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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29373-h.zip b/29373-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..45764b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/29373-h.zip diff --git a/29373-h/29373-h.htm b/29373-h/29373-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0ce054 --- /dev/null +++ b/29373-h/29373-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Educational Work of the Girl Scouts, + by Louise Stevens Bryant. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + p.hang {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + + h1,h4,h5 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h1 {page-break-before: always; } + + h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 3em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + +div.trans-note {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center; + background: #def; font-size: 90%; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; + } + + .pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 2%; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .bbox {border: solid 1px; padding: .5em; margin: auto;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Educational Work of the Girl Scouts, by +Louise Stevens Bryant + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Educational Work of the Girl Scouts + +Author: Louise Stevens Bryant + +Release Date: July 11, 2009 [EBook #29373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EDUCATIONAL WORK--GIRL SCOUTS *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Marcia Brooks and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain works put online +by Harvard University Library's Open Collections Program, +Women Working 1800 - 1930) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="bbox"> +<h3>DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR<br /> +BUREAU OF EDUCATION</h3> +</div></div> + +<div class="bbox"><div class="bbox"> +<h3>BULLETIN, 1921, No. 46</h3> +<br /><br /> + +<h1>EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE<br /> +GIRL SCOUTS</h1> +<br /> + +<h3>LOUISE STEVENS BRYANT<br /> +<small>EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY GIRL SCOUTS</small></h3> +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<div class="center">[Advance sheets from the Biennial Survey of Education in<br /> +the United States, 1918-1920]</div> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/title.jpg" width="150" height="156" alt="DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" title="" /> +</div> +<br /><br /><br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class="bbox"><div class="bbox"> +<h4>WASHINGTON<br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br /> +1921</h4> +</div></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> +<h5>ADDITIONAL COPIES<br /> +<small>OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM<br /> +THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS<br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br /> +WASHINGTON, D. C.<br /> +AT</small><br /> +5 CENTS PER COPY</h5> +<br /><br /> + + +<h2>EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE GIRL SCOUTS.</h2> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + +<h3>By <span class="smcap">Louise Stevens Bryant</span>,<br /> +<small><i>Educational Secretary, Girl Scouts.</i></small></h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Contents.</span>—<a href="#HISTORY_AND_GROWTH"><b>History and growth</b></a>—<a href="#ACTIVITIES"><b>Activities</b></a>—<a href="#METHODS"><b>Methods</b></a>—<a href="#ORGANIZATION"><b>Organization.</b></a></h4> + + +<p>Do you believe that girls should like to work at home, to cook +and clean house and mind the baby? Do you believe that a girl +should like to take care of her clothes and be able to make them; +that she should know how to be thrifty and to conserve the family +money in buying and using food and clothing; that she should play +a fair game and put the group above her personal interests? Do +you believe that she should value a strong healthy body above clothes +and cosmetics, and rejoice in the hope of being some day the healthy +mother of healthy children?</p> + +<p>If you do, you believe in the Girl Scouts, for in this organization +the girls learn all these things in such a happy way that they <i>like</i> +to do them, which means that they keep on doing them.</p> + +<p>The Girl Scouts, a national organization, is open to any girl who +expresses her desire to join, and voluntarily accepts the promise and +the laws. The object of the Girl Scouts is to bring to all girls the +opportunity for group experience, outdoor life, and to learn through +work, but more by play, to serve their community. Patterned after +the Girl Guides of England, the sister organization of the Boy +Scouts, the Girl Scouts have developed a method of self-government +and a variety of activities that appear to be well suited to the desires +of the girls, as the 89,864 scouts and the 2,500 new applicants +each month testify.</p> + + +<h3><a name="HISTORY_AND_GROWTH" id="HISTORY_AND_GROWTH"></a>HISTORY AND GROWTH.</h3> + + +<p>Girl Scouts and their leaders, to the number of 89,864, were in +1920 organized in every State, and in Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Alaska. +There are troops in 1,400 cities, and local councils in 162 places. This +represents a tremendous growth since the founding by Mrs. Juliette +Low in March, 1912, of a handful of enthusiastic “Girl Guides” in +Savannah, Ga. In 1915 the growth of the movement warranted its +national incorporation; so headquarters were established in Washington, +D. C., and the name changed to Girl Scouts, Incorporated. In +1916 the headquarters were removed to New York, and are now +located at 189 Lexington Avenue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + +<p>From the start the organization has been nonsectarian and open to +all races and nationalities. Through the International Council the +Girl Scouts are affiliated with the Girl Guides of England and all +parts of the British Empire, and similar organizations in other parts +of the world.</p> + +<p>At the 1920 meeting of the international conference at London, +reports were received from Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, +Poland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, Russia, +Czechoslovakia, Brazil, Argentina, Japan, China, and Siberia, +as well as from all parts of the British Empire, and the United +States.</p> + +<p>From a membership of 9,769 in January, 1918, the girl scouts grew +to 89,864 in 1921, at the rate of nearly 10 to 1 in three years. The +greatest relative growth was in 1918, when the membership grew +fourfold. During 1919 the increase over the preceding year was +more than two-thirds, while in 1920 the relative increase was one-third. +The details are as shown in the accompanying table.</p> + +<p>This growth is due to a spontaneous demand of community after +community for scouting for girls, and not to deliberate propaganda +on the part of the national headquarters. The reasons for it are +therefore to be sought in the activities and methods themselves, +which make such widespread appeal.</p> + + +<h3><a name="ACTIVITIES" id="ACTIVITIES"></a>ACTIVITIES.</h3> + + +<p>A glance through the handbook, Scouting for Girls, will show that +the activities of the girl scouts center about the three interests—Home, +Health, and Citizenship.</p> + +<p><i>Home.</i>—The program provides incentives for practicing woman's +world-old arts by requiring an elementary proficiency in cooking, +housekeeping, first aid, and the rules of healthful living for any +girl scout passing beyond the Tenderfoot stage. Of the forty-odd +subjects for which Proficiency Badges are given, more than one-fourth +are in subjects directly related to the services of woman in the +home, as mother, nurse, or home-keeper.</p> + +<h5><i>Growth of Girl Scout membership, Jan. 1, 1918, to Jan. 1, 1921—Active +registrations.</i></h5> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Growth of Girl Scout membership, Jan. 1, 1918, to Jan. 1, 1921" width="80%"> +<tr> + <td>January 1.</td> + <td>Officers.</td> + <td>Increase.</td> + <td>Scouts.</td> + <td>Increase.</td> + <td>Total.</td> + <td>Increase.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>1918</td> + <td align='right'>1,314</td> + <td align='center'>......</td> + <td align='right'>8,455</td> + <td align='center'>......</td> + <td align='right'>9,769</td> + <td align='center'>......</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>1919</td> + <td align='right'>3,823</td> + <td align='right'>2,509</td> + <td align='right'>36,847</td> + <td align='right'>28,392</td> + <td align='right'>40,670</td> + <td align='right'>30,901</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>1920</td> + <td align='right'>5,357</td> + <td align='right'>1,534</td> + <td align='right'>61,754</td> + <td align='right'>24,907</td> + <td align='right'>67,111</td> + <td align='right'>26,441</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>1921</td> + <td align='right'>6,839</td> + <td align='right'>1,482</td> + <td align='right'>83,025</td> + <td align='right'>21,271</td> + <td align='right'>89,864</td> + <td align='right'>22,753</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Into this work, so often distasteful because solitary, is brought +the sense of comradeship. This is effected partly by having much of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +the actual training done in groups. Another element is the public +recognition and rewarding of skill in this, woman's most elementary +service to the world, usually taken for granted and ignored.</p> + +<p>The spirit of play infused into the simplest and most repetitious +of household tasks banishes drudgery. “Give us, oh, give us,” says +Carlyle, “the man who sings at his work. He will do more in the +same time, he will do it better, he will persevere longer. Wondrous +is the strength of cheerfulness; altogether past comprehension its +power of endurance.”