proport{i}one and decorum  [one equall]
+  But on these and suche petit matters  [in these]
+  they are of [{no}?] great momente
+    [1865 has “no” italicized and in parentheses;
+    1876 omits question mark]
+  as apperethe in the woordes  [by these woordes]
+  Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus  [sayethe &]
+  I will not now treate;  [entreate]
+  Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte  [imperfecte]
+  An angry wighte and chyderesse  [One angry]
+
+
+The HTML version of this e-text includes a detailed record of
+differences between the 1865 and 1876 editions. Neither edition
+includes a facsimile of the original MS, so readers will have to
+decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial decisions
+and which ones are errors in one edition or the other.
+
+Basic variations:
+
+  Typographic:
+    Variations in punctuation and capitalization
+    Decorative features of final letters, especially -ll printed
+      with connecting line
+    Font changes such as boldface instead of small capitals
+    Prices are printed inline as ijs. and similar
+
+  Consistent:
+    Initial v used throughout (medial u/v is variable)
+    “you” always printed with superscript “u”
+      (replacing both “you” and yo{u})
+    “S^r” (superscript “r”) printed as “S{i}r” (italic “i”)
+    “emongst(e)” always spelled with medial “e” as “emongest(e)”
+
+  Common:
+    initial J or j printed as I (always capitalized)
+    “than” spelled “then”
+    “could(e), would(e), should(e)” spelled “cold(e), wold(e), shold(e)”
+    in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants
+      (other than -ll-), where 1865 has simple “-s”, 1876 has -{es}
+    “which” written “whiche”, sometimes “wh{ic}he”
+    “your” transcribed “yo{u}r”
+    final “-eth” spelled “-ethe”
+
+  Occasional:
+    “y” for “i”
+      _The two occurrences of “it” in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has
+      “yt”, agreeing with all other occurrences of the word._
+    “i” for “e”, “aw” for “au” (“Chawcer”)
+    several occurrences of “an” are read as “one”
+    ampersand (&) for word “and”
+    final “-e”, especially in “much(e), such(e)”;
+      sometimes in “doth(e), hath(e)” and other words
+    single “o” changed to “oo”: “moore”, “woordes”
+    some Latin citations have final -e for -æ
+    words ending -o{r} transcribed as -o{u}r
+    word divisions such as “as well”, “my selfe”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions
+and corrections of some imperfection, by Francis Thynne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and
+corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes, by Francis Thynne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes
+       1865 edition
+
+Author: Francis Thynne
+
+Editor: George Henry Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the
+"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could
+not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets:
+
+  [-m] [-i]  [letter with overline]
+  [oe]  [oe ligature]
+
+Curly quotes and apostrophes have been replaced with the simpler
+"typewriter" form. Words in non-Roman scripts have been transliterated
+and shown between #marks#.
+
+The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne's _Animadversions_.
+Two purely typographic features have been adopted from the 1876 Chaucer
+Society re-edition of the same MS. Passages printed in brackets in 1865
+have been changed to 1876's parentheses; conversely, letters and whole
+words supplied by the editor are shown in brackets, reserving italics
+for expanded abbreviations. A few apparent errors were corrected from
+the 1876 text. Some other differences between the two editions are
+noted at the end of the e-text.
+
+Italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. Other italics
+are shown conventionally with _lines_. Superscripts are shown with
+carets�^.
+
+The Sidenotes have been duplicated at the beginning of the text to act
+as a table of contents.]
+
+
+
+
+   Animaduersions
+
+        uppon
+
+  Chaucer's Workes.
+
+
+
+
+  [Sidenotes:
+    The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on
+      his new edition of Chaucer.
+    Also vexed at a side blow at his father's edition, and justifies
+      him as editor.
+    His father's collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity.
+    The Pilgrime's Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen.
+    William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to
+      countenance him.
+    The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.
+    The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne's house
+      at Erith.
+    Chaucer's works like to be destroyed by parliament.
+    Reasons why the Pilgrime's Tale should be Chaucer's.
+    How William Thynne's collection of Chaucer's MS. was dispersed
+      abroad.
+    He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer's family.
+    Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.
+    Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued.
+    Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward.
+    Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault.
+    The conjecture that Chaucer's ancestors were merchants, of no
+      valydytye.
+    Master Speight misquoteth Gower.
+    Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer.
+    Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or�Gores) of Stittenham.
+    Gower's chaplette for knighthood not for poetry.
+    The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour.
+    The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.
+    Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer but?
+    The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.
+    Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer's wife, nor doth Thynne.
+    The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by
+      the Pope and the Parliament.
+    Chaucer's children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes.
+    Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.
+    Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.
+    The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but
+      William was not the first that did so.
+    The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as
+      themselves.
+    A�merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.
+    Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas
+      Montacute.
+    He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing.
+    The Romante of the Rose began by Guill[-m] de Loris, and finished
+      by John de la Meune.
+    Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess.
+    John of Gaunt, his incontinency.
+    Doubteth master Speight's ability in the exposition of old words,
+      but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.
+    Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.
+    A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.
+    Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even
+      metaphorically.
+    Orfrayes not Goldsmith's work, but frysed cloth of gold,
+      a�manufacture peculiar to the English.
+    Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.
+    Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.
+    Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and
+      hypocritical women from their nature.
+    Citrinatione or perfect digestion.
+    Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in
+      winter, or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean
+      grass.
+    Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.
+    The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine.
+    Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.
+    Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common.
+    Sendale, a sylke stuffe.
+    The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast
+      stones.
+    Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.
+    Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye.
+    Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.
+    Of the Vernacle.
+    Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth
+      reasons.
+    Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros,
+      and giveth reasons.
+    Of florins and their name from the Florentines.
+    Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings.
+    King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.
+    Of the oken garland of Emelye.
+    Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.
+    The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have
+      known Emelye.
+    Straught, a better word than haughte.
+    Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.
+    Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.
+    It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at
+      the window.
+    Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.
+    Cambuscan is Caius canne.
+    "That may not saye naye," better than "there may no wighte say
+      naye."
+    Theophraste, not Paraphraste.
+    The wife of Bath's Prologue taken from the author of Policraticon.
+    Country, not Couentry.
+    Maketh, not waketh.
+    Hugh of Lincoln.
+    "Where the sunne is in his ascensione," a�good reading.
+    Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.
+    Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.
+    The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself.
+    Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of
+      Mercia.
+    Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.
+    Liketh best the old reading of "change of many manner of meates."
+    And also the old reading of "myters" more than one or two for
+      the sake of the meter.
+    The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose,
+      but is there spelled Guindesores.
+    Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the Baron should be called
+      of Windsor.
+    The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor
+      for chastity only, but for many other matters.
+    The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not
+      going through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed
+      over nine burnynge shares.
+    The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry
+      III.
+    The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of
+      his owne mate.
+    The plowman's tale is wrong placed.
+    Chaucer's proper works should be distinguished from those
+      adulterat and not his.
+    There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne
+      dedicated his to Henry VIII.
+    The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented
+      and corrected them.
+    Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer.
+    It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.
+    The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt
+      in times past.
+    Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.
+    Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.
+    The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls
+      duties and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.
+    Master Thynne being a herold liketh not that false semblance
+      should be thought one.
+    Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse.
+    Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.]
+
+
+
+
+  +Chaucer.+
+
+
+  ANIMADUERSIONS
+
+  uppon the Annotacions and correct{i}ons of some
+  imperfect{i}ons of impress{i}ones
+  of Chaucer's workes (sett
+  downe before tyme and
+  nowe) reprinted in the
+  yere of our lorde
+  1598
+
+  Sett downe by
+  FRANCIS THYNNE.
+
+  "Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien."
+
+
+  Now Newly Edited from the MS. in the
+  Bridgewater Library
+
+  by
+
+  G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S.
+
+  LONDON:
+  Published for the Early English Text Society,
+  by N. Tr�bner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row.
+
+  MDCCCLXV.
+
+
+
+
+  John Childs and Son, Printers.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Although only the grandson of the first of his name, the author of the
+following interesting specimen of 16th-century criticism came of a
+family of great antiquity, of so great an antiquity, indeed, as to
+preclude our tracing it back to its origin. This family was originally
+known as the "De Botfelds," but in the 15th century one branch adopted
+the more humble name of "Thynne," or "of the Inne." Why the latter name
+was first assumed has never been satisfactorily explained. It can hardly
+be supposed that "John de la Inne de Botfelde," as he signed himself,
+kept a veritable hostelry and sold ale and provender to the travellers
+between Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used
+in the sense which has given us "Lincoln's Inn," "Gray's Inn," or
+"Furnivall's Inn," merely meaning a place of residence of the higher
+class, though in this case inverted, the Inn giving its name to its
+owner.
+
+However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful branch
+of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now
+represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was
+collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and
+published by him in his "Stemmata Botvilliana."
+
+The first "John of the Inn" married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had a
+son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk
+of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry
+VIII. He married in the first place a lady who, however she may have
+advanced her husband's prospects at court, behaved in a manner which
+must have considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who
+wish to study the matrimonial sorrows of "Thynnus Aulicus," as he calls
+him, may consult Erasmus in his Epistol�, lib. xv. Epist. xiv.
+
+His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of
+green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more
+fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis Thynne.
+
+Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry VIII.
+than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is careful to
+let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and that "there
+were those of good worship both at court and country" who had at one
+time been well pleased to be his father's clerks. That he was a man of
+superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint in the
+following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their mutual
+fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read the
+English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love for
+his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another
+curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that
+William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an
+inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of
+bitter truth, his "Colin Clout," a�satire perhaps unsurpassed in our
+language.
+
+William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of
+Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two
+handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him
+in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most
+warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The
+dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness in
+these days of revived "farthingales and hoops." These brasses were
+restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling
+for things old had prevented the owners of the "church property" from
+casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse.
+
+The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the "Animadversions" was most probably
+a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Gresham, the
+builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was devoted by his
+son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat of Long Leat,
+in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided indirectly by the
+Reformation, for, says the old couplet,
+
+  "Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne,
+  When the monks went out they came in."
+
+Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father's house at
+Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned
+Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the
+manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln's Inn for a
+while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we
+may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne's own desire that his court
+influence was used to procure him the post of "Blanch Lyon pursuivant,"
+a�position which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of
+which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being
+converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John
+Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life,
+is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may
+become.
+
+Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and
+Clerkenwell, in "sweet and studious idleness," as he himself calls it,
+the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of
+which has come down to us, principally in manuscript, scattered through
+various great libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden's
+estimate of him as "an antiquary of great judgment and diligence." It
+would seem that he had entertained the idea of following in his father's
+footsteps, and of becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even
+made some collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight's
+edition probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident
+soreness exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a
+feeling that his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him.
+However the wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne's
+corrections, and Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all
+friendship and sympathy.[1] I�suspect him of dabbling in alchemy and
+the occult sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms
+peculiar to those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only "enveyed"
+against the "sophisticall abuse," not the honest use of the Arcana.
+Moreover in the British Museum (MS.�add. 11,388) there is a volume
+containing much curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and
+not only collected but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and
+wondrous drawing, worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The
+costumes however are carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to
+the fashion of the raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and
+earnestness (most important elements in the search for the philosopher's
+stone), of the small "signs" and prayers appended to these papers, it
+is, I�think, clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief.
+Possibly the following lines, which seem to have been his favourite
+motto, may have been inspired by the disappointment and dyspepsia
+produced by his smoky studies and their ill success,
+
+  "My strange and froward fate
+    Shall turn her whele anew
+  To better or to payre my fate,
+    Which envy dothe pursue."
+
+    [Footnote 1: "To the readers. After this booke was last printed,
+    I�understand that M.�Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he
+    hath when the time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment
+    in our tongue, as the Italians have Petrarke and others in their
+    language. Whereupon I purposed not to meddle any further in this
+    work, although some promise made to the contrarie, but to referre
+    all to him; being a gentleman for that purpose inferior to none,
+    both in regard to his own skill, as also of those helps left to
+    him by his father. Yet notwithstanding, Chaucer now being printed
+    againe I was willing not only to helpe some imperfections, but
+    also to add some things whereunto he did not only persuade me, but
+    most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this means most of
+    his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences marked: such
+    Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the text by
+    olde copies corrected." Speight's Chaucer, 1602.]
+
+On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to the
+honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as his
+successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to have
+died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He
+married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of
+Bransbe, but left no issue.
+
+There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following
+honest and straightforward bit of criticism, if we examine it closely:
+and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very
+characteristic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a shadowy
+outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given to tiny
+minuti�, a�careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable in collecting
+"contributions" to minor history; one jealous of all appearance of
+slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with Master Speight
+for printing "Harolds" instead of "Harlotts," and letting him know how
+mightily a "Harold" like himself would be offended at being holden of
+the condition of so base a thing as False Semblance? Perhaps the more so
+from a half-consciousness that the glory of the office was declining,
+and that if the smallest opening were given, a�ribald wit might create
+terrible havock amongst his darling idols. How delicately he snubs
+Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell Green (How would
+Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a long uphill walk
+for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe from long-staff
+sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he would have derived
+no "disparagement" from so doing; showing all the devotion to little
+matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old gentleman of our
+own day.
+
+But mark this old gentleman's description of his father's collection of
+Chaucer's MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission than
+that one of William Thynne's, empowering him to rout and to rummage
+amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the
+precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his
+pleasant toils? "Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst
+which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places
+'Examinatur Chaucer'!" Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the
+tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one
+of those stolen from Francis Thynne's house at Poplar by that
+bibliomaniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of
+generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann,
+that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be
+regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was
+not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the
+reformers?
+
+We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than
+twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small
+tything of the entire number extant, showing that there were men amongst
+the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even when directed against
+themselves, and that there must have been some considerable liberality
+if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the day. It would, I�fancy,
+be difficult to find amongst the monkeries of our own time (except
+possibly those belonging to that very cheery order the Capuchines) an
+abbot inclined to permit his monks to read, much less to copy, so
+heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however freely he winked at
+the introduction of French nouvellettes.
+
+But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there were
+others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the
+churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence
+lurked under his seeming _bonhommie_. Wolsey thought it worth his while
+to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige William
+Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the promised
+protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the Parliament
+noticed in the tract (p.�7) was doubtless owing to the same
+influence:[2] an assumption of the right of censure by the Parliament
+which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer altogether. The
+Parliament men were right in regarding the works of Chaucer as mere
+fables, but they forgot that fables have "morals," and that these morals
+were directed to the decision of the great question of whether the
+"spiritual" or the "temporal" man was to rule the world, a�question
+unhappily not quite settled even in our own time.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury
+    Tales were exempt from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry
+    VIII. "For the advancement of true religion." I�find no notice of
+    this in the Act in the "Statutes at large," 1763. He also refers
+    to Foxe's Acts and Monuments, which is also merely negative on the
+    subject.]
+
+The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton (p.�7) is also
+very interesting, and gives us a hint of the existence of a "protesting"
+feeling in the Court of Henry VIII. before there was any reason for
+attributing it to mere private or political motives. From the way in
+which it is mentioned here, I�suspect that the more general satire
+"Colin Clout" preceded the more directly personal one of "Why come ye
+nat to court?" which lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken
+virulence which would hardly have been tolerated by him when in the
+zenith of his power. It was not improbably written whilst its author was
+safe in sanctuary under Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite
+though he was, could never have kept Skelton's head on his shoulders
+after so terrible a provocation.
+
+Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst satirists,
+there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was writing on
+the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he scorns to hide
+his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters fearlessly and
+openly what he has to say. Even in our own time,
+
+  "Though his rime be ragged
+  Tattered and iagged
+  Rudely rain-beaten
+  Rusty and moth-eaten
+  _If ye talke well therewyth
+  Yt hath in it some pith_."
+
+Thynne's note on the family of Gower (p. 14) is of value as agreeing
+with later theories, which deny that Gower the poet was of the Gowers of
+Stittenham, the ancestors of the present houses of Sutherland and
+Ellesmere. The question is not, however, finally decided, and we have
+reason to believe that all the Gowers of Great Britain are descended
+from the same family of Guers still flourishing in Brittany. Early
+coat-armours are not much to be depended on, and Thynne as a Herald may
+lean a little too much towards them. The question is, however, in good
+hands, and I hope that before long some fresh light may be thrown
+upon�it.
+
+The old story of Chaucer's having been fined for beating a Franciscan
+friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, I�think, on
+sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is not
+lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than feminine
+powers of invective "spiritual" men seem to be not unfrequently endowed,
+and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be likely to
+be (of�course from the best motives) to a man like Chaucer, who had
+burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the caustic of his wit,
+I�shall continue to believe the legend for the present. If the medi�val
+Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of a friar was occasionally
+thought necessary even by the most faithful, and I see no reason why
+hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper on sufficient
+provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens does not
+outrage probability when he makes Martin Chuzzelwit the elder, fell Mr
+Pecksniff to the ground.
+
+Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the
+explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that
+the word "orfrayes," which had gone so far out of date as to be
+unintelligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage for
+church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again. The
+note on the "Vernacle" is another bit of close and accurate antiquarian
+knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after all he says
+about that mysterious question of "The Lords son of Windsor," a�question
+as mysterious as that demanding why Falstalf likened Prince Henry's
+father to a "singing man" of the same place, we should be left as wise
+as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to what we have
+lost from Thynne's great storehouse of information; how valuable would
+have been "that long and no common discourse" which he tells us he might
+have composed on that most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal;
+and possibly much more so is that of his "collections" for his edition
+of Chaucer! This last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate
+literary mole.
+
+The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of "the
+second editione to one inferior personne, than my father's editione
+was," may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to
+Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne's edition in
+1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight
+followed "a�late English corrector whom I forbear to name," I�suspect
+that the "inferior personne" was poor John Stowe, and the edition to
+have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of date to
+that of Speight.
+
+The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of the
+treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good
+order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was
+evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton,
+and bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most
+probably got _his_ copy of Animadversions in a more humble form.
+
+In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands,
+originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away,
+probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert
+Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to
+presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally
+the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done
+him.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF THYNNE'S WORKS
+
+
+1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and
+Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 & 1652.
+
+(This was first published in 1651 under the title "The application of
+certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their functions." The
+title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British Museum, 8005--a.)
+
+2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which Ra.
+Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586. fol.
+
+3. "There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or
+Regents of Scotland during the King's minority, or the minority of
+several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the
+catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the
+Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of
+Scotland." _A.�a' Wood._
+
+4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R.�Holinshed's Chronicle
+at the end of Q.�Mary.
+
+5. "A Discourse of Arms," dated "Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan., 1593."
+MS. in the College of Arms.
+
+6. "Catalogue of the Chancellors of England." MS. in the Bridgewater
+Library.
+
+7. "Collections for the History of England." MS. in Bridgewater Library.
+
+8. Animadversions on Speight's Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater Library.
+
+9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning Arms, monumental
+Antiquities,�&c. MS. Cotton's Lib. Cleopatra, C.�3. p.�62.
+
+10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605.
+MS. Bib. Ashmol. n.�835.
+
+11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599.
+
+12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court
+Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne's Collection of Curious
+Discourses).
+
+13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, A.D. 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol.
+1374.
+
+14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam
+gallice.�MS.
+
+"In the castrations to Hollingshed's Chronicles are the four following
+discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from political motives,
+they have been added to the late quarto Edition."
+
+15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585.
+
+16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586.
+
+17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the "Lives of the Lords Cobham
+of Cobham, Randale and Harborough," British Mus. MS. add. 12,514.
+f.�56?)
+
+18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and
+constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed
+the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror. MS. 1585 (Was in the
+library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS. add.
+12,514).
+
+19. Of Stirling Money.
+
+20. Of what antiquity shires were in England.
+
+21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for administration
+of justice in England.
+
+22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law.
+
+23. Of Epitaphs.
+
+24. On the antiquity, &c., of the high Steward of England.
+
+25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are
+printed in "Hearne's Curious Discourses." 8vo, 1775.)
+
+26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139.
+
+27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning the
+Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530.
+
+28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514.
+
+29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and gentlemen
+of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus. Brit. MSS.
+add. 11,388.
+
+(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and illustrated
+by Thynne--principally bearing on the philosopher's stone. The principal
+paper is a rhyming Latin poem, "De Phenic� sive de Lapide Philosophico,"
+referred to in the tract.)
+
+Collections out of Domus Regni Angli�. Nomina Episcoporum in Somerset.
+Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et Edwardo,
+Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. A�book of collections and
+commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis.
+
+Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger
+books, and other antient manuscripts.
+
+
+
+
+ANIMADVERSIONS.
+
++To the righte Honorable his singular goode Lorde Sir Thomas
+Egertone knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of
+the Rooles of the Chancerye.+
+
+
+It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente
+and gretlye estemed custome emongste the Romans in the heigh[t]e
+of their glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or
+the desarte of his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe
+of Januarye (consecrated to the dooble faced godd Janus one the
+fyrste daye whereof they made electione of their cheife officers
+and magystrates) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as the
+noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene
+them, a�pollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good
+effectes whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not
+restinge in the lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the
+Romans (as�did their language and many other their usages and
+lawes) into euerye perticuler Countrye where theyr powre and
+gouermente stretched. passed also ouer the Oceane into the litle
+worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from thence, nor frome
+those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth combyne. ffor
+whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that moste
+excellente and yet embraced Custome, I�thynke yt my parte to
+presente unto yo{u}r Lo{rdship} suche poore neweyeres gyfte as
+my weake estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will
+permytte: Wherefore, and because Cicero affirmethe, that he
+whiche hathe once ouer passed the frontiers of modestye must for
+euer after be impudente, (a�grounde w{hi}che I fynde fully
+veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before outgonne the boundes
+of shamefastnesse in presentinge to yo{u}r Lordshippe my
+confused collect{i}ons and disordered discourse of the
+Chauncelors)[3] I�ame nowe become utterlye impudente in not
+blusshinge to salute you agayne (in�the begynnynge of this newe
+yere) with my petye animadvers{i}ons, uppon the annotac{i}ons
+and corrections delivered by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the
+last edit{i}one of Chaucer's workes in the yere of oure
+redempt{i}one 1598; thinges (I�confesse) not so answerable to
+yo{u}r Lordshippes iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your
+desarte and my dutye doo challenge. But althoughe they doo not
+in all respectes satisfye youre Lordshippes expectac{i}one and
+my goode will, (accordinge as I wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt
+not but yo{u}r lordshippe (not degeneratinge from youre former
+curtesye wontinge to accompanye all youre act{i}ons) will
+accepte these trifles from yo{u}r lovinge well-willer, in suche
+sorte, as I shall acknowledge my selfe beholdinge and endebted
+to yo{u}r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo{u}r
+Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione)
+because you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste
+booke, emboldened me to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of
+this pamfelette. Wherefore yf yo{u}r Lordshippe shall receve yt
+curteouslye (and so not to dischorage mee in my sweete and
+studiouse idlenesse) I�will hereafter consecrate to yo{u}r
+lykinge some better labor of moore momente and higher subiecte,
+answerable to the excellencye of yo{u}r iudgemente, and mete to
+declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull mynde and service I beare
+and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all reuerence I
+commytte this simple treatyce. Thus (withe hartye prayer
+comendinge youre estate to the Almightye (who send to yo{u}r
+  Lordshippe manye happye
+  and helthfull yeres
+  and to me the
+  enlarged
+  contynuance of
+  youre honorable fauo{r})
+  I humblye take my leave.
+  Clerkenwell grene
+  the xx of
+  December
+  1599.
+  Yo{u}r Lordshippes wholye to
+  dyspose,
+  Francis Thynne.
+
+    [Footnote 3: "_The names and Armes of the Chancellors
+    collected into one Catologue by ffrancis Thynn declaring the
+    yeres of the reignes of the kinges and the yere of our Lorde in
+    whiche they possessed that office._" --_Folio MS. Bridgewater
+    Library._]
+
+
+
+
+TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn sendeth greeting.
+
+[Sidenote: The author is vexed that Master Speight did not
+consult him on his new edition of Chaucer.] THE INDUSTRYE AND
+LOVE (MASTER SPEIGHT) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and
+to oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe
+comendat{i}one and furtherance: the one to recompense yo{u}r
+trauayle, the other to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all
+beare (or�at the least yf we reuerence lernynge or regarde the
+honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler
+ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet
+since there is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one,
+whereine some imp{er}fect{i}one maye not bee founde, (for as the
+prouerbe is Bernardus, or as others have Alanus, non videt
+omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in discharge of
+the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I suppose
+I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye
+other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made
+hym most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge
+his woorkes,) to enter into the examinat{i}one of this newe
+edit{i}one, and that the rather, because you with _Horace_ his
+verse "si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperti," have
+willed all others to further the same, and to accepte yo{u}r
+labors in good p{ar}te, whiche as I most willingly doo, so
+meaninge but well to the worke, I�ame to lett yo{u} understande
+my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo{u} wolde have
+vouchesafed my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn
+acqueynted with these matters, (whiche yo{u} might well have
+donne without anye whatsoeuer dispargement to yo{ur}selfe,) you
+sholde haue understoode before the impressione, althoughe this
+whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe will or fonnd
+conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke a knott in
+a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte,
+a�thinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in
+whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here
+shewe such thinges as, in mye opynione, may seme to be touched,
+not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one inferior personne
+then my fathers editione was.
+
+[Sidenote: Also vexed at a side blow at his father's edition,
+and justifies him as editor.] Ffyrste in yo{ur} forespeche to
+the reader, yo{u} saye "secondly the texte by written copies
+corrected" by whiche worde corrected, I�maye seme to gather,
+that yo{u} imagine greate imperfect{i}one in my fathers
+editione, whiche peraduenture maye move others to saye (as�some
+unadvisedlye have sayed) that my father had wronged Chaucer:
+wherefore to stoppe that gappe, I�will answere, that Chaucers
+woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce, yf not thrice, and
+therfore by oure carelesse (and for the most p{ar}te unlerned)
+printers of Englande, not so well performed as yt ought to bee:
+so that of necessytye bothe in matter, myter and meaninge, yt
+must needes gather corrupt{i}one, passinge throughe so manye
+handes, as the water dothe the further yt run{n}ethe from the
+pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his
+edit{i}one (whiche I thinke yo{u} neuer sawe wholye together,
+beinge fyrst printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I
+will speake hereafter) was the p{er}fectest: ys the ernest
+desire and love my father hadde to have Chaucers woorkes
+rightlye to be publy{s}hed. for the performance whereof, my
+father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent
+kn[i]ghte and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made
+greate serche for copies to p{er}fecte his woorkes, as apperethe
+in the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit{i}one printed in
+the yere 1542; [Sidenote: His father's collection of MS.
+Chaucers and their curiosity.] but further had comiss{i}one to
+serche all the liberaries of Englande for Chaucers works, so
+that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme (whiche reserved anye
+monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished w{i}th multitude of
+Bookes. emongst w{hic}he one coppye of some p{ar}te of his
+woorkes came to his handes subscribed in diuers places withe
+"examinatur Chaucer." By this Booke, and conferringe manye of
+the other written copies together, he deliuered his edit{i}one,
+fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande, in the
+fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped
+by the fyrste impress{i}one that was in Englande) will well
+declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges w{hi}che were not
+before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of whiche I ame
+p{er}swaded (and that not w{i}thoute reasone) the originall came
+from mee. [Sidenote: The Pilgrime's Tale telling forth the evil
+lives of churchmen.] In w{hi}che his edit{i}one, beinge printed
+but w{i}th one coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale,
+a�thinge moore odious to the Clergye, then the speche of the
+plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte;
+
+  "In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne,
+  Standes a relligious howse who doth yt kenne,"�&c.
+
+In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the
+pride, state, couetoussness, and extorc{i}one of the Bysshoppes,
+their officialls, archdeacons, vicars generalls, comissaryes,
+and other officers of the spirituall courte. The invent{i}one
+and order whereof (as�I have herde yt related by some nowe of
+good worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers
+clerkes,) was, that one comynge into this relligious howse,
+walked upp and down the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of
+Bysshoppes in the windowes, at lengthe the manne contynuynge in
+that contemplatione, not knowinge what Byshoppes they were,
+a�grave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde, in a
+large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym,
+what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he
+knewe not what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto
+our mitred Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is
+true, they are like, but not the same, for oure byshoppes are
+farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large
+discourse of the Byshoppes and of their courtes.
+
+[Sidenote: William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who
+promiseth to countenance him.] This tale when kinge henrye the
+eighte had redde, he called my father unto hym saying Williame
+Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I suspecte the
+Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt, to whome my father,
+beinge in great fauore with his prince, (as�manye yet lyvinge
+canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo{ur} grace be not offended, I�hoope
+to be protected by yo{u}, whereuppon the kinge bydd hym goo his
+waye and feare not. All whiche not withstandinge, [Sidenote:
+The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.] my father was
+called in quest{i}one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at by
+cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly
+for that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen
+Cloute againste the Cardinall, [Sidenote: The most part of Colin
+Clout written at William Thynne's house at Erith.] the moste
+p{ar}te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse at
+Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls
+p{er}swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that
+thoughe by the kinges favor my father escaped bodelye daunger,
+yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so muche to myslyke of that
+tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and that discourse of
+the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed agayne,
+some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale
+(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat,
+father to hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene
+Marye, and not by Chaucer,) with muche ado p{er}mitted to passe
+with the reste, [Sidenote: Chaucer's works like to be destroyed
+by parliament.] in suche sorte that in one open parliamente
+(as�I have herde St. Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member
+of the howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden,
+chaucer had there for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that
+his woorkes had byn counted but fables. [Sidenote: Reasons why
+the Pilgrime's Tale should be Chaucer's.] Whereunto yf yo{u}
+will replye, that their colde not be any suche pilgrymes tale,
+because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye
+suche persoune, whiche he wolde haue doune yf yt had byn so: for
+after that he had recyted the knighte, the squyer, the squiers
+yeomane, the prioresse, her noone, and her thre prests, the
+monke, the fryer, the marchant, the clerke of Oxenforde,
+seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher, goldsmythe,
+webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of physecke,
+wyfe of Bathe, p{ar}soune and plowmane, he sayeth at the end of
+the plowmans prologue,
+
+  There was also a Reue, and a Millere
+  A sumpneure, and a Pardoner
+  A manciple and my selfe there was no mo.
+
+All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had
+byn anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses,
+whereunto I answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute some of
+those w{hic}he tolde their tales; as the chanons yomane, because
+he came after that they were passed out of theyre Inne, and did
+overtake them, as in lyke sorte this pilgrime did or mighte doo,
+and so afterwardes be one of their companye, as was that chanons
+yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of this pilgrime in
+his prologe then he doothe of the chanons yeomane; whiche I
+dobte not wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale
+mighte be restored to his former light they being nowe looste,
+as manye other of Chaucers tales were before that, as I am
+induced to thinke by manye reasons.
+
+[Sidenote: How William Thynne's collection of Chaucer's MS. was
+dispersed abroad.] But to leave this, I�must saye that in those
+many written Bookes of Chaucer, w{hic}he came to my fathers
+hands, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer shewethe in
+writinge of Adam Scriuener, (as�yo{u} have noted) of whiche
+written copies there came to me after my fathers deathe some
+fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore and some fewer tales,
+and some but two and some three. w{hic}he bookes beinge by me
+(as�one nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe donne for
+Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye
+stoolen out of my howse at Popler: I�gave divers of them to
+Stephen Batemanne person of Newington, and to div{er}s other,
+whiche beinge copies unp{er}fecte and some of them corrected by
+my fathers hande yt maye happen soome of them to coome to some
+of yo{ur} frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I see agayne: and yf
+by anye suche written copies yo{u} have corrected Chaucer, yo{u}
+maye as well offende as seme to do good. But I judge the beste,
+for in dobtes I will not resolve with a settled judgement,
+althoughe yo{u} may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a
+needlesse thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the
+yce, and givinge lighte to others, who may moore easely
+p{er}fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere
+qua{m} Invenire, and so to other matters.
+
+[Sidenote: He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer's
+family.] Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] yo{u} seme to
+make yt probable that Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was
+Geffrye Chaucers father, But I holde that no moore the{n} that
+Johne Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of whiche
+Johne I fynde in the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. 24 de
+anno 30. Ed.�1. in the towre. that kinge Edwarde the firste had
+herde the compleinte of Johne chaucer of London, who was beaten
+and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some
+amountinge at this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a
+comiss{i}one went forthe to enquire thereof. wherbye yt semethe
+that he was of some Reconynge. But as I cannott saye that Johne
+was father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I
+will deliuer in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of
+chaucer, that his anncesters (as�you well coniecture) were
+strangers, as the etymon of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe
+synyfyinge one who shueth or hooseth a�manne) dothe prove,
+[Sidenote: Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.] for that
+dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of
+whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted Johne) on
+Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the thirde and of
+Edwarde the firste, of whome the record of pellis exitus in the
+receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of Edwarde ye
+firste hathe thus noted: "Edwardus dei gra{tia}�&c. Liberate de
+thesauro Nostro Elie chauseryr decem solidos super arreragia
+triu{m} obuloru{m} diurnoru{m} quos ad vita{m} sua{m} per
+litteras domini. H.�Regis patris nostri, percepit ad
+scaccar{iu}m nostru{m}. datu{m} per manu{m} Walleri Merton
+cancellarii nostri apud West {minsteriu}m 24�Julii anno regni
+nostri primo." with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written
+in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde
+the seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat{i}one,
+whiche after came to be the surname of a famelye, as did Smythe,
+Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke, Butler, and suche lyke,
+and that yt was a name of office apperethe in the recordes of
+the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more annciente
+then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of
+10: H. 3�ys this: Reginaldus mirifir^s et alicia uxor eius
+attornaveru{n}t Radulfu{m} le Chausier contra Joh{ann}em Le
+furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno messuagio in London. This
+chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge John. And thus this
+muche for the Antiquytye and synificat{i}one of Chaucer,
+w{hic}he I canne prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye
+also, in oure Englishe tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe
+of the legge: for thus hathe the Antique recordes of Domus Regni
+Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of the kinges howse to doo the
+kings comanndementes: that they shalbe allowed for their Chauses
+yerely iiij^s viij^d: But what shall wee stande uppon the
+Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when the rolle of Battle Abbeye
+affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer. [Sidenote: Chaucer
+his arms injustly undervalued.] Under the title of Chaucers
+countrye, yow sett downe that some Heraldes are of opyny-o{n}e
+that he did not discende of any great howse; whiche they gather
+by his armes. This ys a slender coniecture, for as honorable
+howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue borne as meane armes as
+Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane eyther for
+coolo{r}, chardge or partic{i}one as some will make them.
+And where yo{u} saye, yt semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in
+Geometrye considered, that he tooke the groundes and reasons
+of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight and twentye
+proposit{i}ones of Euclide's first booke, that ys no inference
+that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of
+Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye:
+for so yo{u} maye saye of all the auncient armes of England
+w{hic}he consyste not of anymalls or vegitalls. for all other
+armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as Cheuerons,
+pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon
+geometricall proport{i}one{s}. And therfore howe greate so euer
+their skyll bee, which attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer
+[they] had no moore skyle in armes then they needed.
