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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29261-0.txt b/29261-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e48a47b --- /dev/null +++ b/29261-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3536 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and +corrections of some imperfections of imp, by Francis Thynne + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes + 1865 edition + +Author: Francis Thynne + +Editor: George Henry Kingsley + +Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + + +[This text uses UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and +quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your +text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode +(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last +resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne’s _Animadversions_. +Two purely typographic features have been adopted from the 1876 Chaucer +Society re-edition of the same MS. Passages printed in brackets in 1865 +have been changed to 1876’s parentheses; conversely, letters and whole +words supplied by the editor are shown in brackets, reserving italics +for expanded abbreviations. A few apparent errors were corrected from +the 1876 text. Some other differences between the two editions are +noted at the end of the e-text. + +Italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. Other italics +are shown conventionally with _lines_. Superscripts are shown with +carets ^. + +The Sidenotes have been duplicated at the beginning of the text to act +as a table of contents.] + + + + + Animaduersions + + uppon + + Chaucer’s Workes. + + + + + [Sidenotes: + The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on + his new edition of Chaucer. + Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition, and justifies + him as editor. + His father’s collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity. + The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen. + William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to + countenance him. + The promise broken through the power of Wolsey. + The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne’s house + at Erith. + Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed by parliament. + Reasons why the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s. + How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was dispersed + abroad. + He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s family. + Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man. + Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued. + Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward. + Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault. + The conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no + valydytye. + Master Speight misquoteth Gower. + Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer. + Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or Gores) of Stittenham. + Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for poetry. + The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour. + The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye. + Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer but? + The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III. + Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor doth Thynne. + The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by + the Pope and the Parliament. + Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes. + Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace. + Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign. + The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but + William was not the first that did so. + The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as + themselves. + A merchant by Attorney is no true merchant. + Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas + Montacute. + He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing. + The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris, and finished + by John de la Meune. + Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess. + John of Gaunt, his incontinency. + Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition of old words, + but commendeth his diligence and knowledge. + Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war. + A besant is a besant, and not a duckett. + Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even + metaphorically. + Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of gold, + a manufacture peculiar to the English. + Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water. + Resager is ratsbane or arsenic. + Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and + hypocritical women from their nature. + Citrinatione or perfect digestion. + Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in + winter, or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean + grass. + Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron. + The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine. + Nowell meaneth more than Christmas. + Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common. + Sendale, a sylke stuffe. + The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast + stones. + Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon. + Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye. + Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so. + Of the Vernacle. + Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth + reasons. + Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros, + and giveth reasons. + Of florins and their name from the Florentines. + Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings. + King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens. + Of the oken garland of Emelye. + Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction. + The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have + known Emelye. + Straught, a better word than haughte. + Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction. + Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction. + It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at + the window. + Surrye or Russye, indifferent which. + Cambuscan is Caius canne. + “That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no wighte say + naye.” + Theophraste, not Paraphraste. + The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from the author of Policraticon. + Country, not Couentry. + Maketh, not waketh. + Hugh of Lincoln. + “Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a good reading. + Kenelm slain by Queen Drida. + Master Speight mistaketh his almanack. + The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself. + Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of + Mercia. + Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls. + Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner of meates.” + And also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for + the sake of the meter. + The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose, + but is there spelled Guindesores. + Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the Baron should be called + of Windsor. + The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor + for chastity only, but for many other matters. + The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not + going through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed + over nine burnynge shares. + The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry + III. + The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of + his owne mate. + The plowman’s tale is wrong placed. + Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from those + adulterat and not his. + There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne + dedicated his to Henry VIII. + The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented + and corrected them. + Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer. + It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes. + The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt + in times past. + Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum. + Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer. + The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls + duties and his powers over Harlotts and lost men. + Master Thynne being a herold liketh not that false semblance + should be thought one. + Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse. + Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] + + + + + +Chaucer.+ + + + ANIMADUERSIONS + + uppon the Annotacions and correct{i}ons of some + imperfect{i}ons of impress{i}ones + of Chaucer’s workes (sett + downe before tyme and + nowe) reprinted in the + yere of our lorde + 1598 + + Sett downe by + FRANCIS THYNNE. + + “Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien.” + + + Now Newly Edited from the MS. in the + Bridgewater Library + + by + + G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S. + + LONDON: + Published for the Early English Text Society, + by N. Trübner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. + + MDCCCLXV. + + + + + John Childs and Son, Printers. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Although only the grandson of the first of his name, the author of the +following interesting specimen of 16th-century criticism came of a +family of great antiquity, of so great an antiquity, indeed, as to +preclude our tracing it back to its origin. This family was originally +known as the “De Botfelds,” but in the 15th century one branch adopted +the more humble name of “Thynne,” or “of the Inne.” Why the latter name +was first assumed has never been satisfactorily explained. It can hardly +be supposed that “John de la Inne de Botfelde,” as he signed himself, +kept a veritable hostelry and sold ale and provender to the travellers +between Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used +in the sense which has given us “Lincoln’s Inn,” “Gray’s Inn,” or +“Furnivall’s Inn,” merely meaning a place of residence of the higher +class, though in this case inverted, the Inn giving its name to its +owner. + +However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful branch +of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now +represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was +collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and +published by him in his “Stemmata Botvilliana.” + +The first “John of the Inn” married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had a +son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk +of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry +VIII. He married in the first place a lady who, however she may have +advanced her husband’s prospects at court, behaved in a manner which +must have considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who +wish to study the matrimonial sorrows of “Thynnus Aulicus,” as he calls +him, may consult Erasmus in his Epistolæ, lib. xv. Epist. xiv. + +His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of +green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more +fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis Thynne. + +Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry VIII. +than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is careful to +let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and that “there +were those of good worship both at court and country” who had at one +time been well pleased to be his father’s clerks. That he was a man of +superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint in the +following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their mutual +fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read the +English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love for +his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another +curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that +William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an +inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of +bitter truth, his “Colin Clout,” a satire perhaps unsurpassed in our +language. + +William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of +Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two +handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him +in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most +warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The +dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness in +these days of revived “farthingales and hoops.” These brasses were +restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling +for things old had prevented the owners of the “church property” from +casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse. + +The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the “Animadversions” was most probably +a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Gresham, the +builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was devoted by his +son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat of Long Leat, +in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided indirectly by the +Reformation, for, says the old couplet, + + “Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne, + When the monks went out they came in.” + +Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father’s house at +Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned +Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the +manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln’s Inn for a +while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we +may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne’s own desire that his court +influence was used to procure him the post of “Blanch Lyon pursuivant,” +a position which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of +which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being +converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John +Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life, +is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may +become. + +Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and +Clerkenwell, in “sweet and studious idleness,” as he himself calls it, +the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of +which has come down to us, principally in manuscript, scattered through +various great libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden’s +estimate of him as “an antiquary of great judgment and diligence.” It +would seem that he had entertained the idea of following in his father’s +footsteps, and of becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even +made some collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight’s +edition probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident +soreness exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a +feeling that his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him. +However the wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne’s +corrections, and Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all +friendship and sympathy.[1] I suspect him of dabbling in alchemy and +the occult sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms +peculiar to those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only “enveyed” +against the “sophisticall abuse,” not the honest use of the Arcana. +Moreover in the British Museum (MS. add. 11,388) there is a volume +containing much curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and +not only collected but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and +wondrous drawing, worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The +costumes however are carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to +the fashion of the raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and +earnestness (most important elements in the search for the philosopher’s +stone), of the small “signs” and prayers appended to these papers, it +is, I think, clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief. +Possibly the following lines, which seem to have been his favourite +motto, may have been inspired by the disappointment and dyspepsia +produced by his smoky studies and their ill success, + + “My strange and froward fate + Shall turn her whele anew + To better or to payre my fate, + Which envy dothe pursue.” + + [Footnote 1: “To the readers. After this booke was last printed, + I understand that M. Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he + hath when the time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment + in our tongue, as the Italians have Petrarke and others in their + language. Whereupon I purposed not to meddle any further in this + work, although some promise made to the contrarie, but to referre + all to him; being a gentleman for that purpose inferior to none, + both in regard to his own skill, as also of those helps left to + him by his father. Yet notwithstanding, Chaucer now being printed + againe I was willing not only to helpe some imperfections, but + also to add some things whereunto he did not only persuade me, but + most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this means most of + his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences marked: such + Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the text by + olde copies corrected.” Speight’s Chaucer, 1602.] + +On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to the +honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as his +successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to have +died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He +married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of +Bransbe, but left no issue. + +There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following +honest and straightforward bit of criticism, if we examine it closely: +and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very +characteristic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a shadowy +outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given to tiny +minutiæ, a careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable in collecting +“contributions” to minor history; one jealous of all appearance of +slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with Master Speight +for printing “Harolds” instead of “Harlotts,” and letting him know how +mightily a “Harold” like himself would be offended at being holden of +the condition of so base a thing as False Semblance? Perhaps the more so +from a half-consciousness that the glory of the office was declining, +and that if the smallest opening were given, a ribald wit might create +terrible havock amongst his darling idols. How delicately he snubs +Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell Green (How would +Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a long uphill walk +for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe from long-staff +sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he would have derived +no “disparagement” from so doing; showing all the devotion to little +matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old gentleman of our +own day. + +But mark this old gentleman’s description of his father’s collection of +Chaucer’s MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission than +that one of William Thynne’s, empowering him to rout and to rummage +amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the +precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his +pleasant toils? “Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst +which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places +‘Examinatur Chaucer’!” Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the +tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one +of those stolen from Francis Thynne’s house at Poplar by that +bibliomaniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of +generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann, +that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be +regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was +not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the +reformers? + +We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than +twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small +tything of the entire number extant, showing that there were men amongst +the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even when directed against +themselves, and that there must have been some considerable liberality +if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the day. It would, I fancy, +be difficult to find amongst the monkeries of our own time (except +possibly those belonging to that very cheery order the Capuchines) an +abbot inclined to permit his monks to read, much less to copy, so +heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however freely he winked at +the introduction of French nouvellettes. + +But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there were +others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the +churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence +lurked under his seeming _bonhommie_. Wolsey thought it worth his while +to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige William +Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the promised +protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the Parliament +noticed in the tract (p. 7) was doubtless owing to the same +influence:[2] an assumption of the right of censure by the Parliament +which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer altogether. The +Parliament men were right in regarding the works of Chaucer as mere +fables, but they forgot that fables have “morals,” and that these morals +were directed to the decision of the great question of whether the +“spiritual” or the “temporal” man was to rule the world, a question +unhappily not quite settled even in our own time. + + [Footnote 2: Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury + Tales were exempt from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry + VIII. “For the advancement of true religion.” I find no notice of + this in the Act in the “Statutes at large,” 1763. He also refers + to Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, which is also merely negative on the + subject.] + +The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton (p. 7) is also +very interesting, and gives us a hint of the existence of a “protesting” +feeling in the Court of Henry VIII. before there was any reason for +attributing it to mere private or political motives. From the way in +which it is mentioned here, I suspect that the more general satire +“Colin Clout” preceded the more directly personal one of “Why come ye +nat to court?” which lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken +virulence which would hardly have been tolerated by him when in the +zenith of his power. It was not improbably written whilst its author was +safe in sanctuary under Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite +though he was, could never have kept Skelton’s head on his shoulders +after so terrible a provocation. + +Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst satirists, +there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was writing on +the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he scorns to hide +his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters fearlessly and +openly what he has to say. Even in our own time, + + “Though his rime be ragged + Tattered and iagged + Rudely rain-beaten + Rusty and moth-eaten + _If ye talke well therewyth + Yt hath in it some pith_.” + +Thynne’s note on the family of Gower (p. 14) is of value as agreeing +with later theories, which deny that Gower the poet was of the Gowers of +Stittenham, the ancestors of the present houses of Sutherland and +Ellesmere. The question is not, however, finally decided, and we have +reason to believe that all the Gowers of Great Britain are descended +from the same family of Guers still flourishing in Brittany. Early +coat-armours are not much to be depended on, and Thynne as a Herald may +lean a little too much towards them. The question is, however, in good +hands, and I hope that before long some fresh light may be thrown +upon it. + +The old story of Chaucer’s having been fined for beating a Franciscan +friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, I think, on +sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is not +lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than feminine +powers of invective “spiritual” men seem to be not unfrequently endowed, +and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be likely to +be (of course from the best motives) to a man like Chaucer, who had +burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the caustic of his wit, +I shall continue to believe the legend for the present. If the mediæval +Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of a friar was occasionally +thought necessary even by the most faithful, and I see no reason why +hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper on sufficient +provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens does not +outrage probability when he makes Martin Chuzzelwit the elder, fell Mr +Pecksniff to the ground. + +Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the +explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that +the word “orfrayes,” which had gone so far out of date as to be +unintelligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage for +church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again. The +note on the “Vernacle” is another bit of close and accurate antiquarian +knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after all he says +about that mysterious question of “The Lords son of Windsor,” a question +as mysterious as that demanding why Falstalf likened Prince Henry’s +father to a “singing man” of the same place, we should be left as wise +as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to what we have +lost from Thynne’s great storehouse of information; how valuable would +have been “that long and no common discourse” which he tells us he might +have composed on that most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal; +and possibly much more so is that of his “collections” for his edition +of Chaucer! This last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate +literary mole. + +The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of “the +second editione to one inferior personne, than my father’s editione +was,” may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to +Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne’s edition in +1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight +followed “a late English corrector whom I forbear to name,” I suspect +that the “inferior personne” was poor John Stowe, and the edition to +have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of date to +that of Speight. + +The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of the +treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good +order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was +evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton, +and bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most +probably got _his_ copy of Animadversions in a more humble form. + +In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands, +originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away, +probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert +Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to +presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally +the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done +him. + + + + +LIST OF THYNNE’S WORKS + + +1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and +Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 & 1652. + +(This was first published in 1651 under the title “The application of +certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their functions.” The +title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British Museum, 8005--a.) + +2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which Ra. +Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586. fol. + +3. “There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or +Regents of Scotland during the King’s minority, or the minority of +several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the +catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the +Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of +Scotland.” _A. a’ Wood._ + +4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R. Holinshed’s Chronicle +at the end of Q. Mary. + +5. “A Discourse of Arms,” dated “Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan., 1593.” +MS. in the College of Arms. + +6. “Catalogue of the Chancellors of England.” MS. in the Bridgewater +Library. + +7. “Collections for the History of England.” MS. in Bridgewater Library. + +8. Animadversions on Speight’s Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater Library. + +9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning Arms, monumental +Antiquities, &c. MS. Cotton’s Lib. Cleopatra, C. 3. p. 62. + +10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605. +MS. Bib. Ashmol. n. 835. + +11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599. + +12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court +Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne’s Collection of Curious +Discourses). + +13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, A.D. 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol. +1374. + +14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam +gallice. MS. + +“In the castrations to Hollingshed’s Chronicles are the four following +discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from political motives, +they have been added to the late quarto Edition.” + +15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585. + +16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586. + +17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the “Lives of the Lords Cobham +of Cobham, Randale and Harborough,” British Mus. MS. add. 12,514. +f. 56?) + +18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and +constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed +the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror. MS. 1585 (Was in the +library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS. add. +12,514). + +19. Of Stirling Money. + +20. Of what antiquity shires were in England. + +21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for administration +of justice in England. + +22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law. + +23. Of Epitaphs. + +24. On the antiquity, &c., of the high Steward of England. + +25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are +printed in “Hearne’s Curious Discourses.” 8vo, 1775.) + +26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139. + +27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning the +Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530. + +28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514. + +29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and gentlemen +of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus. Brit. MSS. +add. 11,388. + +(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and illustrated +by Thynne--principally bearing on the philosopher’s stone. The principal +paper is a rhyming Latin poem, “De Phenicæ sive de Lapide Philosophico,” +referred to in the tract.) + +Collections out of Domus Regni Angliæ. Nomina Episcoporum in Somerset. +Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et Edwardo, +Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. A book of collections and +commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis. + +Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger +books, and other antient manuscripts. + + + + +ANIMADVERSIONS. + ++To the righte Honorable his singular goode Lorde Sir Thomas +Egertone knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of +the Rooles of the Chancerye.+ + + +It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente +and gretlye estemed custome emongste the Romans in the heigh[t]e +of their glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or +the desarte of his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe +of Januarye (consecrated to the dooble faced godd Janus one the +fyrste daye whereof they made electione of their cheife officers +and magystrates) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as the +noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene +them, a pollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good +effectes whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not +restinge in the lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the +Romans (as did their language and many other their usages and +lawes) into euerye perticuler Countrye where theyr powre and +gouermente stretched. passed also ouer the Oceane into the litle +worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from thence, nor frome +those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth combyne. ffor +whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that moste +excellente and yet embraced Custome, I thynke yt my parte to +presente unto yo{u}r Lo{rdship} suche poore neweyeres gyfte as +my weake estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will +permytte: Wherefore, and because Cicero affirmethe, that he +whiche hathe once ouer passed the frontiers of modestye must for +euer after be impudente, (a grounde w{hi}che I fynde fully +veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before outgonne the boundes +of shamefastnesse in presentinge to yo{u}r Lordshippe my +confused collect{i}ons and disordered discourse of the +Chauncelors)[3] I ame nowe become utterlye impudente in not +blusshinge to salute you agayne (in the begynnynge of this newe +yere) with my petye animadvers{i}ons, uppon the annotac{i}ons +and corrections delivered by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the +last edit{i}one of Chaucer’s workes in the yere of oure +redempt{i}one 1598; thinges (I confesse) not so answerable to +yo{u}r Lordshippes iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your +desarte and my dutye doo challenge. But althoughe they doo not +in all respectes satisfye youre Lordshippes expectac{i}one and +my goode will, (accordinge as I wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt +not but yo{u}r lordshippe (not degeneratinge from youre former +curtesye wontinge to accompanye all youre act{i}ons) will +accepte these trifles from yo{u}r lovinge well-willer, in suche +sorte, as I shall acknowledge my selfe beholdinge and endebted +to yo{u}r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo{u}r +Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione) +because you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste +booke, emboldened me to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of +this pamfelette. Wherefore yf yo{u}r Lordshippe shall receve yt +curteouslye (and so not to dischorage mee in my sweete and +studiouse idlenesse) I will hereafter consecrate to yo{u}r +lykinge some better labor of moore momente and higher subiecte, +answerable to the excellencye of yo{u}r iudgemente, and mete to +declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull mynde and service I beare +and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all reuerence I +commytte this simple treatyce. Thus (withe hartye prayer +comendinge youre estate to the Almightye (who send to yo{u}r + Lordshippe manye happye + and helthfull yeres + and to me the + enlarged + contynuance of + youre honorable fauo{r}) + I humblye take my leave. + Clerkenwell grene + the xx of + December + 1599. + Yo{u}r Lordshippes wholye to + dyspose, + Francis Thynne. + + [Footnote 3: “_The names and Armes of the Chancellors + collected into one Catologue by ffrancis Thynn declaring the + yeres of the reignes of the kinges and the yere of our Lorde in + whiche they possessed that office._” --_Folio MS. Bridgewater + Library._] + + + + +TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn sendeth greeting. + +[Sidenote: The author is vexed that Master Speight did not +consult him on his new edition of Chaucer.] THE INDUSTRYE AND +LOVE (MASTER SPEIGHT) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and +to oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe +comendat{i}one and furtherance: the one to recompense yo{u}r +trauayle, the other to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all +beare (or at the least yf we reuerence lernynge or regarde the +honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler +ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet +since there is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one, +whereine some imp{er}fect{i}one maye not bee founde, (for as the +prouerbe is Bernardus, or as others have Alanus, non videt +omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in discharge of +the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I suppose +I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye +other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made +hym most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge +his woorkes,) to enter into the examinat{i}one of this newe +edit{i}one, and that the rather, because you with _Horace_ his +verse “si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperti,” have +willed all others to further the same, and to accepte yo{u}r +labors in good p{ar}te, whiche as I most willingly doo, so +meaninge but well to the worke, I ame to lett yo{u} understande +my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo{u} wolde have +vouchesafed my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn +acqueynted with these matters, (whiche yo{u} might well have +donne without anye whatsoeuer dispargement to yo{ur}selfe,) you +sholde haue understoode before the impressione, althoughe this +whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe will or fonnd +conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke a knott in +a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte, +a thinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in +whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here +shewe such thinges as, in mye opynione, may seme to be touched, +not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one inferior personne +then my fathers editione was. + +[Sidenote: Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition, +and justifies him as editor.] Ffyrste in yo{ur} forespeche to +the reader, yo{u} saye “secondly the texte by written copies +corrected” by whiche worde corrected, I maye seme to gather, +that yo{u} imagine greate imperfect{i}one in my fathers +editione, whiche peraduenture maye move others to saye (as some +unadvisedlye have sayed) that my father had wronged Chaucer: +wherefore to stoppe that gappe, I will answere, that Chaucers +woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce, yf not thrice, and +therfore by oure carelesse (and for the most p{ar}te unlerned) +printers of Englande, not so well performed as yt ought to bee: +so that of necessytye bothe in matter, myter and meaninge, yt +must needes gather corrupt{i}one, passinge throughe so manye +handes, as the water dothe the further yt run{n}ethe from the +pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his +edit{i}one (whiche I thinke yo{u} neuer sawe wholye together, +beinge fyrst printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I +will speake hereafter) was the p{er}fectest: ys the ernest +desire and love my father hadde to have Chaucers woorkes +rightlye to be publy{s}hed. for the performance whereof, my +father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent +kn[i]ghte and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made +greate serche for copies to p{er}fecte his woorkes, as apperethe +in the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit{i}one printed in +the yere 1542; [Sidenote: His father’s collection of MS. +Chaucers and their curiosity.] but further had comiss{i}one to +serche all the liberaries of Englande for Chaucers works, so +that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme (whiche reserved anye +monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished w{i}th multitude of +Bookes. emongst w{hic}he one coppye of some p{ar}te of his +woorkes came to his handes subscribed in diuers places withe +“examinatur Chaucer.” By this Booke, and conferringe manye of +the other written copies together, he deliuered his edit{i}one, +fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande, in the +fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped +by the fyrste impress{i}one that was in Englande) will well +declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges w{hi}che were not +before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of whiche I ame +p{er}swaded (and that not w{i}thoute reasone) the originall came +from mee. [Sidenote: The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil +lives of churchmen.] In w{hi}che his edit{i}one, beinge printed +but w{i}th one coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale, +a thinge moore odious to the Clergye, then the speche of the +plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte; + + “In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne, + Standes a relligious howse who doth yt kenne,” &c. + +In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the +pride, state, couetoussness, and extorc{i}one of the Bysshoppes, +their officialls, archdeacons, vicars generalls, comissaryes, +and other officers of the spirituall courte. The invent{i}one +and order whereof (as I have herde yt related by some nowe of +good worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers +clerkes,) was, that one comynge into this relligious howse, +walked upp and down the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of +Bysshoppes in the windowes, at lengthe the manne contynuynge in +that contemplatione, not knowinge what Byshoppes they were, +a grave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde, in a +large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym, +what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he +knewe not what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto +our mitred Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is +true, they are like, but not the same, for oure byshoppes are +farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large +discourse of the Byshoppes and of their courtes. + +[Sidenote: William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who +promiseth to countenance him.] This tale when kinge henrye the +eighte had redde, he called my father unto hym saying Williame +Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I suspecte the +Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt, to whome my father, +beinge in great fauore with his prince, (as manye yet lyvinge +canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo{ur} grace be not offended, I hoope +to be protected by yo{u}, whereuppon the kinge bydd hym goo his +waye and feare not. All whiche not withstandinge, [Sidenote: +The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.] my father was +called in quest{i}one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at by +cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly +for that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen +Cloute againste the Cardinall, [Sidenote: The most part of Colin +Clout written at William Thynne’s house at Erith.] the moste +p{ar}te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse at +Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls +p{er}swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that +thoughe by the kinges favor my father escaped bodelye daunger, +yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so muche to myslyke of that +tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and that discourse of +the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed agayne, +some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale +(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat, +father to hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene +Marye, and not by Chaucer,) with muche ado p{er}mitted to passe +with the reste, [Sidenote: Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed +by parliament.] in suche sorte that in one open parliamente +(as I have herde St. Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member +of the howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden, +chaucer had there for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that +his woorkes had byn counted but fables. [Sidenote: Reasons why +the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s.] Whereunto yf yo{u} +will replye, that their colde not be any suche pilgrymes tale, +because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye +suche persoune, whiche he wolde haue doune yf yt had byn so: for +after that he had recyted the knighte, the squyer, the squiers +yeomane, the prioresse, her noone, and her thre prests, the +monke, the fryer, the marchant, the clerke of Oxenforde, +seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher, goldsmythe, +webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of physecke, +wyfe of Bathe, p{ar}soune and plowmane, he sayeth at the end of +the plowmans prologue, + + There was also a Reue, and a Millere + A sumpneure, and a Pardoner + A manciple and my selfe there was no mo. + +All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had +byn anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses, +whereunto I answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute some of +those w{hic}he tolde their tales; as the chanons yomane, because +he came after that they were passed out of theyre Inne, and did +overtake them, as in lyke sorte this pilgrime did or mighte doo, +and so afterwardes be one of their companye, as was that chanons +yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of this pilgrime in +his prologe then he doothe of the chanons yeomane; whiche I +dobte not wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale +mighte be restored to his former light they being nowe looste, +as manye other of Chaucers tales were before that, as I am +induced to thinke by manye reasons. + +[Sidenote: How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was +dispersed abroad.] But to leave this, I must saye that in those +many written Bookes of Chaucer, w{hic}he came to my fathers +hands, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer shewethe in +writinge of Adam Scriuener, (as yo{u} have noted) of whiche +written copies there came to me after my fathers deathe some +fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore and some fewer tales, +and some but two and some three. w{hic}he bookes beinge by me +(as one nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe donne for +Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye +stoolen out of my howse at Popler: I gave divers of them to +Stephen Batemanne person of Newington, and to div{er}s other, +whiche beinge copies unp{er}fecte and some of them corrected by +my fathers hande yt maye happen soome of them to coome to some +of yo{ur} frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I see agayne: and yf +by anye suche written copies yo{u} have corrected Chaucer, yo{u} +maye as well offende as seme to do good. But I judge the beste, +for in dobtes I will not resolve with a settled judgement, +althoughe yo{u} may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a +needlesse thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the +yce, and givinge lighte to others, who may moore easely +p{er}fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere +qua{m} Invenire, and so to other matters. + +[Sidenote: He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s +family.] Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] yo{u} seme to +make yt probable that Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was +Geffrye Chaucers father, But I holde that no moore the{n} that +Johne Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of whiche +Johne I fynde in the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. 24 de +anno 30. Ed. 1. in the towre. that kinge Edwarde the firste had +herde the compleinte of Johne chaucer of London, who was beaten +and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some +amountinge at this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a +comiss{i}one went forthe to enquire thereof. wherbye yt semethe +that he was of some Reconynge. But as I cannott saye that Johne +was father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I +will deliuer in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of +chaucer, that his anncesters (as you well coniecture) were +strangers, as the etymon of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe +synyfyinge one who shueth or hooseth a manne) dothe prove, +[Sidenote: Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.] for that +dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of +whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted Johne) on +Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the thirde and of +Edwarde the firste, of whome the record of pellis exitus in the +receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of Edwarde ye +firste hathe thus noted: “Edwardus dei gra{tia} &c. Liberate de +thesauro Nostro Elie chauseryr decem solidos super arreragia +triu{m} obuloru{m} diurnoru{m} quos ad vita{m} sua{m} per +litteras domini. H. Regis patris nostri, percepit ad +scaccar{iu}m nostru{m}. datu{m} per manu{m} Walleri Merton +cancellarii nostri apud West {minsteriu}m 24 Julii anno regni +nostri primo.” with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written +in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde +the seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat{i}one, +whiche after came to be the surname of a famelye, as did Smythe, +Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke, Butler, and suche lyke, +and that yt was a name of office apperethe in the recordes of +the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more annciente +then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of +10: H. 3 ys this: Reginaldus mirifir^s et alicia uxor eius +attornaveru{n}t Radulfu{m} le Chausier contra Joh{ann}em Le +furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno messuagio in London. This +chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge John. And thus this +muche for the Antiquytye and synificat{i}one of Chaucer, +w{hic}he I canne prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye +also, in oure Englishe tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe +of the legge: for thus hathe the Antique recordes of Domus Regni +Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of the kinges howse to doo the +kings comanndementes: that they shalbe allowed for their Chauses +yerely iiij^s viij^d: But what shall wee stande uppon the +Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when the rolle of Battle Abbeye +affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer. [Sidenote: Chaucer +his arms injustly undervalued.] Under the title of Chaucers +countrye, yow sett downe that some Heraldes are of opyny-o{n}e +that he did not discende of any great howse; whiche they gather +by his armes. This ys a slender coniecture, for as honorable +howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue borne as meane armes as +Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane eyther for +coolo{r}, chardge or partic{i}one as some will make them. +And where yo{u} saye, yt semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in +Geometrye considered, that he tooke the groundes and reasons +of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight and twentye +proposit{i}ones of Euclide’s first booke, that ys no inference +that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of +Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye: +for so yo{u} maye saye of all the auncient armes of England +w{hic}he consyste not of anymalls or vegitalls. for all other +armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as Cheuerons, +pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon +geometricall proport{i}one{s}. And therfore howe greate so euer +their skyll bee, which attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer +[they] had no moore skyle in armes then they needed. + + [Footnote 4: _Error for family?_] + +[Sidenote: Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince +Edward.] In the same title also, yo{u} sett downe Quene +Isabell, &c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried +wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two +unperfect{i}ons. the first whereof ys, that his wyfe came oute +of Henalte w{it}h the prince, but that is not soo, for the +prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the +prince was onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her +before his arryvall in Englande, beinge two yeres and moore +after that contracte, (betwene the erle of henalt and his +mother,) about the latter ende of the seconde yere of his +reigne, thoughe others haue the firste, the solempnytye of that +mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides she came not ouer with +Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent for her +afterwardes, and so I suppose sayeth Hardinge in his cronicle, +yf I do not mysconceve yt, not havinge the historye now in my +handes. But whether he saye so or no, yt ys not materiall, +because the recordes be playne, that he sent for her into +Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne in october, and she +came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge, w{hic}he was +aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of his reigne, +wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of the +tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed +therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in +master warders office hathe thus sett downe to the forthe daye +of februarye [Sidenote: Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for +Philippa of Henault.] “Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad +partes Douor ad obuiandu{m} filiæ comitis Hannoniæ consorti +ipsius Regis &c.” but this recorde followinge is most pleyne, +shewing bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their +yourneye towardes henalte, with the daye when and where they +presented her to the kinge after their retorne into Englande, +and the daye one whiche they wer payed their charges, beinge the +forthe of marche one w{hic}he daye yt is thus entred in the +records of pellis exitus, Michaell. 2. ed. 3. “Rogero couentry +&c Lichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu{m} domini Regis ad +partes Hannoniæ pro matrimonio inter dominu{m} Regem et filiam +comitis Hannoniæ contrahendo, ab octavo die octobris proxime +preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha{m} ipso domino Rege +ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu{m} predictu{m}, versus +partes predictas, usqu{e} vicesimu{m} tertiu{m} diem Januarii +proxime sequente{m}, quo die rediit ad ipsu{m} Regem predictu{m} +apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua filiæ comitis Hannoniæ predictæ +utroqu{e} die computato pro cviij diebus percipiendo per diem +iij.^li vj.^s viij.^d pro expensis suis.” Thus muche the +recorde, whiche confirmethe that w{hi}che I go aboute to prove, +that she came not into Englande with prince Edwarde, and that he +was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by +agremente betwene the erle and his mother. [Sidenote: The +conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no +valydytye.] Next yo{u} seme to implye by a coniecturall +argumente, that Chaucers auncesters sholde be m{e}rcha{n}ts, +for that in place where they haue dwelled the armes of the +marchantes of the staple haue bin seene in the glasse windowes. +This ys a mere coniecture, and of no valydytye. For the +m{a}rchantes of the staple had not any armes granted to them +(as I haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the deathe of +Chaucers parentes, w{hi}che was aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde +the thirde; and those merchantes had no armes before the tyme of +Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as I dobt not but +wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte the +staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume{n}te that chaucers +auncesters were merchantes because those armes were in the +wyndowes, as you shall well p{er}ceave, yf yo{u} drawe yt into a +syllogisme, and therefore yo{u} did well to conclude, that yt +was not materiall whether they were merchants or noo. + +[Sidenote: Master Speight misquoteth Gower.] In the title of +Chaucer’s educat{i}one, yo{u} saye that Gower in his booke +entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye poet, +and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in w{hi}che +Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a worthye +poet, (althoughe I confesse he well deserueth that name, and +that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge hym,) +nether doth he after a sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see) +make hym iudge of his workes, (whereof I wolde be glad to be +enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes, vttered by Venus in +that booke of confessio Amantis: + + And grete well Chaucer when ye mete, + As my disciple and my poet: + for in the flowere of his youthe, + In sondrye wise, as he well couthe, + of dytyes and of songes glade + the whiche for my sake he made, + the laude fulfilled is ouer all: + wherefore to hym in especiall + aboue all others I am most holde; + for thy nowe in his dayes olde, + thow shalt hym tell this message, + that he vppon his latter age + sett an ende of all his werke, + as he whiche is myne owne clerke + do make his _testament of Love_, + as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue, + so that my Courte yt may recorde, &c. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to +Chaucer.] These be all the verses w{hi}che I knowe or yet canne +fynde, in whiche Gower in that booke mentioneth Chaucer, where +he nether nameth hym worthye poet, nor after a sorte submyttethe +his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye Chaucer doth +submytte the correctione of his woorks to Gower in these playne +woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus: + + O Morall Gower, this booke I directe + To the, and the philosophicall stroode, + To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte + Of your benignityes and zeales good. + +But this error had in you byn p{ar}doned, yf you had not sett yt +downe as your owne, but warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in +Scriptoribus Anglie, from whence yo{u} haue swallowed yt. +[Sidenote: Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or Gores) of +Stittenham.] Then in a marginall note of this title yo{u} saye +agayne oute of Bale, that Gower was a Yorkshire manne; but you +are not to be touched therfore, because you discharge yo{ur} +selfe in vouching yo{ur} auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche +mistaken yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de +scriptoribus Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect{i}ons +of Lelande. For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower +beinge argent one a cheuerone azure, three leopardes heddes or, +do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to the Gowers of +Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and gules a +crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference of armes semethe a +difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo{u} canne prove that, beinge +of one howse, they altered their armes vppone some iuste +occas{i}one, as that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did +leave his owne armes and bare the armes of his moother; as was +accustoomed in tymes paste. But this differe{n}ce of Cootes for +this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,) shall +you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall +howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note goeth +further out of Bale, that Gower had one his hedde a garlande of +ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a knyghte, the other +of a poet. [Sidenote: Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for +poetry.] But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest +you will metaphoricallye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a +garlande as Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence +they had their originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne +whiche seethe yt may well iudge, and therefore not there sett +for anye suche intente as an ensigne of his poetrye, but ys +symplye a chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme +vsed ether of golde, or other embroderye, made after the +fasshone of Roses, one of the peculier ornamentes of a knighte, +as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and spurres. +[Sidenote: The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of +honour.] W{hi}che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well +attributed to knights, the lowest degree of honor, as to the +hygher degrees of Duke, Erle, &c. beinge knyghtes, for so I haue +seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his chaplett of Rooses; and +kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte, +only the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so +had the[y] fewer Rooses placed on their chaplett or cyrcle of +golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne whiche had +thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte had +them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande ytselfe. of whiche dukes +crowne to be adorned with little rooses, [Sidenote: The +knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.] Mathewe Paris, +speakinge of the creatinge of Johne erle Mortone, duke of +Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye, Interim +comes Johannes Rothomagu{m} veniens in octavis pasche gladio +ducatus Normaniæ cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per +ministeriu{m} Waltheri Rothomage{n}sis Archie{pisco}pi, vbi +Archiepiscopus memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit +circulu{m} aureu{m} habente{m} in su{m}mitate per gyru{m} +rosulas aureas artificialiter fabricatas, whiche chaplett of +Rooses came in the ende to be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette +with golde Buttons, as may be supposed.--In the same title yo{u} +saye, yt semethe that these lerned menne were of the Inner +Temple; [Sidenote: Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a +Franciscan Fryer but?] for that, manye yeres since, master +Buckley did see a recorde in the same howse, where Geffrye +Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge a Franciscane +Fryer in flete-streate. This is a hard collect[i]one to prove +Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for +thus yo{u} frame yo{ur} argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde +in the Temple, that Chaucer was fyned for beatinge the fryer; +ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the Temple. But for myne owne +parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for matter of Antiquytye +and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst settlinge in the +Temple, I dobte whether Chaucer were of the temple or noe, +vnless yt were towardes his latter tyme, for he was an olde +manne, as appereth by Gower in Confessione Amantis in the xvi +yere of R. 2: when Gower wroote that Booke. [Sidenote: The +lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.] +And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of +Recordes, that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill +towardes the latter parte of the reygne of kinge Edwarde the +thirde; at w{hi}che tyme Chaucer was a grave manne, holden in +greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that me thinkethe he +sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were, I sholde +iudge yt strange that he sholde violate the rules of peace and +gravytye yn those yeares. But I will passe over all those +matters scito pede, and leave euerye manne to his owne +iudgemente therein for this tyme. + +[Sidenote: Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor +doth Thynne.] IN THE TITLE OF Chawcer’s mariage yo{u} saye, +yo{u} cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne whome he +maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others, +I sholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, a waytinge womanne of +Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde & daughter to +Willi{a}m erle of Henalte. but I favor not their oppynyone, for, +althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus, in the tyme of +Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe Chawcer, +domicellæ reginæ Philippæ, wh{ic}he domicella dothe signyfye one +of her waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke +this was his wyfe, but rather his sister or kinswomanne, who +after the deathe of her mystresse Quene philippe did forsake the +worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte Heleins in london, +accordinge as yo{u} haue touched one of that profess{i}one in +primo of kinge Richarde the seconde. + +[Sidenote: The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and +legytymated by the Pope and the Parliament.] In the Latyne +stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine Swyneforde, +Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi tertij Edwardi Regis filio, +Lancastriæ duci, illi procreavit filios tres et vnica{m} +filia{m}. Wherbye we may inferre that Johne of Gaunte had these +childrene by her after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had +all his children by her longe before that mariage, so that they +beinge all illegitimate were enforced afterwarde vppon that +maryage to be legytymated by the poope; & also by acte of +Parliamente, aboute the two & twentythe of kinge Richarde the +seconde; so that yo{u} cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit +Lancastriæ duci tres filios, etc. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the +Burgershes.] In the title of Chawcers children and their +advauncemente, in a marginall noote yo{u} vouche master Campdene +that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from +whome the Burgershes, whose daughter & heyre was maryed to +Thomas Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one error. for +this Barthelmewe was of a collaterall lyne to that S^r Johne +Burgershe the father of Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and +therefore coulde not that S^r Johne Burghershe be descended of +this Barthelmewe Burgershe, though hee were of that howse. +[Sidenote: Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.] +Then, in that title, yo{u} vouche oute of Mr. Campdene that +Serlo de Burgo brother to Eustachius de Vescye builte +Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not right for this Serlo beinge +called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to Johne +father to Eustace Vescye, as haue the recordes of the towre, and +so vncle and not brother to Eustace. [Sidenote: Jane of Navarre +maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.] for one +other marginall noote in that tytle, yo{u} saye, that Jane of +Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in the fourthe yere of +his reygne, wherein you followe a late englishe cronicler whome +I forbeare to name.