</p> + +<p>While the place of most production is to-day outside the home, +much of the final preparation of goods, particularly food and clothing, +is still done there. So that, while the homecrafts are far from +being the vital necessities they once were, they are still needed.</p> + +<p>Handicrafts of many sorts enter into the program of the girl +scouts. In camping, girls must know how to set up tents, build +lean-to's, and construct fireplaces. They must also know how to +make knots of various sorts to use for bandages, tying parcels, hitching, +etc. Among the productive occupations in which Proficiency +Badges are awarded are cooking, house planning, beekeeping, dairying +and general farming, gardening, millinery, weaving, and needlework.</p> + +<p>While production has left the home, consumption is increasingly +the business of the home-keeping woman. There are few purchases, +even for men's own use, which women do not have a hand in selecting. +Practically the entire burden of household buying in all departments +falls on the woman, who is thus in a position to learn how to +spend wisely and make the most of each dollar. In France this has +long been recognized, and the women of the middle classes are the +buying partners and bookkeepers in their husbands' business.</p> + +<p>The girl-scout organization encourages thrifty habits and economy +in buying in all of its activities. The scout troops are self-supporting, +and are expected to earn most of their equipment by means of +rallies, pageants, plays, as well as by individual effort. One of the +10 scout laws is that “A girl scout is thrifty.”</p> + +<p><i>Health.</i>—The girl scout learns that “a cheerful scout, a clean scout, +a helpful scout is a well scout. She is the only scout that really <i>is +prepared</i>.” So that health, physical and mental, is the keynote to the +scout activities, which are calculated to develop the habit of health, +rather than simply to give information about anatomy or physiology. +Personal health is recognized by the badge of “Health Winner,” +given to the girl who for three months follows certain rules of living, +such as eating only wholesome food, drinking plenty of water, +going to bed early, exercising in the open air, and keeping clean, +and who shows the result by improved posture, and by the absence of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +constipation and colds. Outdoor sports, swimming, boating, and +dancing are other health-producing activities.</p> + +<p>Of all health-promoting activities, camping is the best, and this +means all stages of life in the open, from the day's hike, with one +meal out of doors, to the overnight or week-end hike, and finally the +real, big camp, open all summer. Girl scouts learn how to dress for +outdoor living, how to walk without fatigue, and how to provide +themselves with food, warmth, and shelter, so that “roughing it” +does not mean being uncomfortable.</p> + +<p>During 1920, 50 large girl-scout camps were maintained in 16 +States. These are self-supporting, and as they are open for 10 weeks +as a rule and accommodate about 50 girls at a time, they give an +opportunity to several thousand for the best sort of holiday.</p> + +<p>The idea is to have enough camps to give every scout the experience. +To promote this work national headquarters maintains a camping +section and has published a book, “Campward Ho!” which gives +full directions for organizing and running large, self-supporting +camps for girls.</p> + +<p>Community health habits are quite as important as the purely personal, +and the older girl scout is expected to become a “health +guardian,” which means that she takes an intelligent interest in the +things pertaining to public health, such as playgrounds, swimming +pools, school lunches, the water and milk supplies, clean streets, the +disposition of waste and garbage, the registration of births, and the +prevention of infant mortality. She also learns how to help in times +of emergency as first aid, in sickness as home nurse, and at any time +as child nurse.</p> + +<p>A scout whose mind is filled with interesting facts about birds and +animals and trees, and who is busy playing games with her companions +or in making useful and beautiful things and in rendering +active service to her home and community, is apt to have a +healthy mind without thinking much about it. And she has a little +rule for the blue times, which is “to smile and sing under all difficulties.”</p> + +<p><i>Citizenship.</i>—The basic organization of the girl scouts into the self-governing +unit of a patrol is in itself an excellent means of political +training. Patrols and troops conduct their own meetings, and the +scouts learn the elements of parliamentary law. Working together +in groups, they realize the necessity for democratic decisions. They +also come to have community interests of an impersonal sort. This +is perhaps the greatest single contribution of the scouts toward the +training of girls for citizenship. Little boys play not only together +but with men and boys of all ages. The interest of baseball is not +confined to any one age. The rules of the game are the same for +all, and the smallest boy's judgment on the skill of the players may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +be as valid as that of the oldest “fan.” Girls have had in the past no +such common interests. Their games have been either solitary or in +very small groups, in activities largely of a personal character. If +women are to be effective in modern political society, they must have +from earliest youth gregarious interests and occupations.</p> + +<p>Among the scout activities that tend to develop this larger community +sense are games, athletic sports of all kinds, including team +work and competition between small, well-knit groups. Folk dancing +and other forms of amusement, such as dramatics, pageants, and +story-telling, serve a similar purpose because they all mean the possession +of a resource not only for the right use of the girl's own leisure +time, but for serving this need in the community.</p> + + +<h3><a name="METHODS" id="METHODS"></a>METHODS.</h3> + + +<p>The activities of the girl scouts are, of course, not peculiar to this +organization. Every one of them is provided for elsewhere, in +schools, clubs, and societies. But the way in which they are combined +and coordinated about certain basic principles is peculiar to +the girl scouts.</p> + +<p>In the first place all these activities have a common motive, which +is preparation for a fuller life for the individual, not only in her +personal but in her social relations. It is believed that both the habits +formed and the concrete information acquired contribute to the girls +being ready to meet intelligently most of the situations that are likely +to arise in their later life. This concept is expressed in the girl +scout's motto, “Be prepared.”</p> + +<p>The method of preparation followed is that found in nature, +whereby young animals and birds <i>play</i> at doing all the things they +will need to do well when they are grown and must feed and fend +for themselves and their babies.</p> + +<p>The heart of the girl scouts' laws is helpfulness, and so the scouts +have a slogan: “Do a good turn daily.” By following this in letter +and spirit, helpfulness becomes second nature.</p> + +<p>Because the girl scouts are citizens they know and respect the meaning +of the flag, and one of the first things they learn is the pledge:</p> + +<p>“I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the Republic for which it +stands; one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”</p> + +<p>Some observers have criticized the girl-scout organization because +of its apparently military character. It is true that the girls +wear a uniform of khaki and are grouped in patrols corresponding +to the “fours” in the Army; that they salute and learn simple +forms of drill and signaling. But the reason they do these is because +the military organization happens to be the oldest form of organization +in the world, and it works. It is the best way men have found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +of getting a number of persons to work together. Following directions +given to a group is quite a different matter from doing something +alone, and most of us need special training in this. A group +of eight has been found to work the best, because it is the largest +number that can be handled by a person just beginning to be a leader, +and, moreover, elementary qualities of leadership seem to exist in +just about the proportion of one in eight. It is probably on this +account that children take so kindly to the form, rather than because +of any glamor of the army, though this must be admitted as a +factor. In actual practice the drill and signaling take up a very +small portion of the program and are nowhere followed as ends in +themselves, but only as a means to an end.</p> + +<p><i>Uniform.</i>—The uniform is simple, durable, and allows freedom of +action. It is of khaki because this has been found to be the best +wearing fabric and color. It is not easily torn and does not readily +soil. Wearing it gives the girls a sense of belonging to a larger +group, such as it is hard to get in any other way. It keeps constantly +before them the fact that they represent a community to whose laws +they have voluntarily subscribed, and whose honor they uphold. +It is well, too, to have an impersonal costume, if for no other reason +than to counteract the tendency of girls to concentrate upon their +personal appearance. To have a neat, simple, useful garb is a novel +experience to many an overdressed doll who has been taught to +measure all worth by extravagance of appearance.</p> + + +<h3><a name="ORGANIZATION" id="ORGANIZATION"></a>ORGANIZATION.