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Error for family?_]
+
+[Sidenote: Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince
+Edward.] In the same title also, yo{u} sett downe Quene
+Isabell,�&c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried
+wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two
+unperfect{i}ons. the first whereof ys, that his wyfe came oute
+of Henalte w{it}h the prince, but that is not soo, for the
+prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the
+prince was onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her
+before his arryvall in Englande, beinge two yeres and moore
+after that contracte, (betwene the erle of henalt and his
+mother,) about the latter ende of the seconde yere of his
+reigne, thoughe others haue the firste, the solempnytye of that
+mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides she came not ouer with
+Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent for her
+afterwardes, and so I suppose sayeth Hardinge in his cronicle,
+yf I do not mysconceve yt, not havinge the historye now in my
+handes. But whether he saye so or no, yt ys not materiall,
+because the recordes be playne, that he sent for her into
+Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne in october, and she
+came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge, w{hic}he was
+aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of his reigne,
+wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of the
+tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed
+therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in
+master warders office hathe thus sett downe to the forthe daye
+of februarye [Sidenote: Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for
+Philippa of Henault.] "Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad
+partes Douor ad obuiandu{m} fili� comitis Hannoni� consorti
+ipsius Regis�&c." but this recorde followinge is most pleyne,
+shewing bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their
+yourneye towardes henalte, with the daye when and where they
+presented her to the kinge after their retorne into Englande,
+and the daye one whiche they wer payed their charges, beinge the
+forthe of marche one w{hic}he daye yt is thus entred in the
+records of pellis exitus, Michaell.�2. ed.�3. "Rogero couentry
+&c�Lichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu{m} domini Regis ad
+partes Hannoni� pro matrimonio inter dominu{m} Regem et filiam
+comitis Hannoni� contrahendo, ab octavo die octobris proxime
+preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha{m} ipso domino Rege
+ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu{m} predictu{m}, versus
+partes predictas, usqu{e} vicesimu{m} tertiu{m} diem Januarii
+proxime sequente{m}, quo die rediit ad ipsu{m} Regem predictu{m}
+apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua fili� comitis Hannoni� predict�
+utroqu{e} die computato pro cviij diebus percipiendo per diem
+iij.^li vj.^s viij.^d pro expensis suis." Thus muche the
+recorde, whiche confirmethe that w{hi}che I go aboute to prove,
+that she came not into Englande with prince Edwarde, and that he
+was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by
+agremente betwene the erle and his mother. [Sidenote: The
+conjecture that Chaucer's ancestors were merchants, of no
+valydytye.] Next yo{u} seme to implye by a coniecturall
+argumente, that Chaucers auncesters sholde be m{e}rcha{n}ts,
+for that in place where they haue dwelled the armes of the
+marchantes of the staple haue bin seene in the glasse windowes.
+This ys a mere coniecture, and of no valydytye. For the
+m{a}rchantes of the staple had not any armes granted to them
+(as�I haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the deathe of
+Chaucers parentes, w{hi}che was aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde
+the thirde; and those merchantes had no armes before the tyme of
+Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as I dobt not but
+wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte the
+staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume{n}te that chaucers
+auncesters were merchantes because those armes were in the
+wyndowes, as you shall well p{er}ceave, yf yo{u} drawe yt into a
+syllogisme, and therefore yo{u} did well to conclude, that yt
+was not materiall whether they were merchants or noo.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight misquoteth Gower.] In the title of
+Chaucer's educat{i}one, yo{u} saye that Gower in his booke
+entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye poet,
+and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in w{hi}che
+Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a worthye
+poet, (althoughe I confesse he well deserueth that name, and
+that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge hym,)
+nether doth he after a sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see)
+make hym iudge of his workes, (whereof I wolde be glad to be
+enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes, vttered by Venus in
+that booke of confessio Amantis:
+
+  And grete well Chaucer when ye mete,
+  As my disciple and my poet:
+  for in the flowere of his youthe,
+  In sondrye wise, as he well couthe,
+  of dytyes and of songes glade
+  the whiche for my sake he made,
+  the laude fulfilled is ouer all:
+  wherefore to hym in especiall
+  aboue all others I am most holde;
+  for thy nowe in his dayes olde,
+  thow shalt hym tell this message,
+  that he vppon his latter age
+  sett an ende of all his werke,
+  as he whiche is myne owne clerke
+  do make his _testament of Love_,
+  as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue,
+  so that my Courte yt may recorde, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to
+Chaucer.] These be all the verses w{hi}che I knowe or yet canne
+fynde, in whiche Gower in that booke mentioneth Chaucer, where
+he nether nameth hym worthye poet, nor after a sorte submyttethe
+his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye Chaucer doth
+submytte the correctione of his woorks to Gower in these playne
+woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus:
+
+  O Morall Gower, this booke I directe
+  To the, and the philosophicall stroode,
+  To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte
+  Of your benignityes and zeales good.
+
+But this error had in you byn p{ar}doned, yf you had not sett yt
+downe as your owne, but warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in
+Scriptoribus Anglie, from whence yo{u} haue swallowed yt.
+[Sidenote: Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or�Gores) of
+Stittenham.] Then in a marginall note of this title yo{u} saye
+agayne oute of Bale, that Gower was a Yorkshire manne; but you
+are not to be touched therfore, because you discharge yo{ur}
+selfe in vouching yo{ur} auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche
+mistaken yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de
+scriptoribus Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect{i}ons
+of Lelande. For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower
+beinge argent one a cheuerone azure, three leopardes heddes or,
+do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to the Gowers of
+Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and gules a
+crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference of armes semethe a
+difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo{u} canne prove that, beinge
+of one howse, they altered their armes vppone some iuste
+occas{i}one, as that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did
+leave his owne armes and bare the armes of his moother; as was
+accustoomed in tymes paste. But this differe{n}ce of Cootes for
+this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,) shall
+you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall
+howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note goeth
+further out of Bale, that Gower had one his hedde a garlande of
+ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a knyghte, the other
+of a poet. [Sidenote: Gower's chaplette for knighthood not for
+poetry.] But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest
+you will metaphoricallye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a
+garlande as Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence
+they had their originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne
+whiche seethe yt may well iudge, and therefore not there sett
+for anye suche intente as an ensigne of his poetrye, but ys
+symplye a chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme
+vsed ether of golde, or other embroderye, made after the
+fasshone of Roses, one of the peculier ornamentes of a knighte,
+as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and spurres.
+[Sidenote: The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of
+honour.] W{hi}che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well
+attributed to knights, the lowest degree of honor, as to the
+hygher degrees of Duke, Erle,�&c. beinge knyghtes, for so I haue
+seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his chaplett of Rooses; and
+kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte,
+only the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so
+had the[y] fewer Rooses placed on their chaplett or cyrcle of
+golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne whiche had
+thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte had
+them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande ytselfe. of whiche dukes
+crowne to be adorned with little rooses, [Sidenote: The
+knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.] Mathewe Paris,
+speakinge of the creatinge of Johne erle Mortone, duke of
+Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye, Interim
+comes Johannes Rothomagu{m} veniens in octavis pasche gladio
+ducatus Normani� cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per
+ministeriu{m} Waltheri Rothomage{n}sis Archie{pisco}pi, vbi
+Archiepiscopus memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit
+circulu{m} aureu{m} habente{m} in su{m}mitate per gyru{m}
+rosulas aureas artificialiter fabricatas, whiche chaplett of
+Rooses came in the ende to be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette
+with golde Buttons, as may be supposed.--In the same title yo{u}
+saye, yt semethe that these lerned menne were of the Inner
+Temple; [Sidenote: Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a
+Franciscan Fryer but?] for that, manye yeres since, master
+Buckley did see a recorde in the same howse, where Geffrye
+Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge a Franciscane
+Fryer in flete-streate. This is a hard collect[i]one to prove
+Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for
+thus yo{u} frame yo{ur} argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde
+in the Temple, that Chaucer was fyned for beatinge the fryer;
+ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the Temple. But for myne owne
+parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for matter of Antiquytye
+and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst settlinge in the
+Temple, I�dobte whether Chaucer were of the temple or noe,
+vnless yt were towardes his latter tyme, for he was an olde
+manne, as appereth by Gower in Confessione Amantis in the xvi
+yere of R.�2: when Gower wroote that Booke. [Sidenote: The
+lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.]
+And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of
+Recordes, that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill
+towardes the latter parte of the reygne of kinge Edwarde the
+thirde; at w{hi}che tyme Chaucer was a grave manne, holden in
+greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that me thinkethe he
+sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were, I�sholde
+iudge yt strange that he sholde violate the rules of peace and
+gravytye yn those yeares. But I will passe over all those
+matters scito pede, and leave euerye manne to his owne
+iudgemente therein for this tyme.
+
+[Sidenote: Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer's wife, nor
+doth Thynne.] IN THE TITLE OF Chawcer's mariage yo{u} saye,
+yo{u} cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne whome he
+maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others,
+I�sholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, a�waytinge womanne of
+Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde & daughter to
+Willi{a}m erle of Henalte. but I favor not their oppynyone, for,
+althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus, in the tyme of
+Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe Chawcer,
+domicell� regin� Philipp�, wh{ic}he domicella dothe signyfye one
+of her waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke
+this was his wyfe, but rather his sister or kinswomanne, who
+after the deathe of her mystresse Quene philippe did forsake the
+worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte Heleins in london,
+accordinge as yo{u} haue touched one of that profess{i}one in
+primo of kinge Richarde the seconde.
+
+[Sidenote: The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and
+legytymated by the Pope and the Parliament.] In the Latyne
+stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine Swyneforde,
+Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi tertij Edwardi Regis filio,
+Lancastri� duci, illi procreavit filios tres et vnica{m}
+filia{m}. Wherbye we may inferre that Johne of Gaunte had these
+childrene by her after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had
+all his children by her longe before that mariage, so that they
+beinge all illegitimate were enforced afterwarde vppon that
+maryage to be legytymated by the poope; & also by acte of
+Parliamente, aboute the two & twentythe of kinge Richarde the
+seconde; so that yo{u} cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit
+Lancastri� duci tres filios, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer's children and their advauncement and of the
+Burgershes.] In the title of Chawcers children and their
+advauncemente, in a marginall noote yo{u} vouche master Campdene
+that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from
+whome the Burgershes, whose daughter & heyre was maryed to
+Thomas Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one error. for
+this Barthelmewe was of a collaterall lyne to that S^r Johne
+Burgershe the father of Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and
+therefore coulde not that S^r Johne Burghershe be descended of
+this Barthelmewe Burgershe, though hee were of that howse.
+[Sidenote: Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.]
+Then, in that title, yo{u} vouche oute of Mr. Campdene that
+Serlo de Burgo brother to Eustachius de Vescye builte
+Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not right for this Serlo beinge
+called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to Johne
+father to Eustace Vescye, as haue the recordes of the towre, and
+so vncle and not brother to Eustace. [Sidenote: Jane of Navarre
+maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.] for one
+other marginall noote in that tytle, yo{u} saye, that Jane of
+Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in the fourthe yere of
+his reygne, wherein you followe a late englishe cronicler whome
+I forbeare to name.[5] But Walsingha{m} bothe in his historye of
+Henry the fourthe, & in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was
+maryed the 26 of Januarye in the yere of Christe 1403, whiche
+was in the fyfte yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of
+oure lorde at the annu{n}tiat{i}one of the Virgine, as we nowe
+doo; but this is no matter of great momente. [Sidenote: The de
+la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but
+William was not the first that did so.] ffourthlye in that title
+yo{u} seme to attribute the advancemente of the Pooles to
+Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the kinge a
+greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste
+advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole
+beinge a cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the kings
+necessytye with money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of
+great accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to
+the succedynge famelye. Whereof the Record to prove Ric. de la
+Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the
+eleventhe yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures
+office, the lorde treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner:
+Edwardus dei gratia rex Angli� et dux Acquitani�,�&c.
+Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster Richardus de la Poole Pincerna
+noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii Pincernari� ac omnibus
+aliis officiu{m} illud tangentibus, ad dictu{m} Scaccariu{m} a
+festo sancti michaelis anno regni nostri decimo, vsque ad ide{m}
+festu{m} proxime sequens plenarie computaverit, et 2090^li:
+13^s: et 11^d et vnus obulus sibi per computu{m} illud de claro
+debeatur: volumus ei solutione{m} inde, seu ali�s
+satisfactione{m} sibi fieri competentem: Nos eius supplicationi
+in hac parte, prout iustu{m} est, an{n}uentes, vobis mandamus,
+etc. Datu{m} apud Westmonasteriu{m} 14 Decembris, anno regni
+nostri vndecimo. To whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the
+older, and to his sonne Michaell de la Poole (who was after
+Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the kinge graunted fowre hundred
+markes by yere out of the custome of Hull, as apperethe in the
+record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same Michaell de la
+Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus yt is
+entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that
+yere: Michaeli de la poole filio et heredi Will{iel}mi de la
+poole senioris per Tallia{m} levata{m} isto die continentem
+iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum
+suum factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator virtute cuiusdam brevis
+de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus Scaccarii directum
+pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda{m} annuo certo iiij^c marc.
+per annu{m} quas dominus rex Willielmo de la Poole seniori
+defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de corpore suo
+exeuntibus, de Custumia in portis ville de kingeston super Hull
+per litteras suas patentes concess: percipendu{m} qua{m}diu
+vij^c xxxv^li xviij^s i^d ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu{m}
+predictu{m} sic debitu{m}, etc. D{omi}n{u}s Rex mandat vt ei
+satisfactionem vel assignationem competentem (in�locis vbi ei
+celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet, per breve de
+magno sigillo inter mandata de termino Pasch� anno quadragesimo
+tercio, etc. So that Richarde, Michaell de la Pooles
+grandfather, (a�magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) was the
+fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although Williame,
+father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte.
+nether canne I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole
+was a marchante, (havinge two such welthy marchantes to his
+ancestors before hym,) notwithstandinge that Walsingha{m}
+[Sidenote: The clergy offended that the temporal men were found
+as wise as themselves.] (moore offended than reasone, as all the
+Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become chief
+officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then
+possessinge those offices, displaced, w{hic}he bredd greate
+Sorseye in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that
+michaell de la poole fuerit � pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote
+Mercator Mercatoris filius) quam militia occupatus. [Sidenote:
+A�merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.] And yet yt may bee
+that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and deale by
+his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have donne,
+whereuppon Walsingham (who wroote longe after) might seme to
+call hym merchante by reasone of others mens dealinge for hym,
+althoughe in troothe he was neuer merchante in respecte of his
+owne persone, (for whiche they are properly called merchantes,)
+as may be supposed. [Sidenote: Alice, the wife of Richard
+Neville, was daughter of Thomas Montacute.] ffyftlye in the same
+title yo{u} saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame de la poole duke
+of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande thomas
+montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice,
+maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of
+Westmerlande, by whome he had issue Richarde, Johne, and George.
+But this is nothinge so. for this Alice, the wyfe of Richarde
+Neville, (erle of Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,)
+was daughter of Thomas Montacute erle of Salisburye and of Alice
+his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and not of
+Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and widdowe to William de la
+Poole duke of Suffolke.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Stowe.]
+
+[Sidenote: He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of
+printing.] IN THE LATTER END of the title of Chawcers deathe
+yo{u} saye, that printinge was brought oute of Germanye in the
+yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge fyrst founde
+at Magunce by one Johne Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by
+Conradus one Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the
+37. H. 6. but the eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, as
+some have yt, was not fyrste founde at Magonce or mentz but at
+Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago{n}ce. David Chytreus in his
+historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno 1440, and brought
+to Rome by Henricus Han[6] a�Germane in the yere 1470; whereof
+Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame:
+
+  Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, qu�d alis
+    Constreperis, Gallus decidit; vltor adest
+  Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum,
+    Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis.
+
+    [Footnote 6: "Hahn,"--German, a cock. "Cognomine Latino
+    _Gallus_," Maittaire _Ann. Typ._ i.�52.]
+
+But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote,
+as dothe Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier
+Archbyshoppe of Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof
+I leave at this tyme to farther examinat{i}one, not havinge nowe
+presente leysure therefore.
+
+[Sidenote: The Romante of the Rose began by Guill[-m] de Loris,
+and finished by John de la Meune.] IN THE TITLE OF THE augmente
+to euerye tale and booke you write, that the Romante of the
+Roose was made in frenche by Johne Clopinell alias Johne Moone;
+when in truthe the booke was not made by hym alone: for yt was
+begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished fourtye yeres after
+the death of Loris, by Johne de Meune alias Johne Clopinell, as
+apperethe by Molinet, the frenche author of the moralytye vppon
+the Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere
+also in the frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, w{hic}h
+Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted, not havinge
+translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the
+middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one
+other, intituled La reprobat{i}o{ne} de la Romante del Roose; as
+affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed
+moralizatione, where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe
+Gersone for that Booke, because Gersone soughte no further
+meanynge than what was conteyned in the outewarde letter, this
+Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these verses of
+Chaucer:
+
+  Alas my wane hoope nay, pardyee;
+  for I will neuer dispayred bee:
+  yf happe me fayle, then am I
+  vngratious and vnworthy, &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the
+Duchess.] Secondlye, under that title yo{u} saye, the woorke,
+before this last edit{i}one of Chaucer, termed the Dreame of
+Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the Booke of the Duches,
+or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye mysledde in
+my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or of
+the Deathe of Blanche, because Johne of Gaunt was then but fowre
+and twentye yere olde when the same was made, as apperethe by
+that tretyse in these verses:
+
+  Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte
+  A wonder well faringe knighte,
+  By the manner me thought so,
+  Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto,
+  Of the age of twentye fowre yere,
+  Vppon his bearde but little heare.
+
+Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born,
+as hath Walsingha{m}, in the yere of Christ 1339 the 13. of
+kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche the
+fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was
+at this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres
+after sholde make his lamentac{i}on for Blanche the duchesse
+which must be then dedde. But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the
+pestilence in the yere of xxe 1368, as hath Anonimus MS, or
+1369, as hath Walsinghame w{hi}che by the first accompte was the
+{ix.} and by the last the {x.} yere after the mariage, and sixe
+or at the least five yeres after this lamentatione of Johne of
+Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his age. Wherfor
+this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not
+lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that
+yt pleinlye apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the
+duches Blaunche, whiche signyfyethe whyte, by which name he
+often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these
+verses,
+
+  Her throte, as I haue memoyre,
+  semed as a round towre of yuoire,
+  of good gretnesse and not to greate,
+  and fayre white she hete,
+  that was my ladies name righte;
+  she was thereto fayre and brighte,
+  she had not her name wronge,
+  right fayre sholders and body longe, &c.
+
+I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of
+Blanche the Duchesse because he sayeth her name was white; since
+there ys a famelye of that denominatione, and some female of
+that lyne myghte be both white in name, and fayre and white in
+p{er}sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as
+Chaucer sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer of his called
+Blanche, [Sidenote: John of Gaunt, his incontinency.] since he
+had many paramou{r}s in his youthe, and was not verye contynente
+in his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that
+yt coulde not be mente of the Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche
+dyed long after that compleinte. for whiche cause that Dreame of
+Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye rather of righte sholde)
+contynewe his former title of The Dreame of Chaucer. for that,
+wh{ic}he you will haue the Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of
+Glasse; as I haue seene the title thereof noted, and the thinge
+yt selfe confirmethe.
+
+[Sidenote: Doubteth master Speight's ability in the exposition
+of old words, but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.] IN
+THE EXPOSITIONE of the olde wordes, as yo{u} shewe greate
+diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, unlesse a�manne
+be a good saxoniste, french, and Italyane linguiste, (from
+whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well
+expounde the same to oure nowe vnderstandinges, and therefore
+(thoughe I will not presume of much knowledge in these tounges)
+yt semeth yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome woordes
+are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they mighte bee,
+althoughe peradventure yo{u} haue framed them to make sence.
+Wherefore I haue collected these fewe (from many others lefte
+for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee not to be fully explaned
+in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure yo{u} will seme to
+excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose.
+
+[Sidenote: Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.]
+Aketon or Haketone you expounde a jackett w{i}thoute sleves,
+without any further addit{i}one, that beinge an indiffynyte
+speache, and therefore may be entended a comone garmente daylye
+vsed, suche as we call a jerken or jackett withoute sleues:
+But _haketon_ is a slevelesse jackett of plate for the warre,
+couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called a
+jackett of plate, suche aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of
+Excester and Custos or Wardene of Londone, had vppon hym
+secretlye, when he was apprehended and behedded in the twentyeth
+yere of Edwarde the seconde.
+
+[Sidenote: A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.] Besante you
+expounde a duckett, But a duckett ys farre from a besante, bothe
+for the tyme of the invent{i}one, and for the forme; and as I
+suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge that Hollybande in his
+frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the valewe of a duckett,
+whiche duckett is for the most part eyther venetiane or
+spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; a�coyne well knowen
+and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one auncient coyne
+of Englande, as Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) emongst
+the Saxons before, and the Normans after the Conqueste; the
+forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe settinge
+downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in
+armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of
+golde,) was called in Latine Byzant{i}um, obteyninge that name
+because yt was the coyne of Constantinople sometyme called
+Bizant{i}um; and because you shall not thinke this any
+fic{ti}one of myne owne, I�will warrante the same with Williame
+of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who hathe these
+wordes: Constantinopolis prim{u}m Bizantiu{m} dicta forma{m}
+antiqui vocabuli preferu{n}t imperatorii nu{m}mi Bizantiu{m}
+dicta; where one other coppye for nummi Bizantiu{m} hath
+Bizantini nu{m}mi, and the frenche hath yt besante or Bezantine,
+makinge yt an olde coyne of france, (when he sholde haue sayed
+one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of a
+duckette.
+
+[Sidenote: Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even
+metaphorically.] Fermentac{i}o{n}e yo{u} expounde Dawbinge,
+whiche cannott anye way be metaphoricallye so vsed in Chaucer,
+althoughe yt sholde be improperlye or harsely applied. For
+fermentac{i}one ys a peculier terme of Alchymye, deduced from
+the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the Chimicall
+philosophers defyne the fermente to bee anima, the sowle or
+lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger
+Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante viuificatio{ne}m id
+est fermentac{i}o{ne}m, w{hi}che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge
+tincture or cooler; that beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge
+sowle or lyfe to the philosophers stoone, wherby that may
+fermente or cooler or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Orfrayes not Goldsmith's work, but frysed cloth of
+gold, a�manufacture peculiar to the English.] Orfrayes yo{u}
+expounde Goldsmythes worke, w{hi}che ys as nere to goldsmythes
+woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes, beinge
+compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the
+Englishe is that w{hi}che to this daye (beinge now made all of
+one stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of
+gold; in Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or
+aurifrixori{u}m. A thinge well knowen to the Saxons in Englande
+before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste, and therfore
+fullye to satisfye you thereof, I�will produce twoo
+auctorauctors of the weavinge and vse thereof before the
+conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was,
+and in what acco{m}pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to
+the Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of Ediswetha
+daughter to Brightnothus, aldermanne, erle or duke, of
+northumberlande before the Conquest sayethe; cui tradita
+Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et textur�
+secreti�s cu{m} puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica
+Rubra purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq{ue}
+circumdatu{m}. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe
+thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because
+I haue not my mathewe Paris here, I�will vouche one whose name
+hathe muche affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker
+Archbyshoppe of Canterburye, who, in the Lyfe of Bonifacius
+Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes. "A^o. Domini 1246,
+Rom� multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu{n}t
+chorealibus, et infulis, ornamentisq{ue} ecclesiasticis, ex
+Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificios�
+intexto fabricatis, vterentur. Huius modi ornamentoru{m} aspectu
+et concupiscentia provocatus Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent.
+Responsu{m} est, aurifrisia appellari, quia et eminens ex panno
+et lana qua{m} Angli fryse appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui
+subridens et dulcedine captus Papa, Vere, inquit," (for these
+are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,)
+"Hortus noster delitiaru{m} est Anglia, verus puteus est
+inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere
+licet. Itaq{ue}, concupiscentia illectus oculorum, litteras
+suas Bullatas sacras misit ad Cistercienses in Anglia Abbates,
+quoru{m} orationibus se devot� commendabat, vt ipsi hec
+aurifrisia speciosissima ad suum ornandu{m} choru{m}
+compararent. Hoc Londoniensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia
+habebant, tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt." In whiche
+discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe of
+golde and not goldsmythe worke, and that Englande had before and
+since the conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate
+Cloothe of golde as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd,
+the poope wolde haue made suche prouis{i}one thereof in other
+places, and not from Englande. And because you shall not thinke
+that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye, you shall fynde in a
+record of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the kings
+garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in Rotulo Patentiu{m} 6.
+Joh{ann}is in Dorso (in�whiche the kinge comaunded the templers
+to deliuer suche jewells, garmentes, and ornamentes as they had
+of the kings in kepinge,) are these wordes: "Dalmaticam de eodem
+samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu{m} lapidibus." Whiche is to
+saye, the kings Dalmaticall garmente of the same samitte (spoken
+of before, whiche was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we
+nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.] fforthlye
+Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled, whiche
+sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye
+of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme
+appropriate to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or
+movinge, as the water dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda
+for water, for so her haire was oundye, that is, layed in rooles
+vppone and downe, lyke waves of water when they are styrred with
+the winde, and not slyked or playne, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.] ffyftlye You
+expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as yo{u} leave
+manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be resalgar,
+wherefore I will shewe yo{u} what resalgar ys in that abstruse
+science, whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye
+againste the sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans
+Tale. This Resalgar is that w{hi}che by some is called
+Ratesbane, a�kynde of poysone named Arsenicke, which the
+chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I
+coulde produce infynyte examples; but I will gyve yo{u} onlye
+these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in Rosario Philosophoru{m},
+sayethe, "nullu{m} tingens venenum generatur absq{ue} sole et
+eius vmbra, id est, uxore." whiche venome they call by all names
+presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a toode, a�dragon,
+a�Basilyske, a�serpente, arsenicke, and suche lyke; and by manye
+other names, as "in exercitacio{n}e ad turbam philosophorum,"
+apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu{m}, Argentum
+vivum, Cinnabar, aqua permanens, gumma, acetu{m}, urina, aqua
+maris, Draco, serpens, etc. And of this poysone the treatyce _de
+phenice_,[7] or the philosophers stoone, written in Gothyshe
+rymynge verse, dothe saye;
+
+  Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat
+  quod materna{m} faciem ca{n}dida{m} f[oe]dabat.
+
+    [Footnote 7: A copy of this curious poem in Thynne's
+    hand-writing, and marvellously illustrated by him, is in the
+    Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.]
+
+[Sidenote: Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean
+superstitious and hypocritical women from their nature.] Begyn
+and Bigott yo{u} expounde sup{er}sticious hypocrites, whiche
+sence I knowe yt maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of
+the disposit{i}one of those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the
+true wrytinge. But this woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature
+rightlye haue ben expounded, sup{er}sticious or hipocriticall
+wemenne, as appereth by chaucer himselfe, w{hi}che nombrethe
+them emongest the wemen in the Romante of the Roose when he
+sayethe,
+
+  But empresses, & duchesses,
+  These queenes, & eke countesses
+  These abbasses, & eke Bigins,
+  These greate ladyes palasins.
+
+And a little after, in the same Romante, he doth write,
+
+  That dame abstinence streyned
+  Tooke one a Robe of camelyne,
+  And ganne her gratche as a Bygin.
+  A large cover-cherfe of Thredde
+  She wrapped all aboute her hedde.
+
+These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in
+Latyne called Bigrin� or Biguin�. Whose originall order,
+encrease, and contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and
+Mathewe Westm{inster}. But as I sayed, since I haue not my
+mathewe Paris at hand, I�will sett you downe the wordes of
+mathewe Westmynster (otherwise called "Flores Historiarum" or
+"Florilegus") in this sorte. Sub eisdem diebus (w{hi}ch was in
+the yere of Christe 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry the
+thirde,) quidam in Almania precipu� se asserentes vitam et
+habitu{m} relligionis elegisse, in utroq{ue} sexu, sed maxim�
+in muliebri, continentia{m}, cu{i}u{s} vit� simplicitate
+profitentes, se voto priuato deo obligaru{n}t. Mulieresq{ue},
+quas Bigrinas vulgarit�r vocamus, ade� multiplicat� sunt, qu�d
+earu{m} numerus in vna ciuitate, scilic�t Colonia, ad plus quam
+mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche, speakinge yn the
+yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of relligious orders, he
+sayeth, Item in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas
+nominant, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Citrinatione or perfect digestion.] Citrinatione
+yo{u} do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye. Whiche
+Citrinatione is bothe a color and parte of the philosophers
+stoone. for, as hathe Tractatus Avicenn� (yf�yt be his and not
+liber suppositi[ti]us, as manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are
+foysted in vnder the names of the best lerned authors and
+philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and suche others,) in
+parte of the 7 chapter. Citrinatio est que fit inter albu{m} et
+rubru{m}, et non dicitur coolor perfectus, whiche
+Citrinat{i}one, as sayethe Arnoldus de Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5.
+nihil aliud est qu�m completa digestio. For the worke of the
+philosophers stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke
+color in the same degree. for as the vrine of manne, being
+whityshe, sheweth imp{er}fecte digestione: But when he hathe
+well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione
+p{er}fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe
+cooler: so ys yt in Alchymye. whiche made Arnolde call this
+citrinatione perfect digestion, or the cooler provinge the
+philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the heigh[t]e of
+perfect{i}one.
+
+[Sidenote: Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and
+cattle in winter,] Forage in one place you expounde meate, and
+in other place fodder. boothe whiche properly cannott stande in
+this place of chaucer in the reves prologue, where he sayeth,
+"my fodder is forage." for yf forrage be fodder, then is the
+sence of that verse, "my fodder is fodder." But fodder beinge a
+generall name for meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of
+affynytie withe foode applied to menne and beasts, dothe onlye
+signyfye meate. And so the sence is, "my meate ys forage," that
+is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis{i}one as ys made for
+horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu{m}
+in latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the word
+next before dothe well shewe yt, when the Reve sayeth,
+
+  I ame olde, me liste not play for age,
+  Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage.
+
+[Sidenote: or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may
+mean grass.] Yet metaphorically yt may be taken for other than
+drye horse meate, although improperlye; as Chaucer hathe, in Sir
+Topas Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and vseth
+the woorde rather to make vpp the ryme than to shewe the true
+nature thereof; sayinge,
+
+  That downe he layed hym in that place,
+  to make his steede some solace
+  and gyve hym good forage.
+
+[Sidenote: Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.] Heroner
+yo{u} expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true, for a
+gowshawke, sparrowe hawke, tassell,�&c. be kyndes of hawkes. But
+this heroner, is an especiall hawke (of�anye of the kyndes of
+longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other hawkes are,
+because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous than of
+other fowles, insomuch, that when she fyndeth her selfe in
+danger, she will lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp
+her bellye towardes the hawke; and so defile her enymye with her
+excrementes, that eyther she will blinde the hawke, or ells with
+her byll or talons pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to cease
+vppon her.
+
+[Sidenote: The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or
+eglantine.] The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the
+Bryer, vnlest yo{u} adde this epithetone and saye, the redde
+Berrye one the swete Bryer, (which is the Eglantyne,) to
+distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer or Bramble beringe the
+blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them boothe; when
+the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe yo{u} that
+yo{u} saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from the Blacke,
+for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may be
+called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme.
+
+[Sidenote: Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.] Nowell yo{u}
+expounde Christmasse, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt is
+that tyme, whiche is properlye called the Advente together with
+Christmasse and Newe yeres tyde, wherefore the true etymologye
+of that worde ys not Christmasse, or the twelve dayes, but yt is
+godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of
+Christe in the fleshe, whiche p{er}adventure after a sorte, by
+the figure synecdoche, yo{u} may seeme to excuse, placinge ther
+x�emas (_Christmasse_) a�p{ar}te of this tyme of Nowell for all
+the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in the same worde is
+conteyned sometyme xx, but for the most p{ar}te thirtye dayes
+before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that
+woorde being deduced as hathe Will{iel}m{u}s Postellus in
+Alphabet. 12 Linguarum, from the hebrue worde Noell: for thus he
+writethe: #noel# noel, sonat deus noster sive Deus nobis advenit,
+solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe ante x�i ({Christi})
+natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam desiderio.
+
+[Sidenote: Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in
+common.] Porpherye you expounde marble, w{hi}che m{ar}ble ys
+genus, but porpherye is species, for as there is white and grey
+marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye,
+a�stone of reddish purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with
+white veynes as yo{u} may see in the great pillars entringe into
+the royall exchange or burse in Cornhill.
+
+[Sidenote: Sendale, a sylke stuffe.] Sendale you expounde a
+thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne stuffe lyke
+sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but
+courser and narrower, than the sarcenett nowe ys, as my selfe
+canne remember.
+
+[Sidenote: The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine
+to cast stones.] Trepegett you expounde a ramme to batter
+walles. But the trepegete was the same that the magonell;
+for Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the
+trepegett and magonell being all one, and the magonell one
+instrumente to flynge or cast stones (as�youre selfe
+expounde�yt) into a towne, or against a towne walles, (an engine
+not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an instrumente to cast forthe
+dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget must nedes also be one
+instrumente to cast stones or such lyke against a wall or into a
+towne, and not a Ramme to batter wales; since the Ramme was no
+engine to flinge anye thinge, but by mens handes to be broughte
+and pusshed againste the walles; a�thinge farr different in
+forme from the magonell or catapulte, as appereth by Vigetius
+and Robertus Valturius de re militari.
+
+[Sidenote: Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.] Wiuer
+yo{u} expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, a�wyuer is a
+kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of
+whose kinde he is, a�thinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes,
+vsinge the same for armes, and crestes, & supporters of manye
+gentle and noble menne. As the erle of Kent beareth a wiuer for
+his creste and supporters, the erle of Pembroke, a�wiuer vert
+for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande, a�wiuer geules for his
+supporters.
+
+[Sidenote: Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of
+antiquitye.] Autenticke yo{u} expounde to be antiquytye. But
+howe yo{u} may seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers
+meaninge, I�knowe not; but sure I ame the proper
+signyficat{i}one of autenticke is a thinge of auctoritye or
+credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the originall or
+fyrste archetypu{m} of any thinge; whiche I muse that you did
+not remember.
+
+[Sidenote: Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.]
+Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, Frenche,
+and Spanishe, signifyeth relinquere, to forsake and leave a
+thinge; w{hi}che me thinkethe yo{u} most hardely stretche to
+libertye, vnlest yo{u} will saye that, when one forsakethe a
+thinge, he leaveth yt at libertye; whiche ys but a streyned
+speche, although the frenche Hollybande, not vnderstandinge the
+true energye of our tongue, hath expounded yt libertye; whiche
+may be some warrante vnto you.
+
+VNDER THE TITLE OF YOURE Annotacions and Corrections.
+
+[Sidenote: Of the Vernacle.] IN YOURE ANNOTACIONS you describe,
+oute of the prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure,
+wherein was sett the instruments wherewith Christe was
+crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was the printe of his
+face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the instrumentes of his
+deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure of his face;
+as I conceve yt with others.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and
+giveth reasons.] Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade
+Capaneus, wherunto I cannott yelde. for althoughe Statius and
+other latine authors do call hym Capaneus; yet all the writers
+of Englande in that age call him campaneus; as Gower, in
+confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye of Thebes taken
+out of Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so
+that yt semethe they made the pronu{n}tiatione of Campaneus to
+be the dialecte of our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is
+in this to be p{ar}doned, in that taking his knightes tale out
+of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane (and of late
+translated into frenche,) doth there, after the Italiane manner,
+call him campaneus; for so the Italians pronounce woordes
+beginninge with cap: with the interposit{i}one of the l{ette}re
+m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w{hi}che the Latins call
+capitoliu{m}, the Italians call campidoglio; and suche lyke.
+Wherefore since yt was vniversallye receued in that age, to call
+him Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p{er}mytte yt to
+have free passage accordinge to the pronuntiat{i}one and
+wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge woordes from one
+language to one other, there ys often additione and
+substract{i}one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the
+middle, and in the ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte
+examples mighte be produced, whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye.