[5] But Walsingha{m} bothe in his historye of +Henry the fourthe, & in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was +maryed the 26 of Januarye in the yere of Christe 1403, whiche +was in the fyfte yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of +oure lorde at the annu{n}tiat{i}one of the Virgine, as we nowe +doo; but this is no matter of great momente. [Sidenote: The de +la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but +William was not the first that did so.] ffourthlye in that title +yo{u} seme to attribute the advancemente of the Pooles to +Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the kinge a +greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste +advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole +beinge a cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the kings +necessytye with money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of +great accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to +the succedynge famelye. Whereof the Record to prove Ric. de la +Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the +eleventhe yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures +office, the lorde treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner: +Edwardus dei gratia rex Angliæ et dux Acquitaniæ, &c. +Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster Richardus de la Poole Pincerna +noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii Pincernariæ ac omnibus +aliis officiu{m} illud tangentibus, ad dictu{m} Scaccariu{m} a +festo sancti michaelis anno regni nostri decimo, vsque ad ide{m} +festu{m} proxime sequens plenarie computaverit, et 2090^li: +13^s: et 11^d et vnus obulus sibi per computu{m} illud de claro +debeatur: volumus ei solutione{m} inde, seu aliàs +satisfactione{m} sibi fieri competentem: Nos eius supplicationi +in hac parte, prout iustu{m} est, an{n}uentes, vobis mandamus, +etc. Datu{m} apud Westmonasteriu{m} 14 Decembris, anno regni +nostri vndecimo. To whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the +older, and to his sonne Michaell de la Poole (who was after +Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the kinge graunted fowre hundred +markes by yere out of the custome of Hull, as apperethe in the +record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same Michaell de la +Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus yt is +entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that +yere: Michaeli de la poole filio et heredi Will{iel}mi de la +poole senioris per Tallia{m} levata{m} isto die continentem +iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum +suum factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator virtute cuiusdam brevis +de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus Scaccarii directum +pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda{m} annuo certo iiij^c marc. +per annu{m} quas dominus rex Willielmo de la Poole seniori +defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de corpore suo +exeuntibus, de Custumia in portis ville de kingeston super Hull +per litteras suas patentes concess: percipendu{m} qua{m}diu +vij^c xxxv^li xviij^s i^d ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu{m} +predictu{m} sic debitu{m}, etc. D{omi}n{u}s Rex mandat vt ei +satisfactionem vel assignationem competentem (in locis vbi ei +celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet, per breve de +magno sigillo inter mandata de termino Paschæ anno quadragesimo +tercio, etc. So that Richarde, Michaell de la Pooles +grandfather, (a magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) was the +fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although Williame, +father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte. +nether canne I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole +was a marchante, (havinge two such welthy marchantes to his +ancestors before hym,) notwithstandinge that Walsingha{m} +[Sidenote: The clergy offended that the temporal men were found +as wise as themselves.] (moore offended than reasone, as all the +Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become chief +officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then +possessinge those offices, displaced, w{hic}he bredd greate +Sorseye in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that +michaell de la poole fuerit à pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote +Mercator Mercatoris filius) quam militia occupatus. [Sidenote: +A merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.] And yet yt may bee +that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and deale by +his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have donne, +whereuppon Walsingham (who wroote longe after) might seme to +call hym merchante by reasone of others mens dealinge for hym, +althoughe in troothe he was neuer merchante in respecte of his +owne persone, (for whiche they are properly called merchantes,) +as may be supposed. [Sidenote: Alice, the wife of Richard +Neville, was daughter of Thomas Montacute.] ffyftlye in the same +title yo{u} saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame de la poole duke +of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande thomas +montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice, +maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of +Westmerlande, by whome he had issue Richarde, Johne, and George. +But this is nothinge so. for this Alice, the wyfe of Richarde +Neville, (erle of Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,) +was daughter of Thomas Montacute erle of Salisburye and of Alice +his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and not of +Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and widdowe to William de la +Poole duke of Suffolke. + + [Footnote 5: Stowe.] + +[Sidenote: He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of +printing.] IN THE LATTER END of the title of Chawcers deathe +yo{u} saye, that printinge was brought oute of Germanye in the +yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge fyrst founde +at Magunce by one Johne Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by +Conradus one Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the +37. H. 6. but the eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, as +some have yt, was not fyrste founde at Magonce or mentz but at +Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago{n}ce. David Chytreus in his +historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno 1440, and brought +to Rome by Henricus Han[6] a Germane in the yere 1470; whereof +Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame: + + Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, quòd alis + Constreperis, Gallus decidit; vltor adest + Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum, + Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis. + + [Footnote 6: “Hahn,”--German, a cock. “Cognomine Latino + _Gallus_,” Maittaire _Ann. Typ._ i. 52.] + +But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote, +as dothe Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier +Archbyshoppe of Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof +I leave at this tyme to farther examinat{i}one, not havinge nowe +presente leysure therefore. + +[Sidenote: The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris, +and finished by John de la Meune.] IN THE TITLE OF THE augmente +to euerye tale and booke you write, that the Romante of the +Roose was made in frenche by Johne Clopinell alias Johne Moone; +when in truthe the booke was not made by hym alone: for yt was +begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished fourtye yeres after +the death of Loris, by Johne de Meune alias Johne Clopinell, as +apperethe by Molinet, the frenche author of the moralytye vppon +the Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere +also in the frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, w{hic}h +Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted, not havinge +translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the +middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one +other, intituled La reprobat{i}o{ne} de la Romante del Roose; as +affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed +moralizatione, where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe +Gersone for that Booke, because Gersone soughte no further +meanynge than what was conteyned in the outewarde letter, this +Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these verses of +Chaucer: + + Alas my wane hoope nay, pardyee; + for I will neuer dispayred bee: + yf happe me fayle, then am I + vngratious and vnworthy, &c. + +[Sidenote: Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the +Duchess.] Secondlye, under that title yo{u} saye, the woorke, +before this last edit{i}one of Chaucer, termed the Dreame of +Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the Booke of the Duches, +or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye mysledde in +my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or of +the Deathe of Blanche, because Johne of Gaunt was then but fowre +and twentye yere olde when the same was made, as apperethe by +that tretyse in these verses: + + Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte + A wonder well faringe knighte, + By the manner me thought so, + Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto, + Of the age of twentye fowre yere, + Vppon his bearde but little heare. + +Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born, +as hath Walsingha{m}, in the yere of Christ 1339 the 13. of +kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche the +fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was +at this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres +after sholde make his lamentac{i}on for Blanche the duchesse +which must be then dedde. But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the +pestilence in the yere of xxe 1368, as hath Anonimus MS, or +1369, as hath Walsinghame w{hi}che by the first accompte was the +{ix.} and by the last the {x.} yere after the mariage, and sixe +or at the least five yeres after this lamentatione of Johne of +Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his age. Wherfor +this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not +lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that +yt pleinlye apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the +duches Blaunche, whiche signyfyethe whyte, by which name he +often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these +verses, + + Her throte, as I haue memoyre, + semed as a round towre of yuoire, + of good gretnesse and not to greate, + and fayre white she hete, + that was my ladies name righte; + she was thereto fayre and brighte, + she had not her name wronge, + right fayre sholders and body longe, &c. + +I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of +Blanche the Duchesse because he sayeth her name was white; since +there ys a famelye of that denominatione, and some female of +that lyne myghte be both white in name, and fayre and white in +p{er}sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as +Chaucer sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer of his called +Blanche, [Sidenote: John of Gaunt, his incontinency.] since he +had many paramou{r}s in his youthe, and was not verye contynente +in his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that +yt coulde not be mente of the Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche +dyed long after that compleinte. for whiche cause that Dreame of +Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye rather of righte sholde) +contynewe his former title of The Dreame of Chaucer. for that, +wh{ic}he you will haue the Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of +Glasse; as I haue seene the title thereof noted, and the thinge +yt selfe confirmethe. + +[Sidenote: Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition +of old words, but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.] IN +THE EXPOSITIONE of the olde wordes, as yo{u} shewe greate +diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, unlesse a manne +be a good saxoniste, french, and Italyane linguiste, (from +whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well +expounde the same to oure nowe vnderstandinges, and therefore +(thoughe I will not presume of much knowledge in these tounges) +yt semeth yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome woordes +are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they mighte bee, +althoughe peradventure yo{u} haue framed them to make sence. +Wherefore I haue collected these fewe (from many others lefte +for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee not to be fully explaned +in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure yo{u} will seme to +excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose. + +[Sidenote: Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.] +Aketon or Haketone you expounde a jackett w{i}thoute sleves, +without any further addit{i}one, that beinge an indiffynyte +speache, and therefore may be entended a comone garmente daylye +vsed, suche as we call a jerken or jackett withoute sleues: +But _haketon_ is a slevelesse jackett of plate for the warre, +couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called a +jackett of plate, suche aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of +Excester and Custos or Wardene of Londone, had vppon hym +secretlye, when he was apprehended and behedded in the twentyeth +yere of Edwarde the seconde. + +[Sidenote: A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.] Besante you +expounde a duckett, But a duckett ys farre from a besante, bothe +for the tyme of the invent{i}one, and for the forme; and as I +suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge that Hollybande in his +frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the valewe of a duckett, +whiche duckett is for the most part eyther venetiane or +spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; a coyne well knowen +and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one auncient coyne +of Englande, as Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) emongst +the Saxons before, and the Normans after the Conqueste; the +forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe settinge +downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in +armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of +golde,) was called in Latine Byzant{i}um, obteyninge that name +because yt was the coyne of Constantinople sometyme called +Bizant{i}um; and because you shall not thinke this any +fic{ti}one of myne owne, I will warrante the same with Williame +of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who hathe these +wordes: Constantinopolis prim{u}m Bizantiu{m} dicta forma{m} +antiqui vocabuli preferu{n}t imperatorii nu{m}mi Bizantiu{m} +dicta; where one other coppye for nummi Bizantiu{m} hath +Bizantini nu{m}mi, and the frenche hath yt besante or Bezantine, +makinge yt an olde coyne of france, (when he sholde haue sayed +one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of a +duckette. + +[Sidenote: Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even +metaphorically.] Fermentac{i}o{n}e yo{u} expounde Dawbinge, +whiche cannott anye way be metaphoricallye so vsed in Chaucer, +althoughe yt sholde be improperlye or harsely applied. For +fermentac{i}one ys a peculier terme of Alchymye, deduced from +the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the Chimicall +philosophers defyne the fermente to bee anima, the sowle or +lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger +Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante viuificatio{ne}m id +est fermentac{i}o{ne}m, w{hi}che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge +tincture or cooler; that beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge +sowle or lyfe to the philosophers stoone, wherby that may +fermente or cooler or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes. + +[Sidenote: Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of +gold, a manufacture peculiar to the English.] Orfrayes yo{u} +expounde Goldsmythes worke, w{hi}che ys as nere to goldsmythes +woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes, beinge +compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the +Englishe is that w{hi}che to this daye (beinge now made all of +one stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of +gold; in Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or +aurifrixori{u}m. A thinge well knowen to the Saxons in Englande +before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste, and therfore +fullye to satisfye you thereof, I will produce twoo +auctorauctors of the weavinge and vse thereof before the +conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was, +and in what acco{m}pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to +the Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of Ediswetha +daughter to Brightnothus, aldermanne, erle or duke, of +northumberlande before the Conquest sayethe; cui tradita +Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et texturæ +secretiùs cu{m} puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica +Rubra purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq{ue} +circumdatu{m}. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe +thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because +I haue not my mathewe Paris here, I will vouche one whose name +hathe muche affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker +Archbyshoppe of Canterburye, who, in the Lyfe of Bonifacius +Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes. “A^o. Domini 1246, +Romæ multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu{n}t +chorealibus, et infulis, ornamentisq{ue} ecclesiasticis, ex +Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificiosè +intexto fabricatis, vterentur. Huius modi ornamentoru{m} aspectu +et concupiscentia provocatus Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent. +Responsu{m} est, aurifrisia appellari, quia et eminens ex panno +et lana qua{m} Angli fryse appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui +subridens et dulcedine captus Papa, Vere, inquit,” (for these +are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,) +“Hortus noster delitiaru{m} est Anglia, verus puteus est +inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere +licet. Itaq{ue}, concupiscentia illectus oculorum, litteras +suas Bullatas sacras misit ad Cistercienses in Anglia Abbates, +quoru{m} orationibus se devotè commendabat, vt ipsi hec +aurifrisia speciosissima ad suum ornandu{m} choru{m} +compararent. Hoc Londoniensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia +habebant, tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt.” In whiche +discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe of +golde and not goldsmythe worke, and that Englande had before and +since the conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate +Cloothe of golde as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd, +the poope wolde haue made suche prouis{i}one thereof in other +places, and not from Englande. And because you shall not thinke +that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye, you shall fynde in a +record of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the kings +garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in Rotulo Patentiu{m} 6. +Joh{ann}is in Dorso (in whiche the kinge comaunded the templers +to deliuer suche jewells, garmentes, and ornamentes as they had +of the kings in kepinge,) are these wordes: “Dalmaticam de eodem +samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu{m} lapidibus.” Whiche is to +saye, the kings Dalmaticall garmente of the same samitte (spoken +of before, whiche was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we +nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes. + +[Sidenote: Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.] fforthlye +Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled, whiche +sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye +of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme +appropriate to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or +movinge, as the water dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda +for water, for so her haire was oundye, that is, layed in rooles +vppone and downe, lyke waves of water when they are styrred with +the winde, and not slyked or playne, etc. + +[Sidenote: Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.] ffyftlye You +expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as yo{u} leave +manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be resalgar, +wherefore I will shewe yo{u} what resalgar ys in that abstruse +science, whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye +againste the sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans +Tale. This Resalgar is that w{hi}che by some is called +Ratesbane, a kynde of poysone named Arsenicke, which the +chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I +coulde produce infynyte examples; but I will gyve yo{u} onlye +these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in Rosario Philosophoru{m}, +sayethe, “nullu{m} tingens venenum generatur absq{ue} sole et +eius vmbra, id est, uxore.” whiche venome they call by all names +presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a toode, a dragon, +a Basilyske, a serpente, arsenicke, and suche lyke; and by manye +other names, as “in exercitacio{n}e ad turbam philosophorum,” +apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu{m}, Argentum +vivum, Cinnabar, aqua permanens, gumma, acetu{m}, urina, aqua +maris, Draco, serpens, etc. And of this poysone the treatyce _de +phenice_,[7] or the philosophers stoone, written in Gothyshe +rymynge verse, dothe saye; + + Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat + quod materna{m} faciem ca{n}dida{m} fœdabat. + + [Footnote 7: A copy of this curious poem in Thynne’s + hand-writing, and marvellously illustrated by him, is in the + Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.] + +[Sidenote: Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean +superstitious and hypocritical women from their nature.] Begyn +and Bigott yo{u} expounde sup{er}sticious hypocrites, whiche +sence I knowe yt maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of +the disposit{i}one of those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the +true wrytinge. But this woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature +rightlye haue ben expounded, sup{er}sticious or hipocriticall +wemenne, as appereth by chaucer himselfe, w{hi}che nombrethe +them emongest the wemen in the Romante of the Roose when he +sayethe, + + But empresses, & duchesses, + These queenes, & eke countesses + These abbasses, & eke Bigins, + These greate ladyes palasins. + +And a little after, in the same Romante, he doth write, + + That dame abstinence streyned + Tooke one a Robe of camelyne, + And ganne her gratche as a Bygin. + A large cover-cherfe of Thredde + She wrapped all aboute her hedde. + +These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in +Latyne called Bigrinæ or Biguinæ. Whose originall order, +encrease, and contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and +Mathewe Westm{inster}. But as I sayed, since I haue not my +mathewe Paris at hand, I will sett you downe the wordes of +mathewe Westmynster (otherwise called “Flores Historiarum” or +“Florilegus”) in this sorte. Sub eisdem diebus (w{hi}ch was in +the yere of Christe 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry the +thirde,) quidam in Almania precipuè se asserentes vitam et +habitu{m} relligionis elegisse, in utroq{ue} sexu, sed maximè +in muliebri, continentia{m}, cu{i}u{s} vitæ simplicitate +profitentes, se voto priuato deo obligaru{n}t. Mulieresq{ue}, +quas Bigrinas vulgaritèr vocamus, adeò multiplicatæ sunt, quòd +earu{m} numerus in vna ciuitate, scilicèt Colonia, ad plus quam +mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche, speakinge yn the +yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of relligious orders, he +sayeth, Item in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas +nominant, etc. + +[Sidenote: Citrinatione or perfect digestion.] Citrinatione +yo{u} do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye. Whiche +Citrinatione is bothe a color and parte of the philosophers +stoone. for, as hathe Tractatus Avicennæ (yf yt be his and not +liber suppositi[ti]us, as manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are +foysted in vnder the names of the best lerned authors and +philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and suche others,) in +parte of the 7 chapter. Citrinatio est que fit inter albu{m} et +rubru{m}, et non dicitur coolor perfectus, whiche +Citrinat{i}one, as sayethe Arnoldus de Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5. +nihil aliud est quàm completa digestio. For the worke of the +philosophers stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke +color in the same degree. for as the vrine of manne, being +whityshe, sheweth imp{er}fecte digestione: But when he hathe +well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione +p{er}fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe +cooler: so ys yt in Alchymye. whiche made Arnolde call this +citrinatione perfect digestion, or the cooler provinge the +philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the heigh[t]e of +perfect{i}one. + +[Sidenote: Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and +cattle in winter,] Forage in one place you expounde meate, and +in other place fodder. boothe whiche properly cannott stande in +this place of chaucer in the reves prologue, where he sayeth, +“my fodder is forage.” for yf forrage be fodder, then is the +sence of that verse, “my fodder is fodder.” But fodder beinge a +generall name for meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of +affynytie withe foode applied to menne and beasts, dothe onlye +signyfye meate. And so the sence is, “my meate ys forage,” that +is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis{i}one as ys made for +horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu{m} +in latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the word +next before dothe well shewe yt, when the Reve sayeth, + + I ame olde, me liste not play for age, + Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage. + +[Sidenote: or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may +mean grass.] Yet metaphorically yt may be taken for other than +drye horse meate, although improperlye; as Chaucer hathe, in Sir +Topas Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and vseth +the woorde rather to make vpp the ryme than to shewe the true +nature thereof; sayinge, + + That downe he layed hym in that place, + to make his steede some solace + and gyve hym good forage. + +[Sidenote: Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.] Heroner +yo{u} expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true, for a +gowshawke, sparrowe hawke, tassell, &c. be kyndes of hawkes. But +this heroner, is an especiall hawke (of anye of the kyndes of +longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other hawkes are, +because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous than of +other fowles, insomuch, that when she fyndeth her selfe in +danger, she will lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp +her bellye towardes the hawke; and so defile her enymye with her +excrementes, that eyther she will blinde the hawke, or ells with +her byll or talons pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to cease +vppon her. + +[Sidenote: The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or +eglantine.] The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the +Bryer, vnlest yo{u} adde this epithetone and saye, the redde +Berrye one the swete Bryer, (which is the Eglantyne,) to +distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer or Bramble beringe the +blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them boothe; when +the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe yo{u} that +yo{u} saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from the Blacke, +for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may be +called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme. + +[Sidenote: Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.] Nowell yo{u} +expounde Christmasse, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt is +that tyme, whiche is properlye called the Advente together with +Christmasse and Newe yeres tyde, wherefore the true etymologye +of that worde ys not Christmasse, or the twelve dayes, but yt is +godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of +Christe in the fleshe, whiche p{er}adventure after a sorte, by +the figure synecdoche, yo{u} may seeme to excuse, placinge ther +xþemas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of Nowell for all +the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in the same worde is +conteyned sometyme xx, but for the most p{ar}te thirtye dayes +before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that +woorde being deduced as hathe Will{iel}m{u}s Postellus in +Alphabet. 12 Linguarum, from the hebrue worde Noell: for thus he +writethe: נאלnoel, sonat deus noster sive Deus nobis advenit, +solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe ante xþi ({Christi}) +natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam desiderio. + +[Sidenote: Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in +common.] Porpherye you expounde marble, w{hi}che m{ar}ble ys +genus, but porpherye is species, for as there is white and grey +marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye, +a stone of reddish purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with +white veynes as yo{u} may see in the great pillars entringe into +the royall exchange or burse in Cornhill. + +[Sidenote: Sendale, a sylke stuffe.] Sendale you expounde a +thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne stuffe lyke +sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but +courser and narrower, than the sarcenett nowe ys, as my selfe +canne remember. + +[Sidenote: The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine +to cast stones.] Trepegett you expounde a ramme to batter +walles. But the trepegete was the same that the magonell; +for Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the +trepegett and magonell being all one, and the magonell one +instrumente to flynge or cast stones (as youre selfe +expounde yt) into a towne, or against a towne walles, (an engine +not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an instrumente to cast forthe +dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget must nedes also be one +instrumente to cast stones or such lyke against a wall or into a +towne, and not a Ramme to batter wales; since the Ramme was no +engine to flinge anye thinge, but by mens handes to be broughte +and pusshed againste the walles; a thinge farr different in +forme from the magonell or catapulte, as appereth by Vigetius +and Robertus Valturius de re militari. + +[Sidenote: Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.] Wiuer +yo{u} expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, a wyuer is a +kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of +whose kinde he is, a thinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes, +vsinge the same for armes, and crestes, & supporters of manye +gentle and noble menne. As the erle of Kent beareth a wiuer for +his creste and supporters, the erle of Pembroke, a wiuer vert +for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande, a wiuer geules for his +supporters. + +[Sidenote: Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of +antiquitye.] Autenticke yo{u} expounde to be antiquytye. But +howe yo{u} may seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers +meaninge, I knowe not; but sure I ame the proper +signyficat{i}one of autenticke is a thinge of auctoritye or +credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the originall or +fyrste archetypu{m} of any thinge; whiche I muse that you did +not remember. + +[Sidenote: Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.] +Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, Frenche, +and Spanishe, signifyeth relinquere, to forsake and leave a +thinge; w{hi}che me thinkethe yo{u} most hardely stretche to +libertye, vnlest yo{u} will saye that, when one forsakethe a +thinge, he leaveth yt at libertye; whiche ys but a streyned +speche, although the frenche Hollybande, not vnderstandinge the +true energye of our tongue, hath expounded yt libertye; whiche +may be some warrante vnto you. + +VNDER THE TITLE OF YOURE Annotacions and Corrections. + +[Sidenote: Of the Vernacle.] IN YOURE ANNOTACIONS you describe, +oute of the prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure, +wherein was sett the instruments wherewith Christe was +crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was the printe of his +face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the instrumentes of his +deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure of his face; +as I conceve yt with others. + +[Sidenote: Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and +giveth reasons.] Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade +Capaneus, wherunto I cannott yelde. for althoughe Statius and +other latine authors do call hym Capaneus; yet all the writers +of Englande in that age call him campaneus; as Gower, in +confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye of Thebes taken +out of Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so +that yt semethe they made the pronu{n}tiatione of Campaneus to +be the dialecte of our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is +in this to be p{ar}doned, in that taking his knightes tale out +of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane (and of late +translated into frenche,) doth there, after the Italiane manner, +call him campaneus; for so the Italians pronounce woordes +beginninge with cap: with the interposit{i}one of the l{ette}re +m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w{hi}che the Latins call +capitoliu{m}, the Italians call campidoglio; and suche lyke. +Wherefore since yt was vniversallye receued in that age, to call +him Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p{er}mytte yt to +have free passage accordinge to the pronuntiat{i}one and +wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge woordes from one +language to one other, there ys often additione and +substract{i}one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the +middle, and in the ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte +examples mighte be produced, whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye. + +[Sidenote: Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of +Heros, and giveth reasons.] Fo: 3. pa: 2. (“Noughte comelye lyke +to lovers maladye of Hereos.”) for whiche woorde hereos you +reade eros, i. cupide, a very good and probable correct{i}one, +well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient{i}a vestra, +and reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe +mystake yt,) I wolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read +heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the +letters; a comone thinge for the printer to do, and the +corrector to overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love, +did not shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, whiche the Heroes, +or valiante p{er}sons, in tymes past vsed, for thoughe they +loued, yet that passione did not generallye so farre overrule +them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p{ar}ticuler personne) as +that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke actions, +whiche they before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as +that they sholde not forgett, what they were in place, valor, or +magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass{i}one, did not observe +“lyke to lovers malady of Heroes.” Whereof I coulde produce six +hundred examples, (as the proverbe ys,) were yt not that I +avoyde tedious prolixytye. + +[Sidenote: Of florins and their name from the Florentines.] +Fo: 6. pa: 2. (“Manye a florence.”) In whiche noote yo{u} expounde +a florence to be ij^s frenche, and a gelder to be the same in +dutche. Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens, suche +as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, w{hic}he taking his name of the +woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (of the terrytorye of florence +in Italye,) were called Florens; [Sidenote: Sterling money +taketh its name from the Esterlings.] as sterlinge money tooke +their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver +in the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges +frenche ys not equall in valewe (as I nowe take yt) to two +shillinges Englishe: and much lesse equall to the florens in +Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre shillings, fowre +pence, or halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges +tenne pence farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye: +some of them being called florens de scuto or of the valewe of +the shelde or frenche crowne and some of them called florens +regall. Whereof yo{u} shall fynde, in the recorde of pellis +exitus in the exchequer in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note. +Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in +parte solutionis 8000 florenoru{m} de scuto pretii petii iij^s. +iiij^d. sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru{m} de scuto in +quibus Rex tenebatur eidem Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure, +prisonario suo apud Bellu{m} de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab +eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis empt{o}, vt patet per litteras +Regis patentes, quas idem Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in +Dors. de summa subscripta, per bre{ve} de magno sigillo, inter +mandata de Term. Michaelis de anno 36 --xx^li. To the valewe +whereof agreeth Hipodigma Neustriæ, pa. 127, [Sidenote: King +John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.] where +setting downe the ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters +to the valewe of thre milliones of florens, he sayethe “of +w{hic}he florens duo valebant vj^s. viij^d.” These florens the +same Walsingha{m} in another place callethe scutes or frenche +crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex quidem Franciæ pro sua +redemptione soluit regi Angliæ tres milliones scutoru{m}, +quoru{m} duo valent vnu{m} nobile, videlicet, sex solidos et +octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme of +kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in +Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those +florens for the redempt{i}one of the frenche kinge, were of the +valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that kings reigne +there were also one other sorte of florens, not of lyke valewe, +but conteyned within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]. called +florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme, +of Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the +sixte of Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne, +In denariis sibi liberatis per manus Walteri Hewett militis in +pretio 4000 florenoru{m} regaliu{m} pretii petii --ij^s. x^d. +[QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} 7 computantur pro tribus +nobilibus, eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo{u} see the +meanest of these florens did exceed the valewe of ij^s. frenche, +(although you sholde equall that with ii^s. Englishe,) as yt did +also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those +dayes yt was much aboute the valewe of iij^s. iiij^d. beinge +halfe a pistolet Italiane or Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius +Delphicus, (in the Historye of Burgundye, in the lyfe of +Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and sonne to the +frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius’ woordes +be these. Illustris viri aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} mors adeò +comite{m} com{m}ovit, vt relicta obsidione exercitus ad +co{m}meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit. Decem +millibus florenorum (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu{m} +Italicu{m} pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} +cadaverum redemptione solutis, &c. + +[Sidenote: Of the oken garland of Emelye.] Fo: 7. pa: 2. For +unseriall yo{u} will vs to reade cerriall, for cerrus[8] is a +kynde of tree lyke one oke, bearinge maste; and therefore by +yo{ur} correct{i}one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke +cerriall: But for the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of +oke as ys also the Ilex) I judge yt sholde not be redde cerriall +but unseriall, that ys, (yf you will nedes have this worde +cerriall,) a garlande of greene oke not cerriall, as who sholde +saye, she had a Garlande of Grene oke, but not of the oke +Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke unseriall, signifyinge +a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of dedd wannyshe +Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the Cerrus, +being the tree w{hi}che we comonly call the holme oke, +(as Cooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that which wee call +holme,) produceth two kyndes; whereof the one hathe greater, and +the other lesser acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one +the one syde, and of one ouer russett and darkyshe Coolor on the +other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche +sholde be freshe and Grene one everye parte, as were her younge +and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to whome she sacryfyced, +and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall, not beinge of +oke cerriall, for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue +shewed duskyshe and as yt were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe +and orient as chaucer wolde haue her garlande. And this for +yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde +suppose that this worde unseriall dothe not vnaptly signifye +perfectione of coolor, so that She having a Garlande of Grene +oke unseriall, doth signyfye the oke to be grene and unseriall, +that is, (as some do expounde this worde unseriall,) unsered, +unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke unto the oke +Quercus whiche hath no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes. +And yt was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must +haue a garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they +whiche sacryfyced vnto Diana, otherwise called Hecate, (which +name is attribute to Diana, as natalis Comes affirmethe with +statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke sayinge, + + Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris, + +being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes, called also +Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one, whereof +Virgil speaketh, + + Tergemina{m}q{ue} Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianæ,) + +were adorned w{i}th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because +that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius +Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate +quoquè Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be +consecrate to Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same +in Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet +Antiqutye adorned and crowned Diana Heccate with the same crowne +also. Wherefore I conclude, since she (Emelye) had a garlande of +Grene oke, (as Chaucer of purpose addeth that woorde Greene to +explane unseriall, whiche signyfyethe unsered, unparched, +unwithered in every parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose +leafe one the one syde is duskyshe as though yt were somewhat +withered,) that the same word unseriall must stand unamended, +as well (as I sayed before) by youre owne correct{i}one and the +nature of the worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was +crowned with the oke Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf +yo{u} obiecte to mee that, in this place, yt must be a garlande +of oke cerriall accordinge to the woordes of Chaucer in one +other place, because that he in the flower and the leafe (newely +printed by yo{u}) hath these woordes; + + I sie come first all in theire clokes white + a companye that were for delight. + Chapletts freshe of oke serriall + Newly spronge and Trompetts they were all; + +I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke +serriall. for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as +trompettes might be crowned with so base one oke as the serriall +ys, whiche I call base in respecte of the oke Quercus (dedicate +to the godd Jupiter) wherewithe Heccate was crowned, and whereof +Garlands were gyven to the Romans for their nooble desarts in +the warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those +whiche had saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and +of purpose with great iudgm{en}t in my conceyte) make a +difference in the chaplettes of the Trompettes and the garlands +of Emelye, in that the trompetts chapletts were of oke seriall +newly spronge; and not come to perfect{i}one, whiche yet yf they +had byn p{er}fecte wolde not haue byn soo oryente and Greene one +bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus, wherewithe he wolde haue this +Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse Heccate Diana (to whom she +dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so in tymes past (as I +sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned with garlandes of +suche thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they +sacryfyced. for whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe +Caxtone in his seconde editione do call yt one oke serriall. for +I knowe (not withstandinge his fayre prologe of printing that by +a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke. + + [Footnote 8: _The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?_] + +[Sidenote: Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.] Fo: 9. +pa: 1. For euerye) yo{u} will us to reade eyther. But the sence +ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as +of eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye +syde of hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde +of him; and therefore they two ryding one euerye side of hym, +canne haue noone other construct{i}one then that the one did +ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side, aud +therefore an ouer nice correct{i}one, thoughe some coppies do +warrant yt: + +[Sidenote: The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he +would not have known Emelye.] Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save only the +intellecte,) yo{u} wolde haue us to reade “and also the +intellecte.” But yf yo{u} well consider the woordes of Chaucer, +(as I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet +seene,) his meaninge ys not that the intellecte was wholye +goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo{u} sholde reade, “and also the +intellecte” for “save only the intellecte.” for Chaucers +meanynge ys, that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites aboute +his outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye the intellecte or +vnderstandinge, w{hi}che remayned sounde and good, as apperethe +after by the followinge woordes, for when deathe approched, and +that all outwarde senses fayled, he (Arcite) yet cast eye vppon +Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the cheifest vitall sprite of +his harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde +not haue cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled +hym. Yet yf you liste to reade, “and also the intellecte,” for +saue only the intellecte, yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne +withall, notwithstandinge that a pointe at streng[t]he is +looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save only the intellecte, +without moore,) will make the sence good in this sort as I have +here pointed yt: + + And yet moore ouer from his armes two + the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo + (save only the intellecte without moore) + that dwelleth in his hart sicke and sore + gan faylen: When the hart felt death &c. + +[Sidenote: Straught, a better word than haughte.] Fo: 10. pa: 2. +For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when straughte +is moore significa{n}t (and moore answerable to Chaucers woordes +whiche followethe) than haughte ys. for he speakethe of the +Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or branches of the +tree, whiche this woorde straughte doth signyfye, and is moore +aptlye sett downe for stretched, then this woorde haughte, +whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde, or holdinge faste, or (yf +you will streyne yt againste his nature) stretching on heigh, +whiche agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge. for these be +his words: + + And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte; + That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode, &c. + +[Sidenote: Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.] +Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue +vs reade, “for all forgotten is then his visage;” a thinge mere +impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is +not materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten, +but yt is muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his +vassalage, and the good service donne in his youthe, shold be +forgotten when he waxethe olde. And therefore yt must bee “his +vassalage forgotten;” as presently after Chaucer sayeth, better +for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and his honor in price, +than when he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten; +w{hic}he I coulde dilate and prove by manye examples; but I +cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I +wolde not be tedious vnto yo{u}, as for that leysure serveth me +not thereunto. + +[Sidenote: Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.] Fo: 13. +pa: 1. For lothe yo{u} bidde vs reade leefe, which annotacione +neded not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde +in the texte is lefe. + +[Sidenote: It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he +coughed at the window.] Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo{u} reade +coughed, but, the circumstance considered, (althoughe they may +both stande,) yt is moore probable that he[9] knocked at her[10] +windowe, than that he coughed. for although those woordes “with +a semely sownde” may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may +as well and with as much consonancye haue reference to a semely +and gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce, +and so his meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde +rather be by the noyse of a knocke than of a coughe. for so he +determyned before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when +he sayed, + + So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes crow + Full priuily knocke at his windowe: + +And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he +did before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he +knocked twyce. + + [Footnote 9: [_Absolon._]] + + [Footnote 10: [_The Carpenter’s wife’s._]] + +[Sidenote: Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.] Fo: 23. pa: 2. +For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written copies +haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after +the written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my +fathers editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, I wolde +more willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most +lykelye that the tartarians whiche dwelt at Sara (a place yet +well knowen, and bordering vppon the lake Mare Casp{iu}m,) are +nerer to Sorria or the countryes adioynynge called Syria, than +to Russya. For as Hato the Armeniane, in his Tartariane +Historye, sayeth, The cyttye of Sara was auncyently the famous +cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the Tartarians obteyned +the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240, w{hi}che must be in the +tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called Caius canne, +[Sidenote: Cambuscan is Caius canne.] beinge (as I suppose) he +whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so ys the written copies, +such affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I +gather, yt was after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in +Russia. But I leave yt indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge +further to consider of yt. + +[Sidenote: “That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no +wighte say naye.”] Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, “that may +not saye naye,” yo{u} reade “there may no wighte say naye.” +bothe whiche are good, and boothe founde in written coppyes; and +yet the firste will better stande, in my conceyte, because [_the +king of Faerie_] there speakinge to his wyfe, he urgethe her +that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe that cannott +say naye, as who sholde saye yo{u} cannot denye yt because you +knowe yt; and experience teacheth yt, so that these woordes, +“that cannott say naye,” must be taken as spoken of his wyfes +knowledge, and so as good or rather better than “there may no +wighte saye naye,” consideringe that these wordes “that cannott +saye naye,” dothe signyfye, “whoe cannott saye naye,” in such +sorte that this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue +reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe. + +[Sidenote: Theophraste, not Paraphraste.] Fo: 35. pa: 2. For “He +cleped yt valerye and theophraste,” you saye some wolde haue vs +reade “Valery and his Paraphraste.” But as yo{u} haue left yt at +libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be +Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte +Booke, ca. 11. [Sidenote: The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from +the author of Policraticon.] (from whome Chaucer borrowethe +almost worde for worde a great parte of the Wyfe of Bathes +Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that booke, Johannes +Sarisburiensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde, +sayethe, Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de +nuptiis, in quo quæritur an vir sapiens ducat vxorem, etc. And +the frenche molinet, moralizinge the Romant of the roose in +frenche, and turnynge it oute of verse into proese, writeth, +Ha si i’eusse creu Theophraste, &c. Oh, yf I had beleved +Theophraste, I had never maried womanne, for he doth not holde +hym wise that marieth anye womanne, be she fayre, foule, poore, +or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye +wordes chaucer doth recyte. + +[Sidenote: Country, not Couentry.] Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde +Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye. But in my writtene +copies yt is, “in my Countrye,” whiche I holde the truer and for +the sence as good yf not better. + +[Sidenote: Maketh, not waketh.] Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde +makethe is corrected by you, who for the same do place wakethe; +w{hi}che cannott well stande, for Chaucers woordes being, “this +maketh the fende,” dothe signyfye (by a true conuers{i}one after +the dialecte of our tonge, w{hi}che with beawtye vsethe suche +transmutac{i}one as I coulde gyve yo{u} manye pretye instances,) +that the sence thereof ys, “the fende makethe this,” for whiche +Chaucer vseth these wordes by Transposit{i}one, (accordinge to +the rhethoricall figure Hiperbatone) “This makethe the fende:” +Whiche this? Anger: for that comethe, ys made, or occasioned, +by the deuell. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence +bee, that this (whiche is the anger he speakethe of before) +wakethe the fende; whiche oure offences cannot do, because he +cannott be waked, in that he neyther slumbrethe nor slepethe, +but alwayes watcheth and howrely seekethe occas{i}one to +destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone. But yf you will nedes saye +“this wakethe the fende,” that is, by conuersione after this +manner, “the fende waketh this,” whiche signyfyeth the fende +waketh or styrreth this in manne, yt may, after a harde and +over-streyned sorte, beare some sence, whiche yet hath not that +energye, sprite or lyfe, w{hi}che haue Chaucers woordes, “this +maketh the fende.” Whiche woordes are in my written copies, and +in all written and auncient printed copies whiche I have yet +seene. + +[Sidenote: Hugh of Lincoln.] Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes, +“O hughe of Lincolne sleyne also, &c.” You saye, that in the 29. +H. 3. eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne, and hanged +for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte was +[in] the 39. H. 3. so that yo{u} mighte verye well haue sayed, +that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe of +Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, viz. thys younger +Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed +in the yere 1200, long before this litle seinte hughe. And to +prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde and that yonge +hughe of Lincolne were but one; I will sett downe two +auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and Walsinghame, whereof the +fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe 1255, beinge the 39. +of Henrye the 3, a childe called Hughe was sleyne by the Jewes +at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he delyvereth at large; +and further, in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth, +Dimissi sunt quieti 24 Judei à Turri London, qui ibidem infames +tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis Lincolniæ: +All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in Hypodigma Neustriæ, confirmeth; +sayinge, A^o. 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine HUGO, à +Judeis captus, in opprobriu{m} Christiani nominis crudelitèr est +crucifixus. + +[Sidenote: “Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a good +reading.] Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his +ascensione, &c.) You will us to reade for the same, + + Ware the soone in his ascensione + Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte, + For yf yt doe, &c. + +But, savinge correct{i}one, the former sence is good: for these +woordes: Where the sonne is in his ascensione, must haue +relat{i}one to the woordes of the verse before, + + Ye be righte colericke of complex{i}one, + +and then is the sence, that she [_the fair Pertelote_] willed +hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in +the highest degree) collericke of complex{i}one, where (whiche +signyfyeth when) the sonne is in his ascent{i}one. Wherefore he +must take heede, that he did not fynde hym repleate (at that +tyme of the sonnes being in his ascent{i}one) of hoote humors, +for yf he did, he sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will +stand with the woordes Where the sonne is in his ascentione, +taking where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf yo{u} mislyke +that gloosse, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some +written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his ascentione ne +fynde you not repleate, &c. yet yt cannott bee that the other +wordes, (for yf yt doo,) canne answer the same, because this +pronoune relative (yt) cannot haue relat{i}one to this worde +(you) which wente before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo{u} not +repleate of humors hotte. So that yf you nowe will nedes reade +ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse must +nedes be, “for yf you doe,” and not “for yf yt dooe;” vnleste +you will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat{i}one to +these woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott +have, those woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne +(you) interposed betwene the same and that his correlative (yt.) +Wherefore these woordes, (for yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as +they did before, though you will correcte “Where the sonne &c.” +and saye “Ware the sonne &c.” W{hi}che yf you will nedes haue, +you must correcte the rest in this sorte: + + Ware the sonne in his ascentione + that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte, + for yf yt do, &c. + +But this correct{i}one (savinge, as I sayed, correct{i}one) +semeth not so good as the former texte. + +[Sidenote: Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.] Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon +these woordes, (Lo, in the lyfe of Kenelme we reade,) you saye +that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche sholde be +Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have. Whiche +Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the +Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof +(supposed to be Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that +auctor, speakinge of the wyfe of Offa the greate kinge of +Mercia, (a wicked and proude womanne because she was of the +stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that she was called +Drida, and being the kings wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est, +Regina Drida. + +[Sidenote: Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.] Fo: 87. p: 1. +Vppon these woordes of “Taurus was fortye degrees and one,” you +saye that this place ys misprinted, as well in not namynge of +the sygne, as of the misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two +and twentye of Marche the sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven +degrees or thereaboutes, and hathe in all but thirtye degrees. +In whiche, in semynge to correcte the former printe (whiche in +truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that order,) you seme +to mee to erre, as farre as heauen and yerthe, in mistakinge +Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, as well for the daye of the +monthe, as for the signe. for where yo{u} suppose that Chaucere +meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt. +for although yt should be the 22 of the monthe, as the printed +booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22 daye of Marche, but must +of necessytye be the two and twentythe of Aprille: and so the +signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye, the number of +the dayes are misprinted, for where yt is twentye dayes and two, +yt must be (and so are my written copies) thirtye dayes and two, +whiche must be the seconde of Maye, as yo{u} shall well see by +the woordes of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two +dayes, withe the truthe, as hathe the written copye, or xxii +dayes, withe the printe: yet must yo{u} begynne to recken them +from after the last of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge +Marche was compleate, in these woordes: + + When the month in whiche the worlde began, + That hight Marche, when God first made man, + Was complete, and passed were also + Since Marche byganne, &c. + +Wherebye yo{u} see, that yo{u} must begynne to recken the nomber +of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then woulde the +signe fall out to be in Taurus. Yf yo{u} holde yo{u} to the +printe (for the 22 daye after Marche, which is the 22 daye of +Aprill in which the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to +the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w{hi}che is the seconde +of maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees +in Taurus;) the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo{u} +suppose. nether canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe +you to recken them from the begynnynge of Marche, (as you seme +to doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the +former wordes of Chaucer, w{hi}che sayethe M{ar}che was +complete, and, for that we shoulde not dobte thereof, he addethe +also farther, And passed were also since Marche beganne; where +the worde beganne ys mysprinted for be gonne, that is, since +marche be gonne, this word begonne being put for is gonne, or +gonne bye, or departed. so that the genuyniell sence hereof is, +When march was complete, and also were passed, since march is +gonne, or gonne by, or departed. for, in many olde inglishe +woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to make yt moore +signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone, for +sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed, &c. as in this case +for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But although there be no +misnaminge of the [Sidenote: The degrees of the signe are +misreckoned, not the signe itself.] signe; yet yt is true the +degrees of the signes are misreckoned, the error whereof grewe, +because the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree +of the sonne ascended above the Horizon, beinge at that tyme xli +degrees in heighte from the Horizon. But to remedye all this, +and to correcte yt accordinge as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne +and other written copies; and that yt may stande w{i}th all +mathematicall proport{i}one, whiche Chaucer knewe and observed +there, the print must be corrected after those written copies +(whiche I yet holde for sounde till I maye disprove them) having +these woordes: + + when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne, + that hight Marche, when god first made manne, + was complete, and passed were also + since marche begonne thirty dayes and two: + befell that Chanteclere in all his pride, + his seven wives walkinge him beside, + cast vp his eyen to the bright sonne, + that in the signe of Taurus had yronne + Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore; + And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore + That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven: + The sunne, quoth he, is clomben vp on heaven + Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &c. + +And that this shoulde be mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the +seconde of Maye, there be manye reasons, besides those that +Chaucer nameth; which are, that the sonne was not farre from the +middle of his ascent{i}one, and in the signe Taurus. ffurther, +since I am now in Chantecler’s discourse, I must speake of one +woorde in the same, deservinge correct{i}one, w{hi}che I see you +overslipped; and because I thinke yo{u} knewe not what to make +of yt, (as in dede by the printinge few menne canne +vnderstande yt,) I will sett downe the correct{i}one of the +same; [Sidenote: Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, +or the kingdom of Mercia.] being the worde Mereturicke, farr +corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the +kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus +the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres, +and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before +noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the +woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a +kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches of +Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu{m} Merciæ, or the +kingdome of Mercia, or of the boundes so called, because almost +all the other kingdoms of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and +that lykewise vppon them, since that kingdome did lye in the +middle of England, and conteyned most of the shires thereof. + +[Sidenote: Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.] Fo: 90. +pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge +furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them +had their outwarde ornamentes thereof when they came to their +service, as the Chanons had their Grey amises; yet in this +place, to shewe the proude and stately ensignes of the Clergye, +he there nameth the popes crowne, and the Cardinalls pilloures, +yf I be not deceved. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his +honorable ensignes borne before hym, certein silver pillers; as +had Cardinall Wolsey, in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte, +and Cardinall Poole, in my memory. So that pilloure in that +place is better than pellure, because pilloures were a note of +more pride and maiestye (againste whiche the Plowmanne dothe +enveye in those woordes,) than in the weringe of furres. + +[Sidenote: Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner +of meates.”] Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these wordes, with change of +many manner of meates, yo{u} wolde have vs reade, They eate of +many manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence +stande well, yet sure Chaucer followeth this matter in many +staues together with this preposit{i}one (cu{m}, with,) and this +coniunctione (et, and;)--as, “With pride misledd the poore, and +with money filled manye a male, &c.” so he contynuethe yt still +with that prepositione, “with change of many meates;” w{hi}che +is as good as the other, for euery one knoweth Chaucers meanynge +to be that they eate of many meates, when they haue change of +many meates; for why sholde they haue change of meates, but for +varyetye to please the palates taste in eatynge. [Sidenote: And +also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for the +sake of the meter.] In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one +or two) you teache vs to reade, “myters they weare mo then one +or two;” whiche, me thinkethe, nedeth not. For the wearinge of +their myters is included in these woordes, And myters more then +one or two. W{hi}che wordes are curteyled for the verse his +cause, that the same mighte kepe an equall proport{i}one and +decorum in the verse, whiche would be lengthened one foote or +sillable moore than the other verses, yf your readinge shoulde +stande. But yf yo{u} saye, that in this and other thinges I am +overstreyghte laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the +former printed editione, in that I woulde rather allowe one +imperfecte sence, and suche as must be vnderstoode, when yt ys +not fully expressed, than a playne style, I will answere withe a +grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri +potest per pauciora, and quod subintelligitur non deest. +Wherefore yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit{i}one of +woordes, when yt maye be as well conceyved in any reasonable +mens vnderstandinge without such addit{i}one. But on these and +suche petit matters, I will not nowe longe insiste, (being +things of no greate momente,) vntill I haue further examyned +more written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the olde +texte or your newe correctione. + +[Sidenote: The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant +of the rose, but is there spelled Guindesores.] Fo: 122. pa: 2. +The lordes sonne of Windsore.) Vppon these woordes you saye, +this maye seme strange bothe in respecte that yt is not in the +frenche, as also for that there was no lorde Windsore at those +dayes. But yt semeth to me moore strange that these woordes +shoulde seme strange to yo{u}, not to bee in the frenche, where +yo{u} shall fynde them. For thus hathe the frenche written +Romante, as maye appere in the old frenche vsed at the tyme when +the Romante was composed, in this sorte: + + Pris a Franchise lez alez + Ne sai coment est apelles, + Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores + Fuiz au seign{eur} de Guindesores: + +Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young +bacheler, I knowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and +gentle, as yf he had byn sonne to the lorde of Windsore. Where +in olde frenche this word fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of +that Booke) is placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at +this daye for filz or fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that it is +here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the Roose turned +into proese, moralized, by the french Molinet, and printed at +Paris in the yere 1521, who hathe the same verses in these +woordes in proese. A Franchise s’estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler +de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en son temps filz du +seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo{u} mighte have well seene, +had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the latyne, +Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche, +the Englishe, and such as haue affynytye with the Dutche, since +they vse for doble w (a letter comone to vs) these two letters +Gu, as in Gulielmus, which we wryte Willielmus; in guerra, which +we call and writte warre, in Gualterus, which we write Walter; +in guardeine, which we pronounce and write wardeyne; and suche +lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for +Windesore. [Sidenote: Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the +Baron should be called of Windsor.] for your other coniectures, +whye that Chaucer sholde inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore, +they are of [{no}?] great momente, neque adhuc constat that +Chaucer translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in +buildinge. for then I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge; +whereof I will not stande at this tyme, no moore than I will +that there was no lord Windsore in those dayes; althoughe I +suppose that sir William Windsore, being then a worthye knighte +and of great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes beyond the +seas under the kinge of Englande, mighte be lord Windsore, of +whom the Frenche tooke notice, being in those partes, and by +them called seigneure de Windesore, as euery gouerno{r} was +called seigneure emongst them. But whether he were a Baron or no +in Englande, I cannott yet saye, because I haue not my booke of +Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this instante. + +[Sidenote: The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also +by water, nor for chastity only, but for many other matters.] +Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall, &c. Vppone whiche yo{u} write thus. +“Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did +Emma, mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge +culters of yrone barefotte, as did Cunegunde, &c.” But in +this describinge definit{i}one, you have commytted manye +imp{er}fect{i}ons. first, that ordell was a tryall by fyre, +w{hi}che is but a species of the ordell; for ordaliu{m} was a +tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a tryall of +Chastitye whiche was but parcell thereof; for the ordale was a +tryall for manye other matters. [Sidenote: The fyery ordeal was +by going on hote shares and cultors, not going through the fyre. +The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine burnynge +shares.] Thirdlye, yo{u} saye yt was by goinge throughe the +fyre. when the fyery ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares +or cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande, +and not going through the fyre. fourthlye, that Emma, mother to +Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through the +fyre: But she passed not through the fyre as you bringe her for +one example of your ordale but passed barefotte vppone nyne +burnynge shares, fowr for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne +Bishoppe of Winchester, with whome she was suspected with +incontynencye, whiche historye you maye see at large in +Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone li: 6. ca: 23, and in +other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a longe and no +commone discourse; of the manner of consecrating the fyre and +water, how yt was vsed emongst the saxons before, and the +normans since, the Conqueste, and of many other thinges +belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer +to you a thinge knowen to fewe, [Sidenote: The ordeal taken away +by the court of Rome, and after by Henry III.] how this ordale +was contynued in Englande in the tyme of kinge Johne, as +appereth in Claus. 17. Johīs, m. 25, vntill yt was taken awaye +by the courte of Rome; and after that, in Englande, by the +auctorytye of kinge Henrye the thirde, whereof you shall fynde +this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H. 3. mem. 5, where yt +speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water to be +forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be +vsed here in Englande; as apperethe in the woordes of that +record: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt, et quibus +competeret iudiciu{m} ignis vel aquæ si non esset prohibitum, et +de quibus si regnum nostru{m} abiurarent, nulla fieret postea, +maleficiendi suspitio, regnu{m} nostru{m} abiurent &c. + +[Sidenote: The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the +adultery of his owne mate.] Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the +storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes “wreaker of adulterye” +shoulde rather bee “bewrayer of Adulterye;” w{hi}che in truth +accordinge to one propryetye of his nature may be as you saye, +but according to another propryetye of his nature, yt sholde be +“the wreaker of Adulterye,” as Chaucer hathe; for he ys a +greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female +than the bewrayer of the adulterye of one other kynde, and of +his hostesse one the toppe of whose howse he harborethe. for +Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus de proprietatibus reru{m} li: 12. +cap. 8. with many other auctors, that yf the storke by any +meanes perceve that his female hath brooked spousehedde, he will +no more dwell with her, but stryketh and so cruelly beateth her, +that he will not surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye, +to wreake and revenge that adulterye. + +These and suche lyke in my conceyte are worthye to be touched in +your Annotac{i}ons, besides other matters whiche you haue not +handled; whereof (because tyme requirethe after all this tedious +treatyce to drawe to one ende) I will not now treate; but onlye +speake a little moore of fyve especiall thinges, woorthye the +animadvers{i}one, of which the fyrste ys, [Sidenote: The +plowman’s tale is wrong placed.] that yo{u} make the Plowmans +tale to go next before the persons tale, suffering the persons +corrupted prologue to passe with this begynnynge, “By that the +plowmanne had his tale ended,” when all written copies, (whiche +I coulde yet see,) and my fathers editione, haue yt, “By that +the mancyple had his tale ended.” And because my father colde +not see by any Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the +most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,) +where to place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons +tale, whiche, by Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as +apperethe by the persons prologue, where the hooste sayethe, +that “euery manne had tolde his Tale before.” So that the +plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the +manciple and persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last +edit{i}one. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from +those adulterat and not his.] One other thinge ys, that yt would +be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were distinguyshed from the +adulterat and suche as were not his, as the Testamente of +Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge +“I have a ladye where so she bee,” &c. whiche Chaucer never +composed, as may sufficientlye be proved by the things +themselves. + +[Sidenote: There were three editions of Chaucer before William +Thynne dedicated his to Henry VIII.] The thirde matter ys, that +in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte Cecille, yo{u} saye, +“This Booke whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate +to kinge Henrye the eighte.” But that is not soo. for the firste +dedicatione to that kinge was by my father, when diverse of +Chaucers woorkes had byn thrise printed before; whereof two +editions were by Will{ia}m Caxtone, the firste printer of +Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one columne in a +ragged letter, and after in one colume in a better order; and +the thirde edit{i}one was printed, as farre as I remember, by +Winkin de Worde or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde +printers of Englande, as I take them.[11] [Sidenote: The first +editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and +corrected them.] Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte +and corrupte occasioned my father (for the love he oughte to +Chaucers learnynge) to seeke the augmente and correct{i}one of +Chaucers Woorkes, w{hi}che he happily fynyshed; the same being, +since that tyme, by often printinge much corrupted. of this +matter I sholde have spooken first of all, because yt is the +first imperfect{i}one of your paynfull and comendable labors: +Yet because the proverb ys better late than never, I hold yt +better to speake of yt here then not at all. + + [Footnote 11: _Caxton_, 1475-1481-2. _Wynkyn de Word_, + 1495-1498.] + +[Sidenote: Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by +Chaucer.] The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the +auctors, you haue omytted many auctors vouched by chaucer; and +therefore did rightlye intitle yt, moost, and not all, of the +auctors cited by Geffrye Chaucer. + +[Sidenote: It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.] The fyfte +matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde +Haroldes in this verse, + + My kinge of Haroltes shalte thou bee, + +must, by a mathesis or transpositione of the letters, be +Harlotes, and not Haroltes, and the verse thus, + + My kinge of Harlottes shalt thou bee + +And so ys yt in the edit{i}one of Chaucer’s Works, printed in +anno Domini 1542, accordinge to the frenche moralizatione of +Molinet, fo. 149. where he is called “Roye des Ribauldez,” +[Sidenote: The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great +accompt in times past.] w{hi}che is, the kinge of Ribaldes or +Harlottes or evill or wicked persons; one officer of great +acco{m}pte in tymes paste, and yet vsed in the courte of France +but by one other name, in some parte beinge the office of the +marshall of Englande. All whiche, because yo{u} shall not thinke +I dreame, (though yt may seme strange to the ignorant to have so +greate one officer intituled of suche base p{er}sons as to be +called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,) [Sidenote: Johannes +Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.] yo{u} shall here +Joh{ann}es Tyllius (in his seconde booke de rebus Gallicis vnder +the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in these woordes: +In domesticis regu{m} constitutionibus, quos proximo capite +nominavimus, fit mentio Regis Ribaldorum, officii domestici, +quem semper oportet stare extra Portam pretorii, &c. and a litle +after the explanynge of their office, he addeth; “sic autem +appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi, et Ribaldæ +mulieres puellæq{ue} perditæ vocantur. Regis nomen superiori aut +Iudici tribuitur, Quemadmodu{m} magnus Cubicularius dicitur Rex +Mercatorum,” &c. Where he maketh the “Regem Ribaldoru{m}” an +honorable officer for manye causes, [Sidenote: Also Vincentius +Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.] as Vincentius +Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france doth +also, vnder the title of “Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus +Hospitii;” makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum +or provostus hospitii to seme all one, addinge further (after +manye other honorable partes belonginge to this office) that +“meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat.” In whiche +pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and +evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the +duty of the marshall,) the frenche and wee agree. [Sidenote: The +Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties +and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.] Wherefor, touching +that parte, yo{u} shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office +sett downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of +Brothertonne (sonne to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to +his office of Marshalcye; where, emongst other thinges, are +these woordes: eoru{m} (w{hi}che was of the marshalls deputyes +executinge that he shoulde ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam +à meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex +consuetudine mariscallus ex quâlibet meretrice com[m]uni infra +metas hospitii inventa iiij^d. primo die. Quæ, si iteru{m} +inventa in Balliuâ suâ inveniatur, capiatur; et coram +seneschallo inhibea{n}tur ei hospitia Regis et Reginæ et +liberoru{m} suorum, ne iteru{m} ingrediatur, &c. And so +afterwarde shewethe what shall be done to those women, yf they +be founde agayne in the Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as +by Tillius, this Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was over homines +perditos, mulieres puellasq{ue} perditas. And that yt was, by +Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge out of the courte, (for +so modestye willeth vs to vnderstande, because they shoulde not +offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,) +so ys yt our Marshalls office, to banyshe those harlottes the +courte, and bestowe them in some other place, where they might +be lesse annoyance. [Sidenote: Master Thynne being a herold +liketh not that false semblance should be thought one.] +Wherefore I conclude w{i}th the frenche, and the former +edit{i}one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False +Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not +of Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden +of the conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nugæ in the +Romante of the Roose, I cannott (as the proverb ys) take my hand +from the table, (fyndinge go manye oversightes in the two last +editiones,) but must speake of one thing more, deserving +correctione, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of the +last impress{i}one: + + Amide saw I hate stonde, + That for wrathe and yre & onde + Semed to be a minoresse; + +[Sidenote: Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a +minoresse.] Where this woorde Minoresse shoulde be Moueresse, +signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to debate, for these be the +frenche verses in the oldest written copye that euer was (to be +founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,) by the age +of the frenche wordes, which are these: + + Enz euz le milieu vi hayne, + qui de courouz et datayn + Sembla bien estre moueresse, + et courouse et teucerresse. + +Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to +the frenche: + + Amyde sawe I hate stonde, + That of wrathe and yre & onde + Semed well to be mooveresse, + An angry wighte and chyderesse. + +[Sidenote: Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] Whiche +woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat{i}one of +that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, a leader or leadresse, +so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a +mooveresse or leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose +woordes will as well and rather better fytt the sence and verse +of Chaucer, and better answere the Frenche originall and +meanynge, than the incerted woorde Minoresse. + +Thus hooping that yo{u} will accepte in good and frendlye parte, +these my whatsoever conceytes vttered vnto you, (to the ende +Chawcers Woorkes by much conference and many iudgmentes mighte +at leng[t]he obteyne their true p{er}fect{i}one and glory, as I +truste they shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and +leysure to reprinte, correcte, and comente the same after the +manner of the Italians who have largely comented Petrarche;) +I sett end to these matters; comyttinge yo{u} to god, and me to +your curtesye. + + Clerkenwell Greene, + the xvi of december 1599. + Your lovinge frende, + FRANCIS THYNNE. + + + + +INDEX. + + Abandone, p. 33. + Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, p. 42. + Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, p. 24. + Arcite, his intellect, p. 40. + Authentic, a thing of authority, p. 33. + + Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, p. 44. + Begyns, superstitious women, p. 29. + Besant, a coin of Bizantium, p. 25. + Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, p. 12. + Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, p. 18. + + Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, p. 43. + Campaneus, reading of, p. 34. + Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, p. 5. + Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, p. 8. + Chaucer’s parentage, p. 9. + Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, p. 16. + Chaucer’s marriage, p. 17. + Chaucer’s coat-of-arms, p. 10. + Chaucer’s children, p. 17. + Chaucer, his education, p. 13. + Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, p. 11. + Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no, + pp. 12, 13. + Chaucer, the stemme of, p. 17. + Chaucer, his children and their advancement, p. 17. + Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh, + p. 18. + Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, pp. 22, 23. + Chaucer, early editions of, p. 56. + Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, p. 9. + Citrination, a term of Alchemy, p. 30. + Colin Clout, written in William Thynne’s house at Erith, p. 7. + + Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, p. 47. + + Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, p. 25. + Florius, concerning, p. 35. + Forage, winter provision, p. 30. + + Garland, oken of Emelye, p. 37. + Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, p. 17. + Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, p. 23. + Gaunt, John of, his marriage, p. 23. + Gower, query whether of the + Gowers of Stittenham, p. 14. + Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, p. 13. + + Harlottes, King of, p. 57. + Heroner, a hawk for a heron, p. 31. + Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, p. 31. + + John of France, his ransome, p. 36. + + Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, p. 18. + Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, p. 47. + + Leefe, for lothe, p. 42. + Lincoln, Hugh of, p. 44. + + Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, p. 16. + Merecenrycke, p. 50. + + Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., p. 18. + Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, p. 21. + Nowell, meaning of, p. 32. + + Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, p. 26. + Ordeal, the manner of, p. 54. + Oundye meaneth wavy, p. 28. + + Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, p. 11. + Pilgrime’s Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, p. 6. + Plowman’s Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, p. 7. + Porpherye, a peculiar marble, p. 32. + Printing, notes on the history of, p. 21. + Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, p. 51. + Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King, + p. 18. + Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis, + p. 18. + Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, p. 19. + + Resager, or Ratsbane, p. 28. + Ribalds, king of, p. 57. + Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, p. 15. + Rose, Romant of, notes on, p. 21. + + Sendale, a sylke stuffe, p. 32. + Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., p. 13. + Sterling money, p. 35. + Straught, a better word than haughte, p. 41. + Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, p. 55. + Surrye or Russye, p. 43. + + Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., p. 16. + Theophraste, not Paraphraste, p. 44. + Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, p. 33. + Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid + Chaucer’s tales, p. 7. + Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., p. 6. + Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer’s MSS., p. 5. + Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, p. 7. + + Vernacle, of the, p. 34. + Veseye, Eustace de, p. 18. + Visage for vassalage, p. 42. + + Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office, + p. 20. + Windsore, Lords son of, p. 52. + Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, p. 33. + Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, p. 7. + Wolsey, his great power with the King, p. 7. + Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, p. 7. + + + JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ + +Non-Roman Scripts + + In the 1865 text, thorn þ is used for Saxon “r” ꞃ: + in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was + Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia; + the one reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister + Quendrida, as ys before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of + Mercia, the etymon of the woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon + tonge signyfyethe a kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes. + + The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms: + Meꞃecenꞃÿke, ꞃÿk, meꞃcen. + +_At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been assigned +Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your text reader +will probably not be able to display the character._ + + Similarly for Greek Χρ (Chi, rho): + placinge ther xþemas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of + Nowell .... ante xþi (_Christi_) natalitia viginti aut triginta + dies quodam desiderio. + The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words + in Chr-. + + Hebrew: + for thus he writethe: נאל noel + [_both editions misprint באל with bet ב for nun נ_] + +Introduction + + a careful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable [_unchanged_] + a ribald wit might create terrible havock [_unchanged_] + Footnote 2 [_reference missing, supplied from 1876 edition_] + Martin Chuzzelwit the elder [_unchanged_] + demanding why Falstalf [_unchanged_] + +List of Thynne’s Works + + 18 ... since the reign of the conqueror. [_extraneous close quote_] + + +Errors corrected from 1876 edition: + + _This list includes missing letters that were silently supplied in + 1865: that is, the text is right but the MS reading was wrong. It + does not include misplaced italics such as “tri{u}m” for “triu{m}”._ + + the Romans in the heigh[t]e of their glorye [heighe] + selfe will or fonnd conceyte [found] + Chaucers woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce [sitheus] + that lerned and eloquent kn[i]ghte [knighte] + as I have herde S^r Johne Thynne reporte [St. Johne] + as the chanons yomane [chanous] + [_all occurrences of “chanons” in this passage are printed + “chanous” in 1865_] + the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. [Rolulor] + [_1876 edition also adds “me{m}b.” after “patent.”_] + datu{m} per manu{m} Walteri Merton [Walleri] + consorti ipsius Regis &c.” [_close quote missing_] + “Rogero couentry &c [_open quote missing_] + so had the[y] fewer Rooses placed [they] + euerye manne to his owne iudgemente [iudgemte] + Gersone soughte no further meanynge [meanyuge] + tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt.” [_close quote missing_] + (otherwise called “Flores Historiarum” or “Florilegus”) + [_printed with open parenthesis, close bracket_] + almoste to the heigh[t]e of perfect{i}one [heighte] + solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe [cantaria] + shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, [gouernmente] + (“Manye a florence.”) [’ for ”] + in another place callethe scutes or frenche crownes [calle the] + yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall [exposit{i}one] + tria virginis ora Dianæ,) [_close parenthesis missing_] + that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites [strengthe] + a pointe at streng[t]he is looste [strengthe] + agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge [Chancers] + Whiche facte was [in] the 39. H. 3. [_“in” not bracketed_] + with change of many manner of meates, [_superfluous close bracket_] + Regis nomen superiori aut Iudici tribuitur, + [_superfluous close quote_] + Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus Hospitii + [_“pro-/vuostus” at line break_] + si iteru{m} inventa in Balliuâ suâ [Ballinâ] + many iudgmentes mighte at leng[t]he obteyne [lengthe] + +Shared anomalies: + + Thus (withe hartye prayer comendinge + [both versions have extra open bracket/parenthesis] + I will passe over all those matters scito pede + [both versions have “scito”: error for “cito”?] + The lordes sonne of Windsore.) + [both versions missing open bracket/parenthesis] + by a mathesis or transpositione [shared error for “metathesis”] + +Textual differences, with 1876 reading shown in brackets: + + p{ar}soune and plowmane [p{ar}sonne] + Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] [countrye, no footnote] + H. Regis patris nostri [Henrici Regis] + apud West {minsteriu}m [Westm{onasterium}] 316 + In whiche are two unperfect{i}ons. [imperfect{i}ons] + thus sett downe to the forthe daye of februarye + [... in the ferthe daye ...] + with the daye when and where they presented her + [_“with de daye” with footnote “MS. plainly de”_] + apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua [Ebor{ac}u{m}] + the laude fulfilled is ouer all [lande] 346 + For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower [{th}e armes] + an ensigne of his poetrye [one] + for he was an olde manne [one] + Ric. de la Poole [Ric{hard}] + continentem iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d [I^d (capital Eye for One)] + factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator [computator{is}] + iiij^c marc. [marc{as}] + (a magistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) [a marchante] + Walsingham (who wroote longe after) [w{hic}he wroote] + by reasone of others mens dealinge + [_“othere mens dealing{es}” with footnote “MS. others”_] + and, as some have yt + [and, [printinge,] as some have yt] + In the title of the augmente [argumente] + w{hic}h Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted + [w{i}th Chawcer,] + [_footnote “? _for_ which Chaucer englisht”_] + In the expositione of the olde wordes + [_Footnote: “+of+ of” with first “of” boldface_] + to oure nowe vnderstandinges [vnderstandinge] + beinge an indiffynyte speache [one] + an olde coyne of france [one] + I will produce twoo auctorauctors [twoo Auctors] + written in Gothyshe rymynge verse [verses] + That dame abstinence streyned + [_“weyned” with footnote (MS) “streyned”_] + And ganne her gratche as a Bygin. + [_footnote (MS) “graithe”_] + A large cover-cherfe of Thredde [cover-cheife] + whiche is true, for a gowshawke + [_“goshawke”, with footnote “MS. gowshake”_] + with her byll or talons [talentes] + an engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte [one engine] + a Ramme to batter wales [wal[l]es] + Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens [a florens] + the same Walsingha{m} in another place [in other place] + within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR] + --ij^s. x^d. [QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} + [_in both passages, 1865 has the “QR” symbol while + 1876 expands to “q{uad}r{anta}”_] + as were her younge and grene yeres [was] + yo{u} wolde haue us to reade [haue us reade] + save onlye the intellecte or vnderstandinge [his intellecte] + And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte [breed th’armes] + he[9] knocked at her[10] windowe + [_1876 text ADDS “to make her the better to heare” after this + phrase (skipped line in original MS?)_] + are nerer to Sorria [is nerer] + reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe + [_word “i. e.” omitted_] + eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne + [_1876 text ADDS [to London] in brackets after “broughte”_] + For yf yt doe, &c. [For yf yt doe, . . .] + [_the fair Pertelote_] + [parenthesised in 1865 text, moved to footnote in 1876] + So that yf you nowe will [yf yowe will] + that hight Marche ... the bright sonne [hight[e] ... bright[e]] + and in the signe Taurus [signe of Taurus] + than in the weringe of furres [than ys] + “with change of many meates;” [with many change of meates] + kepe an equall proport{i}one and decorum [one equall] + But on these and suche petit matters [in these] + they are of [{no}?] great momente + [1865 has “no” italicized and in parentheses; + 1876 omits question mark] + as apperethe in the woordes [by these woordes] + Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus [sayethe &] + I will not now treate; [entreate] + Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte [imperfecte] + An angry wighte and chyderesse [One angry] + + +The HTML version of this e-text includes a detailed record of +differences between the 1865 and 1876 editions. Neither edition +includes a facsimile of the original MS, so readers will have to +decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial decisions +and which ones are errors in one edition or the other. + +Basic variations: + + Typographic: + Variations in punctuation and capitalization + Decorative features of final letters, especially -ll printed + with connecting line + Font changes such as boldface instead of small capitals + Prices are printed inline as ijs. and similar + + Consistent: + Initial v used throughout (medial u/v is variable) + “you” always printed with superscript “u” + (replacing both “you” and yo{u}) + “S^r” (superscript “r”) printed as “S{i}r” (italic “i”) + “emongst(e)” always spelled with medial “e” as “emongest(e)” + + Common: + initial J or j printed as I (always capitalized) + “than” spelled “then” + “could(e), would(e), should(e)” spelled “cold(e), wold(e), shold(e)” + in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants + (other than -ll-), where 1865 has simple “-s”, 1876 has -{es} + “which” written “whiche”, sometimes “wh{ic}he” + “your” transcribed “yo{u}r” + final “-eth” spelled “-ethe” + + Occasional: + “y” for “i” + _The two occurrences of “it” in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has + “yt”, agreeing with all other occurrences of the word._ + “i” for “e”, “aw” for “au” (“Chawcer”) + several occurrences of “an” are read as “one” + ampersand (&) for word “and” + final “-e”, especially in “much(e), such(e)”; + sometimes in “doth(e), hath(e)” and other words + single “o” changed to “oo”: “moore”, “woordes” + some Latin citations have final -e for -æ + words ending -o{r} transcribed as -o{u}r + word divisions such as “as well”, “my selfe” + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions +and corrections of some imperfection, by Francis Thynne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + +***** This file should be named 29261-0.txt or 29261-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/6/29261/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes + 1865 edition + +Author: Francis Thynne + +Editor: George Henry Kingsley + +Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + + +[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the +"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could +not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets: + + [-m] [-i] [letter with overline] + [oe] [oe ligature] + +Curly quotes and apostrophes have been replaced with the simpler +"typewriter" form. Words in non-Roman scripts have been transliterated +and shown between #marks#. + +The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne's _Animadversions_. +Two purely typographic features have been adopted from the 1876 Chaucer +Society re-edition of the same MS. Passages printed in brackets in 1865 +have been changed to 1876's parentheses; conversely, letters and whole +words supplied by the editor are shown in brackets, reserving italics +for expanded abbreviations. A few apparent errors were corrected from +the 1876 text. Some other differences between the two editions are +noted at the end of the e-text. + +Italicized letters within a word are shown in {braces}. Other italics +are shown conventionally with _lines_. Superscripts are shown with +carets^. + +The Sidenotes have been duplicated at the beginning of the text to act +as a table of contents.] + + + + + Animaduersions + + uppon + + Chaucer's Workes. + + + + + [Sidenotes: + The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on + his new edition of Chaucer. + Also vexed at a side blow at his father's edition, and justifies + him as editor. + His father's collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity. + The Pilgrime's Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen. + William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to + countenance him. + The promise broken through the power of Wolsey. + The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne's house + at Erith. + Chaucer's works like to be destroyed by parliament. + Reasons why the Pilgrime's Tale should be Chaucer's. + How William Thynne's collection of Chaucer's MS. was dispersed + abroad. + He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer's family. + Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man. + Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued. + Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward. + Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault. + The conjecture that Chaucer's ancestors were merchants, of no + valydytye. + Master Speight misquoteth Gower. + Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer. + Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (orGores) of Stittenham. + Gower's chaplette for knighthood not for poetry. + The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour. + The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye. + Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer but? + The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III. + Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer's wife, nor doth Thynne. + The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by + the Pope and the Parliament. + Chaucer's children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes. + Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace. + Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign. + The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but + William was not the first that did so. + The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as + themselves. + Amerchant by Attorney is no true merchant. + Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas + Montacute. + He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing. + The Romante of the Rose began by Guill[-m] de Loris, and finished + by John de la Meune. + Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess. + John of Gaunt, his incontinency. + Doubteth master Speight's ability in the exposition of old words, + but commendeth his diligence and knowledge. + Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war. + A besant is a besant, and not a duckett. + Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even + metaphorically. + Orfrayes not Goldsmith's work, but frysed cloth of gold, + amanufacture peculiar to the English. + Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water. + Resager is ratsbane or arsenic. + Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and + hypocritical women from their nature. + Citrinatione or perfect digestion. + Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in + winter, or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean + grass. + Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron. + The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine. + Nowell meaneth more than Christmas. + Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common. + Sendale, a sylke stuffe. + The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast + stones. + Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon. + Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye. + Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so. + Of the Vernacle. + Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth + reasons. + Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros, + and giveth reasons. + Of florins and their name from the Florentines. + Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings. + King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens. + Of the oken garland of Emelye. + Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction. + The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have + known Emelye. + Straught, a better word than haughte. + Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction. + Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction. + It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at + the window. + Surrye or Russye, indifferent which. + Cambuscan is Caius canne. + "That may not saye naye," better than "there may no wighte say + naye." + Theophraste, not Paraphraste. + The wife of Bath's Prologue taken from the author of Policraticon. + Country, not Couentry. + Maketh, not waketh. + Hugh of Lincoln. + "Where the sunne is in his ascensione," agood reading. + Kenelm slain by Queen Drida. + Master Speight mistaketh his almanack. + The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself. + Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of + Mercia. + Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls. + Liketh best the old reading of "change of many manner of meates." + And also the old reading of "myters" more than one or two for + the sake of the meter. + The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose, + but is there spelled Guindesores. + Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the Baron should be called + of Windsor. + The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor + for chastity only, but for many other matters. + The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not + going through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed + over nine burnynge shares. + The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry + III. + The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of + his owne mate. + The plowman's tale is wrong placed. + Chaucer's proper works should be distinguished from those + adulterat and not his. + There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne + dedicated his to Henry VIII. + The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented + and corrected them. + Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer. + It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes. + The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt + in times past. + Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum. + Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer. + The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls + duties and his powers over Harlotts and lost men. + Master Thynne being a herold liketh not that false semblance + should be thought one. + Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse. + Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] + + + + + +Chaucer.+ + + + ANIMADUERSIONS + + uppon the Annotacions and correct{i}ons of some + imperfect{i}ons of impress{i}ones + of Chaucer's workes (sett + downe before tyme and + nowe) reprinted in the + yere of our lorde + 1598 + + Sett downe by + FRANCIS THYNNE. + + "Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien." + + + Now Newly Edited from the MS. in the + Bridgewater Library + + by + + G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S. + + LONDON: + Published for the Early English Text Society, + by N. Trbner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. + + MDCCCLXV. + + + + + John Childs and Son, Printers. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Although only the grandson of the first of his name, the author of the +following interesting specimen of 16th-century criticism came of a +family of great antiquity, of so great an antiquity, indeed, as to +preclude our tracing it back to its origin. This family was originally +known as the "De Botfelds," but in the 15th century one branch adopted +the more humble name of "Thynne," or "of the Inne." Why the latter name +was first assumed has never been satisfactorily explained. It can hardly +be supposed that "John de la Inne de Botfelde," as he signed himself, +kept a veritable hostelry and sold ale and provender to the travellers +between Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used +in the sense which has given us "Lincoln's Inn," "Gray's Inn," or +"Furnivall's Inn," merely meaning a place of residence of the higher +class, though in this case inverted, the Inn giving its name to its +owner. + +However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful branch +of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now +represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was +collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and +published by him in his "Stemmata Botvilliana." + +The first "John of the Inn" married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had a +son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk +of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry +VIII. He married in the first place a lady who, however she may have +advanced her husband's prospects at court, behaved in a manner which +must have considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who +wish to study the matrimonial sorrows of "Thynnus Aulicus," as he calls +him, may consult Erasmus in his Epistol, lib. xv. Epist. xiv. + +His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of +green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more +fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis Thynne. + +Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry VIII. +than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is careful to +let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and that "there +were those of good worship both at court and country" who had at one +time been well pleased to be his father's clerks. That he was a man of +superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint in the +following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their mutual +fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read the +English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love for +his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another +curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that +William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an +inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of +bitter truth, his "Colin Clout," asatire perhaps unsurpassed in our +language. + +William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of +Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two +handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him +in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most +warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The +dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness in +these days of revived "farthingales and hoops." These brasses were +restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling +for things old had prevented the owners of the "church property" from +casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse. + +The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the "Animadversions" was most probably +a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Gresham, the +builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was devoted by his +son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat of Long Leat, +in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided indirectly by the +Reformation, for, says the old couplet, + + "Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne, + When the monks went out they came in." + +Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father's house at +Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned +Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the +manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln's Inn for a +while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we +may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne's own desire that his court +influence was used to procure him the post of "Blanch Lyon pursuivant," +aposition which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of +which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being +converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John +Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life, +is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may +become. + +Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and +Clerkenwell, in "sweet and studious idleness," as he himself calls it, +the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of +which has come down to us, principally in manuscript, scattered through +various great libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden's +estimate of him as "an antiquary of great judgment and diligence." It +would seem that he had entertained the idea of following in his father's +footsteps, and of becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even +made some collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight's +edition probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident +soreness exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a +feeling that his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him. +However the wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne's +corrections, and Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all +friendship and sympathy.[1] Isuspect him of dabbling in alchemy and +the occult sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms +peculiar to those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only "enveyed" +against the "sophisticall abuse," not the honest use of the Arcana. +Moreover in the British Museum (MS.add. 11,388) there is a volume +containing much curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and +not only collected but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and +wondrous drawing, worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The +costumes however are carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to +the fashion of the raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and +earnestness (most important elements in the search for the philosopher's +stone), of the small "signs" and prayers appended to these papers, it +is, Ithink, clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief. +Possibly the following lines, which seem to have been his favourite +motto, may have been inspired by the disappointment and dyspepsia +produced by his smoky studies and their ill success, + + "My strange and froward fate + Shall turn her whele anew + To better or to payre my fate, + Which envy dothe pursue." + + [Footnote 1: "To the readers. After this booke was last printed, + Iunderstand that M.Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he + hath when the time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment + in our tongue, as the Italians have Petrarke and others in their + language. Whereupon I purposed not to meddle any further in this + work, although some promise made to the contrarie, but to referre + all to him; being a gentleman for that purpose inferior to none, + both in regard to his own skill, as also of those helps left to + him by his father. Yet notwithstanding, Chaucer now being printed + againe I was willing not only to helpe some imperfections, but + also to add some things whereunto he did not only persuade me, but + most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this means most of + his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences marked: such + Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the text by + olde copies corrected." Speight's Chaucer, 1602.] + +On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to the +honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as his +successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to have +died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He +married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of +Bransbe, but left no issue. + +There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following +honest and straightforward bit of criticism, if we examine it closely: +and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very +characteristic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a shadowy +outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given to tiny +minuti, acareful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable in collecting +"contributions" to minor history; one jealous of all appearance of +slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with Master Speight +for printing "Harolds" instead of "Harlotts," and letting him know how +mightily a "Harold" like himself would be offended at being holden of +the condition of so base a thing as False Semblance? Perhaps the more so +from a half-consciousness that the glory of the office was declining, +and that if the smallest opening were given, aribald wit might create +terrible havock amongst his darling idols. How delicately he snubs +Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell Green (How would +Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a long uphill walk +for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe from long-staff +sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he would have derived +no "disparagement" from so doing; showing all the devotion to little +matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old gentleman of our +own day. + +But mark this old gentleman's description of his father's collection of +Chaucer's MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission than +that one of William Thynne's, empowering him to rout and to rummage +amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the +precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his +pleasant toils? "Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst +which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places +'Examinatur Chaucer'!" Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the +tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one +of those stolen from Francis Thynne's house at Poplar by that +bibliomaniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of +generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann, +that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be +regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was +not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the +reformers? + +We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than +twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small +tything of the entire number extant, showing that there were men amongst +the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even when directed against +themselves, and that there must have been some considerable liberality +if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the day. It would, Ifancy, +be difficult to find amongst the monkeries of our own time (except +possibly those belonging to that very cheery order the Capuchines) an +abbot inclined to permit his monks to read, much less to copy, so +heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however freely he winked at +the introduction of French nouvellettes. + +But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there were +others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the +churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence +lurked under his seeming _bonhommie_. Wolsey thought it worth his while +to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige William +Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the promised +protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the Parliament +noticed in the tract (p.7) was doubtless owing to the same +influence:[2] an assumption of the right of censure by the Parliament +which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer altogether. The +Parliament men were right in regarding the works of Chaucer as mere +fables, but they forgot that fables have "morals," and that these morals +were directed to the decision of the great question of whether the +"spiritual" or the "temporal" man was to rule the world, aquestion +unhappily not quite settled even in our own time. + + [Footnote 2: Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury + Tales were exempt from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry + VIII. "For the advancement of true religion." Ifind no notice of + this in the Act in the "Statutes at large," 1763. He also refers + to Foxe's Acts and Monuments, which is also merely negative on the + subject.] + +The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton (p.7) is also +very interesting, and gives us a hint of the existence of a "protesting" +feeling in the Court of Henry VIII. before there was any reason for +attributing it to mere private or political motives. From the way in +which it is mentioned here, Isuspect that the more general satire +"Colin Clout" preceded the more directly personal one of "Why come ye +nat to court?" which lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken +virulence which would hardly have been tolerated by him when in the +zenith of his power. It was not improbably written whilst its author was +safe in sanctuary under Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite +though he was, could never have kept Skelton's head on his shoulders +after so terrible a provocation. + +Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst satirists, +there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was writing on +the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he scorns to hide +his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters fearlessly and +openly what he has to say. Even in our own time, + + "Though his rime be ragged + Tattered and iagged + Rudely rain-beaten + Rusty and moth-eaten + _If ye talke well therewyth + Yt hath in it some pith_." + +Thynne's note on the family of Gower (p. 14) is of value as agreeing +with later theories, which deny that Gower the poet was of the Gowers of +Stittenham, the ancestors of the present houses of Sutherland and +Ellesmere. The question is not, however, finally decided, and we have +reason to believe that all the Gowers of Great Britain are descended +from the same family of Guers still flourishing in Brittany. Early +coat-armours are not much to be depended on, and Thynne as a Herald may +lean a little too much towards them. The question is, however, in good +hands, and I hope that before long some fresh light may be thrown +uponit. + +The old story of Chaucer's having been fined for beating a Franciscan +friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, Ithink, on +sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is not +lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than feminine +powers of invective "spiritual" men seem to be not unfrequently endowed, +and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be likely to +be (ofcourse from the best motives) to a man like Chaucer, who had +burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the caustic of his wit, +Ishall continue to believe the legend for the present. If the medival +Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of a friar was occasionally +thought necessary even by the most faithful, and I see no reason why +hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper on sufficient +provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens does not +outrage probability when he makes Martin Chuzzelwit the elder, fell Mr +Pecksniff to the ground. + +Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the +explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that +the word "orfrayes," which had gone so far out of date as to be +unintelligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage for +church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again. The +note on the "Vernacle" is another bit of close and accurate antiquarian +knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after all he says +about that mysterious question of "The Lords son of Windsor," aquestion +as mysterious as that demanding why Falstalf likened Prince Henry's +father to a "singing man" of the same place, we should be left as wise +as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to what we have +lost from Thynne's great storehouse of information; how valuable would +have been "that long and no common discourse" which he tells us he might +have composed on that most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal; +and possibly much more so is that of his "collections" for his edition +of Chaucer! This last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate +literary mole. + +The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of "the +second editione to one inferior personne, than my father's editione +was," may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to +Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne's edition in +1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight +followed "alate English corrector whom I forbear to name," Isuspect +that the "inferior personne" was poor John Stowe, and the edition to +have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of date to +that of Speight. + +The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of the +treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good +order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was +evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton, +and bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most +probably got _his_ copy of Animadversions in a more humble form. + +In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands, +originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away, +probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert +Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to +presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally +the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done +him. + + + + +LIST OF THYNNE'S WORKS + + +1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and +Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 & 1652. + +(This was first published in 1651 under the title "The application of +certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their functions." The +title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British Museum, 8005--a.) + +2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which Ra. +Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586. fol. + +3. "There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or +Regents of Scotland during the King's minority, or the minority of +several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the +catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the +Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of +Scotland." _A.a' Wood._ + +4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R.Holinshed's Chronicle +at the end of Q.Mary. + +5. "A Discourse of Arms," dated "Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan., 1593." +MS. in the College of Arms. + +6. "Catalogue of the Chancellors of England." MS. in the Bridgewater +Library. + +7. "Collections for the History of England." MS. in Bridgewater Library. + +8. Animadversions on Speight's Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater Library. + +9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning Arms, monumental +Antiquities,&c. MS. Cotton's Lib. Cleopatra, C.3. p.62. + +10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605. +MS. Bib. Ashmol. n.835. + +11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599. + +12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court +Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne's Collection of Curious +Discourses). + +13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, A.D. 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol. +1374. + +14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam +gallice.MS. + +"In the castrations to Hollingshed's Chronicles are the four following +discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from political motives, +they have been added to the late quarto Edition." + +15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585. + +16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586. + +17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the "Lives of the Lords Cobham +of Cobham, Randale and Harborough," British Mus. MS. add. 12,514. +f.56?) + +18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and +constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed +the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror. MS. 1585 (Was in the +library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS. add. +12,514). + +19. Of Stirling Money. + +20. Of what antiquity shires were in England. + +21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for administration +of justice in England. + +22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law. + +23. Of Epitaphs. + +24. On the antiquity, &c., of the high Steward of England. + +25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are +printed in "Hearne's Curious Discourses." 8vo, 1775.) + +26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139. + +27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning the +Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530. + +28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514. + +29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and gentlemen +of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus. Brit. MSS. +add. 11,388. + +(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and illustrated +by Thynne--principally bearing on the philosopher's stone. The principal +paper is a rhyming Latin poem, "De Phenic sive de Lapide Philosophico," +referred to in the tract.) + +Collections out of Domus Regni Angli. Nomina Episcoporum in Somerset. +Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et Edwardo, +Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. Abook of collections and +commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis. + +Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger +books, and other antient manuscripts. + + + + +ANIMADVERSIONS. + ++To the righte Honorable his singular goode Lorde Sir Thomas +Egertone knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of +the Rooles of the Chancerye.