</h3> + + +<p>The outstanding feature of the girl-scout organization is its voluntary +character. Among some 7,400 officers and leaders of girl scouts +throughout the country in the fall of 1920, just 211 were “paid +workers.” This is about 3 per cent. The organization is actually a +great volunteer school of citizenship in which the women of the country +share with their younger sisters the results of their own experience +in ideals and practical working knowledge of community living. +Scout troops are organized either independently or in connection with +public and private schools, churches, settlements, and other associations.</p> + +<p><i>Scouts of different ages.</i>—The original girl-scout program was +designed mainly with the needs of the young adolescent in mind, and +the age was fixed from 10 to 18 years. But the little girls wanted to +come in, and so a separate division was made for them called the +Brownies or Junior Scouts. Then the older girls and women wanted +to join, and as time went on the original girl scouts grew up but not +out of the scout movement, and programs are being made for Citizen +Scouts who are 18 and over.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + +<p>The three age groups seem to be natural ones, and each has its own +methods and activities. The Brownies are formed into packs, under +the leadership of a “Brown Owl,” and play games and learn self-help +and how to “lend a hand” to their families. The Citizen Scouts +are expected to be self-directing and to take actual part in the life +of the community and, either as wage earners or service givers, to pay +their way.</p> + +<p>But the large majority of all girl scouts belong to the middle group. +More girls register at 13 than at any other age. This is interesting, as +it marks the age of susceptibility to social ideas, shown also by the fact +that it is the most common age of religious conversion. It is also +the age of first crime. The distribution of ages at first registration +is shown by the accompanying table.</p> + +<p>The organization of the regular girl scouts is as follows:</p> + +<h5><i>Ages of Girl Scouts at first registration.</i></h5> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ages of Girl Scouts at first registration" width="65%"> +<tr> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Ages.</td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Number.</td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Per 1,000.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>6-9</td> + <td align='right'>440</td> + <td align='right'>5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>10</td> + <td align='right'>6,059</td> + <td align='right'>73</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>11</td> + <td align='right'>9,130</td> + <td align='right'>110</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>12</td> + <td align='right'>14,857</td> + <td align='right'>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>13</td> + <td align='right'>16,434</td> + <td align='right'>198</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>14</td> + <td align='right'>14,276</td> + <td align='right'>172</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>15</td> + <td align='right'>10,707</td> + <td align='right'>129</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>16</td> + <td align='right'>5,810</td> + <td align='right'>70</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'>17</td> + <td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">3,486</td> + <td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">42</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='center'>Total 10-17</td> + <td align='right'>80,759</td> + <td align='right'>978</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align='center'>18 and over</td> +<td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">1,826</td> +<td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">22</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align='center'>Grand total</td> +<td align='right'>83,025</td> +<td align='right'>1,000</td> +</tr> +</table></div> +<br /> + +<p><i>Patrol.</i>—Eight girls form a Patrol, which is the working unit. +One of them is elected patrol leader and has charge of the activities +for as long as the patrol wishes. It is desirable to have each +girl of a patrol serve as a leader at some time or other.</p> + +<p><i>Troop.</i>—One or more patrols constitute a Troop, which is the +administrative unit recognized by the national organization. The +Troop meets weekly and wherever possible at a place which “belongs” +to it. When possible troops should meet outdoors. The +troops are self-supporting and earn money for all equipment as well +as for camps and hikes or special activities. Troops are registered +with national headquarters and pay annual dues of 50 cents for each +member. They also have their own local dues, generally 5 or 10 cents +weekly.</p> + +<p><i>Captain.</i>—The troop is under the direction of a Captain, who must +be at least 21 years of age and whose qualification as a leader of +young girls is passed upon by national headquarters before she is +commissioned.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Lieutenant.</i>—A captain may have one or more Lieutenants, who +must be at least 18 years of age, and whose commissions are likewise +subject to control by national headquarters. Captains and lieutenants +may be organized into associations in any given locality.</p> + +<p><i>Scout classes.</i>—There are three classes of girl scouts, the youngest +being the “Tenderfoot,” the name given by frontiersmen to the man +from the city who is not hardened to the rough life out of doors. +Even the Tenderfoot, however, has to know some things, including +the promise, laws, slogan, and motto; how to salute and the respect +due to the flag; how to make an American flag; and how to tie at +least four kinds of useful knots. She must also have earned enough +money to buy some part of her scout equipment.</p> + +<p>The “Second-class” scout has been a tenderfoot for at least one +month and can pass a test of distinctly greater difficulty. This includes, +under home interests, the ability to make fires in stoves and +out of doors, to cook a simple dish so that it will be palatable, to +set a table for two courses, to make an ordinary and a hospital bed, +and to sew.</p> + +<p>Under health interests, she must know the main rules of healthful +living, her own height and weight, and their relation to the standard; +some simple first-aid points such as stopping bleeding, removing +speck from eye, and bandaging a sprained ankle. She must +also have a variety of facts at her command that will keep her alert +and interested when out of doors, such as an acquaintance with animals, +birds, and plants, the use of a compass, the alphabet of a signal +code; and must demonstrate her ability to observe her surroundings +accurately and quickly so as to report upon them.</p> + +<p>Under topics preparing for citizenship she must know the history +of the American flag, how to prevent fire, and what to do in case of +fire, and must have served her troop, church, or community in some +way and earned or saved money for some personal or troop equipment.</p> + +<p>The highest rank is that of “First-class” scout, and is to be attained +only by a young person of considerable accomplishment. She +must be able to find her way about city or country without any of +the usual aids, using only the compass and her developed judgment +of distance and direction. She must also be able to communicate +and receive messages by signaling. She must have shown proficiency +in home nursing, first aid, and housekeeping, and, in addition, +in either child care, personal health, laundering, cooking, needlework, +or gardening. She must also be an all-round outdoors person, +familiar with camping and able to lead in this, or be a good skater +or a naturalist or be able to swim. Not only must she know all these +different things, but she must have trained a tenderfoot, started a +savings account, and served her community in some tangible way.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Proficiency badges.</i>—After a girl scout has attained to first class +there are still other worlds to conquer, as the badges she has earned +on the way are only a few of the many to be worked toward. There +are no less than 47 subjects in which a scout may achieve, and more +are being added. Just to mention a few: A girl scout may be an +artist, a beekeeper, a business woman, a craftsman, or a dancer; an +electrician, a farmer, a flower finder, a horsewoman, an interpreter, +a motorist; or a musician, a scribe, a swimmer, or a star gazer. The +highest award given is the Golden Eaglet, which means the earning +of 21 Merit Badges, of which 15 are in required subjects.</p> + +<p>About 2,000 Merit Badges are earned a month. An analysis of the +subjects shows that home nursing is the most popular, with 126 of +each 1,000 earned. Laundress comes next with 97. First aid is next +with 67. Needlewoman, child nurse, cook, pathfinder, health guardian, +flower finder or zoologist, and home maker complete the first +10 most popular badges, with between 61 and 38 in each 1,000. The +details are shown in the accompanying table.</p> + +<p><i>Local councils.</i>—Where troops are numerous it is usual to form a +council composed of women and men representing all the best interests +of the community: Parents, schools, religious denominations of +all sorts, business, producers, women's clubs, and other social and +philanthropic organizations. The council acts as the link between +the girl scouts and the community. It has the same relation to the +separate troops that the school board has to the schools—that is, +it guides and decides upon policies and standards, interprets the +scouts to the community and the community to the scouts. It does +not do the executive or teaching work; that belongs to the directors, +captains, lieutenants, and patrol leaders.</p> + +<p>One function of the council is to interest public-spirited women +and men, particularly artists and scientists, in girl-scout work and to +get them to act as referees in awarding proficiency badges.