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diff --git a/29383.txt b/29383.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a4cf09 --- /dev/null +++ b/29383.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3978 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hawaiian Islands, by +The Department of Foreign Affairs + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Hawaiian Islands + +Author: The Department of Foreign Affairs + +Release Date: July 12, 2009 [EBook #29383] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Andrew D. Hwang and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by Case Western Reserve University Preservation +Department Digital Library) + + + + + + + + + +THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS + +THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL, +COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL. + + +[Illustration (Cover image).] + + +[Illustration: MAP of the HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.] + + + + +CONTENTS + +CHAPTER I. 3 +CHAPTER II. 12 +CHAPTER III. 16 +CHAPTER IV. 20 +CHAPTER V. 37 +CHAPTER VI. 43 +CHAPTER VII. 52 +CHAPTER VIII. 58 +OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. 85 + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + +MAP OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. +SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Republic of Hawaii. +EXECUTIVE BUILDING. / JUDICIARY BUILDING. +EWA MILL. / VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII. +PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS. / PINEAPPLE PLANTATION. +COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA. / COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA. +OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA. / VOLCANO HOUSE. +KOHALA RAILROAD. / RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY. +NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU. / WAIKIKI BEACH. +LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS. / KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL. +OAHU COLLEGE. / PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE. +MASONIC TEMPLE. / KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM. +KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian). / CENTRAL UNION CHURCH. + + +[Illustration: SANFORD B. DOLE. President of the Republic of Hawaii.] + + + + +THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS + +THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL. + + +Coffee, +_THE COMING STAPLE PRODUCT._ + + +ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES +OF THE +DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, +1896. + + +HONOLULU: +PRINTED BY THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE COMPANY. + + + + +The following pamphlet has been compiled for the purpose of giving +information to those intending to invest in the industries of the +Hawaiian Islands. The information can be vouched for as correct. The +portion dealing with agriculture is from the pen of Joseph Marsden, +Esq., Commissioner of Agriculture. The digest of the land law has been +prepared by J. F. Brown, Esq., Commissioner of Public Lands. The +historical portion has been written by Prof. Alexander, Chief of the +Government Survey and author of a "Short History of the Hawaiian People" +and other works. The pamphlet has been planned, edited and in part +written by Alatau T. Atkinson, Esq., ex-Inspector General of Schools, +and now General Superintendent of Census. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + + +GENERAL INFORMATION. + +The Hawaiian Islands are situated in the North Pacific Ocean and lie +between longitudes 154 deg. 40' and 160 deg. 30' West, and latitudes 22 deg. 16' and +18 deg. 55' North. They are thus on the very edge of the tropics, but their +position in mid-ocean and the prevalence of the northeast trade wind +gives them a climate unequalled by any other portion of the globe--a +perpetual summer without an enervating heat. In the Hawaiian Islands +Americans and Europeans can and do work in the open air, at all seasons +of the year, as they cannot in countries lying in the same latitudes +elsewhere. To note an instance, Calcutta lies a little to the north of +the latitude of Kauai, our most northerly Island, and in Calcutta the +American and European can only work with his brain; hard physical labor +he cannot do and live. On the Hawaiian Islands he can work and thrive. + + +RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE. + +The rainfall varies, being greater on the windward side of the Islands, +and increasing up to a certain elevation. Thus, at Olaa, on the Island +of Hawaii, windward side and elevation of about 2,000 feet, the rainfall +from July 1st, 1894, to June 30, 1895, was 176.82 inches, while at +Kailua, on the leeward side, at a low level, it was only 51.21 inches +during the same period. + +The temperature also varies according to elevation and position. On the +Island of Hawaii you can get any climate from the heat of summer to actual +winter at the summits of the two great mountains. A meteorological record, +kept carefully for a period of twelve years, gives 89 deg. as the highest and +54 deg. as the lowest temperature recorded, or a mean temperature of 71 deg. 30' +for the year. A case of sunstroke has never been known. People make no +special precautions against the sun, wearing straw and soft felt hats +similar to those worn in the States during the summer months. + + +WINDS. + +The prevailing winds, as mentioned above, are the northeast trades. +These blow for about nine months of the year. The remainder of the +period the winds are variable and chiefly from the south. The Islands +are outside the cyclone belt, and severe storms accompanied by thunder +and lightning are of rare occurrence. + + +HEALTH. + +The Islands possess a healthy climate. There are no virulent fevers such +as are encountered on the coast of Africa or in the West India Islands. +Epidemics seldom visit the Islands, and when they do they are generally +light. A careful system of quarantine guards the Islands now from +epidemics from abroad. Such grave diseases as pneumonia and diphtheria +are almost unknown. Children thrive wonderfully. + + +AREA. + +For practical purposes--and these lines are written for practical +men--there are eight Islands in the Hawaiian group. The others are mere +rocks, of no value to mankind at present. These eight Islands, beginning +from the northwest, are named Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, +Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. The areas of these Islands are as follows: + + =Square Miles.= + + Niihau 97 + Kauai 590 + Oahu 600 + Molokai 270 + Maui 760 + Lanai 150 + Kahoolawe 63 + Hawaii 4210 + ---- + Total 6740 + +The Islands that interest an intending immigrant are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu +and Kauai. It is on these Islands that coffee, fruits, potatoes, corn +and vegetables can be raised by the small investor, and where land can +be obtained on reasonable terms. + + +HAWAII. + +The Island of Hawaii is the largest in the group, and presents great +varieties of soil and climate. The windward side, which includes the +districts of North Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo and Puna, is copiously watered +by rains and, in the Hilo district, the streams rush impetuously down +every gulch or ravine. The leeward side of the Island, including South +Kohala, North and South Kona, and Kau, is not exposed to such strong +rains, but an ample supply of water falls in the rain belt. The Kona +district has given the coffee product a name in the markets of the world. + +On this Island are now situated numerous sugar plantations. Coffee +employs the industry of several hundred owners, ranging from the man +with 200,000 trees to him who has only an acre or so. There are +thousands upon thousands of acres at present uncultivated and only +awaiting the sturdy arms and enterprising brains of the men of the +temperate zone to develop them. + + +MAUI. + +Maui is also a very fine Island. Besides its sugar plantations, it has +numerous coffee lands, especially in the eastern part, which are just +now being opened up. The western slopes of Haleakala, the main mountain +of Maui, are covered with small farms where are raised potatoes, corn, +beans and pigs. Again, here, thousands of acres are lying fallow. + + +HONOLULU. + +On Oahu is the capital, Honolulu. It is a city numbering thirty thousand +inhabitants and is pleasantly situated on the south side of the Island. +The city extends a considerable distance up Nuuanu Valley and has wings +extending northwest and southeast. It is a city of foliage. Except in +the business blocks, every house stands in its own garden, and some of +the houses are wonderfully beautiful. + +The city is lighted with electric light; there is a very complete +telephone system, and tram cars run at short intervals along the +principal streets and continue out to a sea-bathing resort and public +park, four miles from the city. There are numerous stores where all +kinds of goods can be obtained. In this particular Honolulu occupies +a position ahead of any city of similar size. The public buildings +are handsome and commodious. There are numerous churches, schools, a +public library of over 10,000 volumes, Y. M. C. A. Hall, Masonic Temple, +Odd Fellows' Hall and Theater. There is frequent steam communication +with San Francisco, once a month with Victoria (British Columbia), and +twice a month with New Zealand and the Australian Colonies. Steamers +also connect Honolulu with China and Japan. There are three evening +daily papers published in English, one daily morning paper, and two +weeklies. Besides these there are papers published in the Hawaiian, +Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese languages, and also monthly magazines +in various tongues. + + +OAHU'S OPPORTUNITIES. + +The Island of Oahu presents excellent opportunities for the investor. +Acres upon acres of land remain undeveloped among its teeming valleys, +the energies and wealth of the population having been devoted to the +development of the sugar lands on the larger Islands. + +A line of railroad has been constructed which at present runs along the +coast to a distance of thirty miles from the city. It is proposed to +continue this line completely around the Island. This railroad opens up +rich coffee and farming lands and affords ready means of transport for +the produce, and an expeditious method for obtaining the necessary +supplies, etc., from the capital. The management of the railroad offers +special inducements for would-be investors to see the country, and +special rates should they conclude to settle. + + +KAUAI. + +Kauai is called the "Garden Island," it is so well watered and so +luxuriant in vegetation. The Island is at present largely devoted to the +cultivation of sugar. Rice also cuts a considerable figure in the +agricultural production of Kauai. That it can produce coffee is +undoubted, but there is a timidity about embarking in the industry, +because some forty years ago the experiment of a coffee plantation was +tried, and owing to misjudgment of location and soil, failed. Since then +the cultivation of coffee has come to be more thoroughly understood, and +there is no doubt that quantities of land suitable for such cultivation +are now lying, like the sleeping beauty, waiting for the kiss of +enterprise to make them awake into usefulness and profit for mankind. + +There is room on the Hawaiian Islands for at least ten times the present +population. The climate, soil and social conditions all tend to make +them a desirable home for those who are willing to work, and have a +moderate capital to begin with. + + +GOVERNMENT. + +The Government of the Hawaiian Islands is a Republic. Up to the year +1893 it had been a limited monarchy, but at that date it was felt, by +the progressive party in the state, that monarchy had had its day, and +that the friends of such a form of government should give way to more +liberal institutions, assimilating to the institutions of the United +States, and to become a part of which Great Republic is the earnest +desire of all those who have the interests of the Islands at heart. The +monarchy, in a bloodless revolution, disappeared and the Republic took +its place. + +The Republic is a republic of progress, and under the Government thus +established every facility has been given for developing and improving +the country. The President is elected for six years. The Legislature +consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, all members being +elected by popular vote. The Senators are elected for a term of six +years, and voters for Senators must have real property worth $1,500, or +personal property worth $3,000, or an income of not less than $600 per +annum. The vote for Representatives is based on manhood suffrage. + + +TAXATION. + +All males between the ages of 20 and 60 pay a personal tax of $5, viz: +Poll tax, $1; road tax, $2; school tax, $2. Land pays a tax of one per +cent. on the cash value, and personal property a similar rate. Carts pay +$2, brakes $3, carriages $5, dogs $1, female dogs $3. From the above it +will be seen that the taxes are not heavy as compared with other +countries; moreover, there are no local taxes of any kind. + + +METHOD OF ACQUIRING LAND. + +Land can be obtained from the Government by two methods, viz.; The cash +freehold system, and the right of purchase leases. Under the first +system the land is sold at auction. The purchaser pays one-quarter in +cash and the rest in equal installments of one, two and three years, +interest being charged at the rate of six per cent. upon the unpaid +balance. Under this system the purchaser is bound to maintain a home on +the land from the commencement of the second year to the end of the +third. The right of purchase leases are drawn for twenty-one years at a +rental of eight per cent. on the appraised value of the land. The lessee +has the privilege of purchasing the land, after the third year, _at the +original appraised value_, provided 25 per cent. of the land is reduced +to cultivation, and other conditions of the lease filled. In this case a +home must be maintained from the end of the first year to the end of the +fifth year. The limit of first-class agricultural land obtainable is 100 +acres. This amount is increased on lands of inferior quality. Under the +above conditions the applicant must be 18 years of age and obtain +special letters of denization. Land can also be obtained from the +various land and investment companies, and from private parties. The +full land law will be treated of in Chapter VI. of this pamphlet. + +[Illustration: EXECUTIVE BUILDING.] + +[Illustration: JUDICIARY BUILDING.] + + +JUDICIARY, POLICE, ETC. + +There is a thoroughly efficient judiciary consisting of a Supreme Court, +five Circuit Courts in which trials by jury are conducted, and District +Courts in every district. The higher courts are presided over by well +trained, educated men. There is an efficient police force in every part +of the group. The inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of violence are +very rare. There is very little petty theft, and even in Honolulu, the +greatest center of population and a seaport town, many of the houses are +left with doors unlocked at night. + + +SCHOOLS. + +There is an excellent system of free public schools taught in the +English language, the teachers in many cases being imported from the +United States. The main plan of the system is modelled upon the public +school system of the United States, modified to meet the wants of a +heterogeneous population. The children are instructed in writing, +reading, composition, arithmetic, geography, both local and general. The +books are uniform and obtainable at the same price as in the United +States. The schools are strictly non-sectarian. There is no district, +however remote, in which there is no school. The only people who cannot +read and write are those who come from abroad. Those born in the Islands +are compelled by law to take advantage of the education offered. Besides +the common school education, opportunities are given at various centers +for a higher education equivalent to the grammar grade of the United +States, and in Honolulu a high school and collegiate course can be +obtained at a small cost. + + +CHURCHES. + +The various Christian denominations are represented and all forms are +tolerated. The country churches of the Protestant denominations are +chiefly conducted by Hawaiian pastors, the Roman Catholic by French and +German priests, who are mostly good linguists and speak Hawaiian, +English and Portuguese, besides their mother tongue. Wherever there is a +large collection of English speaking people a Protestant church is +usually supported by them. In Honolulu there is a large number of +churches, Congregational, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Methodist and +Mormon. There is a Sunday law, and all work which is not absolutely +necessary is prohibited on that day. Rational outdoor amusement is not +prohibited, such as riding, boating, shooting, etc., and the Government +Band plays at the public park at Waikiki every Sunday afternoon. + + +PHYSICIANS. + +In every district of the Islands the Government supports a doctor, who +gives his services to indigent Hawaiians free of charge--others have to +pay. In many places there are physicians settled who carry on a private +practice. + + +TELEPHONES. + +The Islands of Oahu, Kauai and Hawaii have telephones to every +accessible point. The rent of the instrument is moderate, and a small +charge is made for those who do not care or cannot afford to possess an +instrument of their own. On Maui the telephone is at present established +only in part. + + +COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ISLANDS. + +Communication between the Islands is by steamer; of these some seventeen +are constantly plying from port to port, affording weekly communication +with the capital. The regular passenger steamers are well fitted with +cabins, have electric bells and electric lights and all modern +accommodations. + + +POSTAL MATTERS. + +There is a regular postal system, and on the arrival of a steamer at +any main point, mail carriers at once start out to distribute the +mail through the district. The Hawaiian Islands belong to the Postal +Union, and money orders can be obtained to the United States, Canada, +Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, +Portugal, Hong Kong and Colony of Victoria, as well as local orders +between the Islands. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. + +The mainstay of the Hawaiian Islands has, for the last thirty-five +years, been the sugar industry. From this source a large amount of +wealth has been accumulated. But the sugar industry requires large +capital for expensive machinery, and has never proved remunerative to +small investors. An attempt has been made at profit-sharing and has met +with some success, the small farmer cultivating and the capitalist +grinding at a central mill. Of late years, moreover, the small farmer +has been steadily developing in the Hawaiian Islands and attention has +been given to other products than sugar. + +Rice, neither the European nor the American can cultivate as laborers. +It requires working in marshy land, and though on the Islands it yields +two crops a year, none but the Chinaman can raise it successfully. A +dry-land or mountain rice has been introduced, which will be treated +under the head of Agricultural possibilities. + +The main staple after sugar and rice is coffee. Of this hundreds of +thousands of trees have been planted out within the last five years. +This is essentially the crop of the future and bids fair to become as +important a staple as sugar. Coffee does not require the amount of +capital that sugar does, and it can be worked remuneratively upon a +small area. It is estimated that at the end of the fourth year the +return from a 75-acre coffee plantation will much more than pay the +running expenses, while from that time on a return of from eight to ten +thousand dollars per annum may be realized. + +On page 32 will be found an estimate of the cost of establishing a +75-acre coffee plantation from the first to the seventh year. + +Fruits can also be cultivated to advantage. At present the banana trade +of the Islands amounts to over 100,000 bunches per annum, valued at over +$100,000, and the quantity might be very easily quadrupled. The banana +industry may be regarded as in its infancy. The export of the fruit is +only from the Island of Oahu, but there are thousands of acres on the +other Islands of the group which could be profitably used for this +cultivation and for nothing else. The whole question of the banana +industry hinges on the market. At present the market is limited. + +Limes and oranges can be cultivated and the fruit can be easily packed +for export; at present the production does not meet the local market. +The fruits can be raised to perfection. The Hawaiian orange has a fine +flavor and the Hawaiian lime has an aroma and flavor far superior to +that cultivated in Mexico and Central America. In the uplands of Hawaii +and Maui potatoes can be and are raised. Their quality is good. Corn is +also raised. In these industries many Portuguese, Norwegians and others +have embarked. Both these products find an ample local market. The corn +is used largely for feed on the plantations. The corn is ground with the +cob and makes an excellent feed for working cattle, horses and mules. + +In the uplands, where the climate is temperate, as at Waimea, Hawaii, +vegetables of all kinds can be raised; excellent cauliflowers, cabbages +and every product of the temperate zone can be grown to perfection. + +Cattle raising in so small a place as the Hawaiian Islands does not +present great opportunities except for local consumption. Pigs are +profitable to the small farmer. In the Kula district of Maui pigs are +fattened upon the corn and potatoes raised in the district. The price of +pork, dressed, is 25 cents per pound in Honolulu and about 15 cents per +pound in the outside districts. The Chinese, of whom there are some +15,000 resident on the various Islands, are extremely fond of pork, so +that there is a large local market, which has to be supplemented by +importations from California. + +Attention has lately been given to fiber plants, for which there are +many suitable locations. Ramie grows luxuriantly, but the lack of proper +decorticating and cleaning machinery has prevented any advance in this +cultivation. + +Sisal hemp and Sansevieria have been experimented with, but without any +distinct influence upon the trade output. + +The cultivation of pineapples is a very growing industry. In 1895 pines +were exported from the Islands to San Francisco to the value of nearly +$9,000. This has grown up in the last half dozen years. There is every +reason to think that canning pineapples for the Coast and other markets +can be made profitable. + +The guava, which grows wild, can also be put up to profit, for the +manufacture of guava jelly. It has never been entered upon on a large +scale, but to the thrifty farmer it would add a convenient slice to his +income, just as the juice of the maple adds an increase to the farmer of +the Eastern States. Well made guava jelly will find a market anywhere. +In England it is regarded as a great delicacy, being imported from the +West India Islands. Besides the guava there are other fruits which can +be put up to commercial profit, notably the poha or Cape gooseberry +(Physalis Edulis). This has been successfully made into jams and jelly, +which command an extensive local sale and should find their way into +larger markets. + +In point of fact, outside the great industries of sugar, coffee and +rice, there is a good field for many minor industries which can be +carried on with profit by those who know what work is, and are willing +to put their shoulders to the wheel. + +In the Hawaiian Islands a simple life can be lived, and entering +gradually upon the coffee industry, a good competence can be obtained +long before such could be realized by the agriculturalist elsewhere. +However, it is useless to come to the Islands without the necessary +capital to develop the land that can be obtained. + +Between arriving and the time that the crops begin to give returns there +is a period where the living must be close, and cash must be paid out +for the necessary improvements. The land is here, the climate is here; +it only requires brains, a small capital and energy to realize such +comfort and independence as can not be realized in old countries, in +one-fourth of the time. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + + +COFFEE. + +The most promising of all the Island products, outside of sugar, is +coffee. No finer coffee in the world is produced than that of the +Hawaiian Islands. It requires care and does not produce a crop until the +third year, but it remains till the fifth year to make a proper +realization upon the investment. It is evidently necessary to give a +very full description of the coffee plant and its method of culture to +assure intending immigrants of what is before them. + +Coffee is a shrub belonging to the family of the Rubiaceae. Botanists +divide it into many species, but it can be practically divided into two +sections, Arabian coffee and Liberian coffee, or in point of fact, +Asiatic and African. In the Hawaiian Islands coffee grows best between +500 and 2,000 feet above the sea level, though there are cases in which +it has done well close to the sea. It requires a loose porous soil and +does not thrive well in heavy clayey ground which holds much water. Of +such heavy land there is very little in the Hawaiian Islands. The soil +is generally very porous. + +It is very evident that coffee will thrive and give good results in +varying conditions of soil and degrees of heat. In these Islands it grows +and produces from very nearly at the sea level to the elevation of 2,600 +feet. The highest elevation of bearing coffee, known here, is twenty-five +miles from the town of Hilo and in the celebrated Olaa district. + +[Illustration: EWA MILL.] + +[Illustration: VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII.] + +With such a range it is evident that, in a tropical climate, the +cultivation of coffee presents greater opportunities for an investor +than other tropical products. + +For years it was thought that coffee would only grow to advantage in the +Kona district of Hawaii. Practical experiment has shown that it can be +grown with success in almost any part of the Islands. + +The opening up of the Olaa portion of the Puna district, by a well +macadamized road leading from Hilo to the Volcano, may be regarded as +the commencement of the coffee industry on a large scale on the Hawaiian +Islands. There are now over fifty plantations where six years ago there +was nothing but tangled and dense forest. The Olaa land is Government +property and can be acquired under the land law. There are still 10,000 +acres not taken up. The location is very desirable as there is direct +communication with Hilo by an excellent road and the crop can be readily +taken to the shipping point. Indeed it can not be long before a railroad +will be built; when this takes place a far larger extent of land will be +available for coffee growing in this section of the country. The soil in +the Olaa district is deep and wonderfully prolific. + +Other portions of Puna also present many fertile lands, and coffee +plantations in those parts are coming to the front showing excellent +results. A considerable number of investors have opened up coffee +plantations in them, all of which are doing excellently. These +plantations, to the knowledge of the writer are, many of them, carried +on out of the savings made by workers in Honolulu, who are thus +preparing for themselves a provision for their early middle age. On the +Island of Hawaii are the great coffee districts of Olaa, Puna, Kona and +Hamakua, in each of which thriving coffee plantations are established, +while tens of thousands of acres of the very finest lands are yet +undisturbed. Government lands in these districts are being opened up for +settlement as fast as circumstances will permit. + +On the Island of Maui there is a large area of splendid coffee lands. +The extensive land of Keanae belonging to the Government will be opened +for settlement as soon as the preliminary work of surveying is completed. + +On the Island of Molokai the industry is making progress and there are +several plantations along the leeward valleys. + +So also on the Island of Oahu there is much good coffee land, which is +being experimented upon, and considerable capital invested in the +undertaking. + +As the case now stands for the investor, land can be obtained for coffee +growing in:-- + + ISLAND OF HAWAII. + North and South Kona, + Hilo, + Puna, including Olaa, + Hamakua. + + ISLAND OF MAUI. + Keanae, + Nahiku, + Lahaina, + Kaupo. + + ISLAND OF MOLOKAI. + + ISLAND OF OAHU. + + ISLAND OF KAUAI. + +In addition to the large tracts of Government lands on Hawaii and Maui, +there are many fine tracts of first-class coffee lands owned or +controlled by private parties. It is the policy of the Government to +encourage the settlement of its lands by small farmers. Hence the amount +of land, granted to one party or that one party can take up, while amply +sufficient to enable one person or family, with honest endeavor, to +acquire an independence, is not large enough to offer inducements for +the employment of large amounts of capital. + +That areas of land, for the establishment of large coffee plantations, +can be acquired is reasonably certain as large owners are evincing a +disposition to sell and lease their lands. + +There is no agricultural investment that offers better opportunities for +the profitable employment of capital, than a well managed coffee estate. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + + +CULTIVATION OF THE COFFEE TREE IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. + +In order to obtain the best results the coffee tree requires to be +properly planted, and during its life time needs frequent and +intelligent cultivation. + +The various operations incidental to the opening and carrying on of a +coffee plantation will be taken up in their proper order and described +in as plain language as possible, and as briefly as is consistent with a +clear explanation of the subject. + +The very first thing the planter should do after obtaining possession of +his land is to plant a nursery, so that he may have, as soon as +possible, an abundant supply of strong healthy plants. Many planters +have planted their fields with wild stumps, these are young coffee +plants that are found under wild growths of coffee trees. The young +trees are cut off about six inches above the ground, they are then taken +up and the lateral roots trimmed close to the tap root. The thready end +of the tap root is cut off and the stump is ready to plant. In some +cases the young plants are taken up, from under the wild trees, and +planted just as they are. This method can be dismissed at once as the +worst possible method of planting the coffee tree. The very best plants +are strong healthy nursery plants, that is, plants that have been grown +from the best seed in a properly prepared nursery. The next best plants +to use are nursery stumps. These are nursery trees that have grown too +large to safely transplant. By cutting them down and trimming the roots +they can be safely transplanted to the field, where they will grow into +good healthy trees. Stumps soon after planting send up several shoots, +these, with the exception of the strongest one, are taken off. This +latter shoot is to grow and make the coffee trees. + + +MAKING THE NURSERY. + +The size of the nursery will depend on how large the plantation is to +be. For a 75-acre plantation, one acre of ground will more than supply +all the plants required. It is always desirable to have a greater number +of plants than is needed to just plant the acreage the plantation is to +be, for after the fields are planted some of the plants may get injured +from dry weather and require replacing with plants from the nursery. Any +surplus left, after the trees in the fields are well established, can be +sold to some later planter, who will find it to his advantage to +purchase good nursery plants for his first planting and thereby save one +year of time. It is advisable for all planters to buy plants for their +first planting, but for the second year's planting they should have a +nursery of their own from which they can select the strongest and most +forward plants. + +The land for the nursery should be selected as close as possible to +where the plantation is to be. It should be on a slight slope to insure +drainage, and free from rocks and stones. The soil should be ploughed or +dug over to the depth of one foot and made as fine as possible. Beds +should be thrown up six inches high and three feet wide. The surface of +the beds should be made quite smooth and level; the seeds should be +planted six inches apart and three quarters of an inch deep. A good way +to ensure even and regular planting is to make a frame three feet wide +each way. Pegs, three quarters of an inch long and five eighths of an +inch diameter, should be fastened to one side of the frame, placing +them exactly six inches apart. The frame, thus prepared, is placed, pegs +down, on the bed. A slight pressure will sink the pegs into the soil. +The frame is now lifted and you have the holes for the seeds all of one +depth and equi-distant from each other. The seeds can now be dropped one +in each hole. The seeds should be placed flat side down, and covered by +brushing over the surface of the bed. If the weather is at all dry it is +a good plan to mulch the surface of the bed with dry grass or fern +leaves. The soil should be kept moist, and if there is not sufficient +rain the beds must be watered. In six or seven weeks the seeds should +sprout and show above ground. The mulching should now be moved from over +the plants and arranged in the rows. It has been the practice of some +planters to plant the seed much closer than six inches apart, but it +will be found that plants at six inches apart can be more easily and +safely transplanted than from close planted beds. It will be advisable +in taking up plants from the beds, to take only every other one, this +will give the remaining plants more room to develop and grow more stocky +than would be the case if all the plants were taken up from each bed as +they were required. + + +CLEARING THE LAND. + +The next thing for the planter to do is to get his land cleared. This +can be done more satisfactorily and cheaply by contract than can be done +by days' work. Gangs of Chinese and Japanese undertake the clearing of +land and will make a contract to clear the land as per specification. In +the Olaa District land costs from $20 to $50 per acre to clear, +according to the kind of clearing done. The land is forest land and some +planters have the trees cut down and everything burned making the land +quite clear, while others just have the vines and ferns cut and the +trees felled, leaving everything on the land to rot. This method while +costing much less than burning up everything, makes it more expensive to +lay out and plant the land. The planter must decide for himself which of +the two methods he will pursue. However, it can be said in the case of +those who only cut and fell, in a few years everything, trees, vines and +ferns rot down and greatly increase the fertility of the soil. The next +thing is to lay out the land for the digging of the holes