+ + + +It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente +and gretlye estemed custome emongste the Romans in the heigh[t]e +of their glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or +the desarte of his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe +of Januarye (consecrated to the dooble faced godd Janus one the +fyrste daye whereof they made electione of their cheife officers +and magystrates) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as the +noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene +them, apollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good +effectes whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not +restinge in the lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the +Romans (asdid their language and many other their usages and +lawes) into euerye perticuler Countrye where theyr powre and +gouermente stretched. passed also ouer the Oceane into the litle +worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from thence, nor frome +those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth combyne. ffor +whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that moste +excellente and yet embraced Custome, Ithynke yt my parte to +presente unto yo{u}r Lo{rdship} suche poore neweyeres gyfte as +my weake estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will +permytte: Wherefore, and because Cicero affirmethe, that he +whiche hathe once ouer passed the frontiers of modestye must for +euer after be impudente, (agrounde w{hi}che I fynde fully +veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before outgonne the boundes +of shamefastnesse in presentinge to yo{u}r Lordshippe my +confused collect{i}ons and disordered discourse of the +Chauncelors)[3] Iame nowe become utterlye impudente in not +blusshinge to salute you agayne (inthe begynnynge of this newe +yere) with my petye animadvers{i}ons, uppon the annotac{i}ons +and corrections delivered by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the +last edit{i}one of Chaucer's workes in the yere of oure +redempt{i}one 1598; thinges (Iconfesse) not so answerable to +yo{u}r Lordshippes iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your +desarte and my dutye doo challenge. But althoughe they doo not +in all respectes satisfye youre Lordshippes expectac{i}one and +my goode will, (accordinge as I wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt +not but yo{u}r lordshippe (not degeneratinge from youre former +curtesye wontinge to accompanye all youre act{i}ons) will +accepte these trifles from yo{u}r lovinge well-willer, in suche +sorte, as I shall acknowledge my selfe beholdinge and endebted +to yo{u}r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo{u}r +Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione) +because you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste +booke, emboldened me to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of +this pamfelette. Wherefore yf yo{u}r Lordshippe shall receve yt +curteouslye (and so not to dischorage mee in my sweete and +studiouse idlenesse) Iwill hereafter consecrate to yo{u}r +lykinge some better labor of moore momente and higher subiecte, +answerable to the excellencye of yo{u}r iudgemente, and mete to +declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull mynde and service I beare +and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all reuerence I +commytte this simple treatyce. Thus (withe hartye prayer +comendinge youre estate to the Almightye (who send to yo{u}r + Lordshippe manye happye + and helthfull yeres + and to me the + enlarged + contynuance of + youre honorable fauo{r}) + I humblye take my leave. + Clerkenwell grene + the xx of + December + 1599. + Yo{u}r Lordshippes wholye to + dyspose, + Francis Thynne. + + [Footnote 3: "_The names and Armes of the Chancellors + collected into one Catologue by ffrancis Thynn declaring the + yeres of the reignes of the kinges and the yere of our Lorde in + whiche they possessed that office._" --_Folio MS. Bridgewater + Library._] + + + + +TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn sendeth greeting. + +[Sidenote: The author is vexed that Master Speight did not +consult him on his new edition of Chaucer.] THE INDUSTRYE AND +LOVE (MASTER SPEIGHT) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and +to oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe +comendat{i}one and furtherance: the one to recompense yo{u}r +trauayle, the other to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all +beare (orat the least yf we reuerence lernynge or regarde the +honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler +ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet +since there is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one, +whereine some imp{er}fect{i}one maye not bee founde, (for as the +prouerbe is Bernardus, or as others have Alanus, non videt +omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in discharge of +the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I suppose +I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye +other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made +hym most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge +his woorkes,) to enter into the examinat{i}one of this newe +edit{i}one, and that the rather, because you with _Horace_ his +verse "si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperti," have +willed all others to further the same, and to accepte yo{u}r +labors in good p{ar}te, whiche as I most willingly doo, so +meaninge but well to the worke, Iame to lett yo{u} understande +my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo{u} wolde have +vouchesafed my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn +acqueynted with these matters, (whiche yo{u} might well have +donne without anye whatsoeuer dispargement to yo{ur}selfe,) you +sholde haue understoode before the impressione, althoughe this +whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe will or fonnd +conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke a knott in +a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte, +athinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in +whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here +shewe such thinges as, in mye opynione, may seme to be touched, +not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one inferior personne +then my fathers editione was. + +[Sidenote: Also vexed at a side blow at his father's edition, +and justifies him as editor.] Ffyrste in yo{ur} forespeche to +the reader, yo{u} saye "secondly the texte by written copies +corrected" by whiche worde corrected, Imaye seme to gather, +that yo{u} imagine greate imperfect{i}one in my fathers +editione, whiche peraduenture maye move others to saye (assome +unadvisedlye have sayed) that my father had wronged Chaucer: +wherefore to stoppe that gappe, Iwill answere, that Chaucers +woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce, yf not thrice, and +therfore by oure carelesse (and for the most p{ar}te unlerned) +printers of Englande, not so well performed as yt ought to bee: +so that of necessytye bothe in matter, myter and meaninge, yt +must needes gather corrupt{i}one, passinge throughe so manye +handes, as the water dothe the further yt run{n}ethe from the +pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his +edit{i}one (whiche I thinke yo{u} neuer sawe wholye together, +beinge fyrst printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I +will speake hereafter) was the p{er}fectest: ys the ernest +desire and love my father hadde to have Chaucers woorkes +rightlye to be publy{s}hed. for the performance whereof, my +father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent +kn[i]ghte and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made +greate serche for copies to p{er}fecte his woorkes, as apperethe +in the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit{i}one printed in +the yere 1542; [Sidenote: His father's collection of MS. +Chaucers and their curiosity.] but further had comiss{i}one to +serche all the liberaries of Englande for Chaucers works, so +that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme (whiche reserved anye +monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished w{i}th multitude of +Bookes. emongst w{hic}he one coppye of some p{ar}te of his +woorkes came to his handes subscribed in diuers places withe +"examinatur Chaucer." By this Booke, and conferringe manye of +the other written copies together, he deliuered his edit{i}one, +fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande, in the +fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped +by the fyrste impress{i}one that was in Englande) will well +declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges w{hi}che were not +before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of whiche I ame +p{er}swaded (and that not w{i}thoute reasone) the originall came +from mee. [Sidenote: The Pilgrime's Tale telling forth the evil +lives of churchmen.] In w{hi}che his edit{i}one, beinge printed +but w{i}th one coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale, +athinge moore odious to the Clergye, then the speche of the +plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte; + + "In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne, + Standes a relligious howse who doth yt kenne,"&c. + +In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the +pride, state, couetoussness, and extorc{i}one of the Bysshoppes, +their officialls, archdeacons, vicars generalls, comissaryes, +and other officers of the spirituall courte. The invent{i}one +and order whereof (asI have herde yt related by some nowe of +good worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers +clerkes,) was, that one comynge into this relligious howse, +walked upp and down the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of +Bysshoppes in the windowes, at lengthe the manne contynuynge in +that contemplatione, not knowinge what Byshoppes they were, +agrave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde, in a +large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym, +what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he +knewe not what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto +our mitred Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is +true, they are like, but not the same, for oure byshoppes are +farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large +discourse of the Byshoppes and of their courtes. + +[Sidenote: William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who +promiseth to countenance him.] This tale when kinge henrye the +eighte had redde, he called my father unto hym saying Williame +Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I suspecte the +Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt, to whome my father, +beinge in great fauore with his prince, (asmanye yet lyvinge +canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo{ur} grace be not offended, Ihoope +to be protected by yo{u}, whereuppon the kinge bydd hym goo his +waye and feare not. All whiche not withstandinge, [Sidenote: +The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.] my father was +called in quest{i}one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at by +cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly +for that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen +Cloute againste the Cardinall, [Sidenote: The most part of Colin +Clout written at William Thynne's house at Erith.] the moste +p{ar}te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse at +Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls +p{er}swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that +thoughe by the kinges favor my father escaped bodelye daunger, +yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so muche to myslyke of that +tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and that discourse of +the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed agayne, +some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale +(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat, +father to hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene +Marye, and not by Chaucer,) with muche ado p{er}mitted to passe +with the reste, [Sidenote: Chaucer's works like to be destroyed +by parliament.] in suche sorte that in one open parliamente +(asI have herde St. Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member +of the howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden, +chaucer had there for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that +his woorkes had byn counted but fables. [Sidenote: Reasons why +the Pilgrime's Tale should be Chaucer's.] Whereunto yf yo{u} +will replye, that their colde not be any suche pilgrymes tale, +because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye +suche persoune, whiche he wolde haue doune yf yt had byn so: for +after that he had recyted the knighte, the squyer, the squiers +yeomane, the prioresse, her noone, and her thre prests, the +monke, the fryer, the marchant, the clerke of Oxenforde, +seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher, goldsmythe, +webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of physecke, +wyfe of Bathe, p{ar}soune and plowmane, he sayeth at the end of +the plowmans prologue, + + There was also a Reue, and a Millere + A sumpneure, and a Pardoner + A manciple and my selfe there was no mo. + +All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had +byn anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses, +whereunto I answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute some of +those w{hic}he tolde their tales; as the chanons yomane, because +he came after that they were passed out of theyre Inne, and did +overtake them, as in lyke sorte this pilgrime did or mighte doo, +and so afterwardes be one of their companye, as was that chanons +yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of this pilgrime in +his prologe then he doothe of the chanons yeomane; whiche I +dobte not wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale +mighte be restored to his former light they being nowe looste, +as manye other of Chaucers tales were before that, as I am +induced to thinke by manye reasons. + +[Sidenote: How William Thynne's collection of Chaucer's MS. was +dispersed abroad.] But to leave this, Imust saye that in those +many written Bookes of Chaucer, w{hic}he came to my fathers +hands, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer shewethe in +writinge of Adam Scriuener, (asyo{u} have noted) of whiche +written copies there came to me after my fathers deathe some +fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore and some fewer tales, +and some but two and some three. w{hic}he bookes beinge by me +(asone nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe donne for +Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye +stoolen out of my howse at Popler: Igave divers of them to +Stephen Batemanne person of Newington, and to div{er}s other, +whiche beinge copies unp{er}fecte and some of them corrected by +my fathers hande yt maye happen soome of them to coome to some +of yo{ur} frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I see agayne: and yf +by anye suche written copies yo{u} have corrected Chaucer, yo{u} +maye as well offende as seme to do good. But I judge the beste, +for in dobtes I will not resolve with a settled judgement, +althoughe yo{u} may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a +needlesse thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the +yce, and givinge lighte to others, who may moore easely +p{er}fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere +qua{m} Invenire, and so to other matters. + +[Sidenote: He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer's +family.] Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] yo{u} seme to +make yt probable that Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was +Geffrye Chaucers father, But I holde that no moore the{n} that +Johne Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of whiche +Johne I fynde in the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. 24 de +anno 30. Ed.1. in the towre. that kinge Edwarde the firste had +herde the compleinte of Johne chaucer of London, who was beaten +and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some +amountinge at this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a +comiss{i}one went forthe to enquire thereof. wherbye yt semethe +that he was of some Reconynge. But as I cannott saye that Johne +was father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I +will deliuer in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of +chaucer, that his anncesters (asyou well coniecture) were +strangers, as the etymon of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe +synyfyinge one who shueth or hooseth amanne) dothe prove, +[Sidenote: Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.] for that +dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of +whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted Johne) on +Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the thirde and of +Edwarde the firste, of whome the record of pellis exitus in the +receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of Edwarde ye +firste hathe thus noted: "Edwardus dei gra{tia}&c. Liberate de +thesauro Nostro Elie chauseryr decem solidos super arreragia +triu{m} obuloru{m} diurnoru{m} quos ad vita{m} sua{m} per +litteras domini. H.Regis patris nostri, percepit ad +scaccar{iu}m nostru{m}. datu{m} per manu{m} Walleri Merton +cancellarii nostri apud West {minsteriu}m 24Julii anno regni +nostri primo." with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written +in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde +the seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat{i}one, +whiche after came to be the surname of a famelye, as did Smythe, +Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke, Butler, and suche lyke, +and that yt was a name of office apperethe in the recordes of +the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more annciente +then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of +10: H. 3ys this: Reginaldus mirifir^s et alicia uxor eius +attornaveru{n}t Radulfu{m} le Chausier contra Joh{ann}em Le +furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno messuagio in London. This +chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge John. And thus this +muche for the Antiquytye and synificat{i}one of Chaucer, +w{hic}he I canne prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye +also, in oure Englishe tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe +of the legge: for thus hathe the Antique recordes of Domus Regni +Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of the kinges howse to doo the +kings comanndementes: that they shalbe allowed for their Chauses +yerely iiij^s viij^d: But what shall wee stande uppon the +Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when the rolle of Battle Abbeye +affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer. [Sidenote: Chaucer +his arms injustly undervalued.] Under the title of Chaucers +countrye, yow sett downe that some Heraldes are of opyny-o{n}e +that he did not discende of any great howse; whiche they gather +by his armes. This ys a slender coniecture, for as honorable +howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue borne as meane armes as +Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane eyther for +coolo{r}, chardge or partic{i}one as some will make them. +And where yo{u} saye, yt semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in +Geometrye considered, that he tooke the groundes and reasons +of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight and twentye +proposit{i}ones of Euclide's first booke, that ys no inference +that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of +Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye: +for so yo{u} maye saye of all the auncient armes of England +w{hic}he consyste not of anymalls or vegitalls. for all other +armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as Cheuerons, +pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon +geometricall proport{i}one{s}. And therfore howe greate so euer +their skyll bee, which attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer +[they] had no moore skyle in armes then they needed. + + [Footnote 4: _Error for family?_] + +[Sidenote: Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince +Edward.] In the same title also, yo{u} sett downe Quene +Isabell,&c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried +wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two +unperfect{i}ons. the first whereof ys, that his wyfe came oute +of Henalte w{it}h the prince, but that is not soo, for the +prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the +prince was onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her +before his arryvall in Englande, beinge two yeres and moore +after that contracte, (betwene the erle of henalt and his +mother,) about the latter ende of the seconde yere of his +reigne, thoughe others haue the firste, the solempnytye of that +mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides she came not ouer with +Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent for her +afterwardes, and so I suppose sayeth Hardinge in his cronicle, +yf I do not mysconceve yt, not havinge the historye now in my +handes. But whether he saye so or no, yt ys not materiall, +because the recordes be playne, that he sent for her into +Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne in october, and she +came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge, w{hic}he was +aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of his reigne, +wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of the +tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed +therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in +master warders office hathe thus sett downe to the forthe daye +of februarye [Sidenote: Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for +Philippa of Henault.] "Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad +partes Douor ad obuiandu{m} fili comitis Hannoni consorti +ipsius Regis&c." but this recorde followinge is most pleyne, +shewing bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their +yourneye towardes henalte, with the daye when and where they +presented her to the kinge after their retorne into Englande, +and the daye one whiche they wer payed their charges, beinge the +forthe of marche one w{hic}he daye yt is thus entred in the +records of pellis exitus, Michaell.2. ed.3. "Rogero couentry +&cLichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu{m} domini Regis ad +partes Hannoni pro matrimonio inter dominu{m} Regem et filiam +comitis Hannoni contrahendo, ab octavo die octobris proxime +preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha{m} ipso domino Rege +ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu{m} predictu{m}, versus +partes predictas, usqu{e} vicesimu{m} tertiu{m} diem Januarii +proxime sequente{m}, quo die rediit ad ipsu{m} Regem predictu{m} +apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua fili comitis Hannoni predict +utroqu{e} die computato pro cviij diebus percipiendo per diem +iij.^li vj.^s viij.^d pro expensis suis." Thus muche the +recorde, whiche confirmethe that w{hi}che I go aboute to prove, +that she came not into Englande with prince Edwarde, and that he +was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by +agremente betwene the erle and his mother. [Sidenote: The +conjecture that Chaucer's ancestors were merchants, of no +valydytye.] Next yo{u} seme to implye by a coniecturall +argumente, that Chaucers auncesters sholde be m{e}rcha{n}ts, +for that in place where they haue dwelled the armes of the +marchantes of the staple haue bin seene in the glasse windowes. +This ys a mere coniecture, and of no valydytye. For the +m{a}rchantes of the staple had not any armes granted to them +(asI haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the deathe of +Chaucers parentes, w{hi}che was aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde +the thirde; and those merchantes had no armes before the tyme of +Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as I dobt not but +wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte the +staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume{n}te that chaucers +auncesters were merchantes because those armes were in the +wyndowes, as you shall well p{er}ceave, yf yo{u} drawe yt into a +syllogisme, and therefore yo{u} did well to conclude, that yt +was not materiall whether they were merchants or noo. + +[Sidenote: Master Speight misquoteth Gower.] In the title of +Chaucer's educat{i}one, yo{u} saye that Gower in his booke +entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye poet, +and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in w{hi}che +Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a worthye +poet, (althoughe I confesse he well deserueth that name, and +that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge hym,) +nether doth he after a sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see) +make hym iudge of his workes, (whereof I wolde be glad to be +enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes, vttered by Venus in +that booke of confessio Amantis: + + And grete well Chaucer when ye mete, + As my disciple and my poet: + for in the flowere of his youthe, + In sondrye wise, as he well couthe, + of dytyes and of songes glade + the whiche for my sake he made, + the laude fulfilled is ouer all: + wherefore to hym in especiall + aboue all others I am most holde; + for thy nowe in his dayes olde, + thow shalt hym tell this message, + that he vppon his latter age + sett an ende of all his werke, + as he whiche is myne owne clerke + do make his _testament of Love_, + as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue, + so that my Courte yt may recorde, &c. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to +Chaucer.] These be all the verses w{hi}che I knowe or yet canne +fynde, in whiche Gower in that booke mentioneth Chaucer, where +he nether nameth hym worthye poet, nor after a sorte submyttethe +his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye Chaucer doth +submytte the correctione of his woorks to Gower in these playne +woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus: + + O Morall Gower, this booke I directe + To the, and the philosophicall stroode, + To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte + Of your benignityes and zeales good. + +But this error had in you byn p{ar}doned, yf you had not sett yt +downe as your owne, but warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in +Scriptoribus Anglie, from whence yo{u} haue swallowed yt. +[Sidenote: Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (orGores) of +Stittenham.] Then in a marginall note of this title yo{u} saye +agayne oute of Bale, that Gower was a Yorkshire manne; but you +are not to be touched therfore, because you discharge yo{ur} +selfe in vouching yo{ur} auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche +mistaken yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de +scriptoribus Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect{i}ons +of Lelande. For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower +beinge argent one a cheuerone azure, three leopardes heddes or, +do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to the Gowers of +Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and gules a +crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference of armes semethe a +difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo{u} canne prove that, beinge +of one howse, they altered their armes vppone some iuste +occas{i}one, as that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did +leave his owne armes and bare the armes of his moother; as was +accustoomed in tymes paste. But this differe{n}ce of Cootes for +this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,) shall +you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall +howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note goeth +further out of Bale, that Gower had one his hedde a garlande of +ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a knyghte, the other +of a poet. [Sidenote: Gower's chaplette for knighthood not for +poetry.] But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest +you will metaphoricallye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a +garlande as Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence +they had their originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne +whiche seethe yt may well iudge, and therefore not there sett +for anye suche intente as an ensigne of his poetrye, but ys +symplye a chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme +vsed ether of golde, or other embroderye, made after the +fasshone of Roses, one of the peculier ornamentes of a knighte, +as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and spurres. +[Sidenote: The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of +honour.] W{hi}che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well +attributed to knights, the lowest degree of honor, as to the +hygher degrees of Duke, Erle,&c. beinge knyghtes, for so I haue +seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his chaplett of Rooses; and +kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte, +only the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so +had the[y] fewer Rooses placed on their chaplett or cyrcle of +golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne whiche had +thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte had +them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande ytselfe. of whiche dukes +crowne to be adorned with little rooses, [Sidenote: The +knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.] Mathewe Paris, +speakinge of the creatinge of Johne erle Mortone, duke of +Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye, Interim +comes Johannes Rothomagu{m} veniens in octavis pasche gladio +ducatus Normani cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per +ministeriu{m} Waltheri Rothomage{n}sis Archie{pisco}pi, vbi +Archiepiscopus memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit +circulu{m} aureu{m} habente{m} in su{m}mitate per gyru{m} +rosulas aureas artificialiter fabricatas, whiche chaplett of +Rooses came in the ende to be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette +with golde Buttons, as may be supposed.--In the same title yo{u} +saye, yt semethe that these lerned menne were of the Inner +Temple; [Sidenote: Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a +Franciscan Fryer but?] for that, manye yeres since, master +Buckley did see a recorde in the same howse, where Geffrye +Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge a Franciscane +Fryer in flete-streate. This is a hard collect[i]one to prove +Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for +thus yo{u} frame yo{ur} argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde +in the Temple, that Chaucer was fyned for beatinge the fryer; +ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the Temple. But for myne owne +parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for matter of Antiquytye +and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst settlinge in the +Temple, Idobte whether Chaucer were of the temple or noe, +vnless yt were towardes his latter tyme, for he was an olde +manne, as appereth by Gower in Confessione Amantis in the xvi +yere of R.2: when Gower wroote that Booke. [Sidenote: The +lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.] +And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of +Recordes, that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill +towardes the latter parte of the reygne of kinge Edwarde the +thirde; at w{hi}che tyme Chaucer was a grave manne, holden in +greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that me thinkethe he +sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were, Isholde +iudge yt strange that he sholde violate the rules of peace and +gravytye yn those yeares. But I will passe over all those +matters scito pede, and leave euerye manne to his owne +iudgemente therein for this tyme. + +[Sidenote: Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer's wife, nor +doth Thynne.] IN THE TITLE OF Chawcer's mariage yo{u} saye, +yo{u} cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne whome he +maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others, +Isholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, awaytinge womanne of +Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde & daughter to +Willi{a}m erle of Henalte. but I favor not their oppynyone, for, +althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus, in the tyme of +Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe Chawcer, +domicell regin Philipp, wh{ic}he domicella dothe signyfye one +of her waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke +this was his wyfe, but rather his sister or kinswomanne, who +after the deathe of her mystresse Quene philippe did forsake the +worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte Heleins in london, +accordinge as yo{u} haue touched one of that profess{i}one in +primo of kinge Richarde the seconde. + +[Sidenote: The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and +legytymated by the Pope and the Parliament.] In the Latyne +stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine Swyneforde, +Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi tertij Edwardi Regis filio, +Lancastri duci, illi procreavit filios tres et vnica{m} +filia{m}. Wherbye we may inferre that Johne of Gaunte had these +childrene by her after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had +all his children by her longe before that mariage, so that they +beinge all illegitimate were enforced afterwarde vppon that +maryage to be legytymated by the poope; & also by acte of +Parliamente, aboute the two & twentythe of kinge Richarde the +seconde; so that yo{u} cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit +Lancastri duci tres filios, etc. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer's children and their advauncement and of the +Burgershes.] In the title of Chawcers children and their +advauncemente, in a marginall noote yo{u} vouche master Campdene +that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from +whome the Burgershes, whose daughter & heyre was maryed to +Thomas Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one error. for +this Barthelmewe was of a collaterall lyne to that S^r Johne +Burgershe the father of Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and +therefore coulde not that S^r Johne Burghershe be descended of +this Barthelmewe Burgershe, though hee were of that howse. +[Sidenote: Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.] +Then, in that title, yo{u} vouche oute of Mr. Campdene that +Serlo de Burgo brother to Eustachius de Vescye builte +Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not right for this Serlo beinge +called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to Johne +father to Eustace Vescye, as haue the recordes of the towre, and +so vncle and not brother to Eustace. [Sidenote: Jane of Navarre +maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his reign.] for one +other marginall noote in that tytle, yo{u} saye, that Jane of +Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in the fourthe yere of +his reygne, wherein you followe a late englishe cronicler whome +I forbeare to name.[5] But Walsingha{m} bothe in his historye of +Henry the fourthe, & in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was +maryed the 26 of Januarye in the yere of Christe 1403, whiche +was in the fyfte yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of +oure lorde at the annu{n}tiat{i}one of the Virgine, as we nowe +doo; but this is no matter of great momente. [Sidenote: The de +la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but +William was not the first that did so.] ffourthlye in that title +yo{u} seme to attribute the advancemente of the Pooles to +Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the kinge a +greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste +advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole +beinge a cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the kings +necessytye with money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of +great accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to +the succedynge famelye. Whereof the Record to prove Ric. de la +Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the +eleventhe yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures +office, the lorde treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner: +Edwardus dei gratia rex Angli et dux Acquitani,&c. +Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster Richardus de la Poole Pincerna +noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii Pincernari ac omnibus +aliis officiu{m} illud tangentibus, ad dictu{m} Scaccariu{m} a +festo sancti michaelis anno regni nostri decimo, vsque ad ide{m} +festu{m} proxime sequens plenarie computaverit, et 2090^li: +13^s: et 11^d et vnus obulus sibi per computu{m} illud de claro +debeatur: volumus ei solutione{m} inde, seu alis +satisfactione{m} sibi fieri competentem: Nos eius supplicationi +in hac parte, prout iustu{m} est, an{n}uentes, vobis mandamus, +etc. Datu{m} apud Westmonasteriu{m} 14 Decembris, anno regni +nostri vndecimo. To whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the +older, and to his sonne Michaell de la Poole (who was after +Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the kinge graunted fowre hundred +markes by yere out of the custome of Hull, as apperethe in the +record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same Michaell de la +Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus yt is +entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that +yere: Michaeli de la poole filio et heredi Will{iel}mi de la +poole senioris per Tallia{m} levata{m} isto die continentem +iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum +suum factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator virtute cuiusdam brevis +de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus Scaccarii directum +pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda{m} annuo certo iiij^c marc. +per annu{m} quas dominus rex Willielmo de la Poole seniori +defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de corpore suo +exeuntibus, de Custumia in portis ville de kingeston super Hull +per litteras suas patentes concess: percipendu{m} qua{m}diu +vij^c xxxv^li xviij^s i^d ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu{m} +predictu{m} sic debitu{m}, etc. D{omi}n{u}s Rex mandat vt ei +satisfactionem vel assignationem competentem (inlocis vbi ei +celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet, per breve de +magno sigillo inter mandata de termino Pasch anno quadragesimo +tercio, etc. So that Richarde, Michaell de la Pooles +grandfather, (amagistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) was the +fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although Williame, +father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte. +nether canne I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole +was a marchante, (havinge two such welthy marchantes to his +ancestors before hym,) notwithstandinge that Walsingha{m} +[Sidenote: The clergy offended that the temporal men were found +as wise as themselves.] (moore offended than reasone, as all the +Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become chief +officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then +possessinge those offices, displaced, w{hic}he bredd greate +Sorseye in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that +michaell de la poole fuerit pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote +Mercator Mercatoris filius) quam militia occupatus. [Sidenote: +Amerchant by Attorney is no true merchant.] And yet yt may bee +that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and deale by +his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have donne, +whereuppon Walsingham (who wroote longe after) might seme to +call hym merchante by reasone of others mens dealinge for hym, +althoughe in troothe he was neuer merchante in respecte of his +owne persone, (for whiche they are properly called merchantes,) +as may be supposed. [Sidenote: Alice, the wife of Richard +Neville, was daughter of Thomas Montacute.] ffyftlye in the same +title yo{u} saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame de la poole duke +of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande thomas +montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice, +maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of +Westmerlande, by whome he had issue Richarde, Johne, and George. +But this is nothinge so. for this Alice, the wyfe of Richarde +Neville, (erle of Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,) +was daughter of Thomas Montacute erle of Salisburye and of Alice +his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and not of +Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and widdowe to William de la +Poole duke of Suffolke. + + [Footnote 5: Stowe.] + +[Sidenote: He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of +printing.] IN THE LATTER END of the title of Chawcers deathe +yo{u} saye, that printinge was brought oute of Germanye in the +yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge fyrst founde +at Magunce by one Johne Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by +Conradus one Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the +37. H. 6. but the eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, as +some have yt, was not fyrste founde at Magonce or mentz but at +Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago{n}ce. David Chytreus in his +historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno 1440, and brought +to Rome by Henricus Han[6] aGermane in the yere 1470; whereof +Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame: + + Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, qud alis + Constreperis, Gallus decidit; vltor adest + Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum, + Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis. + + [Footnote 6: "Hahn,"--German, a cock. "Cognomine Latino + _Gallus_," Maittaire _Ann. Typ._ i.52.] + +But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote, +as dothe Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier +Archbyshoppe of Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof +I leave at this tyme to farther examinat{i}one, not havinge nowe +presente leysure therefore. + +[Sidenote: The Romante of the Rose began by Guill[-m] de Loris, +and finished by John de la Meune.] IN THE TITLE OF THE augmente +to euerye tale and booke you write, that the Romante of the +Roose was made in frenche by Johne Clopinell alias Johne Moone; +when in truthe the booke was not made by hym alone: for yt was +begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished fourtye yeres after +the death of Loris, by Johne de Meune alias Johne Clopinell, as +apperethe by Molinet, the frenche author of the moralytye vppon +the Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere +also in the frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, w{hic}h +Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted, not havinge +translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the +middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one +other, intituled La reprobat{i}o{ne} de la Romante del Roose; as +affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed +moralizatione, where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe +Gersone for that Booke, because Gersone soughte no further +meanynge than what was conteyned in the outewarde letter, this +Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these verses of +Chaucer: + + Alas my wane hoope nay, pardyee; + for I will neuer dispayred bee: + yf happe me fayle, then am I + vngratious and vnworthy, &c. + +[Sidenote: Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the +Duchess.] Secondlye, under that title yo{u} saye, the woorke, +before this last edit{i}one of Chaucer, termed the Dreame of +Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the Booke of the Duches, +or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye mysledde in +my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or of +the Deathe of Blanche, because Johne of Gaunt was then but fowre +and twentye yere olde when the same was made, as apperethe by +that tretyse in these verses: + + Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte + A wonder well faringe knighte, + By the manner me thought so, + Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto, + Of the age of twentye fowre yere, + Vppon his bearde but little heare. + +Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born, +as hath Walsingha{m}, in the yere of Christ 1339 the 13. of +kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche the +fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was +at this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres +after sholde make his lamentac{i}on for Blanche the duchesse +which must be then dedde. But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the +pestilence in the yere of xxe 1368, as hath Anonimus MS, or +1369, as hath Walsinghame w{hi}che by the first accompte was the +{ix.} and by the last the {x.} yere after the mariage, and sixe +or at the least five yeres after this lamentatione of Johne of +Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his age. Wherfor +this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not +lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that +yt pleinlye apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the +duches Blaunche, whiche signyfyethe whyte, by which name he +often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these +verses, + + Her throte, as I haue memoyre, + semed as a round towre of yuoire, + of good gretnesse and not to greate, + and fayre white she hete, + that was my ladies name righte; + she was thereto fayre and brighte, + she had not her name wronge, + right fayre sholders and body longe, &c. + +I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of +Blanche the Duchesse because he sayeth her name was white; since +there ys a famelye of that denominatione, and some female of +that lyne myghte be both white in name, and fayre and white in +p{er}sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as +Chaucer sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer of his called +Blanche, [Sidenote: John of Gaunt, his incontinency.] since he +had many paramou{r}s in his youthe, and was not verye contynente +in his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that +yt coulde not be mente of the Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche +dyed long after that compleinte. for whiche cause that Dreame of +Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye rather of righte sholde) +contynewe his former title of The Dreame of Chaucer. for that, +wh{ic}he you will haue the Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of +Glasse; as I haue seene the title thereof noted, and the thinge +yt selfe confirmethe. + +[Sidenote: Doubteth master Speight's ability in the exposition +of old words, but commendeth his diligence and knowledge.] IN +THE EXPOSITIONE of the olde wordes, as yo{u} shewe greate +diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, unlesse amanne +be a good saxoniste, french, and Italyane linguiste, (from +whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well +expounde the same to oure nowe vnderstandinges, and therefore +(thoughe I will not presume of much knowledge in these tounges) +yt semeth yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome woordes +are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they mighte bee, +althoughe peradventure yo{u} haue framed them to make sence. +Wherefore I haue collected these fewe (from many others lefte +for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee not to be fully explaned +in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure yo{u} will seme to +excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose. + +[Sidenote: Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.] +Aketon or Haketone you expounde a jackett w{i}thoute sleves, +without any further addit{i}one, that beinge an indiffynyte +speache, and therefore may be entended a comone garmente daylye +vsed, suche as we call a jerken or jackett withoute sleues: +But _haketon_ is a slevelesse jackett of plate for the warre, +couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called a +jackett of plate, suche aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of +Excester and Custos or Wardene of Londone, had vppon hym +secretlye, when he was apprehended and behedded in the twentyeth +yere of Edwarde the seconde. + +[Sidenote: A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.] Besante you +expounde a duckett, But a duckett ys farre from a besante, bothe +for the tyme of the invent{i}one, and for the forme; and as I +suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge that Hollybande in his +frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the valewe of a duckett, +whiche duckett is for the most part eyther venetiane or +spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; acoyne well knowen +and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one auncient coyne +of Englande, as Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) emongst +the Saxons before, and the Normans after the Conqueste; the +forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe settinge +downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in +armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of +golde,) was called in Latine Byzant{i}um, obteyninge that name +because yt was the coyne of Constantinople sometyme called +Bizant{i}um; and because you shall not thinke this any +fic{ti}one of myne owne, Iwill warrante the same with Williame +of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who hathe these +wordes: Constantinopolis prim{u}m Bizantiu{m} dicta forma{m} +antiqui vocabuli preferu{n}t imperatorii nu{m}mi Bizantiu{m} +dicta; where one other coppye for nummi Bizantiu{m} hath +Bizantini nu{m}mi, and the frenche hath yt besante or Bezantine, +makinge yt an olde coyne of france, (when he sholde haue sayed +one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of a +duckette. + +[Sidenote: Fermentacione is fermentacione, and not dawbing even +metaphorically.] Fermentac{i}o{n}e yo{u} expounde Dawbinge, +whiche cannott anye way be metaphoricallye so vsed in Chaucer, +althoughe yt sholde be improperlye or harsely applied. For +fermentac{i}one ys a peculier terme of Alchymye, deduced from +the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the Chimicall +philosophers defyne the fermente to bee anima, the sowle or +lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger +Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante viuificatio{ne}m id +est fermentac{i}o{ne}m, w{hi}che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge +tincture or cooler; that beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge +sowle or lyfe to the philosophers stoone, wherby that may +fermente or cooler or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes. + +[Sidenote: Orfrayes not Goldsmith's work, but frysed cloth of +gold, amanufacture peculiar to the English.] Orfrayes yo{u} +expounde Goldsmythes worke, w{hi}che ys as nere to goldsmythes +woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes, beinge +compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the +Englishe is that w{hi}che to this daye (beinge now made all of +one stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of +gold; in Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or +aurifrixori{u}m. A thinge well knowen to the Saxons in Englande +before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste, and therfore +fullye to satisfye you thereof, Iwill produce twoo +auctorauctors of the weavinge and vse thereof before the +conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was, +and in what acco{m}pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to +the Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of Ediswetha +daughter to Brightnothus, aldermanne, erle or duke, of +northumberlande before the Conquest sayethe; cui tradita +Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et textur +secretis cu{m} puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica +Rubra purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq{ue} +circumdatu{m}. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe +thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because +I haue not my mathewe Paris here, Iwill vouche one whose name +hathe muche affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker +Archbyshoppe of Canterburye, who, in the Lyfe of Bonifacius +Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes. "A^o. Domini 1246, +Rom multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu{n}t +chorealibus, et infulis, ornamentisq{ue} ecclesiasticis, ex +Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificios +intexto fabricatis, vterentur. Huius modi ornamentoru{m} aspectu +et concupiscentia provocatus Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent. +Responsu{m} est, aurifrisia appellari, quia et eminens ex panno +et lana qua{m} Angli fryse appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui +subridens et dulcedine captus Papa, Vere, inquit," (for these +are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,) +"Hortus noster delitiaru{m} est Anglia, verus puteus est +inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere +licet. Itaq{ue}, concupiscentia illectus oculorum, litteras +suas Bullatas sacras misit ad Cistercienses in Anglia Abbates, +quoru{m} orationibus se devot commendabat, vt ipsi hec +aurifrisia speciosissima ad suum ornandu{m} choru{m} +compararent. Hoc Londoniensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia +habebant, tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt." In whiche +discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe of +golde and not goldsmythe worke, and that Englande had before and +since the conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate +Cloothe of golde as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd, +the poope wolde haue made suche prouis{i}one thereof in other +places, and not from Englande. And because you shall not thinke +that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye, you shall fynde in a +record of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the kings +garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in Rotulo Patentiu{m} 6. +Joh{ann}is in Dorso (inwhiche the kinge comaunded the templers +to deliuer suche jewells, garmentes, and ornamentes as they had +of the kings in kepinge,) are these wordes: "Dalmaticam de eodem +samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu{m} lapidibus." Whiche is to +saye, the kings Dalmaticall garmente of the same samitte (spoken +of before, whiche was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we +nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes. + +[Sidenote: Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.] fforthlye +Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled, whiche +sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye +of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme +appropriate to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or +movinge, as the water dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda +for water, for so her haire was oundye, that is, layed in rooles +vppone and downe, lyke waves of water when they are styrred with +the winde, and not slyked or playne, etc. + +[Sidenote: Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.] ffyftlye You +expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as yo{u} leave +manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be resalgar, +wherefore I will shewe yo{u} what resalgar ys in that abstruse +science, whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye +againste the sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans +Tale. This Resalgar is that w{hi}che by some is called +Ratesbane, akynde of poysone named Arsenicke, which the +chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I +coulde produce infynyte examples; but I will gyve yo{u} onlye +these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in Rosario Philosophoru{m}, +sayethe, "nullu{m} tingens venenum generatur absq{ue} sole et +eius vmbra, id est, uxore." whiche venome they call by all names +presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a toode, adragon, +aBasilyske, aserpente, arsenicke, and suche lyke; and by manye +other names, as "in exercitacio{n}e ad turbam philosophorum," +apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu{m}, Argentum +vivum, Cinnabar, aqua permanens, gumma, acetu{m}, urina, aqua +maris, Draco, serpens, etc. And of this poysone the treatyce _de +phenice_,[7] or the philosophers stoone, written in Gothyshe +rymynge verse, dothe saye; + + Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat + quod materna{m} faciem ca{n}dida{m} f[oe]dabat. + + [Footnote 7: A copy of this curious poem in Thynne's + hand-writing, and marvellously illustrated by him, is in the + Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.] + +[Sidenote: Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean +superstitious and hypocritical women from their nature.] Begyn +and Bigott yo{u} expounde sup{er}sticious hypocrites, whiche +sence I knowe yt maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of +the disposit{i}one of those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the +true wrytinge. But this woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature +rightlye haue ben expounded, sup{er}sticious or hipocriticall +wemenne, as appereth by chaucer himselfe, w{hi}che nombrethe +them emongest the wemen in the Romante of the Roose when he +sayethe, + + But empresses, & duchesses, + These queenes, & eke countesses + These abbasses, & eke Bigins, + These greate ladyes palasins. + +And a little after, in the same Romante, he doth write, + + That dame abstinence streyned + Tooke one a Robe of camelyne, + And ganne her gratche as a Bygin. + A large cover-cherfe of Thredde + She wrapped all aboute her hedde. + +These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in +Latyne called Bigrin or Biguin. Whose originall order, +encrease, and contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and +Mathewe Westm{inster}. But as I sayed, since I haue not my +mathewe Paris at hand, Iwill sett you downe the wordes of +mathewe Westmynster (otherwise called "Flores Historiarum" or +"Florilegus") in this sorte. Sub eisdem diebus (w{hi}ch was in +the yere of Christe 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry the +thirde,) quidam in Almania precipu se asserentes vitam et +habitu{m} relligionis elegisse, in utroq{ue} sexu, sed maxim +in muliebri, continentia{m}, cu{i}u{s} vit simplicitate +profitentes, se voto priuato deo obligaru{n}t. Mulieresq{ue}, +quas Bigrinas vulgaritr vocamus, ade multiplicat sunt, qud +earu{m} numerus in vna ciuitate, scilict Colonia, ad plus quam +mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche, speakinge yn the +yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of relligious orders, he +sayeth, Item in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas +nominant, etc. + +[Sidenote: Citrinatione or perfect digestion.] Citrinatione +yo{u} do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye. Whiche +Citrinatione is bothe a color and parte of the philosophers +stoone. for, as hathe Tractatus Avicenn (yfyt be his and not +liber suppositi[ti]us, as manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are +foysted in vnder the names of the best lerned authors and +philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and suche others,) in +parte of the 7 chapter. Citrinatio est que fit inter albu{m} et +rubru{m}, et non dicitur coolor perfectus, whiche +Citrinat{i}one, as sayethe Arnoldus de Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5. +nihil aliud est qum completa digestio. For the worke of the +philosophers stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke +color in the same degree. for as the vrine of manne, being +whityshe, sheweth imp{er}fecte digestione: But when he hathe +well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione +p{er}fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe +cooler: so ys yt in Alchymye. whiche made Arnolde call this +citrinatione perfect digestion, or the cooler provinge the +philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the heigh[t]e of +perfect{i}one. + +[Sidenote: Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and +cattle in winter,] Forage in one place you expounde meate, and +in other place fodder. boothe whiche properly cannott stande in +this place of chaucer in the reves prologue, where he sayeth, +"my fodder is forage." for yf forrage be fodder, then is the +sence of that verse, "my fodder is fodder." But fodder beinge a +generall name for meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of +affynytie withe foode applied to menne and beasts, dothe onlye +signyfye meate. And so the sence is, "my meate ys forage," that +is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis{i}one as ys made for +horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu{m} +in latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the word +next before dothe well shewe yt, when the Reve sayeth, + + I ame olde, me liste not play for age, + Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage. + +[Sidenote: or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may +mean grass.] Yet metaphorically yt may be taken for other than +drye horse meate, although improperlye; as Chaucer hathe, in Sir +Topas Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and vseth +the woorde rather to make vpp the ryme than to shewe the true +nature thereof; sayinge, + + That downe he layed hym in that place, + to make his steede some solace + and gyve hym good forage. + +[Sidenote: Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.] Heroner +yo{u} expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true, for a +gowshawke, sparrowe hawke, tassell,&c. be kyndes of hawkes. But +this heroner, is an especiall hawke (ofanye of the kyndes of +longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other hawkes are, +because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous than of +other fowles, insomuch, that when she fyndeth her selfe in +danger, she will lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp +her bellye towardes the hawke; and so defile her enymye with her +excrementes, that eyther she will blinde the hawke, or ells with +her byll or talons pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to cease +vppon her. + +[Sidenote: The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or +eglantine.] The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the +Bryer, vnlest yo{u} adde this epithetone and saye, the redde +Berrye one the swete Bryer, (which is the Eglantyne,) to +distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer or Bramble beringe the +blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them boothe; when +the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe yo{u} that +yo{u} saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from the Blacke, +for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may be +called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme. + +[Sidenote: Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.] Nowell yo{u} +expounde Christmasse, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt is +that tyme, whiche is properlye called the Advente together with +Christmasse and Newe yeres tyde, wherefore the true etymologye +of that worde ys not Christmasse, or the twelve dayes, but yt is +godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of +Christe in the fleshe, whiche p{er}adventure after a sorte, by +the figure synecdoche, yo{u} may seeme to excuse, placinge ther +xemas (_Christmasse_) ap{ar}te of this tyme of Nowell for all +the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in the same worde is +conteyned sometyme xx, but for the most p{ar}te thirtye dayes +before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that +woorde being deduced as hathe Will{iel}m{u}s Postellus in +Alphabet. 12 Linguarum, from the hebrue worde Noell: for thus he +writethe: #noel# noel, sonat deus noster sive Deus nobis advenit, +solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe ante xi ({Christi}) +natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam desiderio. + +[Sidenote: Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in +common.] Porpherye you expounde marble, w{hi}che m{ar}ble ys +genus, but porpherye is species, for as there is white and grey +marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye, +astone of reddish purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with +white veynes as yo{u} may see in the great pillars entringe into +the royall exchange or burse in Cornhill. + +[Sidenote: Sendale, a sylke stuffe.] Sendale you expounde a +thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne stuffe lyke +sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but +courser and narrower, than the sarcenett nowe ys, as my selfe +canne remember. + +[Sidenote: The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine +to cast stones.] Trepegett you expounde a ramme to batter +walles. But the trepegete was the same that the magonell; +for Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the +trepegett and magonell being all one, and the magonell one +instrumente to flynge or cast stones (asyoure selfe +expoundeyt) into a towne, or against a towne walles, (an engine +not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an instrumente to cast forthe +dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget must nedes also be one +instrumente to cast stones or such lyke against a wall or into a +towne, and not a Ramme to batter wales; since the Ramme was no +engine to flinge anye thinge, but by mens handes to be broughte +and pusshed againste the walles; athinge farr different in +forme from the magonell or catapulte, as appereth by Vigetius +and Robertus Valturius de re militari. + +[Sidenote: Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.] Wiuer +yo{u} expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, awyuer is a +kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of +whose kinde he is, athinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes, +vsinge the same for armes, and crestes, & supporters of manye +gentle and noble menne. As the erle of Kent beareth a wiuer for +his creste and supporters, the erle of Pembroke, awiuer vert +for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande, awiuer geules for his +supporters. + +[Sidenote: Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of +antiquitye.] Autenticke yo{u} expounde to be antiquytye. But +howe yo{u} may seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers +meaninge, Iknowe not; but sure I ame the proper +signyficat{i}one of autenticke is a thinge of auctoritye or +credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the originall or +fyrste archetypu{m} of any thinge; whiche I muse that you did +not remember. + +[Sidenote: Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.] +Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, Frenche, +and Spanishe, signifyeth relinquere, to forsake and leave a +thinge; w{hi}che me thinkethe yo{u} most hardely stretche to +libertye, vnlest yo{u} will saye that, when one forsakethe a +thinge, he leaveth yt at libertye; whiche ys but a streyned +speche, although the frenche Hollybande, not vnderstandinge the +true energye of our tongue, hath expounded yt libertye; whiche +may be some warrante vnto you. + +VNDER THE TITLE OF YOURE Annotacions and Corrections. + +[Sidenote: Of the Vernacle.] IN YOURE ANNOTACIONS you describe, +oute of the prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure, +wherein was sett the instruments wherewith Christe was +crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was the printe of his +face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the instrumentes of his +deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure of his face; +as I conceve yt with others. + +[Sidenote: Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and +giveth reasons.] Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade +Capaneus, wherunto I cannott yelde. for althoughe Statius and +other latine authors do call hym Capaneus; yet all the writers +of Englande in that age call him campaneus; as Gower, in +confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye of Thebes taken +out of Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so +that yt semethe they made the pronu{n}tiatione of Campaneus to +be the dialecte of our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is +in this to be p{ar}doned, in that taking his knightes tale out +of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane (and of late +translated into frenche,) doth there, after the Italiane manner, +call him campaneus; for so the Italians pronounce woordes +beginninge with cap: with the interposit{i}one of the l{ette}re +m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w{hi}che the Latins call +capitoliu{m}, the Italians call campidoglio; and suche lyke. +Wherefore since yt was vniversallye receued in that age, to call +him Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p{er}mytte yt to +have free passage accordinge to the pronuntiat{i}one and +wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge woordes from one +language to one other, there ys often additione and +substract{i}one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the +middle, and in the ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte +examples mighte be produced, whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye. + +[Sidenote: Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of +Heros, and giveth reasons.] Fo: 3. pa: 2. ("Noughte comelye lyke +to lovers maladye of Hereos.") for whiche woorde hereos you +reade eros, i. cupide, avery good and probable correct{i}one, +well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient{i}a vestra, +and reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe +mystakeyt,) Iwolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read +heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the +letters; acomone thinge for the printer to do, and the +corrector to overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love, +did not shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, whiche the Heroes, +or valiante p{er}sons, in tymes past vsed, for thoughe they +loued, yet that passione did not generallye so farre overrule +them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p{ar}ticuler personne) as +that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke actions, +whiche they before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as +that they sholde not forgett, what they were in place, valor, or +magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass{i}one, did not observe +"lyke to lovers malady of Heroes." Whereof I coulde produce six +hundred examples, (asthe proverbeys,) were yt not that I +avoyde tedious prolixytye. + +[Sidenote: Of florins and their name from the Florentines.] +Fo: 6. pa: 2. ("Manye a florence.") In whiche noote yo{u} expounde +a florence to be ij^s frenche, and a gelder to be the same in +dutche. Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens, suche +as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, w{hic}he taking his name of the +woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (ofthe terrytorye of florence +in Italye,) were called Florens; [Sidenote: Sterling money +taketh its name from the Esterlings.] as sterlinge money tooke +their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver +in the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges +frenche ys not equall in valewe (asI nowe takeyt) to two +shillinges Englishe: and much lesse equall to the florens in +Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre shillings, fowre +pence, or halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges +tenne pence farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye: +some of them being called florens de scuto or of the valewe of +the shelde or frenche crowne and some of them called florens +regall. Whereof yo{u} shall fynde, in the recorde of pellis +exitus in the exchequer in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note. +Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in +parte solutionis 8000 florenoru{m} de scuto pretii petii iij^s. +iiij^d. sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru{m} de scuto in +quibus Rex tenebatur eidem Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure, +prisonario suo apud Bellu{m} de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab +eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis empt{o}, vt patet per litteras +Regis patentes, quas idem Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in +Dors. de summa subscripta, per bre{ve} de magno sigillo, inter +mandata de Term. Michaelis de anno 36 --xx^li. To the valewe +whereof agreeth Hipodigma Neustri, pa. 127, [Sidenote: King +John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.] where +setting downe the ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters +to the valewe of thre milliones of florens, he sayethe "of +w{hic}he florens duo valebant vj^s. viij^d." These florens the +same Walsingha{m} in another place callethe scutes or frenche +crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex quidem Franci pro sua +redemptione soluit regi Angli tres milliones scutoru{m}, +quoru{m} duo valent vnu{m} nobile, videlicet, sex solidos et +octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme of +kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in +Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those +florens for the redempt{i}one of the frenche kinge, were of the +valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that kings reigne +there were also one other sorte of florens, not of lyke valewe, +but conteyned within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR]. called +florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme, +of Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the +sixte of Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne, +In denariis sibi liberatis per manus Walteri Hewett militis in +pretio 4000 florenoru{m} regaliu{m} pretii petii --ij^s. x^d. +[QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} 7 computantur pro tribus +nobilibus, eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo{u} see the +meanest of these florens did exceed the valewe of ij^s. frenche, +(although you sholde equall that with ii^s. Englishe,) as yt did +also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those +dayes yt was much aboute the valewe of iij^s. iiij^d. beinge +halfe a pistolet Italiane or Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius +Delphicus, (inthe Historye of Burgundye, in the lyfe of +Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and sonne to the +frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius' woordes +be these. Illustris viri aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} mors ade +comite{m} com{m}ovit, vt relicta obsidione exercitus ad +co{m}meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit. Decem +millibus florenorum (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu{m} +Italicu{m} pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq{ue} nobiliu{m} +cadaverum redemptione solutis,&c. + +[Sidenote: Of the oken garland of Emelye.] Fo: 7. pa: 2. For +unseriall yo{u} will vs to reade cerriall, for cerrus[8] is a +kynde of tree lyke one oke, bearinge maste; and therefore by +yo{ur} correct{i}one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke +cerriall: But for the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of +oke as ys also the Ilex) Ijudge yt sholde not be redde cerriall +but unseriall, that ys, (yfyou will nedes have this worde +cerriall,) agarlande of greene oke not cerriall, as who sholde +saye, she had a Garlande of Grene oke, but not of the oke +Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke unseriall, signifyinge +a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of dedd wannyshe +Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the Cerrus, +being the tree w{hi}che we comonly call the holme oke, +(asCooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that which wee call +holme,) produceth two kyndes; whereof the one hathe greater, and +the other lesser acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one +the one syde, and of one ouer russett and darkyshe Coolor on the +other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche +sholde be freshe and Grene one everye parte, as were her younge +and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to whome she sacryfyced, +and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall, not beinge of +oke cerriall, for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue +shewed duskyshe and as yt were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe +and orient as chaucer wolde haue her garlande. And this for +yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde +suppose that this worde unseriall dothe not vnaptly signifye +perfectione of coolor, so that She having aGarlande of Grene +oke unseriall, doth signyfye the oke to be grene and unseriall, +that is, (assome do expounde this worde unseriall,) unsered, +unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke unto the oke +Quercus whiche hath no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes. +And yt was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must +haue a garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they +whiche sacryfyced vnto Diana, otherwise called Hecate, (which +name is attribute to Diana, as natalis Comes affirmethe with +statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke sayinge, + + Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris, + +being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes, called also +Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one, whereof +Virgil speaketh, + + Tergemina{m}q{ue} Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dian,) + +were adorned w{i}th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because +that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius +Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate +quoqu Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be +consecrate to Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same +in Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet +Antiqutye adorned and crowned Diana Heccate with the same crowne +also. Wherefore I conclude, since she (Emelye) had a garlande of +Grene oke, (asChaucer of purpose addeth that woorde Greene to +explane unseriall, whiche signyfyethe unsered, unparched, +unwithered in every parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose +leafe one the one syde is duskyshe as though yt were somewhat +withered,) that the same word unseriall must stand unamended, +as well (asI sayed before) by youre owne correct{i}one and the +nature of the worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was +crowned with the oke Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf +yo{u} obiecte to mee that, in this place, yt must be a garlande +of oke cerriall accordinge to the woordes of Chaucer in one +other place, because that he in the flower and the leafe (newely +printed by yo{u}) hath these woordes; + + I sie come first all in theire clokes white + a companye that were for delight. + Chapletts freshe of oke serriall + Newly spronge and Trompetts they were all; + +I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke +serriall. for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as +trompettes might be crowned with so base one oke as the serriall +ys, whiche I call base in respecte of the oke Quercus (dedicate +to the godd Jupiter) wherewithe Heccate was crowned, and whereof +Garlands were gyven to the Romans for their nooble desarts in +the warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those +whiche had saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and +of purpose with great iudgm{en}t in my conceyte) make a +difference in the chaplettes of the Trompettes and the garlands +of Emelye, in that the trompetts chapletts were of oke seriall +newly spronge; and not come to perfect{i}one, whiche yet yf they +had byn p{er}fecte wolde not haue byn soo oryente and Greene one +bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus, wherewithe he wolde haue this +Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse Heccate Diana (towhom she +dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so in tymes past (asI +sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned with garlandes of +suche thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they +sacryfyced. for whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe +Caxtone in his seconde editione do call yt one oke serriall. for +I knowe (not withstandinge his fayre prologe of printing that by +a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke. + + [Footnote 8: _The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?_] + +[Sidenote: Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.] Fo: 9. +pa: 1. For euerye) yo{u} will us to reade eyther. But the sence +ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as +of eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye +syde of hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde +of him; and therefore they two ryding one euerye side of hym, +canne haue noone other construct{i}one then that the one did +ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side, aud +therefore an ouer nice correct{i}one, thoughe some coppies do +warrantyt: + +[Sidenote: The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he +would not have known Emelye.] Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save only the +intellecte,) yo{u} wolde haue us to reade "and also the +intellecte." But yf yo{u} well consider the woordes of Chaucer, +(as I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet +seene,) his meaninge ys not that the intellecte was wholye +goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo{u} sholde reade, "and also the +intellecte" for "save only the intellecte." for Chaucers +meanynge ys, that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites aboute +his outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye the intellecte or +vnderstandinge, w{hi}che remayned sounde and good, as apperethe +after by the followinge woordes, for when deathe approched, and +that all outwarde senses fayled, he (Arcite) yet cast eye vppon +Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the cheifest vitall sprite of +his harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde +not haue cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled +hym. Yet yf you liste to reade, "and also the intellecte," for +saue only the intellecte, yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne +withall, notwithstandinge that a pointe at streng[t]he is +looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save only the intellecte, +without moore,) will make the sence good in this sort as I have +here pointedyt: + + And yet moore ouer from his armes two + the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo + (save only the intellecte without moore) + that dwelleth in his hart sicke and sore + gan faylen: When the hart felt death &c. + +[Sidenote: Straught, a better word than haughte.] Fo: 10. pa: 2. +For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when straughte +is moore significa{n}t (and moore answerable to Chaucers woordes +whiche followethe) than haughte ys. for he speakethe of the +Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or branches of the +tree, whiche this woorde straughte doth signyfye, and is moore +aptlye sett downe for stretched, then this woorde haughte, +whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde, or holdinge faste, or (yf +you will streyne yt againste his nature) stretching on heigh, +whiche agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge. for these be +his words: + + And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte; + That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode,&c. + +[Sidenote: Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.] +Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue +vs reade, "for all forgotten is then his visage;" athinge mere +impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is +not materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten, +but yt is muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his +vassalage, and the good service donne in his youthe, shold be +forgotten when he waxethe olde. And therefore yt must bee "his +vassalage forgotten;" as presently after Chaucer sayeth, better +for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and his honor in price, +than when he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten; +w{hic}he Icoulde dilate and prove by manye examples; but I +cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I +wolde not be tedious vnto yo{u}, as for that leysure serveth me +not thereunto. + +[Sidenote: Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.] Fo: 13. +pa: 1. For lothe yo{u} bidde vs reade leefe, which annotacione +neded not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde +in the texte is lefe. + +[Sidenote: It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he +coughed at the window.] Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo{u} reade +coughed, but, the circumstance considered, (althoughe they may +both stande,) yt is moore probable that he[9] knocked at her[10] +windowe, than that he coughed. for although those woordes "with +a semely sownde" may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may +as well and with as much consonancye haue reference to a semely +and gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce, +and so his meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde +rather be by the noyse of a knocke than of a coughe. for so he +determyned before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when +he sayed, + + So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes crow + Full priuily knocke at his windowe: + +And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he +did before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he +knocked twyce. + + [Footnote 9: [_Absolon._]] + + [Footnote 10: [_The Carpenter's wife's._]] + +[Sidenote: Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.] Fo: 23. pa: 2. +For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written copies +haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after +the written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my +fathers editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, Iwolde +more willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most +lykelye that the tartarians whiche dwelt at Sara (aplace yet +well knowen, and bordering vppon the lake Mare Casp{iu}m,) are +nerer to Sorria or the countryes adioynynge called Syria, than +to Russya. For as Hato the Armeniane, in his Tartariane +Historye, sayeth, The cyttye of Sara was auncyently the famous +cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the Tartarians obteyned +the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240, w{hi}che must be in the +tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called Caius canne, +[Sidenote: Cambuscan is Caius canne.] beinge (asI suppose) he +whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so ys the written copies, +such affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I +gather, yt was after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in +Russia. But I leave yt indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge +further to consider ofyt. + +[Sidenote: "That may not saye naye," better than "there may no +wighte say naye."] Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, "that may +not saye naye," yo{u} reade "there may no wighte say naye." +bothe whiche are good, and boothe founde in written coppyes; and +yet the firste will better stande, in my conceyte, because [_the +king of Faerie_] there speakinge to his wyfe, he urgethe her +that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe that cannott +say naye, as who sholde saye yo{u} cannot denye yt because you +knowe yt; and experience teacheth yt, so that these woordes, +"that cannott say naye," must be taken as spoken of his wyfes +knowledge, and so as good or rather better than "there may no +wighte saye naye," consideringe that these wordes "that cannott +saye naye," dothe signyfye, "whoe cannott saye naye," in such +sorte that this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue +reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe. + +[Sidenote: Theophraste, not Paraphraste.] Fo: 35. pa: 2. For "He +cleped yt valerye and theophraste," you saye some wolde haue vs +reade "Valery and his Paraphraste." But as yo{u} haue left yt at +libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be +Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte +Booke, ca. 11. [Sidenote: The wife of Bath's Prologue taken from +the author of Policraticon.] (from whome Chaucer borrowethe +almost worde for worde a great parte of the Wyfe of Bathes +Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that booke, Johannes +Sarisburiensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde, +sayethe, Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de +nuptiis, in quo quritur an vir sapiens ducat vxorem, etc. And +the frenche molinet, moralizinge the Romant of the roose in +frenche, and turnynge it oute of verse into proese, writeth, +Ha si i'eusse creu Theophraste,&c. Oh, yf I had beleved +Theophraste, Ihad never maried womanne, for he doth not holde +hym wise that marieth anye womanne, be she fayre, foule, poore, +or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye +wordes chaucer doth recyte. + +[Sidenote: Country, not Couentry.] Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde +Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye. But in my writtene +copies yt is, "in my Countrye," whiche I holde the truer and for +the sence as good yf not better. + +[Sidenote: Maketh, not waketh.] Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde +makethe is corrected by you, who for the same do place wakethe; +w{hi}che cannott well stande, for Chaucers woordes being, "this +maketh the fende," dothe signyfye (bya true conuers{i}one after +the dialecte of our tonge, w{hi}che with beawtye vsethe suche +transmutac{i}one as I coulde gyve yo{u} manye pretye instances,) +that the sence thereof ys, "the fende makethe this," for whiche +Chaucer vseth these wordes by Transposit{i}one, (accordinge to +the rhethoricall figure Hiperbatone) "This makethe the fende:" +Whiche this? Anger: for that comethe, ys made, or occasioned, +by the deuell. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence +bee, that this (whiche is the anger he speakethe of before) +wakethe the fende; whiche oure offences cannot do, because he +cannott be waked, in that he neyther slumbrethe nor slepethe, +but alwayes watcheth and howrely seekethe occas{i}one to +destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone. But yf you will nedes saye +"this wakethe the fende," that is, by conuersione after this +manner, "the fende waketh this," whiche signyfyeth the fende +waketh or styrreth this in manne, yt may, after a harde and +over-streyned sorte, beare some sence, whiche yet hath not that +energye, sprite or lyfe, w{hi}che haue Chaucers woordes, "this +maketh the fende." Whiche woordes are in my written copies, and +in all written and auncient printed copies whiche I have yet +seene. + +[Sidenote: Hugh of Lincoln.] Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes, +"Ohughe of Lincolne sleyne also,&c." You saye, that in the 29. +H. 3. eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne, and hanged +for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte was +[in] the 39. H. 3. so that yo{u} mighte verye well haue sayed, +that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe of +Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, viz. thys younger +Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed +in the yere 1200, long before this litle seinte hughe. And to +prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde and that yonge +hughe of Lincolne were but one; Iwill sett downe two +auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and Walsinghame, whereof the +fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe 1255, beinge the 39. +of Henrye the 3, achilde called Hughe was sleyne by the Jewes +at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he delyvereth at large; +and further, in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth, +Dimissi sunt quieti 24 Judei Turri London, qui ibidem infames +tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis Lincolni: +All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in Hypodigma Neustri, confirmeth; +sayinge, A^o. 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine HUGO, +Judeis captus, in opprobriu{m} Christiani nominis crudelitr est +crucifixus. + +[Sidenote: "Where the sunne is in his ascensione," agood +reading.] Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his +ascensione,&c.) You will us to reade for the same, + + Ware the soone in his ascensione + Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte, + For yf yt doe, &c. + +But, savinge correct{i}one, the former sence is good: for these +woordes: Where the sonne is in his ascensione, must haue +relat{i}one to the woordes of the verse before, + + Ye be righte colericke of complex{i}one, + +and then is the sence, that she [_the fair Pertelote_] willed +hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in +the highest degree) collericke of complex{i}one, where (whiche +signyfyeth when) the sonne is in his ascent{i}one. Wherefore he +must take heede, that he did not fynde hym repleate (atthat +tyme of the sonnes being in his ascent{i}one) of hoote humors, +for yf he did, he sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will +stand with the woordes Where the sonne is in his ascentione, +taking where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf yo{u} mislyke +that gloosse, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some +written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his ascentione ne +fynde you not repleate,&c. yet yt cannott bee that the other +wordes, (for yf yt doo,) canne answer the same, because this +pronoune relative (yt) cannot haue relat{i}one to this worde +(you) which wente before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo{u} not +repleate of humors hotte. So that yf you nowe will nedes reade +ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse must +nedes be, "for yf you doe," and not "for yf yt dooe;" vnleste +you will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat{i}one to +these woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott +have, those woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne +(you) interposed betwene the same and that his correlative (yt.) +Wherefore these woordes, (for yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as +they did before, though you will correcte "Where the sonne&c." +and saye "Ware the sonne&c." W{hi}che yf you will nedes haue, +you must correcte the rest in this sorte: + + Ware the sonne in his ascentione + that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte, + for yf yt do, &c. + +But this correct{i}one (savinge, as I sayed, correct{i}one) +semeth not so good as the former texte. + +[Sidenote: Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.] Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon +these woordes, (Lo,in the lyfe of Kenelme we reade,) you saye +that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche sholde be +Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have. Whiche +Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the +Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof +(supposed to be Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that +auctor, speakinge of the wyfe of Offa the greate kinge of +Mercia, (awicked and proude womanne because she was of the +stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that she was called +Drida, and being the kings wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est, +Regina Drida. + +[Sidenote: Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.] Fo: 87. p: 1. +Vppon these woordes of "Taurus was fortye degrees and one," you +saye that this place ys misprinted, as well in not namynge of +the sygne, as of the misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two +and twentye of Marche the sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven +degrees or thereaboutes, and hathe in all but thirtye degrees. +In whiche, in semynge to correcte the former printe (whiche in +truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that order,) you seme +to mee to erre, as farre as heauen and yerthe, in mistakinge +Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, as well for the daye of the +monthe, as for the signe. for where yo{u} suppose that Chaucere +meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt. +for although yt should be the 22 of the monthe, as the printed +booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22 daye of Marche, but must +of necessytye be the two and twentythe of Aprille: and so the +signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye, the number of +the dayes are misprinted, for where yt is twentye dayes and two, +yt must be (and so are my written copies) thirtye dayes and two, +whiche must be the seconde of Maye, as yo{u} shall well see by +the woordes of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two +dayes, withe the truthe, as hathe the written copye, or xxii +dayes, withe the printe: yet must yo{u} begynne to recken them +from after the last of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge +Marche was compleate, in these woordes: + + When the month in whiche the worlde began, + That hight Marche, when God first made man, + Was complete, and passed were also + Since Marche byganne, &c. + +Wherebye yo{u} see, that yo{u} must begynne to recken the nomber +of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then woulde the +signe fall out to be in Taurus. Yf yo{u} holde yo{u} to the +printe (for the 22 daye after Marche, which is the 22 daye of +Aprill in which the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to +the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w{hi}che is the seconde +of maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees +in Taurus;) the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo{u} +suppose. nether canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe +you to recken them from the begynnynge of Marche, (asyou seme +to doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the +former wordes of Chaucer, w{hi}che sayethe M{ar}che was +complete, and, for that we shoulde not dobte thereof, he addethe +also farther, And passed were also since Marche beganne; where +the worde beganne ys mysprinted for be gonne, that is, since +marche be gonne, this word begonne being put for is gonne, or +gonne bye, or departed. so that the genuyniell sence hereof is, +When march was complete, and also were passed, since march is +gonne, or gonne by, or departed. for, in many olde inglishe +woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to make yt moore +signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone, for +sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed,&c. as in this case +for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But although there be no +misnaminge of the [Sidenote: The degrees of the signe are +misreckoned, not the signe itself.] signe; yet yt is true the +degrees of the signes are misreckoned, the error whereof grewe, +because the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree +of the sonne ascended above the Horizon, beinge at that tyme xli +degrees in heighte from the Horizon. But to remedye all this, +and to correcte yt accordinge as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne +and other written copies; and that yt may stande w{i}th all +mathematicall proport{i}one, whiche Chaucer knewe and observed +there, the print must be corrected after those written copies +(whiche I yet holde for sounde till I maye disprove them) having +these woordes: + + when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne, + that hight Marche, when god first made manne, + was complete, and passed were also + since marche begonne thirty dayes and two: + befell that Chanteclere in all his pride, + his seven wives walkinge him beside, + cast vp his eyen to the bright sonne, + that in the signe of Taurus had yronne + Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore; + And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore + That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven: + The sunne, quoth he, is clomben vp on heaven + Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &c. + +And that this shoulde be mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the +seconde of Maye, there be manye reasons, besides those that +Chaucer nameth; which are, that the sonne was not farre from the +middle of his ascent{i}one, and in the signe Taurus. ffurther, +since I am now in Chantecler's discourse, Imust speake of one +woorde in the same, deservinge correct{i}one, w{hi}che I see you +overslipped; and because I thinke yo{u} knewe not what to make +of yt, (asin dede by the printinge few menne canne +vnderstandeyt,) Iwill sett downe the correct{i}one of the +same; [Sidenote: Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, +or the kingdom of Mercia.] being the worde Mereturicke, farr +corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon Meecenke which is the +kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus +the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres, +and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before +noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the +woorde doth teache; for k in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a +kingdome; mecen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches of +Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu{m} Merci, or the +kingdome of Mercia, or of the boundes so called, because almost +all the other kingdoms of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and +that lykewise vppon them, since that kingdome did lye in the +middle of England, and conteyned most of the shires thereof. + +[Sidenote: Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.] Fo: 90. +pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge +furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them +had their outwarde ornamentes thereof when they came to their +service, as the Chanons had their Grey amises; yet in this +place, to shewe the proude and stately ensignes of the Clergye, +he there nameth the popes crowne, and the Cardinalls pilloures, +yf I be not deceved. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his +honorable ensignes borne before hym, certein silver pillers; as +had Cardinall Wolsey, in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte, +and Cardinall Poole, in my memory. So that pilloure in that +place is better than pellure, because pilloures were a note of +more pride and maiestye (againste whiche the Plowmanne dothe +enveye in those woordes,) than in the weringe of furres. + +[Sidenote: Liketh best the old reading of "change of many manner +of meates."] Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these wordes, with change of +many manner of meates, yo{u} wolde have vs reade, They eate of +many manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence +stande well, yet sure Chaucer followeth this matter in many +staues together with this preposit{i}one (cu{m}, with,) and this +coniunctione (et,and;)--as, "With pride misledd the poore, and +with money filled manye a male,&c." so he contynuethe yt still +with that prepositione, "with change of many meates;" w{hi}che +is as good as the other, for euery one knoweth Chaucers meanynge +to be that they eate of many meates, when they haue change of +many meates; for why sholde they haue change of meates, but for +varyetye to please the palates taste in eatynge. [Sidenote: And +also the old reading of "myters" more than one or two for the +sake of the meter.] In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one +or two) you teache vs to reade, "myters they weare mo then one +or two;" whiche, me thinkethe, nedeth not. For the wearinge of +their myters is included in these woordes, And myters more then +one or two. W{hi}che wordes are curteyled for the verse his +cause, that the same mighte kepe an equall proport{i}one and +decorum in the verse, whiche would be lengthened one foote or +sillable moore than the other verses, yf your readinge shoulde +stande. But yf yo{u} saye, that in this and other thinges I am +overstreyghte laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the +former printed editione, in that I woulde rather allowe one +imperfecte sence, and suche as must be vnderstoode, when yt ys +not fully expressed, than a playne style, Iwill answere withe a +grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri +potest per pauciora, and quod subintelligitur non deest. +Wherefore yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit{i}one of +woordes, when yt maye be as well conceyved in any reasonable +mens vnderstandinge without such addit{i}one. But on these and +suche petit matters, Iwill not nowe longe insiste, (being +things of no greate momente,) vntill I haue further examyned +more written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the olde +texte or your newe correctione. + +[Sidenote: The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant +of the rose, but is there spelled Guindesores.] Fo: 122. pa: 2. +The lordes sonne of Windsore.) Vppon these woordes you saye, +this maye seme strange bothe in respecte that yt is not in the +frenche, as also for that there was no lorde Windsore at those +dayes. But yt semeth to me moore strange that these woordes +shoulde seme strange to yo{u}, not to bee in the frenche, where +yo{u} shall fynde them. For thus hathe the frenche written +Romante, as maye appere in the old frenche vsed at the tyme when +the Romante was composed, in this sorte: + + Pris a Franchise lez alez + Ne sai coment est apelles, + Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores + Fuiz au seign{eur} de Guindesores: + +Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young +bacheler, Iknowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and +gentle, as yf he had byn sonne to the lorde of Windsore. Where +in olde frenche this word fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of +that Booke) is placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at +this daye for filz or fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that it is +here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the Roose turned +into proese, moralized, by the french Molinet, and printed at +Paris in the yere 1521, who hathe the same verses in these +woordes in proese. AFranchise s'estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler +de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en son temps filz du +seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo{u} mighte have well seene, +had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the latyne, +Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche, +the Englishe, and such as haue affynytye with the Dutche, since +they vse for doble w (aletter comone tovs) these two letters +Gu, as in Gulielmus, which we wryte Willielmus; in guerra, which +we call and writte warre, in Gualterus, which we write Walter; +in guardeine, which we pronounce and write wardeyne; and suche +lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for +Windesore. [Sidenote: Master Thynne knoweth not clearly why the +Baron should be called of Windsor.] for your other coniectures, +whye that Chaucer sholde inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore, +they are of [{no}?] great momente, neque adhuc constat that +Chaucer translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in +buildinge. for then I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge; +whereof I will not stande at this tyme, no moore than I will +that there was no lord Windsore in those dayes; althoughe I +suppose that sir William Windsore, being then a worthye knighte +and of great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes beyond the +seas under the kinge of Englande, mighte be lord Windsore, of +whom the Frenche tooke notice, being in those partes, and by +them called seigneure de Windesore, as euery gouerno{r} was +called seigneure emongst them. But whether he were a Baron or no +in Englande, Icannott yet saye, because I haue not my booke of +Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this instante. + +[Sidenote: The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also +by water, nor for chastity only, but for many other matters.] +Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall,&c. Vppone whiche yo{u} write thus. +"Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did +Emma, mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge +culters of yrone barefotte, as did Cunegunde,&c." But in +this describinge definit{i}one, you have commytted manye +imp{er}fect{i}ons. first, that ordell was a tryall by fyre, +w{hi}che is but a species of the ordell; for ordaliu{m} was a +tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a tryall of +Chastitye whiche was but parcell thereof; for the ordale was a +tryall for manye other matters. [Sidenote: The fyery ordeal was +by going on hote shares and cultors, not going through the fyre. +The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine burnynge +shares.] Thirdlye, yo{u} saye yt was by goinge throughe the +fyre. when the fyery ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares +or cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande, +and not going through the fyre. fourthlye, that Emma, mother to +Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through the +fyre: But she passed not through the fyre as you bringe her for +one example of your ordale but passed barefotte vppone nyne +burnynge shares, fowr for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne +Bishoppe of Winchester, with whome she was suspected with +incontynencye, whiche historye you maye see at large in +Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone li: 6. ca: 23, and in +other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a longe and no +commone discourse; of the manner of consecrating the fyre and +water, how yt was vsed emongst the saxons before, and the +normans since, the Conqueste, and of many other thinges +belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer +to you a thinge knowen to fewe, [Sidenote: The ordeal taken away +by the court of Rome, and after by Henry III.] how this ordale +was contynued in Englande in the tyme of kinge Johne, as +appereth in Claus. 17. Joh[-i]s, m.25, vntill yt was taken +awaye by the courte of Rome; and after that, in Englande, by the +auctorytye of kinge Henrye the thirde, whereof you shall fynde +this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H. 3. mem. 5, where yt +speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water to be +forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be +vsed here in Englande; as apperethe in the woordes of that +record: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt, et quibus +competeret iudiciu{m} ignis vel aqu si non esset prohibitum, et +de quibus si regnum nostru{m} abiurarent, nulla fieret postea, +maleficiendi suspitio, regnu{m} nostru{m} abiurent&c. + +[Sidenote: The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the +adultery of his owne mate.] Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the +storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes "wreaker of adulterye" +shoulde rather bee "bewrayer of Adulterye;" w{hi}che in truth +accordinge to one propryetye of his nature may be as you saye, +but according to another propryetye of his nature, yt sholde be +"the wreaker of Adulterye," as Chaucer hathe; for he ys a +greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female +than the bewrayer of the adulterye of one other kynde, and of +his hostesse one the toppe of whose howse he harborethe. for +Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus de proprietatibus reru{m} li: 12. +cap. 8. with many other auctors, that yf the storke by any +meanes perceve that his female hath brooked spousehedde, he will +no more dwell with her, but stryketh and so cruelly beateth her, +that he will not surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye, +to wreake and revenge that adulterye. + +These and suche lyke in my conceyte are worthye to be touched in +your Annotac{i}ons, besides other matters whiche you haue not +handled; whereof (because tyme requirethe after all this tedious +treatyce to drawe to one ende) Iwill not now treate; but onlye +speake a little moore of fyve especiall thinges, woorthye the +animadvers{i}one, of which the fyrste ys, [Sidenote: The +plowman's tale is wrong placed.] that yo{u} make the Plowmans +tale to go next before the persons tale, suffering the persons +corrupted prologue to passe with this begynnynge, "By that the +plowmanne had his tale ended," when all written copies, (whiche +I coulde yet see,) and my fathers editione, haue yt, "By that +the mancyple had his tale ended." And because my father colde +not see by any Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the +most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,) +where to place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons +tale, whiche, by Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as +apperethe by the persons prologue, where the hooste sayethe, +that "euery manne had tolde his Tale before." So that the +plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the +manciple and persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last +edit{i}one. + +[Sidenote: Chaucer's proper works should be distinguished from +those adulterat and not his.] One other thinge ys, that yt would +be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were distinguyshed from the +adulterat and suche as were not his, as the Testamente of +Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge +"Ihave aladye where so she bee,"&c. whiche Chaucer never +composed, as may sufficientlye be proved by the things +themselves. + +[Sidenote: There were three editions of Chaucer before William +Thynne dedicated his to Henry VIII.] The thirde matter ys, that +in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte Cecille, yo{u} saye, +"This Booke whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate +to kinge Henrye the eighte." But that is not soo. for the firste +dedicatione to that kinge was by my father, when diverse of +Chaucers woorkes had byn thrise printed before; whereof two +editions were by Will{ia}m Caxtone, the firste printer of +Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one columne in a +ragged letter, and after in one colume in a better order; and +the thirde edit{i}one was printed, as farre as I remember, by +Winkin de Worde or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde +printers of Englande, as I take them.[11] [Sidenote: The first +editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and +corrected them.] Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte +and corrupte occasioned my father (for the love he oughte to +Chaucers learnynge) to seeke the augmente and correct{i}one of +Chaucers Woorkes, w{hi}che he happily fynyshed; the same being, +since that tyme, by often printinge much corrupted. of this +matter I sholde have spooken first of all, because yt is the +first imperfect{i}one of your paynfull and comendable labors: +Yet because the proverb ys better late than never, Ihold yt +better to speake of yt here then not at all. + + [Footnote 11: _Caxton_, 1475-1481-2. _Wynkyn de Word_, + 1495-1498.] + +[Sidenote: Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by +Chaucer.] The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the +auctors, you haue omytted many auctors vouched by chaucer; and +therefore did rightlye intitle yt, moost, and not all, of the +auctors cited by Geffrye Chaucer. + +[Sidenote: It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.] The fyfte +matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde +Haroldes in this verse, + + My kinge of Haroltes shalte thou bee, + +must, by a mathesis or transpositione of the letters, be +Harlotes, and not Haroltes, and the verse thus, + + My kinge of Harlottes shalt thou bee + +And so ys yt in the edit{i}one of Chaucer's Works, printed in +anno Domini 1542, accordinge to the frenche moralizatione of +Molinet, fo. 149. where he is called "Roye des Ribauldez," +[Sidenote: The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great +accompt in times past.] w{hi}che is, the kinge of Ribaldes or +Harlottes or evill or wicked persons; one officer of great +acco{m}pte in tymes paste, and yet vsed in the courte of France +but by one other name, in some parte beinge the office of the +marshall of Englande. All whiche, because yo{u} shall not thinke +I dreame, (though yt may seme strange to the ignorant to have so +greate one officer intituled of suche base p{er}sons as to be +called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,) [Sidenote: Johannes +Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.] yo{u} shall here +Joh{ann}es Tyllius (inhis seconde booke de rebus Gallicis vnder +the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in these woordes: +In domesticis regu{m} constitutionibus, quos proximo capite +nominavimus, fit mentio Regis Ribaldorum, officii domestici, +quem semper oportet stare extra Portam pretorii,&c. and a litle +after the explanynge of their office, he addeth; "sic autem +appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi, et Ribald +mulieres puellq{ue} perdit vocantur. Regis nomen superiori aut +Iudici tribuitur, Quemadmodu{m} magnus Cubicularius dicitur Rex +Mercatorum,"&c. Where he maketh the "Regem Ribaldoru{m}" an +honorable officer for manye causes, [Sidenote: Also Vincentius +Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.] as Vincentius +Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france doth +also, vnder the title of "Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus +Hospitii;" makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum +or provostus hospitii to seme all one, addinge further (after +manye other honorable partes belonginge to this office) that +"meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat." In whiche +pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and +evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the +duty of the marshall,) the frenche and wee agree. [Sidenote: The +Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties +and his powers over Harlotts and lost men.] Wherefor, touching +that parte, yo{u} shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office +sett downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of +Brothertonne (sonne to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to +his office of Marshalcye; where, emongst other thinges, are +these woordes: eoru{m} (w{hi}che was of the marshalls deputyes +executinge that he shoulde ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam + meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex +consuetudine mariscallus ex qulibet meretrice com[m]uni infra +metas hospitii inventa iiij^d. primo die. Qu, si iteru{m} +inventa in Balliu su inveniatur, capiatur; et coram +seneschallo inhibea{n}tur ei hospitia Regis et Regin et +liberoru{m} suorum, ne iteru{m} ingrediatur,&c. And so +afterwarde shewethe what shall be done to those women, yf they +be founde agayne in the Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as +by Tillius, this Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was over homines +perditos, mulieres puellasq{ue} perditas. And that yt was, by +Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge out of the courte, (for +so modestye willeth vs to vnderstande, because they shoulde not +offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,) +so ys yt our Marshalls office, to banyshe those harlottes the +courte, and bestowe them in some other place, where they might +be lesse annoyance. [Sidenote: Master Thynne being a herold +liketh not that false semblance should be thought one.] +Wherefore I conclude w{i}th the frenche, and the former +edit{i}one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False +Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not +of Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden +of the conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nug in the +Romante of the Roose, I cannott (asthe proverbys) take my hand +from the table, (fyndinge go manye oversightes in the two last +editiones,) but must speake of one thing more, deserving +correctione, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of the +last impress{i}one: + + Amide saw I hate stonde, + That for wrathe and yre & onde + Semed to be a minoresse; + +[Sidenote: Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a +minoresse.] Where this woorde Minoresse shoulde be Moueresse, +signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to debate, for these be the +frenche verses in the oldest written copye that euer was (tobe +founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,) by the age +of the frenche wordes, which are these: + + Enz euz le milieu vi hayne, + qui de courouz et datayn + Sembla bien estre moueresse, + et courouse et teucerresse. + +Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to +the frenche: + + Amyde sawe I hate stonde, + That of wrathe and yre & onde + Semed well to be mooveresse, + An angry wighte and chyderesse. + +[Sidenote: Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.] Whiche +woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat{i}one of +that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, aleader or leadresse, +so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a +mooveresse or leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose +woordes will as well and rather better fytt the sence and verse +of Chaucer, and better answere the Frenche originall and +meanynge, than the incerted woorde Minoresse. + +Thus hooping that yo{u} will accepte in good and frendlye parte, +these my whatsoever conceytes vttered vnto you, (tothe ende +Chawcers Woorkes by much conference and many iudgmentes mighte +at leng[t]he obteyne their true p{er}fect{i}one and glory, as I +truste they shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and +leysure to reprinte, correcte, and comente the same after the +manner of the Italians who have largely comented Petrarche;) +Isett end to these matters; comyttinge yo{u} to god, and me to +your curtesye. + + Clerkenwell Greene, + the xvi of december 1599. + Your lovinge frende, + FRANCIS THYNNE. + + + + +INDEX. + + Abandone, p. 33. + Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, p.42. + Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, p.24. + Arcite, his intellect, p. 40. + Authentic, a thing of authority, p. 33. + + Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, p. 44. + Begyns, superstitious women, p. 29. + Besant, a coin of Bizantium, p. 25. + Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, p.12. + Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, p.18. + + Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, p. 43. + Campaneus, reading of, p. 34. + Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, p.5. + Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, p. 8. + Chaucer's parentage, p. 9. + Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, p. 16. + Chaucer's marriage, p. 17. + Chaucer's coat-of-arms, p. 10. + Chaucer's children, p. 17. + Chaucer, his education, p. 13. + Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, p. 11. + Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no, + pp. 12,13. + Chaucer, the stemme of, p. 17. + Chaucer, his children and their advancement, p.17. + Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh, + p.18. + Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, pp. 22,23. + Chaucer, early editions of, p. 56. + Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, p.9. + Citrination, a term of Alchemy, p. 30. + Colin Clout, written in William Thynne's house at Erith, p.7. + + Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, p. 47. + + Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, p. 25. + Florius, concerning, p. 35. + Forage, winter provision, p. 30. + + Garland, oken of Emelye, p. 37. + Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, p.17. + Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, p. 23. + Gaunt, John of, his marriage, p. 23. + Gower, query whether of the + Gowers of Stittenham, p. 14. + Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, p. 13. + + Harlottes, King of, p. 57. + Heroner, a hawk for a heron, p. 31. + Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, p. 31. + + John of France, his ransome, p. 36. + + Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, p.18. + Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, p. 47. + + Leefe, for lothe, p. 42. + Lincoln, Hugh of, p. 44. + + Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, p.16. + Merecenrycke, p. 50. + + Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., p.18. + Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, p.21. + Nowell, meaning of, p. 32. + + Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, p. 26. + Ordeal, the manner of, p. 54. + Oundye meaneth wavy, p. 28. + + Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, p. 11. + Pilgrime's Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, p.6. + Plowman's Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, p.7. + Porpherye, a peculiar marble, p. 32. + Printing, notes on the history of, p. 21. + Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, p.51. + Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King, + p.18. + Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis, + p.18. + Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, p. 19. + + Resager, or Ratsbane, p. 28. + Ribalds, king of, p. 57. + Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, p.15. + Rose, Romant of, notes on, p. 21. + + Sendale, a sylke stuffe, p. 32. + Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., p.13. + Sterling money, p. 35. + Straught, a better word than haughte, p. 41. + Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, p. 55. + Surrye or Russye, p. 43. + + Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., p.16. + Theophraste, not Paraphraste, p. 44. + Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, p. 33. + Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid + Chaucer's tales, p.7. + Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., p.6. + Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer's MSS., p.5. + Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, p.7. + + Vernacle, of the, p. 34. + Veseye, Eustace de, p. 18. + Visage for vassalage, p. 42. + + Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office, + p.20. + Windsore, Lords son of, p. 52. + Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, p.33. + Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, p. 7. + Wolsey, his great power with the King, p.7. + Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, p.7. + + + JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ + +Non-Roman Scripts + + In the 1865 text, thorn is used for Saxon "r": + in saxon Meecenke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was + Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia; + the one reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister + Quendrida, as ys before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of + Mercia, the etymon of the woorde doth teache; for k in the saxon + tonge signyfyethe a kingdome; mecen signyfyethe markes. + + The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms: + #Merecenrke#, #rk#, #mercen#. + +_At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been assigned +Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your text reader +will probably not be able to display the character._ + + Similarly for Greek Chi, rho: + placinge ther xemas (_Christmasse_) a p{ar}te of this tyme of + Nowell .... ante xi (_Christi_) natalitia viginti aut triginta + dies quodam desiderio. + The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words + in Chr-. + + Hebrew: + for thus he writethe: #noel# noel + [_both editions misprint #voel# with bet for nun_] + +Introduction + + acareful copier with a clean pen, indefatiguable [_unchanged_] + aribald wit might create terrible havock [_unchanged_] + Footnote 2 [_reference missing, supplied from 1876 edition_] + Martin Chuzzelwit the elder [_unchanged_] + demanding why Falstalf [_unchanged_] + +List of Thynne's Works + + 18 ... since the reign of the conqueror. [_extraneous close quote_] + + +Errors corrected from 1876 edition: + + _This list includes missing letters that were silently supplied in + 1865: that is, the text is right but the MS reading was wrong. It + does not include misplaced italics such as "tri{u}m" for "triu{m}"._ + + the Romans in the heigh[t]e of their glorye [heighe] + selfe will or fonnd conceyte [found] + Chaucers woorkes haue byn sithens printed twyce [sitheus] + that lerned and eloquent kn[i]ghte [knighte] + asI have herde S^r Johne Thynne reporte [St. Johne] + as the chanons yomane [chanous] + [_all occurrences of "chanons" in this passage are printed + "chanous" in 1865_] + the recordes in Dorso Rotulor. patent. [Rolulor] + [_1876 edition also adds "me{m}b." after "patent."_] + datu{m} per manu{m} Walteri Merton [Walleri] + consorti ipsius Regis&c." [_close quote missing_] + "Rogero couentry &c [_open quote missing_] + so had the[y] fewer Rooses placed [they] + euerye manne to his owne iudgemente [iudgemte] + Gersone soughte no further meanynge [meanyuge] + tantiq{ue} quanti placuit vendiderunt." [_close quote missing_] + (otherwise called "Flores Historiarum" or "Florilegus") + [_printed with open parenthesis, close bracket_] + almoste to the heigh[t]e of perfect{i}one [heighte] + solitaq{ue} est hec vox cantari a plebe [cantaria] + shewe those courses of gouer[n]mente, [gouernmente] + ("Manye a florence.") [' for "] + in another place callethe scutes or frenche crownes [calle the] + yo{u}r e[x]posit{i}one of unseriall [exposit{i}one] + tria virginis ora Dian,) [_close parenthesis missing_] + that all his streng[t]he and vitall Sprites [strengthe] + a pointe at streng[t]he is looste [strengthe] + agreethe not well with Chaucers meanynge [Chancers] + Whiche facte was [in] the 39. H. 3. [_"in" not bracketed_] + with change of many manner of meates, [_superfluous close bracket_] + Regis nomen superiori aut Iudici tribuitur, + [_superfluous close quote_] + Rex Ribaldoru{m} et prouostus Hospitii + [_"pro-/vuostus" at line break_] + si iteru{m} inventa in Balliu su [Ballin] + many iudgmentes mighte at leng[t]he obteyne [lengthe] + +Shared anomalies: + + Thus (withe hartye prayer comendinge + [both versions have extra open bracket/parenthesis] + I will passe over all those matters scito pede + [both versions have "scito": error for "cito"?] + The lordes sonne of Windsore.) + [both versions missing open bracket/parenthesis] + by a mathesis or transpositione [shared error for "metathesis"] + +Textual differences, with 1876 reading shown in brackets: + + p{ar}soune and plowmane [p{ar}sonne] + Under the tytle of chaucers countaye,[4] [countrye, no footnote] + H. Regis patris nostri [Henrici Regis] + apud West {minsteriu}m [Westm{onasterium}] 316 + In whiche are two unperfect{i}ons. [imperfect{i}ons] + thus sett downe to the forthe daye of februarye + [... in the ferthe daye ...] + with the daye when and where they presented her + [_"with de daye" with footnote "MS. plainly de"_] + apud Eboru{m} in comitatiua [Ebor{ac}u{m}] + the laude fulfilled is ouer all [lande] 346 + For in truth yo{u}r armes of this S^r Johne Gower [{th}e armes] + an ensigne of his poetrye [one] + for he was an olde manne [one] + Ric. de la Poole [Ric{hard}] + continentem iij^c lxx^li xviij^s 1^d [I^d (capital Eye for One)] + factum ad Scaccariu{m} computator [computator{is}] + iiij^c marc. [marc{as}] + (amagistrate of greate welthe in Hull,) [a marchante] + Walsingham (who wroote longe after) [w{hic}he wroote] + by reasone of others mens dealinge + [_"othere mens dealing{es}" with footnote "MS. others"_] + and, as some have yt + [and, [printinge,] as some have yt] + In the title of the augmente [argumente] + w{hic}h Chaucer w{i}th muche of that matter omytted + [w{i}th Chawcer,] + [_footnote "? _for_ which Chaucer englisht"_] + In the expositione of the olde wordes + [_Footnote: "+of+ of" with first "of" boldface_] + to oure nowe vnderstandinges [vnderstandinge] + beinge an indiffynyte speache [one] + an olde coyne of france [one] + Iwill produce twoo auctorauctors [twoo Auctors] + written in Gothyshe rymynge verse [verses] + That dame abstinence streyned + [_"weyned" with footnote (MS) "streyned"_] + And ganne her gratche as a Bygin. + [_footnote (MS) "graithe"_] + A large cover-cherfe of Thredde [cover-cheife] + whiche is true, for a gowshawke + [_"goshawke", with footnote "MS. gowshake"_] + with her byll or talons [talentes] + an engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte [one engine] + a Ramme to batter wales [wal[l]es] + Wherein yo{u} mistake the valewe of the florens [a florens] + the same Walsingha{m} in another place [in other place] + within the price of ij^s. x^d. [QR] + --ij^s. x^d. [QR] de quibus florenis regal{ibus} + [_in both passages, 1865 has the "QR" symbol while + 1876 expands to "q{uad}r{anta}"_] + as were her younge and grene yeres [was] + yo{u} wolde haue us to reade [haue us reade] + save onlye the intellecte or vnderstandinge [his intellecte] + And twenty fadome of breedth, armes straughte [breed th'armes] + he[9] knocked at her[10] windowe + [_1876 text ADDS "to make her the better to heare" after this + phrase (skipped line in original MS?)_] + are nerer to Sorria [is nerer] + reference to his antecedente, i. e. this worde wyfe + [_word "i. e." omitted_] + eightene Jewes were broughte fro{m} Lincolne + [_1876 text ADDS [to London] in brackets after "broughte"_] + For yf yt doe, &c. [For yf yt doe, . . .] + [_the fair Pertelote_] + [parenthesised in 1865 text, moved to footnote in 1876] + So that yf you nowe will [yf yowe will] + that hight Marche ... the bright sonne [hight[e] ... bright[e]] + and in the signe Taurus [signe of Taurus] + than in the weringe of furres [than ys] + "with change of many meates;" [with many change of meates] + kepe an equall proport{i}one and decorum [one equall] + But on these and suche petit matters [in these] + they are of [{no}?] great momente + [1865 has "no" italicized and in parentheses; + 1876 omits question mark] + as apperethe in the woordes [by these woordes] + Aristotle sayeth Bartholomeus [sayethe &] + Iwill not now treate; [entreate] + Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye unperfecte [imperfecte] + An angry wighte and chyderesse [One angry] + + +The HTML version of this e-text includes a detailed record of +differences between the 1865 and 1876 editions. Neither edition +includes a facsimile of the original MS, so readers will have to +decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial decisions +and which ones are errors in one edition or the other. + +Basic variations: + + Typographic: + Variations in punctuation and capitalization + Decorative features of final letters, especially -ll printed + with connecting line + Font changes such as boldface instead of small capitals + Prices are printed inline as ijs. and similar + + Consistent: + Initial v used throughout (medial u/v is variable) + "you" always printed with superscript "u" + (replacing both "you" and yo{u}) + "S^r" (superscript "r") printed as "S{i}r" (italic "i") + "emongst(e)" always spelled with medial "e" as "emongest(e)" + + Common: + initial J or j printed as I (always capitalized) + "than" spelled "then" + "could(e), would(e), should(e)" spelled "cold(e), wold(e), shold(e)" + in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants + (other than -ll-), where 1865 has simple "-s", 1876 has -{es} + "which" written "whiche", sometimes "wh{ic}he" + "your" transcribed "yo{u}r" + final "-eth" spelled "-ethe" + + Occasional: + "y" for "i" + _The two occurrences of "it" in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has + "yt", agreeing with all other occurrences of the word._ + "i" for "e", "aw" for "au" ("Chawcer") + several occurrences of "an" are read as "one" + ampersand (&) for word "and" + final "-e", especially in "much(e), such(e)"; + sometimes in "doth(e), hath(e)" and other words + single "o" changed to "oo": "moore", "woordes" + some Latin citations have final -e for - + words ending -o{r} transcribed as -o{u}r + word divisions such as "as well", "my selfe" + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions +and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes, by Francis Thynne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + +***** This file should be named 29261-8.txt or 29261-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/6/29261/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Animaduersions uppon the annotacions and corrections of some imperfections of impressiones of Chaucer's workes + 1865 edition + +Author: Francis Thynne + +Editor: George Henry Kingsley + +Release Date: June 28, 2009 [EBook #29261] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> uses UTF-8 (Unicode) +file encoding. If the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that your browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the +default font.</p> + +<p>The text is based on the 1865 EETS edition of Thynne’s +<i>Animad­versions</i>. Two purely typographic features have been +adopted from the 1876 Chaucer Society re-edition of the same MS. +Passages printed in [brackets] in 1865 have been changed to 1876’s +(parentheses); conversely, words or letters supplied by the editor are +shown in [brackets], reserving <i>italics</i> for expanded +abbreviations. Other differences, and ways of marking them, are +explained at the end of the e-text.</p> + +<p>Page numbers are shown in the left margin. Italicized numbers in the +right margin are from the 1876 edition (main text only).</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#preface">Preface</a><br> +<a href = "#animadversions">Animadversions</a><br> +<a href = "#index">Index</a><br> +<a href = "#endnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</a></p> +</div> + + + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/halftitle.png" width = "309" height = "170" +alt = "Animaduersions uppon Chaucer’s Workes." +title = "Animaduersions uppon Chaucer’s Workes."> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h1><b>Chaucer.</b></h1> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h4>ANIMADUERSIONS</h4> + +<h5>uppon the Annotacions and correct<i>i</i>ons of some<br> +imperfect<i>i</i>ons of impress<i>i</i>ones<br> +of Chaucer’s workes (sett<br> +downe before tyme and<br> +nowe) reprinted in the<br> +yere of our lorde</h5> + +<h4>1598</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>Sett downe by</h6> + +<h4><span class = "extended">FRANCIS THYNNE</span>.</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>“Sortee pur bien ou ne sortee rien.”</h6> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h6>NOW NEWLY EDITED FROM THE MS. IN THE<br> +BRIDGEWATER LIBRARY</h6> + +<h6 class = "smaller">BY</h6> + +<h4>G. H. KINGSLEY, M.D., F.L.S.</h4> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<h5>LONDON:</h5> + +<h6>PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY,</h6> + +<h5>BY N. TRÜBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.</h5> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h6 class = "smaller">MDCCCLXV.</h6> + +<hr> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h6 class = "smaller">JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6> + +<div class = "intro"> + +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> +<a name = "pageiii" id = "pageiii"> </a> +<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">Although</span> only the grandson of the +first of his name, the author of the following interesting specimen of +16th-century criticism came of a family of great antiquity, of so great +an antiquity, indeed, as to preclude our tracing it back to its origin. +This family was originally known as the “De Botfelds,” but in the 15th +century one branch adopted the more humble name of “Thynne,” or “of the +Inne.” Why the latter name was first assumed has never been +satisfac­torily explained. It can hardly be supposed that “John de +la Inne de Botfelde,” as he signed himself, kept a veritable hostelry +and sold ale and provender to the travellers between Ludlow and +Shrewsbury, and most probably the term Inn was used in the sense which +has given us “Lincoln’s Inn,” “Gray’s Inn,” or “Furnivall’s Inn,” merely +meaning a place of residence of the higher class, though in this case +inverted, the Inn giving its name to its owner.</p> + +<p>However obtained, the name has been borne by the most successful +branch of the De Botfelds down to the present Marquess of Bath, who now +represents it. Much interesting matter connected with the family was +collected by a late descendant of the older branch, Beriah Botfeld, and +published by him in his “Stemmata Botvilliana.”</p> + +<p>The first “John of the Inn” married one Jane Bowdler, by whom he had +a son Ralph, who married Anne Hygons, and their son William became clerk +of the kitchen, and according to some, master of the household to Henry +VIII. He +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +<a name = "pageiv" id = "pageiv"> </a> +married in the first place a lady who, however she may have advanced her +husband’s prospects at court, behaved in a manner which must have +considerably marred his satisfaction at her success. Those who wish to +study the matrimonial sorrows of “Thynnus Aulicus,” as he calls him, may +consult Erasmus in his Epistolæ, lib. xv. Epist. xiv.</p> + +<p>His second marriage to Anne Bond, daughter of William Bond, clerk of +green cloth and master of the household to Henry VIII., was more +fortunate, and by her he had daughters and one son, our Francis +Thynne.</p> + +<p>Though his son gives him no higher position in the court of Henry +VIII. than the apparently humble one of clerk of the kitchen, he is +careful to let us know that the post was in reality no mean one, and +that “there were those of good worship both at court and country” who +had at one time been well pleased to be his father’s clerks. That he was +a man of superior mind there is no question, and we have a pleasant hint +in the following tract of his intimacy with his king, and of their +mutual fondness for literature. To William Thynne, indeed, all who read +the English language are deeply indebted, for to his industry and love +for his author we owe much of what we now possess of Chaucer. Another +curious bit of literary gossip to be gleaned from this tract is that +William Thynne was a patron and supporter of John Skelton, who was an +inmate of his house at Erith, whilst composing that most masterly bit of +bitter truth, his “Colin Clout,” a satire perhaps unsurpassed in +our language.