</p> + +<p>But wisdom is to be sought not only in large cities, where there are +schools and museums, laboratories and studios. It is a poor community +that does not have at least one wise old person—a farmer +learned in nature's ways, a retired sailor stocked with sea lore, or a +mother of men who knows life as perhaps no one else can. The wise +council will know where to find these natural teachers and see that +the scouts go to their schools.</p> + +<p>Another prime function of the council is to raise funds and to +make available such material equipment as camp sites, meeting places +for the troops, etc. The captain should turn to the council for help +in arranging and directing rallies, dances, fairs, pageants, and other +devices for entertainment or securing money.</p> + +<p><i>National organization.</i>—The central governing body of the girl +scouts is the national council, holding an annual convention of elected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +delegates from all local groups. The national council works through +an executive board, which meets monthly and conducts national +headquarters in New York. The national director is in charge of +headquarters and his direct responsibility for the administration of +the whole organization, with the general divisions of field, business, +publication, and education, each in charge of a secretary.</p> + +<p>The field work is administered through 14 regions, each covering +several States, and in charge of a regional director, who helps in the +formation of local councils, the training of captains, and acts as +general supervisor and consultant for all work in the district.</p> + +<p>Under business comes the handling of mails, all the work of the +shop where uniforms, insignia, books, badges, flags, and other equipment +are sold, and the distribution of material ordered by mail.</p> + +<p>There are three classes of publications: First, a monthly journal, +The American Girl. Second, pamphlets and articles for general +propaganda and publicity; these are handled by the editorial and +publicity staffs, respectively. Third come publications of a technical +nature, like the official handbooks for scouts and officers and +outlines for training courses. These form part of the work of the +education department, which has general oversight of all that pertains +to training for leaders and the development of standards of +work, including the important feature of coordinating the girl +scouts with the other educational and social organizations. Camping +also forms a part of the work of the education department.</p> + +<p>During 1919 and 1920 the following publications were issued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>Scouting for Girls:</i> The official handbook, 576 pages.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Campward Ho:</i> A manual for girl-scout camps, 192 pages. Designed +to cover the needs of those undertaking to organize and +direct large, self-supporting camps for girls.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>The Blue Book of Rules for Girl Scout Captains:</i> All official rules +and regulations, 32 pages.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Training Courses:</i> (1) Outline for 32-period course, 17 pages. (2) +Introductory course, 10 periods, 16 pages.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Girl Scout Health Record:</i> Booklet form for recording points for +health winner's badge.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Miscellaneous Pamphlets:</i> Averaging 8 pages; 128,325 copies.</p></div> + +<p><i>Need for leaders.</i>—The growth in membership has been twice as +rapid among the scouts as it has among the officers, as may be seen +in the table already given. For every scout in 1918 we have 10 in +1921. For every officer in 1918 we have but 5 in 1921. For some time +to come, therefore, the energy of the national officers must be directed +toward the securing of properly trained leaders.</p> + +<p>Colleges and higher schools are responding to a gratifying extent +with the introduction of training courses in scouting for girls. Within +two years courses have been given at the following colleges or universities:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +Adelphi, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Carnegie Institute, Cincinnati, +Converse, Elmira, Hunter, Johns Hopkins, Missouri, New +Rochelle, Northwestern, Pittsburg, Rochester Mechanics' Institute, +Rochester University, Rockford, Simmons, Smith, Syracuse, Teachers' +College, and Vassar. Also at the following higher schools: Battle +Creek Normal School of Physical Education, Brooklyn Training +School for Teachers, Chautauqua Institute, Chicago Normal School +of Physical Education, Community Service Council of Marquette +County, Mich., Manhattan Trade School for Girls, Milwaukee Normal, +State Normal at Pittsburgh, Pa., Washington State Normal, and +Western State Normal, Mich. The following schools and colleges are +asking for courses: Chicago, Cornell, Detroit Normal, Kalamazoo, +Michigan State Normal, Pennsylvania State, and Temple University.</p> + +<p>Through cooperation with the deans of women in all parts of the +country, and with the Intercollegiate Community Service Association, +the college women are being influenced to take up scouting as an +extra academic activity before graduation, and as a form of community +service in their home towns later.</p> + +<p>In addition to this work through existing educational bodies, many +special courses are conducted in connection with the organizations of +local councils.</p> + +<p>The First National Training School for Girl Scout Officers has +been conducted for four years, the last two years at Long Pond Camp +in Plymouth, Mass. During the summer of 1920 special training +camps were also held in connection with the councils of Greater New +York, Cincinnati, and Harrisburg, with instruction given under the +auspices of national headquarters. Five such camps are planned for +1921, located in Plymouth, Central Valley, in the Catskills, Lake +Mohegan, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Cincinnati.</p> + +<p><i>Scouting in the public schools.</i>—Only that organization for young +people can succeed which contributes directly to their chief business, +which is getting an education. One reason the girl scout organization +is received so cheerfully by school people is that it works into the +school's own plans to a remarkable degree. Local councils have a +larger representation from the public schools than from any other +single agency. Scout leaders are drawn largely from the teaching +force because teachers naturally have a better insight into the needs +of young people than any other single group.</p> + +<p>In a few places this interest has resulted in the gradual assimilation +of scouting into the school system. At Fort Scott, Kans., this +work has progressed furthest, with 90 per cent of all pupils of scout +age, either boy or girl scouts. Supt. Ramsey made a most favorable +report on this situation at the Cleveland meeting of the Department +of Superintendence of the National Education Association in +1920. Among essential features he mentioned the following:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + +<p>The boy scout executive and girl scout commissioner act as recreational +directors and have charge of all the health education and vocational +guidance.</p> + +<p>A room is set aside in the Junior High School for all scout work +which, however, is passed upon by a council, including persons outside +of the school force.</p> + +<p>Through glee clubs and choruses great interest in community singing +and other music has been developed. The scout organization is +helping to solve the dress problem for both boys and girls.</p> + +<p>“To give the modern ideals of education would be to state the +ideals of scouting.” The modern teacher is increasingly well fitted +to become a good scout leader.</p> + +<p>Scouting may best be promoted through the public school, because +that is the only organization that includes all the boys and +girls. Moreover, because of close daily association, leaders of school +troops can insure each scout being an active scout.</p> + +<p>The school also benefits by scouting in a number of ways. Older +pupils stay in school longer because of their interest in scouting than +because of any other influence. “A year of work in scouting will do +as much toward acquainting a teacher with the ideals of teaching as +a year spent in any college or university of the country.” Finally, +scouting secures the interest, attention, and good will of the parents +to the public schools.</p> + +<h5><i>Girl Scout badges earned in 1919-20.</i></h5> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Girl Scout badges earned in 1919-20" width="60%"> +<tr> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"></td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Subject.</td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Number.</td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Per 1,000.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>1.</td> + <td align='left'>Home nurse</td> + <td align='right'>2,852</td> + <td align='right'>126</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>2.</td> + <td align='left'>Laundress</td> + <td align='right'>2,192</td> + <td align='right'>97</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>3.</td> + <td align='left'>First aid</td> + <td align='right'>1,523</td> + <td align='right'>67</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>4.</td> + <td align='left'>Needlewoman</td> + <td align='right'>1,389</td> + <td align='right'>61</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>5.</td> + <td align='left'>Child nurse</td> + <td align='right'>1,267</td> + <td align='right'>56</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>6.