where it is +intended to set out the young trees. There is a wide diversity of +opinion as to the proper distance apart to plant coffee trees. From +10x12 feet down to 5x6 and all intermediate distances are practiced. It +is a significant fact that planters who formerly planted their trees at +the wider distances are now setting out trees as close as 6x5. Trees +planted 6x6 will probably yield better results per acre than trees +planted at a wider or closer distance. Having fixed upon the distance +apart the trees are to be planted, the planter proceeds to mark with +pegs the places where he wants the holes dug. This is usually done with +a line or rope that has pieces of red rag fastened in the strands, at +the distance apart at which it is intended to dig the holes. The line is +drawn tightly across one end of the clearing and a peg driven into the +soil at every place that is marked on the line. The men, holding the two +ends of the line, are each provided with a stick the exact length that +the rows are to be apart. After one row is pegged, the line is advanced +one length of the stick and the operation repeated until the whole +clearing is pegged. After the first line is pegged a line should be laid +at exactly right angles to the first line so that the rows will be +straight both ways. The pegging being completed, the holes should be dug +not less than 18 inches wide and 18 inches deep. The top soil should be +carefully placed on one side of the hole and the subsoil on the other, +the holes should remain open as long as possible and should only be +filled in a week or so before planting the trees. The bottoms of the +holes should be explored with a light crowbar and, if any rocks or +stones are found, they should be removed. In filling the holes the top +soil (that has been placed on one side) should be placed in the bottom +of the hole and other top soil should be taken from between the rows +until the hole is full, the subsoil can now be disposed of by scattering +it between the rows. The holes after filling should have the marking +pegs replaced in the center of the filling, this will serve as a guide +for planting the trees. + + +PLANTING. + +There is no operation in all the work of establishing a coffee +plantation that requires such careful supervision as that of planting +out the young trees. If the work is carelessly done and the slender tap +root is doubled up or, if it is shortened too much, the tree will never +thrive. It may grow fairly well for a time, perhaps until the time for +the first crop, then the foliage will turn yellow and the tree show +every sign of decay. The effort to produce a crop is too much for the +tree and the sooner it is pulled up and replaced by a properly planted +tree the better. + +The closest supervision is necessary in order that the planter may be +certain that the tap roots are placed perfectly straight in the ground; +and the lateral roots placed in a natural position. In order to effect +this, with the least amount of trouble, transplanters have been used. A +transplanter that has been used with success is made as follows: two +pieces of sheet iron (galvanized) are bent into two half circles, which, +when placed together, form a cylinder 3 inches in diameter and seven +inches long. A piece of hoop iron is bent to a ring, that will fit over +the cylinder, and riveted. The mode of using is as follows: The two +halves of the cylinder are pressed into the ground, one on each side of +the young coffee tree. They are pressed down until the upper ends are +level with the surface of the soil. The hoop iron ring is then +pressed over the ends of the two halves of the cylinder, binding them +firmly together. The cylinder can now be lifted from the ground bringing +with it the young tree with all its roots in the position in which they +grew. In this condition the young trees are carried to the field and, +the holes being opened, the cylinder, holding the tree, is placed in the +ground and the soil packed firmly around it. The hoop iron ring is then +removed and the two halves of the cylinder withdrawn. The soil is again +compacted around the roots and the tree is planted. There is another +transplanter, invented in America, that would probably be better and +more economical in working than the one described above. This +transplanter consists of a cylinder of thin sheet steel. These are made +in America of various sizes to suit different kinds of trees. For a +coffee tree a good size would be 7 inches long and 5 inches in diameter. +The cylinder has an opening, five-eighths of an inch wide, running the +whole length of the cylinder and exactly opposite this opening a handle +is riveted. This handle is of half inch round iron, 18 inches long with +a cross bar on top. The rod is bent outward in the form of a bow, so +that in working, the branches of the young tree may not be injured. The +mode of working the transplanter is as follows: the cylinder is placed +on the ground with the tree in the center of the cylinder. This can be +done by allowing the stem of the young tree to pass through the slot in +the cylinder. Then, by means of the cross handle, the cylinder is turned +and pressed into the soil until the upper end is level with the surface +of the ground. Then, by lifting on the stem of the tree and the handle +of the transplanter at the same time, the tree is taken from the ground +with its roots undisturbed. Should the end of the tap root project below +the end of the cylinder, the thready end should be pinched off with the +thumb nail. By placing the lower end of the cylinder on the bottom of a +box and inserting a wedge-shaped piece of wood in the slot, the cylinder +is sprung open and can be withdrawn, leaving the young tree, with a +cylinder of earth around its roots, standing on the bottom of the box. +This operation can be repeated until the box is full of the young trees, +when it is carried to the field and the trees placed one at each hole. +By using a duplicate transplanter a cylinder of earth is removed from +the spot where the tree is to be placed, and the tree with its cylinder +of earth is placed in the round hole, which it exactly fits, the earth +being slightly compacted around the roots. The tree is thus planted with +the absolute certainty that the roots are in their natural position. + +[Illustration: PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS.] + +[Illustration: PINEAPPLE PLANTATION.] + + +WEEDING. + +The old adage, "a stitch in time saves nine," will bear its fullest +application in the care and weeding of a coffee estate. From the time +the land is first cleared, weeding should commence, and it is +astonishing how little it will cost if care is taken that no weed be +allowed to run to seed. The bulk of Hawaiian coffee lands is situated in +the forests where the land is covered with a dense undergrowth of ferns +and vines and there are no pernicious weeds to bother. But soon after +clearing, the seeds of weeds are dropped by the birds and are carried in +on the feet and clothing of the laborers and visitors. We have no weeds +that run to seed in less than thirty days, and if the fields are gone +over, once a month, and any weed that can be found pulled up and buried, +the work of weeding will be reduced to a minimum. But if the weeds, that +are bound to spring up, are allowed to run to seed, the work of weeding +will be greatly increased and will require the labor of a large gang to +keep the fields in order. If taken in time, the labor of one man will +keep from 15 to 25 acres quite clean. During the first year after +setting out the fields, all that is required is to keep the fields clear +of weeds and the replacing, with a healthy tree from the nursery, any +tree that from any cause looks sickly and does not come along well. + +It will be found that in parts of the field some trees, while looking +healthy, do not grow as fast as the average of the trees, this is often +due to the soil not being of as good a quality. Knolls and side hills +are not generally so rich as the hollows and valleys, and the coffee +trees, planted in the poorest parts of the field, should be fertilized +until they are as vigorous as the trees in the best parts. + + +HANDLING. + +During the second year the young trees will have begun to make a good +growth and will require handling. In order to make clear the description +of the operations of handling and pruning, it may be well to describe +here the component parts of the coffee tree. + +The underground portion consists of a tap root and numerous lateral or +side roots. The parts above ground consist of: + +1st. The stem or trunk. + +2d. The primaries or first branches; these grow from the trunk in pairs +at intervals of from two to four inches, the two primaries, making a +pair, grow one opposite to the other, the pair above radiating out at a +different angle and so on to the top of the tree. + +3rd. The secondaries; these are the branches that grow in pairs from the +primaries. + +4th. The tertiaries; these are the third branches that grow in pairs +from the secondaries in the same manner as the secondaries grow on the +primaries. + +5th. The leaves that grow on all the branches. + +During the whole of the second year, the field should be gone over at +least every two months and all the secondaries that make their +appearance should be rubbed off; this can be done by a touch of the +fingers, if the secondaries are not more than two or three inches long. +If allowed to grow longer, the knife must be used, or there is danger +of tearing out the eye or bud, which we depend upon for growing new +secondaries at the proper time. During the second year, the secondaries +will make their appearance only on the lower sets of primaries, the +upper sets as they grow being too young to grow secondaries. At the +beginning of the third year all the secondaries should be allowed to +grow till they attain a length of six inches; then the trees should be +carefully gone over and all but five of the secondaries on each primary +cut off with a sharp pruning knife. No pairs should be left, and only +the strongest and most vigorous should be retained. They should be +disposed on alternate sides of the primary and none left in a space of +six inches from the stem of the tree. The object of this is to allow the +light to penetrate to the center of the tree, for the coffee tree bears +fruit in greater profusion on branches that are exposed to the light +than on those that are shaded. + +During this third year the tree will blossom and bear the first or +maiden crop. In some cases the tree will blossom in the second year, but +it is a wise plan to rub all the blossoms off, as it only weakens the +tree to bear a crop at such an early age. It is of the utmost importance +that in the first crop, as well as in all future crops, the tree should +not be overburdened with a superabundance of growing wood. If left to +itself, the lower primaries will grow a mass of secondaries, so much so +that no blossom will set on them, and the first crop will come only on +the upper primaries, and be only a third or fourth of the crop that +would be produced if the trees were properly handled. By handling, as +described above, the tree is relieved of all superfluous wood and only +such secondaries are left as are needed to bear the fourth year's crop, +and the maiden crop will grow on the primaries. It may be well to +mention here, that coffee only grows on wood of the second year's +growth, and does not grow on the same wood twice. + +During the third year, the secondaries will come on the upper primaries. +When they are well set, they should be reduced in number and in no case +should more than five be left to grow. In some cases four or even three +will be sufficient. Whatever the number that may be left, it must be +understood that these are the branches that will bear the crop for the +fourth year. During the third year new secondaries will grow from the +places where the former secondaries grew. Sometimes two will grow from +one bud, they should all be removed, the trees being gone over two +months, but at the last handling before blossoming time, which varies +greatly with the elevation above sea level, enough of these new +secondaries should be left to make wood for the fifth year's crop. From +this time on the coffee planter should be able to point out the wood on +which the present and the next year's crop will be borne, and it is this +wood and that only, that should be allowed to grow. All other shoots, +suckers, etc., should be rubbed off each time the tree is handled, +provision being made each year for the wood for the crop two years hence. + +During the third year, the trees will require topping. As to the height +at which a coffee tree should be topped, there is a great diversity of +opinion. Some planters advocate topping as low as four and a half feet, +others at six or seven feet; as a matter of fact the coffee tree will +bear fruit if topped as low as one and one half feet or if not topped at +all. The only valid reason for topping as low as four and a half feet is +for the convenience of picking the crop. Five and a half or six feet is +a good height to top a coffee tree on the rich lands of the Hawaiian +Islands. In fact the planters should not be guided by the number of +feet, but by the number of primaries he desires the tree to carry. +Eighteen to twenty pairs are a reasonable number for a coffee tree to +carry in this country, and it will be found that by not counting those +primaries that grow on the stem within fifteen inches from the ground, +eighteen or twenty pairs of primaries will come on the stem within six +feet from the ground. Before topping the tree, it should be allowed to +grow somewhat higher that it is intended to top, so that the wood may be +hardened and not decay as it sometimes does if topped when the wood is +too young. Topping is performed by cutting off the top of the tree at a +point an inch above a pair of primaries. Both primaries should also be +cut off an inch from the stem. This will leave the top in the form of a +cross; a knot will form at this point from which the tree will +constantly send up shoots striving to make a new top. These should be +torn off every time the tree is handled. + +We have now arrived at the time when the tree is bearing the first or +maiden crop. Through careful handling the tree has been divested of all +superfluous shoots, branches, etc., and the crop is maturing on the +primaries. If the trees are situated on good rich soil, and the trees +are well grown, there should be at least thirteen pairs of primaries +bearing crop. At an average of fifty berries to each primary there will +be a yield of over one and a quarter pounds of clean coffee to the tree. +This yield for the first crop has been much exceeded in this country, +but it can only be assured by careful cultivation and handling as +described in this paper. + +We will now take a look at the condition of our three years old trees. +They have all been topped and are carrying from thirty-six to forty +primaries, of which all except the upper six or eight are carrying four +or five secondaries that are well advanced and which will bear the crop +for the fourth year. There will also be four or five secondaries, that +are one or two months old, which are intended to bear the fifth year's +crop. All other growth should be removed as before up to the time of +blossoming for the fourth year's crop. This may be estimated as follows: +There should be at least twenty-four primaries that have on each of them +say, four bearing secondaries. At thirty berries to each secondary, the +yield would be close to three pounds of clean coffee to each tree. This +again has been exceeded in this country for four year old trees, but it +must be borne in mind, that in order to obtain these results, proper +cultivation, handling and pruning must be done. Without proper care such +results would be impossible, the coffee cannot grow an abundance of wood +and coffee at the same time. As soon as the crop of the fourth year is +gathered the work of pruning must commence without delay. This consists +of cutting off with a sharp knife the secondaries that have borne the +crop. They must not be cut so close as to injure the eye or bud. About +three-sixteenths of an inch from the stem of the primary will be quite +safe, and the secondaries for the fifth year's crop will soon make their +appearance. Care should be taken to leave the stem of the tree clear of +shoots and foliage for a space of six inches from the stem; the tree +will want all the light it can get. The coffee tree can be said to be in +full bearing when all the primaries are carrying bearing secondaries. +During the life of the coffee tree, the planter must keep a close watch +on his trees and restrict their wood-bearing propensities to the wood +that is to bear his crops; nothing else should be allowed to grow. If +the work is commenced rightly and carried on systematically, the work +will not be difficult and no crops will be lost. But on the other hand, +if the work is neglected, the trees will become matted and all the lower +primaries die off. These, if once lost, will not grow again. The tree +under these conditions will only bear a tithe of the crop it would bear +with proper attention, and furthermore it is a most difficult matter to +bring a neglected tree into proper shape and it can only be done at a +loss of one and perhaps two years' time. There are many minor details +connected with the care of the coffee tree which would occupy too much +space to describe here, and which the coffee planter can easily learn as +he carries on the work of coffee planting. Without doubt coffee planting +in this country is destined to become a great industry. We have large +tracts of the finest coffee lands in the world, only waiting to be +cultivated to make prosperous and happy homes. One parting word to the +intending coffee