+
+[Sidenote: Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of
+Heros, and giveth reasons.] Fo: 3. pa: 2. ("Noughte comelye lyke
+to lovers maladye of Hereos.") for whiche woorde hereos you
+reade eros, i. cupide, a�very good and probable correct{i}one,
+well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient{i}a vestra,
+and reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe
+mystake�yt,) I�wolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read
+heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the
+letters; a�comone thinge for the printer to do, and the
+corrector to overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love,
+did not shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, whiche the Heroes,
+or valiante p{er}sons, in tymes past vsed, for thoughe they
+loued, yet that passione did not generallye so farre overrule
+them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p{ar}ticuler personne) as
+that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke actions,
+whiche they before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as
+that they sholde not forgett, what they were in place, valor, or
+magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass{i}one, did not observe
+"lyke to lovers malady of Heroes." Whereof I coulde produce six
+hundred examples, (as�the proverbe�ys,) were yt not that I
+avoyde tedious prolixytye.
+
+[Sidenote: Of florins and their name from the Florentines.]
+Fo: 6. pa: 2. ("Manye a florence.") In whiche noote yo{u} expounde
+a florence to be ij^s frenche, and a gelder to be the same in
+dutche. Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens, suche
+as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, w{hic}he taking his name of the
+woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (of�the terrytorye of florence
+in Italye,) were called Florens; [Sidenote: Sterling money
+taketh its name from the Esterlings.] as sterlinge money tooke
+their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver
+in the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges
+frenche ys not equall in valewe (as�I nowe take�yt) to two
+shillinges Englishe: and much lesse equall to the florens in
+Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre shillings, fowre
+pence, or halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges
+tenne pence farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye:
+some of them being called florens de scuto or of the valewe of
+the shelde or frenche crowne and some of them called florens
+regall. Whereof yo{u} shall fynde, in the recorde of pellis
+exitus in the exchequer in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note.
+Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in
+parte solutionis 8000 florenoru{m} de scuto pretii petii iij^s.
+iiij^d. sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru{m} de scuto in
+quibus Rex tenebatur eidem Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure,
+prisonario suo apud Bellu{m} de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab
+eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis empt{o}, vt patet per litteras
+Regis patentes, quas idem Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in
+Dors. de summa subscripta, per bre{ve} de magno sigillo, inter
+mandata de Term. Michaelis de anno 36 --xx^li. To the valewe
+whereof agreeth Hipodigma Neustri�, pa. 127, [Sidenote: King
+John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.] where
+setting downe the ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters
+to the valewe of thre milliones of florens, he sayethe "of
+w{hic}he florens duo valebant vj^s. viij^d." These florens the
+same Walsingha{m} in another place callethe scutes or frenche
+crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex quidem Franci� pro sua
+redemptione soluit regi Angli� tres milliones scutoru{m},
+quoru{m} duo valent vnu{m} nobile, videlicet, sex solidos et
+octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme of
+kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in
+Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those
+florens for the redempt{i}one of the frenche kinge, were of the
+valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that kings reigne
+there were also one other sorte of florens, not of lyke valewe,
+but conteyned within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]. called
+florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme,
+of Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the
+sixte of Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne,
+In denariis sibi liberatis per manus Walteri Hewett militis in
+pretio 4000 florenoru{m} regaliu{m} pretii petii --ij^s. x^d.
+[QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} 7 computantur pro tribus
+nobilibus, eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo{u} see the
+meanest of these florens did exceed the valewe of ij^s. frenche,
+(although you sholde equall that with ii^s. Englishe,) as yt did
+also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those
+dayes yt was much aboute the valewe of iij^s. iiij^d. beinge
+halfe a pistolet Italiane or Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius
+Delphicus, (in�the Historye of Burgundye, in the lyfe of
+Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and sonne to the
+frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius' woordes
+be these. Illustris viri aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} mors ade�
+comite{m} com{m}ovit, vt relicta obsidione exercitus ad
+co{m}meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit. Decem
+millibus florenorum (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu{m}
+Italicu{m} pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m}
+cadaverum redemptione solutis,�&c.
+
+[Sidenote: Of the oken garland of Emelye.] Fo: 7. pa: 2. For
+unseriall yo{u} will vs to reade cerriall, for cerrus[8] is a
+kynde of tree lyke one oke, bearinge maste; and therefore by
+yo{ur} correct{i}one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke
+cerriall: But for the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of
+oke as ys also the Ilex) I�judge yt sholde not be redde cerriall
+but unseriall, that ys, (yf�you will nedes have this worde
+cerriall,) a�garlande of greene oke not cerriall, as who sholde
+saye, she had a Garlande of Grene oke, but not of the oke
+Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke unseriall, signifyinge
+a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of dedd wannyshe
+Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the Cerrus,
+being the tree w{hi}che we comonly call the holme oke,
+(as�Cooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that which wee call
+holme,) produceth two kyndes; whereof the one hathe greater, and
+the other lesser acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one
+the one syde, and of one ouer russett and darkyshe Coolor on the
+other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche
+sholde be freshe and Grene one everye parte, as were her younge
+and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to whome she sacryfyced,
+and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall, not beinge of
+oke cerriall, for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue
+shewed duskyshe and as yt were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe
+and orient as chaucer wolde haue her garlande. And this for
+yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde
+suppose that this worde unseriall dothe not vnaptly signifye
+perfectione of coolor, so that She having a�Garlande of Grene
+oke unseriall, doth signyfye the oke to be grene and unseriall,
+that is, (as�some do expounde this worde unseriall,) unsered,
+unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke unto the oke
+Quercus whiche hath no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes.
+And yt was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must
+haue a garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they
+whiche sacryfyced vnto Diana, otherwise called Hecate, (which
+name is attribute to Diana, as natalis Comes affirmethe with
+statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke sayinge,
+
+  Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris,
+
+being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes, called also
+Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one, whereof
+Virgil speaketh,
+
+  Tergemina{m}q{ue} Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dian�,)
+
+were adorned w{i}th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because
+that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius
+Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate
+quoqu� Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be
+consecrate to Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same
+in Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet
+Antiqutye adorned and crowned Diana Heccate with the same crowne
+also. Wherefore I conclude, since she (Emelye) had a garlande of
+Grene oke, (as�Chaucer of purpose addeth that woorde Greene to
+explane unseriall, whiche signyfyethe unsered, unparched,
+unwithered in every parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose
+leafe one the one syde is duskyshe as though yt were somewhat
+withered,) that the same word unseriall must stand unamended,
+as well (as�I sayed before) by youre owne correct{i}one and the
+nature of the worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was
+crowned with the oke Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf
+yo{u} obiecte to mee that, in this place, yt must be a garlande
+of oke cerriall accordinge to the woordes of Chaucer in one
+other place, because that he in the flower and the leafe (newely
+printed by yo{u}) hath these woordes;
+
+  I sie come first all in theire clokes white
+  a companye that were for delight.
+  Chapletts freshe of oke serriall
+  Newly spronge and Trompetts they were all;
+
+I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke
+serriall. for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as
+trompettes might be crowned with so base one oke as the serriall
+ys, whiche I call base in respecte of the oke Quercus (dedicate
+to the godd Jupiter) wherewithe Heccate was crowned, and whereof
+Garlands were gyven to the Romans for their nooble desarts in
+the warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those
+whiche had saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and
+of purpose with great iudgm{en}t in my conceyte) make a
+difference in the chaplettes of the Trompettes and the garlands
+of Emelye, in that the trompetts chapletts were of oke seriall
+newly spronge; and not come to perfect{i}one, whiche yet yf they
+had byn p{er}fecte wolde not haue byn soo oryente and Greene one
+bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus, wherewithe he wolde haue this
+Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse Heccate Diana (to�whom she
+dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so in tymes past (as�I
+sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned with garlandes of
+suche thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they
+sacryfyced. for whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe
+Caxtone in his seconde editione do call yt one oke serriall. for
+I knowe (not withstandinge his fayre prologe of printing that by
+a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke.
+
+    [Footnote 8: _The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?_]
+
+[Sidenote: Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.] Fo: 9.
+pa: 1. For euerye) yo{u} will us to reade eyther. But the sence
+ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as
+of eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye
+syde of hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde
+of him; and therefore they two ryding one euerye side of hym,
+canne haue noone other construct{i}one then that the one did
+ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side, aud
+therefore an ouer nice correct{i}one, thoughe some coppies do
+warrant�yt:
+
+[Sidenote: The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he
+would not have known Emelye.] Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save only the
+intellecte,) yo{u} wolde haue us to reade "and also the
+intellecte." But yf yo{u} well consider the woordes of Chaucer,
+(as I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet
+seene,) his meaninge ys not that the intellecte was wholye
+goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo{u} sholde reade, "and also the
+intellecte" for "save only the intellecte." for Chaucers
+meanynge ys, that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites aboute
+his outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye the intellecte or
+vnderstandinge, w{hi}che remayned sounde and good, as apperethe
+after by the followinge woordes, for when deathe approched, and
+that all outwarde senses fayled, he (Arcite) yet cast eye vppon
+Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the cheifest vitall sprite of
+his harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde
+not haue cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled
+hym. Yet yf you liste to reade, "and also the intellecte," for
+saue only the intellecte, yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne
+withall, notwithstandinge that a pointe at streng[t]he is
+looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save only the intellecte,
+without moore,) will make the sence good in this sort as I have
+here pointed�yt:
+
+  And yet moore ouer from his armes two
+  the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo
+  (save only the intellecte without moore)
+  that dwelleth in his hart sicke and sore
+  gan faylen: When the hart felt death &c.
+
+[Sidenote: Straught, a better word than haughte.] Fo: 10. pa: 2.
+For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when straughte
+is moore significa{n}t (and moore answerable to Chaucers woordes
+whiche followethe) than haughte ys. for he speakethe of the
+Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or branches of the
+tree, whiche this woorde straughte doth signyfye, and is moore
+aptlye sett downe for stretched, then this woorde haughte,
+whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde, or holdinge faste, or (yf
+you will streyne yt againste his nature) stretching on heigh,
+whiche agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge. for these be
+his words:
+
+  And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte;
+  That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode,�&c.
+
+[Sidenote: Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.]
+Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue
+vs reade, "for all forgotten is then his visage;" a�thinge mere
+impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is
+not materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten,
+but yt is muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his
+vassalage, and the good service donne in his youthe, shold be
+forgotten when he waxethe olde. And therefore yt must bee "his
+vassalage forgotten;" as presently after Chaucer sayeth, better
+for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and his honor in price,
+than when he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten;
+w{hic}he I�coulde dilate and prove by manye examples; but I
+cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I
+wolde not be tedious vnto yo{u}, as for that leysure serveth me
+not thereunto.
+
+[Sidenote: Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.] Fo: 13.
+pa: 1. For lothe yo{u} bidde vs reade leefe, which annotacione
+neded not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde
+in the texte is lefe.
+
+[Sidenote: It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he
+coughed at the window.] Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo{u} reade
+coughed, but, the circumstance considered, (althoughe they may
+both stande,) yt is moore probable that he[9] knocked at her[10]
+windowe, than that he coughed. for although those woordes "with
+a semely sownde" may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may
+as well and with as much consonancye haue reference to a semely
+and gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce,
+and so his meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde
+rather be by the noyse of a knocke than of a coughe. for so he
+determyned before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when
+he sayed,
+
+  So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes crow
+  Full priuily knocke at his windowe:
+
+And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he
+did before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he
+knocked twyce.
+
+    [Footnote 9: [_Absolon._]]
+
+    [Footnote 10: [_The Carpenter's wife's._]]
+
+[Sidenote: Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.] Fo: 23. pa: 2.
+For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written copies
+haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after
+the written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my
+fathers editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, I�wolde
+more willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most
+lykelye that the tartarians whiche dwelt at Sara (a�place yet
+well knowen, and bordering vppon the lake Mare Casp{iu}m,) are
+nerer to Sorria or the countryes adioynynge called Syria, than
+to Russya. For as Hato the Armeniane, in his Tartariane
+Historye, sayeth, The cyttye of Sara was auncyently the famous
+cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the Tartarians obteyned
+the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240, w{hi}che must be in the
+tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called Caius canne,
+[Sidenote: Cambuscan is Caius canne.] beinge (as�I suppose) he
+whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so ys the written copies,
+such affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I
+gather, yt was after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in
+Russia. But I leave yt indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge
+further to consider of�yt.
+
+[Sidenote: "That may not saye naye," better than "there may no
+wighte say naye."] Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, "that may
+not saye naye," yo{u} reade "there may no wighte say naye."
+bothe whiche are good, and boothe founde in written coppyes; and
+yet the firste will better stande, in my conceyte, because [_the
+king of Faerie_] there speakinge to his wyfe, he urgethe her
+that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe that cannott
+say naye, as who sholde saye yo{u} cannot denye yt because you
+knowe yt; and experience teacheth yt, so that these woordes,
+"that cannott say naye," must be taken as spoken of his wyfes
+knowledge, and so as good or rather better than "there may no
+wighte saye naye," consideringe that these wordes "that cannott
+saye naye," dothe signyfye, "whoe cannott saye naye," in such
+sorte that this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue
+reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe.
+
+[Sidenote: Theophraste, not Paraphraste.] Fo: 35. pa: 2. For "He
+cleped yt valerye and theophraste," you saye some wolde haue vs
+reade "Valery and his Paraphraste." But as yo{u} haue left yt at
+libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be
+Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte
+Booke, ca. 11. [Sidenote: The wife of Bath's Prologue taken from
+the author of Policraticon.] (from whome Chaucer borrowethe
+almost worde for worde a great parte of the Wyfe of Bathes
+Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that booke, Johannes
+Sarisburiensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde,
+sayethe, Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de
+nuptiis, in quo qu�ritur an vir sapiens ducat vxorem, etc. And
+the frenche molinet, moralizinge the Romant of the roose in
+frenche, and turnynge it oute of verse into proese, writeth,
+Ha si i'eusse creu Theophraste,�&c. Oh, yf I had beleved
+Theophraste, I�had never maried womanne, for he doth not holde
+hym wise that marieth anye womanne, be she fayre, foule, poore,
+or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye
+wordes chaucer doth recyte.
+
+[Sidenote: Country, not Couentry.] Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde
+Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye. But in my writtene
+copies yt is, "in my Countrye," whiche I holde the truer and for
+the sence as good yf not better.
+
+[Sidenote: Maketh, not waketh.] Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde
+makethe is corrected by you, who for the same do place wakethe;
+w{hi}che cannott well stande, for Chaucers woordes being, "this
+maketh the fende," dothe signyfye (by�a true conuers{i}one after
+the dialecte of our tonge, w{hi}che with beawtye vsethe suche
+transmutac{i}one as I coulde gyve yo{u} manye pretye instances,)
+that the sence thereof ys, "the fende makethe this," for whiche
+Chaucer vseth these wordes by Transposit{i}one, (accordinge to
+the rhethoricall figure Hiperbatone) "This makethe the fende:"
+Whiche this? Anger: for that comethe, ys made, or occasioned,
+by the deuell. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence
+bee, that this (whiche is the anger he speakethe of before)
+wakethe the fende; whiche oure offences cannot do, because he
+cannott be waked, in that he neyther slumbrethe nor slepethe,
+but alwayes watcheth and howrely seekethe occas{i}one to
+destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone. But yf you will nedes saye
+"this wakethe the fende," that is, by conuersione after this
+manner, "the fende waketh this," whiche signyfyeth the fende
+waketh or styrreth this in manne, yt may, after a harde and
+over-streyned sorte, beare some sence, whiche yet hath not that
+energye, sprite or lyfe, w{hi}che haue Chaucers woordes, "this
+maketh the fende." Whiche woordes are in my written copies, and
+in all written and auncient printed copies whiche I have yet
+seene.
+
+[Sidenote: Hugh of Lincoln.] Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes,
+"O�hughe of Lincolne sleyne also,�&c." You saye, that in the 29.
+H. 3. eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne, and hanged
+for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte was
+[in] the 39. H. 3. so that yo{u} mighte verye well haue sayed,
+that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe of
+Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, viz. thys younger
+Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed
+in the yere 1200, long before this litle seinte hughe. And to
+prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde and that yonge
+hughe of Lincolne were but one; I�will sett downe two
+auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and Walsinghame, whereof the
+fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe 1255, beinge the 39.
+of Henrye the 3, a�childe called Hughe was sleyne by the Jewes
+at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he delyvereth at large;
+and further, in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth,
+Dimissi sunt quieti 24 Judei �Turri London, qui ibidem infames
+tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis Lincolni�:
+All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in Hypodigma Neustri�, confirmeth;
+sayinge, A^o. 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine HUGO, �
+Judeis captus, in opprobriu{m} Christiani nominis crudelit�r est
+crucifixus.
+
+[Sidenote: "Where the sunne is in his ascensione," a�good
+reading.] Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his
+ascensione,�&c.) You will us to reade for the same,
+
+  Ware the soone in his ascensione
+  Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte,
+  For yf yt doe, &c.
+
+But, savinge correct{i}one, the former sence is good: for these
+woordes: Where the sonne is in his ascensione, must haue
+relat{i}one to the woordes of the verse before,
+
+  Ye be righte colericke of complex{i}one,
+
+and then is the sence, that she [_the fair Pertelote_] willed
+hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in
+the highest degree) collericke of complex{i}one, where (whiche
+signyfyeth when) the sonne is in his ascent{i}one. Wherefore he
+must take heede, that he did not fynde hym repleate (at�that
+tyme of the sonnes being in his ascent{i}one) of hoote humors,
+for yf he did, he sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will
+stand with the woordes Where the sonne is in his ascentione,
+taking where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf yo{u} mislyke
+that gloosse, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some
+written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his ascentione ne
+fynde you not repleate,�&c. yet yt cannott bee that the other
+wordes, (for yf yt doo,) canne answer the same, because this
+pronoune relative (yt) cannot haue relat{i}one to this worde
+(you) which wente before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo{u} not
+repleate of humors hotte. So that yf you nowe will nedes reade
+ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse must
+nedes be, "for yf you doe," and not "for yf yt dooe;" vnleste
+you will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat{i}one to
+these woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott
+have, those woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne
+(you) interposed betwene the same and that his correlative (yt.)
+Wherefore these woordes, (for yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as
+they did before, though you will correcte "Where the sonne�&c."
+and saye "Ware the sonne�&c." W{hi}che yf you will nedes haue,
+you must correcte the rest in this sorte:
+
+  Ware the sonne in his ascentione
+  that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte,
+  for yf yt do, &c.
+
+But this correct{i}one (savinge, as I sayed, correct{i}one)
+semeth not so good as the former texte.
+
+[Sidenote: Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.] Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon
+these woordes, (Lo,�in the lyfe of Kenelme we reade,) you saye
+that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche sholde be
+Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have. Whiche
+Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the
+Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof
+(supposed to be Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that
+auctor, speakinge of the wyfe of Offa the greate kinge of
+Mercia, (a�wicked and proude womanne because she was of the
+stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that she was called
+Drida, and being the kings wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est,
+Regina Drida.
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.] Fo: 87. p: 1.
+Vppon these woordes of "Taurus was fortye degrees and one," you
+saye that this place ys misprinted, as well in not namynge of
+the sygne, as of the misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two
+and twentye of Marche the sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven
+degrees or thereaboutes, and hathe in all but thirtye degrees.
+In whiche, in semynge to correcte the former printe (whiche in
+truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that order,) you seme
+to mee to erre, as farre as heauen and yerthe, in mistakinge
+Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, as well for the daye of the
+monthe, as for the signe. for where yo{u} suppose that Chaucere
+meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt.
+for although yt should be the 22 of the monthe, as the printed
+booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22 daye of Marche, but must
+of necessytye be the two and twentythe of Aprille: and so the
+signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye, the number of
+the dayes are misprinted, for where yt is twentye dayes and two,
+yt must be (and so are my written copies) thirtye dayes and two,
+whiche must be the seconde of Maye, as yo{u} shall well see by
+the woordes of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two
+dayes, withe the truthe, as hathe the written copye, or xxii
+dayes, withe the printe: yet must yo{u} begynne to recken them
+from after the last of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge
+Marche was compleate, in these woordes:
+
+  When the month in whiche the worlde began,
+  That hight Marche, when God first made man,
+  Was complete, and passed were also
+  Since Marche byganne, &c.
+
+Wherebye yo{u} see, that yo{u} must begynne to recken the nomber
+of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then woulde the
+signe fall out to be in Taurus. Yf yo{u} holde yo{u} to the
+printe (for the 22 daye after Marche, which is the 22 daye of
+Aprill in which the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to
+the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w{hi}che is the seconde
+of maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees
+in Taurus;) the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo{u}
+suppose. nether canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe
+you to recken them from the begynnynge of Marche, (as�you seme
+to doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the
+former wordes of Chaucer, w{hi}che sayethe M{ar}che was
+complete, and, for that we shoulde not dobte thereof, he addethe
+also farther, And passed were also since Marche beganne; where
+the worde beganne ys mysprinted for be gonne, that is, since
+marche be gonne, this word begonne being put for is gonne, or
+gonne bye, or departed. so that the genuyniell sence hereof is,
+When march was complete, and also were passed, since march is
+gonne, or gonne by, or departed. for, in many olde inglishe
+woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to make yt moore
+signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone, for
+sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed,�&c. as in this case
+for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But although there be no
+misnaminge of the [Sidenote: The degrees of the signe are
+misreckoned, not the signe itself.] signe; yet yt is true the
+degrees of the signes are misreckoned, the error whereof grewe,
+because the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree
+of the sonne ascended above the Horizon, beinge at that tyme xli
+degrees in heighte from the Horizon. But to remedye all this,
+and to correcte yt accordinge as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne
+and other written copies; and that yt may stande w{i}th all
+mathematicall proport{i}one, whiche Chaucer knewe and observed
+there, the print must be corrected after those written copies
+(whiche I yet holde for sounde till I maye disprove them) having
+these woordes:
+
+  when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne,
+  that hight Marche, when god first made manne,
+  was complete, and passed were also
+  since marche begonne thirty dayes and two:
+  befell that Chanteclere in all his pride,
+  his seven wives walkinge him beside,
+  cast vp his eyen to the bright sonne,
+  that in the signe of Taurus had yronne
+  Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore;
+  And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore
+  That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven:
+  The sunne, quoth he, is clomben vp on heaven
+  Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &c.
+
+And that this shoulde be mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the
+seconde of Maye, there be manye reasons, besides those that
+Chaucer nameth; which are, that the sonne was not farre from the
+middle of his ascent{i}one, and in the signe Taurus. ffurther,
+since I am now in Chantecler's discourse, I�must speake of one
+woorde in the same, deservinge correct{i}one, w{hi}che I see you
+overslipped; and because I thinke yo{u} knewe not what to make
+of yt, (as�in dede by the printinge few menne canne
+vnderstande�yt,) I�will sett downe the correct{i}one of the
+same; [Sidenote: Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke,
+or the kingdom of Mercia.] being the worde Mereturicke, farr
+corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon Me�ecen��ke which is the
+kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus
+the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres,
+and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before
+noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the
+woorde doth teache; for ��k in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a
+kingdome; me�cen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches of
+Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu{m} Merci�, or the
+kingdome of Mercia, or of the boundes so called, because almost
+all the other kingdoms of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and
+that lykewise vppon them, since that kingdome did lye in the
+middle of England, and conteyned most of the shires thereof.
+
+[Sidenote: Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.] Fo: 90.
+pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge
+furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them
+had their outwarde ornamentes thereof when they came to their
+service, as the Chanons had their Grey amises; yet in this
+place, to shewe the proude and stately ensignes of the Clergye,
+he there nameth the popes crowne, and the Cardinalls pilloures,
+yf I be not deceved. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his
+honorable ensignes borne before hym, certein silver pillers; as
+had Cardinall Wolsey, in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte,
+and Cardinall Poole, in my memory. So that pilloure in that
+place is better than pellure, because pilloures were a note of
+more pride and maiestye (againste whiche the Plowmanne dothe
+enveye in those woordes,) than in the weringe of furres.
+
+[Sidenote: Liketh best the old reading of "change of many manner
+of meates."] Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these wordes, with change of
+many manner of meates, yo{u} wolde have vs reade, They eate of
+many manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence
+stande well, yet sure Chaucer followeth this matter in many
+staues together with this preposit{i}one (cu{m}, with,) and this
+coniunctione (et,�and;)--as, "With pride misledd the poore, and
+with money filled manye a male,�&c." so he contynuethe yt still
+with that prepositione, "with change of many meates;" w{hi}che
+is as good as the other, for euery one knoweth Chaucers meanynge
+to be that they eate of many meates, when they haue change of
+many meates; for why sholde they haue change of meates, but for
+varyetye to please the palates taste in eatynge. [Sidenote: And
+also the old reading of "myters" more than one or two for the
+sake of the meter.] In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one
+or two) you teache vs to reade, "myters they weare mo then one
+or two;" whiche, me thinkethe, nedeth not. For the wearinge of
+their myters is included in these woordes, And myters more then
+one or two. W{hi}che wordes are curteyled for the verse his
+cause, that the same mighte kepe an equall proport{i}one and
+decorum in the verse, whiche would be lengthened one foote or
+sillable moore than the other verses, yf your readinge shoulde
+stande. But yf yo{u} saye, that in this and other thinges I am
+overstreyghte laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the
+former printed editione, in that I woulde rather allowe one
+imperfecte sence, and suche as must be vnderstoode, when yt ys
+not fully expressed, than a playne style, I�will answere withe a
+grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri
+potest per pauciora, and quod subintelligitur non deest.
+Wherefore yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit{i}one of
+woordes, when yt maye be as well conceyved in any reasonable
+mens vnderstandinge without such addit{i}one. But on these and
+suche petit matters, I�will not nowe longe insiste, (being
+things of no greate momente,) vntill I haue further examyned
+more written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the olde
+texte or your newe correctione.
+
+[Sidenote: The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant
+of the rose, but is there spelled Guindesores.] Fo: 122. pa: 2.
+The lordes sonne of Windsore.) Vppon these woordes you saye,
+this maye seme strange bothe in respecte that yt is not in the
+frenche, as also for that there was no lorde Windsore at those
+dayes. But yt semeth to me moore strange that these woordes
+shoulde seme strange to yo{u}, not to bee in the frenche, where
+yo{u} shall fynde them. For thus hathe the frenche written
+Romante, as maye appere in the old frenche vsed at the tyme when
+the Romante was composed, in this sorte:
+
+  Pris a Franchise lez alez
+  Ne sai coment est apelles,
+  Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores
+  Fuiz au seign{eur} de Guindesores:
+
+Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young
+bacheler, I�knowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and
+gentle, as yf he had byn sonne to the lorde of Windsore. Where
+in olde frenche this word fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of
+that Booke) is placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at
+this daye for filz or fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that it is
+here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the Roose turned
+into proese, moralized, by the french Molinet, and printed at
+Paris in the yere 1521, who hathe the same verses in these
+woordes in proese. A�Franchise s'estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler
+de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en son temps filz du
+seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo{u} mighte have well seene,
+had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the latyne,
+Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche,
+the Englishe, and such as haue affynytye with the Dutche, since
+they vse for doble w (a�letter comone to�vs) these two letters
+Gu, as in Gulielmus, which we wryte Willielmus; in guerra, which
+we call and writte warre, in Gualterus, which we write Walter;
+in guardeine, which we pronounce and write wardeyne; and suche
+lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for
+Windesore. [Sidenote: Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the
+Baron should be called of Windsor.] for your other coniectures,
+whye that Chaucer sholde inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore,
+they are of [{no}?] great momente, neque adhuc constat that
+Chaucer translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in
+buildinge. for then I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge;
+whereof I will not stande at this tyme, no moore than I will
+that there was no lord Windsore in those dayes; althoughe I
+suppose that sir William Windsore, being then a worthye knighte
+and of great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes beyond the
+seas under the kinge of Englande, mighte be lord Windsore, of
+whom the Frenche tooke notice, being in those partes, and by
+them called seigneure de Windesore, as euery gouerno{r} was
+called seigneure emongst them. But whether he were a Baron or no
+in Englande, I�cannott yet saye, because I haue not my booke of
+Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this instante.
+
+[Sidenote: The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also
+by water, nor for chastity only, but for many other matters.]
+Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall,�&c. Vppone whiche yo{u} write thus.
+"Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did
+Emma, mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge
+culters of yrone barefotte, as did Cunegunde,�&c." But in
+this describinge definit{i}one, you have commytted manye
+imp{er}fect{i}ons. first, that ordell was a tryall by fyre,
+w{hi}che is but a species of the ordell; for ordaliu{m} was a
+tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a tryall of
+Chastitye whiche was but parcell thereof; for the ordale was a
+tryall for manye other matters. [Sidenote: The fyery ordeal was
+by going on hote shares and cultors, not going through the fyre.
+The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine burnynge
+shares.] Thirdlye, yo{u} saye yt was by goinge throughe the
+fyre. when the fyery ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares
+or cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande,
+and not going through the fyre. fourthlye, that Emma, mother to
+Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through the
+fyre: But she passed not through the fyre as you bringe her for
+one example of your ordale but passed barefotte vppone nyne
+burnynge shares, fowr for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne
+Bishoppe of Winchester, with whome she was suspected with
+incontynencye, whiche historye you maye see at large in
+Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone li: 6. ca: 23, and in
+other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a longe and no
+commone discourse; of the manner of consecrating the fyre and
+water, how yt was vsed emongst the saxons before, and the
+normans since, the Conqueste, and of many other thinges
+belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer
+to you a thinge knowen to fewe, [Sidenote: The ordeal taken away
+by the court of Rome, and after by Henry III.] how this ordale
+was contynued in Englande in the tyme of kinge Johne, as
+appereth in Claus. 17. Joh[-i]s, m.�25, vntill yt was taken
+awaye by the courte of Rome; and after that, in Englande, by the
+auctorytye of kinge Henrye the thirde, whereof you shall fynde
+this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H. 3. mem. 5, where yt
+speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water to be
+forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be
+vsed here in Englande; as apperethe in the woordes of that
+record: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt, et quibus
+competeret iudiciu{m} ignis vel aqu� si non esset prohibitum, et
+de quibus si regnum nostru{m} abiurarent, nulla fieret postea,
+maleficiendi suspitio, regnu{m} nostru{m} abiurent�&c.
+
+[Sidenote: The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the
+adultery of his owne mate.] Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the
+storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes "wreaker of adulterye"
+shoulde rather bee "bewrayer of Adulterye;" w{hi}che in truth
+accordinge to one propryetye of his nature may be as you saye,
+but according to another propryetye of his nature, yt sholde be
+"the wreaker of Adulterye," as Chaucer hathe; for he ys a
+greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female
+than the bewrayer of the adulterye of one other kynde, and of
+his hostesse one the toppe of whose howse he harborethe. for
+Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus de proprietatibus reru{m} li: 12.
+cap. 8. with many other auctors, that yf the storke by any
+meanes perceve that his female hath brooked spousehedde, he will
+no more dwell with her, but stryketh and so cruelly beateth her,
+that he will not surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye,
+to wreake and revenge that adulterye.
+
+These and suche lyke in my conceyte are worthye to be touched in
+your Annotac{i}ons, besides other matters whiche you haue not
+handled; whereof (because tyme requirethe after all this tedious
+treatyce to drawe to one ende) I�will not now treate; but onlye
+speake a little moore of fyve especiall thinges, woorthye the
+animadvers{i}one, of which the fyrste ys, [Sidenote: The
+plowman's tale is wrong placed.] that yo{u} make the Plowmans
+tale to go next before the persons tale, suffering the persons
+corrupted prologue to passe with this begynnynge, "By that the
+plowmanne had his tale ended," when all written copies, (whiche
+I coulde yet see,) and my fathers editione, haue yt, "By that
+the mancyple had his tale ended." And because my father colde
+not see by any Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the
+most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,)
+where to place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons
+tale, whiche, by Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as
+apperethe by the persons prologue, where the hooste sayethe,
+that "euery manne had tolde his Tale before." So that the
+plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the
+manciple and persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last
+edit{i}one.
+
+[Sidenote: Chaucer's proper works should be distinguished from
+those adulterat and not his.] One other thinge ys, that yt would
+be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were distinguyshed from the
+adulterat and suche as were not his, as the Testamente of
+Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge
+"I�have a�ladye where so she bee,"�&c. whiche Chaucer never
+composed, as may sufficientlye be proved by the things
+themselves.
+
+[Sidenote: There were three editions of Chaucer before William
+Thynne dedicated his to Henry VIII.] The thirde matter ys, that
+in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte Cecille, yo{u} saye,
+"This Booke whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate
+to kinge Henrye the eighte." But that is not soo. for the firste
+dedicatione to that kinge was by my father, when diverse of
+Chaucers woorkes had byn thrise printed before; whereof two
+editions were by Will{ia}m Caxtone, the firste printer of
+Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one columne in a
+ragged letter, and after in one colume in a better order; and
+the thirde edit{i}one was printed, as farre as I remember, by
+Winkin de Worde or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde
+printers of Englande, as I take them.[11] [Sidenote: The first
+editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and
+corrected them.] Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte
+and corrupte occasioned my father (for the love he oughte to
+Chaucers learnynge) to seeke the augmente and correct{i}one of
+Chaucers Woorkes, w{hi}che he happily fynyshed; the same being,
+since that tyme, by often printinge much corrupted. of this
+matter I sholde have spooken first of all, because yt is the
+first imperfect{i}one of your paynfull and comendable labors:
+Yet because the proverb ys better late than never, I�hold yt
+better to speake of yt here then not at all.
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Caxton_, 1475-1481-2. _Wynkyn de Word_,
+    1495-1498.]
+
+[Sidenote: Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by
+Chaucer.] The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the
+auctors, you haue omytted many auctors vouched by chaucer; and
+therefore did rightlye intitle yt, moost, and not all, of the
+auctors cited by Geffrye Chaucer.
+
+[Sidenote: It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.] The fyfte
+matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde
+Haroldes in this verse,
+
+  My kinge of Haroltes shalte thou bee,
+
+must, by a mathesis or transpositione of the letters, be
+Harlotes, and not Haroltes, and the verse thus,
+
+  My kinge of Harlottes shalt thou bee
+
+And so ys yt in the edit{i}one of Chaucer's Works, printed in
+anno Domini 1542, accordinge to the frenche moralizatione of
+Molinet, fo. 149. where he is called "Roye des Ribauldez,"
+[Sidenote: The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great
+accompt in times past.] w{hi}che is, the kinge of Ribaldes or
+Harlottes or evill or wicked persons; one officer of great
+acco{m}pte in tymes paste, and yet vsed in the courte of France
+but by one other name, in some parte beinge the office of the
+marshall of Englande. All whiche, because yo{u} shall not thinke
+I dreame, (though yt may seme strange to the ignorant to have so
+greate one officer intituled of suche base p{er}sons as to be
+called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,) [Sidenote: Johannes
+Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.] yo{u} shall here
+Joh{ann}es Tyllius (in�his seconde booke de rebus Gallicis vnder
+the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in these woordes:
+In domesticis regu{m} constitutionibus, quos proximo capite
+nominavimus, fit mentio Regis Ribaldorum, officii domestici,
+quem semper oportet stare extra Portam pretorii,�&c. and a litle
+after the explanynge of their office, he addeth; "sic autem
+appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi, et Ribald�
+mulieres puell�q{ue} perdit� vocantur. Regis nomen superiori aut
+Iudici tribuitur, Quemadmodu{m} magnus Cubicularius dicitur Rex
+Mercatorum,"�&c. Where he maketh the "Regem Ribaldoru{m}" an
+honorable officer for manye causes, [Sidenote: Also Vincentius
+Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.] as Vincentius
+Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france doth
+also, vnder the title of "Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus
+Hospitii;" makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum
+or provostus hospitii to seme all one, addinge further (after
+manye other honorable partes belonginge to this office) that
+"meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat." In whiche
+pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and
+evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the
+duty of the marshall,) the frenche and wee agree. [Sidenote: The
+Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties
+and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.] Wherefor, touching
+that parte, yo{u} shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office
+sett downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of
+Brothertonne (sonne to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to
+his office of Marshalcye; where, emongst other thinges, are
+these woordes: eoru{m} (w{hi}che was of the marshalls deputyes
+executinge that he shoulde ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam
+� meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex
+consuetudine mariscallus ex qu�libet meretrice com[m]uni infra
+metas hospitii inventa iiij^d. primo die. Qu�, si iteru{m}
+inventa in Balliu� su� inveniatur, capiatur; et coram
+seneschallo inhibea{n}tur ei hospitia Regis et Regin� et
+liberoru{m} suorum, ne iteru{m} ingrediatur,�&c. And so
+afterwarde shewethe what shall be done to those women, yf they
+be founde agayne in the Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as
+by Tillius, this Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was over homines
+perditos, mulieres puellasq{ue} perditas. And that yt was, by
+Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge out of the courte, (for
+so modestye willeth vs to vnderstande, because they shoulde not
+offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,)
+so ys yt our Marshalls office, to banyshe those harlottes the
+courte, and bestowe them in some other place, where they might
+be lesse annoyance. [Sidenote: Master Thynne being a herold
+liketh not that false semblance should be thought one.]