</td> + <td align='left'>Cook</td> + <td align='right'>991</td> + <td align='right'>44</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>7.</td> + <td align='left'>Pathfinder</td> + <td align='right'>990</td> + <td align='right'>44</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>8.</td> + <td align='left'>Health guardian</td> + <td align='right'>923</td> + <td align='right'>41</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>9.</td> + <td align='left'>Flower finder or zoologist</td> + <td align='right'>878</td> + <td align='right'>39</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>10.</td> + <td align='left'>Home maker</td> + <td align='right'>861</td> + <td align='right'>38</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>11.</td> + <td align='left'>Citizen</td> + <td align='right'>732</td> + <td align='right'>32</td> +</tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>12.</td> + <td align='left'>Signaler</td> + <td align='right'>647</td> + <td align='right'>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>13.</td> + <td align='left'>Bird hunter</td> + <td align='right'>636</td> + <td align='right'>28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>14.</td> + <td align='left'>Health winner</td> + <td align='right'>600</td> + <td align='right'>26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>15.</td> + <td align='left'>Pioneer</td> + <td align='right'>595</td> + <td align='right'>26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>16.</td> + <td align='left'>Artist</td> + <td align='right'>592</td> + <td align='right'>26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>17.</td> + <td align='left'>Musician</td> + <td align='right'>580</td> + <td align='right'>26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>18.</td> + <td align='left'>Interpreter</td> + <td align='right'>578</td> + <td align='right'>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>19.</td> + <td align='left'>Swimmer</td> + <td align='right'>557</td> + <td align='right'>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>20.</td> + <td align='left'>Business</td> + <td align='right'>424</td> + <td align='right'>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>21.</td> + <td align='left'>Cyclist</td> + <td align='right'>422</td> + <td align='right'>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>22.</td> + <td align='left'>Gardener</td> + <td align='right'>393</td> + <td align='right'>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>23.</td> + <td align='left'>Athlete</td> + <td align='right'>345</td> + <td align='right'>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>24.</td> + <td align='left'>Horsewoman</td> + <td align='right'>266</td> + <td align='right'>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>25.</td> + <td align='left'>Bugler</td> + <td align='right'>254</td> + <td align='right'>11</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>26.</td> + <td align='left'>Scribe</td> + <td align='right'>216</td> + <td align='right'>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>27.</td> + <td align='left'>Telegrapher</td> + <td align='right'>192</td> + <td align='right'>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>28.</td> + <td align='left'>Motorist</td> + <td align='right'>190</td> + <td align='right'>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>29.</td> + <td align='left'>Dairy maid</td> + <td align='right'>190</td> + <td align='right'>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>30.</td> + <td align='left'>Farmer</td> + <td align='right'>187</td> + <td align='right'>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>31.</td> + <td align='left'>Sailor</td> + <td align='right'>130</td> + <td align='right'>6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>32.</td> + <td align='left'>Electrician</td> + <td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">101</td> + <td align='right' style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td>Total</td> + <td align='right'>22,693</td> + <td align='right'>1,000</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + +<br /> +<div class="trans-note"> +<h4><span class="smcap">Transcriber's Note:</span></h4> + +<p>On the second table, first column, the totals look a little confusing, +but properly read they are correct. The sub-total does not +take into account the first line (440) making the total 80,759. Adding it +back in gives the total of 81,199 plus 1,826 (18+) gives the correct grand +total. It has been left as in the original.</p> + +<p>There is a variation between girl-scout and girl scout; girl-scout +denotes the organization, and girl scout pertains to an individual. +They have been left as in the original.</p> + +<p>Only one typo found and corrected; susceptibility was misspelled as “susceptibilty”.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Educational Work of the Girl Scouts, by +Louise Stevens Bryant + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EDUCATIONAL WORK--GIRL SCOUTS *** + +***** This file should be named 29373-h.htm or 29373-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/7/29373/ + +Produced by David Edwards, Marcia Brooks and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain works put online +by Harvard University Library's Open Collections Program, +Women Working 1800 - 1930) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Educational Work of the Girl Scouts + +Author: Louise Stevens Bryant + +Release Date: July 11, 2009 [EBook #29373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EDUCATIONAL WORK--GIRL SCOUTS *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Marcia Brooks and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain works put online +by Harvard University Library's Open Collections Program, +Women Working 1800 - 1930) + + + + + + + + + + DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR + BUREAU OF EDUCATION + + + BULLETIN, 1921, No. 46 + + + EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE + GIRL SCOUTS + + + LOUISE STEVENS BRYANT + EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY GIRL SCOUTS + + + [Advance sheets from the Biennial Survey of Education in + the United States, 1918-1920] + + + [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR] + + + WASHINGTON + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + 1921 + + + ADDITIONAL COPIES + OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM + THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + WASHINGTON, D. C. + AT + 5 CENTS PER COPY + + + + +EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE GIRL SCOUTS. + +By LOUISE STEVENS BRYANT, + +_Educational Secretary, Girl Scouts._ + + +CONTENTS.--History and growth--Activities--Methods--Organization. + + +Do you believe that girls should like to work at home, to cook and clean +house and mind the baby? Do you believe that a girl should like to take +care of her clothes and be able to make them; that she should know how +to be thrifty and to conserve the family money in buying and using food +and clothing; that she should play a fair game and put the group above +her personal interests? Do you believe that she should value a strong +healthy body above clothes and cosmetics, and rejoice in the hope of +being some day the healthy mother of healthy children? + +If you do, you believe in the Girl Scouts, for in this organization the +girls learn all these things in such a happy way that they _like_ to do +them, which means that they keep on doing them. + +The Girl Scouts, a national organization, is open to any girl who +expresses her desire to join, and voluntarily accepts the promise and +the laws. The object of the Girl Scouts is to bring to all girls the +opportunity for group experience, outdoor life, and to learn through +work, but more by play, to serve their community. Patterned after the +Girl Guides of England, the sister organization of the Boy Scouts, the +Girl Scouts have developed a method of self-government and a variety of +activities that appear to be well suited to the desires of the girls, as +the 89,864 scouts and the 2,500 new applicants each month testify. + + + + +HISTORY AND GROWTH. + + +Girl Scouts and their leaders, to the number of 89,864, were in 1920 +organized in every State, and in Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Alaska. There +are troops in 1,400 cities, and local councils in 162 places. This +represents a tremendous growth since the founding by Mrs. Juliette Low +in March, 1912, of a handful of enthusiastic "Girl Guides" in Savannah, +Ga. In 1915 the growth of the movement warranted its national +incorporation; so headquarters were established in Washington, D. C., +and the name changed to Girl Scouts, Incorporated. In 1916 the +headquarters were removed to New York, and are now located at 189 +Lexington Avenue. + +From the start the organization has been nonsectarian and open to all +races and nationalities. Through the International Council the Girl +Scouts are affiliated with the Girl Guides of England and all parts of +the British Empire, and similar organizations in other parts of the +world. + +At the 1920 meeting of the international conference at London, reports +were received from Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Poland, Norway, +Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Brazil, +Argentina, Japan, China, and Siberia, as well as from all parts of the +British Empire, and the United States. + +From a membership of 9,769 in January, 1918, the girl scouts grew to +89,864 in 1921, at the rate of nearly 10 to 1 in three years. The +greatest relative growth was in 1918, when the membership grew fourfold. +During 1919 the increase over the preceding year was more than +two-thirds, while in 1920 the relative increase was one-third. The +details are as shown in the accompanying table. + +This growth is due to a spontaneous demand of community after community +for scouting for girls, and not to deliberate propaganda on the part of +the national headquarters. The reasons for it are therefore to be sought +in the activities and methods themselves, which make such widespread +appeal. + + + + +ACTIVITIES. + + +A glance through the handbook, Scouting for Girls, will show that the +activities of the girl scouts center about the three interests--Home, +Health, and Citizenship. + +_Home._--The program provides incentives for practicing woman's +world-old arts by requiring an elementary proficiency in cooking, +housekeeping, first aid, and the rules of healthful living for any girl +scout passing beyond the Tenderfoot stage. Of the forty-odd subjects for +which Proficiency Badges are given, more than one-fourth are in subjects +directly related to the services of woman in the home, as mother, nurse, +or home-keeper. + +_Growth of Girl Scout membership, Jan. 1, 1918, to Jan. 1, 1921--Active +registrations._ + + January 1. Officers. Increase. Scouts. Increase. Total. Increase. + + 1918 1,314 ...... 