planter, take Davie Crockett's motto, "Be sure you're +right and then go ahead." + + +ESTIMATE OF COST OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING A COFFEE PLANTATION OF +75 ACRES, FROM THE FIRST TO THE SEVENTH YEAR. + +FIRST YEAR. + + Purchase of 100 acres of Government land + at $10.00 per acre $1,000 00 + + Manager's house and water tank 600 00 + + Laborers' quarters and water tank 350 00 + + Clearing 50 acres of land, at $20 per acre 1,000 00 + + Fencing 300 00 + + Purchase of 65,000, 1-year old coffee + plants at $5.00 per M 325 00 + + Lining, holing and planting 50 acres 600 00 + + Manager's salary, 1 year 1,200 00 + + Labor of 6 Japanese, 1 year at $15 per + month 1,080 00 + + Purchase of tools and starting nursery 500 00 + --------- + $6,955 00 $6,955 00 + +SECOND YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 6 Japanese 1,080 00 + + Extra labor lining, holing and planting + 25 acres 300 00 + + Sundries 500 00 + --------- + $3,080 00 $10,035 00 + +THIRD YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00 + + Pulping shed and drying house 500 00 + + Pulper, with engine and boiler 500 00 + + Extra help for picking, pulping and drying + 20,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres + (at 4 cents per lb.) 800 00 + + Hulling, polishing and grading 20,000 lbs. + of coffee at 1 cent 200 00 + + Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 250 00 + --------- + $5,070 00 5,070 00 + + $15,105 00 + +CREDIT. + + By sale of 20,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 3,600 00 + --------- + $11,505 00 + +FOURTH YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00 + + Extra labor picking, pulping and drying + 50,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres + (at 4 cents per lb.) 2,000 00 + + 10,000 lbs. from 25 acres (3-year-old trees) 400 00 + + Hulling, polishing and grading 60,000 lbs. + at 1 cent 600 00 + + Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 400 00 + --------- + $6,220 00 6,220 00 + --------- + $17,725 00 + +CREDIT. + + By sale of 60,000 lbs. of coffee at 18c 10,800 00 + --------- + $ 6,925 00 + +FIFTH YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00 + + Picking, pulping and drying 60,000 lbs. + coffee from 50 acres and 25,000 lbs. + from 25 acres, at 4 cents 3,400 00 + + Hulling, polishing and grading 85,000 lbs. + at 1 cent per lb. 850 00 + + Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 500 00 + --------- + $7,570 00 7,570 00 + --------- + $14,495 00 + +CREDIT. + + By sale of 85,000 lbs. coffee at 18 cents 15,300 00 + --------- + Balance on hand $ 905 00 + +SIXTH YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00 + + Picking, pulping and drying 75,000 lbs. of + coffee from 50 acres, and 25,000 lbs. from + 25 acres, 100,000 lbs. at 4 cents 4,000 00 + + Hulling, polishing and grading 100,000 lbs. + at 1 cent 1,000 00 + + Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 1,000 00 + --------- + $8,820 00 $ 8,820 00 + +CREDIT. + + By sale of 100,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 18,000 00 + --------- + Balance on hand $10,085 00 + +SEVENTH YEAR. + + Manager's salary $1,200 00 + + Labor, 12 Japanese 2,160 00 + + Picking, pulping and drying 125,000 lbs. + of coffee at 4 cents 5,500 00 + + Hulling, polishing and grading 125,000 lbs. + at 1 cent 1,250 00 + + Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 1,200 00 + --------- + $11,310 00 $11,310 00 + +CREDIT. + + By sale of 125,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 22,500 00 + --------- + Balance to credit of Plantation at + end of seventh year $21,275 00 + +The yields as given in the above estimate are far below what may be +attained by thorough cultivation and fertilizing. The coffee tree +responds readily to good treatment, but will disappoint its owner if +neglected. + +[Illustration: COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA.] + +[Illustration: COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA.] + + + + +CHAPTER V. + + +AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. + +While the coffee trees are growing and during the time that will elapse +before the planter receives returns from his investment, it would be a +wise thing for him to plant such things, as will not only provide the +greater part of the food for himself and family, but may also yield a +moderate return in money. The soil and climate of the Hawaiian Islands +will grow almost anything that grows in any other country. All Northern +fruits can be grown if one will only go high enough on the mountain +slopes of Maui and Hawaii. But the coffee planter must confine himself +to such things as will thrive in the vicinity in which his coffee trees +are planted, and it is for the information of intending planters that +this chapter is written. + +In the first place, almost all kinds of vegetables will grow in such +profusion as will astonish those who have lived only in Northern climes. +Green and sweet corn, potatoes, Irish and sweet, cabbages, tomatoes, +beans, lettuce, radishes and many other kinds of vegetables, all of the +finest quality and in the greatest profusion, can be had every day in +the year. Strawberries and raspberries can also be had all the year +round. In addition to oranges and limes, which grow to perfection in +this country, many fruits peculiar to tropical and semi-tropical +climates grow well and flourish in these Islands. Among the more +important is the Avocado Pear (Persea Gratissima), commonly called the +Alligator Pear. This tree grows well and bears fruit, of splendid +quality, in from 3 to 5 years from seed. The fruit is much esteemed by +all classes. A small quantity of the fruit is shipped to California; +what reaches there in good condition is quickly bought at high prices. +It can only be carried safely in cold storage, and this is very +expensive freight. A native peach does well, and will bear fruit in two +years from seed. The fruit is much smaller than the American peach, +which by the way does not do well on elevations below 4000 feet, but +very sweet and juicy and makes excellent preserves and pies. Without +doubt this peach could in a few years be improved so as to rival peaches +of any other country. The Mango (Mangifera Indica) is a tropical fruit +tree that grows in the greatest profusion and bears enormous crops of +delicious fruit. It comes into bearing in 5 or 6 years from seed and +does well from sea level to an elevation of 2000 feet. The fruit is much +liked by every one; the green fruit is made into a sauce resembling, but +much superior to, apple butter. + +The Guava (Psidium Guayava) grows wild in all parts of the Islands +below 3000 feet. The fruit, of which there is a great abundance, is +made into jam and the very finest jelly in the world. In the fruiting +season large quantities of the jelly can be made, and without doubt, +exported at a profit. + +The Poha (Physalis edulis) is a quick growing shrub bearing a berry that +makes excellent jelly and jam. The shrub grows wild on elevations +between 1000 and 4000 feet. A patch of pohas planted in a corner of a +garden, will grow and yield a bountiful supply of fruit almost without +cultivation. + +Pineapples are at home on these Islands; a small plot planted with the +best varieties of this king of fruits will keep the table supplied the +year round. + +Another valuable fruit indigenous to this country is the Papaia (Carica +papaya). This fine fruit can be raised in enormous quantities and is a +most fattening food for pigs and chickens. The tree fruits in eight or +nine months from the seed, and thence forward for years it yields ripe +fruit every month in the year. The fruit is of the size of a small +melon and is very rich in sugar. The unripe fruit contains a milky juice +that, even when diluted with water, renders any tough meat, that is +washed in it, quite tender. A small piece of the unripe fruit placed in +the water in which meat or tough chicken is boiled makes it tender and +easily digestible. + +A very valuable food plant, indigenous to these Islands, is the taro +(Colocasia esculenta). The variety known as dry land taro will grow on +land that is moist enough for the coffee trees. The taro is a grand food +plant, the tubers containing more nutriment for a given weight than any +other vegetable food. The young tops when cooked are hard to distinguish +from spinach. The tubers must be cooked before they can be used for +food, in order to dissipate a very acrid principle that exists in both +leaves and root. + +Another important food plant that has been introduced and yields +abundantly is the Cassava (Manihot utilissima). This plant furnishes the +staple food for the population of Brazil. It is easily propagated by the +planting pieces of the woody portions of the stems and branches. The +tubers are available in nine or ten months after planting. There are two +kinds, the sweet and the bitter; the latter being the more prolific. The +sweet kind can be fed to pigs without cooking. The bitter kind contains +a poisonous substance which is entirely destroyed by cooking. There is +no danger of animals eating the bitter kind in a raw state, for no stock +will touch it, while the sweet kind is eagerly eaten in the raw state by +pigs, horses, cows, etc. The tubers are prepared for human food by +grating them. The juice is then expelled by pressure, and the residue +pounded into a coarse meal, which is made into thin cakes. It is an +excellent food, and said to be much more digestible than bread and other +foods made from wheat. Pigs can be very cheaply raised on the sweet +variety of this plant. A field of the plant being ready to gather, a +portion is fenced off, and the pigs turned into it. They will continue +to feed until every vestige of the tubers is eaten, leaving the ground +in a fine condition for replanting. The tubers never spoil in the +ground, in fact the soil is the very best storehouse for them. However +if left for two or three years the tubers grow very large and tough. + +Bananas, in great variety, are grown in all parts of the Islands where +there is sufficient moisture. Any land that will grow coffee will grow +bananas. The yield of fruit from this remarkable plant is something +astonishing. It commences to bear fruit in a little over one year from +the time of planting. The stem decays after the formation of a bunch +of fruit; this will weigh from 50 to 100 pounds and upwards. Numerous +suckers spring up from around the decaying stem and bear fruit in +their turn. One-half an acre planted with bananas would not only +furnish a large family with an abundance of delicious and nutritious +fruit, but would also yield a large supply of feed for pigs, chickens +and other stock. + +The tea plant (Camellia Thea) grows well in this country and yields +a tea of good quality. It is hardly likely that it will become an +article of export from this country, as we cannot compete with the +very low prices paid for labor in the great tea countries, India, +Ceylon, and China. But it can be grown for home consumption, and +there is no reason why every coffee planter should not have a patch +of tea growing on his land. An eighth of an acre, planted out in tea +plants, would yield more tea than could be consumed by a large family; +the work of cultivation and preparation is light and easy and could be +done by women and children. + +The coffee lands are situated in forested tracts in which there is +little or no pasturage for animals. Every coffee planter should keep one +or more cows to obtain the milk and butter which will furnish a large +addition to the food supply for himself and family. In order to do this, +it will be necessary to plant such things as will furnish food for +the animals. We have several fodder plants that will yield a large +quantity of feed and which will only grow in tropical and semi-tropical +countries. + +[Illustration: OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA.] + +[Illustration: VOLCANO HOUSE.] + +First among these is the Teosinte Reana (Euchlacna luxurians). This +plant is a native of Guatamala, and grows splendidly in this country; +each plant requires sixteen feet of ground for its full development. It +is an annual if allowed to run to seed; but its growth can be continued +by cutting when four or five feet high, and green feed obtained all the +year round. + +Guinea grass (Panicum Maximum), one of the grandest of fodder plants, +has been introduced and finds a congenial home in this country. It is +purely a tropical grass, it grows to a height of eight feet forming +large bunches which, when cut young, furnish an abundance of sweet and +tender feed. In districts when there is sufficient moisture, it can be +cut every two months. Caffir corn, Egyptian millet and Sorghum grow +well, and should be planted in order to have a change of feed. + +Pumpkins and squash grow to an enormous size and yield an immense +quantity of feed, much relished by cows and pigs. + +A dry land rice is being tried in the coffee districts of Olaa and Kona, +on the Island of Hawaii, and there is every reason to believe that it +will be successful. Nearly all the laborers on the coffee plantations +use rice as their staple food and it has to be brought from the Island +of Oahu to the Islands of Hawaii and Maui. There is no doubt but that +the rice used by the labor on the coffee plantations, can be raised on +the spot, reducing the cost of living to the laborers, and making them +more contented. + +It will be seen from the foregoing that many things can be grown that +will enable the coffee planter to not only reduce the outlay for living +expenses for himself and family but will also allow them to enjoy many +of the comforts and luxuries of life. + +While our main industries, sugar, coffee and rice, are being vigorously +carried on, new products are not lost sight of. Experiments are in +progress that promise to greatly diversify our industries and increase +the number of our exports. + +Several fiber plants are receiving attention, particularly the Sisal +Hemp (Agave Sisalana) and Sansevieria or bow string Hemp. The Sisal +plant will grow and flourish on lands that are too dry for any other +cultivation. Many thousands of the plants have been introduced and at +least one plantation is being set out. + +The bow string Hemp requires a wet, rich land in order to do well. It +probably yields the best fiber of all the leaf fiber plants. + +Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grows splendidly in this country and after being +well established will yield 4 to 6 crops per annum. Whenever a machine +is invented that will economically decorticate the Ramie fiber, its +cultivation will become an important industry in this country. Ramie +will grow and do well wherever the coffee tree will grow, and whenever +the machine is available, the coffee planter will have a profitable +industry, to go hand in hand with coffee and employ the slack time +between the coffee picking seasons. + +Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) is the tree that produces the fruit from which +chocolate is made. It grows and bears well in moist humid districts, and +many of the coffee planters are setting out numbers of the trees. + +There are many other economic plants that are well suited for culture in +this country. The country is entering on a new era, and as the lands +become settled and population increases, many small cultures will become +possible, which will afford many persons the opportunity of making an +easy living in a land of eternal summer. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + + +DIGEST OF THE LAND ACT OF 1895. + +(With reference to unoccupied lands.) + +The Land Act of 1895, having for its special object the settlement and +cultivation of the Government agricultural and pastoral land, vested the +control and management of Public Lands in a Board of Three +Commissioners, composed of the Minister of the Interior and two persons +appointed and removable by the President, one of whom is designated the +Agent of Public Lands; but excepting from the control of the +Commissioners, town lots, landings, tracts reserved for Public purposes, +etc., which remain under the control of the Minister of the Interior. + +For the purposes of the Act, the Republic of Hawaii is divided into Six +Land Districts, as follows: + + 1st. Hilo and Puna on the Island of Hawaii. + 2d. Hamakua and Kohala on the Island of Hawaii. + 3rd. Kona and Kau on the Island of Hawaii. + 4th. The Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe. + 5th. The Island of Oahu. + 6th. The Island of Kauai. + +The Commissioners are represented by a Sub-Agent in each District. + +Public Lands for the purposes of this Act are classified as follows: + +I. Agricultural Lands. First Class: Land suitable for the cultivation of +Fruit, Coffee, Sugar or other perennial crops with or without irrigation. + +Second Class: Land suitable for the cultivation of annual crops only. + +Third Class: Wet lands such as kalo and rice lands. + +II. Pastoral Land. First Class: Land not in the description of +Agricultural land but capable of carrying livestock the year through. + +Second Class: Land capable of carrying livestock only part of the year, +or otherwise inferior to First Class Pastoral land. + +III. Pastoral Agricultural Land: Land adapted in part for pasturage and +in part for cultivation. + +IV. Forest Land: Land producing forest trees but unsuitable for +cultivation. + +V. Waste Land. Land not included in the other classes. + +The Act provides three principal methods for the acquirement of Public +Lands, under systems known as + +I. Homestead Lease. + +II. Right of Purchase Lease. + +III. Cash Freehold. + + +GENERAL QUALIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. + +Applicants for land under systems named above, must be over eighteen +years of age, must be citizens by birth or naturalization or have +received letters of denization or special rights of citizenship, be +under no civil disability for any offense, nor delinquent in the payment +of taxes. Special qualifications are named under the respective systems. + + +HOMESTEAD LEASE SYSTEM. + +The Homestead Lease system permits the acquirement of Public Land by +qualified persons without other payments than a fee of two dollars upon +application and a fee of five dollars upon issuance of Homestead Lease. + +The limit of area in the different classes of land which may be acquired +under Homestead Lease is: + + 8 acres first-class agricultural land; + 16 acres second-class agricultural land; + 1 acre wet (rice or taro) land; + 30 acres first-class pastoral land; + 60 acres second-class pastoral land; + 45 acres pastoral-agricultural land. + + +SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS FOR HOMESTEAD LEASE. + +Any person having the general qualifications (as to citizenship, etc.) +who is not the owner in his own right of any land in the Hawaiian +Islands, other than "wet land" (rice, taro, etc.) and who is not an +applicant for other land under the Act may apply under this part of +the Act, and such application may cover one lot of wet land in addition +to other land, if reasonably near. Husband and wife may not both be +applicants. + +Applications must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of the +District, accompanied by sworn declaration of qualifications, and a fee +of $2. + + +CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPATION. + +The successful applicant receives a certificate of occupation which +entitles him to occupy the described premises and to receive a homestead +lease for Nine Hundred and Ninety-Nine Years, if conditions of +certificate of occupation have been fulfilled, the conditions being: + +That the occupier shall, before the end of two years, build a dwelling +house and reside on the premises. He shall maintain his home on the +premises from and after the end of two years from date of certificate. +He shall before the end of six years from date of certificate have in +cultivation not less than 10 per cent. of the land, or have in +cultivation 5 per cent. of the land and, in good growing condition, not +less than ten timber, shade or fruit trees per acre on agricultural +land, or if pastoral land, fence the same within six years. + +He shall pay the taxes assessed upon the premises within sixty days +after the same are delinquent. + +He shall perform any conditions of the certificates for the planting or +protection of trees, or prevention or destruction of vegetable pests +that may be on the premises. + + +CONDITIONS OF HOMESTEAD LEASE. + +The Lessee or his successors must maintain his home on the leased +premises, must pay the taxes assessed upon the premises, within sixty +days after the same are delinquent, and perform any conditions of the +lease relating to protection or planting of trees, or destruction and +prevention of vegetable pests. + +Lands held under a certificate of occupation or homestead lease are +liable to taxation as estates in fee. + +In case of the death of an occupier or lessee his interests, +notwithstanding any devise or bequest shall vest in his relations, in +the order prescribed in the Act, the widow or widower being first in +order, then the children, etc. + +Certificates of occupation or homestead lease, or any interest +thereunder, is not assignable by way of mortgage nor is the same subject +to attachment, levy or sale on any process issuing from the Courts of +the country. Neither the whole nor any portion of the premises may be +sub-let. + +Surrender may be made to the Government by an occupier or lessee having +the whole interest if all conditions to date of surrender have been +fulfilled, and the person so surrendering is entitled to receive from +the Government the value of permanent improvement, whenever the same is +received by the Government from a new tenant. + + +RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASES. + +Right of Purchase Leases, for the term of twenty-one years, may be +issued to qualified applicants, with the privilege to the Lessee of +purchasing at the end of three years and upon fulfillment of special +conditions. + + +QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS. + +Any person who is over eighteen years of age, who is a citizen by birth +or naturalization of the Republic of Hawaii or who has received letters +of denization of special rights of citizenship, who is under no civil +disability for any offense, who is not delinquent in the payment of +taxes, and who does not own any agricultural or pastoral land in the +Hawaiian Islands, may apply for Right of Purchase Lease, the limit of +areas which may be acquired being: + + 100 acres first-class agricultural land; + 200 acres second-class agricultural land; + 2 acres wet (rice or taro) land; + 600 acres first-class pastoral land; + 1200 acres second-class pastoral land; + 400 acres mixed agricultural and pastoral land. + +Any qualified person, owning less than the respective amounts stated in +foregoing list, and which is not subject to residence condition, may +acquire additional land of the classes already held by him but so that +his aggregate holding shall not be in excess of the limit named; or if +desiring additional land of another class may acquire the same according +to ratio established between the various classes. + +Husband and wife may not both be applicants for Right of Purchase Leases. + +Application must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of the +District, and must be accompanied by a fee equal to six months rent of +premises, fee to be credited on account of rent, if application is +successful, and to be returned is application is unsuccessful. In case +of more than one application for same lot the first application takes +precedence. + + +CONDITIONS OF RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASE. + +Term: twenty-one years. + +Rental: Eight per cent. on the appraised value given in lease, payable +semi-annually. + +The Lessee must from the end of the first to the end of the fifth year +continuously maintain his home on the leased premises. + +The Lessee must have in cultivation at the end of three years five per +cent. and at the end of five years ten per cent. of his holding, and +maintain on agricultural land an average of ten trees to the acre. + +Pastoral land must be fenced. + +Interest in Right of Purchase Lease is not assignable without written +consent of the Commissioners of Public Lands, but the lease may be +surrendered to the Government. + +In case of forfeiture or surrender of right of purchase lease, +reappraisement is made of the land and of permanent improvements +thereon, and if the land is again disposed of, the incoming tenant shall +pay for such permanent improvements and the amount when so received by +the Government shall be paid to the surrendering Lessee. + + +CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PURCHASE MAY BE MADE. + +At any time after third year of leasehold term, the Lessee is entitled +to a Land Patent giving fee simple title, upon his payment of the +appraised value set forth in lease, if he has reduced to cultivation +twenty-five per cent. of his leased premises, and has substantially +performed all other conditions of his lease. + +[Illustration: KOHALA RAILROAD.] + +[Illustration: RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY.] + + +CASH FREEHOLDS. + +Cash Freehold Lots are sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder, +at appraised value as upset price. + +The qualification of applicants for Cash Freeholds and the areas of land +which may be acquired are the same as those under Right of Purchase +lease system. + + +APPLICATIONS. + +Applications must be made to Sub-Agent of District in writing with sworn +declaration as to qualifications, and a fee of ten per cent. of +appraised value of lot, which fee is forfeited if applicant declines to +take the premises at the appraised value, and is credited to him if he +becomes the purchaser of the lot. If such applicant, however, is outbid, +his fee is returned to him. + +If two or more applications are made and there is no bid above the upset +price, the first application takes precedence. + +The purchaser at auction sale must pay immediately thereafter one-fourth +of purchase price and thereupon receive a "Freehold Agreement." + + +CONDITIONS OF FREEHOLD AGREEMENT. + +The freeholder shall pay the balance of purchase price in equal +installments in one, two and three years, with interest at 6 per cent., +but may pay any installment before it is due and stop corresponding +interest. + +Twenty-five per cent. of agricultural land must be cultivated, and +pastoral land fenced before the end of third year. + +Freeholder must maintain his home on the premises, from end of first to +end of third year. + +He may not assign or sub-let without consent of Agent of Public Lands. + +He must allow Agents of the Government to enter and examine the premises. + +He must pay all taxes that may be due upon the premises. + +If all conditions are fulfilled he is entitled at end of three years to +Patent giving fee simple title. + +In case of forfeiture or surrender the land and permanent improvements +are reappraised separately, and the value of such improvements when +received by Government from new tenant or freeholder, will be paid to +surrendering freeholder. + + +SETTLEMENT ASSOCIATIONS. + +Six or more qualified persons may form a "Settlement Association" and +apply for holdings in one block. + +The provisions for cash freehold apply to the settlement of such blocks, +but first auction sale is confined to members of such Settlement +Association. + +Any lot in such block which may be forfeited or surrendered, or which is +not taken up by any member of the Settlement Association, within three +months, shall be open to any qualified applicants. + +Disputes, disagreements or misunderstandings, between the parties to +certificate of occupation, homestead lease, right of purchase lease, or +cash freehold and relating thereto, which can not be amicably settled, +shall be submitted to the Circuit Judge in whose jurisdiction the +premises are situated and his decision shall be final subject only to +appeal to Supreme Court. + + +CASH SALES AND SPECIAL AGREEMENTS. + +With consent of Executive Council, public lands not under lease may be +sold in parcels of not over one thousand acres, at public auction for +cash, and upon such sale and payment of full consideration, a land +patent will issue. + +Parcels of land of not over six hundred acres, may with consent of +Executive Council, be sold at public auction upon part credit and part +cash, and upon such terms and conditions of improvement, residence, +etc., as may be imposed. + +Upon fulfillment of all conditions a Land Patent will issue. + + +GENERAL LEASES. + +General leases of public lands may be made for a term not exceeding +twenty-one years. + +Such leases are sold at public auction, and require rent in advance +quarterly, semi-annually or annually. + +The conditions of general leases are made at discretion of the +Commissioners, and may be made for any class of public lands. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + + +POPULATION. + +The population of the Islands according to the census of 1890 was +89,991, or in round numbers 90,000. A census of the population has just +been taken, but the results cannot be exactly known for some months. An +estimate recently made based upon the knowledge of general increase from +various sources gives the population as follows: + + Hawaiians 35,000 + Part Hawaiians 10,000 + Chinese 15,000 + Japanese 24,000 + Portuguese 9,000 + American and European 14,000 + ------- + Total 107,000 + +Since the census returns began to come in, it is very evident that this +estimate will be exceeded by some 2,000, making the total population +109,000. The increase will probably be found among Japanese and +Portuguese. The population of Honolulu is 29,920, or practically 30,000. + + +SHIPPING. + +The vessels flying the Hawaiian flag number 52, aggregating 21,678 tons. +They are divided as follows: + + 23 steamers, aggregating 9,575 tons + 5 barks, " 4,198 " + 3 ships, " 6,272 " + 21 schooners and sloops, aggregating 1,623 " + +Of these vessels 13 are employed in foreign trade and 39 in trade +between the Islands. + + +FINANCES. + +Mention has been made of the taxes of this country. A few words will be +to the point upon the financial condition of the government. + +The direct taxes yielded, in 1895, $592,691.92. The Customs revenue was +$547,149.04 and licenses, &c., produced $600,224.23, in all +$1,740,065.19. + +The current expenditures are kept within the current income. Great +public improvements are provided for by loan. This is what every growing +country has to do. The public debt of the country on January 1, 1896, +was $3,764,335. With a population of 109,000, this gives about $34 per +head of the population. The Hawaiian Government finds no difficulty in +obtaining means for internal improvements, and a scheme is now on foot +to reduce the interest and consolidate the public debt. + +The exports in 1895 amounted to $8,474,138.15 and the imports to +$5,339,785.04. This certainly shows well for a country whose total +population is exceeded by dozens of cities. Of the exports $7,975,590.41 +were accredited to sugar, $22,823.68 to coffee, $102,599.25 to bananas +and $8,783.84 to pineapples. These three latter items are elastic and +the showing of 1896 will give a very large increase in their yields. + +Of the imports $4,121,920.22 came from the Pacific ports of the United +States and $394,399.16 from the Atlantic ports; a total of +$4,516,319.38, leaving but $1,197,698.16 for every other nation that the +country has commercial relations with. + +In point of fact, taking exports and imports, the business in 1895 done +by the Hawaiian Islands with all its commercial relations amounted to +$14,188,155.69; of this sum $12,908,508.92 was done with the United +States, which amounts to 91 per cent. of the whole business of the +Islands. From these figures it can be judged how prosperous a little +community that of the Hawaiian Islands is, and further how close are its +relations with the Great Republic. What country in the world has 91 per +cent. of its commercial relations with its neighbor? + +The financial condition of Hawaii is on a sound basis. The men in charge +of its government are frugal and careful of the public expenditure, the +whole tendency of the Republic is to foster industry and thrift. The +institutions are liberal and nothing is more desirable for such a +country than the immigration of colonists, with capital to develop the +industries and determination to work honestly and well. + + +FOR TOURISTS. + +It was not the intention when planning this pamphlet to speak of the +opportunities for tourists visiting the Islands, but a few words are +appended. The object of the pamphlet has been to show the agricultural +resources and general conditions. + +The great attraction of the Islands is undoubtedly the Volcano of +Kilauea, the greatest and most striking volcano in the world. Though +quiescent for a time during part of 1895 and 1896, it has now burst +forth with renewed splendor and promises to exceed many of its former +efforts. Moreover, from the rising of the lakes of fire, and the floor +of the crater generally, it has evidently come to stay. + +But it is not only this one great natural wonder that is attractive to +the tourist. The crater of Haleakala, the largest extinct crater in the +world, is almost, in its silent magnificence, equal to the wonder of the +boiling and seething Kilauea. Then the delightful climate, the balmy +breezes, the brilliant coloring of sky, sea and land, the luxuriant +tropical vegetation, and the peculiar "Dolce far niente" life, all lend +a charm to which no one who visits the place has ever failed to respond. +In fact a visit to the Hawaiian Islands is one of the pleasantest +experiences of a life-time. + +For people suffering from pulmonary troubles the climate is unrivalled +and there are now several sanitariums where such patients can be +attended to. + +San Francisco and Victoria are the two points of deportation for the +Hawaiian Islands. The Oceanic Steamship Line has vessels sailing twice a +month. One steamer sails for Honolulu, stays a few days, and returns to +San Francisco. The other steamers touch at Honolulu and go on to the +Australian colonies. Round trip tickets can be obtained and also lay +over tickets, at the Company's offices on Montgomery street, San +Francisco. The Pacific Mail and O. & O. S. S. lines, running from China +and Japan to San Francisco, also touch at Honolulu regularly. +Arrangements can be made to lay over in Honolulu, visit the Volcano and +proceed on the voyage by the next vessel. + +From Victoria the C. & A. S. S. sail once a month. They give the tourist +a chance of seeing the Canadian Pacific Railroad before coming here, but +a round trip ticket would have to be for a full month. By the O. S. S. +lines less time need be spent on the Islands. + +The cost of round trip passage is $125. + +The cost of trip to the Volcano, including all expenses is $50. + +Hotel expenses in Honolulu from $2 a day, according to accommodation. + +Particulars on these subjects can always be learned by writing to Wilder +S. S. Co., Fort street, Honolulu; or the Inter-Island Steamship Co., +Queen street, Honolulu. + + +PRICE LIST OF PROVISIONS ON THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. + +Fresh Hawaiian butter, from 25 to 50c. per lb. + +Hams, from 16-1/2 to 30c. per lb. + +Bacon, from 16-1/2 to 20c. per lb. + +Cheese, from 20 to 35c. per lb. + +Family pork, from 15 to 18c. per lb. + +Corned beef, 7c. per lb. + +Fresh meat, from 6 to 15c. per lb. + +Loin of Porterhouse steaks, from 6 to 15c. per lb. + +Tinned fruits per doz., from $1.75 to $2.25. + +Golden Gate Flour, per 