+Wherefore I conclude w{i}th the frenche, and the former
+edit{i}one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False
+Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not
+of Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden
+of the conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nug� in the
+Romante of the Roose, I cannott (as�the proverb�ys) take my hand
+from the table, (fyndinge go manye oversightes in the two last
+editiones,) but must speake of one thing more, deserving
+correctione, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of the
+last impress{i}one:
+
+  Amide saw I hate stonde,
+  That for wrathe and yre & onde
+  Semed to be a minoresse;
+
+[Sidenote: Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a
+minoresse.] Where this woorde Minoresse shoulde be Moueresse,
+signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to debate, for these be the
+frenche verses in the oldest written copye that euer was (to�be
+founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,) by the age
+of the frenche wordes, which are these:
+
+  Enz euz le milieu vi hayne,
+  qui de courouz et datayn
+  Sembla bien estre moueresse,
+  et courouse et teucerresse.
+
+Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to
+the frenche:
+
+  Amyde sawe I hate stonde,
+  That of wrathe and yre & onde
+  Semed well to be mooveresse,
+  An angry wighte and chyderesse.
+
+[Sidenote: Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] Whiche
+woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat{i}one of
+that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, a�leader or leadresse,
+so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a
+mooveresse or leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose
+woordes will as well and rather better fytt the sence and verse
+of Chaucer, and better answere the Frenche originall and
+meanynge, than the incerted woorde Minoresse.
+
+Thus hooping that yo{u} will accepte in good and frendlye parte,
+these my whatsoever conceytes vttered vnto you, (to�the ende
+Chawcers Woorkes by much conference and many iudgmentes mighte
+at leng[t]he obteyne their true p{er}fect{i}one and glory, as I
+truste they shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and
+leysure to reprinte, correcte, and comente the same after the
+manner of the Italians who have largely comented Petrarche;)
+I�sett end to these matters; comyttinge yo{u} to god, and me to
+your curtesye.
+
+  Clerkenwell Greene,
+  the xvi of december 1599.
+  Your lovinge frende,
+  FRANCIS THYNNE.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  Abandone, p. 33.
+  Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, p.�42.
+  Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, p.�24.
+  Arcite, his intellect, p. 40.
+  Authentic, a thing of authority, p. 33.
+
+  Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, p. 44.
+  Begyns, superstitious women, p. 29.
+  Besant, a coin of Bizantium, p. 25.
+  Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, p.�12.
+  Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, p.�18.
+
+  Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, p. 43.
+  Campaneus, reading of, p. 34.
+  Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, p.�5.
+  Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, p. 8.
+  Chaucer's parentage, p. 9.
+  Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, p. 16.
+  Chaucer's marriage, p. 17.
+  Chaucer's coat-of-arms, p. 10.
+  Chaucer's children, p. 17.
+  Chaucer, his education, p. 13.
+  Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, p. 11.
+  Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no,
+      pp. 12,�13.
+  Chaucer, the stemme of, p. 17.
+  Chaucer, his children and their advancement, p.�17.
+  Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh,
+      p.�18.
+  Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, pp. 22,�23.
+  Chaucer, early editions of, p. 56.
+  Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, p.�9.
+  Citrination, a term of Alchemy, p. 30.
+  Colin Clout, written in William Thynne's house at Erith, p.�7.
+
+  Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, p. 47.
+
+  Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, p. 25.
+  Florius, concerning, p. 35.
+  Forage, winter provision, p. 30.
+
+  Garland, oken of Emelye, p. 37.
+  Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, p.�17.
+  Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, p. 23.
+  Gaunt, John of, his marriage, p. 23.
+  Gower, query whether of the
+  Gowers of Stittenham, p. 14.
+  Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, p. 13.
+
+  Harlottes, King of, p. 57.
+  Heroner, a hawk for a heron, p. 31.
+  Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, p. 31.
+
+  John of France, his ransome, p. 36.
+
+  Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, p.�18.
+  Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, p. 47.
+
+  Leefe, for lothe, p. 42.
+  Lincoln, Hugh of, p. 44.
+
+  Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, p.�16.
+  Merecenrycke, p. 50.
+
+  Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., p.�18.
+  Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, p.�21.
+  Nowell, meaning of, p. 32.
+
+  Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, p. 26.
+  Ordeal, the manner of, p. 54.
+  Oundye meaneth wavy, p. 28.
+
+  Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, p. 11.
+  Pilgrime's Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, p.�6.
+  Plowman's Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, p.�7.
+  Porpherye, a peculiar marble, p. 32.
+  Printing, notes on the history of, p. 21.
+  Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, p.�51.
+  Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King,
+      p.�18.
+  Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis,
+      p.�18.
+  Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, p. 19.
+
+  Resager, or Ratsbane, p. 28.
+  Ribalds, king of, p. 57.
+  Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, p.�15.
+  Rose, Romant of, notes on, p. 21.
+
+  Sendale, a sylke stuffe, p. 32.
+  Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., p.�13.
+  Sterling money, p. 35.
+  Straught, a better word than haughte, p. 41.
+  Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, p. 55.
+  Surrye or Russye, p. 43.
+
+  Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., p.�16.
+  Theophraste, not Paraphraste, p. 44.
+  Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, p. 33.
+  Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid
+      Chaucer's tales, p.�7.
+  Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., p.�6.
+  Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer's MSS., p.�5.
+  Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, p.�7.
+
+  Vernacle, of the, p. 34.
+  Veseye, Eustace de, p. 18.
+  Visage for vassalage, p. 42.
+
+  Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office,
+      p.�20.
+  Windsore, Lords son of, p. 52.
+  Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, p.�33.
+  Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, p. 7.
+  Wolsey, his great power with the King, p.�7.
+  Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, p.�7.
+
+
+    JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Errors and Inconsistencies_
+
+Non-Roman Scripts
+
+  In the 1865 text, thorn � is used for Saxon "r":
+    in saxon Me�ecen��ke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was
+    Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia;
+    the one reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister
+    Quendrida, as ys before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of
+    Mercia, the etymon of the woorde doth teache; for ��k in the saxon
+    tonge signyfyethe a kingdome; me�cen signyfyethe markes.
+
+  The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms:
+    #Merecenr�ke#, #r�k#, #mercen#.
+
+_At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been assigned
+Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your text reader
+will probably not be able to display the character._
+
+  Similarly for Greek Chi, rho:
+    placinge ther x�emas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of
+    Nowell .... ante x�i (_Christi_) natalitia viginti aut triginta
+    dies quodam desiderio.
+  The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words
+  in Chr-.
+
+  Hebrew:
+    for thus he writethe: #noel# noel
+      [_both editions misprint #voel# with bet for nun_]
+
+Introduction
+
+  a�careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable  [_unchanged_]
+  a�ribald wit might create terrible havock [_unchanged_]
+  Footnote 2 [_reference missing, supplied from 1876 edition_]
+  Martin Chuzzelwit the elder [_unchanged_]
+  demanding why Falstalf [_unchanged_]
+
+List of Thynne's Works
+
+  18 ... since the reign of the conqueror.  [_extraneous close quote_]
+
+
+Errors corrected from 1876 edition:
+
+  _This list includes missing letters that were silently supplied in
+  1865: that is, the text is right but the MS reading was wrong. It
+  does not include misplaced italics such as "tri{u}m" for "triu{m}"._
+
+  the Romans in the heigh[t]e of their glorye  [heighe]
+  selfe will or fonnd conceyte  [found]
+  Chaucers woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce  [sitheus]
+  that lerned and eloquent kn[i]ghte  [knighte]
+  as�I have herde S^r Johne Thynne reporte  [St. Johne]
+  as the chanons yomane  [chanous]
+    [_all occurrences of "chanons" in this passage are printed
+    "chanous" in 1865_]
+  the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent.  [Rolulor]
+    [_1876 edition also adds "me{m}b." after "patent."_]
+  datu{m} per manu{m} Walteri Merton  [Walleri]
+  consorti ipsius Regis�&c."  [_close quote missing_]
+  "Rogero couentry &c  [_open quote missing_]
+  so had the[y] fewer Rooses placed  [they]
+  euerye manne to his owne iudgemente  [iudgemte]
+  Gersone soughte no further meanynge   [meanyuge]
+  tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt."  [_close quote missing_]
+  (otherwise called "Flores Historiarum" or "Florilegus")
+    [_printed with open parenthesis, close bracket_]
+  almoste to the heigh[t]e of perfect{i}one  [heighte]
+  solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe  [cantaria]
+  shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente,  [gouernmente]
+  ("Manye a florence.")  [' for "]
+  in another place callethe scutes or frenche crownes  [calle the]
+  yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall  [exposit{i}one]
+  tria virginis ora Dian�,)  [_close parenthesis missing_]
+  that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites  [strengthe]
+  a pointe at streng[t]he is looste  [strengthe]
+  agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge  [Chancers]
+  Whiche facte was [in] the 39. H. 3.  [_"in" not bracketed_]
+  with change of many manner of meates,  [_superfluous close bracket_]
+  Regis nomen superiori aut Iudici tribuitur,
+    [_superfluous close quote_]
+  Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus Hospitii
+    [_"pro-/vuostus" at line break_]
+  si iteru{m} inventa in Balliu� su�  [Ballin�]
+  many iudgmentes mighte at leng[t]he obteyne  [lengthe]
+
+Shared anomalies:
+
+  Thus (withe hartye prayer comendinge
+    [both versions have extra open bracket/parenthesis]
+  I will passe over all those matters scito pede
+    [both versions have "scito": error for "cito"?]
+  The lordes sonne of Windsore.)
+    [both versions missing open bracket/parenthesis]
+  by a mathesis or transpositione  [shared error for "metathesis"]
+
+Textual differences, with 1876 reading shown in brackets:
+
+  p{ar}soune and plowmane  [p{ar}sonne]
+  Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4]  [countrye, no footnote]
+  H. Regis patris nostri  [Henrici Regis]
+  apud West {minsteriu}m  [Westm{onasterium}]   316
+  In whiche are two unperfect{i}ons.  [imperfect{i}ons]
+  thus sett downe to the forthe daye of februarye
+    [... in the ferthe daye ...]
+  with the daye when and where they presented her
+    [_"with de daye" with footnote "MS. plainly de"_]
+  apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua  [Ebor{ac}u{m}]
+  the laude fulfilled is ouer all  [lande]  346
+  For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower  [{th}e armes]
+  an ensigne of his poetrye  [one]
+  for he was an olde manne  [one]
+  Ric. de la Poole  [Ric{hard}]
+  continentem iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d  [I^d (capital Eye for One)]
+  factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator  [computator{is}]
+  iiij^c marc.  [marc{as}]
+  (a�magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,)  [a marchante]
+  Walsingham (who wroote longe after)  [w{hic}he wroote]
+  by reasone of others mens dealinge
+    [_"othere mens dealing{es}" with footnote "MS. others"_]
+  and, as some have yt
+    [and, [printinge,] as some have yt]
+  In the title of the augmente  [argumente]
+  w{hic}h Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted
+    [w{i}th Chawcer,]
+    [_footnote "? _for_ which Chaucer englisht"_]
+  In the expositione of the olde wordes
+    [_Footnote: "+of+ of" with first "of" boldface_]
+  to oure nowe vnderstandinges  [vnderstandinge]
+  beinge an indiffynyte speache  [one]
+  an olde coyne of france  [one]
+  I�will produce twoo auctorauctors  [twoo Auctors]
+  written in Gothyshe rymynge verse  [verses]
+  That dame abstinence streyned
+    [_"weyned" with footnote (MS) "streyned"_]
+  And ganne her gratche as a Bygin.
+    [_footnote (MS) "graithe"_]
+  A large cover-cherfe of Thredde  [cover-cheife]
+  whiche is true, for a gowshawke
+    [_"goshawke", with footnote "MS. gowshake"_]
+  with her byll or talons  [talentes]
+  an engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte  [one engine]
+  a Ramme to batter wales  [wal[l]es]
+  Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens  [a florens]
+  the same Walsingha{m} in another place  [in other place]
+  within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]
+  --ij^s. x^d. [QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus}
+    [_in both passages, 1865 has the "QR" symbol while
+    1876 expands to "q{uad}r{anta}"_]
+  as were her younge and grene yeres  [was]
+  yo{u} wolde haue us to reade  [haue us reade]
+  save onlye the intellecte or vnderstandinge  [his intellecte]
+  And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte  [breed th'armes]
+  he[9] knocked at her[10] windowe
+    [_1876 text ADDS "to make her the better to heare" after this
+    phrase (skipped line in original MS?)_]
+  are nerer to Sorria  [is nerer]
+  reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe
+    [_word "i. e." omitted_]
+  eightene Jewes were broughte  fro{m} Lincolne
+    [_1876 text ADDS [to London] in brackets after "broughte"_]
+  For yf yt doe, &c.  [For yf yt doe, . . .]
+  [_the fair Pertelote_]
+    [parenthesised in 1865 text, moved to footnote in 1876]
+  So that yf you nowe will  [yf yowe will]
+  that hight Marche ... the bright sonne  [hight[e] ... bright[e]]
+  and in the signe Taurus  [signe of Taurus]
+  than in the weringe of furres  [than ys]
+  "with change of many meates;"  [with many change of meates]
+  kepe an equall proport{i}one and decorum  [one equall]
+  But on these and suche petit matters  [in these]
+  they are of [{no}?] great momente
+    [1865 has "no" italicized and in parentheses;
+    1876 omits question mark]
+  as apperethe in the woordes  [by these woordes]
+  Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus  [sayethe &]
+  I�will not now treate;  [entreate]
+  Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte  [imperfecte]
+  An angry wighte and chyderesse  [One angry]
+
+
+The HTML version of this e-text includes a detailed record of
+differences between the 1865 and 1876 editions. Neither edition
+includes a facsimile of the original MS, so readers will have to
+decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial decisions
+and which ones are errors in one edition or the other.
+
+Basic variations:
+
+  Typographic:
+    Variations in punctuation and capitalization
+    Decorative features of final letters, especially -ll printed
+      with connecting line
+    Font changes such as boldface instead of small capitals
+    Prices are printed inline as ijs. and similar
+
+  Consistent:
+    Initial v used throughout (medial u/v is variable)
+    "you" always printed with superscript "u"
+      (replacing both "you" and yo{u})
+    "S^r" (superscript "r") printed as "S{i}r" (italic "i")
+    "emongst(e)" always spelled with medial "e" as "emongest(e)"
+
+  Common:
+    initial J or j printed as I (always capitalized)
+    "than" spelled "then"
+    "could(e), would(e), should(e)" spelled "cold(e), wold(e), shold(e)"
+    in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants
+      (other than -ll-), where 1865 has simple "-s", 1876 has -{es}
+    "which" written "whiche", sometimes "wh{ic}he"
+    "your" transcribed "yo{u}r"
+    final "-eth" spelled "-ethe"
+
+  Occasional:
+    "y" for "i"
+      _The two occurrences of "it" in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has
+      "yt", agreeing with all other occurrences of the word._
+    "i" for "e", "aw" for "au" ("Chawcer")
+    several occurrences of "an" are read as "one"
+    ampersand (&) for word "and"
+    final "-e", especially in "much(e), such(e)";
+      sometimes in "doth(e), hath(e)" and other words
+    single "o" changed to "oo": "moore", "woordes"
+    some Latin citations have final -e for -�
+    words ending -o{r} transcribed as -o{u}r
+    word divisions such as "as well", "my selfe"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions
+and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes, by Francis Thynne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES ***
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+text-indent: 0;}
+span.pagenum.second {left: 92%; right: 2%; font-style: italic;}
+
+
+/* Transcriber's Note */
+
+.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000;
+font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+
+div.mynote {margin: 2em 5%; padding: .5em 1em 1em;}
+div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;}
+
+div.endnote {padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 2em 0;
+border: 3px ridge #A9F; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+
+</style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and
+corrections of some imperfections of imp, by Francis Thynne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes
+       1865 edition
+
+Author: Francis Thynne
+
+Editor: George Henry Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> uses UTF-8 (Unicode)
+file encoding. If the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph
+appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable
+fonts. First, make sure that your browser’s “character set” or “file
+encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the
+default font.</p>
+
+<p>The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne’s
+<i>Animad&shy;versions</i>. Two purely typographic features have been
+adopted from the 1876 Chaucer Society re-edition of the same MS.
+Passages printed in [brackets] in 1865 have been changed to 1876’s
+(parentheses); conversely, words or letters supplied by the editor are
+shown in [brackets], reserving <i>italics</i> for expanded
+abbreviations. Other differences, and ways of marking them, are
+explained at the end of the e-text.</p>
+
+<p>Page numbers are shown in the left margin. Italicized numbers in the
+right margin are from the 1876 edition (main text only).</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<a href = "#preface">Preface</a><br>
+<a href = "#animadversions">Animadversions</a><br>
+<a href = "#index">Index</a><br>
+<a href = "#endnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/halftitle.png" width = "309" height = "170"
+alt = "Animaduersions uppon Chaucer’s Workes."
+title = "Animaduersions uppon Chaucer’s Workes.">
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1><b>Chaucer.</b></h1>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4>ANIMADUERSIONS</h4>
+
+<h5>uppon the Annotacions and correct<i>i</i>ons of some<br>
+imperfect<i>i</i>ons of impress<i>i</i>ones<br>
+of Chaucer’s workes (sett<br>
+downe before tyme and<br>
+nowe) reprinted in the<br>
+yere of our lorde</h5>
+
+<h4>1598</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h6>Sett downe by</h6>
+
+<h4><span class = "extended">FRANCIS THYNNE</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h6>“Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien.”</h6>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h6>NOW NEWLY EDITED FROM THE MS. IN THE<br>
+BRIDGEWATER LIBRARY</h6>
+
+<h6 class = "smaller">BY</h6>
+
+<h4>G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S.</h4>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<h5>LONDON:</h5>
+
+<h6>PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY,</h6>
+
+<h5>BY N. TRÜBNER &amp; CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.</h5>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h6 class = "smaller">MDCCCLXV.</h6>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h6 class = "smaller">JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6>
+
+<div class = "intro">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">iii</span>
+<a name = "pageiii" id = "pageiii"> </a>
+<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3>
+
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">Although</span> only the grandson of the
+first of his name, the author of the following interesting specimen of
+16th-century criticism came of a family of great antiquity, of so great
+an antiquity, indeed, as to preclude our tracing it back to its origin.
+This family was originally known as the “De Botfelds,” but in the 15th
+century one branch adopted the more humble name of “Thynne,” or “of the
+Inne.” Why the latter name was first assumed has never been
+satisfac&shy;torily explained. It can hardly be supposed that “John de
+la Inne de Botfelde,” as he signed himself, kept a veritable hostelry
+and sold ale and provender to the travellers between Ludlow and
+Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used in the sense which
+has given us “Lincoln’s Inn,” “Gray’s Inn,” or “Furnivall’s Inn,” merely
+meaning a place of residence of the higher class, though in this case
+inverted, the Inn giving its name to its owner.</p>
+
+<p>However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful
+branch of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now
+represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was
+collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and
+published by him in his “Stemmata Botvilliana.”</p>
+
+<p>The first “John of the Inn” married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had
+a son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk
+of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry
+VIII. He
+<span class = "pagenum">iv</span>
+<a name = "pageiv" id = "pageiv"> </a>
+married in the first place a lady who, however she may have advanced her
+husband’s prospects at court, behaved in a manner which must have
+considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who wish to
+study the matrimonial sorrows of “Thynnus Aulicus,” as he calls him, may
+consult Erasmus in his Epistolæ, lib. xv. Epist. xiv.</p>
+
+<p>His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of
+green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more
+fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis
+Thynne.</p>
+
+<p>Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry
+VIII. than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is
+careful to let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and
+that “there were those of good worship both at court and country” who
+had at one time been well pleased to be his father’s clerks. That he was
+a man of superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint
+in the following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their
+mutual fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read
+the English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love
+for his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another
+curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that
+William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an
+inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of
+bitter truth, his “Colin Clout,” a&nbsp;satire perhaps unsurpassed in
+our language.</p>
+
+<p>William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of
+Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two
+handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him
+in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most
+warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The
+dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness
+<span class = "pagenum">v</span>
+<a name = "pagev" id = "pagev"> </a>
+in these days of revived “farthingales and hoops.” These brasses were
+restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling
+for things old had prevented the owners of the “church property” from
+casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse.</p>
+
+<p>The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the “Animadversions” was most
+probably a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas
+Gresham, the builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was
+devoted by his son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat
+of Long Leat, in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided
+indirectly by the Reformation, for, says the old couplet,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>“Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne,</p>
+<p>When the monks went out they came in.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father’s house at
+Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned
+Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the
+manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln’s Inn for a
+while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we
+may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne’s own desire that his court
+influence was used to procure him the post of “Blanch Lyon pursuivant,”
+a&nbsp;position which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of
+which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being
+converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John
+Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life,
+is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may
+become.</p>
+
+<p>Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and
+Clerkenwell, in “sweet and studious idleness,” as he himself calls it,
+the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of
+which has come down to
+<span class = "pagenum">vi</span>
+<a name = "pagevi" id = "pagevi"> </a>
+us, principally in manuscript, scattered through various great
+libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden’s estimate of him as
+“an antiquary of great judgment and diligence.” It would seem that he
+had entertained the idea of following in his father’s footsteps, and of
+becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even made some
+collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight’s edition
+probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident soreness
+exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a feeling that
+his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him. However the
+wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne’s corrections, and
+Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all friendship and
+sympathy.<a class = "tag" name = "tag1" id = "tag1" href =
+"#note1">1</a> I&nbsp;suspect him of dabbling in alchemy and the occult
+sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms peculiar to
+those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only “enveyed” against the
+“sophisticall abuse,” not the honest use of the Arcana. Moreover in the
+British Museum (MS.&nbsp;add. 11,388) there is a volume containing much
+curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and not only
+collected
+<span class = "pagenum">vii</span>
+<a name = "pagevii" id = "pagevii"> </a>
+but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and wondrous drawing,
+worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The costumes however are
+carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to the fashion of the
+raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and earnestness (most
+important elements in the search for the philosopher’s stone), of the
+small “signs” and prayers appended to these papers, it is, I&nbsp;think,
+clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief. Possibly the
+following lines, which seem to have been his favourite motto, may have
+been inspired by the disappoint&shy;ment and dyspepsia produced by his
+smoky studies and their ill success,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>“My strange and froward fate</p>
+<p class = "indent">Shall turn her whele anew</p>
+<p>To better or to payre my fate,</p>
+<p class = "indent">Which envy dothe pursue.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to
+the honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as
+his successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to
+have died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He
+married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of
+Bransbe, but left no issue.</p>
+
+<p>There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following
+honest and straight&shy;forward bit of criticism, if we examine it
+closely: and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very
+character&shy;istic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a
+shadowy outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given
+to tiny minutiæ, a&nbsp;careful copier with a clean pen, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "spelling unchanged">indefa&shy;tiguable</ins> in
+collecting “contributions” to minor history; one jealous of all
+appearance of slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with
+Master Speight for printing “Harolds” instead of “Harlotts,” and letting
+him know how mightily a “Harold” like himself
+<span class = "pagenum">viii</span>
+<a name = "pageviii" id = "pageviii"> </a>
+would be offended at being holden of the condition of so base a thing as
+False Semblance? Perhaps the more so from a half-consciousness that the
+glory of the office was declining, and that if the smallest opening were
+given, a&nbsp;ribald wit might create terrible <ins class = "correction"
+title = "spelling unchanged">havock</ins> amongst his darling idols. How
+delicately he snubs Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell
+Green (How would Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a
+long uphill walk for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe
+from long-staff sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he
+would have derived no “disparagement” from so doing; showing all the
+devotion to little matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old
+gentleman of our own day.</p>
+
+<p>But mark this old gentleman’s description of his father’s collection
+of Chaucer’s MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission
+than that one of William Thynne’s, empowering him to rout and to rummage
+amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the
+precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his
+pleasant toils? “Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst
+which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places
+‘Examinatur Chaucer’!” Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the
+tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one
+of those stolen from Francis Thynne’s house at Poplar by that
+biblio&shy;maniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of
+generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann,
+that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be
+regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was
+not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the
+reformers?</p>
+
+<p>We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than
+twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small
+tything of the entire number extant, showing that
+<span class = "pagenum">ix</span>
+<a name = "pageix" id = "pageix"> </a>
+there were men amongst the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even
+when directed against themselves, and that there must have been some
+considerable liberality if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the
+day. It would, I&nbsp;fancy, be difficult to find amongst the monkeries
+of our own time (except possibly those belonging to that very cheery
+order the Capuchines) an abbot inclined to permit his monks to read,
+much less to copy, so heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however
+freely he winked at the introduction of French nouvellettes.</p>
+
+<p>But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there
+were others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the
+churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence
+lurked under his seeming <i>bonhommie</i>. Wolsey thought it worth his
+while to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige
+William Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the
+promised protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the
+Parliament noticed in the tract (<a href = "#page7">p.&nbsp;7</a>) was
+doubtless owing to the same influence:<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id
+= "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> an assumption of the right of censure by
+the Parliament which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer
+altogether. The Parliament men were right in regarding the works of
+Chaucer as mere fables, but they forgot that fables have “morals,” and
+that these morals were directed to the decision of the great question of
+whether the “spiritual” or the “temporal” man was to rule the world,
+a&nbsp;question unhappily not quite settled even in our own time.</p>
+
+<p>The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton
+<span class = "pagenum">x</span>
+<a name = "pagex" id = "pagex"> </a>
+(<a href = "#page7">p.&nbsp;7</a>) is also very interesting, and gives
+us a hint of the existence of a “protesting” feeling in the Court of
+Henry VIII. before there was any reason for attributing it to mere
+private or political motives. From the way in which it is mentioned
+here, I&nbsp;suspect that the more general satire “Colin Clout” preceded
+the more directly personal one of “Why come ye nat to court?” which
+lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken virulence which would
+hardly have been tolerated by him when in the zenith of his power. It
+was not improbably written whilst its author was safe in sanctuary under
+Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite though he was, could never
+have kept Skelton’s head on his shoulders after so terrible a
+provocation.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst
+satirists, there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was
+writing on the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he
+scorns to hide his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters
+fearlessly and openly what he has to say. Even in our own time,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>“Though his rime be ragged</p>
+<p>Tattered and iagged</p>
+<p>Rudely rain-beaten</p>
+<p>Rusty and moth-eaten</p>
+<p><i>If ye talke well therewyth</i></p>
+<p><i>Yt hath in it some pith</i>.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thynne’s note on the family of Gower (<a href = "#page14">p. 14</a>)
+is of value as agreeing with later theories, which deny that Gower the
+poet was of the Gowers of Stittenham, the ancestors of the present
+houses of Sutherland and Ellesmere. The question is not, however,
+finally decided, and we have reason to believe that all the Gowers of
+Great Britain are descended from the same family of Guers still
+flourishing in Brittany. Early coat-armours are not much to be depended
+on, and Thynne as a Herald may lean a little too much towards them. The
+<span class = "pagenum">xi</span>
+<a name = "pagexi" id = "pagexi"> </a>
+question is, however, in good hands, and I hope that before long some
+fresh light may be thrown upon&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>The old story of Chaucer’s having been fined for beating a Franciscan
+friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, I&nbsp;think,
+on sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is
+not lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than
+feminine powers of invective “spiritual” men seem to be not unfrequently
+endowed, and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be
+likely to be (of&nbsp;course from the best motives) to a man like
+Chaucer, who had burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the
+caustic of his wit, I&nbsp;shall continue to believe the legend for the
+present. If the mediæval Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of
+a friar was occasionally thought necessary even by the most faithful,
+and I see no reason why hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper
+on sufficient provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens
+does not outrage probability when he makes Martin <ins class =
+"correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Chuzzelwit</ins> the elder,
+fell Mr Pecksniff to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the
+explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that
+the word “orfrayes,” which had gone so far out of date as to be
+unintel&shy;ligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage
+for church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again.
+The note on the “Vernacle” is another bit of close and accurate
+antiquarian knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after
+all he says about that mysterious question of “The Lords son of
+Windsor,” a&nbsp;question as mysterious as that demanding why <ins class
+= "correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Falstalf</ins> likened
+Prince Henry’s father to a “singing man” of the same place, we should be
+left as wise as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to
+what we have lost from Thynne’s great
+<span class = "pagenum">xii</span>
+<a name = "pagexii" id = "pagexii"> </a>
+storehouse of information; how valuable would have been “that long and
+no common discourse” which he tells us he might have composed on that
+most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal; and possibly much
+more so is that of his “collections” for his edition of Chaucer! This
+last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate literary
+mole.</p>
+
+<p>The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of
+“the second editione to one inferior personne, than my father’s editione
+was,” may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to
+Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne’s edition in
+1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight
+followed “a&nbsp;late English corrector whom I forbear to name,”
+I&nbsp;suspect that the “inferior personne” was poor John Stowe, and the
+edition to have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of
+date to that of Speight.</p>
+
+<p>The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of
+the treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good
+order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was
+evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton, and
+bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most
+probably got <i>his</i> copy of Animad&shy;versions in a more humble
+form.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands,
+originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away,
+probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert
+Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to
+presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally
+the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done
+him.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a>
+“To the readers. After this booke was last printed, I&nbsp;understand
+that M.&nbsp;Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he hath when the
+time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment in our tongue, as the
+Italians have Petrarke and others in their language. Whereupon I
+purposed not to meddle any further in this work, although some promise
+made to the contrarie, but to referre all to him; being a gentleman for
+that purpose inferior to none, both in regard to his own skill, as also
+of those helps left to him by his father. Yet notwith&shy;standing,
+Chaucer now being printed againe I was willing not only to helpe some
+imperfections, but also to add some things whereunto he did not only
+persuade me, but most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this
+means most of his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences
+marked: such Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the
+text by olde copies corrected.” Speight’s Chaucer, 1602.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a>
+Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury Tales were exempt
+from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry VIII. “For the advancement
+of true religion.” I&nbsp;find no notice of this in the Act in the
+“Statutes at large,” 1763. He also refers to Foxe’s Acts and Monuments,
+which is also merely negative on the subject.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span>
+<a name = "pagexiii" id = "pagexiii"> </a>
+<h4><a name = "list" id = "list">LIST OF THYNNE’S WORKS</a></h4>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+<p>1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and
+Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 &amp; 1652.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp; (This was first published in 1651 under the title “The
+application of certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their
+functions.” The title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British
+Museum, 8005&mdash;a.)</p>
+
+<p>2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which
+Ra. Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586.
+fol.</p>
+
+<p>3. “There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or
+Regents of Scotland during the King’s minority, or the minority of
+several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the
+catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the
+Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of
+Scotland.” <i>A.&nbsp;a’ Wood.</i></p>
+
+<p>4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R.&nbsp;Holinshed’s
+Chronicle at the end of Q.&nbsp;Mary.</p>
+
+<p>5. “A Discourse of Arms,” dated “Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan.,
+1593.” MS. in the College of Arms.</p>
+
+<p>6. “Catalogue of the Chancellors of England.” MS. in the Bridgewater
+Library.</p>
+
+<p>7. “Collections for the History of England.” MS. in Bridgewater
+Library.</p>
+
+<p>8. Animadversions on Speight’s Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater
+Library.</p>
+
+<p>9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning
+<span class = "pagenum">xiv</span>
+<a name = "pagexiv" id = "pagexiv"> </a>
+Arms, monumental Antiquities,&nbsp;&amp;c. MS. Cotton’s Lib. Cleopatra,
+C.&nbsp;3. p. 62.</p>
+
+<p>10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605.
+MS. Bib. Ashmol. n.&nbsp;835.</p>
+
+<p>11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599.</p>
+
+<p>12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court
+Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne’s Collection of Curious
+Discourses).</p>
+
+<p>13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 1374.</p>
+
+<p>14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam
+gallice.&nbsp;MS.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp; “In the castrations to Hollingshed’s Chronicles are the four
+following discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from
+political motives, they have been added to the late quarto Edition.”</p>
+
+<p>15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585.</p>
+
+<p>16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586.</p>
+
+<p>17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the “Lives of the Lords
+Cobham of Cobham, Randale and Harborough,” British Mus. MS. add. 12,514.
+f.&nbsp;56?)</p>
+
+<p>18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and
+constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed
+the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror<ins class =
+"correction" title = "superfluous close quote">. </ins>MS. 1585 (Was in
+the library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS.
+add. 12,514).</p>
+
+<p>19. Of Stirling Money.</p>
+
+<p>20. Of what antiquity shires were in England.</p>
+
+<p>21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for
+adminis&shy;tration of justice in England.</p>
+
+<p>22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">xv</span>
+<a name = "pagexv" id = "pagexv"> </a>
+<p>23. Of Epitaphs.</p>
+
+<p>24. On the antiquity, &amp;c., of the high Steward of England.</p>
+
+<p>25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are
+printed in “Hearne’s Curious Discourses.” 8vo, 1775.)</p>
+
+<p>26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139.</p>
+
+<p>27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning
+the Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530.</p>
+
+<p>28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514.</p>
+
+<p>29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and
+gentlemen of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus.