</p> + +<p>William Thynne rests beside his second wife, in the church of +Allhallows, Barking, near the Tower of London, where there are two +handsome brasses to their memory. That of William Thynne represents him +in full armour with a tremendous dudgeon dagger and broadsword, most +warlike guize for a clerk of the kitchen and editor of Chaucer. The +dress of his wife is quite refreshing in its graceful comeliness +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<a name = "pagev" id = "pagev"> </a> +in these days of revived “farthingales and hoops.” These brasses were +restored by the late Marquess of Bath. Would that the same good feeling +for things old had prevented the owners of the “church property” from +casing the old tower with a hideous warehouse.</p> + +<p>The Sir John Thynne mentioned in the “Animadversions” was most +probably a cousin of Francis. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas +Gresham, the builder of the Royal Exchange, part of whose wealth was +devoted by his son-in-law to the building of the beautiful family seat +of Long Leat, in Wiltshire, in which work he was doubtless aided +indirectly by the Reformation, for, says the old couplet,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Portman, Horner, Popham, and Thynne,</p> +<p>When the monks went out they came in.”</p> +</div> + +<p>Francis Thynne was born in Kent, probably at his father’s house at +Erith, about 1550. He was educated at Tunbridge school under learned +Master Proctor, thence to Magdalen College, Oxford, and then, as the +manner was, to the Inns of Court, where he lay at Lincoln’s Inn for a +while. Some men are born antiquarians as others are born poets, and we +may be pretty certain that it was at Thynne’s own desire that his court +influence was used to procure him the post of “Blanch Lyon pursuivant,” +a position which would enable him to pursue studies, the results of +which, however valuable in themselves, but seldom prove capable of being +converted into the vulgar necessities of food and raiment. Poor John +Stowe, with his license to beg, as the reward of the labour of his life, +is a terrible proof of how utterly unmarketable a valuable commodity may +become.</p> + +<p>Leading a calm and quiet life in the pleasant villages of Poplar and +Clerkenwell, in “sweet and studious idleness,” as he himself calls it, +the old herald was enabled to accumulate rich stores of matter, much of +which has come down to +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +<a name = "pagevi" id = "pagevi"> </a> +us, principally in manuscript, scattered through various great +libraries, which prove him to have deserved Camden’s estimate of him as +“an antiquary of great judgment and diligence.” It would seem that he +had entertained the idea of following in his father’s footsteps, and of +becoming an editor of Chaucer, and that he had even made some +collections towards that end. The appearance of Speight’s edition +probably prevented this idea being carried out, and the evident soreness +exhibited in this little tract very probably arose from a feeling that +his friend had rather unfairly stolen a march upon him. However the +wound was not deep, and Speight made use of Thynne’s corrections, and +Thynne assisted Speight, in new editions, with all friendship and +sympathy.<a class = "tag" name = "tag1" id = "tag1" href = +"#note1">1</a> I suspect him of dabbling in alchemy and the occult +sciences. He shows himself well acquainted with the terms peculiar to +those mysteries, and hints that Chaucer only “enveyed” against the +“sophisticall abuse,” not the honest use of the Arcana. Moreover in the +British Museum (MS. add. 11,388) there is a volume containing much +curious matter collected by him on these subjects, and not only +collected +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<a name = "pagevii" id = "pagevii"> </a> +but illustrated by him with most gorgeous colours and wondrous drawing, +worthy of the blazonry of a Lancaster Herald. The costumes however are +carefully correct, and give us useful hints as to the fashion of the +raiment of our ancestors. From the peculiar piety and earnestness (most +important elements in the search for the philosopher’s stone), of the +small “signs” and prayers appended to these papers, it is, I think, +clear, that he was working in all good faith and belief. Possibly the +following lines, which seem to have been his favourite motto, may have +been inspired by the disappoint­ment and dyspepsia produced by his +smoky studies and their ill success,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“My strange and froward fate</p> +<p class = "indent">Shall turn her whele anew</p> +<p>To better or to payre my fate,</p> +<p class = "indent">Which envy dothe pursue.”</p> +</div> + +<p>On the 22nd of April, 1602, he was with great ceremony advanced to +the honour of Lancaster Herald. He never surrendered his patent, and as +his successor entered on that post in November, 1608, he is supposed to +have died about that date, though some postpone his death till 1611. He +married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas de la Rivers of +Bransbe, but left no issue.</p> + +<p>There are many points of interest to be picked out of the following +honest and straight­forward bit of criticism, if we examine it +closely: and, firstly, as to its author? Is there not something very +character­istic in its general tone, something dimly sketching a +shadowy outline of a kindly, fussy, busy, querulous old man, much given +to tiny minutiæ, a careful copier with a clean pen, <ins class = +"correction" title = "spelling unchanged">indefa­tiguable</ins> in +collecting “contributions” to minor history; one jealous of all +appearance of slight to his office, even to being moved to wrath with +Master Speight for printing “Harolds” instead of “Harlotts,” and letting +him know how mightily a “Harold” like himself +<span class = "pagenum">viii</span> +<a name = "pageviii" id = "pageviii"> </a> +would be offended at being holden of the condition of so base a thing as +False Semblance? Perhaps the more so from a half-consciousness that the +glory of the office was declining, and that if the smallest opening were +given, a ribald wit might create terrible <ins class = "correction" +title = "spelling unchanged">havock</ins> amongst his darling idols. How +delicately he snubs Master Speight for not calling on him at Clerkenwell +Green (How would Speight have travelled the distance in 1598? It was a +long uphill walk for an antiquarian, and the fields by no means safe +from long-staff sixpenny strikers); and how modestly he hints that he +would have derived no “disparagement” from so doing; showing all the +devotion to little matters of etiquette of an amiable but irritable old +gentleman of our own day.</p> + +<p>But mark this old gentleman’s description of his father’s collection +of Chaucer’s MS.! Had ever a Bibliophile a more delightful commission +than that one of William Thynne’s, empowering him to rout and to rummage +amongst all the monasteries and libraries of England in search of the +precious fragments? And had ever a Bibliophile a greater reward for his +pleasant toils? “Fully furnished with a multitude of books, emongst +which one coppye of some part of his works subscribed in various places +‘Examinatur Chaucer’!” Where is this invaluable MS. now? It is worth the +tracing, if it be possible, even to its intermediate history. Was it one +of those stolen from Francis Thynne’s house at Poplar by that +biblio­maniacal burglar? or was it one of those which in a fit of +generosity, worthy of those heroic times, he gave to Stephen Batemann, +that most fortunate parson of Newington? Is this commission to be +regarded as some slight proof that the spoliation of the monasteries was +not carried on with the reckless Vandalism usually attributed to the +reformers?</p> + +<p>We learn from this tract that William Thynne left no less than +twenty-five copies of Chaucerian MS. to his son, doubtless but a small +tything of the entire number extant, showing that +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<a name = "pageix" id = "pageix"> </a> +there were men amongst the monks who could enjoy wit and humour even +when directed against themselves, and that there must have been some +considerable liberality if not laxness of rule amongst the orders of the +day. It would, I fancy, be difficult to find amongst the monkeries +of our own time (except possibly those belonging to that very cheery +order the Capuchines) an abbot inclined to permit his monks to read, +much less to copy, so heretical a work as the Canterbury Tales, however +freely he winked at the introduction of French nouvellettes.</p> + +<p>But though some may have enjoyed Chaucer in all good faith, there +were others who saw how trenchant were the blows he dealt against the +churchmen of his time, and what deadly mischief to their pre-eminence +lurked under his seeming <i>bonhommie</i>. Wolsey thought it worth his +while to exert his influence against him so strongly as to oblige +William Thynne to alter his plan of publication, though backed by the +promised protection of Henry VIII. And the curious action of the +Parliament noticed in the tract (<a href = "#page7">p. 7</a>) was +doubtless owing to the same influence:<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id += "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> an assumption of the right of censure by +the Parliament which seems to have gone near to deprive us of Chaucer +altogether. The Parliament men were right in regarding the works of +Chaucer as mere fables, but they forgot that fables have “morals,” and +that these morals were directed to the decision of the great question of +whether the “spiritual” or the “temporal” man was to rule the world, +a question unhappily not quite settled even in our own time.</p> + +<p>The notice of that other sturdy reformer, John Skelton +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<a name = "pagex" id = "pagex"> </a> +(<a href = "#page7">p. 7</a>) is also very interesting, and gives +us a hint of the existence of a “protesting” feeling in the Court of +Henry VIII. before there was any reason for attributing it to mere +private or political motives. From the way in which it is mentioned +here, I suspect that the more general satire “Colin Clout” preceded +the more directly personal one of “Why come ye nat to court?” which +lashes Wolsey himself with a heartily outspoken virulence which would +hardly have been tolerated by him when in the zenith of his power. It +was not improbably written whilst its author was safe in sanctuary under +Bishop Islip. William Thynne, court favourite though he was, could never +have kept Skelton’s head on his shoulders after so terrible a +provocation.</p> + +<p>Wherever he may be placed, John Skelton stands alone amongst +satirists, there is no one like him: possibly from a feeling that he was +writing on the winning side, and sure of sympathy and protection, he +scorns to hide his pearls under a dunghill like Rabelais, and utters +fearlessly and openly what he has to say. Even in our own time,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Though his rime be ragged</p> +<p>Tattered and iagged</p> +<p>Rudely rain-beaten</p> +<p>Rusty and moth-eaten</p> +<p><i>If ye talke well therewyth</i></p> +<p><i>Yt hath in it some pith</i>.”</p> +</div> + +<p>Thynne’s note on the family of Gower (<a href = "#page14">p. 14</a>) +is of value as agreeing with later theories, which deny that Gower the +poet was of the Gowers of Stittenham, the ancestors of the present +houses of Sutherland and Ellesmere. The question is not, however, +finally decided, and we have reason to believe that all the Gowers of +Great Britain are descended from the same family of Guers still +flourishing in Brittany. Early coat-armours are not much to be depended +on, and Thynne as a Herald may lean a little too much towards them. The +<span class = "pagenum">xi</span> +<a name = "pagexi" id = "pagexi"> </a> +question is, however, in good hands, and I hope that before long some +fresh light may be thrown upon it.</p> + +<p>The old story of Chaucer’s having been fined for beating a Franciscan +friar in Fleet Street is doubted by Thynne, though hardly, I think, +on sufficient grounds. Tradition (when it agrees with our own views) is +not lightly to be disturbed, and remembering with what more than +feminine powers of invective “spiritual” men seem to be not unfrequently +endowed, and also how atrociously insolent a Franciscan friar would be +likely to be (of course from the best motives) to a man like +Chaucer, who had burnt into the very soul of monasticism with the +caustic of his wit, I shall continue to believe the legend for the +present. If the mediæval Italians are to be believed, the cudgelling of +a friar was occasionally thought necessary even by the most faithful, +and I see no reason why hale Dan Chaucer should not have lost his temper +on sufficient provocation. Old men have hot blood sometimes, and Dickens +does not outrage probability when he makes Martin <ins class = +"correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Chuzzelwit</ins> the elder, +fell Mr Pecksniff to the ground.</p> + +<p>Much of the tract is taken up by corrections of etymologies, and the +explanation of obscure and obsolete words. It is a little curious that +the word “orfrayes,” which had gone so far out of date as to be +unintel­ligible to Master Speight, should, thanks to the new rage +for church and clergy decoration, have become reasonably common again. +The note on the “Vernacle” is another bit of close and accurate +antiquarian knowledge worth noting. It is most tantalizing that after +all he says about that mysterious question of “The Lords son of +Windsor,” a question as mysterious as that demanding why <ins class += "correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Falstalf</ins> likened +Prince Henry’s father to a “singing man” of the same place, we should be +left as wise as we were before. We have here and there, too, hints as to +what we have lost from Thynne’s great +<span class = "pagenum">xii</span> +<a name = "pagexii" id = "pagexii"> </a> +storehouse of information; how valuable would have been “that long and +no common discourse” which he tells us he might have composed on that +most curious form of judicial knavery, the ordeal; and possibly much +more so is that of his “collections” for his edition of Chaucer! This +last may, however, be still recovered by some fortunate literary +mole.</p> + +<p>The notice, by no means clear, but certainly not complimentary, of +“the second editione to one inferior personne, than my father’s editione +was,” may refer to any of the editions of Chaucer which, according to +Lowndes, were printed more or less from William Thynne’s edition in +1542, 1546, and 1555; but from another passage hinting that Speight +followed “a late English corrector whom I forbear to name,” +I suspect that the “inferior personne” was poor John Stowe, and the +edition to have been that edited by him in 1561, the nearest in point of +date to that of Speight.</p> + +<p>The manuscript from which this tract is reprinted is, like most of +the treasures of the Bridgewater Library, wonderfully clean and in good +order. It is entirely in the Autograph of Francis Thynne, and was +evidently written purposely for the great Lord Chancellor Egerton, and +bears his arms emblazoned on the title-page. Master Speight most +probably got <i>his</i> copy of Animad­versions in a more humble +form.</p> + +<p>In conclusion may I remark that, as usual, the green silk ribands, +originally attached to the vellum and gold cover, are closely cut away, +probably for the purpose of being converted into shoe-ties, which Robert +Green informs us was the usual destination of those appended to +presentation copies, hinting at the same time that they were generally +the only solid advantage gained by the dedicatee from the honour done +him.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a> +“To the readers. After this booke was last printed, I understand +that M. Francis Thynn had a purpose, as indeed he hath when the +time shall serve, to set out Chaucer with a coment in our tongue, as the +Italians have Petrarke and others in their language. Whereupon I +purposed not to meddle any further in this work, although some promise +made to the contrarie, but to referre all to him; being a gentleman for +that purpose inferior to none, both in regard to his own skill, as also +of those helps left to him by his father. Yet notwith­standing, +Chaucer now being printed againe I was willing not only to helpe some +imperfections, but also to add some things whereunto he did not only +persuade me, but most kindly lent me his helpe and direction. By this +means most of his old words are restored: proverbes and sentences +marked: such Notes as were collected, drawne into better order and the +text by olde copies corrected.” Speight’s Chaucer, 1602.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a> +Urry, in his Ed. of Chaucer, says that the Canterbury Tales were exempt +from the prohibition of the Act of 34 Henry VIII. “For the advancement +of true religion.” I find no notice of this in the Act in the +“Statutes at large,” 1763. He also refers to Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, +which is also merely negative on the subject.</p> + +</div> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span> +<a name = "pagexiii" id = "pagexiii"> </a> +<h4><a name = "list" id = "list">LIST OF THYNNE’S WORKS</a></h4> + +<div class = "hanging"> +<p>1. The perfect Ambassador, treating of the Antiquity, Privileges, and +Behaviour of men belonging to that Function. 12mo, 1651 & 1652.</p> + +<p> (This was first published in 1651 under the title “The +application of certain histories concerning Ambassadors and their +functions.” The title-page only is new. MS. note by Bliss. British +Museum, 8005—a.)</p> + +<p>2. Annals of Scotland, in some part continued from the time in which +Ra. Holinshead left, being an. 1571 unto the year 1586. London, 1586. +fol.</p> + +<p>3. “There are also the catalogues of the Protectors, Governors, or +Regents of Scotland during the King’s minority, or the minority of +several kings, or their insufficiency of government. There are also the +catalogues of all Dukes of Scotland by creation or descent, of the +Chancellors of Scotland; Archbishops of St Andrews and divers writers of +Scotland.” <i>A. a’ Wood.</i></p> + +<p>4. Catalogue of English Cardinals set down in R. Holinshed’s +Chronicle at the end of Q. Mary.</p> + +<p>5. “A Discourse of Arms,” dated “Clerkenwell Grene, 5th of Jan., +1593.” MS. in the College of Arms.</p> + +<p>6. “Catalogue of the Chancellors of England.” MS. in the Bridgewater +Library.</p> + +<p>7. “Collections for the History of England.” MS. in Bridgewater +Library.</p> + +<p>8. Animadversions on Speight’s Chaucer, MS. in Bridgewater +Library.</p> + +<p>9. Several Collections of Antiquities. Notes concerning +<span class = "pagenum">xiv</span> +<a name = "pagexiv" id = "pagexiv"> </a> +Arms, monumental Antiquities, &c. MS. Cotton’s Lib. Cleopatra, +C. 3. p. 62.</p> + +<p>10. A discourse of the duty and office of a Herald of Arms, ad. 1605. +MS. Bib. Ashmol. n. 835.</p> + +<p>11. Missellanies of the Treasury. MS. 1599.</p> + +<p>12. Matters concerning Heralds, and Tryal of Armes and the Court +Military. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 12 (printed in Hearne’s Collection of Curious +Discourses).</p> + +<p>13. Names of the Earls Marshall of England, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1601. MS. Bib. Ashmol. 1374.</p> + +<p>14. Epitaphia. Sive monumenta Sepulchrorum Anglici et Latini quam +gallice. MS.</p> + +<p> “In the castrations to Hollingshed’s Chronicles are the four +following discourses by this Author, which were suppressed from +political motives, they have been added to the late quarto Edition.”</p> + +<p>15. The Collection of the Earls of Leicester, compiled in 1585.</p> + +<p>16. The lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, written in 1586.</p> + +<p>17. Treatise of the Lord Cobham. (Is this the “Lives of the Lords +Cobham of Cobham, Randale and Harborough,” British Mus. MS. add. 12,514. +f. 56?)</p> + +<p>18. The catalogue of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports, and +constables of Dover Castle, as well in the time of King Edward surnamed +the Confessor, as since the reign of the conqueror<ins class = +"correction" title = "superfluous close quote">. </ins>MS. 1585 (Was in +the library of More, Bishop of Eley, and now in the British Museum. MS. +add. 12,514).</p> + +<p>19. Of Stirling Money.</p> + +<p>20. Of what antiquity shires were in England.</p> + +<p>21. Of the antiquity and etymology of terms and fines for +adminis­tration of justice in England.</p> + +<p>22. Of the antiquity of the houses of Law.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xv</span> +<a name = "pagexv" id = "pagexv"> </a> +<p>23. Of Epitaphs.</p> + +<p>24. On the antiquity, &c., of the high Steward of England.</p> + +<p>25. The antiquity and office of Earl Marshall. (These last seven are +printed in “Hearne’s Curious Discourses.” 8vo, 1775.)</p> + +<p>26. Discourse of bastards. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 4176, fol. 139.</p> + +<p>27. The Plea between the advocate and the anti-advocate concerning +the Bath and Batchelor Knights. Brit. Mus. MS. add. 12,530.</p> + +<p>28. Annals of England. Mus. Brit. MS. add. 926, 1017, 12,514.</p> + +<p>29. The kinges book of all the border Knyghtes, Squiers, and +gentlemen of this realm of England, by Francis Thynne, 1601, MS. Mus. +Brit. MSS. add. 11,388.</p> +</div> + +<p>(The same volume contains much curious matter collected and +illustrated by Thynne—principally bearing on the philosopher’s +stone. The principal paper is a rhyming Latin poem, “De Phenicæ sive de +Lapide Philosophico,” referred to in the tract.)</p> + +<p>Collections out of Domus Regni Angliæ. Nomina Episcoporum in +Somerset. Nomina Saxonica de Donatoribus a Regibus Eadfrido, Eadgare et +Edwardo, Catalogus Episcoporum, Barton and Wells. A book of +collections and commentaries de historia et Rebus Britannicis.</p> + +<p>Collections out of manuscript, Historians Registers of Abbies, Leger +books, and other antient manuscripts.</p> + +<a name = "pagexvi" id = "pagexvi"> </a> + +</div> + + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> +<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a> + +<h3><a name = "animadversions" id = "animadversions"> +ANIMADVERSIONS.</a></h3> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<span class = "smallcaps">To the righte Honorable his singular <ins +class = "spell" title = "good">goode</ins> Lorde Sir Thomas Egertone +knighte lorde keper of the greate seale and Master of the <ins class = +"spell" title = "Roolles">Rooles</ins> of the Chancerye.</span></p> + + +<p>It was (Ryghte honorable and my verye good lorde) one annciente and +gretlye estemed custome <ins class = "spell" title = +"emongeste">emongste</ins> the Romans in the <ins class = "correction" +title = "‘heighe’ corrected from 1876 text">heigh[t]e</ins> of their +glorye, that eche one, accordinge to their abylytye or the desarte of +his frende, did in the begynnynge of the monthe of Januarye (consecrated +to the dooble faced godd Janus one the fyrste daye whereof they made +electione of their cheife officers and <ins class = "spell" title = +"magistrates">magystrates</ins>) presente somme gyfte unto his frende as +the noote and pledge of the contynued and encresed amytye betwene them, +a pollicye gretlye to be regarded, for the manye good effectes +whiche issue from so woorthye cause. This custome not restinge in the +lymyttes of Italye, but spredinge with the Romans (as did their +language and many other their usages and lawes) into euerye perticuler +Countrye where theyr powre and gouermente stretched. passed also ouer +the Oceane into the litle worlde of Brytannye, being neuer exiled from +thence, nor frome those, whome eyther honor, amytye, or dutye doth +combyne. ffor whiche cause lest I myghte offende in the breche of that +moste excellente and yet embraced +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a> +Custome, I thynke yt my parte to presente unto +<span class = "pagenum second">2</span> +yo<i>u</i>r Lo<i>rdship</i> suche poore neweyeres gyfte as my weake +estate and the barrennesse of my feble skyll will permytte: Wherefore, +and because Cicero affirmethe, that he whiche hathe once ouer passed the +frontiers of modestye must for euer after be impudente, (a grounde +w<i>hi</i>che I fynde fully veryfyed in my selfe, havinge once before +outgonne the boundes of shamefast­nesse in presentinge to +yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe my confused collect<i>i</i>ons and disordered +discourse of the Chauncelors)<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" id = "tag3" +href = "#note3">3</a> I ame nowe become utterlye impudente in not +blusshinge to salute you agayne (in the begynnynge of this newe +yere) with my petye animadvers<i>i</i>ons, uppon the annotac<i>i</i>ons +and corrections <ins class = "spell" title = "deliuered">delivered</ins> +by Master Thomas Speghte uppon the last edit<i>i</i>one of Chaucer’s +workes in the yere of oure redempt<i>i</i>one 1598; thinges +(I confesse) not so answerable to yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippes +iudgmente, and my desyre, as boothe your desarte and my dutye doo +challenge. But althoughe they doo not in all respectes satisfye youre +Lordshippes expectac<i>i</i>one and my goode will, (accordinge as I +wyshe they sholde), yet I dobt not but yo<i>u</i>r lordshippe (not +degeneratinge from youre former curtesye wontinge to accompanye all +youre act<i>i</i>ons) will accepte these trifles from yo<i>u</i>r +lovinge well-willer, in suche sorte, as I shall acknowledge <ins class = +"spell" title = "my selfe">myselfe</ins> beholdinge and endebted to +yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe for the same. whiche I hoope yo<i>u</i>r +Lordshippe will the rather doo (with pardonynge my presumptione) because +you haue, by the former good acceptance of my laste booke, emboldened me +to make tryall of the lyke acceptance of this <ins class = "spell" title += "pampfelette">pamfelette</ins>. Wherefore yf yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippe +shall receve yt curteouslye (and so not to dischorage +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a> +<span class = "pagenum second">3</span> +mee in my <ins class = "spell" title = "swete">sweete</ins> and +studiouse idlenesse) I will hereafter consecrate to yo<i>u</i>r +lykinge <ins class = "spell" title = "soome">some</ins> better labor of +moore momente and higher subiecte, answerable to the excellencye of +yo<i>u</i>r iudgemente, and mete to declare the fulnesse of the dutyfull +mynde and service I beare and owe unto your Lordshippe, to whome in all +reuerence I commytte this simple treatyce. Thus <ins class = +"correction" title = "extra open parenthesis in both +editions">(withe</ins> hartye prayer comendinge youre estate to the +Almightye (who send to yo<i>u</i>r</p> + +<p class = "center"> +Lordshippe manye happye<br> +and helthfull yeres<br> +and to me the<br> +enlarged<br> +contynuance of<br> +youre honorable <ins class = "spell" title = +"fauo{u}r">fauo<i>r</i></ins>)<br> +I humblye take my leave.<br> +Clerkenwell grene<br> +the xx of<br> +December<br> +1599.<br> +Yo<i>u</i>r Lordshippes wholye to<br> +dyspose,<br> +Francis Thynne.</p> + + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a> +“<i>The names and Armes of the Chancellors collected into one Catologue +by ffrancis Thynn declaring the yeres of the reignes of the kinges and +the yere of our Lorde in whiche they possessed that office.</i>” +—<i>Folio MS. Bridgewater Library.</i></p> +</div> + + + +<span class = "pagenum second">4</span> +<h5>TO MASTER THOMAS SPEIGHTE ffrancis Thynn <ins class = "spell" title += "sendethe">sendeth</ins> greeting.</h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The author is vexed that Master Speight did not consult him on his new +edition of Chaucer.</span> +THE INDUSTRYE AND LOVE (MASTER <ins class = "spell" title = +"Speighte">SPEIGHT</ins>) whiche you haue used, and beare, uppon and to +oure famous poete Geffrye Chaucer, deseruethe bothe comendat<i>i</i>one +and furtherance: the one to recompense yo<i>u</i>r trauayle, the other +to accomplyshe the duetye, whiche we all beare (or at the <ins +class = "spell" title = "leaste">least</ins> yf we reuerence lernynge or +regarde the honor of oure Countrye, sholde beare) to suche a singuler +ornamente of oure tonge, as the woorkes of Chaucer are: Yet since there +is nothinge so fullye perfected, by anye one, +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a> +whereine <ins class = "spell" title = "som{m}e">some</ins> +imp<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>one maye not bee founde, (for as the prouerbe is +<ins class = "spell" title = "Barnardus">Bernardus</ins>, or as others +have Alanus, non videt omnia,) you must be contented to gyve me leave in +discharge of the duetye and love whiche I beare to Chaucer, (whome I +suppose I have as great intereste to adorne withe my smale skyll as anye +other hath, in regarde that the laborious care of my father made hym +most acceptable to the worlde in correctinge and augmentinge his +woorkes,) to enter into the examinat<i>i</i>one of this newe +edit<i>i</i>one, and that the rather, because you +<span class = "pagenum second">5</span> +with <i>Horace</i> his verse “si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus +imperti,” have willed all others to further the same, and to accepte +yo<i>u</i>r labors in good p<i>ar</i>te, whiche as I most willingly doo, +so meaninge but well to the worke, I ame to lett yo<i>u</i> +understande my conceyte thereof, whiche before this, yf yo<i>u</i> <ins +class = "spell" title = "woulde [error?]">wolde</ins> have vouchesafed +my howse, or have thoughte me worthy to have byn acqueynted with these +matters, (whiche yo<i>u</i> might well have donne without anye +whatsoeuer dispargement to <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{ur} selfe">yo<i>ur</i>selfe</ins>,) you sholde haue understoode before the +impressione, althoughe this whiche I here write ys not nowe uppon selfe +will or <ins class = "correction" title = "‘found’ corrected from 1876 text">fonnd</ins> conceyte to wrangle for one asses shadowe, or to seke +a knott in a rushe, but in frendlye sorte to bringe truthe to lighte, +a thinge whiche I wolde desire others to use towardes mee in +whatsoeuer shall fall oute of my penne. Wherefore I will here shewe <ins +class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> thinges as, in mye opynione, +may seme to be touched, not medlinge withe the seconde editione to one +inferior personne then my fathers editione was.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Also vexed at a side blow at his father’s edition, and justifies him as +editor.</span> +<ins class = "spell" title = "Fyrste">Ffyrste</ins> in <ins class = +"spell" title = "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> forespeche to the reader, +yo<i>u</i> saye “secondly the texte by written copies corrected” by +whiche worde corrected, I maye seme to gather, that yo<i>u</i> +imagine greate imperfect<i>i</i>one in my fathers editione, whiche +peraduenture maye move others to saye (as some unadvisedlye have +sayed) that my father had +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a> +wronged Chaucer: wherefore to stoppe that gappe, I will answere, +that Chaucers woorkes haue byn <ins class = "correction" title = +"‘sitheus’ corrected from 1876 text">sithens</ins> printed twyce, yf not +thrice, and therfore by oure carelesse +<span class = "pagenum second">6</span> +(and for the most p<i>ar</i>te unlerned) printers of Englande, not so +well performed as yt ought to bee: so that of necessytye bothe in +matter, myter and meaninge, yt must needes gather corrupt<i>i</i>one, +passinge throughe so manye handes, as the water dothe the further yt +<ins class = "spell" title = "ru{n}nethe">run<i>n</i>ethe</ins> from the +pure founteyne. To enduce me and all others to iudge his edit<i>i</i>one +(whiche I thinke yo<i>u</i> neuer sawe wholye together, beinge fyrst +printed but in one coolume in a page, whereof I will speake hereafter) +was the p<i>er</i>fectest: ys the ernest desire and love my father hadde +to have Chaucers woorkes rightlye to be <ins class = "spell" title = +"published">publy<i>s</i>hed</ins>. for the performance whereof, my +father not onlye used the helpe of that lerned and eloquent <ins class = +"correction" title = "‘knighte’ corrected from 1876 text">kn[i]ghte</ins> and antiquarye Sir Briane Tuke, but had also made +greate serche for copies to p<i>er</i>fecte his woorkes, as apperethe in +the ende of the squiers tale, in his edit<i>i</i>one printed in the yere +1542; +<span class = "sidenote"> +His father’s collection of MS. Chaucers and their curiosity.</span> +but further had comiss<i>i</i>one to serche all the liberaries of +Englande for Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title = +"work{es}">works</ins>, so that oute of all the Abbies of this Realme +(whiche reserved anye monumentes thereof) he was fully furnished +w<i>i</i>th multitude of Bookes. <ins class = "spell" title = "emongest w{hi}che">emongst w<i>hic</i>he</ins> one coppye of some <ins class = +"spell" title = "p{ar}t">p<i>ar</i>te</ins> of his woorkes came to his +handes subscribed in diuers places withe “examinatur Chaucer.” By this +Booke, and conferringe manye of the other written copies <ins class = +"spell" title = "to-gether">together</ins>, he deliuered his +edit<i>i</i>one, fullye corrected, as the amendementes under his hande, +in the fyrst printed booke that euer was of his woorkes (beinge stamped +by the fyrste impress<i>i</i>one that was in +<span class = "pagenum second">7</span> +Englande) will well declare, at what tyme he added manye thinges +w<i>hi</i>che were not before printed, as you nowe haue donne soome, of +whiche I ame p<i>er</i>swaded (and that not w<i>i</i>thoute reasone) the +originall +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a> +came from mee. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The Pilgrime’s Tale telling forth the evil lives of churchmen.</span> +In w<i>hi</i>che his edit<i>i</i>one, beinge printed but w<i>i</i>th one +coolume in a syde, there was the pilgrymes tale, a thinge moore +odious to the Clergye, then the speche of +<span class = "pagenum second">8</span> +the plowmanne; that pilgrimes tale begynnynge in this sorte;</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“In Lincolneshyre fast by a fenne,</p> +<p>Standes a relligious howse who <ins class = "spell" title = +"dothe">doth</ins> yt kenne,” &c.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum second">9</span> +<p>In this tale did Chaucer most bitterlye enveye against the pride, +state, <ins class = "spell" title = "couetousness">couetoussness</ins>, +and extorc<i>i</i>one of the Bysshoppes, their officialls, archdeacons, +vicars generalls, comissaryes, and other officers of the spirituall +courte. The invent<i>i</i>one and order whereof (as I <ins class = +"spell" title = "haue">have</ins> herde yt related by some nowe of good +worshippe bothe in courte and countrye but then my fathers clerkes,) +was, that one comynge into this relligious howse, walked upp and down +the churche, beholdinge goodlye pictures of Bysshoppes in the windowes, +at lengthe the manne contynuynge in that contem­platione, not +knowinge what <ins class = "spell" title = "Bishoppes">Byshoppes</ins> +they were, a grave olde manne withe a longe white hedde and berde, +in a large blacke garment girded unto hym, came forthe and asked hym, +what he iudged of those pictures in the windowes, who sayed he knewe not +what to make of them, but that they looked lyke unto our mitred +Byshoppes; to whome the olde father replied, yt is true, they are <ins +class = "spell" title = "lyke">like</ins>, but not the same, for oure +byshoppes are farr degenerate from them, and withe that, made a large +discourse of the <ins class = "spell" title = "Bishopps">Byshoppes</ins> +and of their courtes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +William Thynne in favour with Henry VIII., who promiseth to countenance +him.</span> +This tale when kinge henrye the eighte had redde, he called my father +unto hym saying Williame Thynne I dobte this will not be allowed, for I +suspecte the Byshoppes will call the in questione for yt, +<span class = "pagenum second">10</span> +to whome my father, beinge in great fauore with his prince, +(as manye yet lyvinge canne testyfye,) sayed yf yo<i>ur</i> grace +be not offended, I hoope to be protected by yo<i>u</i>, whereuppon +the kinge bydd hym goo his waye and feare not. All +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a> +whiche not withstandinge, +<span class = "sidenote"> +The promise broken through the power of Wolsey.</span> +my father was called in quest<i>i</i>one by the Bysshoppes and heaved at +by cardinall Wolseye his olde enymye, for manye causes, but mostly for +that my father had furthered Skelton to publishe his Collen Cloute +againste the Cardinall, +<span class = "sidenote"> +The most part of Colin Clout written at William Thynne’s house at +Erith.</span> +the moste p<i>ar</i>te of whiche Booke was compiled in my fathers howse +at Erithe in Kente. But for all my fathers frendes, the Cardinalls +p<i>er</i>swadinge auctorytye was so greate withe the kinge, that +thoughe by the kinges <ins class = "spell" title = "fauor">favor</ins> +my father escaped bodelye daunger, yet the Cardinall caused the kinge so +muche to myslyke of that tale, that chaucer must be newe printed and +that discourse of the pilgrymes tale lefte oute, and so beinge printed +agayne, some thynges were forsed to be omitted, and the plowmans tale +(supposed, but untrulye, to be made by olde Sir Thomas Wyat, father to +hym which was executed in the firste yere of Quene Marye, and not by +Chaucer,) with muche ado p<i>er</i>mitted to passe with the reste, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer’s works like to be destroyed by parliament.</span> +in suche sorte that in one open parliamente (as I have herde <ins +class = "correction" title = "‘St.’ corrected from 1876 text">S<i>i</i>r</ins> Johne Thynne reporte, beinge then a member of the +howse,) when talke was had of Bookes to be forbidden, chaucer had there +for euer byn condempned, had yt not byn that his woorkes had byn counted +but fables. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Reasons why the Pilgrime’s Tale should be Chaucer’s.</span> +Whereunto yf yo<i>u</i> will replye, that their colde not be any suche +pilgrymes tale, +<span class = "pagenum second">11</span> +because Chaucer in his prologues makethe not mentione of anye suche +persoune, <ins class = "spell" title = "which">whiche</ins> he wolde +haue doune yf yt had byn so: for after that he had recyted the knighte, +the squyer, the squiers yeomane, the prioresse, her <ins class = "spell" +title = "noo{n}ne">noone</ins>, and her thre <ins class = "spell" title += "preist{es}">prests</ins>, the monke, the fryer, the marchant, the +clerke of Oxenforde, seriante at the lawe, franckleyne, haberdassher, +goldsmythe, webbe, dyer and tapyster, cooke, shypmane, Doctor of <ins +class = "spell" title = "physicke">physecke</ins>, wyfe of Bathe, <ins +class = "change" title = "p{ar}sonne">p<i>ar</i>soune</ins> and +plowmane, he <ins class = "spell" title = "sayethe">sayeth</ins> at the +end of the plowmans prologue,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>There was also a Reue, and a Millere</p> +<p>A sumpneure, and a Pardoner</p> +<p>A manciple and my selfe there was no mo.</p> +</div> + +<p>All whiche make xxx persons with Chaucer: wherefore yf there had byn +anye moore, he wolde also haue recyted them in those verses, whereunto I +answere, that in the prologes he lefte oute <ins class = "spell" title = +"so{m}me">some</ins> of those w<i>hic</i>he tolde their tales; as the +<ins class = "correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins> yomane, because he came after that they were passed +out of theyre Inne, and did overtake them, as in lyke sorte this +pilgrime did or mighte doo, and so afterwardes be one of their companye, +as was that <ins class = "correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins> yeomane, althoughe Chaucer talke no moore of +this pilgrime in his prologe then he doothe of the <ins class = +"correction" title = "‘chanous’ corrected from 1876 text">chanons</ins> +yeomane; whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "dobt">dobte</ins> not +wolde fullye appere, yf the pilgrimes prologe and tale mighte be +restored to his former light they being nowe looste, as manye other of +Chaucers tales were before that, as I am induced to thinke by manye +reasons.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +How William Thynne’s collection of Chaucer’s MS. was dispersed +abroad.</span> +But to leave this, I must saye that in those many written Bookes of +Chaucer, w<i>hic</i>he came to my fathers <ins class = "spell" title = +"hand{es}">hands</ins>, there were manye false copyes, whiche Chaucer +shewethe in writinge of Adam Scriuener, (as yo<i>u</i> <ins class = +"spell" title = "haue">have</ins> noted) of whiche written copies there +came to me +<span class = "pagenum second">12</span> +after my fathers deathe some fyve and twentye; whereof some had moore +and some fewer tales, and some but two and some three. w<i>hic</i>he +bookes beinge by me (as one nothinge dobting of this whiche is nowe +donne for Chaucer) partly dispersed aboute xxvj years agoo, and partlye +stoolen out of my howse at Popler: I gave divers of them to Stephen +Batemanne person of Newington, and to <ins class = "spell" title = +"diu{er}s">div<i>er</i>s</ins> other, whiche beinge copies +unp<i>er</i>fecte and some of them corrected by my fathers hande yt maye +happen soome of them to coome to <ins class = "spell" title = +"so{m}me">some</ins> of yo<i>ur</i> frendes handes, whiche I knowe yf I +see agayne: and yf by anye suche written copies yo<i>u</i> have +corrected Chaucer, yo<i>u</i> maye as well offende as +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a> +seme to do good. But I judge the beste, for in dobtes I will not <ins +class = "spell" title = "resolue">resolve</ins> with a settled <ins +class = "spell" title = "iudgme{n}te">judgement</ins>, althoughe +yo<i>u</i> may iudge this tediouse discourse of my father a needlesse +thinge in setting forthe his diligence in breaking the yce, and <ins +class = "spell" title = "gyvinge">givinge</ins> lighte to others, who +may moore <ins class = "spell" title = "easeyly">easely</ins> +p<i>er</i>fecte then begyne any thinge, for facilius est addere +qua<i>m</i> Invenire, and so to other matters.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +He differeth from Master Speight on Chaucer’s family.</span> +Under the tytle of chaucers <ins class = "change" title = "‘countrye’ [without footnote]">countaye</ins>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" id = +"tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> yo<i>u</i> seme to make yt probable that +Richarde Chaucer vinetener of Londone, was Geffrye Chaucers father, But +I holde +<span class = "pagenum second">13</span> +that no moore the<i>n</i> that <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Chaucer of Londone, was father to Richarde; of +whiche <ins class = "spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> I fynde in the +recordes in Dorso <ins class = "correction" title = "‘Rolulor.’ corrected from 1876 text">Rotulor.</ins> patent. <ins class = +"addword">me<i>m</i>b.</ins> 24 de anno 30. Ed. 1. in the towre. +that kinge Edwarde the firste had herde the compleinte of <ins class = +"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> chaucer of London, who was beaten +and hurte, to the domage of one thousand pownde (that some amountinge at +this daye to thre thowsande pownde;) for whiche a comiss<i>i</i>one <ins +class = "spell" title = "wente">went</ins> forthe to enquire thereof. +wherbye yt semethe that he was of some <ins class = "spell" title = +"Reckonynge">Reconynge</ins>. But as I cannott saye that Johne was +father to Richarde, or hee to Geffroye: So yet this muche I will deliuer +in settinge downe the antiquytye of the name of chaucer, that his +anncesters (as you well coniecture) were strangers, as the etymon +of his name (beinge frenche in Englishe synyfyinge one who shueth or +hooseth a manne) dothe prove, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Chausier, one who hoseth or shueth a man.</span> +for that dothe the Etymon of this worde chausier presente unto us, of +whiche name I have founde (besides the former recyted <ins class = +"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins>) on Elias chauseryr lyvinge in the +tyme of Henrye the thirde and of Edwarde the firste, of whome the record +of pellis exitus in the receyte of the Exchequier in the firste yere of +Edwarde <ins class = "spell" title = "{th}e">ye</ins> firste hathe thus +noted: “Edwardus dei gra<i>tia</i> &c. Liberate de thesauro +Nostro Elie chauseryr decem +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a> +solidos super arreragia <ins class = "spell" title = +"triu{m}">tri<i>u</i>m</ins> obuloru<i>m</i> diurnoru<i>m</i> quos ad +vita<i>m</i> sua<i>m</i> per litteras domini. <ins class = "change" +title = "H{enrici}">H.</ins> Regis patris nostri, percepit ad <ins +class = "spell" title = "scaccariu{m}">scaccar<i>iu</i>m</ins> +nostru<i>m</i>. datu<i>m</i> per manu<i>m</i> <ins class = "correction" +title = "‘Walleri’ corrected from 1876 text">Walteri</ins> Merton +cancellarii nostri apud <ins class = "change" title = +"Westm{onasterium}">West <i>minsteriu</i>m</ins> 24 Julii anno +regni nostri primo.” with whiche carractres ys Geffry Chausyer written +in the Recordes in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde and Richarde the +seconde. So that yt was a name of office or occupat<i>i</i>one, whiche +after came to be the surname +<span class = "pagenum second">14</span> +of a famelye, as did Smythe, Baker, Porter, Bruer, Skynner, Cooke, +Butler, and suche lyke, and that yt was a name of office apperethe in +the recordes of the towre, where yt is named Le Chaucer, beinge more +annciente then anye other of those recordes; for in Dorso clause of 10: +H. 3 ys this: Reginaldus mirifir<sup>s</sup> et alicia uxor eius +<ins class = "spell" title = +"attornaveru{n}t">attornaver<i>u</i>nt</ins> Radulfu<i>m</i> le Chausier +contra Joh<i>ann</i>em Le furber et matildem uxorem eius de uno +messuagio in London. This chaucer lyvinge also in the time of kinge <ins +class = "spell" title = "Johñe">John</ins>. And thus this muche for the +Antiquytye and synificat<i>i</i>one of Chaucer, w<i>hic</i>he I canne +prove in the tyme of Edward the 4 to signyfye also, in oure Englishe +tonge, bootes or highe shoes to the calfe of the legge: for thus hathe +the Antique recordes of Domus Regni Anglie, ca. 53 for the messengers of +the kinges howse to doo the <ins class = "spell" title = "king{es} co{m}manndementes">kings comannde­mentes</ins>: that they shalbe +allowed for their Chauses yerely iiij<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup>: But +what shall wee stande uppon the Antiquyte and gentry of Chaucer, when +the rolle of Battle Abbeye affirmeth hym to come in with the Conquerer. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer his arms injustly undervalued.</span> +Under the title of Chaucers countrye, yow sett +<span class = "pagenum second">15</span> +downe that some Heraldes are of <ins class = "spell" title = +"opynyo{n}e">opyny-o<i>n</i>e</ins> that he did not discende of any +great howse; whiche they gather by his armes. This ys a slender +coniecture, for as honorable howses and of as greate Antiquytye haue +borne as meane armes as Chaucer, and yet Chaucers armes are not so meane +eyther for +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a> +<ins class = "spell" title = "coolo{u}r">coolo<i>r</i></ins>, chardge or +partic<i>i</i>one as some will make them. And where yo<i>u</i> saye, yt +semethe lykelye, Chaucers skill in Geometrye considered, that he tooke +the groundes and reasons of his armes oute of seuen twentye and eight +and twentye proposit<i>i</i>ones of Euclide’s first booke, that ys no +inference that his armes were newe or fyrst assumed by hym oute of +Geometricall proportions, because he was skyllfull in Geometrye: for so +yo<i>u</i> maye saye of all the <ins class = "spell" title = +"anncient">auncient</ins> armes of <ins class = "spell" title = +"Englande">England</ins> w<i>hic</i>he consyste not of anymalls or +vegitalls. for all other armes whiche are not Anymalls and vegitalls, as +Cheuerons, pales, Bendes, Checkes, and suche lyke, stande uppon +geometricall proport<i>i</i>one<i>s</i>. And therfore howe greate so +euer their skyll bee, <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> +attribute that choyce of armes to Chaucer [they] had no moore skyle in +armes then they needed.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Philippa of Henault came not over with Prince Edward.</span> +In the same title also, yo<i>u</i> sett downe Quene +Isabell, &c. and her sonne prince Edwarde withe his newe maried +wyfe retourned oute of Henalte. In whiche are two <ins class = "change" +title = "imperfect{i}ons">unperfect<i>i</i>ons</ins>. the first whereof +ys, that his wyfe came oute of Henalte <ins class = "spell" title = +"w{i}th">w<i>it</i>h</ins> the prince, but that is not soo, for the +prince maryed her not before he came into England, since the prince was +onlye slenderly contracted and not maryed to her before his arryvall in +Englande, beinge two yeres and moore after that contracte, (betwene the +erle of henalt +<span class = "pagenum second">16</span> +<ins class = "spell" title = "{and}">and</ins> his mother,) about the +latter ende of the seconde yere of his reigne, thoughe others haue the +firste, the solempnytye of that mariage beinge donne at Yorke. besides +she came not ouer with Quene Isabell and the prince, but the prince sent +for her afterwardes, and so I suppose <ins class = "spell" title = +"sayethe">sayeth</ins> Hardinge in his cronicle, yf I do not mysconceve +yt, not havinge the historye now in my handes. But whether he saye so or +no, yt ys not materiall, because the recordes be playne, that he sent +for her into Henalte in the seconde yere of his reigne +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a> +in october, and she came to the kinge the 23 of Januarye followinge, +w<i>hic</i>he was aboute one daye before he beganne the thirde yere of +his reigne, wherunto he entred the 25 of Januarye. and for prooffe of +the tyme when and whoome the Kinge sente, and what they were allowed +therefore, the pellis exitus of the Exchequier remayninge in master +warders office +<span class = "pagenum second">17</span> +hathe thus sett downe <ins class = "change" title = "in">to</ins> the +<ins class = "spell" title = "ferthe">forthe</ins> daye of februarye +<span class = "sidenote"> +Bartholomew de Burgersh sent for Philippa of Henault.</span> +“Bartholomeo de Burgershe nuper misso ad partes Douor ad +obuiandu<i>m</i> filiæ comitis Hannoniæ consorti ipsius Regis <ins +class = "correction" title = "close quote supplied from 1876 text">&c.”</ins> but this recorde followinge is most pleyne, shewing +bothe who went for her, the day when they tooke their yourneye towardes +henalte, with <ins class = "change" title = "‘de’ with footnote ‘MS. plainly de’">the</ins> daye when <ins class = "spell" title = +"&">and</ins> where they presented her to the kinge after their +retorne into Englande, and the daye one whiche they wer payed their +charges, beinge the forthe of marche one w<i>hic</i>he daye yt is thus +entred in the <ins class = "spell" title = "record{es}">records</ins> of +pellis exitus, Michaell. 2. ed. 3. <ins class = "correction" +title = "open quote supplied from 1876 text">“Rogero</ins> couentry +&c Lichefeld episcopo nuper misso in nuntiu<i>m</i> domini +Regis ad partes <ins class = "spell" title = "Ha{n}nonie">Hannoniæ</ins> +pro matrimonio inter dominu<i>m</i> Regem et filiam comitis Hannoniæ +contrahendo, ab <ins class = "spell" title = "octauo">octavo</ins> die +octobris proxime preterito, quo die reessit de Notingha<i>m</i> ipso +domino Rege ibidem existente, arripiendo iter suu<i>m</i> +predictu<i>m</i>, versus partes <ins class = "change" title = +"predictos">predictas</ins>, <ins class = "spell" title = +"usq{ue}">usqu<i>e</i></ins> vicesimu<i>m</i> tertiu<i>m</i> diem +Januarii <ins class = "spell" title = "proximè">proxime</ins> +sequente<i>m</i>, quo die rediit ad ipsu<i>m</i> Regem predictu<i>m</i> +apud <ins class = "change" title = "Ebor{ac}u{m}">Eboru<i>m</i></ins> in +comitatiua filiæ comitis Hannoniæ predictæ <ins class = "spell" title = +"utroq{ue}">utroqu<i>e</i></ins> die computato pro cviij diebus +percipiendo per diem iij.<sup>li</sup> vj.<sup>s</sup> viij.<sup>d</sup> +pro expensis suis.” Thus muche the recorde, whiche confirmethe that +w<i>hi</i>che I go aboute to prove, that she came not into <ins class = +"spell" title = "Engla{n}de">Englande</ins> with prince Edwarde, and +that he was not maryed at that tyme, no, not contracted, but only by +agremente betwene the erle and his mother. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The conjecture that Chaucer’s ancestors were merchants, of no +valydytye.</span> +<a name = "page12b" id = "page12b">Next</a> yo<i>u</i> seme to implye by +a coniecturall argumente, that Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title = +"anncesters">auncesters</ins> sholde be <ins class = "spell" title = +"m{er}cha{n}t{es}">m<i>e</i>rcha<i>n</i>ts</ins>, for that in +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a> +place where they haue dwelled the armes of the marchantes of the staple +haue bin seene in the glasse windowes. This ys a mere coniecture, and of +no valydytye. For the <ins class = "spell" title = +"m{er}chantes">m<i>a</i>rchantes</ins> of the staple had not any armes +granted to them (as I haue bin enformed) vntill longe after the +deathe of Chaucers parentes, w<i>hi</i>che was +<span class = "pagenum second">18</span> +aboute the 10 or 12 of Edwarde the thirde; and those merchantes had no +armes before the tyme of Henrye the sixte, or muchewhat thereaboutes, as +I dobt not but wilbe well proued, yf I be not mysenformed. But admytte +the staplers had then armes, yt ys no argume<i>n</i>te that chaucers +<ins class = "spell" title = "anncesters">auncesters</ins> were +merchantes because those armes were in the wyndowes, as you shall well +p<i>er</i>ceave, yf yo<i>u</i> drawe yt into a syllogisme, and therefore +yo<i>u</i> did well to conclude, that yt was not materiall whether they +were <ins class = "spell" title = "merchant{es}">merchants</ins> or +noo.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Master Speight misquoteth Gower.</span> +In the title of Chaucer’s educat<i>i</i>one, yo<i>u</i> saye that Gower +in his booke entituled confessio amantis termethe Chaucer a worthye +poet, and maketh hym as yt were the iudge of his woorkes; in +w<i>hi</i>che Booke, to my knowledge, Gower dothe not terme hym a +worthye poet, (althoughe I confesse he well <ins class = "spell" title = +"deseruethe">deserueth</ins> that name, <ins class = "spell" title = +"&">and</ins> that the same may be gathered oute of Gower comendynge +hym,) nether <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> he after a +sorte (for any thinge I canne yet see) make hym iudge of his workes, +(whereof I wolde be glad to be enformed,) since these be Gowers woordes, +vttered by Venus in that booke of confessio Amantis:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And grete well Chaucer when ye mete,</p> +<p>As my disciple and my poet:</p> +<p>for in the flowere of his youthe,</p> +<p>In sondrye wise, as he well couthe,</p> +<p>of dytyes and of songes glade</p> +<p>the whiche for my sake he made,</p> +<p>the <ins class = "change" title = "lande">laude</ins> fulfilled is +ouer all:</p> +<p>wherefore to hym in especiall</p> +<p>aboue all others I am most holde;</p> +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a> +<p>for thy nowe in his dayes olde,</p> +<p>thow shalt hym tell this message,</p> +<p>that he vppon his latter age</p> +<p>sett an ende of all his werke,</p> +<p>as he whiche is myne owne clerke</p> +<p>do make his <i>testament of Love</i>,</p> +<p>as thow hast done thy shrift ab[o]ue,</p> +<p>so that my Courte yt may recorde, &c.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum second">19</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer submitteth his works to Gower, not Gower to Chaucer.</span> +These be all the verses w<i>hi</i>che I knowe or yet canne fynde, in +whiche Gower in that booke <ins class = "spell" title = +"mentionethe">mentioneth</ins> Chaucer, where he nether <ins class = +"spell" title = "namethe">nameth</ins> hym worthye poet, nor after a +sorte submyttethe his workes to his iudgmente. But quite contrarye +Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> submytte the +<ins class = "spell" title = "correct{i}one">correctione</ins> of his +<ins class = "spell" title = "woorkes">woorks</ins> to Gower in these +playne woordes, in the latter ende of the fyfte booke of Troylus:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>O Morall Gower, this booke I directe</p> +<p>To the, and the philosophicall stroode,</p> +<p>To vouchesafe where nede is to correcte</p> +<p>Of <ins class = "spell" title = "youre">your</ins> benignityes and +zeales good.</p> +</div> + +<p>But this error had in you byn p<i>ar</i>doned, yf you had not sett yt +downe as <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> owne, but +warranted with the auctorytye of Bale in Scriptoribus Anglie, from +whence yo<i>u</i> haue swallowed yt. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Gower the poet was not of the Gowers (or Gores) of +Stittenham.</span> +Then in a marginall note of this title yo<i>u</i> saye agayne oute of +Bale, that Gower was a <ins class = "spell" title = +"Yorkeshire">Yorkshire</ins> manne; but you are not to be touched +therfore, because you discharge <ins class = "spell" title = +"yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> selfe in vouching <ins class = "spell" title += "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> auctor. Wherfore Bale hath muche mistaken +yt, as he hath donne infynyte thinges in that Booke de scriptoribus +Anglie, beinge for the most parte the collect<i>i</i>ons of Lelande. For +in truth <ins class = "change" title = "{th}e">yo<i>u</i>r</ins> armes +of this S<sup>r</sup> Johne Gower beinge argent one a cheuerone azure, +three leopardes heddes or, do prove that he came of a contrarye howse to +the Gowers of Stytenham in Yorkeshyre, who bare barrulye of argent and +gules a crosse patye florye sable. Whiche difference +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a> +of armes semethe a difference of famelyes, vnlesse yo<i>u</i> canne +prove that, beinge of one howse, they altered their armes vppone <ins +class = "spell" title = "so{m}me">some</ins> iuste occas<i>i</i>one, as +that soome of the howse maryinge one heyre did leave his owne armes and +bare the armes of his moother; as was accustoomed in tymes paste. But +this differe<i>n</i>ce +<span class = "pagenum second">20</span> +of Cootes for this cause, or anye other, (that I colde yet euer lerne,) +shall you not fynde in this famelye of Gower: and therefore seuerall +howses from the fyrst originall. Then the marginall note <ins class = +"spell" title = "goethe">goeth</ins> further out of Bale, that Gower had +one his hedde a garlande of ivye and rooses, the one the ornamente of a +knyghte, the other of a poet. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Gower’s chaplette for knighthood not for poetry.</span> +But Bale ys mystaken, for yt ys not a garlande, vnlest you will +metaphoric­allye call euerye cyrcle of the hedde a garlande as +Crownes are sometymes called garlandes, from whence they had their +originall, nether ys yt of Ivye, as any manne whiche <ins class = +"spell" title = "seethe yt">seethe-yt</ins> may well iudge, and +therefore not there sett for anye suche intente as <ins class = "change" +title = "one">an</ins> ensigne of his poetrye, but ys symplye a +chapplett of Roses, suche as the knyghtes in olde tyme vsed ether of +golde, or other embroderye, made after the fasshone of <ins class = +"spell" title = "Rooses">Roses</ins>, one of the peculier ornamentes of +a knighte, as well as his coller of SSS, his guilte swoorde, and +spurres. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The chaplette of roses a peculiar ornament of honour.</span> +W<i>hi</i>che chaplett or cyrcle of Rooses was as well attributed to +<ins class = "spell" title = "knight{es}">knights</ins>, the lowest +degree of honor, as to the hygher degrees of Duke, Erle, &c. +beinge knyghtes, for so I haue seene Johne of Gaunte pictured in his +<ins class = "spell" title = "chaplette">chaplett</ins> of Rooses; and +kinge Edwarde the thirde gaue his chaplett to Eustace Rybamonte, only +the difference was, that as they were of lower degree, so had <ins class += "correction" title = "‘they’ corrected from 1876 text">the[y]</ins> +fewer Rooses placed <ins class = "spell" title = "one">on</ins> their +chaplett or cyrcle of golde, one ornament deduced frome the Dukes crowne +whiche had thee rooses vppon the toppe of the cyrcle, when the knighte +had them onlye vppon the cyrcle or garlande <ins class = "spell" title = +"yt-selfe">ytselfe</ins>. of whiche dukes crowne to be adorned with +little rooses, +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a> +<span class = "sidenote"> +The knighting of Erle Mortone of Normandye.</span> +Mathewe Paris, speakinge of the +<span class = "pagenum second">21</span> +creatinge of <ins class = "spell" title = "Johñe">Johne</ins> erle +Mortone, duke of Normandye, in the yere of Christe 1199, dothe saye, +Interim comes Johannes Rothomagu<i>m</i> veniens in octavis pasche +gladio ducatus Normaniæ cinctus est, in matrice ecclesia, per +ministeriu<i>m</i> <ins class = "spell" title = "Walteri">Waltheri</ins> +Rothomage<i>n</i>sis Archie<i>pisco</i>pi, vbi Archi­episcopus +memoratus ante maius altare in capite eius posuit circulu<i>m</i> +aureu<i>m</i> habente<i>m</i> in su<i>m</i>mitate per gyru<i>m</i> +rosulas aureas artifici­aliter fabricatas, <ins class = "spell" +title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> chaplett of Rooses came in the ende to +be a bande aboute oure cappes, sette with golde Buttons, as may be +supposed.<ins class = "change" title = "1876 text has wide gap here">—</ins>In the same title yo<i>u</i> saye, yt semethe that +these lerned menne were of the Inner Temple; +<span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer being a grave man unlikely to beat a Franciscan Fryer +but?</span> +for that, manye yeres since, master Buckley did see a recorde in the +same howse, where Geffrye Chaucer was fined two shillinges for beatinge +a Franciscane Fryer in <ins class = "spell" title = +"fletestreate">flete-streate</ins>. This is a hard collect[i]one to +prove Gower of the Inner Temple, althoughe he studyed the lawe. for thus +yo<i>u</i> frame <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">yo<i>ur</i></ins> +argumente. Mr Buckley founde a recorde in the Temple, that Chaucer was +fyned for beatinge the fryer; ergo, Gower and Chaucer were of the +Temple. But for myne owne parte, yf I wolde stande vppon termes for +matter of Antiquytye and ransacke the originall of the lawiers fyrst +settlinge in the Temple, I dobte whether Chaucer were of the temple +or noe, <ins class = "spell" title = "vnlest">vnless</ins> yt were +towardes his latter tyme, for he was <ins class = "change" title = +"one">an</ins> olde manne, as <ins class = "spell" title = +"apperethe">appereth</ins> by <ins class = "spell" title = +"Gowere">Gower</ins> in Confessione Amantis in the xvi yere of +R. 2: when Gower wroote that Booke. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The lawyers not in the temple till the latter part of Edward III.</span> +And yt is most certeyne to be gathered by cyrcumstances of Recordes, +that the lawyers were not in the temple vntill towardes the latter parte +of the +<span class = "pagenum second">22</span> +reygne of kinge Edwarde the thirde; at w<i>hi</i>che tyme Chaucer was a +grave manne, holden in greate credyt, and employed in embassye, so that +me thinkethe he sholde not be of that howse; and yet, yf he then were, +I sholde iudge yt strange that he sholde +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a> +violate the rules of peace and gravytye yn those yeares. But I will +passe over all those matters <ins class = "correction" title = "spelling unchanged: correct form is ‘cito’">scito</ins> pede, and leave euerye +manne to his owne <ins class = "correction" title = "‘iudgemte’ corrected from 1876 text">iudgemente</ins> therein for this tyme.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Speight knoweth not the name of Chaucer’s wife, nor doth Thynne.</span> +<span class = "firstword">In the title of</span> Chawcer’s mariage +yo<i>u</i> saye, yo<i>u</i> cannotte fynde the name of the Gentlewomanne +whome he maryed. Trulye, yf I did followe the conceyte of others, +I sholde suppose her name was Elizabethe, a waytinge womanne +of Quene philippe, wyfe to Edwarde the thirde & daughter to <ins +class = "spell" title = "Will{ia}m">Willi<i>a</i>m</ins> erle of +Henalte. but I <ins class = "spell" title = "fauor">favor</ins> not +their oppynyone, for, althoughe I fynde a recorde of the pellis exitus, +in the tyme of Edwarde the thirde, of a yerely stypende to Elizabethe +Chawcer, <ins class = "spell" title = "domicelle regine Philippe">domicellæ reginæ Philippæ</ins>, <ins class = "spell" title = +"w{hic}he">wh<i>ic</i>he</ins> domicella dothe signyfye one of her +waytinge gentlewomen: yet I cannott for this tyme thinke this was his +wyfe, but rather his sister or <ins class = "spell" title = +"kineswomanne">kinswomanne</ins>, who after the deathe of her mystresse +Quene philippe did forsake the worlde, and became a nonne at Seinte +Heleins in london, accordinge as yo<i>u</i> haue touched one of that +profess<i>i</i>one in primo of kinge Richarde the seconde.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">23</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The children of John of Gaunt born pre-nupt, and legytymated by the Pope +and the Parliament.</span> +In the Latyne stemme of Chawcer you saye, speakinge of Katherine +Swyneforde, Que postea nupta Johanni Gandauensi <ins class = "spell" +title = "tertii">tertij</ins> Edwardi Regis filio, <ins class = "spell" +title = "Lancastrie">Lancastriæ</ins> duci, illi procreavit filios tres +et vnica<i>m</i> filia<i>m</i>. Wherbye we may inferre that <ins class = +"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunte had these childrene by her +after the mariage. Whiche is not soo for he had all his children by her +longe before that mariage, so that they beinge all <ins class = "spell" +title = "illegitmate">illegitimate</ins> were enforced afterwarde vppon +that maryage to be legytymated by the poope; & also by acte of +Parliamente, aboute the two & twentythe of kinge Richarde the +seconde; so that yo<i>u</i> cannott saye, que postea nupta procreavit +Lancastriæ duci tres filios, etc.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer’s children and their advauncement and of the Burgershes.</span> +In the title of Chawcers children and their <ins class = "spell" title = +"advancemente">advauncemente</ins>, in a marginall noote yo<i>u</i> +vouche master +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a> +Campdene that Barthelmewe Burgershe, knyghte of the Garter, was he from +whome the Burgershes, whose daughter & heyre was maryed to Thomas +Chawcer, did descende. But that is also one <ins class = "spell" title = +"erro{u}r">error</ins>. for this Barthelmewe was of <ins class = "spell" +title = "a collaterall">a-collaterall</ins> lyne to that S<sup>r</sup> +<ins class = "spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> Burgershe the father of +Mawde wyfe to Thomas Chawcer; and therefore <ins class = "spell" title = +"colde">coulde</ins> not that S<sup>r</sup> <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Burghershe be descended of this Barthelmewe +Burgershe, though hee were of that howse. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Serlo de Burgo uncle and not brother to Eustace.</span> +Then, in that title, yo<i>u</i> vouche oute of <ins class = "spell" +title = "m^r.">Mr</ins>. Campdene that Serlo de Burgo brother to +Eustachius de Vescye builte Knaresborowe Castle. but that ys not <ins +class = "spell" title = "righte">right</ins> for this Serlo beinge +called Serlo de Burgo siue de Pembroke was brother to <ins class = +"spell" title = "Iohne">Johne</ins> father to Eustace Vescye, as haue +the recordes of the towre, and so vncle and not brother to Eustace. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Jane of Navarre maryed to Henry IV., in the 5th year of his +reign.