8,455 ...... 9,769 ...... + 1919 3,823 2,509 36,847 28,392 40,670 30,901 + 1920 5,357 1,534 61,754 24,907 67,111 26,441 + 1921 6,839 1,482 83,025 21,271 89,864 22,753 + +Into this work, so often distasteful because solitary, is brought the +sense of comradeship. This is effected partly by having much of the +actual training done in groups. Another element is the public +recognition and rewarding of skill in this, woman's most elementary +service to the world, usually taken for granted and ignored. + +The spirit of play infused into the simplest and most repetitious of +household tasks banishes drudgery. "Give us, oh, give us," says Carlyle, +"the man who sings at his work. He will do more in the same time, he +will do it better, he will persevere longer. Wondrous is the strength of +cheerfulness; altogether past comprehension its power of endurance." + +While the place of most production is to-day outside the home, much of +the final preparation of goods, particularly food and clothing, is still +done there. So that, while the homecrafts are far from being the vital +necessities they once were, they are still needed. + +Handicrafts of many sorts enter into the program of the girl scouts. In +camping, girls must know how to set up tents, build lean-to's, and +construct fireplaces. They must also know how to make knots of various +sorts to use for bandages, tying parcels, hitching, etc. Among the +productive occupations in which Proficiency Badges are awarded are +cooking, house planning, beekeeping, dairying and general farming, +gardening, millinery, weaving, and needlework. + +While production has left the home, consumption is increasingly the +business of the home-keeping woman. There are few purchases, even for +men's own use, which women do not have a hand in selecting. Practically +the entire burden of household buying in all departments falls on the +woman, who is thus in a position to learn how to spend wisely and make +the most of each dollar. In France this has long been recognized, and +the women of the middle classes are the buying partners and bookkeepers +in their husbands' business. + +The girl-scout organization encourages thrifty habits and economy in +buying in all of its activities. The scout troops are self-supporting, +and are expected to earn most of their equipment by means of rallies, +pageants, plays, as well as by individual effort. One of the 10 scout +laws is that "A girl scout is thrifty." + +_Health._--The girl scout learns that "a cheerful scout, a clean scout, +a helpful scout is a well scout. She is the only scout that really _is +prepared_." So that health, physical and mental, is the keynote to the +scout activities, which are calculated to develop the habit of health, +rather than simply to give information about anatomy or physiology. +Personal health is recognized by the badge of "Health Winner," given to +the girl who for three months follows certain rules of living, such as +eating only wholesome food, drinking plenty of water, going to bed +early, exercising in the open air, and keeping clean, and who shows the +result by improved posture, and by the absence of constipation and +colds. Outdoor sports, swimming, boating, and dancing are other +health-producing activities. + +Of all health-promoting activities, camping is the best, and this means +all stages of life in the open, from the day's hike, with one meal out +of doors, to the overnight or week-end hike, and finally the real, big +camp, open all summer. Girl scouts learn how to dress for outdoor +living, how to walk without fatigue, and how to provide themselves with +food, warmth, and shelter, so that "roughing it" does not mean being +uncomfortable. + +During 1920, 50 large girl-scout camps were maintained in 16 States. +These are self-supporting, and as they are open for 10 weeks as a rule +and accommodate about 50 girls at a time, they give an opportunity to +several thousand for the best sort of holiday. + +The idea is to have enough camps to give every scout the experience. To +promote this work national headquarters maintains a camping section and +has published a book, "Campward Ho!" which gives full directions for +organizing and running large, self-supporting camps for girls. + +Community health habits are quite as important as the purely personal, +and the older girl scout is expected to become a "health guardian," +which means that she takes an intelligent interest in the things +pertaining to public health, such as playgrounds, swimming pools, school +lunches, the water and milk supplies, clean streets, the disposition of +waste and garbage, the registration of births, and the prevention of +infant mortality. She also learns how to help in times of emergency as +first aid, in sickness as home nurse, and at any time as child nurse. + +A scout whose mind is filled with interesting facts about birds and +animals and trees, and who is busy playing games with her companions or +in making useful and beautiful things and in rendering active service to +her home and community, is apt to have a healthy mind without thinking +much about it. And she has a little rule for the blue times, which is +"to smile and sing under all difficulties." + +_Citizenship._--The basic organization of the girl scouts into the +self-governing unit of a patrol is in itself an excellent means of +political training. Patrols and troops conduct their own meetings, and +the scouts learn the elements of parliamentary law. Working together in +groups, they realize the necessity for democratic decisions. They also +come to have community interests of an impersonal sort. This is perhaps +the greatest single contribution of the scouts toward the training of +girls for citizenship. Little boys play not only together but with men +and boys of all ages. The interest of baseball is not confined to any +one age. The rules of the game are the same for all, and the smallest +boy's judgment on the skill of the players may be as valid as that of +the oldest "fan." Girls have had in the past no such common interests. +Their games have been either solitary or in very small groups, in +activities largely of a personal character. If women are to be effective +in modern political society, they must have from earliest youth +gregarious interests and occupations. + +Among the scout activities that tend to develop this larger community +sense are games, athletic sports of all kinds, including team work and +competition between small, well-knit groups. Folk dancing and other +forms of amusement, such as dramatics, pageants, and story-telling, +serve a similar purpose because they all mean the possession of a +resource not only for the right use of the girl's own leisure time, but +for serving this need in the community. + + + + +METHODS. + + +The activities of the girl scouts are, of course, not peculiar to this +organization. Every one of them is provided for elsewhere, in schools, +clubs, and societies. But the way in which they are combined and +coordinated about certain basic principles is peculiar to the girl +scouts. + +In the first place all these activities have a common motive, which is +preparation for a fuller life for the individual, not only in her +personal but in her social relations. It is believed that both the +habits formed and the concrete information acquired contribute to the +girls being ready to meet intelligently most of the situations that are +likely to arise in their later life. This concept is expressed in the +girl scout's motto, "Be prepared." + +The method of preparation followed is that found in nature, whereby +young animals and birds _play_ at doing all the things they will need to +do well when they are grown and must feed and fend for themselves and +their babies. + +The heart of the girl scouts' laws is helpfulness, and so the scouts +have a slogan: "Do a good turn daily." By following this in letter and +spirit, helpfulness becomes second nature. + +Because the girl scouts are citizens they know and respect the meaning +of the flag, and one of the first things they learn is the pledge: + +"I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the Republic for which it +stands; one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." + +Some observers have criticized the girl-scout organization because of +its apparently military character. It is true that the girls wear a +uniform of khaki and are grouped in patrols corresponding to the "fours" +in the Army; that they salute and learn simple forms of drill and +signaling. But the reason they do these is because the military +organization happens to be the oldest form of organization in the world, +and it works. It is the best way men have found of getting a number of +persons to work together. Following directions given to a group is quite +a different matter from doing something alone, and most of us need +special training in this. A group of eight has been found to work the +best, because it is the largest number that can be handled by a person +just beginning to be a leader, and, moreover, elementary qualities of +leadership seem to exist in just about the proportion of one in