+Brit. MSS. add. 11,388.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and
+illustrated by Thynne&mdash;principally bearing on the philosopher’s
+stone. The principal paper is a rhyming Latin poem, “De Phenicæ sive de
+Lapide Philosophico,” referred to in the tract.)</p>
+
+<p>Collections out of Domus Regni Angliæ. Nomina Episcoporum in
+Somerset. Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et
+Edwardo, Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. A&nbsp;book of
+collections and commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis.</p>
+
+<p>Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger
+books, and other antient manuscripts.</p>
+
+<a name = "pagexvi" id = "pagexvi"> </a>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "maintext">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
+<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a>
+
+<h3><a name = "animadversions" id = "animadversions">
+ANIMADVERSIONS.</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<span class = "smallcaps">To the righte Honorable his singular <ins
+class = "spell" title = "good">goode</ins> Lorde Sir Thomas Egertone
+knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of the <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Roolles">Rooles</ins> of the Chancerye.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente and
+gretlye estemed custome <ins class = "spell" title =
+"emongeste">emongste</ins> the Romans in the <ins class = "correction"
+title = "‘heighe’ corrected from 1876 text">heigh[t]e</ins> of their
+glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or the desarte of
+his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe of Januarye (consecrated
+to the dooble faced godd Janus one the fyrste daye whereof they made
+electione of their cheife officers and <ins class = "spell" title =
+"magistrates">magystrates</ins>) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as
+the noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene them,
+a&nbsp;pollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good effectes
+whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not restinge in the
+lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the Romans (as&nbsp;did their
+language and many other their usages and lawes) into euerye perticuler
+Countrye where theyr powre and gouermente stretched. passed also ouer
+the Oceane into the litle worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from
+thence, nor frome those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth
+combyne. ffor whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that
+moste excellente and yet embraced
+<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
+<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a>
+Custome, I&nbsp;thynke yt my parte to presente unto
+<span class = "pagenum second">2</span>
+yo<i>u</i>r Lo<i>rdship</i> suche poore neweyeres gyfte as my weake
+estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will permytte: Wherefore,
+and because Cicero affirmethe, that he whiche hathe once ouer passed the
+frontiers of modestye must for euer after be impudente, (a&nbsp;grounde
+w<i>hi</i>che I fynde fully veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before
+outgonne the boundes of shamefast&shy;nesse in presentinge to
+yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe my confused collect<i>i</i>ons and disordered
+discourse of the Chauncelors)<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" id = "tag3"
+href = "#note3">3</a> I&nbsp;ame nowe become utterlye impudente in not
+blusshinge to salute you agayne (in&nbsp;the begynnynge of this newe
+yere) with my petye animadvers<i>i</i>ons, uppon the annotac<i>i</i>ons
+and corrections <ins class = "spell" title = "deliuered">delivered</ins>
+by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the last edit<i>i</i>one of Chaucer’s
+workes in the yere of oure redempt<i>i</i>one 1598; thinges
+(I&nbsp;confesse) not so answerable to yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippes
+iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your desarte and my dutye doo
+challenge. But althoughe they doo not in all respectes satisfye youre
+Lordshippes expectac<i>i</i>one and my goode will, (accordinge as I
+wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt not but yo<i>u</i>r lordshippe (not
+degeneratinge from youre former curtesye wontinge to accompanye all
+youre act<i>i</i>ons) will accepte these trifles from yo<i>u</i>r
+lovinge well-willer, in suche sorte, as I shall acknowledge <ins class =
+"spell" title = "my selfe">myselfe</ins> beholdinge and endebted to
+yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo<i>u</i>r
+Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione) because
+you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste booke, emboldened me
+to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of this <ins class = "spell" title
+= "pampfelette">pamfelette</ins>. Wherefore yf yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe
+shall receve yt curteouslye (and so not to dischorage
+<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
+<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a>
+<span class = "pagenum second">3</span>
+mee in my <ins class = "spell" title = "swete">sweete</ins> and
+studiouse idlenesse) I&nbsp;will hereafter consecrate to yo<i>u</i>r
+lykinge <ins class = "spell" title = "soome">some</ins> better labor of
+moore momente and higher subiecte, answerable to the excellencye of
+yo<i>u</i>r iudgemente, and mete to declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull
+mynde and service I beare and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all
+reuerence I commytte this simple treatyce. Thus <ins class =
+"correction" title = "extra open parenthesis in both
+editions">(withe</ins> hartye prayer comendinge youre estate to the
+Almightye (who send to yo<i>u</i>r</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+Lordshippe manye happye<br>
+and helthfull yeres<br>
+and to me the<br>
+enlarged<br>
+contynuance of<br>
+youre honorable <ins class = "spell" title =
+"fauo{u}r">fauo<i>r</i></ins>)<br>
+I humblye take my leave.<br>
+Clerkenwell grene<br>
+the xx of<br>
+December<br>
+1599.<br>
+Yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippes wholye to<br>
+dyspose,<br>
+Francis Thynne.</p>
+
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a>
+“<i>The names and Armes of the Chancellors collected into one Catologue
+by ffrancis Thynn declaring the yeres of the reignes of the kinges and
+the yere of our Lorde in whiche they possessed that office.</i>”
+&mdash;<i>Folio MS. Bridgewater Library.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">4</span>
+<h5>TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn <ins class = "spell" title
+= "sendethe">sendeth</ins> greeting.</h5>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on his new
+edition of Chaucer.</span>
+THE INDUSTRYE AND LOVE (MASTER <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Speighte">SPEIGHT</ins>) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and to
+oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe comendat<i>i</i>one
+and furtherance: the one to recompense yo<i>u</i>r trauayle, the other
+to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all beare (or&nbsp;at the <ins
+class = "spell" title = "leaste">least</ins> yf we reuerence lernynge or
+regarde the honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler
+ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet since there
+is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one,
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a>
+whereine <ins class = "spell" title = "som{m}e">some</ins>
+imp<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>one maye not bee founde, (for as the prouerbe is
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Barnardus">Bernardus</ins>, or as others
+have Alanus, non videt omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in
+discharge of the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I
+suppose I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye
+other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made hym
+most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge his
+woorkes,) to enter into the examinat<i>i</i>one of this newe
+edit<i>i</i>one, and that the rather, because you
+<span class = "pagenum second">5</span>
+with <i>Horace</i> his verse “si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus
+imperti,” have willed all others to further the same, and to accepte
+yo<i>u</i>r labors in good p<i>ar</i>te, whiche as I most willingly doo,
+so meaninge but well to the worke, I&nbsp;ame to lett yo<i>u</i>
+understande my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo<i>u</i> <ins
+class = "spell" title = "woulde [error?]">wolde</ins> have vouchesafed
+my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn acqueynted with these
+matters, (whiche yo<i>u</i> might well have donne without anye
+whatsoeuer dispargement to <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{ur} selfe">yo<i>ur</i>selfe</ins>,) you sholde haue understoode before the
+impressione, althoughe this whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe
+will or <ins class = "correction" title = "‘found’ corrected from 1876 text">fonnd</ins> conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke
+a knott in a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte,
+a&nbsp;thinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in
+whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here shewe <ins
+class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> thinges as, in mye opynione,
+may seme to be touched, not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one
+inferior personne then my fathers editione was.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition, and justifies him as
+editor.</span>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Fyrste">Ffyrste</ins> in <ins class =
+"spell" title = "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> forespeche to the reader,
+yo<i>u</i> saye “secondly the texte by written copies corrected” by
+whiche worde corrected, I&nbsp;maye seme to gather, that yo<i>u</i>
+imagine greate imperfect<i>i</i>one in my fathers editione, whiche
+peraduenture maye move others to saye (as&nbsp;some unadvisedlye have
+sayed) that my father had
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a>
+wronged Chaucer: wherefore to stoppe that gappe, I&nbsp;will answere,
+that Chaucers woorkes haue byn <ins class = "correction" title =
+"‘sitheus’ corrected from 1876 text">sithens</ins> printed twyce, yf not
+thrice, and therfore by oure carelesse
+<span class = "pagenum second">6</span>
+(and for the most p<i>ar</i>te unlerned) printers of Englande, not so
+well performed as yt ought to bee: so that of necessytye bothe in
+matter, myter and meaninge, yt must needes gather corrupt<i>i</i>one,
+passinge throughe so manye handes, as the water dothe the further yt
+<ins class = "spell" title = "ru{n}nethe">run<i>n</i>ethe</ins> from the
+pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his edit<i>i</i>one
+(whiche I thinke yo<i>u</i> neuer sawe wholye together, beinge fyrst
+printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I will speake hereafter)
+was the p<i>er</i>fectest: ys the ernest desire and love my father hadde
+to have Chaucers woorkes rightlye to be <ins class = "spell" title =
+"published">publy<i>s</i>hed</ins>. for the performance whereof, my
+father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent <ins class =
+"correction" title = "‘knighte’ corrected from 1876 text">kn[i]ghte</ins> and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made
+greate serche for copies to p<i>er</i>fecte his woorkes, as apperethe in
+the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit<i>i</i>one printed in the yere
+1542;
+<span class = "sidenote">
+His father’s collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity.</span>
+but further had comiss<i>i</i>one to serche all the liberaries of
+Englande for Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title =
+"work{es}">works</ins>, so that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme
+(whiche reserved anye monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished
+w<i>i</i>th multitude of Bookes. <ins class = "spell" title = "emongest w{hi}che">emongst w<i>hic</i>he</ins> one coppye of some <ins class =
+"spell" title = "p{ar}t">p<i>ar</i>te</ins> of his woorkes came to his
+handes subscribed in diuers places withe “examinatur Chaucer.” By this
+Booke, and conferringe manye of the other written copies <ins class =
+"spell" title = "to-gether">together</ins>, he deliuered his
+edit<i>i</i>one, fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande,
+in the fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped
+by the fyrste impress<i>i</i>one that was in
+<span class = "pagenum second">7</span>
+Englande) will well declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges
+w<i>hi</i>che were not before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of
+whiche I ame p<i>er</i>swaded (and that not w<i>i</i>thoute reasone) the
+originall
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a>
+came from mee.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen.</span>
+In w<i>hi</i>che his edit<i>i</i>one, beinge printed but w<i>i</i>th one
+coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale, a&nbsp;thinge moore
+odious to the Clergye, then the speche of
+<span class = "pagenum second">8</span>
+the plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte;</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>“In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne,</p>
+<p>Standes a relligious howse who <ins class = "spell" title =
+"dothe">doth</ins> yt kenne,”&nbsp;&amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">9</span>
+<p>In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the pride,
+state, <ins class = "spell" title = "couetousness">couetoussness</ins>,
+and extorc<i>i</i>one of the Bysshoppes, their officialls, archdeacons,
+vicars generalls, comissaryes, and other officers of the spirituall
+courte. The invent<i>i</i>one and order whereof (as&nbsp;I <ins class =
+"spell" title = "haue">have</ins> herde yt related by some nowe of good
+worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers clerkes,)
+was, that one comynge into this relligious howse, walked upp and down
+the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of Bysshoppes in the windowes,
+at lengthe the manne contynuynge in that contem&shy;platione, not
+knowinge what <ins class = "spell" title = "Bishoppes">Byshoppes</ins>
+they were, a&nbsp;grave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde,
+in a large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym,
+what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he knewe not
+what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto our mitred
+Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is true, they are <ins
+class = "spell" title = "lyke">like</ins>, but not the same, for oure
+byshoppes are farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large
+discourse of the <ins class = "spell" title = "Bishopps">Byshoppes</ins>
+and of their courtes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to countenance
+him.</span>
+This tale when kinge henrye the eighte had redde, he called my father
+unto hym saying Williame Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I
+suspecte the Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt,
+<span class = "pagenum second">10</span>
+to whome my father, beinge in great fauore with his prince,
+(as&nbsp;manye yet lyvinge canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo<i>ur</i> grace
+be not offended, I&nbsp;hoope to be protected by yo<i>u</i>, whereuppon
+the kinge bydd hym goo his waye and feare not. All
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a>
+whiche not withstandinge,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.</span>
+my father was called in quest<i>i</i>one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at
+by cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly for
+that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen Cloute
+againste the Cardinall,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne’s house at
+Erith.</span>
+the moste p<i>ar</i>te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse
+at Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls
+p<i>er</i>swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that
+thoughe by the kinges <ins class = "spell" title = "fauor">favor</ins>
+my father escaped bodelye daunger, yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so
+muche to myslyke of that tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and
+that discourse of the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed
+agayne, some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale
+(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat, father to
+hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene Marye, and not by
+Chaucer,) with muche ado p<i>er</i>mitted to passe with the reste,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed by parliament.</span>
+in suche sorte that in one open parliamente (as&nbsp;I have herde <ins
+class = "correction" title = "‘St.’ corrected from 1876 text">S<i>i</i>r</ins> Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member of the
+howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden, chaucer had there
+for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that his woorkes had byn counted
+but fables.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Reasons why the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s.</span>
+Whereunto yf yo<i>u</i> will replye, that their colde not be any suche
+pilgrymes tale,
+<span class = "pagenum second">11</span>
+because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye suche
+persoune, <ins class = "spell" title = "which">whiche</ins> he wolde
+haue doune yf yt had byn so: for after that he had recyted the knighte,
+the squyer, the squiers yeomane, the prioresse, her <ins class = "spell"
+title = "noo{n}ne">noone</ins>, and her thre <ins class = "spell" title
+= "preist{es}">prests</ins>, the monke, the fryer, the marchant, the
+clerke of Oxenforde, seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher,
+goldsmythe, webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of <ins
+class = "spell" title = "physicke">physecke</ins>, wyfe of Bathe, <ins
+class = "change" title = "p{ar}sonne">p<i>ar</i>soune</ins> and
+plowmane, he <ins class = "spell" title = "sayethe">sayeth</ins> at the
+end of the plowmans prologue,</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a>
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>There was also a Reue, and a Millere</p>
+<p>A sumpneure, and a Pardoner</p>
+<p>A manciple and my selfe there was no mo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had byn
+anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses, whereunto I
+answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute <ins class = "spell" title =
+"so{m}me">some</ins> of those w<i>hic</i>he tolde their tales; as the
+<ins class = "correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins> yomane, because he came after that they were passed
+out of theyre Inne, and did overtake them, as in lyke sorte this
+pilgrime did or mighte doo, and so afterwardes be one of their companye,
+as was that <ins class = "correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins> yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of
+this pilgrime in his prologe then he doothe of the <ins class =
+"correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins>
+yeomane; whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "dobt">dobte</ins> not
+wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale mighte be
+restored to his former light they being nowe looste, as manye other of
+Chaucers tales were before that, as I am induced to thinke by manye
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was dispersed
+abroad.</span>
+But to leave this, I&nbsp;must saye that in those many written Bookes of
+Chaucer, w<i>hic</i>he came to my fathers <ins class = "spell" title =
+"hand{es}">hands</ins>, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer
+shewethe in writinge of Adam Scriuener, (as&nbsp;yo<i>u</i> <ins class =
+"spell" title = "haue">have</ins> noted) of whiche written copies there
+came to me
+<span class = "pagenum second">12</span>
+after my fathers deathe some fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore
+and some fewer tales, and some but two and some three. w<i>hic</i>he
+bookes beinge by me (as&nbsp;one nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe
+donne for Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye
+stoolen out of my howse at Popler: I&nbsp;gave divers of them to Stephen
+Batemanne person of Newington, and to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"diu{er}s">div<i>er</i>s</ins> other, whiche beinge copies
+unp<i>er</i>fecte and some of them corrected by my fathers hande yt maye
+happen soome of them to coome to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"so{m}me">some</ins> of yo<i>ur</i> frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I
+see agayne: and yf by anye suche written copies yo<i>u</i> have
+corrected Chaucer, yo<i>u</i> maye as well offende as
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a>
+seme to do good. But I judge the beste, for in dobtes I will not <ins
+class = "spell" title = "resolue">resolve</ins> with a settled <ins
+class = "spell" title = "iudgme{n}te">judgement</ins>, althoughe
+yo<i>u</i> may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a needlesse
+thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the yce, and <ins
+class = "spell" title = "gyvinge">givinge</ins> lighte to others, who
+may moore <ins class = "spell" title = "easeyly">easely</ins>
+p<i>er</i>fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere
+qua<i>m</i> Invenire, and so to other matters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s family.</span>
+Under the tytle of chaucers <ins class = "change" title = "‘countrye’ [without footnote]">countaye</ins>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" id =
+"tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> yo<i>u</i> seme to make yt probable that
+Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was Geffrye Chaucers father, But
+I holde
+<span class = "pagenum second">13</span>
+that no moore the<i>n</i> that <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of
+whiche <ins class = "spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> I fynde in the
+recordes in Dorso <ins class = "correction" title = "‘Rolulor.’ corrected from 1876 text">Rotulor.</ins> patent. <ins class =
+"addword">me<i>m</i>b.</ins> 24 de anno 30. Ed.&nbsp;1. in the towre.
+that kinge Edwarde the firste had herde the compleinte of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> chaucer of London, who was beaten
+and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some amountinge at
+this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a comiss<i>i</i>one <ins
+class = "spell" title = "wente">went</ins> forthe to enquire thereof.
+wherbye yt semethe that he was of some <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Reckonynge">Reconynge</ins>. But as I cannott saye that Johne was
+father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I will deliuer
+in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of chaucer, that his
+anncesters (as&nbsp;you well coniecture) were strangers, as the etymon
+of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe synyfyinge one who shueth or
+hooseth a&nbsp;manne) dothe prove,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.</span>
+for that dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of
+whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins>) on Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the
+tyme of Henrye the thirde and of Edwarde the firste, of whome the record
+of pellis exitus in the receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of
+Edwarde <ins class = "spell" title = "{th}e">ye</ins> firste hathe thus
+noted: “Edwardus dei gra<i>tia</i>&nbsp;&amp;c. Liberate de thesauro
+Nostro Elie chauseryr decem
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a>
+solidos super arreragia <ins class = "spell" title =
+"triu{m}">tri<i>u</i>m</ins> obuloru<i>m</i> diurnoru<i>m</i> quos ad
+vita<i>m</i> sua<i>m</i> per litteras domini. <ins class = "change"
+title = "H{enrici}">H.</ins>&nbsp;Regis patris nostri, percepit ad <ins
+class = "spell" title = "scaccariu{m}">scaccar<i>iu</i>m</ins>
+nostru<i>m</i>. datu<i>m</i> per manu<i>m</i> <ins class = "correction"
+title = "‘Walleri’ corrected from 1876 text">Walteri</ins> Merton
+cancellarii nostri apud <ins class = "change" title =
+"Westm{onasterium}">West <i>minsteriu</i>m</ins> 24&nbsp;Julii anno
+regni nostri primo.” with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written
+in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde the
+seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat<i>i</i>one, whiche
+after came to be the surname
+<span class = "pagenum second">14</span>
+of a famelye, as did Smythe, Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke,
+Butler, and suche lyke, and that yt was a name of office apperethe in
+the recordes of the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more
+annciente then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of 10:
+H. 3&nbsp;ys this: Reginaldus mirifir<sup>s</sup> et alicia uxor eius
+<ins class = "spell" title =
+"attornaveru{n}t">attornaver<i>u</i>nt</ins> Radulfu<i>m</i> le Chausier
+contra Joh<i>ann</i>em Le furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno
+messuagio in London. This chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Johñe">John</ins>. And thus this muche for the
+Antiquytye and synificat<i>i</i>one of Chaucer, w<i>hic</i>he I canne
+prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye also, in oure Englishe
+tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe of the legge: for thus hathe
+the Antique recordes of Domus Regni Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of
+the kinges howse to doo the <ins class = "spell" title = "king{es} co{m}manndementes">kings comannde&shy;mentes</ins>: that they shalbe
+allowed for their Chauses yerely iiij<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup>: But
+what shall wee stande uppon the Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when
+the rolle of Battle Abbeye affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued.</span>
+Under the title of Chaucers countrye, yow sett
+<span class = "pagenum second">15</span>
+downe that some Heraldes are of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"opynyo{n}e">opyny-o<i>n</i>e</ins> that he did not discende of any
+great howse; whiche they gather by his armes. This ys a slender
+coniecture, for as honorable howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue
+borne as meane armes as Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane
+eyther for
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "coolo{u}r">coolo<i>r</i></ins>, chardge or
+partic<i>i</i>one as some will make them. And where yo<i>u</i> saye, yt
+semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in Geometrye considered, that he tooke
+the groundes and reasons of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight
+and twentye proposit<i>i</i>ones of Euclide’s first booke, that ys no
+inference that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of
+Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye: for so
+yo<i>u</i> maye saye of all the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"anncient">auncient</ins> armes of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Englande">England</ins> w<i>hic</i>he consyste not of anymalls or
+vegitalls. for all other armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as
+Cheuerons, pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon
+geometricall proport<i>i</i>one<i>s</i>. And therfore howe greate so
+euer their skyll bee, <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins>
+attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer [they] had no moore skyle in
+armes then they needed.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward.</span>
+In the same title also, yo<i>u</i> sett downe Quene
+Isabell,&nbsp;&amp;c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried
+wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two <ins class = "change"
+title = "imperfect{i}ons">unperfect<i>i</i>ons</ins>. the first whereof
+ys, that his wyfe came oute of Henalte <ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{i}th">w<i>it</i>h</ins> the prince, but that is not soo, for the
+prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the prince was
+onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her before his arryvall in
+Englande, beinge two yeres and moore after that contracte, (betwene the
+erle of henalt
+<span class = "pagenum second">16</span>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "{and}">and</ins> his mother,) about the
+latter ende of the seconde yere of his reigne, thoughe others haue the
+firste, the solempnytye of that mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides
+she came not ouer with Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent
+for her afterwardes, and so I suppose <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sayethe">sayeth</ins> Hardinge in his cronicle, yf I do not mysconceve
+yt, not havinge the historye now in my handes. But whether he saye so or
+no, yt ys not materiall, because the recordes be playne, that he sent
+for her into Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a>
+in october, and she came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge,
+w<i>hic</i>he was aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of
+his reigne, wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of
+the tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed
+therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in master
+warders office
+<span class = "pagenum second">17</span>
+hathe thus sett downe <ins class = "change" title = "in">to</ins> the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "ferthe">forthe</ins> daye of februarye
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault.</span>
+“Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad partes Douor ad
+obuiandu<i>m</i> filiæ comitis Hannoniæ consorti ipsius Regis&nbsp;<ins
+class = "correction" title = "close quote supplied from 1876 text">&amp;c.”</ins> but this recorde followinge is most pleyne, shewing
+bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their yourneye towardes
+henalte, with <ins class = "change" title = "‘de’ with footnote ‘MS. plainly de’">the</ins> daye when <ins class = "spell" title =
+"&amp;">and</ins> where they presented her to the kinge after their
+retorne into Englande, and the daye one whiche they wer payed their
+charges, beinge the forthe of marche one w<i>hic</i>he daye yt is thus
+entred in the <ins class = "spell" title = "record{es}">records</ins> of
+pellis exitus, Michaell.&nbsp;2. ed.&nbsp;3. <ins class = "correction"
+title = "open quote supplied from 1876 text">“Rogero</ins> couentry
+&amp;c&nbsp;Lichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu<i>m</i> domini
+Regis ad partes <ins class = "spell" title = "Ha{n}nonie">Hannoniæ</ins>
+pro matrimonio inter dominu<i>m</i> Regem et filiam comitis Hannoniæ
+contrahendo, ab <ins class = "spell" title = "octauo">octavo</ins> die
+octobris proxime preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha<i>m</i> ipso
+domino Rege ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu<i>m</i>
+predictu<i>m</i>, versus partes <ins class = "change" title =
+"predictos">predictas</ins>, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"usq{ue}">usqu<i>e</i></ins> vicesimu<i>m</i> tertiu<i>m</i> diem
+Januarii <ins class = "spell" title = "proximè">proxime</ins>
+sequente<i>m</i>, quo die rediit ad ipsu<i>m</i> Regem predictu<i>m</i>
+apud <ins class = "change" title = "Ebor{ac}u{m}">Eboru<i>m</i></ins> in
+comitatiua filiæ comitis Hannoniæ predictæ <ins class = "spell" title =
+"utroq{ue}">utroqu<i>e</i></ins> die computato pro cviij diebus
+percipiendo per diem iij.<sup>li</sup> vj.<sup>s</sup> viij.<sup>d</sup>
+pro expensis suis.” Thus muche the recorde, whiche confirmethe that
+w<i>hi</i>che I go aboute to prove, that she came not into <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Engla{n}de">Englande</ins> with prince Edwarde, and
+that he was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by
+agremente betwene the erle and his mother.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no
+valydytye.</span>
+<a name = "page12b" id = "page12b">Next</a> yo<i>u</i> seme to implye by
+a coniecturall argumente, that Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title =
+"anncesters">auncesters</ins> sholde be <ins class = "spell" title =
+"m{er}cha{n}t{es}">m<i>e</i>rcha<i>n</i>ts</ins>, for that in
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a>
+place where they haue dwelled the armes of the marchantes of the staple
+haue bin seene in the glasse windowes. This ys a mere coniecture, and of
+no valydytye. For the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"m{er}chantes">m<i>a</i>rchantes</ins> of the staple had not any armes
+granted to them (as&nbsp;I haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the
+deathe of Chaucers parentes, w<i>hi</i>che was
+<span class = "pagenum second">18</span>
+aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde the thirde; and those merchantes had no
+armes before the tyme of Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as
+I dobt not but wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte
+the staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume<i>n</i>te that chaucers
+<ins class = "spell" title = "anncesters">auncesters</ins> were
+merchantes because those armes were in the wyndowes, as you shall well
+p<i>er</i>ceave, yf yo<i>u</i> drawe yt into a syllogisme, and therefore
+yo<i>u</i> did well to conclude, that yt was not materiall whether they
+were <ins class = "spell" title = "merchant{es}">merchants</ins> or
+noo.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Master Speight misquoteth Gower.</span>
+In the title of Chaucer’s educat<i>i</i>one, yo<i>u</i> saye that Gower
+in his booke entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye
+poet, and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in
+w<i>hi</i>che Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a
+worthye poet, (althoughe I confesse he well <ins class = "spell" title =
+"deseruethe">deserueth</ins> that name, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"&amp;">and</ins> that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge
+hym,) nether <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> he after a
+sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see) make hym iudge of his workes,
+(whereof I wolde be glad to be enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes,
+vttered by Venus in that booke of confessio Amantis:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>And grete well Chaucer when ye mete,</p>
+<p>As my disciple and my poet:</p>
+<p>for in the flowere of his youthe,</p>
+<p>In sondrye wise, as he well couthe,</p>
+<p>of dytyes and of songes glade</p>
+<p>the whiche for my sake he made,</p>
+<p>the <ins class = "change" title = "lande">laude</ins> fulfilled is
+ouer all:</p>
+<p>wherefore to hym in especiall</p>
+<p>aboue all others I am most holde;</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a>
+<p>for thy nowe in his dayes olde,</p>
+<p>thow shalt hym tell this message,</p>
+<p>that he vppon his latter age</p>
+<p>sett an ende of all his werke,</p>
+<p>as he whiche is myne owne clerke</p>
+<p>do make his <i>testament of Love</i>,</p>
+<p>as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue,</p>
+<p>so that my Courte yt may recorde, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">19</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer.</span>
+These be all the verses w<i>hi</i>che I knowe or yet canne fynde, in
+whiche Gower in that booke <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mentionethe">mentioneth</ins> Chaucer, where he nether <ins class =
+"spell" title = "namethe">nameth</ins> hym worthye poet, nor after a
+sorte submyttethe his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye
+Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> submytte the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "correct{i}one">correctione</ins> of his
+<ins class = "spell" title = "woorkes">woorks</ins> to Gower in these
+playne woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>O Morall Gower, this booke I directe</p>
+<p>To the, and the philosophicall stroode,</p>
+<p>To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte</p>
+<p>Of <ins class = "spell" title = "youre">your</ins> benignityes and
+zeales good.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But this error had in you byn p<i>ar</i>doned, yf you had not sett yt
+downe as <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> owne, but
+warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in Scriptoribus Anglie, from
+whence yo<i>u</i> haue swallowed yt.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or&nbsp;Gores) of
+Stittenham.</span>
+Then in a marginall note of this title yo<i>u</i> saye agayne oute of
+Bale, that Gower was a <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Yorkeshire">Yorkshire</ins> manne; but you are not to be touched
+therfore, because you discharge <ins class = "spell" title =
+"yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> selfe in vouching <ins class = "spell" title
+= "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche mistaken
+yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de scriptoribus
+Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect<i>i</i>ons of Lelande. For
+in truth <ins class = "change" title = "{th}e">yo<i>u</i>r</ins> armes
+of this S<sup>r</sup> Johne Gower beinge argent one a cheuerone azure,
+three leopardes heddes or, do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to
+the Gowers of Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and
+gules a crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a>
+of armes semethe a difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo<i>u</i> canne
+prove that, beinge of one howse, they altered their armes vppone <ins
+class = "spell" title = "so{m}me">some</ins> iuste occas<i>i</i>one, as
+that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did leave his owne armes and
+bare the armes of his moother; as was accustoomed in tymes paste. But
+this differe<i>n</i>ce
+<span class = "pagenum second">20</span>
+of Cootes for this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,)
+shall you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall
+howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note <ins class =
+"spell" title = "goethe">goeth</ins> further out of Bale, that Gower had
+one his hedde a garlande of ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a
+knyghte, the other of a poet.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for poetry.</span>
+But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest you will
+metaphoric&shy;allye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a garlande as
+Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence they had their
+originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne whiche <ins class =
+"spell" title = "seethe yt">seethe-yt</ins> may well iudge, and
+therefore not there sett for anye suche intente as <ins class = "change"
+title = "one">an</ins> ensigne of his poetrye, but ys symplye a
+chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme vsed ether of
+golde, or other embroderye, made after the fasshone of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Rooses">Roses</ins>, one of the peculier ornamentes of
+a knighte, as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and
+spurres.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour.</span>
+W<i>hi</i>che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well attributed to
+<ins class = "spell" title = "knight{es}">knights</ins>, the lowest
+degree of honor, as to the hygher degrees of Duke, Erle,&nbsp;&amp;c.
+beinge knyghtes, for so I haue seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his
+<ins class = "spell" title = "chaplette">chaplett</ins> of Rooses; and
+kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte, only
+the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so had <ins class
+= "correction" title = "‘they’ corrected from 1876 text">the[y]</ins>
+fewer Rooses placed <ins class = "spell" title = "one">on</ins> their
+chaplett or cyrcle of golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne
+whiche had thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte
+had them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande <ins class = "spell" title =
+"yt-selfe">ytselfe</ins>. of whiche dukes crowne to be adorned with
+little rooses,
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.</span>
+Mathewe Paris, speakinge of the
+<span class = "pagenum second">21</span>
+creatinge of <ins class = "spell" title = "Johñe">Johne</ins> erle
+Mortone, duke of Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye,
+Interim comes Johannes Rothomagu<i>m</i> veniens in octavis pasche
+gladio ducatus Normaniæ cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per
+ministeriu<i>m</i> <ins class = "spell" title = "Walteri">Waltheri</ins>
+Rothomage<i>n</i>sis Archie<i>pisco</i>pi, vbi Archi&shy;episcopus
+memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit circulu<i>m</i>
+aureu<i>m</i> habente<i>m</i> in su<i>m</i>mitate per gyru<i>m</i>
+rosulas aureas artifici&shy;aliter fabricatas, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> chaplett of Rooses came in the ende to
+be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette with golde Buttons, as may be
+supposed.<ins class = "change" title = "1876 text has wide gap here">&mdash;</ins>In the same title yo<i>u</i> saye, yt semethe that
+these lerned menne were of the Inner Temple;
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer
+but?</span>
+for that, manye yeres since, master Buckley did see a recorde in the
+same howse, where Geffrye Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge
+a Franciscane Fryer in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"fletestreate">flete-streate</ins>. This is a hard collect[i]one to
+prove Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for thus
+yo<i>u</i> frame <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins>
+argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde in the Temple, that Chaucer was
+fyned for beatinge the fryer; ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the
+Temple. But for myne owne parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for
+matter of Antiquytye and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst
+settlinge in the Temple, I&nbsp;dobte whether Chaucer were of the temple
+or noe, <ins class = "spell" title = "vnlest">vnless</ins> yt were
+towardes his latter tyme, for he was <ins class = "change" title =
+"one">an</ins> olde manne, as <ins class = "spell" title =
+"apperethe">appereth</ins> by <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Gowere">Gower</ins> in Confessione Amantis in the xvi yere of
+R.&nbsp;2: when Gower wroote that Booke.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.</span>
+And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of Recordes,
+that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill towardes the latter parte
+of the
+<span class = "pagenum second">22</span>
+reygne of kinge Edwarde the thirde; at w<i>hi</i>che tyme Chaucer was a
+grave manne, holden in greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that
+me thinkethe he sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were,
+I&nbsp;sholde iudge yt strange that he sholde
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a>
+violate the rules of peace and gravytye yn those yeares. But I will
+passe over all those matters <ins class = "correction" title = "spelling unchanged: correct form is ‘cito’">scito</ins> pede, and leave euerye
+manne to his owne <ins class = "correction" title = "‘iudgemte’ corrected from 1876 text">iudgemente</ins> therein for this tyme.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor doth Thynne.</span>
+<span class = "firstword">In the title of</span> Chawcer’s mariage
+yo<i>u</i> saye, yo<i>u</i> cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne
+whome he maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others,
+I&nbsp;sholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, a&nbsp;waytinge womanne
+of Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde &amp; daughter to <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Will{ia}m">Willi<i>a</i>m</ins> erle of
+Henalte. but I <ins class = "spell" title = "fauor">favor</ins> not
+their oppynyone, for, althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus,
+in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe
+Chawcer, <ins class = "spell" title = "domicelle regine Philippe">domicellæ reginæ Philippæ</ins>, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{hic}he">wh<i>ic</i>he</ins> domicella dothe signyfye one of her
+waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke this was his
+wyfe, but rather his sister or <ins class = "spell" title =
+"kineswomanne">kinswomanne</ins>, who after the deathe of her mystresse
+Quene philippe did forsake the worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte
+Heleins in london, accordinge as yo<i>u</i> haue touched one of that
+profess<i>i</i>one in primo of kinge Richarde the seconde.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">23</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by the Pope
+and the Parliament.</span>
+In the Latyne stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine
+Swyneforde, Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi <ins class = "spell"
+title = "tertii">tertij</ins> Edwardi Regis filio, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "Lancastrie">Lancastriæ</ins> duci, illi procreavit filios tres
+et vnica<i>m</i> filia<i>m</i>. Wherbye we may inferre that <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunte had these childrene by her
+after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had all his children by her
+longe before that mariage, so that they beinge all <ins class = "spell"
+title = "illegitmate">illegitimate</ins> were enforced afterwarde vppon
+that maryage to be legytymated by the poope; &amp; also by acte of
+Parliamente, aboute the two &amp; twentythe of kinge Richarde the
+seconde; so that yo<i>u</i> cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit
+Lancastriæ duci tres filios, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes.</span>
+In the title of Chawcers children and their <ins class = "spell" title =
+"advancemente">advauncemente</ins>, in a marginall noote yo<i>u</i>
+vouche master
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a>
+Campdene that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from
+whome the Burgershes, whose daughter &amp; heyre was maryed to Thomas
+Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one <ins class = "spell" title =
+"erro{u}r">error</ins>. for this Barthelmewe was of <ins class = "spell"
+title = "a collaterall">a-collaterall</ins> lyne to that S<sup>r</sup>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> Burgershe the father of
+Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and therefore <ins class = "spell" title =
+"colde">coulde</ins> not that S<sup>r</sup> <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Burghershe be descended of this Barthelmewe
+Burgershe, though hee were of that howse.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.</span>
+Then, in that title, yo<i>u</i> vouche oute of <ins class = "spell"
+title = "m^r.">Mr</ins>. Campdene that Serlo de Burgo brother to
+Eustachius de Vescye builte Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not <ins
+class = "spell" title = "righte">right</ins> for this Serlo beinge
+called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> father to Eustace Vescye, as haue
+the recordes of the towre, and so vncle and not brother to Eustace.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his
+reign.</span>
+for one other marginall noote in that tytle,
+<span class = "pagenum second">24</span>
+yo<i>u</i> saye, that Jane of Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in
+the fourthe yere of his reygne, wherein you followe a late <ins class =
+"spell" title = "inglishe">englishe</ins> cronicler whome I forbeare to
+name.<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a>
+But Walsingha<i>m</i> bothe in his historye of Henry the fourthe, &amp;
+in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was maryed the 26 of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Ianuarye">Januarye</ins> in the yere of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "{Christe}">Christe</ins> 1403, whiche was in the fyfte
+yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of oure lorde at the
+annu<i>n</i>tiat<i>i</i>one of the Virgine, as we nowe doo; but this is
+no matter of great momente.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but
+William was not the first that did so.</span>
+ffourthlye in that title yo<i>u</i> seme to attribute the advancemente
+of the Pooles to Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the
+kinge a greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste
+advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole beinge a
+cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"king{es}">kings</ins> necessytye <ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{i}th">with</ins> money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of great
+accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to the succedynge
+famelye. Whereof the Record
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a>
+to prove <ins class = "change" title = "Ric{hard}">Ric.</ins> de la
+Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the eleventhe
+yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures office, the lorde
+treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner: Edwardus dei gratia rex
+Angliæ et dux Acquitaniæ,&nbsp;&amp;c. Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster
+Richardus de la Poole Pincerna noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii
+Pincernariæ ac omnibus aliis officiu<i>m</i> illud tangentibus, ad
+dictu<i>m</i> Scaccariu<i>m</i> a festo sancti michaelis anno regni
+<span class = "pagenum second">25</span>
+nostri decimo, vsque ad ide<i>m</i> festu<i>m</i> proxime <ins class =
+"spell" title = "seque{n}s">sequens</ins> plenarie computaverit, et
+2090<sup>li</sup>: 13<sup>s</sup>: et 11<sup>d</sup> et vnus obulus sibi
+per computu<i>m</i> illud de claro debeatur: volumus ei
+solutione<i>m</i> inde, seu aliàs satisfactione<i>m</i> sibi fieri
+competentem: Nos eius supplicationi in hac parte, prout iustu<i>m</i>
+est, an<i>n</i>uentes, vobis mandamus, etc. Datu<i>m</i> apud
+Westmonas&shy;teriu<i>m</i> 14 Decembris, anno regni nostri vndecimo. To
+whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the older, and to his sonne
+Michaell de la Poole (who was after Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the
+kinge graunted fowre hundred markes by yere out of the custome of Hull,
+as apperethe in the record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same
+Michaell de la Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus
+yt is entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that yere:
+Michaeli de <ins class = "spell" title = "lapoole">la poole</ins> filio
+et heredi Will<i>iel</i>mi de la poole senioris per Tallia<i>m</i>
+levata<i>m</i> isto die continentem iij<sup>c</sup> lxx<sup>li</sup>
+xviij<sup>s</sup> <ins class = "change" title = "I^d (capital Eye for One)">1<sup>d</sup></ins> ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum suum
+factum ad Scaccariu<i>m</i> <ins class = "change" title =
+"computator{is}">computator</ins> virtute cuiusdam <ins class = "spell"
+title = "breuis">brevis</ins> de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus
+Scaccarii directum pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda<i>m</i> annuo
+certo iiij<sup>c</sup> <ins class = "change" title =
+"marc{as}">marc.</ins> per annu<i>m</i> quas dominus rex Willielmo de la
+Poole seniori defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de
+corpore suo exeuntibus, de <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Custuma">Custumia</ins> in portis ville de kingeston super Hull per
+litteras suas patentes <ins class = "spell" title =
+"concess{as}">concess:</ins> percipendu<i>m</i> qua<i>m</i>diu
+vij<sup>c</sup> xxxv<sup>li</sup>
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a>
+xviij<sup>s</sup> i<sup>d</sup> ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu<i>m</i>
+predictu<i>m</i> sic debitu<i>m</i>, etc. D<i>omi</i>n<i>u</i>s Rex
+mandat vt ei satisfac&shy;tionem vel assignationem competentem
+(in&nbsp;locis vbi ei celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet,
+per <ins class = "spell" title = "bre{vem}">breve</ins> de magno sigillo
+inter mandata de termino Paschæ anno quadragesimo tercio, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "&amp;c.">etc</ins>. So that Richarde, Michaell de la
+Pooles grandfather, (a&nbsp;<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘marchante’">magistrate</ins> of greate welthe in
+Hull,) was the fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although
+Williame,
+<span class = "pagenum second">26</span>
+father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte. nether canne
+I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole was a marchante,
+(havinge two such welthy marchantes to his ancestors before hym,)
+notwith&shy;standinge that Walsingha<i>m</i>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as
+themselves.</span>
+(moore offended <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> reasone,
+as all the Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become
+chief officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then
+possessinge those offices, displaced, w<i>hic</i>he bredd greate Sorseye
+in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that michaell de la poole
+fuerit à pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote Mercator Mercatoris filius)
+quam militia occupatus.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+A&nbsp;merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.</span>
+And yet yt may bee that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and
+deale by his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have
+donne, whereuppon Walsingham (<ins class = "change" title =
+"w{hic}he">who</ins> wroote longe after) <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mighte">might</ins> seme to call hym merchante by reasone of <ins class
+= "change" title = "‘othere mens dealing{es}’ with footnote ‘MS. others’">others mens dealinge</ins> for hym, althoughe in troothe he was
+neuer merchante in respecte of his owne persone, (for whiche they are
+properly called merchantes,) as may be supposed.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas
+Montacute.</span>
+ffyftlye in the same title yo<i>u</i> saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame
+de la poole duke of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande
+thomas montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice,
+maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of Westmerlande,
+by whome he had issue Richarde, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins>, and George. But this is nothinge so. for this
+Alice, the wyfe of
+<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a>
+Richarde <ins class = "spell" title = "Neuille">Neville</ins>, (erle of
+Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,) was daughter of Thomas <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Monntacute">Montacute</ins> erle of Salisburye
+and of Alice his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and
+not of Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and <ins class = "spell" title =
+"widowe">widdowe</ins> to William de la Poole duke of Suffolke.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">27</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing.</span>
+<span class = "firstword">In the latter end</span> of the title of
+Chawcers deathe yo<i>u</i> saye, that printinge was brought oute of
+Germanye in the yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge
+fyrst founde at Magunce by one <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by Conradus one
+Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the 37. H. 6. but the
+eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, <ins class =
+"addword">[printinge,]</ins> as some have yt, was not fyrste founde at
+Magonce or mentz but at Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago<i>n</i>ce.