100-lb., $2.50. + +Lower grades, $2.20. + +Hawaiian rice, $3.25 to $5.00 per 100 lbs. + +Hawaiian bananas, per bunch, 25 to 55c. + +Potatoes, from 1 to 2c. per lb. + +Eggs per dozen, 25 to 50c. + +Rolled oats per case, $5.50. + +Ice, in small quantities, 1-1/2c.; 50 lbs. and over, 1c. per lb. + + +WAGES. + +The following is an approximation of the wages paid to different classes +of labor on the Hawaiian Islands: + +Engineers on plantations, from $125 to $175 per month, house and +firewood furnished. + +Sugar boilers, $125 to $175 per month, house and firewood furnished. + +Blacksmiths, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house and firewood +furnished. + +Carpenters, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house and firewood +furnished. + +Locomotive drivers, $40 to $75 per month, room and board furnished. + +Head overseers, or head lunas, $100 to $150. + +Under overseers, or lunas, $30 to $50 with room and board. + +Bookkeepers, plantation, $100 to $175, house and firewood furnished. + +Teamsters, white, $30 to $40 with room and board. + +Hawaiians, $25 to $30 with room; no board. + +Field labor, Portuguese and Hawaiian $16 to $18 per month; no board. + +Field labor, Chinese and Japanese, $12.50 to $15 per month; no board. + +In Honolulu bricklayers and masons receive from $5 to $6 per day; +carpenters, $2.50 to $5; machinists, $3 to $5; painters, $2 to $5, per +day of nine hours. + + +DOMESTIC LABOR. + +The domestic labor in Honolulu and in all parts of the Islands, has +for many years been performed by Chinese males, who undoubtedly make +excellent house servants. During the last four or five years the +Japanese have entered the field; the Japanese women are especially in +demand as nurses for children. + +The following are the prevailing rates of wages: + +Cooks, Chinese and Japanese, $3 to $6 per week, with board and room. + +Nurses and house servants, $8 to $12 per month, with board and room. + +Gardeners or yard men, $8 to $12 per month, with board and room. + +Sewing women, $1 per day and one meal. + +Good substantial meals can be obtained at respectable Chinese restaurants +and at the Sailors' Home for 25 cents or Board for $4.50 per week. + +The market for all kinds of labor is overstocked and it would be very +unwise for any one to come to these Islands with no capital on the mere +chance of obtaining employment. The many steamships arriving at this +port bring numbers of people seeking employment who are obliged to +return disappointed. + +[Illustration: NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU.] + +[Illustration: WAIKIKI BEACH.] + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + +HISTORICAL SKETCH. + +Although the written history of the Hawaiian Islands begins with their +discovery by Captain Cook in 1778, yet the aboriginal inhabitants had at +that time an oral traditional history which extended back for several +centuries. + + +ORIGIN. + +As to their origin, these people formed but one branch of the Polynesian +race, which at a remote period settled all the groups of islands in the +central and Eastern Pacific, as far as New Zealand in the South and +Easter Island in the East. This is shown by the close physical and moral +resemblance between their inhabitants, as well as by the facts that they +all speak dialects of the same language, and have the same manners and +customs, the same general system of tabus, and similar traditions and +religious rites. + +The evidence of both language and physical traits tends to show that +their remote ancestors came from the East Indian Archipelago, and that +they were still more distantly related to the pre-Arian races of +Hindostan. + +It is also proved by concurrent traditions of the different groups that +there was a general movement of population throughout central Polynesia +during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of the Christian Era, during +which the Harvey Islands and afterwards New Zealand were colonized, and +many voyages were made between the Hawaiian Islands and the Samoan and +Society groups. This intercourse, however, seems to have ceased for four +or five hundred years before the arrival of Captain Cook. + + +ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. + +The ancient Hawaiians were not savages, in the proper sense of the term, +but barbarians of a promising type. When we consider that they occupied +the most isolated position in the world, and that they were destitute of +metals and of beasts of burden, as well as of the cereal grains, cotton, +flax and wool, we must admit that they had made a creditable degree of +progress towards civilization. Like the other Polynesians, they had not +invented the art of making pottery, or the use of the loom for weaving. + +Their cutting tools were made of stone, sharks' teeth or bamboo. Their +axes were made of hard, fine grained lava, chiefly found on the mountain +summits. Their principal implement for cultivating the soil was simply a +stick of hard wood, either pointed or shaped into a flat blade at the +end. With these rude tools they cut and framed the timbers for their +houses, which were oblong with long sides and steep roofs, and were +thatched with _pili_ grass, ferns or _hala_ leaves. In the building as +well as in the management of canoes they were unsurpassed. For +containers they used a large gourd (_cucurbita maxima_, which was not +found elsewhere in the Pacific), and also cut out circular dishes of +wood as truly as if they had been turned in a lathe. + +For clothing they beat out the inner bark of the paper mulberry and of +some other trees, until it resembled thick flexible paper, when it was +called _kapa_ or _tapa_. For insignia of rank, they made splendid +feather cloaks, and feather helmets, which were worn only by chiefs. + +For lights they used the oily nuts of the _kukui_ or candle-nut tree. + +For food they chiefly depended upon the tuberous roots of the _taro_ +plant (_Colocasia antiquorum_), but sweet potatoes were cultivated in +the dry districts, and yams in Kauai and Niihau. They also cultivated +bananas and sugar cane and the _awa_ or _kava_ plant for its narcotic +properties. + +Fishing was carried on with great ingenuity and skill. Extensive fish +ponds were built along the coasts, which must have cost immense labor. + +Their food was cooked then, as now, by steaming it in an _imu_ or +underground oven with heated stones. Fire was produced by friction, +viz., by rubbing a hard, pointed stick in a groove made in a piece of +softer wood, until the little heap of fine powder collected at the end +of the groove took fire. + +There was no circulating medium which served the purpose of money, and +all trade was conducted by barter. + + +CIVIL POLITY. + +The civil polity of the ancient Hawaiians was far more despotic than +that of any other Polynesian tribe. The community was divided into three +classes, namely: + +1. The nobility or _Alii_ (N. Z. _Ariki_), comprising the kings and +chiefs of various grades of rank. + +2. The priests, _Kahuna_ (N. Z. _Tahunga_), including priests, sorcerers +and doctors. + +3. The common people, _Makaainana_, or laboring class. + +There was a wide and impassable gulch between the chiefs and common +people. In fact, the distinction between them was primarily of a sacred +and religious character. The chief was believed to be descended from the +gods, and to be allied to the invisible powers. + +The contrast in stature and appearance as well as in bearing between the +chiefs and common people was very striking. Only a chief had the right +to wear the feather cloak and helmet, or the ivory clasp, _Niho Palaoa_; +his canoe and his sails were painted red, and on state occasions he was +attended by men carrying _kahilis_ or plumed staffs of various colors. +When the highest chiefs appeared abroad, all the common people +prostrated themselves with their faces upon the ground. It was death for +a common man to remain standing at the mention of the king's name in +song, or when the king's food, water or clothing was carried past; to +put on any article of dress belonging to him, to enter his enclosure +without permission, or to cross his shadow or that of his house. If a +common man entered the dread presence of the sovereign, he must crawl +prone on the ground, _kolokolo_, and leave in the same manner. + +The head chief of an island was styled the _Moi_, and his dignity was +generally hereditary. There were usually at least four independent +kinglets in the group, and sometimes the single Island of Hawaii was +divided between several independent chiefs. + + +LAND TENURE. + +As a rule, the chiefs were the only proprietors of the soil. They were +supposed to own not only the soil and all that grew upon it, not only +the fish of the sea, but also the time and labor of their people. + +The accepted theory was that all the lands belonged to the king, of whom +they were held by the high chiefs in fief; _i. e._, on condition of +rendering him tribute and military service. Each of these district +chieftains divided up his territory among an inferior order of petty +chiefs, who owed to him the same service and obedience that he owed to +the king. + +In this way the land was subdivided again and again, while at the bottom +of the scale were the miserable serfs who tilled the soil. These last +were simply tenants at will, liable to be dispossessed of their little +holdings at any time, or to be stripped of their personal property at +the requisition of the chief. + + +WAR. + +Wars were frequent and cruel. There were numerous wars to settle the +succession to the sovereignty of an Island, as well as contests between +the head chiefs of the principal Islands. For example, the chiefs of +Oahu often contended with those of Maui for the possession of Molokai, +and there were frequent wars between the chiefs of Hawaii and those of +Maui for the district of Hana. + +Their weapons consisted of long spears, _pololu_; javelins, _ihe_; +daggers, _pahoa_, and clubs made of hard wood. They never used the bow +in war, but slings made of cocoanut fiber or human hair were extensively +employed. They used no shields, but became wonderfully expert in +catching or parrying spears thrown at them. + +Sometimes they engaged in sea fights, with large fleets of canoes +on each side. In general no quarter was given to the vanquished, but +there were certain sanctuaries called _puuhonuas_, which afforded an +inviolable refuge in time of war. Cannibalism was regarded by them with +horror and detestation. + + +RELIGION. + +The religious system of the ancient Hawaiians was very similar to that +of other Polynesians. It consisted in a great measure of nature worship. +To their minds all the powers of nature, especially those that are +mysterious and terrible, were conceived of as living and spiritual +beings. Thus the volcano, the thunder, the whirlwind, the meteor and the +shark were feared as being either the embodiment or the work of +malevolent spirits (_akuas_). + +The four great gods, Kane, Kanaloa, Ku and Lono, who were worshiped +throughout Polynesia, originally belonged to this class, as is shown by +the cosmogony of the New Zealand Maoris. Among these four Kane held the +primacy. The souls of great chiefs went to his abode after death. + +Pele, the dread goddess of volcanoes, and her numerous family, dwelt in +the crater of Kilauea, but also caused the eruptions of Mauna Loa and +Hualalai. In Hawaii she was feared more than any other deity. + +One large class of _akuas_ were supposed to be incarnated in certain +species of animals, which were feared or believed to have a supernatural +character, as the shark. + +Another class of deities, which included most of the professional gods, +consisted of deified spirits of the dead. The _Aumakuas_ were tutelar +deities, attached to particular families, who were often deified +ancestors. Sickness and disease were generally caused by their +displeasure. + + +CEREMONIAL SYSTEM. + +There were two hereditary orders of priests, endowed with lands, who +kept up the elaborate liturgy and ritual of the temples, and also +preserved whatever knowledge of astronomy, history, medicine, etc., had +been handed down to them. + +The tabu system covered the entire daily life of the people with a vast +network of minute regulations and penalties. Thus, it was tabu for men +and women to eat together, or even to have their food cooked in the same +oven. Women were forbidden to eat pork, bananas, cocoanuts, or turtle +and certain kinds of fish, on pain of death. There were certain tabu +days when no canoe could be launched, no fire lighted, and when no sound +could be made, on pain of death. Even dogs had to be muzzled and fowls +shut up in calabashes for twenty-four hours at a time. + +The human sacrifice was the crowning act of the ancient worship, offered +only on certain solemn occasions, and at the temples (_Heiaus_) of the +highest class. + +Whenever a temple was to be dedicated, a new house to be built for the +chief, or a new war canoe to be launched, many of the people fled to the +mountains and lay hidden till the danger was past. + +Besides the regular priesthood, there were many kinds of medicine men, +necromancers or mediums, sorcerers and diviners, who preyed upon the +superstition and credulity of their countrymen. The belief that all +forms of disease were caused by evil spirits, and their fear of being +"prayed to death" (_anaana_), kept the people in a state of abject fear. + +There is too much reason to believe that during several centuries +preceding the discovery of the Islands they had been deteriorating in +many respects. As the historian Fornander has stated: + +"It was an era of strife, dynastic ambitions, internal and external wars +on each Island, with all their deteriorating consequences of anarchy, +depopulation, social and intellectual degradation, loss of liberty, loss +of knowledge, loss of arts." + + +DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS. + +It seems to be almost certain that one Juan Gaetano, a Spanish +navigator, saw Hawaii in 1555 A. D. A group of islands, the largest of +which was called La Mesa, was laid down in the old Spanish charts in the +same latitude as the Hawaiian Islands, but 10 degrees too far east. + +On the eighteenth of January, 1778, Captain Cook, the great navigator, +while sailing due north from the Society Islands, discovered the Islands +of Oahu and Kauai. The next day he landed at Waimea, Kauai, where he +held friendly intercourse with the natives, and afterwards laid in +supplies at Niihau. He finally sailed for Alaska, Feb. 2d. The Hawaiians +looked upon him as an incarnation of the god Lono, and upon his crew as +supernatural beings. Returning from the Arctic the following winter, he +anchored in Kealakekua bay, January 17th, 1779. Here he received +divine honors and was loaded with munificent presents of the best that +the islands could produce. By his rash and arbitrary conduct, however, +he involved himself in an affray with the natives, in which he was +killed on February 14th, 1779. + +The spot where he fell is now marked by an appropriate monument. + +[Illustration: LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS.] + +[Illustration: KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL.] + + +EARLY TRADERS. + +For seven years after the death of Captain Cook no foreign vessel +ventured to touch at the Islands. After that time many of the vessels +engaged in the fur trade on the northwest coast of America called at the +Islands for supplies on their way to Canton or ran down here to spend +the winter. Waimea, Kauai, and Kealakekua bay were the two harbors most +frequented by them. Fire arms, powder and shot were the articles most in +demand among the natives. + + +THE RISE OF KAMEHAMEHA. + +At the death of Kalaniopuu, _Moi_, of Hawaii, in 1782, a civil war broke +out, which rent the Island into three petty sovereignties, which were +presently reduced to two. + +The districts of Kohala and Kona were held by Kamehameha, a nephew of +the late king, while the other districts were loyal to his son, Keoua. +After a sanguinary war lasting nine years (during which Kamehameha had +ravaged West Maui and conquered the district of Hamakua), he became +master of the whole of the Island of Hawaii by the assassination of his +rival, Keoua, at Kawaihae, in 1791. + + +VISITS OF VANCOUVER. + +The name of Capt. George Vancouver is still cherished as that of a wise +and generous benefactor to these Islands. During his survey of the +northwest coast of America in 1792-1794, he made three visits to the +Islands. He uniformly refused to sell fire arms or ammunition to the +chiefs, but gave them useful plants and seeds, and presented Kamehameha +with the first cattle and sheep ever landed in the Islands. On the 25th +of February, 1794, Kamehameha and his chiefs voluntarily placed Hawaii +under the protection of Great Britain, in token of which the British +flag was hoisted on shore at Kealakekua. + + +CONQUEST OF OAHU. + +After the death of Kahekili, the sovereign of the leeward Islands, in +1794, a civil war broke out between his brother Kaeo and his son +Kalanikupule, in which the former was killed. Soon after Kalanikupule +treacherously massacred Captains Brown and Gordon, who had assisted him +in the late war, and seized their vessels in the harbor of Honolulu. + +Having put his guns and ammunition on board, he proposed to sail +immediately for Hawaii, in company with a fleet of war canoes, to attack +Kamehameha. But the English sailors who had been reserved to navigate +the two vessels, suddenly rose at midnight, recaptured them, and sailed +for Hawaii, where they informed Kamehameha of all that had occurred. + +Kamehameha saw that his opportunity had now come, and lost no time in +mustering all the war canoes and fighting men of Hawaii. + +After overrunning West Maui and touching at Molokai, he landed in +Waialea bay, Oahu, in the latter part of April, 1795. There