</span> +for one other marginall noote in that tytle, +<span class = "pagenum second">24</span> +yo<i>u</i> saye, that Jane of Navarre was maryed to Henrye the forthe in +the fourthe yere of his reygne, wherein you followe a late <ins class = +"spell" title = "inglishe">englishe</ins> cronicler whome I forbeare to +name.<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> +But Walsingha<i>m</i> bothe in his historye of Henry the fourthe, & +in his ypodigma, sayethe that she was maryed the 26 of <ins class = +"spell" title = "Ianuarye">Januarye</ins> in the yere of <ins class = +"spell" title = "{Christe}">Christe</ins> 1403, whiche was in the fyfte +yere of the kinge, yf you begynne the yere of oure lorde at the +annu<i>n</i>tiat<i>i</i>one of the Virgine, as we nowe doo; but this is +no matter of great momente. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The de la Pools gained advancement by lending the King money, but +William was not the first that did so.</span> +ffourthlye in that title yo<i>u</i> seme to attribute the advancemente +of the Pooles to Williame de la poole, merchante of Hull, that lente the +kinge a greate masse of moneye. But this Williame was not the fyrste +advancer of that howse because his father Richarde at Poole beinge a +cheife gouernor in hull, and serving the <ins class = "spell" title = +"king{es}">kings</ins> necessytye <ins class = "spell" title = +"w{i}th">with</ins> money, was made pincerna Regis, one office of great +accompte; by the same gyvinge the fyrste advancemente to the succedynge +famelye. Whereof the Record +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a> +to prove <ins class = "change" title = "Ric{hard}">Ric.</ins> de la +Poole pincerna Regis is founde in the pryvye seales of the eleventhe +yere of kinge Edwarde the thirde, in master wardoures office, the lorde +treasurers clerke. Where yt is in this manner: Edwardus dei gratia rex +Angliæ et dux Acquitaniæ, &c. Supplicavit nobis dilectus noster +Richardus de la Poole Pincerna noster, vt quum ipse de expensis officii +Pincernariæ ac omnibus aliis officiu<i>m</i> illud tangentibus, ad +dictu<i>m</i> Scaccariu<i>m</i> a festo sancti michaelis anno regni +<span class = "pagenum second">25</span> +nostri decimo, vsque ad ide<i>m</i> festu<i>m</i> proxime <ins class = +"spell" title = "seque{n}s">sequens</ins> plenarie computaverit, et +2090<sup>li</sup>: 13<sup>s</sup>: et 11<sup>d</sup> et vnus obulus sibi +per computu<i>m</i> illud de claro debeatur: volumus ei +solutione<i>m</i> inde, seu aliàs satisfactione<i>m</i> sibi fieri +competentem: Nos eius supplicationi in hac parte, prout iustu<i>m</i> +est, an<i>n</i>uentes, vobis mandamus, etc. Datu<i>m</i> apud +Westmonas­teriu<i>m</i> 14 Decembris, anno regni nostri vndecimo. To +whose sonne this Williame de la Poole the older, and to his sonne +Michaell de la Poole (who was after Chauncelor) and to his heyres, the +kinge graunted fowre hundred markes by yere out of the custome of Hull, +as apperethe in the record of pellis exitus of 46 Ed. 3. the same +Michaell de la Poole recevinge the arrerages of that Annuytye. for thus +yt is entred in Michaelmas terme one the first of December of that yere: +Michaeli de <ins class = "spell" title = "lapoole">la poole</ins> filio +et heredi Will<i>iel</i>mi de la poole senioris per Tallia<i>m</i> +levata<i>m</i> isto die continentem iij<sup>c</sup> lxx<sup>li</sup> +xviij<sup>s</sup> <ins class = "change" title = "I^d (capital Eye for One)">1<sup>d</sup></ins> ob. eidem michaeli liberat per compotum suum +factum ad Scaccariu<i>m</i> <ins class = "change" title = +"computator{is}">computator</ins> virtute cuiusdam <ins class = "spell" +title = "breuis">brevis</ins> de magno sigillo, Thesaurario et Baronibus +Scaccarii directum pro huius compoto faciendo, de quoda<i>m</i> annuo +certo iiij<sup>c</sup> <ins class = "change" title = +"marc{as}">marc.</ins> per annu<i>m</i> quas dominus rex Willielmo de la +Poole seniori defuncto, et michaeli filio suo et heredibus suis de +corpore suo exeuntibus, de <ins class = "spell" title = +"Custuma">Custumia</ins> in portis ville de kingeston super Hull per +litteras suas patentes <ins class = "spell" title = +"concess{as}">concess:</ins> percipendu<i>m</i> qua<i>m</i>diu +vij<sup>c</sup> xxxv<sup>li</sup> +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a> +xviij<sup>s</sup> i<sup>d</sup> ob. eidem Michaeli per compotu<i>m</i> +predictu<i>m</i> sic debitu<i>m</i>, etc. D<i>omi</i>n<i>u</i>s Rex +mandat vt ei satisfac­tionem vel assignationem competentem +(in locis vbi ei celeriter satisfieri poterit) fieret et haberet, +per <ins class = "spell" title = "bre{vem}">breve</ins> de magno sigillo +inter mandata de termino Paschæ anno quadragesimo tercio, <ins class = +"spell" title = "&c.">etc</ins>. So that Richarde, Michaell de la +Pooles grandfather, (a <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘marchante’">magistrate</ins> of greate welthe in +Hull,) was the fyrste that gaue advancemente to that howse: although +Williame, +<span class = "pagenum second">26</span> +father to this michaell, were of lyke estate and a knyghte. nether canne +I fynde (nor ys yt lyke) that michaell de la poole was a marchante, +(havinge two such welthy marchantes to his ancestors before hym,) +notwith­standinge that Walsingha<i>m</i> +<span class = "sidenote"> +The clergy offended that the temporal men were found as wise as +themselves.</span> +(moore offended <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> reasone, +as all the Clergye were against temporall menne who were nowe become +chief officers of the realme; and the spyrituall menne, till then +possessinge those offices, displaced, w<i>hic</i>he bredd greate Sorseye +in the Church menne againste them); sayethe that michaell de la poole +fuerit à pueritia magis mercimoniis (vtpote Mercator Mercatoris filius) +quam militia occupatus. +<span class = "sidenote"> +A merchant by Attorney is no true merchant.</span> +And yet yt may bee that he mighte have some factors in merchandise, and +deale by his attorneyes as many noble menne and great persons have +donne, whereuppon Walsingham (<ins class = "change" title = +"w{hic}he">who</ins> wroote longe after) <ins class = "spell" title = +"mighte">might</ins> seme to call hym merchante by reasone of <ins class += "change" title = "‘othere mens dealing{es}’ with footnote ‘MS. others’">others mens dealinge</ins> for hym, althoughe in troothe he was +neuer merchante in respecte of his owne persone, (for whiche they are +properly called merchantes,) as may be supposed. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Alice, the wife of Richard Neville, was daughter of Thomas +Montacute.</span> +ffyftlye in the same title yo<i>u</i> saye, that Alice, wyfe of Williame +de la poole duke of Suffolke, had a daughter, by her seconde husbande +thomas montague erle of Sarisberye, named, after her mother, Alice, +maryed to Richarde Neville sonne to Raphe Neuill erle of Westmerlande, +by whome he had issue Richarde, <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins>, and George. But this is nothinge so. for this +Alice, the wyfe of +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a> +Richarde <ins class = "spell" title = "Neuille">Neville</ins>, (erle of +Sarisbery in the righte of the same Alice,) was daughter of Thomas <ins +class = "spell" title = "Monntacute">Montacute</ins> erle of Salisburye +and of Alice his wyfe, daughter of Thomas Hollande erle of Kente; and +not of Alice daughter to Thomas Chawcer and <ins class = "spell" title = +"widowe">widdowe</ins> to William de la Poole duke of Suffolke.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">27</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +He correcteth Master Speight his dates and history of printing.</span> +<span class = "firstword">In the latter end</span> of the title of +Chawcers deathe yo<i>u</i> saye, that printinge was brought oute of +Germanye in the yere 1471 being the 37. H. 6. into Englande, beinge +fyrst founde at Magunce by one <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Cuthembergus, and broughte to Roome by Conradus one +Almayne. But the yere of Christe 1471 was not the 37. H. 6. but the +eleuenthe of kinge Edward the fourthe; and, <ins class = +"addword">[printinge,]</ins> as some have yt, was not fyrste founde at +Magonce or mentz but at Strasborowe, and perfected at Mago<i>n</i>ce. +David Chytreus in his historye sayethe, yt was fyrst founde in anno +1440, and brought to Rome by Henricus Han<a class = "tag" name = "tag6" +id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> a Germane in the yere 1470; +whereof Antonius Campanus framed this excellente epigrame:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Anser Tarpeii custos Jovis, vnde, <ins class = "spell" title = +"quod">quòd</ins> alis</p> +<p class = "indent">Constreperis, Gallus decidit; <ins class = "spell" +title = "vlter">vltor</ins> adest</p> +<p>Vlricus Gallus, ne quem poscantur in vsum,</p> +<p class = "indent">Edocuit pennis, nil opus esse tuis.</p> +</div> + +<p>But others do suppose that yt was invented at Argenterote, as dothe +Mathewe Parker in the lyfe of Thomas Bourchier Archbyshoppe of +Canterburye; whiche for the incertentye thereof I leave at this tyme to +farther examinat<i>i</i>one, not havinge nowe presente leysure +therefore.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The Romante of the Rose began by Guillm̄ de Loris, and finished by John +de la Meune.</span> +<span class = "firstword">In the title of the</span> <ins class = +"correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘argumente’">augmente</ins> to euerye tale and booke you write, that the +Romante of the Roose was made in frenche by <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Clopinell alias <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Moone; when in truthe the booke was not made by hym +alone: +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a> +for yt was begonne by Guillame de Loris, and fynished +<span class = "pagenum second">28</span> +fourtye yeres after the death of Loris, by <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> de Meune alias <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> Clopinell, as apperethe by Molinet, the frenche <ins +class = "spell" title = "auctor">author</ins> of the moralytye vppon the +Romante of the Roose, ca. 50. fo. 57. and may further appere also in the +frenche Romante of the Roose in verse, <ins class = "change" title = +"‘w{i}th’ with footnote ‘? {for} which Chaucer englisht’">w<i>hic</i>h</ins> <ins class = "spell" title = +"Chawcer,">Chaucer</ins> w<i>i</i>th muche of that matter omytted, not +havinge translated halfe the frenche Romante, but ended aboute the +middle thereof. Againste whiche Booke Gersone compiled one other, +intituled La <ins class = "spell" title = +"reprobat{i}o{n}e">reprobat<i>i</i>o<i>ne</i></ins> de la Romante del +Roose; as affirmethe the sayed Molinett, in the 107 chapter of the sayed +<ins class = "spell" title = "moralizat{i}one">moralizatione</ins>, +where he excusethe Clopinell and reprouethe Gersone for that Booke, +because Gersone soughte no further <ins class = "correction" title = +"‘meanyuge’ corrected from 1876 text">meanynge</ins> <ins class = +"spell" title = "then">than</ins> what was conteyned in the outewarde +letter, this Clopinell begynnynge the Romante of the Rose, in these +verses of Chaucer:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Alas my <ins class = "spell" title = "wane-hoope">wane hoope</ins> +nay, pardyee;</p> +<p>for I will neuer dispayred bee:</p> +<p>yf happe me fayle, then am I</p> +<p>vngratious and vnworthy, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Why the dream of Chaucer cannot be the book of the Duchess.</span> +<a name = "page22b" id = "page22b">Secondlye</a>, under that title +yo<i>u</i> saye, the woorke, before this last edit<i>i</i>one of +Chaucer, termed the Dreame of Chaucer, is mystermed, and that yt is the +Booke of the Duches, or the Deathe of Blanche. wherein you bee greatlye +mysledde in my conceyte, for yt cannott bee the Booke of the Duches or +of the Deathe of Blanche, because <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunt was then but fowre and twentye yere olde +when the same was made, as apperethe by that tretyse in these +verses:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">29</span> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Then founde I syttinge euen vprighte</p> +<p>A wonder well faringe knighte,</p> +<p>By the manner me thought so,</p> +<p>Of good mokell, and right yonge thereto,</p> +<p>Of the age of twentye fowre yere,</p> +<p>Vppon his bearde but little heare.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a> +<p>Then yf he were but fowre and twentye yeres of age, being born, as +<ins class = "spell" title = "hathe">hath</ins> Walsingha<i>m</i>, in +the yere of <ins class = "spell" title = "{Christ}e">Christ</ins> 1339 +the 13. of kinge Edwarde the thirde; and that he was maryed to Blanche +the fourtene calendes of June 1359, the 33 of Ed: the thirde; he was at +this mariage but twentye yeres of age; who within fower yeres after +sholde make his <ins class = "spell" title = +"lamentac{i}one">lamentac<i>i</i>on</ins> for Blanche the duchesse <ins +class = "spell" title = "whiche muste">which must</ins> be then dedde. +But the duchesse Blanche dyed of the pestilence in the yere of <ins +class = "spell" title = "{Christ}e">xxe</ins> 1368, as <ins class = +"spell" title = "hathe">hath</ins> Anonimus <ins class = "spell" title = +"M:S:">MS</ins>, or 1369, as hath Walsinghame w<i>hi</i>che by the first +accompte was the <i>ix.</i> and by the last the <i>x.</i> yere after the +mariage, and sixe or at the <ins class = "spell" title = "leste v">least +five</ins> yeres after this <ins class = "spell" title = +"lamentat{i}one">lamentatione</ins> of <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iohne">Johne</ins> of Gaunte made in the fowre and twentye yere of his +age. Wherfor this cannott be the boke of the Duches because he colde not +lamente her deathe before she was deade. And yf you replye that yt +pleinlye +<span class = "pagenum second">30</span> +apperethe the same treatyce to be mente of the duches Blaunche, whiche +signyfyethe whyte, by <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> +name he often termethe his ladye there lamented, but especially in these +verses,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Her throte, as I haue memoyre,</p> +<p>semed as a round towre of yuoire,</p> +<p>of good gretnesse and not to greate,</p> +<p>and fayre white she hete,</p> +<p>that was my ladies name righte;</p> +<p>she was thereto fayre <ins class = "spell" title = "&">and</ins> +brighte,</p> +<p>she had not her name wronge,</p> +<p>right fayre sholders and body longe, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>I will answere, that there is no necessitye that yt must be of +Blanche the Duchesse because he <ins class = "spell" title = +"sayethe">sayeth</ins> her name was white; since there ys a famelye of +that <ins class = "spell" title = "denominat{i}one">denominatione</ins>, +and some female of that lyne <ins class = "spell" title = +"mighte">myghte</ins> be both white in name, and fayre and white in +p<i>er</i>sonne; and so had not her name wronge or in veyne, as Chaucer +sayeth. or yt mighte be some other louer +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a> +of his called Blanche, +<span class = "sidenote"> +John of Gaunt, his incontinency.</span> +since he had <ins class = "spell" title = "manye paramou^{r}s">many +paramou<i>r</i>s</ins> in his youthe, and was not verye contynente in +his age. Wherefore, to conclude, yt apperethe as before, that yt <ins +class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> not be mente of the +Duchesse Blanche his wyfe, whiche dyed long after that compleinte. for +whiche cause that Dreame of Chaucer in mye opynyone may well (naye +rather of righte sholde) contynewe his former title of <ins class = +"spell" title = "thee">The</ins> Dreame of Chaucer. for that, <ins class += "spell" title = "w{hic}he">wh<i>ic</i>he</ins> you will haue the +Dreame of Chaucer, is his Temple of Glasse; as I haue seene the title +thereof noted, and the thinge yt selfe confirmethe.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">31</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Doubteth master Speight’s ability in the exposition of old words, but +commendeth his diligence and knowledge.</span> +<span class = "firstword">In the expositione</span> <ins class = +"change" title = "1876 footnote ‘+of+ of’ [first ‘of’ boldface]">of</ins> the olde wordes, as yo<i>u</i> shewe greate +diligence and knowledge, so yet in my opynione, <ins class = "spell" +title = "vnleste">unlesse</ins> a manne be a good saxoniste, <ins +class = "spell" title = "frenche">french</ins>, and Italyane linguiste, +(from whence Chaucer hathe borowed manye woordes,) he cannott well +expounde the same to oure nowe <ins class = "change" title = +"vnderstandinge">vnder­standinges</ins>, and therefore (thoughe I +will not presume of <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins> +knowledge in these tounges) yt <ins class = "spell" title = +"semethe">semeth</ins> yet to mee, that in your expositione, soome +woordes are not so fullye and rightlye explaned as they <ins class = +"spell" title = "myghte">mighte</ins> bee, althoughe peradventure +yo<i>u</i> haue framed them to make sence. Wherefore I haue collected +these fewe (from many others lefte for moore leysure) whiche seme to mee +not to be fully explaned in their proper nature, thoughe peradventure +yo<i>u</i> will seme to excuse them by a metaphoricall gloose.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Aketon or Slevelesse jacket of plate for the war.</span> +Aketon or Haketone you expounde a <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iackett">jackett</ins> w<i>i</i>thoute sleves, <ins class = "spell" +title = "withoute">without</ins> any further addit<i>i</i>one, that +beinge <ins class = "change" title = "one">an</ins> indiffynyte speache, +and therefore may be entended a comone <ins class = "spell" title = +"garme{n}te">garmente</ins> daylye vsed, suche as we call a <ins class = +"spell" title = "Ierken">jerken</ins> or <ins class = "spell" title = +"Iackett">jackett</ins> withoute sleues: But <i>haketon</i> is a +slevelesse <ins class = "spell" title = "Iackett">jackett</ins> of plate +for the warre, couered withe anye other stuffe; at this day also called +a <ins class = "spell" title = "Iackett">jackett</ins> of plate, suche +aketon Walter Stapletone, Bishoppe of Excester and Custos or Wardene of +Londone, had vppon hym secretlye, when he was apprehended and +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a> +behedded in the <ins class = "spell" title = "twentythe">twentyeth</ins> +yere of Edwarde the seconde.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +A besant is a besant, and not a duckett.</span> +Besante you expounde a duckett, But a duckett +<span class = "pagenum second">32</span> +ys farre from a besante, bothe for the tyme of the invent<i>i</i>one, +and for the forme; and as I suppose for the valewe, not withstandinge +that Hollybande in his frenche-Englishe dictionarye make yt of the +valewe of a duckett, whiche duckett is for the most part eyther +venetiane or spanyshe, when the Besante ys mere Grekishe; a coyne +well knowen and vsed in Englande (and yet not therefore one <ins class = +"spell" title = "anncient">auncient</ins> coyne of Englande, as +Hollybande sayethe yt was of france,) <ins class = "spell" title = +"emongest">emongst</ins> the Saxons before, and the Normans after the +Conqueste; the forme whereof I will at other tyme describe, onlye nowe +settinge downe, that this besante (beinge the frenche name, and in +armorye rightlye accordinge to his nature, for a plate of golde,) was +called in Latine <ins class = "spell" title = +"Byzantiu{m}">Byzant<i>i</i>um</ins>, obteyninge that name because yt +was the coyne of Constan­tinople sometyme called <ins class = +"spell" title = "Byzantiu{m}">Bizant<i>i</i>um</ins>; and because you +shall not thinke this any <ins class = "spell" title = +"fix{i}one">fic<i>ti</i>one</ins> of myne owne, I will warrante the +same with Williame of Malmesberye in the fourthe booke De Regibus, who +hathe these wordes: Constan­tinopolis <ins class = "spell" title = +"primu{m}">prim<i>u</i>m</ins> Bizantiu<i>m</i> dicta forma<i>m</i> +antiqui vocabuli preferu<i>n</i>t imperatorii nu<i>m</i>mi +Bizantiu<i>m</i> dicta; where one other coppye for <ins class = "spell" +title = "nu{m}mi">nummi</ins> Bizantiu<i>m</i> hath Bizantini +nu<i>m</i>mi, and the frenche <ins class = "spell" title = +"hathe">hath</ins> yt besante or Bezantine, makinge yt <ins class = +"change" title = "one">an</ins> olde coyne of france, (when he sholde +haue sayed one olde coyne in France and not of France,) of the valewe of +a duckette.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Fermentacione is fermen­tacione, and not dawbing even +metaphoric­ally.</span> +Fermentac<i>i</i>o<i>n</i>e yo<i>u</i> expounde Dawbinge, whiche cannott +anye way be metaphoric­allye so vsed in Chaucer, althoughe yt sholde +be improperlye or harsely applied. +<span class = "pagenum second">33</span> +For <ins class = "spell" title = +"ferme{n}tac{i}one">fermentac<i>i</i>one</ins> ys a peculier terme of +Alchymye, deduced from the bakers fermente or levyne. And therefore the +Chimicall philosophers defyne the +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a> +fermente to bee <ins class = "spell" title = "anima{m}">anima</ins>, the +sowle or lyfe, of the philosophers stoone. Whereunto agreethe Clauiger +Bincing, one chimicall author, sayinge, ante <ins class = "spell" title += "viuificatione{m}">viuificatio<i>ne</i>m</ins> id est <ins class = +"spell" title = "fermentac{i}o{n}em">fermentac<i>i</i>o<i>ne</i>m</ins>, +w<i>hi</i>che is before tinctinge, or gyvinge tincture or cooler; that +beinge as muche to saye as gyvinge sowle or lyfe to the philosophers +stoone, wherby that may fermente or <ins class = "spell" title = +"coolo{u}r">cooler</ins> or gyue lyfe to all other metaline bodyes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Orfrayes not Goldsmith’s work, but frysed cloth of gold, +a manufacture peculiar to the English.</span> +Orfrayes yo<i>u</i> expounde Goldsmythes worke, w<i>hi</i>che ys as nere +to goldsmythes woorke as clothe of golde, for this worde orefrayes, +beinge compounded of the frenche worde (or) and (frays, or fryse,) the +Englishe is that w<i>hi</i>che to this daye (beinge now made all of one +stuffe or substance) is called frised or perled cloothe of gold; in +Latyne, in tymes past, termed aurifrisium or <ins class = "spell" title += "aurifrixoriu{m}">aurifrixori<i>u</i>m</ins>. A thinge well knowen to +the Saxons in Englande before, as to the Normans after, the Conqueste, +and therfore fullye to satisfye you thereof, I will produce twoo +<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has single ‘Auctors’">auctorauctors</ins> of the weavinge and vse thereof before +the conquest and since, wherin you shall pleynely see what yt was, and +in what acco<i>m</i>pt yt was holden, beinge a worke peculier to the +Englishe. The lieger booke of Elye, speakinge of <ins class = "spell" +title = "Ediswitha">Ediswetha</ins> daughter to Brightnothus, +aldermanne, erle +<span class = "pagenum second">34</span> +or duke, of northumber­lande before the Conquest sayethe; cui +tradita Coveneia, locus monasterio vicinus, vbi aurifrixorie et texturæ +secretiùs cu<i>m</i> puellis vacabat; and a little after, Tunica Rubra +purpura per gyrum et ab humeris aurifri vndiq<i>ue</i> +circumdatu<i>m</i>. Then, after the conquest, mathew Paris speakethe +thereof aboute ornamentes to be sente to the Poope. but because I haue +not my mathewe Paris here, I will vouche one whose name hathe muche +affinytye with hym, and that is Mathewe Parker <ins class = "spell" +title = "Archbisshoppe">Archbyshoppe</ins> of Canterburye, who, in the +Lyfe of Bonifacius Archbishoppe of that see, hathe these wordes. +“A<sup>o.</sup> Domini +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a> +1246, Romæ multi Anglicani aderant Clerici, qui capis vt aiu<i>n</i>t +chorealibus, et infulis, <ins class = "spell" title = +"orname{n}tisq{ue}">ornamentisq<i>ue</i></ins> ecclesi­asticis, ex +Anglice tunc more gentis, ex lana tenuissima et auro artificiosè intexto +fabricatis, vterentur. <ins class = "spell" title = "Huiusmodi">Huius +modi</ins> ornamentoru<i>m</i> aspectu et concupi­scentia provocatus +Papa, rogavit cuiusmodi essent. Responsu<i>m</i> est, aurifrisia +appellari, quia et eminens ex panno et lana qua<i>m</i> Angli fryse +appellant, simul contexta sunt. Cui subridens et <ins class = "spell" +title = "dulcedina">dulcedine</ins> captus Papa, Vere, inquit,” (for +these are the woordes of Mathewe Paris whiche lyved at that tyme,) +“Hortus noster delitiaru<i>m</i> est Anglia, verus puteus est +inexhaustus, et vbi multa abundant, de multis multa sumere licet. +Itaq<i>ue</i>, concupi­scentia illectus oculorum, litteras suas +Bullatas sacras misit ad Cister­cienses in Anglia Abbates, +quoru<i>m</i> orationibus se <ins class = "spell" title = +"deuote">devotè</ins> commendabat, vt ipsi hec aurifrisia +specios­issima ad suum ornandu<i>m</i> choru<i>m</i> compararent. +Hoc London­iensibus placuit, quia ea tum venalia habebant, +tantiq<i>ue</i> quanti placuit vendiderunt<ins class = "correction" +title = "close quote supplied from 1876 text">.”</ins> +<span class = "pagenum second">35</span> +In whiche discourse you not onlye see that orefryes was a weued clothe +of golde and not goldsmythe <ins class = "spell" title = +"woorke">worke</ins>, and that Englande had before and since the +conqueste the arte to compose suche kynde of delicate Cloothe of golde +as Europe had not the lyke; for yf yt hadd, the poope wolde haue made +suche prouis<i>i</i>one thereof in other places, and not from Englande. +And because you shall not thinke that yt was onlye vsed of the Clergye, +you shall fynde in a <ins class = "spell" title = "recorde">record</ins> +of the Towre that yt was also one ornamente of the <ins class = "spell" +title = "king{es}">kings</ins> garmente, since the Conqueste, for, in +Rotulo Patentiu<i>m</i> 6. Joh<i>ann</i>is in Dorso (in <ins class += "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> the kinge <ins class = "spell" +title = "co{m}maunded">comaunded</ins> the templers to deliuer suche +<ins class = "spell" title = "Iewells">jewells</ins>, garmentes, and +ornamentes as they had of the <ins class = "spell" title = +"king{es}">kings</ins> in kepinge,) are these wordes: “Dalmaticam de +eodem samitto vrlatani de orfreyes et cu<i>m</i> lapidibus.” Whiche is +to saye, the <ins class = "spell" title = "kinges">kings</ins> +Dalmaticall garmente of the same +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a> +samitte (spoken of before, <ins class = "spell" title = +"w{hi}che">whiche</ins> was crymsone,) vrled or bordrede (suche as we +nowe calle garded) withe orfreyes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Oundye and Crispe meaneth wavy like water.</span> +fforthlye Oundye and Crispe is by you expounded slyked and curled, +whiche sence althoughe yt may beare after some sorte; yet the proprytye +of the true sence of oundye (beinge an especiall terme appropriate +<span class = "pagenum second">36</span> +to the arte of Heraldye) dothe signifye wavinge or movinge, as the water +dothe; being called vndye, of Latyne vnda for water, for so her <ins +class = "spell" title = "heare">haire</ins> was oundye, that is, layed +in rooles vppone and downe, lyke <ins class = "spell" title = +"waues">waves</ins> of water when they are styrred with the winde, and +not slyked or playne, etc.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Resager is ratsbane or arsenic.</span> +ffyftlye You expounde not Resager, beinge a terme of Alchymye; as +yo<i>u</i> leave manye of them vntouched. This worde sholde rather be +resalgar, wherefore I will shewe yo<i>u</i> what resalgar ys in that +<ins class = "spell" title = "abstruce scyence">abstruse science</ins>, +whiche Chawcer knewe full well, althoughe he enveye againste the +sophisticall abuse thereof in the chanons Yeomans Tale. This Resalgar is +that w<i>hi</i>che by some is called Ratesbane, a kynde of poysone +named Arsenicke, <ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">which</ins> the +chimicall philosophers call their venome or poysone. Whereof I <ins +class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> produce infynyte examples; +but I will gyve yo<i>u</i> onlye these fewe for a taste. Aristotle, in +Rosario Philosophoru<i>m</i>, sayethe, “nullu<i>m</i> tingens venenum +generatur absq<i>ue</i> sole et eius vmbra, id est, uxore.” whiche +venome they call by all names presentinge or signifyinge poysone, as a +toode, a dragon, a Basilyske, a serpente, arsenicke, and +suche lyke; and by manye other names, as “in <ins class = "spell" title += "exercitac{i}o{n}e">exercitacio<i>n</i>e</ins> ad turbam +philosophorum,” apperethe, wher aqua simplex is called venenu<i>m</i>, +Argentum <ins class = "spell" title = "viuu{m}, Canibar">vivum, +Cinnabar</ins>, aqua permanens, <ins class = "spell" title = +"gu{m}ma">gumma</ins>, acetu<i>m</i>, urina, aqua maris, Draco, serpens, +etc. And of this poysone the treatyce <i>de phenice</i>,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> or the philosophers +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a> +stoone, written in <ins class = "spell" title = "Gotyshe">Gothyshe</ins> +rymynge <ins class = "change" title = "verses">verse</ins>, dothe +saye;</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Moribunda, corporis virus emanabat</p> +<p>quod materna<i>m</i> faciem ca<i>n</i>dida<i>m</i> fœdabat.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum second">37</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Begyns are nuns, though it cometh to mean superstitious and hypocritical +women from their nature.</span> +Begyn and Bigott yo<i>u</i> expounde sup<i>er</i>sticious <ins class = +"spell" title = "hipocrites">hypocrites</ins>, whiche sence I knowe yt +maye somewhat beare, because yt sauorethe of the disposit<i>i</i>one of +those begins, or Beguines, for that ys the true wrytinge. But this +woorde Begyn sholde in his owne nature rightlye haue ben expounded, <ins +class = "spell" title = "sup{er}stic{i}ous">sup<i>er</i>sticious</ins> +or hipocriticall wemenne, as <ins class = "spell" title = +"apperethe">appereth</ins> by chaucer himselfe, w<i>hi</i>che nombrethe +them emongest <ins class = "spell" title = "thee">the</ins> wemen in the +Romante of the Roose when he sayethe,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>But empresses, & duchesses,</p> +<p>These queenes, & eke countesses</p> +<p>These abbasses, & eke Bigins,</p> +<p>These greate ladyes palasins.</p> +</div> + +<p>And a little after, in the same Romante, he <ins class = "spell" +title = "dothe">doth</ins> write,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>That dame abstinence <ins class = "change" title = "‘weyned’ with footnote (MS) ‘streyned’">streyned</ins></p> +<p>Tooke one a Robe of camelyne,</p> +<p>And ganne her <ins class = "change" title = "footnote (MS) ‘graithe’">gratche</ins> as a Bygin.</p> +<p>A large cover-<ins class = "change" title = "cheife">cherfe</ins> of +Thredde</p> +<p>She wrapped all aboute her hedde.</p> +</div> + +<p>These wemene the Frenche call Beguynes or nonnes; being in Latyne +called Bigrinæ or Biguinæ. Whose originall order, encrease, and +contynuance are sett downe by mathewe Paris and Mathewe +Westm<i>inster</i>. But as I sayed, since I haue not my mathewe Paris at +hand, I will sett you downe <ins class = "spell" title = +"{th}e">the</ins> wordes of mathewe Westmynster <ins class = +"correction" title = "1865 text has open parenthesis, close bracket">(otherwise</ins> called “Flores <ins class = "spell" title = +"Historiaru{m}">Historiarum</ins>” or “Florilegus”) in this sorte. Sub +eisdem diebus (<ins class = "spell" title = +"w{hi}che">w<i>hi</i>ch</ins> was in the yere of <ins class = "spell" +title = "{Christ}e">Christe</ins> 1244, and aboute the 28 of kinge Henry +the thirde,) quidam in Almania <ins class = "spell" title = +"precipue">precipuè</ins> se asserentes vitam et habitu<i>m</i> +relligionis +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a> +elegisse, in utroq<i>ue</i> sexu, sed <ins class = "spell" title = +"maxime">maximè</ins> in muliebri, continentia<i>m</i>, +cu<i>i</i>u<i>s</i> vitæ simplicitate profitentes, se voto priuato deo +obligaru<i>n</i>t. Mulieresq<i>ue</i>, quas Bigrinas <ins class = +"spell" title = "vulgariter">vulgaritèr</ins> vocamus, adeò multiplicatæ +sunt, <ins class = "spell" title = "quod">quòd</ins> earu<i>m</i> +<span class = "pagenum second">38</span> +numerus in vna ciuitate, <ins class = "spell" title = +"scilicet">scilicèt</ins> Colonia, ad plus <ins class = "spell" title = +"qua{m}">quam</ins> mille asseritur ascendisse, etc. After whiche, +speakinge yn the yere of Christe 1250 of the encrease of <ins class = +"spell" title = "rellig{i}ous">relligious</ins> orders, he sayeth, Item +in Alemania et Francia mulieres, quas Biguinas nominant, etc.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Citrinatione or perfect digestion.</span> +Citrinatione yo<i>u</i> do not expounde, beinge a terme of Alchymye. +Whiche Citrinatione is bothe a <ins class = "spell" title = +"coolor">color</ins> and parte of the philosophers stoone. for, as hathe +Tractatus Avicennæ (yf yt be his and not liber suppositi[ti]us, as +manye of the Alchimicall woorkes are foysted in vnder the names of the +best lerned authors and philosophers, as Plato, Aristotle, Avicen, and +suche others,) in <ins class = "spell" title = "p{a}rte">parte</ins> of +the 7 chapter. <ins class = "spell" title = +"Citrininatio">Citrinatio</ins> est <ins class = "spell" title = +"quæ">que</ins> fit inter albu<i>m</i> et rubru<i>m</i>, et non dicitur +coolor perfectus, whiche Citrinat<i>i</i>one, as sayethe Arnoldus de +Nova Villa, li. i. ca. 5. nihil aliud est <ins class = "spell" title = +"qua{m}">quàm</ins> completa digestio. For the worke of the philosophers +stoone, following the worke of nature, hathe lyke color in the same +degree. for as the vrine of manne, being whityshe, <ins class = "spell" +title = "shewethe">sheweth</ins> imp<i>er</i>fecte digestione: But when +he hathe well rested, and slepte after the same, and the digestione +p<i>er</i>fected: the vrine becomethe citrine, or of a depe yellowe <ins +class = "spell" title = "coolor">cooler</ins>: so ys yt in Alchymye. +whiche made Arnolde call this citrinatione perfect digestion, or the +<ins class = "spell" title = "coolor">cooler</ins> provinge the +philosophers stoone broughte almoste to the <ins class = "correction" +title = "‘heighte’ corrected from 1876 text">heigh[t]e</ins> of <ins +class = "spell" title = "p{er}fect{i}one">perfect<i>i</i>one</ins>.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Forage is old and hard provision made for horses and cattle in +winter,</span> +Forage in one place you expounde meate, and in other place fodder. +boothe whiche properly cannott stande in this place of chaucer in the +reves prologue, where he sayeth, “my fodder is forage.” for yf +<span class = "pagenum second">39</span> +forrage be fodder, then is the sence of that verse, “my fodder is +fodder.” But fodder beinge a generall name for +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a> +meate gyven to Cattle in winter, and of affynytie withe foode applied to +menne and <ins class = "spell" title = "beastes">beasts</ins>, dothe +onlye signyfye meate. And so the sence is, “my meate ys forage,” that +is, my meate is suche harde and olde provis<i>i</i>one as ys made for +horses and Cattle in winter. for so doth this worde forragiu<i>m</i> in +latyne signyfye. and so dothe Chaucer meane. for the <ins class = +"spell" title = "worde">word</ins> next before dothe well shewe yt, when +the Reve sayeth,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>I ame olde, me liste not play for age,</p> +<p>Grasse tyme is donne, my fodder is forrage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +or metaphorically, or to help out the ryme it may mean grass.</span> +Yet metaphor­ically yt may be taken for other <ins class = "spell" +title = "then">than</ins> drye horse meate, although improperlye; as +Chaucer hathe, in <ins class = "spell" title = "S{i}r">Sir</ins> Topas +Ryme, where he makethe yt grasse for his horse, and <ins class = "spell" +title = "vsethe">vseth</ins> the <ins class = "spell" title = +"worde">woorde</ins> rather to make vpp the ryme <ins class = "spell" +title = "then">than</ins> to shewe the true nature thereof; sayinge,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>That downe he layed hym in that place,</p> +<p>to make his steede some solace</p> +<p>and gyve hym good forage.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Heroner is a long-winged hawk for the heron.</span> +Heroner yo<i>u</i> expounde a certeyne kynde of hawke, whiche is true, +for a <ins class = "change" title = "‘Goshawke’ with footnote ‘MS Gowshake’">gowshawke</ins>, sparrowe hawke, tassell, &c. be +kyndes of hawkes. But this heroner, is an especiall hawke (of anye +of the kyndes of longe winged hawkes) of moore accompte then other +hawkes are, because the flighte of the Herone ys moore daungerous <ins +class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> of other fowles, <ins class = +"spell" title = "insomuche">insomuch</ins>, that when she <ins class = +"spell" title = "fyndethe">fyndeth</ins> her selfe in danger, she will +lye in the ayre vppon her backe, and turne vpp her bellye towardes the +hawke; and so defile her enymye with her excrementes, that eyther she +will blinde the hawke, or ells with her byll or <ins class = "change" +title = "talentes">talons</ins> pierce the hawkes brest yf she offer to +cease vppon her.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">40</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The Hyppe is the berye of the sweet bryer or eglantine.</span> +The Hyppe is not simplye the redde berrye one the Bryer, vnlest +yo<i>u</i> adde this epithetone and saye, the redde Berrye one the swete +Bryer, (which is the <ins class = "spell" title = +"Eggletyne">Eglantyne</ins>,) to distinguyshe yt from the comone Bryer +or +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a> +Bramble beringe the blacke Berye, for that name Bryer ys comone to them +boothe; when the Hyppe is proper but to one, neither maye yt helpe +yo<i>u</i> that yo<i>u</i> saye the redd Berye, to distinguyshe yt from +the Blacke, for the blacke berye ys also redde for a tyme, and then may +be called the redde Berye of the Bryer for that tyme.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Nowell meaneth more than Christmas.</span> +Nowell yo<i>u</i> expounde <ins class = "spell" title = +"Christmesse">Christmasse</ins>, whiche ys that feaste and moore, for yt +is that tyme, whiche is properlye called the <ins class = "spell" title += "Aduente">Advente</ins> together with <ins class = "spell" title = +"Christmesse">Christmasse</ins> and <ins class = "spell" title = "Newe yeres">Neweyeres</ins> tyde, wherefore the true etymologye of that worde +ys not <ins class = "spell" title = "Christmesse">Christmasse</ins>, or +the <ins class = "spell" title = "twelue">twelve</ins> dayes, but yt is +godd with us, or, oure Godde, expressinge to vs the comynge of Christe +in the fleshe, whiche p<i>er</i>adventure after a sorte, by the figure +<ins class = "spell" title = "Senecdoche">synecdoche</ins>, yo<i>u</i> +may seeme to excuse, placinge ther <ins class = "spell" title = +"{Christ}emas">xþemas<a class = "tag" name = "endtagB" id = "endtagB" +href = "#endnoteB">B</a> (<i>Christmasse</i>)</ins> a p<i>ar</i>te +of this tyme of Nowell for all the tyme that Nowell conteynethe. for in +the same worde is conteyned <ins class = "spell" title = +"somety{m}e">sometyme</ins> xx, but for the most p<i>ar</i>te thirtye +dayes before Christmesse, aswell as the Christmesse yt selfe, that +woorde being deduced as hathe <ins class = "spell" title = +"Will{el}m{u}s">Will<i>iel</i>m<i>u</i>s</ins> Postellus in <ins class = +"spell" title = "Alphabeto">Alphabet.</ins> 12 Linguarum, from the +hebrue worde Noell: for thus he writethe: <ins class = "correction" +title = "both editions read ‏באל‎">‏נאל‎</ins> noel, sonat deus noster +sive Deus nobis advenit, solitaq<i>ue</i> est hec vox <ins class = +"correction" title = "‘cantaria’ corected from 1876 text">cantari +a</ins> plebe ante <ins class = "spell" title = "{Christ}i">xþi +(<i>Christi</i>)</ins> natalitia viginti aut triginta dies quodam +desiderio.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Porpherye is a peculiar marble, not marble in common.</span> +Porpherye you expounde marble, w<i>hi</i>che +<span class = "pagenum second">41</span> +m<i>ar</i>ble ys genus, but <ins class = "spell" title = +"purpherye">porpherye</ins> is species, for as there is white and grey +marble, so ys there redde marbell, whiche is this porpherye, +a stone of <ins class = "spell" title = "reddishe">reddish</ins> +purple coolor, distincte or enterlaced with white veynes as yo<i>u</i> +may see in the great pillars entringe into the royall exchange or burse +in Cornhill.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Sendale, a sylke stuffe.</span> +Sendale you expounde a thynne stuffe lyke cypres. but yt was a thynne +stuffe lyke sarcenette, and of a rawe kynde of sylke or sarcenett, but +courser and narrower, +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a> +<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> the sarcenett nowe ys, as +my selfe canne remember.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The trepegett is not the battering-ram, but an engine to cast +stones.</span> +Trepegett you expounde a <ins class = "spell" title = +"ram{m}e">ramme</ins> to batter walles. But the trepegete was the same +that the <ins class = "spell" title = "mogonell">magonell</ins>; for +Chaucer calleth yt a trepegett or magonell; wherefore the trepegett and +magonell <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins> all one, and +the magonell one instrumente to flynge or cast stones (as <ins +class = "spell" title = "youre selfe">youreselfe</ins> expounde yt) +into a towne, or against a towne walles, (<ins class = "change" title = +"one">an</ins> engine not muche vnlyke to the catapulte, an +instrumente to cast forthe dartes, stones, or arrowes,) the trepeget +must nedes also be one instrumente to cast stones or <ins class = +"spell" title = "suche">such</ins> lyke against a wall or into a towne, +and not a Ramme to batter <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: 1876 has ‘wal[l]es’">wales</ins>; since the Ramme was no <ins +class = "spell" title = "engyne">engine</ins> to flinge anye thinge, but +by mens handes to be broughte and pusshed againste the walles; +a thinge farr different in forme from the magonell or catapulte, as +<ins class = "spell" title = "apperethe">appereth</ins> by Vigetius and +Robertus Valturius de re militari.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Wiuer or Wyvern, a serpent like unto a dragon.</span> +Wiuer yo<i>u</i> expounde not. Wherefore I will tell you, a wyuer +is a kynde of serpent of good Bulke, not vnlyke vnto a dragon, of whose +kinde he is, a thinge well knowen vnto the Heroldes, vsinge the +same for armes, and crestes, & supporters of manye gentle and +<span class = "pagenum second">42</span> +noble menne. As the erle of Kent <ins class = "spell" title = +"bearethe">beareth</ins> a wiuer for his creste and supporters, the erle +of Pembroke, a wiuer vert for his creste; the erle of Cumberlande, +a wiuer geules for his supporters.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Autenticke meaneth a thing of auctoritye, not of antiquitye.</span> +Autenticke yo<i>u</i> expounde to be antiquytye. But howe yo<i>u</i> may +seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers meaninge, I knowe +not; but sure I ame the proper signyficat<i>i</i>one of autenticke is a +thinge of auctoritye or credit allowed by menne of auctoritye, or the +originall or fyrste archetypu<i>m</i> of any thinge; whiche I muse that +you did not remember.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Abandone is not liberty though Hollyband sayeth so.</span> +Abandone you expounde libertye; whiche in all Italiane, <ins class = +"spell" title = "Frenshe">Frenche</ins>, and Spanishe, signifyeth +relinquere, +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a> +to forsake and leave a thinge; w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title += "me thinkethe">methinkethe</ins> yo<i>u</i> most hardely stretche to +libertye, vnlest yo<i>u</i> will saye that, when one forsakethe a +thinge, he <ins class = "spell" title = "leavethe">leaveth</ins> yt at +libertye; whiche ys but a streyned speche, although the frenche +Hollybande, not vnder­standinge the true energye of our tongue, hath +expounded yt libertye; whiche may be some warrante vnto you.</p> + +<p><span class = "firstword">Vnder the title of youre</span> Annotacions +and Corrections.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Of the Vernacle.</span> +<span class = "firstword">In youre <ins class = "spell" title = +"Annotac{i}ons">Annotacions</ins></span> you describe, oute of the +<span class = "pagenum second">43</span> +prologues, the vernacle to be a broche or figure, wherein was sett the +<ins class = "spell" title = "Instrument{es} wherwith">instruments +wherewith</ins> Christe was crucyfyed, and withall a napkyn whereine was +the printe of his face. but the vernacle did not conteyne the +instrumentes of his deathe, but only the clothe wherein was the figure +of his face; as I conceve yt with others.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Master Thynne would read Campaneus for Capaneus, and giveth +reasons.</span> +Fo: 1. pa: 2. For Campaneus you wolde reade Capaneus, wherunto I cannott +yelde. for althoughe Statius and other latine authors do call hym +Capaneus; yet all the writers of Englande in that age call him +campaneus; as Gower, in confessione amantis, and Lidgat in the historye +of Thebes taken <ins class = "spell" title = "oute">out</ins> of +Statius, and Chaucer hym selfe in many other places. so that yt semethe +they made the pronu<i>n</i>tiatione of Campaneus to be the dialecte of +our tongue for Capaneus. Besides chaucer is in this to be +p<i>ar</i>doned, in that taking his knightes tale <ins class = "spell" +title = "out^e">out</ins> of the Thesayde of Bocas, written in Italiane +(and of late translated into frenche,) <ins class = "spell" title = +"dothe">doth</ins> there, after the Italiane manner, call him campaneus; +for so the Italians pronounce woordes <ins class = "spell" title = +"begynninge">beginninge</ins> with cap: with the interposit<i>i</i>one +of the l<i>ette</i>re m, pronouncinge yt camp: for, that w<i>hi</i>che +the Latins call capitoliu<i>m</i>, the Italians call campidoglio; and +suche lyke. Wherefore since yt was <ins class = "spell" title = +"vniu{er}sallye">vniversallye</ins> receued in that age, to call him +Campaneus: lett vs not nowe alter yt, but p<i>er</i>mytte yt to have +free passage accordinge to the +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a> +pronuntiat<i>i</i>one and wrytinge of that age. since, in deducinge +woordes from one language to one other, there ys often additione and +substract<i>i</i>one of letters, or of Sillabes, before, in the middle, +and in the +<span class = "pagenum second">44</span> +ende of those wordes. whereof infynyte examples mighte be produced, +whiche I nowe shonne for brevytye.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Liketh the reading of Eros, but preferreth that of Heros, and giveth +reasons.</span> +Fo: 3. pa: 2. (“Noughte comelye lyke to <ins class = "spell" title = +"louers">lovers</ins> maladye of Hereos.”) for whiche woorde hereos you +reade eros, i. cupide, a very good and probable correct<i>i</i>one, +well gathered out of Luciane. But (salua patient<i>i</i>a vestra, and +reservinge to myselfe better iudgmente hereafter yf I nowe +mystake yt,) I wolde, for the printed hereos of Chaucer, read +heroes. whiche two woordes onlye differ in misplacinge of the letters; +a comone thinge for the printer to do, and the corrector to +overpasse. for Arcyte, in this furye of his love, did not shewe those +courses of <ins class = "correction" title = "‘gouernmente’ corrected from 1876 text">gouer[n]mente</ins>, whiche the Heroes, or valiante +p<i>er</i>sons, in tymes <ins class = "spell" title = "paste">past</ins> +vsed, for thoughe they loued, yet that passione did not generallye so +farre overrule them (althoughe yt mighte in some one p<i>ar</i>ticuler +personne) as that theye lefte to contynewe the valor, and heroicke <ins +class = "spell" title = "act{i}ons, w{hi}che">actions, whiche</ins> they +<span class = "pagenum second">45</span> +before performed. for the Heroes sholde so love, as that they sholde not +forgett, what <ins class = "spell" title = "theye">they</ins> were in +place, valor, or magnanymytye, whiche Arcite, in this pass<i>i</i>one, +did not observe “lyke to <ins class = "spell" title = +"louers">lovers</ins> malady of Heroes.” Whereof I <ins class = "spell" +title = "colde">coulde</ins> produce six hundred examples, (as the +proverbe ys,) were yt not that I avoyde tedious prolixytye.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Of florins and their name from the Florentines.</span> +Fo: 6. pa: 2. (“Manye a florence<ins class = "correction" title = "’ for ’">.”)</ins> In whiche noote yo<i>u</i> expounde a florence to be +ij<sup>s</sup> frenche, and a gelder to be the same in dutche. Wherein +yo<i>u</i> mistake the valewe of <ins class = "change" title = +"a">the</ins> florens, suche as was vsed in Chaucers tyme, <ins class = +"spell" title = "w{hi}che takinge">w<i>hic</i>he taking</ins> his name +of the woorkemenne, beinge florentynes, (of the terrytorye of +florence in Italye,) were called Florens; +<span class = "sidenote"> +Sterling money taketh its name from the Esterlings.</span> +as sterlinge money +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a> +tooke their name of Esterlinges, whiche refyned and coyned the silver in +the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde. for two shillinges frenche ys not +equall in valewe (as I nowe take yt) to two shillinges <ins +class = "spell" title = "Englyshe">Englishe</ins>: and much lesse equall +to the florens in Chaucers tyme, whiche was of the valewe of thre <ins +class = "spell" title = "shilling{es}">shillings</ins>, fowre pence, or +halfe a noble, or, at the leaste, of two shillinges tenne pence +farthinge, as apperethe by recorde and historye: some of them being +called florens de scuto or of the valewe of the shelde or frenche crowne +and some of them called florens regall. Whereof yo<i>u</i> shall fynde, +in the recorde of pellis exitus in the <ins class = "spell" title = +"exchequier">exchequer</ins> in michelmas terme 41. Ed. 3. this note. +Bartholomeo de Burgershe militi in denariis sibi liberatis in parte +solutionis 8000 florenoru<i>m</i> de scuto pretii petii iij<sup>s.</sup> +iiij<sup>d.</sup> sibi debitis de illis 30000 florenoru<i>m</i> de scuto +in quibus Rex tenebatur eidem +<span class = "pagenum second">46</span> +Bartholomeo pro comite de Ventadoure, prisonario suo apud Bellu<i>m</i> +de Poyters in guerra capto, et ab eodem Bartholomeo ad opus Regis +empt<i>o</i>, vt patet per litteras Regis patentes, quas idem +Bartholomeus inde penes se habet. in <ins class = "spell" title = +"Dors{o}">Dors.</ins> de <ins class = "spell" title = +"su{m}ma">summa</ins> subscripta, per bre<i>ve</i> de magno sigillo, +inter mandata de <ins class = "spell" title = "Term{ino}">Term.</ins> +Michaelis de anno 36 —xx<sup>li.</sup> To the valewe whereof +agreeth Hipodigma Neustriæ, pa. 127, +<span class = "sidenote"> +King John of France, his ransom of three millions of florens.</span> +where <ins class = "spell" title = "settinge">setting</ins> downe the +ransome of the frenche kinge taken at Poyters to the valewe of thre +milliones of florens, he sayethe “of <ins class = "spell" title = +"w{hi}che">w<i>hic</i>he</ins> florens duo valebant vj<sup>s.</sup> +viij<sup>d.</sup>” These florens the same Walsingha<i>m</i> in <ins +class = "change" title = "other">another</ins> place <ins class = +"correction" title = "‘calle the’ corrected from 1876 text">callethe</ins> scutes or frenche crownes, pa. 170, sayinge: Rex +quidem Franciæ pro sua redemptione soluit regi Angliæ tres milliones +scutoru<i>m</i>, quoru<i>m</i> duo valent vnu<i>m</i> nobile, videlicet, +sex solidos et octo denarios. Whiche scutes in lyke manner, in the tyme +of kinge Henry the sixte were of the same valewe, as apperethe in +Fortescues commentaries of the lawes of Englande. But as those +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a> +florens for the redempt<i>i</i>one of the frenche kinge, were of the +valewe of half one noble: so at the tyme of that <ins class = "spell" +title = "king{es}">kings</ins> reigne there were also one other sorte of +florens, not of lyke valewe, but conteyned within the price of +ij<sup>s.</sup> x<sup>d.</sup> +<ins class = "spell" title = "q{uad}r{anta}"> +<img src = "images/QR.gif" width = "22" height = "21" +alt = "see correction"></ins> +called florene regales, as apperethe in this record, of Easter terme, of +Pellis exitus before sayed, where yt is thus entred one the sixte of +Julye: Guiscardo de Angles. Domino de pleyne martyne, In denariis sibi +liberatis per manus <ins class = "spell" title = "Walter">Walteri</ins> +Hewett militis in pretio 4000 florenoru<i>m</i> regaliu<i>m</i> pretii +petii —ij<sup>s.</sup> x<sup>d.</sup> +<ins class = "spell" title = "q{uad}r{anta}"> +<img src = "images/QR.gif" width = "22" height = "21" +alt = "see correction"></ins> +de quibus florenis regal<i>ibus</i> 7 computantur pro tribus nobilibus, +eidem Guiscardo debitis. Whereby yo<i>u</i> see the meanest of these +florens did <ins class = "spell" title = "exced">exceed</ins> the valewe +of ij<sup>s.</sup> frenche, (although you sholde equall that with +ii<sup>s.</sup> <ins class = "spell" title = "Englyshe">Englishe</ins>,) +as yt did also in other countryes. for in the lowe countryes at those +dayes yt was <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins> aboute the +valewe of +<span class = "pagenum second">47</span> +iij<sup>s.</sup> iiij<sup>d.</sup> beinge halfe a pistolet Italiane or +Spanyshe. for so sayethe Heuterius Delphicus, (in the Historye of +Burgundye, in the lyfe of Philippe le hardye,) lyving at that tyme, and +sonne to the frenche kinge taken prisoner by the Inglishe. Heuterius’ +woordes be these. Illustris viri aliorumq<i>ue</i> nobiliu<i>m</i> mors +<ins class = "spell" title = "adeo">adeò</ins> comite<i>m</i> <ins class += "spell" title = "comovit">com<i>m</i>ovit</ins>, vt relicta obsidione +exercitus ad co<i>m</i>meatus ducendos in proxima loca distribuerit. +Decem <ins class = "spell" title = "milibus florenoru{m}">millibus +florenorum</ins> (moneta Belgica est semipistoletu<i>m</i> +Italicu<i>m</i> pendens) pro Anglicani, aliorumq<i>ue</i> +nobiliu<i>m</i> <ins class = "spell" title = "cadauerum">cadaverum</ins> +redemptione solutis, &c.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Of the oken garland of Emelye.</span> +Fo: 7. pa: 2. For unseriall yo<i>u</i> will vs to reade cerriall, for +cerrus<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a> +is a kynde of tree lyke one oke, <ins class = "spell" title = +"beringe">bearinge</ins> maste; and therefore by yo<i>ur</i> +correct<i>i</i>one yt sholde be a garland of grene oke cerriall: But for +the same reasone (because cerrus ys a kynde of oke as ys also the Ilex) +I judge yt sholde not be redde cerriall but unseriall, that ys, +(yf you will nedes have this +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a> +<ins class = "spell" title = "word">worde</ins> cerriall,) +a garlande of greene oke not <ins class = "spell" title = +"cereall">cerriall</ins>, as who sholde saye, she had a Garlande of +Grene oke, but not of the oke Cerriall. and therefore a garlande of oke +unseriall, signifyinge a garlande that was freshe and Grene, and not of +dedd wannyshe Coolor as the oke Cerriall in some parte ys. for the +Cerrus, being the tree w<i>hi</i>che we comonly call the holme oke, +(as Cooper also expoundeth the ilex to be that <ins class = "spell" +title = "whiche">which</ins> wee call holme,) <ins class = "spell" title += "producethe">produceth</ins> two kyndes; whereof the one hathe +greater, and the other lesser +<span class = "pagenum second">48</span> +acornes, whose leaves beinge somewhat grene one <ins class = "spell" +title = "{th}e">the</ins> one syde, and of one <ins class = "spell" +title = "ouer russett">ouerrussett</ins> and darkyshe Coolor on the +other syde, were not mete for this garland of Emelye, whiche sholde be +freshe and Grene one everye parte, as <ins class = "change" title = +"was">were</ins> her younge and grene yeres, lyke to the goddesse to +whome she sacryfyced, and therefore a garlande of Grene oke unseriall, +not beinge of oke <ins class = "spell" title = "seriall">cerriall</ins>, +for yf yt had byn oke serriall, yt wolde haue shewed duskyshe and as yt +were of dedishe leaves, and not freshe and orient as chaucer wolde haue +her garlande. And this for yo<i>u</i>r <ins class = "correction" title = +"‘exposit{i}one’ corrected from 1876 text">e[x]posit<i>i</i>one</ins> of +unseriall, in some parte: for I wolde suppose that this worde unseriall +dothe not vnaptly signifye <ins class = "spell" title = +"perfect{i}one">perfectione</ins> of coolor, so that She <ins class = +"spell" title = "havinge">having</ins> a Garlande of Grene oke +unseriall, <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> signyfye the +oke to be grene and unseriall, that is, (as some do expounde this +worde unseriall,) unsered, unsinged, unwithered, of freshe coolor, lyke +unto the oke Quercus whiche <ins class = "spell" title = +"hathe">hath</ins> no sered nor withered cooloor in his leafes. And yt +was of necessytye that Emely (sacryfysinge to Diana) must haue a +garlande of the Grene oke Quercus, because that they whiche sacryfyced +vnto Diana, otherwise called <ins class = "spell" title = +"Heccate">Hecate</ins>, (which name is attribute to Diana, as natalis +Comes affirmethe with statius in his Acheleidos in his first Booke +sayinge,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sic vbi virgineis Hecate lassata pharetris,</p> + +<p>being Diana adorned with her bowe and arrowes, +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a> +called also Triuia because Luna, Diana, and Heccate, were all one, +whereof Virgil speaketh,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Tergemina<i>m</i>q<i>ue</i> Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianæ<ins class = +"correction" title = "close parenthesis supplied from 1876 text">,)</ins></p> + +<p>were adorned w<i>i</i>th a crowne of the grene oke Quercus, because +that Heccate was wont to be crowned therewith, as hath Pierius +Valerianus in his 51 booke of Hieroglyphes, sayinge, Heccate quoquè +Quercu coronari solita est. for although Quercus be consecrate to +Jupiter, because he gave his oracles in the same in +<span class = "pagenum second">49</span> +Sylva Dodonea, and therefore called Jupiter Dodoneus; yet <ins class = +"spell" title = "Antiquytye">Antiqutye</ins> adorned and crowned Diana +Heccate with the same crowne also. Wherefore I conclude, since she +(Emelye) had a garlande of Grene oke, (as Chaucer of purpose <ins +class = "spell" title = "addethe">addeth</ins> that woorde Greene to +explane unseriall, whiche <ins class = "spell" title = +"signyfiethe">signyfyethe</ins> unsered, unparched, unwithered in every +parte, not lyke to the oke Serriall, whose leafe one the one syde is +duskyshe as <ins class = "spell" title = "thoughe">though</ins> yt were +somewhat withered,) that the same <ins class = "spell" title = +"worde">word</ins> unseriall must stand unamended, as well (as I +sayed before) by youre owne correct<i>i</i>one and the nature of the +worde; as for that Diana, called Heccate, was crowned with the oke +Quercus and not with the oke cerrus. But yf yo<i>u</i> obiecte to mee +that, in this place, yt must be a garlande of oke cerriall accordinge to +the woordes of Chaucer in one other place, because that he in the flower +and the leafe (newely printed by yo<i>u</i>) <ins class = "spell" title += "hathe">hath</ins> these woordes;</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>I sie come first all in theire clokes white</p> +<p>a companye that were for <ins class = "spell" title = +"delighte">delight</ins>.</p> +<p><ins class = "spell" title = "Chaplett{es}">Chapletts</ins> freshe of +oke serriall</p> +<p>Newly spronge and <ins class = "spell" title = +"Trompett{es}">Trompetts</ins> they were all;</p> +</div> + +<p>I denye that therefore in the Knightes Tale yt must be oke serriall. +for yt may well bee, that such meane persons as trompettes might be +crowned with so base one oke as the serriall ys, whiche I call base in +respecte of +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a> +the oke Quercus (dedicate to the godd Jupiter) <ins class = "spell" +title = "wherwithe">wherewithe</ins> Heccate was crowned, and whereof +<ins class = "spell" title = "Garland{es}">Garlands</ins> were <ins +class = "spell" title = "gyuen">gyven</ins> to the Romans for their +nooble <ins class = "spell" title = "desartes">desarts</ins> in the +warres, as apperethe in the Quernall crowne gyven to those whiche had +saved a cytyzen. Wherefore Chaucer dothe rightly (and of purpose with +great iudgm<i>en</i>t in my conceyte) make a difference in the +chaplettes of the Trompettes and the <ins class = "spell" title = +"garland{es}">garlands</ins> of +<span class = "pagenum second">50</span> +Emelye, in that the <ins class = "spell" title = "trompett{es} chaplett{es}">trompetts chapletts</ins> were of oke seriall newly +spronge; and not <ins class = "spell" title = "coome">come</ins> to +perfect<i>i</i>one, whiche yet yf they had byn p<i>er</i>fecte wolde not +haue byn soo oryente and Greene one bothe sydes as ys the oke Quercus, +wherewithe he wolde haue this Emelye crowned, as was her goddesse +Heccate Diana (to whom she dyd sacryfyce) accustomed to bee. for so +in tymes past (as I sayed before) the sacryfycer sholde be adorned +<ins class = "spell" title = "withe">with</ins> garlandes of suche +thinges, as were consecrate to the goddes to whome they sacryfyced. for +whiche cause also I ame not moved, thoughe Caxtone in his seconde +editione do call yt one oke serriall. for I knowe (<ins class = "spell" +title = "not withstandinge">notwith­standinge</ins> his fayre +prologe of <ins class = "spell" title = "printinge">printing</ins> that +by a true copye) there be manye imperfections in that Booke.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Eyther for euerye, an overnice correction.</span> +Fo: 9. pa: 1. For euerye) yo<i>u</i> will us to reade eyther. But the +sence ys good, as well that they dyd ryde one euerye syde of hym, as of +eyther syde of him. for they boothe colde not ryde of euerye syde of +hym, no moore then they both colde ryde of eyther syde of <ins class = +"spell" title = "hym">him</ins>; and therefore they two ryding one +euerye side of hym, canne haue noone other construct<i>i</i>one then +that the one did ryde of the one syde and the other one the other side, +aud therefore an <ins class = "spell" title = "ouer nice">ouernice</ins> +correct<i>i</i>one, thoughe some coppies do warrant yt:</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The intellect of Arcite had not wholly gone, or he would not have known +Emelye.</span> +Fo: 10. pa: 1. for save <ins class = "spell" title = "onlye">only</ins> +the intellecte,) yo<i>u</i> wolde haue us <del>to</del> reade “and also +the intellecte.” But yf yo<i>u</i> <ins class = "spell" title = +"will">well</ins> consider the woordes of Chaucer, (as <span class += "pagenum">41</span> +<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a> +I have donne in all the written copyes whiche I haue yet seene,) his +<ins class = "spell" title = "meany{n}ge">meaninge</ins> ys not that the +intellecte was +<span class = "pagenum second">51</span> +wholye goonne, as yt wolde bee yf yo<i>u</i> sholde reade, “and also the +intellecte” for “save only the intellecte.” for Chaucers meanynge ys, +that all his <ins class = "correction" title = "‘strengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">streng[t]he</ins> and vitall Sprites aboute his +outewarde partes were gonne, save onlye <ins class = "change" title = +"his">the</ins> intellecte or vnder­standinge, w<i>hi</i>che +remayned sounde and good, as apperethe after by the followinge woordes, +for when deathe approched, and that all outwarde senses fayled, he +(Arcite) yet cast eye vppon Emelye, remembringe her, thoughe the <ins +class = "spell" title = "chefest">cheifest</ins> vitall sprite of his +harte and his streng[th]e were gonne from hym. but he colde not haue +cast his eye vppon Emelye, yf his intellecte had fayled hym. Yet yf you +liste to reade, “and also the intellecte,” for saue only the intellecte, +yt may after a sorte somewhat be borne withall, <ins class = "spell" +title = "nothewithstandinge">notwith­standinge</ins> that a pointe +at <ins class = "correction" title = "‘strengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">streng[t]he</ins> is looste; and a parenthesis includynge (Save +only the intellecte, without moore,) will make the sence good in this +sort as I have here pointed yt:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And yet <ins class = "spell" title = "moore ouer">mooreouer</ins> +from his armes two</p> +<p>the vital streng[t]he is lost; and all agoo</p> +<p>(<ins class = "spell" title = "saue">save</ins> only the intellecte +without moore)</p> +<p>that dwelleth in his hart sicke and <ins class = "spell" title = +"soore">sore</ins></p> +<p>gan faylen: When the hart felt death &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Straught, a better word than haughte.</span> +Fo: 10. pa: 2. For armes straughte you wolde reade yt haughte, when +straughte is moore <ins class = "spell" title = +"signyfica{n}t">significa<i>n</i>t</ins> (and moore answerable to +Chaucers woordes <ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> +followethe) <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> haughte ys. +for he speakethe of the Bredthe and spredinge of the boughes or armes or +branches of the tree, whiche this woorde straughte <ins class = "spell" +title = "dothe">doth</ins> signyfye, and is moore aptlye sett downe for +stretched, then this woorde haughte, whiche signyfyethe catchinge holde, +or holdinge faste, or (yf <span class = "pagenum second">52</span> +you will streyne yt againste his nature) <ins class = "spell" title = +"stretchinge">stretching</ins> on <ins class = "spell" title = +"heighe">heigh</ins>, +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a> +<ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> agreethe not well +with <ins class = "correction" title = "‘Chancers’ corrected from 1876 text">Chaucers</ins> meanynge. for these be his <ins class = "spell" +title = "word{es}">words</ins>:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And twenty fadome of <ins class = "change" title = "breed th’armes">breedth, armes</ins> straughte;</p> +<p>That is to sayen, the Bowes were so broode, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Visage for vassalage, an impertinent correction.</span> +Fo: 11. pa: 1. For all forgotten in his vassalage, yow wolde haue vs +reade, “for all forgotten is then his visage;” a thinge mere +impertinente. for the forgettinge of his visage and personage is not +materiall, nor regarded of anye to haue his face forgotten, but yt is +muche materiall (and so ys Chaucers meanynge) that his vassalage, and +the good service donne in his youthe, shold be forgotten when he waxethe +olde. And therefore yt must bee “his vassalage forgotten;” as presently +after Chaucer sayeth, better for a manne to dye when he is yonge, and +his honor in price, <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> when +he is olde, and the service of his youthe forgotten; <ins class = +"spell" title = "w{hi}che">w<i>hic</i>he</ins> I <ins class = +"spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> dilate and prove by manye examples; +but I cannott stande longe vppon euerye pointe, as well for that I wolde +not be tedious vnto yo<i>u</i>, as for that leysure <ins class = "spell" +title = "seruethe">serveth</ins> me not thereunto.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Leefe for lothe, a nedeless correction.</span> +Fo: 13. pa: 1. For lothe yo<i>u</i> bidde vs reade leefe, <ins class = +"spell" title = "w{hi}che annotac{i}one">which annotacione</ins> neded +not to haue byn there sett downe, because the verye woorde in the texte +is lefe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +It is more likely that Absolon knocked than that he coughed at the +window.