+David Chytreus in his historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno
+1440, and brought to Rome by Henricus Han<a class = "tag" name = "tag6"
+id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> a&nbsp;Germane in the yere 1470;
+whereof Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"quod">quòd</ins> alis</p>
+<p class = "indent">Constreperis, Gallus decidit; <ins class = "spell"
+title = "vlter">vltor</ins> adest</p>
+<p>Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum,</p>
+<p class = "indent">Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote, as dothe
+Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier Archbyshoppe of
+Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof I leave at this tyme to
+farther examinat<i>i</i>one, not havinge nowe presente leysure
+therefore.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris, and finished by John
+de la Meune.</span>
+<span class = "firstword">In the title of the</span> <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘argumente’">augmente</ins> to euerye tale and booke you write, that the
+Romante of the Roose was made in frenche by <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Clopinell alias <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Moone; when in truthe the booke was not made by hym
+alone:
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a>
+for yt was begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished
+<span class = "pagenum second">28</span>
+fourtye yeres after the death of Loris, by <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> de Meune alias <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> Clopinell, as apperethe by Molinet, the frenche <ins
+class = "spell" title = "auctor">author</ins> of the moralytye vppon the
+Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere also in the
+frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, <ins class = "change" title =
+"‘w{i}th’ with footnote ‘? {for} which Chaucer englisht’">w<i>hic</i>h</ins> <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Chawcer,">Chaucer</ins> w<i>i</i>th muche of that matter omytted, not
+havinge translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the
+middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one other,
+intituled La <ins class = "spell" title =
+"reprobat{i}o{n}e">reprobat<i>i</i>o<i>ne</i></ins> de la Romante del
+Roose; as affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed
+<ins class = "spell" title = "moralizat{i}one">moralizatione</ins>,
+where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe Gersone for that Booke,
+because Gersone soughte no further <ins class = "correction" title =
+"‘meanyuge’ corrected from 1876 text">meanynge</ins> <ins class =
+"spell" title = "then">than</ins> what was conteyned in the outewarde
+letter, this Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these
+verses of Chaucer:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Alas my <ins class = "spell" title = "wane-hoope">wane hoope</ins>
+nay, pardyee;</p>
+<p>for I will neuer dispayred bee:</p>
+<p>yf happe me fayle, then am I</p>
+<p>vngratious and vnworthy, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess.</span>
+<a name = "page22b" id = "page22b">Secondlye</a>, under that title
+yo<i>u</i> saye, the woorke, before this last edit<i>i</i>one of
+Chaucer, termed the Dreame of Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the
+Booke of the Duches, or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye
+mysledde in my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or
+of the Deathe of Blanche, because <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunt was then but fowre and twentye yere olde
+when the same was made, as apperethe by that tretyse in these
+verses:</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">29</span>
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte</p>
+<p>A wonder well faringe knighte,</p>
+<p>By the manner me thought so,</p>
+<p>Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto,</p>
+<p>Of the age of twentye fowre yere,</p>
+<p>Vppon his bearde but little heare.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a>
+<p>Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born, as
+<ins class = "spell" title = "hathe">hath</ins> Walsingha<i>m</i>, in
+the yere of <ins class = "spell" title = "{Christ}e">Christ</ins> 1339
+the 13. of kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche
+the fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was at
+this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres after
+sholde make his <ins class = "spell" title =
+"lamentac{i}one">lamentac<i>i</i>on</ins> for Blanche the duchesse <ins
+class = "spell" title = "whiche muste">which must</ins> be then dedde.
+But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the pestilence in the yere of <ins
+class = "spell" title = "{Christ}e">xxe</ins> 1368, as <ins class =
+"spell" title = "hathe">hath</ins> Anonimus <ins class = "spell" title =
+"M:S:">MS</ins>, or 1369, as hath Walsinghame w<i>hi</i>che by the first
+accompte was the <i>ix.</i> and by the last the <i>x.</i> yere after the
+mariage, and sixe or at the <ins class = "spell" title = "leste v">least
+five</ins> yeres after this <ins class = "spell" title =
+"lamentat{i}one">lamentatione</ins> of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his
+age. Wherfor this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not
+lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that yt
+pleinlye
+<span class = "pagenum second">30</span>
+apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the duches Blaunche, whiche
+signyfyethe whyte, by <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins>
+name he often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these
+verses,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Her throte, as I haue memoyre,</p>
+<p>semed as a round towre of yuoire,</p>
+<p>of good gretnesse and not to greate,</p>
+<p>and fayre white she hete,</p>
+<p>that was my ladies name righte;</p>
+<p>she was thereto fayre <ins class = "spell" title = "&amp;">and</ins>
+brighte,</p>
+<p>she had not her name wronge,</p>
+<p>right fayre sholders and body longe, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of
+Blanche the Duchesse because he <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sayethe">sayeth</ins> her name was white; since there ys a famelye of
+that <ins class = "spell" title = "denominat{i}one">denominatione</ins>,
+and some female of that lyne <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mighte">myghte</ins> be both white in name, and fayre and white in
+p<i>er</i>sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as Chaucer
+sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a>
+of his called Blanche,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+John of Gaunt, his incontinency.</span>
+since he had <ins class = "spell" title = "manye paramou^{r}s">many
+paramou<i>r</i>s</ins> in his youthe, and was not verye contynente in
+his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that yt <ins
+class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> not be mente of the
+Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche dyed long after that compleinte. for
+whiche cause that Dreame of Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye
+rather of righte sholde) contynewe his former title of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "thee">The</ins> Dreame of Chaucer. for that, <ins class
+= "spell" title = "w{hic}he">wh<i>ic</i>he</ins> you will haue the
+Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of Glasse; as I haue seene the title
+thereof noted, and the thinge yt selfe confirmethe.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">31</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition of old words, but
+commendeth his diligence and knowledge.</span>
+<span class = "firstword">In the expositione</span> <ins class =
+"change" title = "1876 footnote ‘+of+ of’ [first ‘of’ boldface]">of</ins> the olde wordes, as yo<i>u</i> shewe greate
+diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "vnleste">unlesse</ins> a&nbsp;manne be a good saxoniste, <ins
+class = "spell" title = "frenche">french</ins>, and Italyane linguiste,
+(from whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well
+expounde the same to oure nowe <ins class = "change" title =
+"vnderstandinge">vnder&shy;standinges</ins>, and therefore (thoughe I
+will not presume of <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins>
+knowledge in these tounges) yt <ins class = "spell" title =
+"semethe">semeth</ins> yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome
+woordes are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they <ins class =
+"spell" title = "myghte">mighte</ins> bee, althoughe peradventure
+yo<i>u</i> haue framed them to make sence. Wherefore I haue collected
+these fewe (from many others lefte for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee
+not to be fully explaned in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure
+yo<i>u</i> will seme to excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.</span>
+Aketon or Haketone you expounde a <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iackett">jackett</ins> w<i>i</i>thoute sleves, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "withoute">without</ins> any further addit<i>i</i>one, that
+beinge <ins class = "change" title = "one">an</ins> indiffynyte speache,
+and therefore may be entended a comone <ins class = "spell" title =
+"garme{n}te">garmente</ins> daylye vsed, suche as we call a <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Ierken">jerken</ins> or <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Iackett">jackett</ins> withoute sleues: But <i>haketon</i> is a
+slevelesse <ins class = "spell" title = "Iackett">jackett</ins> of plate
+for the warre, couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called
+a <ins class = "spell" title = "Iackett">jackett</ins> of plate, suche
+aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of Excester and Custos or Wardene of
+Londone, had vppon hym secretlye, when he was apprehended and
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a>
+behedded in the <ins class = "spell" title = "twentythe">twentyeth</ins>
+yere of Edwarde the seconde.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.</span>
+Besante you expounde a duckett, But a duckett
+<span class = "pagenum second">32</span>
+ys farre from a besante, bothe for the tyme of the invent<i>i</i>one,
+and for the forme; and as I suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge
+that Hollybande in his frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the
+valewe of a duckett, whiche duckett is for the most part eyther
+venetiane or spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; a&nbsp;coyne
+well knowen and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one <ins class =
+"spell" title = "anncient">auncient</ins> coyne of Englande, as
+Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) <ins class = "spell" title =
+"emongest">emongst</ins> the Saxons before, and the Normans after the
+Conqueste; the forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe
+settinge downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in
+armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of golde,) was
+called in Latine <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Byzantiu{m}">Byzant<i>i</i>um</ins>, obteyninge that name because yt
+was the coyne of Constan&shy;tinople sometyme called <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Byzantiu{m}">Bizant<i>i</i>um</ins>; and because you
+shall not thinke this any <ins class = "spell" title =
+"fix{i}one">fic<i>ti</i>one</ins> of myne owne, I&nbsp;will warrante the
+same with Williame of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who
+hathe these wordes: Constan&shy;tinopolis <ins class = "spell" title =
+"primu{m}">prim<i>u</i>m</ins> Bizantiu<i>m</i> dicta forma<i>m</i>
+antiqui vocabuli preferu<i>n</i>t imperatorii nu<i>m</i>mi
+Bizantiu<i>m</i> dicta; where one other coppye for <ins class = "spell"
+title = "nu{m}mi">nummi</ins> Bizantiu<i>m</i> hath Bizantini
+nu<i>m</i>mi, and the frenche <ins class = "spell" title =
+"hathe">hath</ins> yt besante or Bezantine, makinge yt <ins class =
+"change" title = "one">an</ins> olde coyne of france, (when he sholde
+haue sayed one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of
+a duckette.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Fermentacione is fermen&shy;tacione, and not dawbing even
+metaphoric&shy;ally.</span>
+Fermentac<i>i</i>o<i>n</i>e yo<i>u</i> expounde Dawbinge, whiche cannott
+anye way be metaphoric&shy;allye so vsed in Chaucer, althoughe yt sholde
+be improperlye or harsely applied.
+<span class = "pagenum second">33</span>
+For <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ferme{n}tac{i}one">fermentac<i>i</i>one</ins> ys a peculier terme of
+Alchymye, deduced from the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the
+Chimicall philosophers defyne the
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a>
+fermente to bee <ins class = "spell" title = "anima{m}">anima</ins>, the
+sowle or lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger
+Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante <ins class = "spell" title
+= "viuificatione{m}">viuificatio<i>ne</i>m</ins> id est <ins class =
+"spell" title = "fermentac{i}o{n}em">fermentac<i>i</i>o<i>ne</i>m</ins>,
+w<i>hi</i>che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge tincture or cooler; that
+beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge sowle or lyfe to the philosophers
+stoone, wherby that may fermente or <ins class = "spell" title =
+"coolo{u}r">cooler</ins> or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of gold,
+a&nbsp;manufacture peculiar to the English.</span>
+Orfrayes yo<i>u</i> expounde Goldsmythes worke, w<i>hi</i>che ys as nere
+to goldsmythes woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes,
+beinge compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the
+Englishe is that w<i>hi</i>che to this daye (beinge now made all of one
+stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of gold; in
+Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or <ins class = "spell" title
+= "aurifrixoriu{m}">aurifrixori<i>u</i>m</ins>. A thinge well knowen to
+the Saxons in Englande before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste,
+and therfore fullye to satisfye you thereof, I&nbsp;will produce twoo
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has single ‘Auctors’">auctorauctors</ins> of the weavinge and vse thereof before
+the conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was, and
+in what acco<i>m</i>pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to the
+Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of <ins class = "spell"
+title = "Ediswitha">Ediswetha</ins> daughter to Brightnothus,
+aldermanne, erle
+<span class = "pagenum second">34</span>
+or duke, of northumber&shy;lande before the Conquest sayethe; cui
+tradita Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et texturæ
+secretiùs cu<i>m</i> puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica Rubra
+purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq<i>ue</i>
+circumdatu<i>m</i>. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe
+thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because I haue
+not my mathewe Paris here, I&nbsp;will vouche one whose name hathe muche
+affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker <ins class = "spell"
+title = "Archbisshoppe">Archbyshoppe</ins> of Canterburye, who, in the
+Lyfe of Bonifacius Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes.
+“A<sup>o.</sup> Domini
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a>
+1246, Romæ multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu<i>n</i>t
+chorealibus, et infulis, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"orname{n}tisq{ue}">ornamentisq<i>ue</i></ins> ecclesi&shy;asticis, ex
+Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificiosè intexto
+fabricatis, vterentur. <ins class = "spell" title = "Huiusmodi">Huius
+modi</ins> ornamentoru<i>m</i> aspectu et concupi&shy;scentia provocatus
+Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent. Responsu<i>m</i> est, aurifrisia
+appellari, quia et eminens ex panno et lana qua<i>m</i> Angli fryse
+appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui subridens et <ins class = "spell"
+title = "dulcedina">dulcedine</ins> captus Papa, Vere, inquit,” (for
+these are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,)
+“Hortus noster delitiaru<i>m</i> est Anglia, verus puteus est
+inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere licet.
+Itaq<i>ue</i>, concupi&shy;scentia illectus oculorum, litteras suas
+Bullatas sacras misit ad Cister&shy;cienses in Anglia Abbates,
+quoru<i>m</i> orationibus se <ins class = "spell" title =
+"deuote">devotè</ins> commendabat, vt ipsi hec aurifrisia
+specios&shy;issima ad suum ornandu<i>m</i> choru<i>m</i> compararent.
+Hoc London&shy;iensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia habebant,
+tantiq<i>ue</i> quanti placuit vendiderunt<ins class = "correction"
+title = "close quote supplied from 1876 text">.”</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum second">35</span>
+In whiche discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe
+of golde and not goldsmythe <ins class = "spell" title =
+"woorke">worke</ins>, and that Englande had before and since the
+conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate Cloothe of golde
+as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd, the poope wolde haue made
+suche prouis<i>i</i>one thereof in other places, and not from Englande.
+And because you shall not thinke that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye,
+you shall fynde in a <ins class = "spell" title = "recorde">record</ins>
+of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the <ins class = "spell"
+title = "king{es}">kings</ins> garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in
+Rotulo Patentiu<i>m</i> 6. Joh<i>ann</i>is in Dorso (in&nbsp;<ins class
+= "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> the kinge <ins class = "spell"
+title = "co{m}maunded">comaunded</ins> the templers to deliuer suche
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Iewells">jewells</ins>, garmentes, and
+ornamentes as they had of the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"king{es}">kings</ins> in kepinge,) are these wordes: “Dalmaticam de
+eodem samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu<i>m</i> lapidibus.” Whiche is
+to saye, the <ins class = "spell" title = "kinges">kings</ins>
+Dalmaticall garmente of the same
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a>
+samitte (spoken of before, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{hi}che">whiche</ins> was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we
+nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.</span>
+fforthlye Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled,
+whiche sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye
+of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme appropriate
+<span class = "pagenum second">36</span>
+to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or movinge, as the water
+dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda for water, for so her <ins
+class = "spell" title = "heare">haire</ins> was oundye, that is, layed
+in rooles vppone and downe, lyke <ins class = "spell" title =
+"waues">waves</ins> of water when they are styrred with the winde, and
+not slyked or playne, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.</span>
+ffyftlye You expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as
+yo<i>u</i> leave manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be
+resalgar, wherefore I will shewe yo<i>u</i> what resalgar ys in that
+<ins class = "spell" title = "abstruce scyence">abstruse science</ins>,
+whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye againste the
+sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans Tale. This Resalgar is
+that w<i>hi</i>che by some is called Ratesbane, a&nbsp;kynde of poysone
+named Arsenicke, <ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">which</ins> the
+chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I <ins
+class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> produce infynyte examples;
+but I will gyve yo<i>u</i> onlye these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in
+Rosario Philosophoru<i>m</i>, sayethe, “nullu<i>m</i> tingens venenum
+generatur absq<i>ue</i> sole et eius vmbra, id est, uxore.” whiche
+venome they call by all names presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a
+toode, a&nbsp;dragon, a&nbsp;Basilyske, a&nbsp;serpente, arsenicke, and
+suche lyke; and by manye other names, as “in <ins class = "spell" title
+= "exercitac{i}o{n}e">exercitacio<i>n</i>e</ins> ad turbam
+philosophorum,” apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu<i>m</i>,
+Argentum <ins class = "spell" title = "viuu{m}, Canibar">vivum,
+Cinnabar</ins>, aqua permanens, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"gu{m}ma">gumma</ins>, acetu<i>m</i>, urina, aqua maris, Draco, serpens,
+etc. And of this poysone the treatyce <i>de phenice</i>,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> or the philosophers
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a>
+stoone, written in <ins class = "spell" title = "Gotyshe">Gothyshe</ins>
+rymynge <ins class = "change" title = "verses">verse</ins>, dothe
+saye;</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat</p>
+<p>quod materna<i>m</i> faciem ca<i>n</i>dida<i>m</i> fœdabat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">37</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and hypocritical
+women from their nature.</span>
+Begyn and Bigott yo<i>u</i> expounde sup<i>er</i>sticious <ins class =
+"spell" title = "hipocrites">hypocrites</ins>, whiche sence I knowe yt
+maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of the disposit<i>i</i>one of
+those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the true wrytinge. But this
+woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature rightlye haue ben expounded, <ins
+class = "spell" title = "sup{er}stic{i}ous">sup<i>er</i>sticious</ins>
+or hipocriticall wemenne, as <ins class = "spell" title =
+"apperethe">appereth</ins> by chaucer himselfe, w<i>hi</i>che nombrethe
+them emongest <ins class = "spell" title = "thee">the</ins> wemen in the
+Romante of the Roose when he sayethe,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>But empresses, &amp; duchesses,</p>
+<p>These queenes, &amp; eke countesses</p>
+<p>These abbasses, &amp; eke Bigins,</p>
+<p>These greate ladyes palasins.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And a little after, in the same Romante, he <ins class = "spell"
+title = "dothe">doth</ins> write,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>That dame abstinence <ins class = "change" title = "‘weyned’ with footnote (MS) ‘streyned’">streyned</ins></p>
+<p>Tooke one a Robe of camelyne,</p>
+<p>And ganne her <ins class = "change" title = "footnote (MS) ‘graithe’">gratche</ins> as a Bygin.</p>
+<p>A large cover-<ins class = "change" title = "cheife">cherfe</ins> of
+Thredde</p>
+<p>She wrapped all aboute her hedde.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in Latyne
+called Bigrinæ or Biguinæ. Whose originall order, encrease, and
+contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and Mathewe
+Westm<i>inster</i>. But as I sayed, since I haue not my mathewe Paris at
+hand, I&nbsp;will sett you downe <ins class = "spell" title =
+"{th}e">the</ins> wordes of mathewe Westmynster <ins class =
+"correction" title = "1865 text has open parenthesis, close bracket">(otherwise</ins> called “Flores <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Historiaru{m}">Historiarum</ins>” or “Florilegus”) in this sorte. Sub
+eisdem diebus (<ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{hi}che">w<i>hi</i>ch</ins> was in the yere of <ins class = "spell"
+title = "{Christ}e">Christe</ins> 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry
+the thirde,) quidam in Almania <ins class = "spell" title =
+"precipue">precipuè</ins> se asserentes vitam et habitu<i>m</i>
+relligionis
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a>
+elegisse, in utroq<i>ue</i> sexu, sed <ins class = "spell" title =
+"maxime">maximè</ins> in muliebri, continentia<i>m</i>,
+cu<i>i</i>u<i>s</i> vitæ simplicitate profitentes, se voto priuato deo
+obligaru<i>n</i>t. Mulieresq<i>ue</i>, quas Bigrinas <ins class =
+"spell" title = "vulgariter">vulgaritèr</ins> vocamus, adeò multiplicatæ
+sunt, <ins class = "spell" title = "quod">quòd</ins> earu<i>m</i>
+<span class = "pagenum second">38</span>
+numerus in vna ciuitate, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"scilicet">scilicèt</ins> Colonia, ad plus <ins class = "spell" title =
+"qua{m}">quam</ins> mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche,
+speakinge yn the yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "rellig{i}ous">relligious</ins> orders, he sayeth, Item
+in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas nominant, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Citrinatione or perfect digestion.</span>
+Citrinatione yo<i>u</i> do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye.
+Whiche Citrinatione is bothe a <ins class = "spell" title =
+"coolor">color</ins> and parte of the philosophers stoone. for, as hathe
+Tractatus Avicennæ (yf&nbsp;yt be his and not liber suppositi[ti]us, as
+manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are foysted in vnder the names of the
+best lerned authors and philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and
+suche others,) in <ins class = "spell" title = "p{a}rte">parte</ins> of
+the 7 chapter. <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Citrininatio">Citrinatio</ins> est <ins class = "spell" title =
+"quæ">que</ins> fit inter albu<i>m</i> et rubru<i>m</i>, et non dicitur
+coolor perfectus, whiche Citrinat<i>i</i>one, as sayethe Arnoldus de
+Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5. nihil aliud est <ins class = "spell" title =
+"qua{m}">quàm</ins> completa digestio. For the worke of the philosophers
+stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke color in the same
+degree. for as the vrine of manne, being whityshe, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "shewethe">sheweth</ins> imp<i>er</i>fecte digestione: But when
+he hathe well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione
+p<i>er</i>fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe <ins
+class = "spell" title = "coolor">cooler</ins>: so ys yt in Alchymye.
+whiche made Arnolde call this citrinatione perfect digestion, or the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "coolor">cooler</ins> provinge the
+philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the <ins class = "correction"
+title = "‘heighte’ corrected from 1876 text">heigh[t]e</ins> of <ins
+class = "spell" title = "p{er}fect{i}one">perfect<i>i</i>one</ins>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in
+winter,</span>
+Forage in one place you expounde meate, and in other place fodder.
+boothe whiche properly cannott stande in this place of chaucer in the
+reves prologue, where he sayeth, “my fodder is forage.” for yf
+<span class = "pagenum second">39</span>
+forrage be fodder, then is the sence of that verse, “my fodder is
+fodder.” But fodder beinge a generall name for
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a>
+meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of affynytie withe foode applied to
+menne and <ins class = "spell" title = "beastes">beasts</ins>, dothe
+onlye signyfye meate. And so the sence is, “my meate ys forage,” that
+is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis<i>i</i>one as ys made for
+horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu<i>m</i> in
+latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the <ins class =
+"spell" title = "worde">word</ins> next before dothe well shewe yt, when
+the Reve sayeth,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>I ame olde, me liste not play for age,</p>
+<p>Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean grass.</span>
+Yet metaphor&shy;ically yt may be taken for other <ins class = "spell"
+title = "then">than</ins> drye horse meate, although improperlye; as
+Chaucer hathe, in <ins class = "spell" title = "S{i}r">Sir</ins> Topas
+Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and <ins class = "spell"
+title = "vsethe">vseth</ins> the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"worde">woorde</ins> rather to make vpp the ryme <ins class = "spell"
+title = "then">than</ins> to shewe the true nature thereof; sayinge,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>That downe he layed hym in that place,</p>
+<p>to make his steede some solace</p>
+<p>and gyve hym good forage.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.</span>
+Heroner yo<i>u</i> expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true,
+for a <ins class = "change" title = "‘Goshawke’ with footnote ‘MS Gowshake’">gowshawke</ins>, sparrowe hawke, tassell,&nbsp;&amp;c. be
+kyndes of hawkes. But this heroner, is an especiall hawke (of&nbsp;anye
+of the kyndes of longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other
+hawkes are, because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous <ins
+class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> of other fowles, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "insomuche">insomuch</ins>, that when she <ins class =
+"spell" title = "fyndethe">fyndeth</ins> her selfe in danger, she will
+lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp her bellye towardes the
+hawke; and so defile her enymye with her excrementes, that eyther she
+will blinde the hawke, or ells with her byll or <ins class = "change"
+title = "talentes">talons</ins> pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to
+cease vppon her.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">40</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine.</span>
+The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the Bryer, vnlest
+yo<i>u</i> adde this epithetone and saye, the redde Berrye one the swete
+Bryer, (which is the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Eggletyne">Eglantyne</ins>,) to distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer
+or
+<span class = "pagenum">32</span>
+<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a>
+Bramble beringe the blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them
+boothe; when the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe
+yo<i>u</i> that yo<i>u</i> saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from
+the Blacke, for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may
+be called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.</span>
+Nowell yo<i>u</i> expounde <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Christmesse">Christmasse</ins>, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt
+is that tyme, whiche is properlye called the <ins class = "spell" title
+= "Aduente">Advente</ins> together with <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Christmesse">Christmasse</ins> and <ins class = "spell" title = "Newe yeres">Neweyeres</ins> tyde, wherefore the true etymologye of that worde
+ys not <ins class = "spell" title = "Christmesse">Christmasse</ins>, or
+the <ins class = "spell" title = "twelue">twelve</ins> dayes, but yt is
+godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of Christe
+in the fleshe, whiche p<i>er</i>adventure after a sorte, by the figure
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Senecdoche">synecdoche</ins>, yo<i>u</i>
+may seeme to excuse, placinge ther <ins class = "spell" title =
+"{Christ}emas">xþemas<a class = "tag" name = "endtagB" id = "endtagB"
+href = "#endnoteB">B</a> (<i>Christmasse</i>)</ins> a&nbsp;p<i>ar</i>te
+of this tyme of Nowell for all the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in
+the same worde is conteyned <ins class = "spell" title =
+"somety{m}e">sometyme</ins> xx, but for the most p<i>ar</i>te thirtye
+dayes before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that
+woorde being deduced as hathe <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Will{el}m{u}s">Will<i>iel</i>m<i>u</i>s</ins> Postellus in <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Alphabeto">Alphabet.</ins> 12 Linguarum, from the
+hebrue worde Noell: for thus he writethe: <ins class = "correction"
+title = "both editions read &#x200F;באל&#x200E;">&#x200F;נאל&#x200E;</ins> noel, sonat deus noster
+sive Deus nobis advenit, solitaq<i>ue</i> est hec vox <ins class =
+"correction" title = "‘cantaria’ corected from 1876 text">cantari
+a</ins> plebe ante <ins class = "spell" title = "{Christ}i">xþi
+(<i>Christi</i>)</ins> natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam
+desiderio.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common.</span>
+Porpherye you expounde marble, w<i>hi</i>che
+<span class = "pagenum second">41</span>
+m<i>ar</i>ble ys genus, but <ins class = "spell" title =
+"purpherye">porpherye</ins> is species, for as there is white and grey
+marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye,
+a&nbsp;stone of <ins class = "spell" title = "reddishe">reddish</ins>
+purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with white veynes as yo<i>u</i>
+may see in the great pillars entringe into the royall exchange or burse
+in Cornhill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Sendale, a sylke stuffe.</span>
+Sendale you expounde a thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne
+stuffe lyke sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but
+courser and narrower,
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> the sarcenett nowe ys, as
+my selfe canne remember.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast
+stones.</span>
+Trepegett you expounde a <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ram{m}e">ramme</ins> to batter walles. But the trepegete was the same
+that the <ins class = "spell" title = "mogonell">magonell</ins>; for
+Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the trepegett and
+magonell <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins> all one, and
+the magonell one instrumente to flynge or cast stones (as&nbsp;<ins
+class = "spell" title = "youre selfe">youreselfe</ins> expounde&nbsp;yt)
+into a towne, or against a towne walles, (<ins class = "change" title =
+"one">an</ins>&nbsp;engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an
+instrumente to cast forthe dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget
+must nedes also be one instrumente to cast stones or <ins class =
+"spell" title = "suche">such</ins> lyke against a wall or into a towne,
+and not a Ramme to batter <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘wal[l]es’">wales</ins>; since the Ramme was no <ins
+class = "spell" title = "engyne">engine</ins> to flinge anye thinge, but
+by mens handes to be broughte and pusshed againste the walles;
+a&nbsp;thinge farr different in forme from the magonell or catapulte, as
+<ins class = "spell" title = "apperethe">appereth</ins> by Vigetius and
+Robertus Valturius de re militari.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.</span>
+Wiuer yo<i>u</i> expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, a&nbsp;wyuer
+is a kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of whose
+kinde he is, a&nbsp;thinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes, vsinge the
+same for armes, and crestes, &amp; supporters of manye gentle and
+<span class = "pagenum second">42</span>
+noble menne. As the erle of Kent <ins class = "spell" title =
+"bearethe">beareth</ins> a wiuer for his creste and supporters, the erle
+of Pembroke, a&nbsp;wiuer vert for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande,
+a&nbsp;wiuer geules for his supporters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye.</span>
+Autenticke yo<i>u</i> expounde to be antiquytye. But howe yo<i>u</i> may
+seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers meaninge, I&nbsp;knowe
+not; but sure I ame the proper signyficat<i>i</i>one of autenticke is a
+thinge of auctoritye or credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the
+originall or fyrste archetypu<i>m</i> of any thinge; whiche I muse that
+you did not remember.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.</span>
+Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Frenshe">Frenche</ins>, and Spanishe, signifyeth
+relinquere,
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a>
+to forsake and leave a thinge; w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title
+= "me thinkethe">methinkethe</ins> yo<i>u</i> most hardely stretche to
+libertye, vnlest yo<i>u</i> will saye that, when one forsakethe a
+thinge, he <ins class = "spell" title = "leavethe">leaveth</ins> yt at
+libertye; whiche ys but a streyned speche, although the frenche
+Hollybande, not vnder&shy;standinge the true energye of our tongue, hath
+expounded yt libertye; whiche may be some warrante vnto you.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">Vnder the title of youre</span> Annotacions
+and Corrections.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Of the Vernacle.</span>
+<span class = "firstword">In youre <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Annotac{i}ons">Annotacions</ins></span> you describe, oute of the
+<span class = "pagenum second">43</span>
+prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure, wherein was sett the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Instrument{es} wherwith">instruments
+wherewith</ins> Christe was crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was
+the printe of his face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the
+instrumentes of his deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure
+of his face; as I conceve yt with others.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth
+reasons.</span>
+Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade Capaneus, wherunto I cannott
+yelde. for althoughe Statius and other latine authors do call hym
+Capaneus; yet all the writers of Englande in that age call him
+campaneus; as Gower, in confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye
+of Thebes taken <ins class = "spell" title = "oute">out</ins> of
+Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so that yt semethe
+they made the pronu<i>n</i>tiatione of Campaneus to be the dialecte of
+our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is in this to be
+p<i>ar</i>doned, in that taking his knightes tale <ins class = "spell"
+title = "out^e">out</ins> of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane
+(and of late translated into frenche,) <ins class = "spell" title =
+"dothe">doth</ins> there, after the Italiane manner, call him campaneus;
+for so the Italians pronounce woordes <ins class = "spell" title =
+"begynninge">beginninge</ins> with cap: with the interposit<i>i</i>one
+of the l<i>ette</i>re m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w<i>hi</i>che
+the Latins call capitoliu<i>m</i>, the Italians call campidoglio; and
+suche lyke. Wherefore since yt was <ins class = "spell" title =
+"vniu{er}sallye">vniversallye</ins> receued in that age, to call him
+Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p<i>er</i>mytte yt to have
+free passage accordinge to the
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a>
+pronuntiat<i>i</i>one and wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge
+woordes from one language to one other, there ys often additione and
+substract<i>i</i>one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the middle,
+and in the
+<span class = "pagenum second">44</span>
+ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte examples mighte be produced,
+whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros, and giveth
+reasons.</span>
+Fo: 3. pa: 2. (“Noughte comelye lyke to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"louers">lovers</ins> maladye of Hereos.”) for whiche woorde hereos you
+reade eros, i. cupide, a&nbsp;very good and probable correct<i>i</i>one,
+well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient<i>i</i>a vestra, and
+reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe
+mystake&nbsp;yt,) I&nbsp;wolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read
+heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the letters;
+a&nbsp;comone thinge for the printer to do, and the corrector to
+overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love, did not shewe those
+courses of <ins class = "correction" title = "‘gouernmente’ corrected from 1876 text">gouer[n]mente</ins>, whiche the Heroes, or valiante
+p<i>er</i>sons, in tymes <ins class = "spell" title = "paste">past</ins>
+vsed, for thoughe they loued, yet that passione did not generallye so
+farre overrule them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p<i>ar</i>ticuler
+personne) as that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke <ins
+class = "spell" title = "act{i}ons, w{hi}che">actions, whiche</ins> they
+<span class = "pagenum second">45</span>
+before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as that they sholde not
+forgett, what <ins class = "spell" title = "theye">they</ins> were in
+place, valor, or magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass<i>i</i>one,
+did not observe “lyke to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"louers">lovers</ins> malady of Heroes.” Whereof I <ins class = "spell"
+title = "colde">coulde</ins> produce six hundred examples, (as&nbsp;the
+proverbe&nbsp;ys,) were yt not that I avoyde tedious prolixytye.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Of florins and their name from the Florentines.</span>
+Fo: 6. pa: 2. (“Manye a florence<ins class = "correction" title = "’ for ’">.”)</ins> In whiche noote yo<i>u</i> expounde a florence to be
+ij<sup>s</sup> frenche, and a gelder to be the same in dutche. Wherein
+yo<i>u</i> mistake the valewe of <ins class = "change" title =
+"a">the</ins> florens, suche as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "w{hi}che takinge">w<i>hic</i>he taking</ins> his name
+of the woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (of&nbsp;the terrytorye of
+florence in Italye,) were called Florens;
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings.</span>
+as sterlinge money
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a>
+tooke their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver in
+the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges frenche ys not
+equall in valewe (as&nbsp;I nowe take&nbsp;yt) to two shillinges <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Englyshe">Englishe</ins>: and much lesse equall
+to the florens in Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre <ins
+class = "spell" title = "shilling{es}">shillings</ins>, fowre pence, or
+halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges tenne pence
+farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye: some of them being
+called florens de scuto or of the valewe of the shelde or frenche crowne
+and some of them called florens regall. Whereof yo<i>u</i> shall fynde,
+in the recorde of pellis exitus in the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"exchequier">exchequer</ins> in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note.
+Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in parte
+solutionis 8000 florenoru<i>m</i> de scuto pretii petii iij<sup>s.</sup>
+iiij<sup>d.</sup> sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru<i>m</i> de scuto
+in quibus Rex tenebatur eidem
+<span class = "pagenum second">46</span>
+Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure, prisonario suo apud Bellu<i>m</i>
+de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis
+empt<i>o</i>, vt patet per litteras Regis patentes, quas idem
+Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Dors{o}">Dors.</ins> de <ins class = "spell" title =
+"su{m}ma">summa</ins> subscripta, per bre<i>ve</i> de magno sigillo,
+inter mandata de <ins class = "spell" title = "Term{ino}">Term.</ins>
+Michaelis de anno 36 &mdash;xx<sup>li.</sup> To the valewe whereof
+agreeth Hipodigma Neustriæ, pa. 127,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.</span>
+where <ins class = "spell" title = "settinge">setting</ins> downe the
+ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters to the valewe of thre
+milliones of florens, he sayethe “of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"w{hi}che">w<i>hic</i>he</ins> florens duo valebant vj<sup>s.</sup>
+viij<sup>d.</sup>” These florens the same Walsingha<i>m</i> in <ins
+class = "change" title = "other">another</ins> place <ins class =
+"correction" title = "‘calle the’ corrected from 1876 text">callethe</ins> scutes or frenche crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex
+quidem Franciæ pro sua redemptione soluit regi Angliæ tres milliones
+scutoru<i>m</i>, quoru<i>m</i> duo valent vnu<i>m</i> nobile, videlicet,
+sex solidos et octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme
+of kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in
+Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a>
+florens for the redempt<i>i</i>one of the frenche kinge, were of the
+valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that <ins class = "spell"
+title = "king{es}">kings</ins> reigne there were also one other sorte of
+florens, not of lyke valewe, but conteyned within the price of
+ij<sup>s.</sup> x<sup>d.</sup>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "q{uad}r{anta}">
+<img src = "images/QR.gif" width = "22" height = "21"
+alt = "see correction"></ins>
+called florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme, of
+Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the sixte of
+Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne, In denariis sibi
+liberatis per manus <ins class = "spell" title = "Walter">Walteri</ins>
+Hewett militis in pretio 4000 florenoru<i>m</i> regaliu<i>m</i> pretii
+petii &mdash;ij<sup>s.</sup> x<sup>d.</sup>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "q{uad}r{anta}">
+<img src = "images/QR.gif" width = "22" height = "21"
+alt = "see correction"></ins>
+de quibus florenis regal<i>ibus</i> 7 computantur pro tribus nobilibus,
+eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo<i>u</i> see the meanest of these
+florens did <ins class = "spell" title = "exced">exceed</ins> the valewe
+of ij<sup>s.</sup> frenche, (although you sholde equall that with
+ii<sup>s.</sup> <ins class = "spell" title = "Englyshe">Englishe</ins>,)
+as yt did also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those
+dayes yt was <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins> aboute the
+valewe of
+<span class = "pagenum second">47</span>
+iij<sup>s.</sup> iiij<sup>d.</sup> beinge halfe a pistolet Italiane or
+Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius Delphicus, (in&nbsp;the Historye of
+Burgundye, in the lyfe of Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and
+sonne to the frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius’
+woordes be these. Illustris viri aliorumq<i>ue</i> nobiliu<i>m</i> mors
+<ins class = "spell" title = "adeo">adeò</ins> comite<i>m</i> <ins class
+= "spell" title = "comovit">com<i>m</i>ovit</ins>, vt relicta obsidione
+exercitus ad co<i>m</i>meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit.
+Decem <ins class = "spell" title = "milibus florenoru{m}">millibus
+florenorum</ins> (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu<i>m</i>
+Italicu<i>m</i> pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq<i>ue</i>
+nobiliu<i>m</i> <ins class = "spell" title = "cadauerum">cadaverum</ins>
+redemptione solutis,&nbsp;&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Of the oken garland of Emelye.</span>
+Fo: 7. pa: 2. For unseriall yo<i>u</i> will vs to reade cerriall, for
+cerrus<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a>
+is a kynde of tree lyke one oke, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"beringe">bearinge</ins> maste; and therefore by yo<i>ur</i>
+correct<i>i</i>one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke cerriall: But for
+the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of oke as ys also the Ilex)
+I&nbsp;judge yt sholde not be redde cerriall but unseriall, that ys,
+(yf&nbsp;you will nedes have this
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "word">worde</ins> cerriall,)
+a&nbsp;garlande of greene oke not <ins class = "spell" title =
+"cereall">cerriall</ins>, as who sholde saye, she had a Garlande of
+Grene oke, but not of the oke Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke
+unseriall, signifyinge a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of
+dedd wannyshe Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the
+Cerrus, being the tree w<i>hi</i>che we comonly call the holme oke,
+(as&nbsp;Cooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that <ins class = "spell"
+title = "whiche">which</ins> wee call holme,) <ins class = "spell" title
+= "producethe">produceth</ins> two kyndes; whereof the one hathe
+greater, and the other lesser
+<span class = "pagenum second">48</span>
+acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one <ins class = "spell"
+title = "{th}e">the</ins> one syde, and of one <ins class = "spell"
+title = "ouer russett">ouerrussett</ins> and darkyshe Coolor on the
+other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche sholde be
+freshe and Grene one everye parte, as <ins class = "change" title =
+"was">were</ins> her younge and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to
+whome she sacryfyced, and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall,
+not beinge of oke <ins class = "spell" title = "seriall">cerriall</ins>,
+for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue shewed duskyshe and as yt
+were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe and orient as chaucer wolde haue
+her garlande. And this for yo<i>u</i>r <ins class = "correction" title =
+"‘exposit{i}one’ corrected from 1876 text">e[x]posit<i>i</i>one</ins> of
+unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde suppose that this worde unseriall
+dothe not vnaptly signifye <ins class = "spell" title =
+"perfect{i}one">perfectione</ins> of coolor, so that She <ins class =
+"spell" title = "havinge">having</ins> a&nbsp;Garlande of Grene oke
+unseriall, <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> signyfye the
+oke to be grene and unseriall, that is, (as&nbsp;some do expounde this
+worde unseriall,) unsered, unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke
+unto the oke Quercus whiche <ins class = "spell" title =
+"hathe">hath</ins> no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes. And yt
+was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must haue a
+garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they whiche sacryfyced
+vnto Diana, otherwise called <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Heccate">Hecate</ins>, (which name is attribute to Diana, as natalis
+Comes affirmethe with statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke
+sayinge,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris,</p>
+
+<p>being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes,
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a>
+called also Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one,
+whereof Virgil speaketh,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Tergemina<i>m</i>q<i>ue</i> Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianæ<ins class =
+"correction" title = "close parenthesis supplied from 1876 text">,)</ins></p>
+
+<p>were adorned w<i>i</i>th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because
+that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius
+Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate quoquè
+Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be consecrate to
+Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same in
+<span class = "pagenum second">49</span>
+Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Antiquytye">Antiqutye</ins> adorned and crowned Diana
+Heccate with the same crowne also. Wherefore I conclude, since she
+(Emelye) had a garlande of Grene oke, (as&nbsp;Chaucer of purpose <ins
+class = "spell" title = "addethe">addeth</ins> that woorde Greene to
+explane unseriall, whiche <ins class = "spell" title =
+"signyfiethe">signyfyethe</ins> unsered, unparched, unwithered in every
+parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose leafe one the one syde is
+duskyshe as <ins class = "spell" title = "thoughe">though</ins> yt were
+somewhat withered,) that the same <ins class = "spell" title =
+"worde">word</ins> unseriall must stand unamended, as well (as&nbsp;I
+sayed before) by youre owne correct<i>i</i>one and the nature of the
+worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was crowned with the oke
+Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf yo<i>u</i> obiecte to mee
+that, in this place, yt must be a garlande of oke cerriall accordinge to
+the woordes of Chaucer in one other place, because that he in the flower
+and the leafe (newely printed by yo<i>u</i>) <ins class = "spell" title
+= "hathe">hath</ins> these woordes;</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>I sie come first all in theire clokes white</p>
+<p>a companye that were for <ins class = "spell" title =
+"delighte">delight</ins>.</p>
+<p><ins class = "spell" title = "Chaplett{es}">Chapletts</ins> freshe of
+oke serriall</p>
+<p>Newly spronge and <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Trompett{es}">Trompetts</ins> they were all;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke serriall.
+for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as trompettes might be
+crowned with so base one oke as the serriall ys, whiche I call base in
+respecte of
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a>
+the oke Quercus (dedicate to the godd Jupiter) <ins class = "spell"
+title = "wherwithe">wherewithe</ins> Heccate was crowned, and whereof
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Garland{es}">Garlands</ins> were <ins
+class = "spell" title = "gyuen">gyven</ins> to the Romans for their
+nooble <ins class = "spell" title = "desartes">desarts</ins> in the
+warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those whiche had
+saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and of purpose with
+great iudgm<i>en</i>t in my conceyte) make a difference in the
+chaplettes of the Trompettes and the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"garland{es}">garlands</ins> of
+<span class = "pagenum second">50</span>
+Emelye, in that the <ins class = "spell" title = "trompett{es} chaplett{es}">trompetts chapletts</ins> were of oke seriall newly
+spronge; and not <ins class = "spell" title = "coome">come</ins> to
+perfect<i>i</i>one, whiche yet yf they had byn p<i>er</i>fecte wolde not
+haue byn soo oryente and Greene one bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus,
+wherewithe he wolde haue this Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse
+Heccate Diana (to&nbsp;whom she dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so
+in tymes past (as&nbsp;I sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned
+<ins class = "spell" title = "withe">with</ins> garlandes of suche
+thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they sacryfyced. for
+whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe Caxtone in his seconde
+editione do call yt one oke serriall. for I knowe (<ins class = "spell"
+title = "not withstandinge">notwith&shy;standinge</ins> his fayre
+prologe of <ins class = "spell" title = "printinge">printing</ins> that
+by a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.</span>
+Fo: 9. pa: 1. For euerye) yo<i>u</i> will us to reade eyther. But the
+sence ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as of
+eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye syde of
+hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "hym">him</ins>; and therefore they two ryding one
+euerye side of hym, canne haue noone other construct<i>i</i>one then
+that the one did ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side,
+aud therefore an <ins class = "spell" title = "ouer nice">ouernice</ins>
+correct<i>i</i>one, thoughe some coppies do warrant&nbsp;yt:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have known
+Emelye.</span>
+Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save <ins class = "spell" title = "onlye">only</ins>
+the intellecte,) yo<i>u</i> wolde haue us <del>to</del> reade “and also
+the intellecte.” But yf yo<i>u</i> <ins class = "spell" title =
+"will">well</ins> consider the woordes of Chaucer, (as&nbsp;<span class
+= "pagenum">41</span>
+<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a>
+I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet seene,) his
+<ins class = "spell" title = "meany{n}ge">meaninge</ins> ys not that the
+intellecte was
+<span class = "pagenum second">51</span>
+wholye goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo<i>u</i> sholde reade, “and also the
+intellecte” for “save only the intellecte.” for Chaucers meanynge ys,
+that all his <ins class = "correction" title = "‘strengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">streng[t]he</ins> and vitall Sprites aboute his
+outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye <ins class = "change" title =
+"his">the</ins> intellecte or vnder&shy;standinge, w<i>hi</i>che
+remayned sounde and good, as apperethe after by the followinge woordes,
+for when deathe approched, and that all outwarde senses fayled, he
+(Arcite) yet cast eye vppon Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the <ins
+class = "spell" title = "chefest">cheifest</ins> vitall sprite of his
+harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde not haue
+cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled hym. Yet yf you
+liste to reade, “and also the intellecte,” for saue only the intellecte,
+yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne withall, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "nothewithstandinge">notwith&shy;standinge</ins> that a pointe
+at <ins class = "correction" title = "‘strengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">streng[t]he</ins> is looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save
+only the intellecte, without moore,) will make the sence good in this
+sort as I have here pointed&nbsp;yt:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>And yet <ins class = "spell" title = "moore ouer">mooreouer</ins>
+from his armes two</p>
+<p>the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo</p>
+<p>(<ins class = "spell" title = "saue">save</ins> only the intellecte
+without moore)</p>
+<p>that dwelleth in his hart sicke and <ins class = "spell" title =
+"soore">sore</ins></p>
+<p>gan faylen: When the hart felt death &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Straught, a better word than haughte.</span>
+Fo: 10. pa: 2. For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when
+straughte is moore <ins class = "spell" title =
+"signyfica{n}t">significa<i>n</i>t</ins> (and moore answerable to
+Chaucers woordes <ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins>
+followethe) <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> haughte ys.
+for he speakethe of the Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or
+branches of the tree, whiche this woorde straughte <ins class = "spell"
+title = "dothe">doth</ins> signyfye, and is moore aptlye sett downe for
+stretched, then this woorde haughte, whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde,
+or holdinge faste, or (yf&nbsp;<span class = "pagenum second">52</span>
+you will streyne yt againste his nature) <ins class = "spell" title =
+"stretchinge">stretching</ins> on <ins class = "spell" title =
+"heighe">heigh</ins>,
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> agreethe not well
+with <ins class = "correction" title = "‘Chancers’ corrected from 1876 text">Chaucers</ins> meanynge. for these be his <ins class = "spell"
+title = "word{es}">words</ins>:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>And twenty fadome of <ins class = "change" title = "breed th’armes">breedth, armes</ins> straughte;</p>
+<p>That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode,&nbsp;&amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.</span>
+Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue vs
+reade, “for all forgotten is then his visage;” a&nbsp;thinge mere
+impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is not
+materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten, but yt is
+muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his vassalage, and
+the good service donne in his youthe, shold be forgotten when he waxethe
+olde. And therefore yt must bee “his vassalage forgotten;” as presently
+after Chaucer sayeth, better for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and
+his honor in price, <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> when
+he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten; <ins class =
+"spell" title = "w{hi}che">w<i>hic</i>he</ins> I&nbsp;<ins class =
+"spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> dilate and prove by manye examples;
+but I cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I wolde
+not be tedious vnto yo<i>u</i>, as for that leysure <ins class = "spell"
+title = "seruethe">serveth</ins> me not thereunto.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.</span>
+Fo: 13. pa: 1. For lothe yo<i>u</i> bidde vs reade leefe, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "w{hi}che annotac{i}one">which annotacione</ins> neded
+not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde in the texte
+is lefe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at the
+window.</span>
+Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo<i>u</i> reade coughed, but, the
+circumstance considered, (althoughe they may both stande,) yt is moore
+probable that he<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" id = "tag9" href =
+"#note9">9</a> knocked at
+<span class = "pagenum second">53</span>
+her<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id = "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a>
+windowe, <ins class = "addword" title = "phrase missing in 1865 text (skipped line in original MS?)">to make her the better to heare</ins>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> that he coughed. for <ins
+class = "spell" title = "althoughe">although</ins> those woordes “with a
+semely sownde” may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may <ins class
+= "spell" title = "aswell">as well</ins> and <ins class = "spell" title
+= "withe">with</ins> as much consonancye haue reference to a semely and
+gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce, and so his
+meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde rather be by the
+noyse of a knocke <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> of a
+coughe. for so he determyned
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a>
+before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when he sayed,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes <ins class = "spell" title =
+"crowe">crow</ins></p>
+<p>Full priuily knocke at his windowe:</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he did
+before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he knocked
+twyce.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.</span>
+Fo: 23. pa: 2. For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written
+copies haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after the
+written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my fathers
+editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, I&nbsp;wolde more
+willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most lykelye that
+the <ins class = "spell" title = "tartaria{n}s">tartarians</ins> whiche
+dwelt at Sara (a&nbsp;place yet well knowen, and <ins class = "spell"
+title = "boordering vppone">bordering vppon</ins> the lake Mare <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Caspiu{m}">Casp<i>iu</i>m</ins>,) <ins class =
+"change" title = "is">are</ins> nerer to Sorria or the countryes <ins
+class = "spell" title = "adyoynynge">adioynynge</ins> called Syria, <ins
+class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> to Russya. For as Hato the
+Armeniane, in his Tartariane Historye, sayeth, The <ins class = "spell"
+title = "Cytye">cyttye</ins> of Sara was
+<span class = "pagenum second">54</span>
+auncyently the famous cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the
+Tartarians obteyned the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240,
+w<i>hi</i>che must be in the tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called
+Caius canne,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Cambuscan is Caius canne.</span>
+beinge (as&nbsp;I suppose) he whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so
+ys the written copies, <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins>
+affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I gather, yt was
+after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in Russia. But I leave yt
+indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge further to consider
+of&nbsp;yt.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+“That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no wighte say
+naye.”</span>
+Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, “that may not saye naye,” yo<i>u</i>
+reade “there may no wighte say naye.” bothe whiche are good, and boothe
+founde in written coppyes; and yet the firste will better stande, in my
+conceyte, because <ins class = "spell" title = "1865 text uses parentheses">[<i>the king of Faerie</i>]</ins> there speakinge to his
+wyfe, he urgethe her that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe
+that cannott say naye,
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a>
+as who sholde saye yo<i>u</i> cannot denye yt because you knowe yt; and
+experience <ins class = "spell" title = "teachethe">teacheth</ins> yt,
+so that these woordes, “that cannott say naye,” must be taken as spoken
+of his wyfes knowledge, and so as good or rather better <ins class =
+"spell" title = "then">than</ins> “there <ins class = "spell" title =
+"maye">may</ins> no wighte saye naye,” consideringe that these wordes
+“that cannott saye naye,” dothe signyfye, “whoe cannott saye
+<span class = "pagenum second">55</span>
+naye,” in <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> sorte that
+this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue reference to his
+antecedente, <del>i.&nbsp;e.</del> this worde wyfe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Theophraste, not Paraphraste.</span>
+Fo: 35. pa: 2. For “He cleped yt valerye and theophraste,” you saye some
+wolde haue vs reade “Valery and his Paraphraste.” But as yo<i>u</i> haue
+left yt at libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be
+Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte Booke, ca.
+11.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from the author of
+Policraticon.</span>
+(from whome Chaucer borrowethe almost worde for worde a great parte of
+the Wyfe of Bathes Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that
+booke, <ins class = "spell" title = "Iohannes">Johannes</ins>
+Sarisburi&shy;ensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde, sayethe,
+Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de nuptiis, in quo
+<ins class = "spell" title = "queritur">quæritur</ins> an vir sapiens
+ducat vxorem, <ins class = "spell" title = "&amp;c.">etc.</ins> And the
+frenche molinet, moralizinge the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Romante">Romant</ins> of the roose in frenche, and turnynge <ins class
+= "spell" title = "yt">it</ins> oute of verse into proese, writeth, Ha
+<ins class = "spell" title = "se">si</ins> i’eusse creu <ins class =
+"spell" title = "Theophrates">Theophraste</ins>,&nbsp;&amp;c. Oh, yf I
+had <ins class = "spell" title = "beleued">beleved</ins> Theophraste,
+I&nbsp;had <ins class = "spell" title = "neuer">never</ins> maried <ins
+class = "spell" title = "womane">womanne</ins>, for he <ins class =
+"spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> not holde hym wise that marieth anye
+womanne, be she fayre, <ins class = "spell" title = "fowle">foule</ins>,
+poore, or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye wordes
+chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> recyte.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">56</span>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Country, not Couentry.</span>
+Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye.
+But in my writtene copies yt is, “in my Countrye,” whiche I holde <ins
+class = "spell" title = "{th}e">the</ins> truer and for the sence as
+good yf not better.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Maketh, not waketh.</span>
+Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde makethe is corrected by you, who for the same
+do place wakethe; w<i>hi</i>che cannott well stande, for Chaucers
+woordes <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins>, “this
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "makethe">maketh</ins> the fende,” dothe
+signyfye (by&nbsp;a true conuers<i>i</i>one after the dialecte of our
+tonge, w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title = "withe">with</ins>
+beawtye vsethe suche transmutac<i>i</i>one as I <ins class = "spell"
+title = "colde gyue">coulde gyve</ins> yo<i>u</i> manye pretye
+instances,) that the sence thereof ys, “the fende makethe this,” for
+whiche Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "vsethe">vseth</ins> these
+wordes by Transposit<i>i</i>one, (accordinge to the rhethoricall figure
+Hiperbatone) “This makethe the fende:” Whiche this? Anger: for that
+comethe, ys made, or occasioned, by the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"diuell">deuell</ins>. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence
+bee, that this (<ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> is
+the anger he speakethe of before) wakethe the fende; whiche oure
+offences cannot do, because he cannott be waked, in that he neyther <ins
+class = "spell" title = "slombrethe">slumbrethe</ins> nor slepethe, but
+alwayes <ins class = "spell" title = "watchethe">watcheth</ins> and
+howrely seekethe occas<i>i</i>one to destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone.
+But yf you will nedes saye “this wakethe the fende,” that is, by
+conuersione after this manner, “the fende waketh this,” whiche <ins
+class = "spell" title = "signyfyethe">signyfyeth</ins> the fende <ins
+class = "spell" title = "wakethe">waketh</ins> or <ins class = "spell"
+title = "styrrethe">styrreth</ins> this in manne, yt <ins class =
+"spell" title = "maye">may</ins>, after a harde and
+<span class = "pagenum second">57</span>
+over-streyned sorte, beare <ins class = "spell" title =
+"so{m}me">some</ins> sence, whiche yet hath not that energye, sprite or
+lyfe, w<i>hi</i>che haue Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title =
+"woord{es}">woordes</ins>, “this maketh the fende.” Whiche woordes are
+in my written copies, and in all written and auncient printed copies
+whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "haue">have</ins> yet seene.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Hugh of Lincoln.</span>
+Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes, “O&nbsp;hughe of Lincolne sleyne
+also,&nbsp;&amp;c.” You saye, that in the 29. H. 3. eightene Jewes were
+broughte <ins class = "addword">[to London]</ins> fro<i>m</i> Lincolne,
+and hanged for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte
+was <ins class = "correction" title = "‘in’ (no brackets) corrected from 1876 text">[in]</ins> the 39. H. 3. so that yo<i>u</i> mighte verye well
+haue sayed, that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe
+of Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, <ins class = "spell" title
+= "v{iz.}">viz. </ins> thys younger Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe
+bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed in the yere 1200, long before this
+litle seinte hughe. And to prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde
+and that yonge hughe of Lincolne were but
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a>
+one; I&nbsp;will sett downe two auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and
+Walsinghame, whereof the fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe
+1255, beinge the 39. of Henrye the 3, a&nbsp;childe called Hughe was
+sleyne by the Jewes at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he <ins class
+= "spell" title = "delyuerethe">delyvereth</ins> at large; and further,
+in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth, Dimissi sunt quieti <ins
+class = "spell" title = ".24.">24</ins> Judei à&nbsp;Turri London, qui
+ibidem infames tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis
+Lincolniæ: All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Hypodygma">Hypodigma</ins> Neustriæ, confirmeth; sayinge,
+A<sup>o.</sup> 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hugo</span>, à Judeis captus, in opprobriu<i>m</i>
+Christiani nominis <ins class = "spell" title =
+"crudeliter">crudelitèr</ins> est crucifixus.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+“Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a&nbsp;good reading.</span>
+Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his ascensione,&nbsp;&amp;c.) You
+will us to reade for the same,</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Ware the soone in his <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ascentione">ascensione</ins></p>
+<p>Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte,</p>
+<p>For yf yt doe,<ins class = "change" title = ". . .">
+&amp;c.</ins></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum second">58</span>
+<p>But, savinge correct<i>i</i>one, the former sence is good: for these
+woordes: Where the sonne is in his <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ascentione">ascensione</ins>, must haue relat<i>i</i>one to the woordes
+of the verse before,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Ye be righte colericke of complex<i>i</i>one,</p>
+
+<p>and then is the sence, that she <ins class = "change" title = "1865 parenthesized, 1876 moved to footnote">[<i>the fair Pertelote</i>]</ins>
+willed hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in
+the highest degree) collericke of complex<i>i</i>one, where (<ins class
+= "spell" title = "w{hi}che signyfyethe">whiche signyfyeth</ins> when)
+the sonne is in his ascent<i>i</i>one. Wherefore he must take heede,
+that he did not fynde hym repleate (at&nbsp;that tyme of the sonnes
+being in his ascent<i>i</i>one) of hoote humors, for yf he did, he
+sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will stand with the woordes Where
+the sonne is in his ascentione, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"takinge">taking</ins> where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf
+yo<i>u</i> mislyke that <ins class = "spell" title =
+"gloose">gloosse</ins>, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some
+written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his <ins class = "spell"
+title = "assentione">ascentione</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a>
+ne fynde you not repleate,&nbsp;&amp;c. yet yt <ins class = "spell"
+title = "cannotte">cannott</ins> bee that the other wordes, (for yf yt
+doo,) canne <ins class = "spell" title = "answere">answer</ins> the
+same, because this pronoune <ins class = "spell" title =
+"relatyve">relative</ins> (yt) cannot haue relat<i>i</i>one to this
+worde (you) <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> wente
+before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo<i>u</i> not repleate of humors hotte.
+So that yf <ins class = "change" title = "yowe">you nowe</ins> will
+nedes reade ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse
+must nedes be, “for yf you doe,” and not “for yf yt dooe;” vnleste you
+will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat<i>i</i>one to these
+woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott have, those
+woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne (you)
+<span class = "pagenum second">59</span>
+interposed betwene the same and that his <ins class = "spell" title =
+"corelatyve (yt).">correlative (yt.)</ins> Wherefore these woordes, (for
+yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as they did before, though you will
+correcte “Where the sonne&nbsp;&amp;c.” and saye “Ware the
+sonne&nbsp;&amp;c.” W<i>hi</i>che yf you will nedes haue, you must
+correcte the rest in this sorte:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Ware the sonne in his ascentione</p>
+<p>that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte,</p>
+<p>for yf yt do, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But this correct<i>i</i>one (savinge, as I sayed, correct<i>i</i>one)
+<ins class = "spell" title = "semethe">semeth</ins> not so good as the
+former texte.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.</span>
+Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon these woordes, (Lo,&nbsp;in the lyfe of Kenelme we
+reade,) you saye that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche
+sholde be Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have.
+Whiche Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the
+Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof (supposed to be
+Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that auctor, speakinge of the wyfe
+of Offa the greate kinge of Mercia, (a&nbsp;wicked and proude womanne
+because she was of the stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that
+she was called Drida, and being the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"king{es}">kings</ins> wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est, Regina
+Drida.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a>
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.</span>
+Fo: 87. p: 1. Vppon these woordes of “Taurus was fortye degrees and
+one,” you saye that this place ys misprinted, <ins class = "spell" title
+= "aswell">as well</ins> in not namynge of the sygne, as of the
+misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two and twentye of Marche the
+sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven degrees or thereaboutes, and
+hathe in all but thirtye degrees. In whiche, in semynge to correcte the
+former printe (whiche in truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that
+order,) you seme to mee to erre,
+<span class = "pagenum second">60</span>
+as farre as heauen and yerthe, in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mystakinge">mistakinge</ins> Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, <ins
+class = "spell" title = "aswell">as well</ins> for the daye of the
+monthe, as for the signe. for where yo<i>u</i> suppose that Chaucere
+meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt. for
+although yt <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">should</ins> be the 22
+of the monthe, as the printed booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22
+daye of Marche, but must of necessytye be the two and twentythe of
+Aprille: and so the signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye,
+the <ins class = "spell" title = "nomber">number</ins> of the dayes are
+<ins class = "spell" title = "mysprinted">misprinted</ins>, for where yt
+is twentye dayes and two, yt must be (and so are my written <ins class =
+"spell" title = "copyes">copies</ins>) thirtye dayes and two, whiche
+must be the seconde of Maye, as yo<i>u</i> shall well see by the woordes
+of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two dayes, withe the truthe,
+as hathe the written copye, or xxii dayes, withe the printe: yet must
+yo<i>u</i> begynne to recken them from after the <ins class = "spell"
+title = "laste">last</ins> of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge
+Marche was compleate, in these woordes:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>When the month in whiche the worlde began,</p>
+<p>That hight Marche, when God first made man,</p>
+<p>Was complete, and passed were also</p>
+<p>Since Marche byganne, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Wherebye yo<i>u</i> see, that yo<i>u</i> must begynne to recken the
+nomber of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then <ins class =
+"spell" title = "wolde">woulde</ins> the signe fall out to be in Taurus.
+Yf yo<i>u</i> holde yo<i>u</i> to the printe (for the 22
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a>
+daye after <ins class = "spell" title = "m{ar}che, whiche">Marche,
+which</ins> is the 22 daye of Aprill in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"whiche">which</ins> the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to
+the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w<i>hi</i>che is the seconde of
+maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees in Taurus;)
+the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo<i>u</i> suppose. nether
+canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe you to recken them from
+the begynnynge of Marche, (as&nbsp;you seme to
+<span class = "pagenum second">61</span>
+doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the former wordes of
+Chaucer, w<i>hi</i>che sayethe M<i>ar</i>che was complete, and, for that
+we <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> not dobte
+thereof, he addethe also farther, And passed were also since Marche
+beganne; where the worde beganne ys mysprinted for <ins class = "spell"
+title = "be gonne">begonne</ins>, that is, since marche be gonne, this
+word begonne being put for is gonne, or gonne bye, or departed. so that
+the <ins class = "spell" title = "genuynall">genuyniell</ins> sence
+hereof is, When <ins class = "spell" title = "marche">march</ins> was
+complete, and also were passed, since march is gonne, or gonne by, or
+departed. for, in many olde <ins class = "spell" title =
+"inglyshe">inglishe</ins> woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to
+make yt moore signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone,
+for sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed,&nbsp;&amp;c. as in this
+case for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But <ins class = "spell" title =
+"althoughe">although</ins> there be no <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mysnamynge">misnaminge</ins> of the
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself.</span>
+signe; yet yt is true the degrees of the signes are <ins class = "spell"
+title = "mysrekoned">misreckoned</ins>, the error whereof grewe, because
+the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree of the sonne
+ascended above the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Horizone">Horizon</ins>, beinge at that tyme xli degrees in heighte
+from the Horizon. But to remedye all this, and to correcte yt accordinge
+as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne and other written copies; and that yt
+may stande w<i>i</i>th all mathematicall proport<i>i</i>one, whiche
+Chaucer knewe and <ins class = "spell" title = "obserued">observed</ins>
+there, the <ins class = "spell" title = "printe">print</ins> must be
+corrected after those written copies (whiche I yet holde for sounde till
+I maye disprove them) <ins class = "spell" title =
+"havinge">having</ins> these woordes:</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a>
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne,</p>
+<p>that <ins class = "change" title = "hight[e]">hight</ins> Marche,
+when god first made manne,</p>
+<p>was complete, and passed were also</p>
+<p>since marche begonne thirty dayes and two:</p>
+<p>befell that Chanteclere in all his pride,</p>
+<p>his seven <ins class = "spell" title = "Wiues">wives</ins> walkinge
+him beside,</p>
+<p>cast <ins class = "spell" title = "vppe">vp</ins> his eyen to the
+<ins class = "change" title = "bright[e]">bright</ins> sonne,</p>
+<p>that in the signe of Taurus had yronne</p>
+<p>Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore;</p>
+<p>And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore</p>
+<p>That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven:</p>
+<span class = "pagenum second">62</span>
+<p>The <ins class = "spell" title = "sonne, quod">sunne, quoth</ins> he,
+is clomben vp on <ins class = "spell" title = "heauen">heaven</ins></p>
+<p>Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And that this <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> be
+mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the seconde of Maye, there be manye
+reasons, besides those that Chaucer nameth; <ins class = "spell" title =
+"whiche">which</ins> are, that the sonne was not farre from the middle
+of his ascent<i>i</i>one, and in the signe <ins class =
+"addword">of</ins> Taurus. ffurther, since I <ins class = "spell" title
+= "ame">am</ins> now in Chantecler’s discourse, I&nbsp;must speake of
+one woorde in the same, deservinge correct<i>i</i>one, w<i>hi</i>che I
+see you overslipped; and because I thinke yo<i>u</i> knewe not what to
+make of yt, (as&nbsp;<ins class = "spell" title = "in dede">indede</ins>
+by the printinge few menne canne vnderstande&nbsp;yt,) I&nbsp;will sett
+downe the correct<i>i</i>one of the same;
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of
+Mercia.</span>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins> the worde Mereturicke,
+farr corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon<a class = "tag" name =
+"endtagA" id = "endtagA" href = "#endnoteA">A</a> Meþecenþÿke <ins class
+= "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> is the kingdome of Mercia, for so
+was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "bothe">both</ins> kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres,
+and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before noted. And
+that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the woorde <ins class =
+"spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge
+signyfyethe a kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches
+of Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu<i>m</i> Merciæ, or the
+kingdome of Mercia, or of
+<span class = "pagenum second">63</span>
+the boundes so called, because <ins class = "spell" title =
+"almoste">almost</ins> all the other <ins class = "spell" title =
+"kingdomes">kingdoms</ins> of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and
+that lykewise vppon them, since that
+<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a>
+kingdome did lye in the middle of England, and conteyned most of the
+shires thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.</span>
+Fo: 90. pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge
+furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them had
+their <ins class = "spell" title = "outewarde">outwarde</ins> ornamentes
+thereof when they came to their service, as the Chanons had their Grey
+amises; yet in this place, to shewe the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"prowde">proude</ins> and stately ensignes of the Clergye, he there <ins
+class = "spell" title = "namethe">nameth</ins> the popes crowne, and the
+Cardinalls pilloures, yf I be not <ins class = "spell" title =
+"deceued">deceved</ins>. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his
+honorable ensignes borne before hym, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"certeine siluer">certein silver</ins> pillers; as had Cardinall Wolsey,
+in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte, and Cardinall Poole, in my
+memory. So that pilloure in that place is better <ins class = "spell"
+title = "then">than</ins> pellure, because pilloures were a <ins class =
+"spell" title = "noote">note</ins> of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"moore">more</ins> pride and maiestye (<ins class = "spell" title =
+"against">againste</ins> whiche the Plowmanne dothe enveye in those
+woordes,) <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> <ins class =
+"change" title = "ys">in</ins> the weringe of furres.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner of meates.”</span>
+Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these <ins class = "spell" title = "woordes, withe">wordes, with</ins> change of many manner of <ins class =
+"correction" title = "1865 text has superfluous close bracket">meates,</ins> yo<i>u</i> wolde have vs reade, They eate of many
+manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence stande well, yet
+<ins class = "spell" title = "suire">sure</ins> Chaucer <ins class =
+"spell" title = "followethe">followeth</ins> this matter in many staues
+together with this preposit<i>i</i>one (cu<i>m</i>, with,) and this
+<span class = "pagenum second">64</span>
+coniunctione (et,&nbsp;and;)&mdash;as, “With pride misledd the poore,
+<ins class = "spell" title = "&amp;">and</ins> with money filled manye a
+male,&nbsp;&amp;c.” so he contynuethe yt still with that <ins class =
+"spell" title = "preposytione">prepositione</ins>, “<ins class =
+"change" title = "with many change of meates">with change of many
+meates</ins>;” w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title = "ys">is</ins>
+as good as the other, for <ins class = "spell" title =
+"euerye">euery</ins> one <ins class = "spell" title =
+"knowethe">knoweth</ins> Chaucers meanynge to be that they eate of many
+meates, when they haue change of many meates; for <ins class = "spell"
+title = "whye">why</ins> sholde they haue change of meates, but for
+varyetye to please the palates <ins class = "spell" title =
+"tast">taste</ins> in eatynge.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+And also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for the sake
+of the meter.</span>
+In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one or two) you teache vs to
+reade, “myters they weare mo then one or two;” whiche, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "me thinkethe, nedethe">methinkethe, nedeth</ins> not.