he spent a +few days in organizing his army before marching up the valley of Nuuanu, +where Kalanikupule had prepared to make his last stand. The Oahu +warriors were soon routed and pursued up the valley. Some of the +fugitives were hemmed in and driven over the "_Pali_," or precipice, at +the head of Nuuanu, a little north of the present road. + +This victory made Kamehameha master of all the Islands except Kauai and +Niihau. With the exception of a short insurrection in Hawaii, there was +peace during the rest of his reign. + + +DECREASE OF POPULATION. + +The decrease of the population during this period must have been very +rapid. Vancouver in 1792, Broughton in 1796, and Trumbull in 1801, were +strongly impressed with the misery of the common people and their rapid +decrease in numbers. This was partly the result of wars, but was still +more due to the diseases and vices introduced by foreigners. In the +summer of 1804 a pestilence, supposed to have been the cholera, carried +off half of the population of Oahu. Botany Bay convicts had introduced +the art of distilling liquor before the year 1800, and drunkenness had +become very prevalent. + + +THE SANDAL-WOOD TRADE. + +During the first quarter of the present century the sandal-wood trade +was at its height. This wood was in great request at Canton, where it +was sold for incense and the manufacture of fancy articles. It was +purchased by the picul of 133-1/2 pounds, the price varying from eight +to ten dollars for the picul. This wood, while it lasted, was a mine of +wealth for the chiefs, by means of which they were enabled to buy fire +arms, liquor, boats and schooners, as well as silks and other Chinese +goods, for which they paid exorbitant prices. + + +THE CESSION OF KAUAI. + +In March, 1810, Kaumualii, the last King of Kauai, visited Honolulu in +the ship Albatross, Capt. Nathan Winship, in order to have an interview +with Kamehameha. It was then arranged between the two chiefs that +Kaumualii should continue to hold his Island in fief of Kamehameha +during his life-time, on condition of paying tribute. + + +RUSSIAN AGGRESSIONS. + +During the year 1815 a Dr. Scheffer was sent to the Islands by Baranoff, +the Russian Governor of Alaska. He built a fort at Waimea, for +Kaumualii, on which the Russian colors were displayed, and urged him to +place himself under the protection of Russia. On hearing of this, +Kamehameha sent a large force to Honolulu, where a substantial fort was +built during the year 1816. He also sent orders to Kaumualii to expel +Dr. Scheffer, which was done. + + +DEATH OF KAMEHAMEHA. + +Kamehameha I. died on May 8th, 1819, at Kailua, Hawaii. His work was +done. He had consolidated the group under a strong government, put an +end to feudal anarchy and petty wars, and thus prepared the way for +civilization and Christianity. + + +ABOLITION OF IDOLATRY. + +In accordance with his will, his eldest son, Liholiho, was installed as +king, with the title of Kamehameha II., and Kaahumanu, his favorite +queen, as premier, to exercise equal powers with the young prince, whose +dissolute and reckless character is well known. + +Their first important act was the abolition of the tabu system, which +took place at a great feast held at Kailua in October, 1819, at which men +and women ate together in public for the first time. This was followed by +the general burning of idols and temples throughout the group. + +Kekuaokalani, a cousin of Liholiho, put himself at the head of the +adherents of the ancient faith, but was defeated and slain in the battle +of Kuamoo, fought about December 20th, 1819. + + +THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICAN MISSIONARIES. + +The pioneer company of American missionaries to these Islands arrived at +Kailua, April 4th, 1820. They soon reduced the language to writing and +commenced printing the first book in January, 1822. They found in the +Hawaiians an amiable and highly receptive race, eager for knowledge and +easily influenced for good or evil. The principal opposition to reform +was made by foreigners. + + +THE WHALING FLEET. + +The first whale ship called at Honolulu in 1820, and was soon followed +by many others. Their number soon increased to 100 every year, and the +furnishing of supplies for them became the chief resource of the +Islands, as the sandal-wood became exhausted. + + +DEATH OF LIHOLIHO. + +The young king, accompanied by his wife and six chiefs, embarked for +England, November 27, 1823, on an English whale ship. On their arrival +in London they received the utmost hospitality and courtesy, but in a +few weeks the whole party was attacked by the measles, of which the king +and queen both died. + + +REBELLION ON KAUAI. + +Meanwhile, on the death of Kaumualii, a rebellion broke out in Kauai, +led by his son, Humehume. A desperate assault was made on the fort at +Waimea, which was repulsed with loss. Over 1,000 warriors were sent down +from Oahu and Maui, and a battle was fought near Hanapepe, August 18th, +1824, in which the rebels were routed. + + +VISIT OF LORD BYRON. + +The frigate "Blonde," commanded by Lord Byron, cousin of the poet of +that name, was commissioned to convey the remains of the late king and +queen, together with their retinue, back to their native land. It +arrived at Honolulu, May 6th, 1825, when the royal remains were +deposited in a mausoleum with impressive funeral ceremonies. + +Kauikeaouli, the younger brother of Liholiho, was proclaimed king with +the title of Kamehameha III., and Kaahumanu as regent during his +minority. Her administration was signalized by a series of outrages at +Lahaina and Honolulu, committed by a depraved class of foreigners who +resented certain regulations made to restrict public prostitution. + +Com. Jones visited the Islands in the "Peacock" in 1826, and concluded +the first treaty between the Hawaiian Islands and the United States. The +next year the first written laws were published against murder, theft, +adultery and gambling. + + +THE ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION. + +The first Roman Catholic missionaries arrived at Honolulu, July 7th, +1827, on the ship "Comet," from Bordeaux, and soon gathered a +congregation. They were members of the so-called "Picpusian Order," or +"Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary." Unfortunately, +misunderstandings arose, and from a mistaken belief that they were +fomenting discord and sedition, the chiefs caused them to be deported to +San Pedro, California, in January, 1832. + + +ACCESSION OF KAMEHAMEHA III. + +Kaahumanu died June 5th, 1832, and was succeeded by Kinau, half-sister +of the king. The king's minority was declared to be at an end in March, +1833. A tract of land was leased to Ladd & Co. in 1835, and about the +same time a silk plantation was commenced by Peck & Titcomb. Cotton was +raised and manufactured on a small scale at Kailua, Hawaii. + + +PERSECUTIONS. + +During the next few years the chiefs persisted in a harsh and +unjustifiable policy, which imperiled the independence of the country. + +On the return of the two banished priests from California, in April, +1837, they were ordered to return in the same vessel in which they had +come, and were obliged to go on board of it. Meanwhile the British sloop +of war "Sulphur," Captain Belcher, and the French frigate "Venus," +Captain Du Petit Thouars, arrived and interposed in behalf of the +priests. As a compromise, they were landed again on condition that they +should leave by the first favorable opportunity. Again on the 3d of +November, another priest, Rev. L. Maigret, and a lay brother arrived +from Valparaiso, but were not allowed to land. Finally Revs. Maigret and +Bachelot left in a schooner for Bonabe, Micronesia. From 1835 to 1839 +the persecution of native converts was resumed, but was at last put an +end to by the declaration of rights promulgated June 4th, 1839, and the +king's edict of toleration, issued June 17th. + + +VISIT OF THE "ARTEMISE." + +In consequence of these proceedings the French frigate "Artemise," +Captain Laplace, was ordered to Honolulu, where it arrived July 9th, 1839. + +Captain Laplace immediately sent the Government a peremptory letter +demanding that full religious liberty be proclaimed, and that the sum of +$20,000 be brought on board by noon of the 12th, or hostilities would +commence. The required treaty was signed and the money promptly paid, +and on the 16th, a commercial convention was also signed. + + +FIRST CONSTITUTION. + +The declaration of rights, mentioned above, which guaranteed religious +liberty, produced a feeling of security unknown before, and formed the +first step towards establishing individual property in land. The first +constitution was proclaimed October 8th, 1840. It constituted a +Legislature, consisting of a House of Hereditary Nobles, and +Representatives to be chosen by the people, who voted as a separate +house. It also defined the duties of the Governors and provided for a +Supreme Court. + + +THE FIRST EMBASSY. + +During the next two years the French and English consuls seemed to vie +with each other in the manufacture of petty grievances. Aware of the +dangers impending over it, the Hawaiian Government sent an embassy to +the United States, Great Britain and France, in July, 1842, which +consisted of Messrs. Haalilio, William Richards and Sir George Simpson, +one of the governors of the Hudson Bay Company. + + +VISIT OF CAPTAIN MALLET. + +On the 24th of August, 1842, the French corvette "Embuscade," Captain +Mallet, arrived at Honolulu, having been sent to investigate complaints +of the violation of the Laplace Convention, chiefly relating to local +school matters. Having received an able and courteous reply to his +demands, he informed the king that Admiral Du Petit Thouars might be +expected the next spring to settle these matters. + + +THE CESSION TO LORD PAULET. + +The dispatch of the embassy to Europe and the visit of Captain Mallet +both served to bring to a head the designs of Mr. Charlton, the British +consul. He suddenly left for London, leaving Alexander Simpson as +acting consul, in order to defeat the objects of the embassy. In +consequence of their representations, H. B. M. frigate "Carysford," +commanded by George Paulet, was ordered to Honolulu, arriving there +February 10, 1843. On the arrival of the king from Lahaina, Lord Paulet +sent him six demands, threatening war if they were not acceded to by 4 +p. m. of the next day. These demands chiefly related to a fraudulent +land claim of Charlton's, and to decisions of the courts in certain +civil suits between foreigners. Before the hour set for hostilities had +arrived, the king acceded to the demands under protest, and appealed to +the British Government for damages. But a fresh series of demands having +been made, and claims for damages having been trumped up amounting to +$80,000, the king decided, by Dr. Judd's advice, to forestall the +intended seizure of the Islands by a provisional cession, pending an +appeal to the justice of the home government. + +The act of cession was carried into effect February 25th, 1843. The +British flag took the place of the Hawaiian for five months, and a body +of native troops was organized and drilled by British officers. + +The country was meanwhile governed by a mixed commission consisting of +Lord Paulet, Lieutenant Frere, a Mr. Mackay and Dr. Judd. + +[Illustration: OAHU COLLEGE.] + +[Illustration: PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE.] + + +THE RESTORATION. + +On being informed of these events, Admiral Thomas, Commander-in-Chief of +H. B. M.'s naval forces in the Pacific ocean, immediately sailed from +Valparaiso for the Islands, arriving at Honolulu July 25th, 1843. He +immediately issued a proclamation, declaring in the name of his +government that he did not accept of the provisional cession of the +Hawaiian Islands, and on the 31st restored the national flag with +impressive ceremonies. His course was fully approved of by the home +government, and certainly tended to exalt the reputation of his country +for justice and magnanimity in dealing with inferior races. + + +THE RECOGNITION OF HAWAIIAN INDEPENDENCE. + +Meanwhile the Hawaiian embassadors, who had been joined by Mr. Marshall, +the king's envoy, had done effective work in London and Paris. At their +request the matters in dispute had been referred to the law advisers of +the crown, who decided in favor of the Hawaiian Government on every +point except the Charlton land claim. At length, on the 28th of +November, 1843, the two governments of France and England issued a joint +declaration in which they recognized the independence of the Islands, +and reciprocally engaged "never to take possession, either directly or +under the title of a protectorate, or under any other form, of any part +of the territory of which they are composed." + + +ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. + +Both the king and his advisers saw that in order to maintain a permanent +government it was necessary to combine both the native and foreign +elements together in one common organization, and to make the king the +sovereign not merely of one race or class, but of all. During the next +few years the executive departments of the Government and the judiciary +were organized by a group of men of remarkably high character and +ability. + + +LAND TITLES. + +During the period of 1846-1855 the ancient tenure of land was abolished, +and the foundation laid of individual property in land. In the first +place, the king as feudal suzerain divided the lands of the kingdom +between himself and each one of the chiefs, his feudatories, this +partition being recorded in a book called the _Mahele_ Book, or Book of +Division. After this first partition was closed, out of four million +acres there remained in the king's hands about two and a half millions. +The king then redivided the lands which had been surrendered to him, +setting apart about a million and a half acres for the Government, and +reserving for himself as his private domain, about a million acres, +including the best of the lands. The common people were granted fee +simple titles for their house lots and the lands which they actually +cultivated for themselves, called _Kuleanas_ or homesteads. + + +THE "REPRISALS" OF 1849. + +From 1843 till 1848 the most amicable relations continued to exist +between France and the Hawaiian Government. But this state of things was +then reversed by M. Dillon, the new French consul, who endeavored to +reopen all old disputes and to create new grievances in every possible +way. His principal grounds of complaint were the high duty on brandy and +the alleged partiality shown to the English language. On the 12th of +August, 1849, the French frigate "Poursuivante," Admiral De Tromelin, +arrived at Honolulu, and was joined the next day by the corvette +"Gassendi." + +On the 22d the admiral sent to the king ten demands, drawn up by M. +Dillon, allowing the Hawaiian Government three days in which to comply +with them. + +As these demands were firmly but courteously refused, an armed force was +landed on the 25th, which took possession of the deserted fort, the +custom house and other buildings, and the harbor was blockaded for ten +days. The fort was dismantled and the king's private yacht confiscated +by way of "reprisal," after which the "Poursuivante" sailed for San +Francisco, taking M. Dillon as a passenger. + + +THE SECOND EMBASSY TO FRANCE. + +The king immediately sent Dr. Judd as special commissioner to France, +accompanied by the two nephews of the king, Alexander, the +heir-apparent, and Lot Kamehameha. + +But on arriving in Paris they found that M. Dillon had preceded them, +and still retained the confidence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. + +The embassy, however, agreed with Lord Palmerston upon the basis of a +new treaty with Great Britain. + + +THE U. S. PROTECTORATE. + +The French corvette "Serieuse" arrived at Honolulu, December 13, 1850, +bringing M. Perrin, Commissioner of France, and remained in port three +months. + +To the surprise of all, he presented again the identical ten demands of +his predecessor, and resumed his policy of petty annoyance and +interference with internal affairs of the kingdom. At length his +attitude became so menacing that the king and privy council passed a +proclamation placing the Islands provisionally under the protectorate of +the United States. This action was ratified by the next Legislature. +Although it was finally declined by the United States, it had the +desired effect, and the obnoxious demands were dropped. + + +THE CONSTITUTION OF 1852. + +Was a very liberal one for the times, and has formed the basis of all +succeeding constitutions. The nobles were to be appointed by the kings +for life. The representatives, who were to be not less than twenty-four +in number, were to be elected by universal suffrage. + + +INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS. + +Between the years 1850 and 1860 a large part of the government land was +sold to the common people in small tracts at nominal prices. + +The rapid settlement of California opened a new market for the +productions of the Islands, and gave a great stimulus to agriculture. +For a time large profits were made by raising potatoes for the +California market. Wheat was cultivated in the Makawao district, and a +steam flouring mill was erected in Honolulu in 1854. The next year 463 +barrels of Hawaiian flour were exported. A coffee plantation was started +at Hanalei, Kauai, in 1842, and promised well, but was attacked by +blight after the severe drought of 1851-2. The export of coffee rose to +208,000 pounds in 1850, but then fell off. The export of sugar only +reached 500 tons in 1853. The sugar mills were generally worked by oxen +or mules, and the molasses drained in the old fashioned way. + + +THE UNFINISHED ANNEXATION TREATY. + +The year 1853 was rendered memorable by a