</span> +Fo: 14. pa: 1. for knocked yo<i>u</i> reade coughed, but, the +circumstance considered, (althoughe they may both stande,) yt is moore +probable that he<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" id = "tag9" href = +"#note9">9</a> knocked at +<span class = "pagenum second">53</span> +her<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id = "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> +windowe, <ins class = "addword" title = "phrase missing in 1865 text (skipped line in original MS?)">to make her the better to heare</ins> +<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> that he coughed. for <ins +class = "spell" title = "althoughe">although</ins> those woordes “with a +semely sownde” may haue relatione to the voyce, yet they may <ins class += "spell" title = "aswell">as well</ins> and <ins class = "spell" title += "withe">with</ins> as much consonancye haue reference to a semely and +gentle kynde of knockinge at the windowe as to the voyce, and so his +meanynge was by that sounde to wake her, whiche wolde rather be by the +noyse of a knocke <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> of a +coughe. for so he determyned +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a> +before to knocke, as apperethe in these verses, when he sayed,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>So mote I thryve, I shall at cockes <ins class = "spell" title = +"crowe">crow</ins></p> +<p>Full priuily knocke at his windowe:</p> +</div> + +<p>And so apperethe by the tale afterwarde that he knocked, as he did +before, although he coughed also at the latter tyme, for he knocked +twyce.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Surrye or Russye, indifferent which.</span> +Fo: 23. pa: 2. For Surrye you read Russye. true yt is, that some written +copies haue Russye, and some Surrye. And therefore indifferent after the +written copies, and some auncient printed copies before my fathers +editione. But yf I shall interpone my opynione, I wolde more +willingly (for this tyme) receve Surrey, because yt is most lykelye that +the <ins class = "spell" title = "tartaria{n}s">tartarians</ins> whiche +dwelt at Sara (a place yet well knowen, and <ins class = "spell" +title = "boordering vppone">bordering vppon</ins> the lake Mare <ins +class = "spell" title = "Caspiu{m}">Casp<i>iu</i>m</ins>,) <ins class = +"change" title = "is">are</ins> nerer to Sorria or the countryes <ins +class = "spell" title = "adyoynynge">adioynynge</ins> called Syria, <ins +class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> to Russya. For as Hato the +Armeniane, in his Tartariane Historye, sayeth, The <ins class = "spell" +title = "Cytye">cyttye</ins> of Sara was +<span class = "pagenum second">54</span> +auncyently the famous cyttye of the countrye of Cumania; and the +Tartarians obteyned the kingdome of Syria in the yere 1240, +w<i>hi</i>che must be in the tyme of the fyrst Tartariane emperor called +Caius canne, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Cambuscan is Caius canne.</span> +beinge (as I suppose) he whome Chaucer namethe Cambiuscan, for so +ys the written copies, <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> +affynytye is there betwene those two names. And, as I gather, yt was +after that tyme that the Tartarians had warres in Russia. But I leave yt +indifferent at this tyme, as meanynge further to consider +of yt.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +“That may not saye naye,” better than “there may no wighte say +naye.”</span> +Fo: 31. pa: 2. for these woordes, “that may not saye naye,” yo<i>u</i> +reade “there may no wighte say naye.” bothe whiche are good, and boothe +founde in written coppyes; and yet the firste will better stande, in my +conceyte, because <ins class = "spell" title = "1865 text uses parentheses">[<i>the king of Faerie</i>]</ins> there speakinge to his +wyfe, he urgethe her that she cannott denye yt; when he sayeth, my wyfe +that cannott say naye, +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a> +as who sholde saye yo<i>u</i> cannot denye yt because you knowe yt; and +experience <ins class = "spell" title = "teachethe">teacheth</ins> yt, +so that these woordes, “that cannott say naye,” must be taken as spoken +of his wyfes knowledge, and so as good or rather better <ins class = +"spell" title = "then">than</ins> “there <ins class = "spell" title = +"maye">may</ins> no wighte saye naye,” consideringe that these wordes +“that cannott saye naye,” dothe signyfye, “whoe cannott saye +<span class = "pagenum second">55</span> +naye,” in <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> sorte that +this relatyve (that) meanynge (whoe) must haue reference to his +antecedente, <del>i. e.</del> this worde wyfe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Theophraste, not Paraphraste.</span> +Fo: 35. pa: 2. For “He cleped yt valerye and theophraste,” you saye some +wolde haue vs reade “Valery and his Paraphraste.” But as yo<i>u</i> haue +left yt at libertee to the reader to iudge, so I thinke yt must nedes be +Theophraste; as the author [of] Policraticon in his eighte Booke, ca. +11. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The wife of Bath’s Prologue taken from the author of +Policraticon.</span> +(from whome Chaucer borrowethe almost worde for worde a great parte of +the Wyfe of Bathes Prologe,) doth vouche yt, for the author of that +booke, <ins class = "spell" title = "Iohannes">Johannes</ins> +Sarisburi­ensis, lyvinge in the tyme of Henrye the seconde, sayethe, +Fertur authore Hieronimo Aureolus Theophrasti liber, de nuptiis, in quo +<ins class = "spell" title = "queritur">quæritur</ins> an vir sapiens +ducat vxorem, <ins class = "spell" title = "&c.">etc.</ins> And the +frenche molinet, moralizinge the <ins class = "spell" title = +"Romante">Romant</ins> of the roose in frenche, and turnynge <ins class += "spell" title = "yt">it</ins> oute of verse into proese, writeth, Ha +<ins class = "spell" title = "se">si</ins> i’eusse creu <ins class = +"spell" title = "Theophrates">Theophraste</ins>, &c. Oh, yf I +had <ins class = "spell" title = "beleued">beleved</ins> Theophraste, +I had <ins class = "spell" title = "neuer">never</ins> maried <ins +class = "spell" title = "womane">womanne</ins>, for he <ins class = +"spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> not holde hym wise that marieth anye +womanne, be she fayre, <ins class = "spell" title = "fowle">foule</ins>, +poore, or riche; as he sayeth in his Booke Aureolle; whiche verye wordes +chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> recyte.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum second">56</span> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Country, not Couentry.</span> +Fo: 38. pa: 2. for this worde Countrye you will vs to reade Couentrye. +But in my writtene copies yt is, “in my Countrye,” whiche I holde <ins +class = "spell" title = "{th}e">the</ins> truer and for the sence as +good yf not better.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Maketh, not waketh.</span> +Fo: 41. pa: 1. This woorde makethe is corrected by you, who for the same +do place wakethe; w<i>hi</i>che cannott well stande, for Chaucers +woordes <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins>, “this +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a> +<ins class = "spell" title = "makethe">maketh</ins> the fende,” dothe +signyfye (by a true conuers<i>i</i>one after the dialecte of our +tonge, w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title = "withe">with</ins> +beawtye vsethe suche transmutac<i>i</i>one as I <ins class = "spell" +title = "colde gyue">coulde gyve</ins> yo<i>u</i> manye pretye +instances,) that the sence thereof ys, “the fende makethe this,” for +whiche Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "vsethe">vseth</ins> these +wordes by Transposit<i>i</i>one, (accordinge to the rhethoricall figure +Hiperbatone) “This makethe the fende:” Whiche this? Anger: for that +comethe, ys made, or occasioned, by the <ins class = "spell" title = +"diuell">deuell</ins>. But yf yt sholde be wakethe, then must the sence +bee, that this (<ins class = "spell" title = "w{hi}che">whiche</ins> is +the anger he speakethe of before) wakethe the fende; whiche oure +offences cannot do, because he cannott be waked, in that he neyther <ins +class = "spell" title = "slombrethe">slumbrethe</ins> nor slepethe, but +alwayes <ins class = "spell" title = "watchethe">watcheth</ins> and +howrely seekethe occas<i>i</i>one to destroye us, lyke a roringe lyone. +But yf you will nedes saye “this wakethe the fende,” that is, by +conuersione after this manner, “the fende waketh this,” whiche <ins +class = "spell" title = "signyfyethe">signyfyeth</ins> the fende <ins +class = "spell" title = "wakethe">waketh</ins> or <ins class = "spell" +title = "styrrethe">styrreth</ins> this in manne, yt <ins class = +"spell" title = "maye">may</ins>, after a harde and +<span class = "pagenum second">57</span> +over-streyned sorte, beare <ins class = "spell" title = +"so{m}me">some</ins> sence, whiche yet hath not that energye, sprite or +lyfe, w<i>hi</i>che haue Chaucers <ins class = "spell" title = +"woord{es}">woordes</ins>, “this maketh the fende.” Whiche woordes are +in my written copies, and in all written and auncient printed copies +whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "haue">have</ins> yet seene.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Hugh of Lincoln.</span> +Fo: 96. pa: 2. vppon these woordes, “O hughe of Lincolne sleyne +also, &c.” You saye, that in the 29. H. 3. eightene Jewes were +broughte <ins class = "addword">[to London]</ins> fro<i>m</i> Lincolne, +and hanged for crucyfyinge a childe of eight yeres olde. Whiche facte +was <ins class = "correction" title = "‘in’ (no brackets) corrected from 1876 text">[in]</ins> the 39. H. 3. so that yo<i>u</i> mighte verye well +haue sayed, that the same childe of eighte yeres olde was the same hughe +of Lincolne; of whiche name there were twoe, <ins class = "spell" title += "v{iz.}">viz. </ins> thys younger Seinte Hughe, and Seinte Hughe +bishoppe of Lincolne, whiche dyed in the yere 1200, long before this +litle seinte hughe. And to prove [that] this childe of eighte yeres olde +and that yonge hughe of Lincolne were but +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a> +one; I will sett downe two auctoryties out of Mathewe Paris and +Walsinghame, whereof the fyrste wryteth, that in the yere of Christe +1255, beinge the 39. of Henrye the 3, a childe called Hughe was +sleyne by the Jewes at Lyncolne, whose lamentable historye he <ins class += "spell" title = "delyuerethe">delyvereth</ins> at large; and further, +in the yere 1256, being 40. Hen. 3, he sayeth, Dimissi sunt quieti <ins +class = "spell" title = ".24.">24</ins> Judei à Turri London, qui +ibidem infames tenebantur compediti pro crucifixione sancti Hugonis +Lincolniæ: All whiche Thomas Walsingham, in <ins class = "spell" title = +"Hypodygma">Hypodigma</ins> Neustriæ, confirmeth; sayinge, +A<sup>o.</sup> 1255. Puer quidam Christianus, nomine <span class = +"smallcaps">Hugo</span>, à Judeis captus, in opprobriu<i>m</i> +Christiani nominis <ins class = "spell" title = +"crudeliter">crudelitèr</ins> est crucifixus.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +“Where the sunne is in his ascensione,” a good reading.</span> +Fo: 86. pa: 8. (Where the sunne is in his ascensione, &c.) You +will us to reade for the same,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ware the soone in his <ins class = "spell" title = +"ascentione">ascensione</ins></p> +<p>Ne fynde you not replete of humors hotte,</p> +<p>For yf yt doe,<ins class = "change" title = ". . ."> +&c.</ins></p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum second">58</span> +<p>But, savinge correct<i>i</i>one, the former sence is good: for these +woordes: Where the sonne is in his <ins class = "spell" title = +"ascentione">ascensione</ins>, must haue relat<i>i</i>one to the woordes +of the verse before,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Ye be righte colericke of complex<i>i</i>one,</p> + +<p>and then is the sence, that she <ins class = "change" title = "1865 parenthesized, 1876 moved to footnote">[<i>the fair Pertelote</i>]</ins> +willed hym to purge, for that he was righte (that is, extremelye and in +the highest degree) collericke of complex<i>i</i>one, where (<ins class += "spell" title = "w{hi}che signyfyethe">whiche signyfyeth</ins> when) +the sonne is in his ascent<i>i</i>one. Wherefore he must take heede, +that he did not fynde hym repleate (at that tyme of the sonnes +being in his ascent<i>i</i>one) of hoote humors, for yf he did, he +sholde surelye haue one ague. And this will stand with the woordes Where +the sonne is in his ascentione, <ins class = "spell" title = +"takinge">taking</ins> where for when, as yt is often vsed. But yf +yo<i>u</i> mislyke that <ins class = "spell" title = +"gloose">gloosse</ins>, and will begyn one new sence, as yt is in some +written copyes, and saye, Ware the sonne in his <ins class = "spell" +title = "assentione">ascentione</ins> +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a> +ne fynde you not repleate, &c. yet yt <ins class = "spell" +title = "cannotte">cannott</ins> bee that the other wordes, (for yf yt +doo,) canne <ins class = "spell" title = "answere">answer</ins> the +same, because this pronoune <ins class = "spell" title = +"relatyve">relative</ins> (yt) cannot haue relat<i>i</i>one to this +worde (you) <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> wente +before in this lyne, Ne fynde yo<i>u</i> not repleate of humors hotte. +So that yf <ins class = "change" title = "yowe">you nowe</ins> will +nedes reade ware for where, yet the other parte of the followinge verse +must nedes be, “for yf you doe,” and not “for yf yt dooe;” vnleste you +will saye that this woorde (yt) must haue relat<i>i</i>one to these +woordes, (the sonne in his ascentione,) whiche yt cannott have, those +woordes goinge two lynes before, and the pronowne (you) +<span class = "pagenum second">59</span> +interposed betwene the same and that his <ins class = "spell" title = +"corelatyve (yt).">correlative (yt.)</ins> Wherefore these woordes, (for +yf yt doe,) must nedes stande as they did before, though you will +correcte “Where the sonne &c.” and saye “Ware the +sonne &c.” W<i>hi</i>che yf you will nedes haue, you must +correcte the rest in this sorte:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ware the sonne in his ascentione</p> +<p>that yt fynde you not repleat of humors hotte,</p> +<p>for yf yt do, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>But this correct<i>i</i>one (savinge, as I sayed, correct<i>i</i>one) +<ins class = "spell" title = "semethe">semeth</ins> not so good as the +former texte.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Kenelm slain by Queen Drida.</span> +Fol: 86. pa: 2. Vppon these woordes, (Lo, in the lyfe of Kenelme we +reade,) you saye that Kenelme was sleyne by his sister Quenda, whiche +sholde be Quendrida; as Williame of Malmsberye and Ingulphus have. +Whiche Quendrida dothe signyfye Quene Drida; as the author of the +Antiquyties of Seint Albons and of the Abbottes thereof (supposed to be +Mathewe Paris) dothe expounde yt. for that auctor, speakinge of the wyfe +of Offa the greate kinge of Mercia, (a wicked and proude womanne +because she was of the stocke of Charles the greate,) dothe saye, that +she was called Drida, and being the <ins class = "spell" title = +"king{es}">kings</ins> wyfe was termed Quendrida, id est, Regina +Drida.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Master Speight mistaketh his almanack.</span> +Fo: 87. p: 1. Vppon these woordes of “Taurus was fortye degrees and +one,” you saye that this place ys misprinted, <ins class = "spell" title += "aswell">as well</ins> in not namynge of the sygne, as of the +misreckonynge of the degrees, that the two and twentye of Marche the +sunne is in Aries, and that but eleven degrees or thereaboutes, and +hathe in all but thirtye degrees. In whiche, in semynge to correcte the +former printe (whiche in truthe deseruethe amendement, but not in that +order,) you seme to mee to erre, +<span class = "pagenum second">60</span> +as farre as heauen and yerthe, in <ins class = "spell" title = +"mystakinge">mistakinge</ins> Chaucers meanynge and his woordes, <ins +class = "spell" title = "aswell">as well</ins> for the daye of the +monthe, as for the signe. for where yo<i>u</i> suppose that Chaucere +meanethe the two and twentithe daye of Marche, you mistake yt. for +although yt <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">should</ins> be the 22 +of the monthe, as the printed booke hathe; yet canne yt not be the 22 +daye of Marche, but must of necessytye be the two and twentythe of +Aprille: and so the signe Taurus trulye named. But first I must saye, +the <ins class = "spell" title = "nomber">number</ins> of the dayes are +<ins class = "spell" title = "mysprinted">misprinted</ins>, for where yt +is twentye dayes and two, yt must be (and so are my written <ins class = +"spell" title = "copyes">copies</ins>) thirtye dayes and two, whiche +must be the seconde of Maye, as yo<i>u</i> shall well see by the woordes +of Chaucer, for whether yowe recken thirtye two dayes, withe the truthe, +as hathe the written copye, or xxii dayes, withe the printe: yet must +yo<i>u</i> begynne to recken them from after the <ins class = "spell" +title = "laste">last</ins> of Marche. for so dothe Chaucer, sayinge +Marche was compleate, in these woordes:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>When the month in whiche the worlde began,</p> +<p>That hight Marche, when God first made man,</p> +<p>Was complete, and passed were also</p> +<p>Since Marche byganne, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>Wherebye yo<i>u</i> see, that yo<i>u</i> must begynne to recken the +nomber of dayes from the tyme of marche complete; and then <ins class = +"spell" title = "wolde">woulde</ins> the signe fall out to be in Taurus. +Yf yo<i>u</i> holde yo<i>u</i> to the printe (for the 22 +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a> +daye after <ins class = "spell" title = "m{ar}che, whiche">Marche, +which</ins> is the 22 daye of Aprill in <ins class = "spell" title = +"whiche">which</ins> the sonne is aboute xi degrees in Taurus;) or to +the written copye of thirtye two dayes, (w<i>hi</i>che is the seconde of +maye at what tyme the sonne ys also aboute some xxi degrees in Taurus;) +the signe is not misreckoned or misnamed, as yo<i>u</i> suppose. nether +canne these woordes, since Marche beganne, helpe you to recken them from +the begynnynge of Marche, (as you seme to +<span class = "pagenum second">61</span> +doo;) because they muste answere and be agreable to the former wordes of +Chaucer, w<i>hi</i>che sayethe M<i>ar</i>che was complete, and, for that +we <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> not dobte +thereof, he addethe also farther, And passed were also since Marche +beganne; where the worde beganne ys mysprinted for <ins class = "spell" +title = "be gonne">begonne</ins>, that is, since marche be gonne, this +word begonne being put for is gonne, or gonne bye, or departed. so that +the <ins class = "spell" title = "genuynall">genuyniell</ins> sence +hereof is, When <ins class = "spell" title = "marche">march</ins> was +complete, and also were passed, since march is gonne, or gonne by, or +departed. for, in many olde <ins class = "spell" title = +"inglyshe">inglishe</ins> woordes, this syllable (be) is sett before to +make yt moore signyficante and of force, as for moone we saye bemone, +for sprincled, besprincled; for dewed, bedewed, &c. as in this +case for gonne ys sett downe begonne. But <ins class = "spell" title = +"althoughe">although</ins> there be no <ins class = "spell" title = +"mysnamynge">misnaminge</ins> of the +<span class = "sidenote"> +The degrees of the signe are misreckoned, not the signe itself.</span> +signe; yet yt is true the degrees of the signes are <ins class = "spell" +title = "mysrekoned">misreckoned</ins>, the error whereof grewe, because +the degree of the signe, is made equall with the degree of the sonne +ascended above the <ins class = "spell" title = +"Horizone">Horizon</ins>, beinge at that tyme xli degrees in heighte +from the Horizon. But to remedye all this, and to correcte yt accordinge +as Chaucer sett yt downe in myne and other written copies; and that yt +may stande w<i>i</i>th all mathematicall proport<i>i</i>one, whiche +Chaucer knewe and <ins class = "spell" title = "obserued">observed</ins> +there, the <ins class = "spell" title = "printe">print</ins> must be +corrected after those written copies (whiche I yet holde for sounde till +I maye disprove them) <ins class = "spell" title = +"havinge">having</ins> these woordes:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>when that the month in whiche the worlde beganne,</p> +<p>that <ins class = "change" title = "hight[e]">hight</ins> Marche, +when god first made manne,</p> +<p>was complete, and passed were also</p> +<p>since marche begonne thirty dayes and two:</p> +<p>befell that Chanteclere in all his pride,</p> +<p>his seven <ins class = "spell" title = "Wiues">wives</ins> walkinge +him beside,</p> +<p>cast <ins class = "spell" title = "vppe">vp</ins> his eyen to the +<ins class = "change" title = "bright[e]">bright</ins> sonne,</p> +<p>that in the signe of Taurus had yronne</p> +<p>Twentye degrees and one and somewhat moore;</p> +<p>And knewe by kynde and by noone other loore</p> +<p>That yt was pryme, and crewe with blisful steven:</p> +<span class = "pagenum second">62</span> +<p>The <ins class = "spell" title = "sonne, quod">sunne, quoth</ins> he, +is clomben vp on <ins class = "spell" title = "heauen">heaven</ins></p> +<p>Fortye degrees and one, and moore, ywis, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>And that this <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> be +mente xxxij dayes after Marche, and the seconde of Maye, there be manye +reasons, besides those that Chaucer nameth; <ins class = "spell" title = +"whiche">which</ins> are, that the sonne was not farre from the middle +of his ascent<i>i</i>one, and in the signe <ins class = +"addword">of</ins> Taurus. ffurther, since I <ins class = "spell" title += "ame">am</ins> now in Chantecler’s discourse, I must speake of +one woorde in the same, deservinge correct<i>i</i>one, w<i>hi</i>che I +see you overslipped; and because I thinke yo<i>u</i> knewe not what to +make of yt, (as <ins class = "spell" title = "in dede">indede</ins> +by the printinge few menne canne vnderstande yt,) I will sett +downe the correct<i>i</i>one of the same; +<span class = "sidenote"> +Mereturicke is a corruption of Merecenrycke, or the kingdom of +Mercia.</span> +<ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins> the worde Mereturicke, +farr corrupted for Mercenricke, in saxon<a class = "tag" name = +"endtagA" id = "endtagA" href = "#endnoteA">A</a> Meþecenþÿke <ins class += "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> is the kingdome of Mercia, for so +was Kenelme the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, <ins class = "spell" +title = "bothe">both</ins> kinges of Mercia; the one reignynge 36 yeres, +and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys before noted. And +that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the woorde <ins class = +"spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge +signyfyethe a kingdome; meþcen signyfyethe markes or boundes or marches +of Countryes. So that Mercenricke is regnu<i>m</i> Merciæ, or the +kingdome of Mercia, or of +<span class = "pagenum second">63</span> +the boundes so called, because <ins class = "spell" title = +"almoste">almost</ins> all the other <ins class = "spell" title = +"kingdomes">kingdoms</ins> of the saxons bounded vppon the same, and +that lykewise vppon them, since that +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a> +kingdome did lye in the middle of England, and conteyned most of the +shires thereof.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Pilloures of silver borne before Cardinalls.</span> +Fo: 90. pa: 2. for pilloure you will vs to reade Pellure, signifyinge +furres. but althoughe the Clergye ware furres, and some of them had +their <ins class = "spell" title = "outewarde">outwarde</ins> ornamentes +thereof when they came to their service, as the Chanons had their Grey +amises; yet in this place, to shewe the <ins class = "spell" title = +"prowde">proude</ins> and stately ensignes of the Clergye, he there <ins +class = "spell" title = "namethe">nameth</ins> the popes crowne, and the +Cardinalls pilloures, yf I be not <ins class = "spell" title = +"deceued">deceved</ins>. for euery cardinall had, for parte of his +honorable ensignes borne before hym, <ins class = "spell" title = +"certeine siluer">certein silver</ins> pillers; as had Cardinall Wolsey, +in the tyme of kinge Henrye the eighte, and Cardinall Poole, in my +memory. So that pilloure in that place is better <ins class = "spell" +title = "then">than</ins> pellure, because pilloures were a <ins class = +"spell" title = "noote">note</ins> of <ins class = "spell" title = +"moore">more</ins> pride and maiestye (<ins class = "spell" title = +"against">againste</ins> whiche the Plowmanne dothe enveye in those +woordes,) <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> <ins class = +"change" title = "ys">in</ins> the weringe of furres.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Liketh best the old reading of “change of many manner of meates.”</span> +Fo: 90. pa: 2. for these <ins class = "spell" title = "woordes, withe">wordes, with</ins> change of many manner of <ins class = +"correction" title = "1865 text has superfluous close bracket">meates,</ins> yo<i>u</i> wolde have vs reade, They eate of many +manner of meates. Touchinge whiche, althoughe the sence stande well, yet +<ins class = "spell" title = "suire">sure</ins> Chaucer <ins class = +"spell" title = "followethe">followeth</ins> this matter in many staues +together with this preposit<i>i</i>one (cu<i>m</i>, with,) and this +<span class = "pagenum second">64</span> +coniunctione (et, and;)—as, “With pride misledd the poore, +<ins class = "spell" title = "&">and</ins> with money filled manye a +male, &c.” so he contynuethe yt still with that <ins class = +"spell" title = "preposytione">prepositione</ins>, “<ins class = +"change" title = "with many change of meates">with change of many +meates</ins>;” w<i>hi</i>che <ins class = "spell" title = "ys">is</ins> +as good as the other, for <ins class = "spell" title = +"euerye">euery</ins> one <ins class = "spell" title = +"knowethe">knoweth</ins> Chaucers meanynge to be that they eate of many +meates, when they haue change of many meates; for <ins class = "spell" +title = "whye">why</ins> sholde they haue change of meates, but for +varyetye to please the palates <ins class = "spell" title = +"tast">taste</ins> in eatynge. +<span class = "sidenote"> +And also the old reading of “myters” more than one or two for the sake +of the meter.</span> +In the next staffe, (for myters moe then one or two) you teache vs to +reade, “myters they weare mo then one or two;” whiche, <ins class = +"spell" title = "me thinkethe, nedethe">methinkethe, nedeth</ins> not. +For the wearinge of their myters is included in these woordes, +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a> +And myters <ins class = "spell" title = "moore">more</ins> then one or +<ins class = "spell" title = "twoe">two</ins>. W<i>hi</i>che wordes are +curteyled for the verse his cause, that the same mighte kepe <ins class += "change" title = "one">an</ins> equall proport<i>i</i>one and decorum +in the verse, whiche <ins class = "spell" title = "wold">would</ins> be +lengthened one foote or sillable moore <ins class = "spell" title = +"then">than</ins> the other verses, yf <ins class = "spell" title = +"youre">your</ins> readinge <ins class = "spell" title = +"sholde">shoulde</ins> stande. But yf yo<i>u</i> saye, that in this and +other thinges I <ins class = "spell" title = "ame ouerstreyghte">am +overstreyghte</ins> laced and to obstinatlye bente to defende the former +printed editione, in that I <ins class = "spell" title = +"wolde">woulde</ins> rather allowe one imperfecte sence, and suche as +must be vnderstoode, when yt ys not fully expressed, <ins class = +"spell" title = "then">than</ins> a playne style, I will answere +withe a grounde of the lawe, quod frustra fit per plura quod fieri +potest per pauciora, and quod subintel­ligitur non deest. Wherefore +yt is nedelesse to make that playner by addit<i>i</i>one of woordes, +when yt maye be <ins class = "spell" title = "aswell conceyued">as well +conceyved</ins> in any reasonable mens vnder­standinge without <ins +class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> addit<i>i</i>one. But <ins +class = "change" title = "in">on</ins> these +<span class = "pagenum second">65</span> +and suche petit matters, I will not nowe longe insiste, (being <ins +class = "spell" title = "thing{es}">things</ins> of no greate momente,) +vntill I haue further examyned <ins class = "spell" title = +"moore">more</ins> written copyes to trye, whether wee shall reade the +olde texte or <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> newe +correctione.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The lordes sonne of Windsore is in the French Romant of the rose, but is +there spelled Guindesores.</span> +Fo: 122. pa: 2. The lordes sonne of Windsore<ins class = "correction" +title = "text unchanged: open parenthesis missing in both">.)</ins> +Vppon these woordes you saye, this maye seme strange bothe in respecte +that yt is not in the frenche, as also for that there was no lorde +Windsore at those dayes. But yt <ins class = "spell" title = +"semethe">semeth</ins> to me moore strange that these woordes <ins class += "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> seme strange to yo<i>u</i>, not +to bee in the frenche, where yo<i>u</i> shall fynde them. For thus hathe +the frenche written Romante, as maye appere in the <ins class = "spell" +title = "olde">old</ins> frenche vsed at the tyme when the Romante was +composed, in this sorte:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Pris a Franchise lez alez</p> +<p>Ne sai coment est apelles,</p> +<p>Biaus est et genz, se il fust ores</p> +<p>Fuiz au <ins class = "spell" title = +"seign{e}ur">seign<i>eur</i></ins> de Guindesores:</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a> +<p>Whiche is thus englished: Next to Franchise went a young bacheler, +I knowe not howe he was called, he was fayre and gentle, as yf he +had <ins class = "spell" title = "bynne">byn</ins> sonne to the lorde of +Windsore. Where in olde frenche this <ins class = "spell" title = +"woorde">word</ins> fuiz (vsed here as in manye places of that Booke) is +placed for that whiche we wryte and pronounce at this daye for filz or +fitz, in Englishe sonne. and that <ins class = "spell" title = +"yt">it</ins> is here so mente, you shall see in the Romante of the +Roose turned into proese, moralized, by the <ins class = "spell" title = +"frenche">french</ins> Molinet, and printed at Paris in the yere 1521, +who hathe the same verses in these woordes in proese. A Franchise +s’estoit prins vn ieune Bacheler de qui ne scay le nome, fors bell, en +son temps filz du seigneure de Guindesore. Whiche yo<i>u</i> mighte have +well seene, had you but remembered their orthographie, and that the +latyne, Italiane, frenche, and spanyshe have no doble w, as the Dutche, +the Englishe, and <ins class = "spell" title = "suche">such</ins> as +<span class = "pagenum second">66</span> +haue affynytye with the Dutche, since they vse for doble w +(a letter comone to vs) these two letters Gu, as in Gulielmus, +<ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> we wryte Willielmus; +in guerra, <ins class = "spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> we call and +writte warre, in Gualterus, <ins class = "spell" title = +"whiche">which</ins> we write Walter; in guardeine, <ins class = "spell" +title = "w{hi}che">which</ins> we pronounce and write wardeyne; and +suche lyke; accordinge to whiche in the frenche yt is Guindesore for +Windesore. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Master Thynne <ins class = "spell" title = "knowethe">knoweth</ins> not +clearly why the Baron <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">should</ins> +be called of Windsor.</span> +for <ins class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> other coniectures, +whye that Chaucer <ins class = "spell" title = "shold">sholde</ins> +inserte the loordes sonne of Windesore, they are of <ins class = +"change" title = "parenthesized in 1865, no ? in 1876">[<i>no</i>?]</ins> great momente, neque adhuc constat that Chaucer +translated the Romante, whene Windsore Castle was in buildinge. for then +I suppose that Chaucer was but yonge; whereof I <ins class = "spell" +title = "wyll">will</ins> not stande at this tyme, no moore <ins class = +"spell" title = "then">than</ins> I will that there was no lord Windsore +in those dayes; althoughe I suppose that sir <ins class = "spell" title += "Williame">William</ins> Windsore, being then a worthye knighte and of +great auctorytye in Englande and in the partes <ins class = "spell" +title = "beyonde">beyond</ins> the seas under the kinge of Englande, +mighte be lord Windsore, of <ins class = "spell" title = +"whome">whom</ins> the Frenche tooke notice, <ins class = "spell" title += "beinge">being</ins> in those partes, and by them called seigneure de +Windesore, +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a> +as euery <ins class = "spell" title = +"gouerno{u}r">gouerno<i>r</i></ins> was called seigneure <ins class = +"spell" title = "emongest">emongst</ins> them. But whether he were a +Baron or no in Englande, I cannott yet saye, because I haue not my +booke of Somons of Barons to parliamente in my handes at this +instante.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The ordeal was not tryall by fier only, but also by water, nor for +chastity only, but for many other matters.</span> +Fo: 171. pa: 2. by ordall, &c. Vppone whiche yo<i>u</i> write +thus. “Ordalia is a tryall of chastytye, throughe the fyre, as did Emma, +mother of the Confessor, or ells over hoote burnynge <ins class = +"spell" title = "cultors">culters</ins> of yrone barefotte, as did +Cunegunde, &c.” But in this describinge definit<i>i</i>one, you +have commytted manye imp<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>ons. first, that ordell was +a tryall by fyre, w<i>hi</i>che is but a species of the ordell; for +ordaliu<i>m</i> was a tryall by fyre and water: secondlye, that yt was a +tryall of <ins class = "spell" title = "Chastytye">Chastitye</ins> +whiche was but parcell thereof; for the +<span class = "pagenum second">67</span> +ordale was a tryall for manye other matters. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The fyery ordeal was by going on hote shares and cultors, not going +through the fyre. The mother of Edward confessor passed over nine +burnynge shares.</span> +Thirdlye, yo<i>u</i> saye yt was by goinge throughe the <ins class = +"spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>. when the <ins class = "spell" title = +"fyerye">fyery</ins> ordale was onlye by goinge one hoote shares or +cultores, or by holdinge a hoote pece of yrone in the hande, and not +<ins class = "spell" title = "goinge throughe">going through</ins> the +<ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>. fourthlye, that Emma, +mother to Edwarde the confessor, receued this tryall by goinge through +the <ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins>: But she passed not +through the <ins class = "spell" title = "fyer">fyre</ins> as you bringe +her <ins class = "spell" title = "fore">for</ins> one example of <ins +class = "spell" title = "yo{u}r">your</ins> ordale but passed barefotte +vppone nyne burnynge shares, <ins class = "spell" title = +"fowre">fowr</ins> for her selfe, and fyve for Alwyne Bishoppe of +Winchester, with whome she was suspected with incontynencye, whiche +historye you maye see at large in Ranulphus Higden, in his policronicone +li: 6. ca: 23, and in other auctors; of whiche ordale I colde make a +longe and no <ins class = "spell" title = "co{m}mone">commone</ins> +discourse; of the manner of consecrating the <ins class = "spell" title += "fyer">fyre</ins> and water, <ins class = "spell" title = +"howe">how</ins> yt was vsed <ins class = "spell" title = +"emongest">emongst</ins> the saxons before, and the normans since, the +Conqueste, and of <ins class = "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> other +thinges belonging vnto yt. but I will passe them ouer, and only deliuer +to you a thinge knowen to fewe, +<span class = "sidenote"> +The ordeal taken away by the court of Rome, and after by Henry +III.</span> +<ins class = "spell" title = "howe">how</ins> this ordale was contynued +in Englande in the tyme of kinge <ins class = "spell" title = +"Ioh{a}ne">Johne</ins>, as <ins class = "spell" title = +"apperethe">appereth</ins> in Claus. 17. <ins class = "spell" title = +"Ioh{ann}is">Johīs</ins>, m. 25, vntill yt was taken awaye by the +courte of Rome; +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a> +and after that, in Englande, by the auctorytye of kinge Henrye the +thirde, whereof you shall fynde this recorde in the towre Patente. 3. H. +3. mem. 5, where yt speakethe of iudgmente and tryall by fyer and water +to be forbydden by the Churche of Roome, and that yt sholde not be vsed +here in Englande; as apperethe <ins class = "change" title = "by these">in the</ins> woordes of that <ins class = "spell" title = +"recorde">record</ins>: Illis vero qui mediis criminibus vectati sunt, +et quibus competeret iudiciu<i>m</i> ignis vel aquæ si non esset +prohibitum, et de quibus si regnum nostru<i>m</i> abiurarent, nulla +fieret postea, maleficiendi suspitio, regnu<i>m</i> nostru<i>m</i> +abiurent &c.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The stork bewrayeth not adultery but wreaketh the adultery of his owne +mate.</span> +Fo: 246. pa: 1. speaking of the storke, you saye that Chaucers woordes +“wreaker of adulterye” <ins class = "spell" title = +"sholde">shoulde</ins> +<span class = "pagenum second">68</span> +rather bee “bewrayer of Adulterye;” w<i>hi</i>che in <ins class = +"spell" title = "truthe">truth</ins> accordinge to one propryetye of his +nature may be as you saye, but according to another propryetye of his +nature, yt sholde be “the wreaker of Adulterye,” as Chaucer hathe; for +he ys a greater wreaker of the adulterye of his owne kynde and female +<ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> the bewrayer of the +adulterye of one other kynde, and of his hostesse one the toppe of whose +howse he harborethe. for Aristotle <ins class = "spell" title = +"sayethe">sayeth</ins> <ins class = "addword">&</ins> Bartholomeus +de proprie­tatibus reru<i>m</i> li: 12. cap. 8. with <ins class += "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> other auctors, that yf the storke +by <ins class = "spell" title = "anye">any</ins> meanes perceve that his +female hath brooked spousehedde, he will no <ins class = "spell" title = +"moore">more</ins> dwell with her, but <ins class = "spell" title = +"strykethe">stryketh</ins> and so cruelly beateth her, that he will not +surcease vntill he hathe killed her yf he maye, to wreake and <ins class += "spell" title = "reuenge">revenge</ins> that adulterye.</p> + +<p>These and suche lyke in my conceyte are <ins class = "spell" title = +"woorthye">worthye</ins> to be touched in <ins class = "spell" title = +"yo{u}r">your</ins> Annotac<i>i</i>ons, besides other matters whiche you +haue not handled; whereof (because tyme <ins class = "spell" title = +"requyrethe">requirethe</ins> after all this tedious treatyce to drawe +to one ende) I will not now <ins class = "change" title = +"entreate">treate</ins>; but onlye speake a little moore of fyve +especiall thinges, woorthye the animadvers<i>i</i>one, of <ins class = +"spell" title = "whiche">which</ins> the fyrste ys, +<span class = "sidenote"> +The plowman’s tale is wrong placed.</span> +that yo<i>u</i> make the Plowmans tale to <ins class = "spell" title = +"goo">go</ins> next before the persons tale, +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a> +suffering the persons corrupted prologue to passe <ins class = "spell" +title = "withe">with</ins> this begynnynge, “By that the plowmanne had +his tale ended,” when all written +<span class = "pagenum second">69</span> +copies, (whiche I <ins class = "spell" title = "colde">coulde</ins> yet +see,) and my fathers <ins class = "spell" title = +"edytione">editione</ins>, haue yt, “By that the mancyple had his tale +ended.” And because my father colde not see by <ins class = "spell" +title = "anye">any</ins> Prologues of thee other tales, (whiche for the +most parte shewe the dependancye of one Tale vppone one other,) where to +place the plowmans tale, he putt yt after the persons tale, whiche, by +Chaucers owne woordes, was the laste tale; as apperethe by the persons +prologue, where the hooste sayethe, that “<ins class = "spell" title = +"euerye">euery</ins> manne had tolde his Tale before.” So that the +plowmans tale must be sett in some other place before the manciple and +persons tale, and not as yt ys in the last edit<i>i</i>one.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Chaucer’s proper works should be distinguished from those adulterat and +not his.</span> +One other thinge ys, that yt <ins class = "spell" title = +"wolde">would</ins> be good that Chaucers proper woorkes were +distinguyshed from the adulterat and suche as were not his, as the +Testamente of Cressyde, the Letter of Cupide, and the ballade begynnynge +“I <ins class = "spell" title = "haue">have</ins> a ladye <ins +class = "spell" title = "where so">whereso</ins> she bee,” &c. +whiche Chaucer never composed, as may <ins class = "spell" title = +"suffycientlye">sufficientlye</ins> be <ins class = "spell" title = +"proued">proved</ins> by the <ins class = "spell" title = +"thing{es}">things</ins> themselves.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +There were three editions of Chaucer before William Thynne dedicated his +to Henry VIII.</span> +The thirde matter ys, that in youre epistle dedicatorye to Sir Roberte +Cecille, yo<i>u</i> saye, “This Booke +<span class = "pagenum second">70</span> +whene yt was first published in printe was dedicate to kinge Henrye the +eighte.” But that is not soo. for the firste dedicatione to that kinge +was by <ins class = "spell" title = "mye">my</ins> father, when <ins +class = "spell" title = "diuerse">diverse</ins> of Chaucers woorkes had +byn thrise +<span class = "pagenum second">71</span> +printed before; whereof two editions were by Will<i>ia</i>m Caxtone, the +firste printer of Englande, who first printed Chaucers Tales in one <ins +class = "spell" title = "colume">columne</ins> in a ragged letter, and +after in one colume in a better order; and the thirde edit<i>i</i>one +was printed, as farre as I remember, by <ins class = "spell" title = +"winkine">Winkin</ins> de <ins class = "spell" title = +"word">Worde</ins> or Richarde Pynson, the seconde and thirde printers +of Englande, as I take them.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11" id = "tag11" +href = "#note11">11</a> +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a> +<span class = "sidenote"> +The first editions being very corrupt, William Thynne augmented and +corrected them.</span> +Whiche three edit[i]ons beinge verye <ins class = "change" title = +"imperfecte">unperfecte</ins> and corrupte occasioned my father (for the +love he oughte to <ins class = "spell" title = "Chawcers lernynge">Chaucers learnynge</ins>) to seeke the augmente and +correct<i>i</i>one of <ins class = "spell" title = +"Chawcers">Chaucers</ins> Woorkes, w<i>hi</i>che he happily fynyshed; +the same <ins class = "spell" title = "beinge">being</ins>, since that +tyme, by often printinge <ins class = "spell" title = "muche">much</ins> +corrupted. of this matter I sholde have spooken <ins class = "spell" +title = "fyrst">first</ins> of all, because yt is the <ins class = +"spell" title = "fyrste">first</ins> imperfect<i>i</i>one of <ins class += "spell" title = "youre">your</ins> paynfull and comendable labors: Yet +because the <ins class = "spell" title = "prouerbe">proverb</ins> ys +better late <ins class = "spell" title = "then">than</ins> never, +I <ins class = "spell" title = "holde">hold</ins> yt better to +speake of yt here then not at all.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Master Speight hath omytted many auctors vouched by Chaucer.</span> +The fourthe thinge ys, that, in the catalogue of the auctors, you haue +omytted <ins class = "spell" title = "manye">many</ins> auctors vouched +by <ins class = "spell" title = "chawcer">chaucer</ins>; and therefore +<ins class = "spell" title = "dyd">did</ins> rightlye intitle yt, moost, +and not all, of the auctors <ins class = "spell" title = +"cyted">cited</ins> by Geffrye <ins class = "spell" title = +"Chawcer">Chaucer</ins>.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +It should be Harlottes, and not Haroldes.</span> +The fyfte matter ys in the Romante of the Roose, fo. 144, that the worde +Haroldes in this verse,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +My kinge of Haroltes shalte <ins class = "spell" title = +"thow">thou</ins> bee,</p> + +<p>must, by a <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: correct word is ‘metathesis’">mathesis</ins> or transpositione of <ins class = +"spell" title = "{th}e">the</ins> letters, be Harlotes, and not <ins +class = "spell" title = "Harolt{es}">Haroltes</ins>, and the verse +thus,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +My kinge of Harlottes shalt <ins class = "spell" title = +"thow">thou</ins> bee</p> + +<p>And so ys yt in the edit<i>i</i>one of <ins class = "spell" title = +"Chawcers Work{es}">Chaucer’s Works</ins>, printed in anno Domini 1542, +accordinge to the frenche <ins class = "spell" title = +"moralizat{i}one">moralizatione</ins> of Molinet, fo. 149. where he is +called “Roye des Ribauldez,” +<span class = "sidenote"> +The king of Ribalds or Harlottes, an officer of great accompt in times +past.</span> +w<i>hi</i>che is, the kinge of Ribaldes +<span class = "pagenum second">72</span> +or Harlottes or <ins class = "spell" title = "euill">evill</ins> or +wicked persons; one officer of great acco<i>m</i>pte in tymes paste, and +yet vsed in the courte of France but by one other name, in some parte +beinge the office of the marshall of Englande. All whiche, because +yo<i>u</i> shall not thinke I dreame, (<ins class = "spell" title = +"thoughe">though</ins> yt may seme strange to the <ins class = "spell" +title = "ignorante">ignorant</ins> to <ins class = "spell" title = +"haue">have</ins> so greate one officer intituled of suche base +p<i>er</i>sons as to be called kinge or gouernor of Ribauldes,) +<span class = "sidenote"> +Johannes Tyllius maketh mention of a Rex Ribaldorum.</span> +yo<i>u</i> shall here <ins class = "spell" title = +"Ioh{ann}es">Joh<i>ann</i>es</ins> Tyllius (in his seconde booke de +rebus Gallicis vnder the title de Prefecto pretorio Regis) confirme in +these woordes: In domesticis regu<i>m</i> +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a> +constitu­tionibus, quos proximo capite nominavimus, fit mentio Regis +Ribaldorum, officii domestici, quem semper oportet stare extra Portam +pretorii, &c. and a litle after the explanynge of their office, +he addeth; “sic autem appellantur, quia iam tum homines perditi Ribaldi, +et Ribaldæ mulieres puellæq<i>ue</i> perditæ vocantur. Regis nomen +superiori aut Iudici tribuitur<ins class = "correction" title = +"superfluous close quote">, </ins> Quemadmodu<i>m</i> magnus +Cubicularius dicitur Rex Mercatorum,” &c. Where he <ins class = +"spell" title = "makethe">maketh</ins> the “Regem Ribaldoru<i>m</i>” an +honorable officer for manye causes, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Also Vincentius Luparius maketh him an honourable officer.</span> +as Vincentius Luparius in his fyrste booke of the Magistrates of france +<ins class = "spell" title = "dothe">doth</ins> also, vnder the title of +“Rex Ribaldoru<i>m</i> et <ins class = "correction" title = +"‘pro-/vuostus’ at line break corrected from 1876 text">prouostus</ins> +Hospitii;” makinge the Iudex pretorianus and this rex ribaldorum or <ins +class = "spell" title = "prouostus">provostus</ins> hospitii to seme all +one, addinge further (after manye other honorable partes belonginge to +this office) that “meretricibus aulicis hospitia assignare solebat.” In +whiche pointe, bothe for orderinge and correctinge the harlottes and +evill persons followinge the Courte of Englande, (whiche is the <ins +class = "spell" title = "dutye">duty</ins> of the marshall,) the frenche +and wee agree. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The Rex Ribaldorum was like unto our Marshall. The Marshalls duties and +his powers over Harlotts and lost men.</span> +<ins class = "spell" title = "Wherfore">Wherefor</ins>, touching that +parte, yo<i>u</i> shall heare somewhat of the Marshalls office sett +downe and founde in the Customes, whiche Thomas of Brothertonne (sonne +to kinge Edwarde the fyrste) challenged to his office of Marshalcye; +where, <ins class = "spell" title = "emongest">emongst</ins> +<span class = "pagenum second">73</span> +other thinges, are these woordes: eoru<i>m</i> (w<i>hi</i>che was of the +marshalls deputyes executinge that he <ins class = "spell" title = +"shold">shoulde</ins> ells do hym selfe) interest virgatam à +meretricibus prohibere, et deliberare, et habet, ex consuetudine +mariscallus ex quâlibet meretrice com[m]uni infra metas hospitii inventa +iiij<sup>d.</sup> primo die. <ins class = "spell" title = +"Que">Quæ</ins>, si iteru<i>m</i> inventa in <ins class = "correction" +title = "‘Ballinâ’ corrected from 1876 text">Balliuâ</ins> suâ +inveniatur, capiatur; et coram seneschallo inhibea<i>n</i>tur ei +hospitia Regis et Reginæ et liberoru<i>m</i> suorum, ne iteru<i>m</i> +ingrediatur, &c. And so afterwarde shewethe what <ins class = +"spell" title = "shalbe donne">shall be done</ins> to those <ins class = +"spell" title = "wemen">women</ins>, yf they be founde agayne in the +Kinges courte, in suche sorte, that, as by Tillius, this +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a> +Rex Ribaldorum his auctorytye was <ins class = "spell" title = +"ouer">over</ins> homines perditos, mulieres puellasq<i>ue</i> perditas. +And that yt was, by Lupanus, to assigne to Ribaldes lodginge <ins class += "spell" title = "oute">out</ins> of the courte, (for so modestye <ins +class = "spell" title = "willethe">willeth</ins> vs to vnderstande, +because they <ins class = "spell" title = "sholde">shoulde</ins> not +offende and infecte the courte with their sighte and manners,) so ys yt +<ins class = "spell" title = "oure">our</ins> Marshalls office, to +banyshe those harlottes the courte, and bestowe them in some other +place, where they might be lesse annoyance. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Master Thynne being a herold <ins class = "spell" title = +"likethe">liketh</ins> not that false semblance <ins class = "spell" +title = "shold">should</ins> be thought one.</span> +Wherefore I conclude w<i>i</i>th the frenche, and the former +edit<i>i</i>one of Chaucer in the yere of Christe 1542, that False +Semblance was of righte to be made kinge of Harlottes, and not of +Haroldes, who wolde mightely be offended to haue them holden of the +conditions of false semblance. Nowe here be nugæ in the Romante of the +Roose, +<span class = "pagenum second">74</span> +I <ins class = "spell" title = "cannotte">cannott</ins> (as the +<ins class = "spell" title = "proverbe">proverb</ins> ys) take my +hand from the table, (fyndinge go manye <ins class = "spell" title = +"ouersyghtes">oversightes</ins> in the <ins class = "spell" title = +"twoe">two</ins> last editiones,) but must speake of one thing <ins +class = "spell" title = "moore, deservinge correct{i}one">more, +deserving correctione</ins>, in these woordes of the Romante, fo. 116 of +the last impress<i>i</i>one:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Amide saw I hate stonde,</p> +<p>That for wrathe and yre & onde</p> +<p>Semed to be a minoresse;</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Hate was a Moueresse or stirrer of debate, not a minoresse.</span> +Where this woorde Minoresse <ins class = "spell" title = +"sholde">shoulde</ins> be Moueresse, signyfyinge a mover or styrrer to +debate, for these be the frenche verses in the oldest written copye that +euer was (to be founde in Englande, yf my coniecture fayle me not,) +by the age of the frenche wordes, <ins class = "spell" title = +"whiche">which</ins> are these:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Enz euz le milieu vi hayne,</p> +<p>qui de courouz et datayn</p> +<p>Sembla bien estre moueresse,</p> +<p>et courouse et teucerresse.</p> +</div> + +<p>Beinge thus englyshed, as of righte they oughte, accordinge to the +frenche:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Amyde sawe I hate stonde,</p> +<p>That of wrathe and yre & onde</p> +<p>Semed well to be <ins class = "spell" title = +"mooueresse">mooveresse</ins>,</p> +<p><ins class = "change" title = "one">An</ins> angry wighte <ins class += "spell" title = "&">and</ins> chyderesse.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Molinet calleth Hate a Ducteress, or leader.</span> +Whiche woord mooveresse the learned molinet, in his moralizat<i>i</i>one +of that Romant, dothe turne into Ducteresse, a leader or leadresse, +so that they agree yt shoulde not be a minoresse, but a mooveresse or +leadresse of and to anger and yre; anye of whose woordes will as well +and rather better fytt the sence and verse of Chaucer, and better +answere the Frenche originall and meanynge, than the incerted woorde +Minoresse.</p> + +<p>Thus <ins class = "spell" title = "hoopinge">hooping</ins> that +yo<i>u</i> will accepte in good and frendlye parte, these my whatsoever +conceytes vttered +<span class = "pagenum second">75</span> +vnto you, (to the ende Chawcers Woorkes by <ins class = "spell" +title = "muche">much</ins> conference and many iudgmentes mighte at <ins +class = "correction" title = "‘lengthe’ corrected from 1876 text">leng[t]he</ins> obteyne their true p<i>er</i>fect<i>i</i>one and +<ins class = "spell" title = "glorye">glory</ins>, as I truste they +shall, yf yt please godde to lend me tyme and leysure to reprinte, +correcte, and comente the same after the manner of the Italians who have +<ins class = "spell" title = "largelye">largely</ins> comented +Petrarche;) I sett <ins class = "spell" title = "ende">end</ins> to +these matters; comyttinge yo<i>u</i> to god, and me to your +curtesye.</p> + +<p>Clerkenwell Greene,</p> + +<p><span class = "gap"> </span>the xvi of december 1599.</p> + +<p><span class = "gap"> </span>Your lovinge frende,</p> + +<p><span class = "gap"> </span>FRANCIS THYNNE.</p> + + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a> +<i>Error for family?</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a> +Stowe.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a> +“Hahn,”—German, a cock. “Cognomine Latino <i>Gallus</i>,” +Maittaire <i>Ann. Typ.</i> i. 52.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a> +A copy of this curious poem in Thynne’s hand-writing, and marvellously +illustrated by him, is in the Brit. Mus., MSS. Add. No. 11,388.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a> +<i>The Quercus cerris, the mossy cupped oak?</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a> +[<i>Absolon.</i>]</p> + +<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a> +[<i>The Carpenter’s wife’s.</i>]</p> + +<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a> +<i>Caxton</i>, 1475–1481-2. <i>Wynkyn de Word</i>, +1495–1498.</p> + +</div> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + + +<div class = "index"> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a> +<h3><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX.</a></h3> + +<p>Abandone, <a href = "#page33">p. 33</a>.</p> + +<p>Absalom, whether he coughed or knocked, <a href = "#page42">p. +42</a>.</p> + +<p>Aketon, a sleeveless jacket of plate for the war, <a href = +"#page24">p. 24</a>.</p> + +<p>Arcite, his intellect, <a href = "#page40">p. 40</a>.</p> + +<p>Authentic, a thing of authority, <a href = "#page33">p. 33</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Bath, Wife of, her Prologue, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p> + +<p>Begyns, superstitious women, <a href = "#page29">p. 29</a>.</p> + +<p>Besant, a coin of Bizantium, <a href = "#page25">p. 25</a>.</p> + +<p>Burgersh, Bartholomew de, sent into Henault for Philippa, <a href = +"#page12">p. 12</a>.</p> + +<p>Burgo, Serlo de, built Knaresborough Castle, <a href = "#page18">p. +18</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Cambuscan, or Caius, Cause, <a href = "#page43">p. 43</a>.</p> + +<p>Campaneus, reading of, <a href = "#page34">p. 34</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, MSS., collection made by William Thynne, <a href = +"#page5">p. 5</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, MSS., dispersed by his son, <a href = "#page8">p. 8</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer’s parentage, <a href = "#page9">p. 9</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer and the Franciscan friar, <a href = "#page16">p. 16</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer’s marriage, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer’s coat-of-arms, <a href = "#page10">p. 10</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer’s children, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, his education, <a href = "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, his skyll in Geometrye, <a href = "#page11">p. 11</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, his ancestors, whether merchants of the staple or no, +<a href = "#page12b">pp. 12, 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, the stemme of, <a href = "#page17">p. 17</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, his children and their advancement, <a href = "#page17">p. +17</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, Thomas, married to Maude, daughter of Sir John Burgersh, +<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, his dream, not the book of the Duchess, <a href = +"#page22b">pp. 22, 23</a>.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, early editions of, <a href = "#page56">p. 56</a>.</p> + +<p>Chausier, one who hoseth or booteth a man, <a href = "#page9">p. +9</a>.</p> + +<p>Citrination, a term of Alchemy, <a href = "#page30">p. 30</a>.</p> + +<p>Colin Clout, written in William Thynne’s house at Erith, <a href = +"#page7">p. 7</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Drida, Queen, slayeth Kenelm, <a href = "#page47">p. 47</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Fermentacione, a term of Alchemy, <a href = "#page25">p. 25</a>.</p> + +<p>Florius, concerning, <a href = "#page35">p. 35</a>.</p> + +<p>Forage, winter provision, <a href = "#page30">p. 30</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Garland, oken of Emelye, <a href = "#page37">p. 37</a>.</p> + +<p>Gaunt, John of, his children born pre-nupt, <a href = "#page17">p. +17</a>.</p> + +<p>Gaunt, John of, his incontinency, <a href = "#page23">p. 23</a>.</p> + +<p>Gaunt, John of, his marriage, <a href = "#page23">p. 23</a>.</p> + +<p>Gower, query whether of the</p> + +<p>Gowers of Stittenham, <a href = "#page14">p. 14</a>.</p> + +<p>Gower, his greeting to Chaucer, <a href = "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Harlottes, King of, <a href = "#page57">p. 57</a>.</p> + +<p>Heroner, a hawk for a heron, <a href = "#page31">p. 31</a>.</p> + +<p>Hyppe, the berye of the eglantine, <a href = "#page31">p. 31</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +John of France, his ransome, <a href = "#page36">p. 36</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Knaresborough Castle, built by Serlo de Burgo, <a href = "#page18">p. +18</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a> +<p>Kenelm, slain by Queen Drida, <a href = "#page47">p. 47</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Leefe, for lothe, <a href = "#page42">p. 42</a>.</p> + +<p>Lincoln, Hugh of, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Mortone, John, Earl of, the manner of his creation, <a href = +"#page16">p. 16</a>.</p> + +<p>Merecenrycke, <a href = "#page50">p. 50</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Navarre, Joan of, married to Henry IV., <a href = "#page18">p. +18</a>.</p> + +<p>Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, his wife, <a href = "#page21">p. +21</a>.</p> + +<p>Nowell, meaning of, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Orfrayes, a sort of cloth of gold, <a href = "#page26">p. 26</a>.</p> + +<p>Ordeal, the manner of, <a href = "#page54">p. 54</a>.</p> + +<p>Oundye meaneth wavy, <a href = "#page28">p. 28</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Philippa, of Henault, her marriage, <a href = "#page11">p. 11</a>.</p> + +<p>Pilgrime’s Tale, setting forth the evil lives of churchmen, <a href = +"#page6">p. 6</a>.</p> + +<p>Plowman’s Tale, not made by Sir T. Wyat, <a href = "#page7">p. +7</a>.</p> + +<p>Porpherye, a peculiar marble, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p> + +<p>Printing, notes on the history of, <a href = "#page21">p. 21</a>.</p> + +<p>Pillars, silver, borne before Churchmen, <a href = "#page51">p. +51</a>.</p> + +<p>Poole, William de la, Merchant of Hull, lendeth money to the King, +<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Poole, Richard de la, a chief governor of Hull and Pincerna Regis, +<a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Poole, Michael de la, Chancellor, <a href = "#page19">p. 19</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Resager, or Ratsbane, <a href = "#page28">p. 28</a>.</p> + +<p>Ribalds, king of, <a href = "#page57">p. 57</a>.</p> + +<p>Roses, chaplet of, for knighthood, not for poesy, <a href = +"#page15">p. 15</a>.</p> + +<p>Rose, Romant of, notes on, <a href = "#page21">p. 21</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Sendale, a sylke stuffe, <a href = "#page32">p. 32</a>.</p> + +<p>Staple, Merchants of the, had no arms till 10 or 11 Ed. III., <a href += "#page13">p. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Sterling money, <a href = "#page35">p. 35</a>.</p> + +<p>Straught, a better word than haughte, <a href = "#page41">p. +41</a>.</p> + +<p>Stork, the, wreaketh adultery, <a href = "#page55">p. 55</a>.</p> + +<p>Surrye or Russye, <a href = "#page43">p. 43</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Temple, lawyers not in the, till the latter part of Ed. III., <a href = +"#page16">p. 16</a>.</p> + +<p>Theophraste, not Paraphraste, <a href = "#page44">p. 44</a>.</p> + +<p>Trepegett, an engine to cast stones, <a href = "#page33">p. +33</a>.</p> + +<p>Thynne, Sir John, reports that the parliament was minded to forbid +Chaucer’s tales, <a href = "#page7">p. 7</a>.</p> + +<p>Thynne, William, in favour with Henry VIII., <a href = "#page6">p. +6</a>.</p> + +<p>Thynne, William, his collection of Chaucer’s MSS., <a href = +"#page5">p. 5</a>.</p> + +<p>Thynne, William, protecteth John Skelton, <a href = "#page7">p. +7</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Vernacle, of the, <a href = "#page34">p. 34</a>.</p> + +<p>Veseye, Eustace de, <a href = "#page18">p. 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Visage for vassalage, <a href = "#page42">p. 42</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Walsingham, offended at temporall men being preferred to office, <a href += "#page20">p. 20</a>.</p> + +<p>Windsore, Lords son of, <a href = "#page52">p. 52</a>.</p> + +<p>Wiuer or Wivern, a serpent like unto a dragon, <a href = "#page33">p. +33</a>.</p> + +<p>Wolsey, his enmity to William Thynne, <a href = "#page7">p. +7</a>.</p> + +<p>Wolsey, his great power with the King, <a href = "#page7">p. +7</a>.</p> + +<p>Wyat, old Sir Thomas, did not make the Plowmans Tale, <a href = +"#page7">p. 7</a>.</p> +</div> + +<!-- end div index --> + + +<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6> + + +<div class = "endnote"> +<h4><a name = "endnotes" id = "endnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</a></h4> + +<h5>Differences between 1865 and 1876 texts</h5> + +<p>Neither edition includes a facsimile of the original MS. Readers will +have to decide for themselves which differences reflect editorial +decisions and which ones are errors in one edition or the other.</p> + +<p>Unless otherwise noted, words or letters shown in [brackets] were +<i>italicized</i> in the 1865 edition. Other changes are marked in +different shades of grey, with mouse-hover popups where appropriate. +Within popup text, italics are shown in {braces}, superscripts with +leading ^ (caret).</p> + +<div class = "inset"> + +<p>• clear <ins class = "correction" title = "‘errror’ corrected from 1876 text">error</ins>, almost always corrected from 1876 edition</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +• <ins class = "spell" title = "cha{n}ged spellyng">changed +spelling</ins>, including handling of expanded contractions and “&” +for “and”</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +• <ins class = "change" title = "changing word{es}">changed word</ins>, +including singular/plural alternation and bracketed letters</p> + +<p>• <ins class = "addword" title = "more information if needed">added +word</ins></p> + +<p>• <del>missing word</del></p> +</div> + +<p><b>Not noted:</b></p> +<p class = "hanging"> +editorial and typographic differences such as punctuation and +capital­ization, or the use of boldface type</p> +<p class = "hanging"> +decorative letterforms, especially final -ll printed with a connecting +line</p> +<p class = "hanging"> +<i>differences that have no exceptions:</i></p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>• initial <b>v</b> for both <b>u</b> and <b>v</b> (medial u/v is +variable)</p> +<p>• <b>yo<sup>u</sup></b> replacing both <b>you</b> and +<b>yo<i>u</i></b> (“your” is variable)</p> +<p>• prices shown inline as <b>ijs.</b> instead of +<b>ij<sup>s.</sup></b></p> +<p>• <b>S<i>i</i>r</b> for <b>S<sup>r</sup></b></p> +</div> + +<p><b>Common differences:</b></p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>n</b> for <b>u</b>: some readings were obvious errors and have been +marked as such</p> +<p>final <b>e</b> added:</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>which</b> almost always written <b>whiche</b> or +<b>wh<i>ic</i>he</b>; <br> +verb ending <b>-eth</b> usually spelled <b>-ethe</b></p> +<p><b>emongst(e)</b> spelled <b>emongest(e)</b></p> +<p><b>than</b> spelled <b>then</b></p> +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>could(e)</b>, <b>would(e)</b>, <b>should(e)</b> spelled +<b>cold(e)</b>, <b>wold(e)</b>, <b>shold(e)</b></p> +<p>initial <b>J</b> or <b>j</b> printed as capital <b>I</b></p> +<p class = "hanging"> +in plurals or possessives of words ending in two consonants (other than +-ll-), where 1865 has simple <b>-s</b>, 1876 has italicized +<i>-<b>es</b></i></p> +<p><b>y</b> for <b>i</b>, <b>i</b> for <b>e</b>, <b>aw</b> for <b>au</b> +(Chawcer)</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>The two occurrences of <b>it</b> in 1865 may be errors; 1876 has +<b>yt</b>, agreeing with all other occurrences of the word.</i></p> +<p>several occurrences of the word <b>an</b> are read as <b>one</b></p> +<p>single <b>o</b> changed to <b>oo</b>: <b>goo</b>, <b>moore</b>, +<b>woordes</b></p> +<p>some Latin quotations have final <b>-e</b> for <b>-æ</b></p> +<p>words ending <b>-o<i>r</i></b> transcribed as <b>-o<i>u</i>r</b></p> +<p>variable word divisions such as <b>as( )well</b>, <b>my( +)selfe</b></p> +</div> + +<h5>Non-Roman Scripts</h5> + +<p><a name = "endnoteA" id = "endnoteA" href = "#endtagA">A.</a> +In the 1865 text, thorn þ is used for Saxon <b>r</b> ꞃ:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +in saxon Meþecenþÿke which is the kingdome of Mercia, for so was Kenelme +the sonne, and Kenulphus the father, both kinges of Mercia; the one +reignynge 36 yeres, and the other murdred by his sister Quendrida, as ys +before noted. And that yt is the kingdome of Mercia, the etymon of the +woorde doth teache; for þÿk in the saxon tonge signyfyethe a kingdome; +meþcen signyfyethe markes</p> + +<p>The 1876 text uses the Saxon letterforms:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Meꞃecenꞃÿke, ꞃÿk, meꞃcen</p> + +<p><i>At the time of preparation (June 2009), Saxon letters had been +assigned Unicode values, but font support was extremely limited. Your +browser will probably not be able to display the character.</i></p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/saxon.png" width = "456" height = "205" +alt = "page image"></p> + +<p><a name = "endnoteB" id = "endnoteB" href = "#endtagB">B.</a> +Similarly for Greek Χρ (Chi, rho):</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +placinge ther xþemas (<i>Christmasse</i>) a p<i>ar</i>te of this tyme of +Nowell .... ante xþi (<i>Christi</i>) natalitia viginti aut triginta +dies quodam desiderio.</p> + +<p>The 1876 text gives only the expanded (Roman script) form of words in +Chr-.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Animaduersions uppon the annotacions +and corrections of some imperfection, by Francis Thynne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMADUERSIONS--CHAUCER'S WORKES *** + +***** This file should be named 29261-h.htm or 29261-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/6/29261/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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