eight. +It is probably on this account that children take so kindly to the form, +rather than because of any glamor of the army, though this must be +admitted as a factor. In actual practice the drill and signaling take up +a very small portion of the program and are nowhere followed as ends in +themselves, but only as a means to an end. + +_Uniform._--The uniform is simple, durable, and allows freedom of +action. It is of khaki because this has been found to be the best +wearing fabric and color. It is not easily torn and does not readily +soil. Wearing it gives the girls a sense of belonging to a larger group, +such as it is hard to get in any other way. It keeps constantly before +them the fact that they represent a community to whose laws they have +voluntarily subscribed, and whose honor they uphold. It is well, too, to +have an impersonal costume, if for no other reason than to counteract +the tendency of girls to concentrate upon their personal appearance. To +have a neat, simple, useful garb is a novel experience to many an +overdressed doll who has been taught to measure all worth by +extravagance of appearance. + + + + +ORGANIZATION. + + +The outstanding feature of the girl-scout organization is its voluntary +character. Among some 7,400 officers and leaders of girl scouts +throughout the country in the fall of 1920, just 211 were "paid +workers." This is about 3 per cent. The organization is actually a great +volunteer school of citizenship in which the women of the country share +with their younger sisters the results of their own experience in ideals +and practical working knowledge of community living. Scout troops are +organized either independently or in connection with public and private +schools, churches, settlements, and other associations. + +_Scouts of different ages._--The original girl-scout program was +designed mainly with the needs of the young adolescent in mind, and the +age was fixed from 10 to 18 years. But the little girls wanted to come +in, and so a separate division was made for them called the Brownies or +Junior Scouts. Then the older girls and women wanted to join, and as +time went on the original girl scouts grew up but not out of the scout +movement, and programs are being made for Citizen Scouts who are 18 and +over. + +The three age groups seem to be natural ones, and each has its own +methods and activities. The Brownies are formed into packs, under the +leadership of a "Brown Owl," and play games and learn self-help and how +to "lend a hand" to their families. The Citizen Scouts are expected to +be self-directing and to take actual part in the life of the community +and, either as wage earners or service givers, to pay their way. + +But the large majority of all girl scouts belong to the middle group. +More girls register at 13 than at any other age. This is interesting, as +it marks the age of susceptibility to social ideas, shown also by the +fact that it is the most common age of religious conversion. It is also +the age of first crime. The distribution of ages at first registration +is shown by the accompanying table. + +The organization of the regular girl scouts is as follows: + +_Ages of Girl Scouts at first registration._ + + ------------+--------+----------- + Ages. | Number.| Per 1,000. + ------------+--------+----------- + | | + 6-9 | 440 | 5 + 10 | 6,059 | 73 + 11 | 9,130 | 110 + 12 | 14,857 | 179 + 13 | 16,434 | 198 + 14 | 14,276 | 172 + 15 | 10,707 | 129 + 16 | 5,810 | 70 + 17 | 3,486 | 42 + +--------+----------- + Total 10-17 | 80,759 | 978 + 18 and over | 1,826 | 22 + +--------+----------- + Grand total | 83,025 | 1,000 + ------------+--------+----------- + +_Patrol._--Eight girls form a Patrol, which is the working unit. One of +them is elected patrol leader and has charge of the activities for as +long as the patrol wishes. It is desirable to have each girl of a patrol +serve as a leader at some time or other. + +_Troop._--One or more patrols constitute a Troop, which is the +administrative unit recognized by the national organization. The Troop +meets weekly and wherever possible at a place which "belongs" to it. +When possible troops should meet outdoors. The troops are +self-supporting and earn money for all equipment as well as for camps +and hikes or special activities. Troops are registered with national +headquarters and pay annual dues of 50 cents for each member. They also +have their own local dues, generally 5 or 10 cents weekly. + +_Captain._--The troop is under the direction of a Captain, who must be +at least 21 years of age and whose qualification as a leader of young +girls is passed upon by national headquarters before she is +commissioned. + +_Lieutenant._--A captain may have one or more Lieutenants, who must be +at least 18 years of age, and whose commissions are likewise subject to +control by national headquarters. Captains and lieutenants may be +organized into associations in any given locality. + +_Scout classes._--There are three classes of girl scouts, the youngest +being the "Tenderfoot," the name given by frontiersmen to the man from +the city who is not hardened to the rough life out of doors. Even the +Tenderfoot, however, has to know some things, including the promise, +laws, slogan, and motto; how to salute and the respect due to the flag; +how to make an American flag; and how to tie at least four kinds of +useful knots. She must also have earned enough money to buy some part of +her scout equipment. + +The "Second-class" scout has been a tenderfoot for at least one month +and can pass a test of distinctly greater difficulty. This includes, +under home interests, the ability to make fires in stoves and out of +doors, to cook a simple dish so that it will be palatable, to set a +table for two courses, to make an ordinary and a hospital bed, and to +sew. + +Under health interests, she must know the main rules of healthful +living, her own height and weight, and their relation to the standard; +some simple first-aid points such as stopping bleeding, removing speck +from eye, and bandaging a sprained ankle. She must also have a variety +of facts at her command that will keep her alert and interested when out +of doors, such as an acquaintance with animals, birds, and plants, the +use of a compass, the alphabet of a signal code; and must demonstrate +her ability to observe her surroundings accurately and quickly so as to +report upon them. + +Under topics preparing for citizenship she must know the history of the +American flag, how to prevent fire, and what to do in case of fire, and +must have served her troop, church, or community in some way and earned +or saved money for some personal or troop equipment. + +The highest rank is that of "First-class" scout, and is to be attained +only by a young person of considerable accomplishment. She must be able +to find her way about city or country without any of the usual aids, +using only the compass and her developed judgment of distance and +direction. She must also be able to communicate and receive messages by +signaling. She must have shown proficiency in home nursing, first aid, +and housekeeping, and, in addition, in either child care, personal +health, laundering, cooking, needlework, or gardening. She must also be +an all-round outdoors person, familiar with camping and able to lead in +this, or be a good skater or a naturalist or be able to swim. Not only +must she know all these different things, but she must have trained a +tenderfoot, started a savings account, and served her community in some +tangible way. + +_Proficiency badges._--After a girl scout has attained to first class +there are still other worlds to conquer, as the badges she has earned on +the way are only a few of the many to be worked toward. There are no +less than 47 subjects in which a scout may achieve, and more are being +added. Just to mention a few: A girl scout may be an artist, a +beekeeper, a business woman, a craftsman, or a dancer; an electrician, a +farmer, a flower finder, a horsewoman, an interpreter, a motorist; or a +musician, a scribe, a swimmer, or a star gazer. The highest award given +is the Golden Eaglet, which means the earning of 21 Merit Badges, of +which 15 are in required subjects. + +About 2,000 Merit Badges are earned a month. An analysis of the subjects +shows that home nursing is the most popular, with 126 of each 1,000 +earned. Laundress comes next with 97. First aid is next with 67. +Needlewoman, child nurse, cook, pathfinder, health guardian, flower +finder or zoologist, and home maker complete the first 10 most popular +badges, with between 61 and 38 in each 1,000. The details are shown in +the accompanying table. + +_Local councils._--Where troops are numerous it is usual to form a +council composed of women and men representing all the best interests of +the community: Parents, schools, religious denominations of all sorts, +business, producers, women's clubs, and other social and philanthropic +organizations. The council acts as the link between the girl scouts and +the community. It has the same relation to the separate troops that the +school board has to the schools--that is, it guides and decides upon +policies and standards, interprets the scouts to the community and the +community to the scouts. It does not do the executive or teaching work; +that belongs to the directors, captains, lieutenants, and patrol +leaders. + +One function of the council is to interest public-spirited women and +men, particularly artists and scientists, in girl-scout work and to get +them to act as referees in awarding proficiency badges. + +But wisdom is to be sought not only in large cities, where there are +schools and museums, laboratories and studios. It is a poor community +that does not have at least one wise old person--a farmer learned in +nature's ways, a retired sailor stocked with sea lore, or a mother of +men who knows life as perhaps no one else can. The wise council will +know where to find these natural teachers and see that the scouts go to +their schools. + +Another