+For the wearinge of their myters is included in these woordes,
+<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a>
+And myters <ins class = "spell" title = "moore">more</ins> then one or
+<ins class = "spell" title = "twoe">two</ins>. W<i>hi</i>che wordes are
+curteyled for the verse his cause, that the same mighte kepe <ins class
+= "change" title = "one">an</ins> equall proport<i>i</i>one and decorum
+in the verse, whiche <ins class = "spell" title = "wold">would</ins> be
+lengthened one foote or sillable moore <ins class = "spell" title =
+"then">than</ins> the other verses, yf <ins class = "spell" title =
+"youre">your</ins> readinge <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sholde">shoulde</ins> stande. But yf yo<i>u</i> saye, that in this and
+other thinges I <ins class = "spell" title = "ame ouerstreyghte">am
+overstreyghte</ins> laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the former
+printed editione, in that I <ins class = "spell" title =
+"wolde">woulde</ins> rather allowe one imperfecte sence, and suche as
+must be vnderstoode, when yt ys not fully expressed, <ins class =
+"spell" title = "then">than</ins> a playne style, I&nbsp;will answere
+withe a grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri
+potest per pauciora, and quod subintel&shy;ligitur non deest. Wherefore
+yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit<i>i</i>one of woordes,
+when yt maye be <ins class = "spell" title = "aswell conceyued">as well
+conceyved</ins> in any reasonable mens vnder&shy;standinge without <ins
+class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> addit<i>i</i>one. But <ins
+class = "change" title = "in">on</ins> these
+<span class = "pagenum second">65</span>
+and suche petit matters, I&nbsp;will not nowe longe insiste, (being <ins
+class = "spell" title = "thing{es}">things</ins> of no greate momente,)
+vntill I haue further examyned <ins class = "spell" title =
+"moore">more</ins> written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the
+olde texte or <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> newe
+correctione.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose, but is
+there spelled Guindesores.</span>
+Fo: 122. pa: 2. The lordes sonne of Windsore<ins class = "correction"
+title = "text unchanged: open parenthesis missing in both">.)</ins>
+Vppon these woordes you saye, this maye seme strange bothe in respecte
+that yt is not in the frenche, as also for that there was no lorde
+Windsore at those dayes. But yt <ins class = "spell" title =
+"semethe">semeth</ins> to me moore strange that these woordes <ins class
+= "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> seme strange to yo<i>u</i>, not
+to bee in the frenche, where yo<i>u</i> shall fynde them. For thus hathe
+the frenche written Romante, as maye appere in the <ins class = "spell"
+title = "olde">old</ins> frenche vsed at the tyme when the Romante was
+composed, in this sorte:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Pris a Franchise lez alez</p>
+<p>Ne sai coment est apelles,</p>
+<p>Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores</p>
+<p>Fuiz au <ins class = "spell" title =
+"seign{e}ur">seign<i>eur</i></ins> de Guindesores:</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a>
+<p>Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young bacheler,
+I&nbsp;knowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and gentle, as yf he
+had <ins class = "spell" title = "bynne">byn</ins> sonne to the lorde of
+Windsore. Where in olde frenche this <ins class = "spell" title =
+"woorde">word</ins> fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of that Booke) is
+placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at this daye for filz or
+fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that <ins class = "spell" title =
+"yt">it</ins> is here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the
+Roose turned into proese, moralized, by the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"frenche">french</ins> Molinet, and printed at Paris in the yere 1521,
+who hathe the same verses in these woordes in proese. A&nbsp;Franchise
+s’estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en
+son temps filz du seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo<i>u</i> mighte have
+well seene, had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the
+latyne, Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche,
+the Englishe, and <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> as
+<span class = "pagenum second">66</span>
+haue affynytye with the Dutche, since they vse for doble w
+(a&nbsp;letter comone to&nbsp;vs) these two letters Gu, as in Gulielmus,
+<ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> we wryte Willielmus;
+in guerra, <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> we call and
+writte warre, in Gualterus, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"whiche">which</ins> we write Walter; in guardeine, <ins class = "spell"
+title = "w{hi}che">which</ins> we pronounce and write wardeyne; and
+suche lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for
+Windesore.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Master Thynne <ins class = "spell" title = "knowethe">knoweth</ins> not
+clearly why the Baron <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">should</ins>
+be called of Windsor.</span>
+for <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> other coniectures,
+whye that Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">sholde</ins>
+inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore, they are of <ins class =
+"change" title = "parenthesized in 1865, no ? in 1876">[<i>no</i>?]</ins> great momente, neque adhuc constat that Chaucer
+translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in buildinge. for then
+I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge; whereof I <ins class = "spell"
+title = "wyll">will</ins> not stande at this tyme, no moore <ins class =
+"spell" title = "then">than</ins> I will that there was no lord Windsore
+in those dayes; althoughe I suppose that sir <ins class = "spell" title
+= "Williame">William</ins> Windsore, being then a worthye knighte and of
+great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes <ins class = "spell"
+title = "beyonde">beyond</ins> the seas under the kinge of Englande,
+mighte be lord Windsore, of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"whome">whom</ins> the Frenche tooke notice, <ins class = "spell" title
+= "beinge">being</ins> in those partes, and by them called seigneure de
+Windesore,
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a>
+as euery <ins class = "spell" title =
+"gouerno{u}r">gouerno<i>r</i></ins> was called seigneure <ins class =
+"spell" title = "emongest">emongst</ins> them. But whether he were a
+Baron or no in Englande, I&nbsp;cannott yet saye, because I haue not my
+booke of Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this
+instante.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor for
+chastity only, but for many other matters.</span>
+Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall,&nbsp;&amp;c. Vppone whiche yo<i>u</i> write
+thus. “Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did Emma,
+mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge <ins class =
+"spell" title = "cultors">culters</ins> of yrone barefotte, as did
+Cunegunde,&nbsp;&amp;c.” But in this describinge definit<i>i</i>one, you
+have commytted manye imp<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>ons. first, that ordell was
+a tryall by fyre, w<i>hi</i>che is but a species of the ordell; for
+ordaliu<i>m</i> was a tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a
+tryall of <ins class = "spell" title = "Chastytye">Chastitye</ins>
+whiche was but parcell thereof; for the
+<span class = "pagenum second">67</span>
+ordale was a tryall for manye other matters.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not going
+through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine
+burnynge shares.</span>
+Thirdlye, yo<i>u</i> saye yt was by goinge throughe the <ins class =
+"spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>. when the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"fyerye">fyery</ins> ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares or
+cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande, and not
+<ins class = "spell" title = "goinge throughe">going through</ins> the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>. fourthlye, that Emma,
+mother to Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through
+the <ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>: But she passed not
+through the <ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins> as you bringe
+her <ins class = "spell" title = "fore">for</ins> one example of <ins
+class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> ordale but passed barefotte
+vppone nyne burnynge shares, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"fowre">fowr</ins> for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne Bishoppe of
+Winchester, with whome she was suspected with incontynencye, whiche
+historye you maye see at large in Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone
+li: 6. ca: 23, and in other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a
+longe and no <ins class = "spell" title = "co{m}mone">commone</ins>
+discourse; of the manner of consecrating the <ins class = "spell" title
+= "fyer">fyre</ins> and water, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"howe">how</ins> yt was vsed <ins class = "spell" title =
+"emongest">emongst</ins> the saxons before, and the normans since, the
+Conqueste, and of <ins class = "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> other
+thinges belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer
+to you a thinge knowen to fewe,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry
+III.</span>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "howe">how</ins> this ordale was contynued
+in Englande in the tyme of kinge <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Ioh{a}ne">Johne</ins>, as <ins class = "spell" title =
+"apperethe">appereth</ins> in Claus. 17. <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Ioh{ann}is">Johīs</ins>, m.&nbsp;25, vntill yt was taken awaye by the
+courte of Rome;
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a>
+and after that, in Englande, by the auctorytye of kinge Henrye the
+thirde, whereof you shall fynde this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H.
+3. mem. 5, where yt speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water
+to be forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be vsed
+here in Englande; as apperethe <ins class = "change" title = "by these">in the</ins> woordes of that <ins class = "spell" title =
+"recorde">record</ins>: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt,
+et quibus competeret iudiciu<i>m</i> ignis vel aquæ si non esset
+prohibitum, et de quibus si regnum nostru<i>m</i> abiurarent, nulla
+fieret postea, maleficiendi suspitio, regnu<i>m</i> nostru<i>m</i>
+abiurent&nbsp;&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of his owne
+mate.</span>
+Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes
+“wreaker of adulterye” <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sholde">shoulde</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum second">68</span>
+rather bee “bewrayer of Adulterye;” w<i>hi</i>che in <ins class =
+"spell" title = "truthe">truth</ins> accordinge to one propryetye of his
+nature may be as you saye, but according to another propryetye of his
+nature, yt sholde be “the wreaker of Adulterye,” as Chaucer hathe; for
+he ys a greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female
+<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> the bewrayer of the
+adulterye of one other kynde, and of his hostesse one the toppe of whose
+howse he harborethe. for Aristotle <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sayethe">sayeth</ins> <ins class = "addword">&amp;</ins> Bartholomeus
+de proprie&shy;tatibus reru<i>m</i> li: 12. cap.&nbsp;8. with <ins class
+= "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> other auctors, that yf the storke
+by <ins class = "spell" title = "anye">any</ins> meanes perceve that his
+female hath brooked spousehedde, he will no <ins class = "spell" title =
+"moore">more</ins> dwell with her, but <ins class = "spell" title =
+"strykethe">stryketh</ins> and so cruelly beateth her, that he will not
+surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye, to wreake and <ins class
+= "spell" title = "reuenge">revenge</ins> that adulterye.</p>
+
+<p>These and suche lyke in my conceyte are <ins class = "spell" title =
+"woorthye">worthye</ins> to be touched in <ins class = "spell" title =
+"yo{u}r">your</ins> Annotac<i>i</i>ons, besides other matters whiche you
+haue not handled; whereof (because tyme <ins class = "spell" title =
+"requyrethe">requirethe</ins> after all this tedious treatyce to drawe
+to one ende) I&nbsp;will not now <ins class = "change" title =
+"entreate">treate</ins>; but onlye speake a little moore of fyve
+especiall thinges, woorthye the animadvers<i>i</i>one, of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> the fyrste ys,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The plowman’s tale is wrong placed.</span>
+that yo<i>u</i> make the Plowmans tale to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"goo">go</ins> next before the persons tale,
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a>
+suffering the persons corrupted prologue to passe <ins class = "spell"
+title = "withe">with</ins> this begynnynge, “By that the plowmanne had
+his tale ended,” when all written
+<span class = "pagenum second">69</span>
+copies, (whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> yet
+see,) and my fathers <ins class = "spell" title =
+"edytione">editione</ins>, haue yt, “By that the mancyple had his tale
+ended.” And because my father colde not see by <ins class = "spell"
+title = "anye">any</ins> Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the
+most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,) where to
+place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons tale, whiche, by
+Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as apperethe by the persons
+prologue, where the hooste sayethe, that “<ins class = "spell" title =
+"euerye">euery</ins> manne had tolde his Tale before.” So that the
+plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the manciple and
+persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last edit<i>i</i>one.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from those adulterat and
+not his.</span>
+One other thinge ys, that yt <ins class = "spell" title =
+"wolde">would</ins> be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were
+distinguyshed from the adulterat and suche as were not his, as the
+Testamente of Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge
+“I&nbsp;<ins class = "spell" title = "haue">have</ins> a&nbsp;ladye <ins
+class = "spell" title = "where so">whereso</ins> she bee,”&nbsp;&amp;c.
+whiche Chaucer never composed, as may <ins class = "spell" title =
+"suffycientlye">sufficientlye</ins> be <ins class = "spell" title =
+"proued">proved</ins> by the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"thing{es}">things</ins> themselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne dedicated his
+to Henry VIII.</span>
+The thirde matter ys, that in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte
+Cecille, yo<i>u</i> saye, “This Booke
+<span class = "pagenum second">70</span>
+whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate to kinge Henrye the
+eighte.” But that is not soo. for the firste dedicatione to that kinge
+was by <ins class = "spell" title = "mye">my</ins> father, when <ins
+class = "spell" title = "diuerse">diverse</ins> of Chaucers woorkes had
+byn thrise
+<span class = "pagenum second">71</span>
+printed before; whereof two editions were by Will<i>ia</i>m Caxtone, the
+firste printer of Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one <ins
+class = "spell" title = "colume">columne</ins> in a ragged letter, and
+after in one colume in a better order; and the thirde edit<i>i</i>one
+was printed, as farre as I remember, by <ins class = "spell" title =
+"winkine">Winkin</ins> de <ins class = "spell" title =
+"word">Worde</ins> or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde printers
+of Englande, as I take them.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11" id = "tag11"
+href = "#note11">11</a>
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and
+corrected them.</span>
+Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye <ins class = "change" title =
+"imperfecte">unperfecte</ins> and corrupte occasioned my father (for the
+love he oughte to <ins class = "spell" title = "Chawcers lernynge">Chaucers learnynge</ins>) to seeke the augmente and
+correct<i>i</i>one of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Chawcers">Chaucers</ins> Woorkes, w<i>hi</i>che he happily fynyshed;
+the same <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins>, since that
+tyme, by often printinge <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins>
+corrupted. of this matter I sholde have spooken <ins class = "spell"
+title = "fyrst">first</ins> of all, because yt is the <ins class =
+"spell" title = "fyrste">first</ins> imperfect<i>i</i>one of <ins class
+= "spell" title = "youre">your</ins> paynfull and comendable labors: Yet
+because the <ins class = "spell" title = "prouerbe">proverb</ins> ys
+better late <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> never,
+I&nbsp;<ins class = "spell" title = "holde">hold</ins> yt better to
+speake of yt here then not at all.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer.</span>
+The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the auctors, you haue
+omytted <ins class = "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> auctors vouched
+by <ins class = "spell" title = "chawcer">chaucer</ins>; and therefore
+<ins class = "spell" title = "dyd">did</ins> rightlye intitle yt, moost,
+and not all, of the auctors <ins class = "spell" title =
+"cyted">cited</ins> by Geffrye <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Chawcer">Chaucer</ins>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.</span>
+The fyfte matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde
+Haroldes in this verse,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+My kinge of Haroltes shalte <ins class = "spell" title =
+"thow">thou</ins> bee,</p>
+
+<p>must, by a <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: correct word is ‘metathesis’">mathesis</ins> or transpositione of <ins class =
+"spell" title = "{th}e">the</ins> letters, be Harlotes, and not <ins
+class = "spell" title = "Harolt{es}">Haroltes</ins>, and the verse
+thus,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+My kinge of Harlottes shalt <ins class = "spell" title =
+"thow">thou</ins> bee</p>
+
+<p>And so ys yt in the edit<i>i</i>one of <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Chawcers Work{es}">Chaucer’s Works</ins>, printed in anno Domini 1542,
+accordinge to the frenche <ins class = "spell" title =
+"moralizat{i}one">moralizatione</ins> of Molinet, fo. 149. where he is
+called “Roye des Ribauldez,”
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt in times
+past.</span>
+w<i>hi</i>che is, the kinge of Ribaldes
+<span class = "pagenum second">72</span>
+or Harlottes or <ins class = "spell" title = "euill">evill</ins> or
+wicked persons; one officer of great acco<i>m</i>pte in tymes paste, and
+yet vsed in the courte of France but by one other name, in some parte
+beinge the office of the marshall of Englande. All whiche, because
+yo<i>u</i> shall not thinke I dreame, (<ins class = "spell" title =
+"thoughe">though</ins> yt may seme strange to the <ins class = "spell"
+title = "ignorante">ignorant</ins> to <ins class = "spell" title =
+"haue">have</ins> so greate one officer intituled of suche base
+p<i>er</i>sons as to be called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,)
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.</span>
+yo<i>u</i> shall here <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Ioh{ann}es">Joh<i>ann</i>es</ins> Tyllius (in&nbsp;his seconde booke de
+rebus Gallicis vnder the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in
+these woordes: In domesticis regu<i>m</i>
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a>
+constitu&shy;tionibus, quos proximo capite nominavimus, fit mentio Regis
+Ribaldorum, officii domestici, quem semper oportet stare extra Portam
+pretorii,&nbsp;&amp;c. and a litle after the explanynge of their office,
+he addeth; “sic autem appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi,
+et Ribaldæ mulieres puellæq<i>ue</i> perditæ vocantur. Regis nomen
+superiori aut Iudici tribuitur<ins class = "correction" title =
+"superfluous close quote">, </ins> Quemadmodu<i>m</i> magnus
+Cubicularius dicitur Rex Mercatorum,”&nbsp;&amp;c. Where he <ins class =
+"spell" title = "makethe">maketh</ins> the “Regem Ribaldoru<i>m</i>” an
+honorable officer for manye causes,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.</span>
+as Vincentius Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france
+<ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> also, vnder the title of
+“Rex Ribaldoru<i>m</i> et <ins class = "correction" title =
+"‘pro-/vuostus’ at line break corrected from 1876 text">prouostus</ins>
+Hospitii;” makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum or <ins
+class = "spell" title = "prouostus">provostus</ins> hospitii to seme all
+one, addinge further (after manye other honorable partes belonginge to
+this office) that “meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat.” In
+whiche pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and
+evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the <ins
+class = "spell" title = "dutye">duty</ins> of the marshall,) the frenche
+and wee agree.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties and
+his powers over Harlotts and lost men.</span>
+<ins class = "spell" title = "Wherfore">Wherefor</ins>, touching that
+parte, yo<i>u</i> shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office sett
+downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of Brothertonne (sonne
+to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to his office of Marshalcye;
+where, <ins class = "spell" title = "emongest">emongst</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum second">73</span>
+other thinges, are these woordes: eoru<i>m</i> (w<i>hi</i>che was of the
+marshalls deputyes executinge that he <ins class = "spell" title =
+"shold">shoulde</ins> ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam à
+meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex consuetudine
+mariscallus ex quâlibet meretrice com[m]uni infra metas hospitii inventa
+iiij<sup>d.</sup> primo die. <ins class = "spell" title =
+"Que">Quæ</ins>, si iteru<i>m</i> inventa in <ins class = "correction"
+title = "‘Ballinâ’ corrected from 1876 text">Balliuâ</ins> suâ
+inveniatur, capiatur; et coram seneschallo inhibea<i>n</i>tur ei
+hospitia Regis et Reginæ et liberoru<i>m</i> suorum, ne iteru<i>m</i>
+ingrediatur,&nbsp;&amp;c. And so afterwarde shewethe what <ins class =
+"spell" title = "shalbe donne">shall be done</ins> to those <ins class =
+"spell" title = "wemen">women</ins>, yf they be founde agayne in the
+Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as by Tillius, this
+<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a>
+Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ouer">over</ins> homines perditos, mulieres puellasq<i>ue</i> perditas.
+And that yt was, by Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge <ins class
+= "spell" title = "oute">out</ins> of the courte, (for so modestye <ins
+class = "spell" title = "willethe">willeth</ins> vs to vnderstande,
+because they <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> not
+offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,) so ys yt
+<ins class = "spell" title = "oure">our</ins> Marshalls office, to
+banyshe those harlottes the courte, and bestowe them in some other
+place, where they might be lesse annoyance.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Master Thynne being a herold <ins class = "spell" title =
+"likethe">liketh</ins> not that false semblance <ins class = "spell"
+title = "shold">should</ins> be thought one.</span>
+Wherefore I conclude w<i>i</i>th the frenche, and the former
+edit<i>i</i>one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False
+Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not of
+Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden of the
+conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nugæ in the Romante of the
+Roose,
+<span class = "pagenum second">74</span>
+I <ins class = "spell" title = "cannotte">cannott</ins> (as&nbsp;the
+<ins class = "spell" title = "proverbe">proverb</ins>&nbsp;ys) take my
+hand from the table, (fyndinge go manye <ins class = "spell" title =
+"ouersyghtes">oversightes</ins> in the <ins class = "spell" title =
+"twoe">two</ins> last editiones,) but must speake of one thing <ins
+class = "spell" title = "moore, deservinge correct{i}one">more,
+deserving correctione</ins>, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of
+the last impress<i>i</i>one:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Amide saw I hate stonde,</p>
+<p>That for wrathe and yre &amp; onde</p>
+<p>Semed to be a minoresse;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse.</span>
+Where this woorde Minoresse <ins class = "spell" title =
+"sholde">shoulde</ins> be Moueresse, signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to
+debate, for these be the frenche verses in the oldest written copye that
+euer was (to&nbsp;be founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,)
+by the age of the frenche wordes, <ins class = "spell" title =
+"whiche">which</ins> are these:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Enz euz le milieu vi hayne,</p>
+<p>qui de courouz et datayn</p>
+<p>Sembla bien estre moueresse,</p>
+<p>et courouse et teucerresse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to the
+frenche:</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a>
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Amyde sawe I hate stonde,</p>
+<p>That of wrathe and yre &amp; onde</p>
+<p>Semed well to be <ins class = "spell" title =
+"mooueresse">mooveresse</ins>,</p>
+<p><ins class = "change" title = "one">An</ins> angry wighte <ins class
+= "spell" title = "&amp;">and</ins> chyderesse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.</span>
+Whiche woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat<i>i</i>one
+of that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, a&nbsp;leader or leadresse,
+so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a mooveresse or
+leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose woordes will as well
+and rather better fytt the sence and verse of Chaucer, and better
+answere the Frenche originall and meanynge, than the incerted woorde
+Minoresse.</p>
+
+<p>Thus <ins class = "spell" title = "hoopinge">hooping</ins> that
+yo<i>u</i> will accepte in good and frendlye parte, these my whatsoever
+conceytes vttered
+<span class = "pagenum second">75</span>
+vnto you, (to&nbsp;the ende Chawcers Woorkes by <ins class = "spell"
+title = "muche">much</ins> conference and many iudgmentes mighte at <ins
+class = "correction" title = "‘lengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">leng[t]he</ins> obteyne their true p<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>one and
+<ins class = "spell" title = "glorye">glory</ins>, as I truste they
+shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and leysure to reprinte,
+correcte, and comente the same after the manner of the Italians who have
+<ins class = "spell" title = "largelye">largely</ins> comented
+Petrarche;) I&nbsp;sett <ins class = "spell" title = "ende">end</ins> to
+these matters; comyttinge yo<i>u</i> to god, and me to your
+curtesye.</p>
+
+<p>Clerkenwell Greene,</p>
+
+<p><span class = "gap">&nbsp;</span>the xvi of december 1599.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "gap">&nbsp; </span>Your lovinge frende,</p>
+
+<p><span class = "gap">&nbsp; &nbsp; </span>FRANCIS THYNNE.</p>
+
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a>
+<i>Error for family?</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a>
+Stowe.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a>
+“Hahn,”&mdash;German, a cock. “Cognomine Latino <i>Gallus</i>,”
+Maittaire <i>Ann. Typ.</i> i.&nbsp;52.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a>
+A copy of this curious poem in Thynne’s hand-writing, and marvellously
+illustrated by him, is in the Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a>
+<i>The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a>
+[<i>Absolon.</i>]</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a>
+[<i>The Carpenter’s wife’s.</i>]</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a>
+<i>Caxton</i>, 1475&ndash;1481-2. <i>Wynkyn de Word</i>,
+1495&ndash;1498.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<!-- end div maintext -->
+
+
+<div class = "index">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a>
+<h3><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX.</a></h3>
+
+<p>Abandone, <a href = "#page33">p. 33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, <a href = "#page42">p.
+42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, <a href =
+"#page24">p. 24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arcite, his intellect, <a href = "#page40">p. 40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Authentic, a thing of authority, <a href = "#page33">p. 33</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Begyns, superstitious women, <a href = "#page29">p. 29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Besant, a coin of Bizantium, <a href = "#page25">p. 25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, <a href =
+"#page12">p. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, <a href = "#page18">p.
+18</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, <a href = "#page43">p. 43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Campaneus, reading of, <a href = "#page34">p. 34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, <a href =
+"#page5">p. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, <a href = "#page8">p. 8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer’s parentage, <a href = "#page9">p. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, <a href = "#page16">p. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer’s marriage, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer’s coat-of-arms, <a href = "#page10">p. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer’s children, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, his education, <a href = "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, <a href = "#page11">p. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no,
+<a href = "#page12b">pp. 12,&nbsp;13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, the stemme of, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, his children and their advancement, <a href = "#page17">p.
+17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh,
+<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, <a href =
+"#page22b">pp. 22,&nbsp;23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, early editions of, <a href = "#page56">p. 56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, <a href = "#page9">p.
+9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Citrination, a term of Alchemy, <a href = "#page30">p. 30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colin Clout, written in William Thynne’s house at Erith, <a href =
+"#page7">p. 7</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, <a href = "#page47">p. 47</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, <a href = "#page25">p. 25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Florius, concerning, <a href = "#page35">p. 35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forage, winter provision, <a href = "#page30">p. 30</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Garland, oken of Emelye, <a href = "#page37">p. 37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, <a href = "#page17">p.
+17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, <a href = "#page23">p. 23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaunt, John of, his marriage, <a href = "#page23">p. 23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gower, query whether of the</p>
+
+<p>Gowers of Stittenham, <a href = "#page14">p. 14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, <a href = "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Harlottes, King of, <a href = "#page57">p. 57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heroner, a hawk for a heron, <a href = "#page31">p. 31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, <a href = "#page31">p. 31</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+John of France, his ransome, <a href = "#page36">p. 36</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, <a href = "#page18">p.
+18</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a>
+<p>Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, <a href = "#page47">p. 47</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Leefe, for lothe, <a href = "#page42">p. 42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Hugh of, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, <a href =
+"#page16">p. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Merecenrycke, <a href = "#page50">p. 50</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., <a href = "#page18">p.
+18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, <a href = "#page21">p.
+21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nowell, meaning of, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, <a href = "#page26">p. 26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ordeal, the manner of, <a href = "#page54">p. 54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oundye meaneth wavy, <a href = "#page28">p. 28</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, <a href = "#page11">p. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pilgrime’s Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, <a href =
+"#page6">p. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plowman’s Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, <a href = "#page7">p.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Porpherye, a peculiar marble, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Printing, notes on the history of, <a href = "#page21">p. 21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, <a href = "#page51">p.
+51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King,
+<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis,
+<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, <a href = "#page19">p. 19</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Resager, or Ratsbane, <a href = "#page28">p. 28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ribalds, king of, <a href = "#page57">p. 57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, <a href =
+"#page15">p. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose, Romant of, notes on, <a href = "#page21">p. 21</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Sendale, a sylke stuffe, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., <a href
+= "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sterling money, <a href = "#page35">p. 35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Straught, a better word than haughte, <a href = "#page41">p.
+41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, <a href = "#page55">p. 55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Surrye or Russye, <a href = "#page43">p. 43</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., <a href =
+"#page16">p. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Theophraste, not Paraphraste, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, <a href = "#page33">p.
+33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid
+Chaucer’s tales, <a href = "#page7">p. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., <a href = "#page6">p.
+6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer’s MSS., <a href =
+"#page5">p. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, <a href = "#page7">p.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Vernacle, of the, <a href = "#page34">p. 34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Veseye, Eustace de, <a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Visage for vassalage, <a href = "#page42">p. 42</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space">
+Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office, <a href
+= "#page20">p. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Windsore, Lords son of, <a href = "#page52">p. 52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, <a href = "#page33">p.
+33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, <a href = "#page7">p.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wolsey, his great power with the King, <a href = "#page7">p.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, <a href =
+"#page7">p. 7</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- end div index -->
+
+
+<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6>
+
+
+<div class = "endnote">
+<h4><a name = "endnotes" id = "endnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</a></h4>
+
+<h5>Differences between 1865 and 1876 texts</h5>
+
+<p>Neither edition includes a facsimile of the original MS. Readers will
+have to decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial
+decisions and which ones are errors in one edition or the other.</p>
+
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, words or letters shown in [brackets] were
+<i>italicized</i> in the 1865 edition. Other changes are marked in
+different shades of grey, with mouse-hover popups where appropriate.
+Within popup text, italics are shown in {braces}, superscripts with
+leading ^ (caret).</p>
+
+<div class = "inset">
+
+<p>• clear <ins class = "correction" title = "‘errror’ corrected from 1876 text">error</ins>, almost always corrected from 1876 edition</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+• <ins class = "spell" title = "cha{n}ged spellyng">changed
+spelling</ins>, including handling of expanded contractions and “&amp;”
+for “and”</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+• <ins class = "change" title = "changing word{es}">changed word</ins>,
+including singular/plural alternation and bracketed letters</p>
+
+<p>• <ins class = "addword" title = "more information if needed">added
+word</ins></p>
+
+<p>• <del>missing word</del></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Not noted:</b></p>
+<p class = "hanging">
+editorial and typographic differences such as punctuation and
+capital&shy;ization, or the use of boldface type</p>
+<p class = "hanging">
+decorative letterforms, especially final -ll printed with a connecting
+line</p>
+<p class = "hanging">
+<i>differences that have no exceptions:</i></p>
+<div class = "inset">
+<p>• initial <b>v</b> for both <b>u</b> and <b>v</b> (medial u/v is
+variable)</p>
+<p>• <b>yo<sup>u</sup></b> replacing both <b>you</b> and
+<b>yo<i>u</i></b> (“your” is variable)</p>
+<p>• prices shown inline as <b>ijs.</b> instead of
+<b>ij<sup>s.</sup></b></p>
+<p>• <b>S<i>i</i>r</b> for <b>S<sup>r</sup></b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Common differences:</b></p>
+
+<div class = "inset">
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>n</b> for <b>u</b>: some readings were obvious errors and have been
+marked as such</p>
+<p>final <b>e</b> added:</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>which</b> almost always written <b>whiche</b> or
+<b>wh<i>ic</i>he</b>; <br>
+verb ending <b>-eth</b> usually spelled <b>-ethe</b></p>
+<p><b>emongst(e)</b> spelled <b>emongest(e)</b></p>
+<p><b>than</b> spelled <b>then</b></p>
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>could(e)</b>, <b>would(e)</b>, <b>should(e)</b> spelled
+<b>cold(e)</b>, <b>wold(e)</b>, <b>shold(e)</b></p>
+<p>initial <b>J</b> or <b>j</b> printed as capital <b>I</b></p>
+<p class = "hanging">
+in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants (other than
+-ll-), where 1865 has simple <b>-s</b>, 1876 has italicized
+<i>-<b>es</b></i></p>
+<p><b>y</b> for <b>i</b>, <b>i</b> for <b>e</b>, <b>aw</b> for <b>au</b>
+(Chawcer)</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>The two occurrences of <b>it</b> in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has
+<b>yt</b>, agreeing with all other occurrences of the word.</i></p>
+<p>several occurrences of the word <b>an</b> are read as <b>one</b></p>
+<p>single <b>o</b> changed to <b>oo</b>: <b>goo</b>, <b>moore</b>,
+<b>woordes</b></p>
+<p>some Latin quotations have final <b>-e</b> for <b>-æ</b></p>
+<p>words ending <b>-o<i>r</i></b> transcribed as <b>-o<i>u</i>r</b></p>
+<p>variable word divisions such as <b>as( )well</b>, <b>my(
+)selfe</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<h5>Non-Roman Scripts</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "endnoteA" id = "endnoteA" href = "#endtagA">A.</a>
+In the 1865 text, thorn þ is used for Saxon <b>r</b> ꞃ:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme
+the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one
+reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys
+before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the
+woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a kingdome;
+meþcen signyfyethe markes</p>
+
+<p>The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Meꞃecenꞃÿke, ꞃÿk, meꞃcen</p>
+
+<p><i>At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been
+assigned Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your
+browser will probably not be able to display the character.</i></p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/saxon.png" width = "456" height = "205"
+alt = "page image"></p>
+
+<p><a name = "endnoteB" id = "endnoteB" href = "#endtagB">B.</a>
+Similarly for Greek Χρ (Chi, rho):</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+placinge ther xþemas (<i>Christmasse</i>) a p<i>ar</i>te of this tyme of
+Nowell .... ante xþi (<i>Christi</i>) natalitia viginti aut triginta
+dies quodam desiderio.</p>
+
+<p>The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words in
+Chr-.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions
+and corrections of some imperfection, by Francis Thynne
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