prime function of the council is to raise funds and to make +available such material equipment as camp sites, meeting places for the +troops, etc. The captain should turn to the council for help in +arranging and directing rallies, dances, fairs, pageants, and other +devices for entertainment or securing money. + +_National organization._--The central governing body of the girl scouts +is the national council, holding an annual convention of elected +delegates from all local groups. The national council works through an +executive board, which meets monthly and conducts national headquarters +in New York. The national director is in charge of headquarters and his +direct responsibility for the administration of the whole organization, +with the general divisions of field, business, publication, and +education, each in charge of a secretary. + +The field work is administered through 14 regions, each covering several +States, and in charge of a regional director, who helps in the formation +of local councils, the training of captains, and acts as general +supervisor and consultant for all work in the district. + +Under business comes the handling of mails, all the work of the shop +where uniforms, insignia, books, badges, flags, and other equipment are +sold, and the distribution of material ordered by mail. + +There are three classes of publications: First, a monthly journal, The +American Girl. Second, pamphlets and articles for general propaganda and +publicity; these are handled by the editorial and publicity staffs, +respectively. Third come publications of a technical nature, like the +official handbooks for scouts and officers and outlines for training +courses. These form part of the work of the education department, which +has general oversight of all that pertains to training for leaders and +the development of standards of work, including the important feature of +coordinating the girl scouts with the other educational and social +organizations. Camping also forms a part of the work of the education +department. + +During 1919 and 1920 the following publications were issued: + + _Scouting for Girls:_ The official handbook, 576 pages. + + _Campward Ho:_ A manual for girl-scout camps, 192 pages. + Designed to cover the needs of those undertaking to organize + and direct large, self-supporting camps for girls. + + _The Blue Book of Rules for Girl Scout Captains:_ All + official rules and regulations, 32 pages. + + _Training Courses:_ (1) Outline for 32-period course, 17 + pages. (2) Introductory course, 10 periods, 16 pages. + + _Girl Scout Health Record:_ Booklet form for recording points + for health winner's badge. + + _Miscellaneous Pamphlets:_ Averaging 8 pages; 128,325 copies. + +_Need for leaders._--The growth in membership has been twice as rapid +among the scouts as it has among the officers, as may be seen in the +table already given. For every scout in 1918 we have 10 in 1921. For +every officer in 1918 we have but 5 in 1921. For some time to come, +therefore, the energy of the national officers must be directed toward +the securing of properly trained leaders. + +Colleges and higher schools are responding to a gratifying extent with +the introduction of training courses in scouting for girls. Within two +years courses have been given at the following colleges or +universities: Adelphi, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Carnegie Institute, +Cincinnati, Converse, Elmira, Hunter, Johns Hopkins, Missouri, New +Rochelle, Northwestern, Pittsburg, Rochester Mechanics' Institute, +Rochester University, Rockford, Simmons, Smith, Syracuse, Teachers' +College, and Vassar. Also at the following higher schools: Battle Creek +Normal School of Physical Education, Brooklyn Training School for +Teachers, Chautauqua Institute, Chicago Normal School of Physical +Education, Community Service Council of Marquette County, Mich., +Manhattan Trade School for Girls, Milwaukee Normal, State Normal at +Pittsburgh, Pa., Washington State Normal, and Western State Normal, +Mich. The following schools and colleges are asking for courses: +Chicago, Cornell, Detroit Normal, Kalamazoo, Michigan State Normal, +Pennsylvania State, and Temple University. + +Through cooperation with the deans of women in all parts of the country, +and with the Intercollegiate Community Service Association, the college +women are being influenced to take up scouting as an extra academic +activity before graduation, and as a form of community service in their +home towns later. + +In addition to this work through existing educational bodies, many +special courses are conducted in connection with the organizations of +local councils. + +The First National Training School for Girl Scout Officers has been +conducted for four years, the last two years at Long Pond Camp in +Plymouth, Mass. During the summer of 1920 special training camps were +also held in connection with the councils of Greater New York, +Cincinnati, and Harrisburg, with instruction given under the auspices of +national headquarters. Five such camps are planned for 1921, located in +Plymouth, Central Valley, in the Catskills, Lake Mohegan, N. Y., +Philadelphia, and Cincinnati. + +_Scouting in the public schools._--Only that organization for young +people can succeed which contributes directly to their chief business, +which is getting an education. One reason the girl scout organization is +received so cheerfully by school people is that it works into the +school's own plans to a remarkable degree. Local councils have a larger +representation from the public schools than from any other single +agency. Scout leaders are drawn largely from the teaching force because +teachers naturally have a better insight into the needs of young people +than any other single group. + +In a few places this interest has resulted in the gradual assimilation +of scouting into the school system. At Fort Scott, Kans., this work has +progressed furthest, with 90 per cent of all pupils of scout age, either +boy or girl scouts. Supt. Ramsey made a most favorable report on this +situation at the Cleveland meeting of the Department of Superintendence +of the National Education Association in 1920. Among essential features +he mentioned the following: + +The boy scout executive and girl scout commissioner act as recreational +directors and have charge of all the health education and vocational +guidance. + +A room is set aside in the Junior High School for all scout work which, +however, is passed upon by a council, including persons outside of the +school force. + +Through glee clubs and choruses great interest in community singing and +other music has been developed. The scout organization is helping to +solve the dress problem for both boys and girls. + +"To give the modern ideals of education would be to state the ideals of +scouting." The modern teacher is increasingly well fitted to become a +good scout leader. + +Scouting may best be promoted through the public school, because that is +the only organization that includes all the boys and girls. Moreover, +because of close daily association, leaders of school troops can insure +each scout being an active scout. + +The school also benefits by scouting in a number of ways. Older pupils +stay in school longer because of their interest in scouting than because +of any other influence. "A year of work in scouting will do as much +toward acquainting a teacher with the ideals of teaching as a year spent +in any college or university of the country." Finally, scouting secures +the interest, attention, and good will of the parents to the public +schools. + + _Girl Scout badges earned in 1919-20._ + + -------------------------------+---------+----------- + Subject. | Number. | Per 1,000. + -------------------------------+---------+----------- + | | + 1. Home nurse | 2,852 | 126 + 2. Laundress | 2,192 | 97 + 3. First aid | 1,523 | 67 + 4. Needlewoman | 1,389 | 61 + 5. Child nurse | 1,267 | 56 + 6. Cook | 991 | 44 + 7. Pathfinder | 990 | 44 + 8. Health guardian | 923 | 41 + 9. Flower finder or zoologist | 878 | 39 + 10. Home maker | 861 | 38 + 11. Citizen | 732 | 32 + 12. Signaler | 647 | 28 + 13. Bird hunter | 636 | 28 + 14. Health winner | 600 | 26 + 15. Pioneer | 595 | 26 + 16. Artist | 592 | 26 + 17. Musician | 580 | 26 + 18. Interpreter | 578 | 25 + 19. Swimmer | 557 | 25 + 20. Business | 424 | 19 + 21. Cyclist | 422 | 19 + 22. Gardener | 393 | 17 + 23. Athlete | 345 | 15 + 24. Horsewoman | 266 | 12 + 25. Bugler | 254 | 11 + 26. Scribe | 216 | 10 + 27. Telegrapher | 192 | 8 + 28. Motorist | 190 | 8 + 29. Dairy maid | 190 | 8 + 30. Farmer | 187 | 8 + 31. Sailor | 130 | 6 + 32. Electrician | 101 | 4 + | | + Total | 22,693 | 1,000 + -------------------------------+---------+----------- + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: + +On the second table, first column, the totals look a little confusing, +but properly read they are correct. The sub-total does not take into +account the first line (440) making the total 80,759. Adding it back in +gives the total of 81,199 plus 1,826 (18+) gives the correct grand +total. It has been left as in the original. + +There is a variation between girl-scout and girl scout; girl-scout +denotes the organization, and girl scout pertains to an individual. +They have been left as in the original. + +Only one typo found and corrected; susceptibility was misspelled as +"susceptibilty". + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Educational Work of the Girl Scouts, by +Louise Stevens Bryant + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EDUCATIONAL WORK--GIRL SCOUTS *** + +***** This file should be named 29373.txt or 29373.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/7/29373/ + +Produced by David Edwards, Marcia Brooks and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain works put online +by Harvard University Library's Open Collections Program, +Women Working 1800 - 1930) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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