terrible epidemic of +small-pox, which carried off several thousand people on the Island of +Oahu. During that and the following year there was an active agitation +in Honolulu in favor of annexation to the United States. The king +favored it as a refuge from impending dangers. The missionaries +generally opposed it, fearing that its effects would be injurious to the +native race. The negotiations were carried on between Mr. Gregg, the +American Minister, and Mr. Wyllie, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and +a draft of the treaty was completed in June, 1854. + +The representatives of France and Great Britain remonstrated with the +king against it, while the heir-apparent was also opposed to it. The +negotiation was still pending when the king suddenly died on the 15th of +December, 1854. + +His adopted son and heir, Alexander Liholiho, was immediately proclaimed +king, under the title of Kamehameha IV. + + +THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA IV. + +Was uneventful. He was married to Emma Rooke, a chiefess partly of English +descent, who both by her character and her talents was worthy of the +position. By their personal exertions the king and queen succeeded in +raising the funds with which to found the "Queen's Hospital" at +Honolulu. Their little son, the "Prince of Hawaii," died in 1862, at +four years of age, and with him expired the hope of the Kamehameha +dynasty. During the same year Bishop Staley, accompanied by a staff of +clergymen, arrived at Honolulu and commenced the Anglican Mission. + +During the following year the king was rapidly failing in health, and on +the 30th of November, 1863, he died, at the early age of twenty-nine, +and was succeeded by his elder brother, Prince Lot Kamehameha. + +The development of the country during his reign was nearly at a +stand-still. The cultivation of wheat as well as that of coffee was +given up, but the culture of rice was commenced in 1860, and proved to +be a great success. + + +THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA V. + +The reign of Kamehameha V. was memorable for the change of the +constitution which he made on his own authority, soon after coming to +the throne. The right of suffrage was made to depend on a small property +qualification and on ability to read and write. The Nobles and +representatives were henceforth to sit and vote in one chamber. During +his reign the Board of Education was constituted, the Bureau of +Immigration formed, and the Act passed in 1865 to segregate the lepers. + +A treaty of reciprocity with the United States was negotiated, but +failed of ratification by the Senate. + +A destructive eruption from Mauna Loa took place in 1868, in the +District of Kau. The almost total destruction of the whaling fleet in +the Arctic Sea in 1871 was a serious blow to the prosperity of the +Islands. + +The King died suddenly December 11th, 1872, and with him ended the line +of the Kamehamehas. + + +THE REIGN OF LUNALILO. + +As Kamehameha V. died without appointing any successor, the choice +devolved upon the Legislature, which met on the 8th of January, 1873, +and elected William Lunalilo, cousin of the late king, by a large +majority, amid general rejoicing. During that year, the proposal to cede +or lease Pearl Harbor to the United States in consideration of a treaty +of commercial reciprocity gave rise to an extensive agitation, which +intensified the suspicion and race prejudice that already existed. + +The execution of the law for the segregation of lepers helped to widen +the breach, and the effects were seen in the mutiny of the household +troops in September, 1873, which had the sympathy of the populace. + +The King's health was already failing, and on the 3d of February, 1874, +he died of pulmonary consumption. By his will he left the bulk of his +real estate to found a home for aged and indigent Hawaiians. + + +ACCESSION OF KALAKAUA. + +Again the Legislature was called together to elect his successor on the +12th of February, 1874. The two rival candidates were the Queen-Dowager +Emma and David Kalakaua, the latter of whom was elected by thirty-nine +votes to six. A large mob, composed of Queen Emma's partisans, +surrounded the court house during the election, after which they broke +into the building and assaulted the members of the Legislature. + +At the request of the Cabinet, a body of marines was landed from the U. +S. ships "Tuscarora" and "Portsmouth," and another from H. B. M.'s ship +"Tenedos," which dispersed the rioters and guarded the public buildings +for a week. Kalakaua was sworn in at noon the next day, and duly +proclaimed King. + + +THE RECIPROCITY TREATY. + +During the next year negotiations were opened with the United States for +a treaty of commercial reciprocity, which was ratified in June, 1875, +and finally went into operation in September, 1876, in spite of bitter +opposition in both countries. The development of the resources of the +Islands, which has resulted from this treaty, has surpassed all +expectation. In connection with it there has also been a large increase +of the foreign elements in the population. + + +THE KING'S TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. + +On the 20th of January, 1881, King Kalakaua set out on a tour around the +world, accompanied by the late Col. C. H. Judd, and Mr. W. N. Armstrong. +He was received with royal honors in Japan, and afterwards visited +China, Siam, Johore and British India. After visiting the Khedive of +Egypt, the party made the tour of Europe, and returned home by way of +the United States, arriving in Honolulu Oct. 29, 1881. + + +REACTIONARY POLICY OF KALAKAUA. + +Unlike his predecessors, Kalakaua seemed to regard himself as merely a +king of the native Hawaiians, and foreign residents as alien invaders. +It also seemed to be his chief aim to change the system of government +into a personal despotism, in which he should have unchecked control of +the Government Treasury. Thus he took it upon himself in July, 1878, and +again in August, 1880, to dismiss a Ministry, without assigning any +reason, immediately after it had been triumphantly sustained by a vote +of the Legislature. On the latter occasion, his appointment of Celso +Caesar Moreno as premier called forth the protest of the representatives +of three great Powers, and such an uprising of the people that he had to +give way. Adroit politicians were not wanting to flatter his vanity, +defend his follies, and show him how to violate the spirit and intent +of the Constitution, while keeping within the letter of the law. The +Legislatures were packed with subservient office-holders, while every +artifice was used to debauch the native electorate and to foment race +prejudice. The national debt grew up from $389,000 in 1880 to $1,936,000 +in 1887. At the same time, under the existing law, no foreigner could be +naturalized without the King's approval. + +[Illustration: MASONIC TEMPLE.] + +[Illustration: KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM.] + + +THE REVOLUTION OF 1887. + +After the legislative session of 1886, the King was virtually his own +prime minister, and went from one folly to another, until his acceptance +of two bribes, one of $75,000 and another of $80,000 in connection with +the assignment of an opium license, precipitated the revolution of +1887. Overawed by the unanimity of the movement, and deserted by his +followers, the King yielded without a struggle. The Constitution +which he was pleased to sign on the 7th of July, 1887, was a revision +of that of 1864, intended to put an end to mere personal government, +and to make the executive responsible to the representatives of the +people. Office-holders were made ineligible to seats in the Legislature. +The Ministers were henceforth to be removable only upon a vote of want +of confidence passed by a majority of all the elective members of +the Legislature. The Nobles, instead of being appointed by the King, +were to be elected for terms of six years, by electors who should +be possessed of taxable property worth $3,000, or in receipt of an +annual income of $600. + + +THE INSURRECTION OF 1889. + +The opposition of the Court and of other adherents of the old regime, to +the reforms of 1887, led to an insurrection headed by R. W. Wilcox, on +the 30th of July, 1889 which was promptly put down, but not without +bloodshed. Seven of the rioters were killed and a large number wounded. + +There can be little doubt that the late King and his sister were +accessory to this ill-advised outbreak. + + +ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI. + +In order to recruit his health, the King visited California in November, +1890. In spite of the best medical attendance, he continued to fail, and +breathed his last on the 20th of January, 1891, in San Francisco. His +remains were brought to Honolulu in the U. S. S. "Charleston," arriving +there January 29th, 1891. On the same day, his sister took the oath to +maintain the Constitution, and was proclaimed Queen, under the title of +Liliuokalani. + + +THE REVOLUTION OF 1893. + +The ex-Queen in a published statement has since declared that she signed +the Constitution unwillingly. The history of her short reign shows that +it was her unaltered purpose to restore autocratic government. In short, +she was determined to govern as well as to reign. + +The decision of the Supreme Court that the term of the last Cabinet +expired with the King, gave her an opportunity (which she improved), to +dictate terms in advance to the incoming Cabinet, and to secure control +of all appointments. The legislative session of 1892 was protracted to +eight months chiefly by her determination to retain her control of the +Executive, as well as to carry through the opium and lottery bills. +Meanwhile she had caused a Constitution to be drawn up, which would +practically, have transformed the government from a limited to an +absolute monarchy, besides disfranchising a class of citizens who paid +two-thirds of the taxes. This Constitution she undertook to spring upon +the country by a _coup d'etat_, on the day of the prorogation of the +Legislature, January 14th, 1893. + +Fortunately, at the critical moment, when her preparations were +complete, her Ministers shrank from sharing the responsibility of +such a revolutionary act, and induced her to postpone it. In such +an undertaking to hesitate is fatal. + +Again there was a general uprising of the conservative part of the +community similar to that of 1887. But this time public opinion +condemned all half way measures, and declared the monarchy to be +forfeited by its own act. + +The Reform leaders reorganized their forces, and formed a Provisional +Government, which was proclaimed January 17th, 1893 from the Government +Building. The U. S. S. "Boston," which had unexpectedly arrived from +Hilo on the day of the prorogation, landed a force on the 16th, to +protect the lives and property of American citizens, in case of disorder +or incendiarism. The Queen's ministers availed themselves of the +presence of these troops on shore as an excuse for their inaction, and +persuaded the Queen to resign under protest, and to appeal to the +government of the United States. + +A treaty of annexation was soon after negotiated with the United States +during President Harrison's administration, which was withdrawn by +President Cleveland immediately after his accession. The failure of his +attempt to restore the monarchy by diplomacy is well known. + + +THE REPUBLIC OF HAWAII. + +During the next year a convention was elected, which sat in Honolulu +during the month of June, 1894, and framed a new Constitution for the +country, and the Republic of Hawaii was formally proclaimed July 4, 1894. + +Another royalist conspiracy was formed during the fall of that year, +which resulted in the insurrection of January 6th, 1895, which was +promptly crushed by the patriotic citizens of the Republic. + +A dangerous epidemic of Asiatic cholera in the following September, was +stamped out by the united efforts of the public spirited citizens of +Honolulu. + +For four years, in spite of hostile influences from without and enemies +at home, the Republic has maintained peace and order, administered +justice, carried on extensive internal improvements, advanced education, +and kept the financial credit of the nation above par in the markets of +the world. + + +OFFICIAL DIRECTORY, REPUBLIC OF HAWAII. + +EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. + +Sanford B. Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii. + +Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Foreign Affairs. + +James A. King, Minister of the Interior. + +Samuel M. Damon, Minister of Finance. + +William O. Smith, Attorney-General. + + +COUNCIL OF STATE. + +William C. Wilder, + +Cecil Brown, + +P. C. Jones, + +J. A. Kennedy, + +C. Bolte, + +George W. Smith, + +John Phillips, + +D. L. Naone, + +A. G. M. Robertson, + +E. C. Winston, + +Mark P. Robinson, + +John Ena, + +Samuel M. Ka-ne, + +John Nott, + +J. P. Mendonca. + + +SUPREME COURT. + +Hon. A. F. Judd, Chief Justice. + +Hon. W. F. Frear, First Associate Justice. + +Hon. W. Austin Whiting, Second Associate Justice. + +Henry Smith, Chief Clerk. + +Geo. Lucas, Deputy Clerk. + +James Thompson, Second Deputy Clerk. + +J. Walter Jones, Stenographer. + + +CIRCUIT JUDGES. + +First Circuit--Alfred W. Carter, Antonio Perry, Oahu. + +Second Circuit--J. W. Kalua. + +Third and Fourth Circuits--S. L. Austin. + +Fifth Circuit--J. Hardy. + +Offices and Court-room in Court House, King street. Sitting in Honolulu: +First Monday in February, May, August and November. + + +DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. + +Office in Executive Building, King street. + +Henry E. Cooper, Minister Foreign Affairs. + +George C. Potter, Secretary. + +Alexander St. M. Mackintosh, Clerk. + +Miss Kate Kelley, Stenographer. + +B. L. Marx, Clerk Executive Council. + +James W. Girvin, Secretary Chinese Bureau. + + +DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. + +Office in Executive Building, King street. + +James A. King, Minister of the Interior. + +Chief Clerk, John A. Hassinger. + +Assistant Clerks, James H. Boyd, H. C. Meyers, Stephen Mahaulu, + George C. Ross, Edward S. Boyd. + + +CHIEFS OF BUREAUS, INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. + +Surveyor-General, W. D. Alexander. + +Superintendent Public Works, W. E. Rowell. + +Superintendent Water Works, Andrew Brown. + +Inspector Electric Lights, John Cassidy. + +Registrar of Conveyances, T. G. Thrum. + +Road Supervisor, Honolulu, W. H. Cummings. + +Insane Asylum, Dr. Geo. H. Herbert. + + +BOARD OF FIRE COMMISSIONERS. + +Andrew Brown, Charles Crozier and J. H. Fisher. + +James H. Hunt, Chief Engineer, H. F. D. + +William R. Sims, Secretary. + + +BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. + +President, the Minister of the Interior. Allan Herbert, Thomas King, + Wray Taylor, E. W. Jordan. Joseph Marsden, Commissioner and Secretary. + + +DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. + +Office in Executive Building, King street. + +Minister of Finance, Samuel M. Damon. + +Auditor-General, H. Laws. + +Registrar of Accounts, W. G. Ashley. + +Clerk of Finance Office, E. R. Stackable. + +Collector-General of Customs, James B. Castle. + +Tax Assessor, Oahu, Jonathan Shaw. + +Postmaster-General, J. M. Oat. + + +CUSTOMS BUREAU. + +Office in Custom House, Esplanade, Fort street. + +Collector-General, James B. Castle. + +Deputy Collector, Frank B. McStocker. + +Harbor Master, Captain A. Fuller. + +Port Surveyor, George C. Stratemeyer. + +Storekeeper, ......... + + +DEPARTMENT OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL. + +Office in Executive Building, King street. + +Attorney-General, William O. Smith. + +Deputy Attorney-General, E. P. Dole. + +Clerk, J. M. Kea. + +Marshal, A. M. Brown. + +Deputy Marshal, H. R. Hitchcock. + +Jailor Oahu Prison, J. A. Low. + +Prison Physician, C. B. Cooper, M. D. + + +DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. + +Office in Judiciary Building. + + +Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Public Instruction. + +Commissioners, Professor William Dewitt Alexander, Mrs. Emma Louisa + Dillingham, Mr. William A. Bowen, Mrs. Alice Clark Jordan, + Mr. H. M. von Holt. + +H. S. Townsend, Inspector-General of Schools. + +J. F. Scott, Deputy Inspector-General of Schools. + +C. T. Rodgers, Secretary of Department. + + +BOARD OF IMMIGRATION. + +Office in Judiciary Building. + +President, James A. King. + +Members of Board of Immigration, J. B. Atherton, Joseph Marsden, + D. B. Smith, James G. Spencer, J. Carden. Secretary, Wray Taylor. + + +BOARD OF HEALTH. + +Office in Judiciary Building. + +President, William O. Smith. + +Secretary, Charles Wilcox. + +Members, D. Keliipio, C. A. Brown, N. B. Emerson, M. D.; + F. R. Day, M. D.; C. B. Wood, M. D., and T. F. Lansing. + +Port Physician, Dr. Francis Day. + +Dispensary, Dr. H. W. Howard. + +Leper Settlement, Dr. R. K. Oliver. + + +POLICE COURT. + +Police Station Building, Merchant street. + +George H. de la Vergne, Magistrate. + +William Cuelho, Clerk. + +[Illustration: KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian).] + +[Illustration: CENTRAL UNION CHURCH.] + + * * * * * + + +FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES IN HONOLULU. + +_Diplomatic._ + +United States--Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, + Albert S. Willis, Esq.; residence, King St. Ellis Mills, Esq., + Secretary of Legation. + +Portugal--Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General, Senhor A. de Souza + Canavarro; residence, Beretania St. + +Great Britain--Commissioner and Consul-General, Captain A. G. S. Hawes. + +Japan--Diplomatic Agent and Consul-General, Mr. H. Shimamura; + residence, Nuuanu Ave. H. I. J. M. Eleve Consul, Mr. K. Mimashi, + Secretary H. I. J. M. Consulate-General. + +France--Consul and Commissioner, Mons. Louis Voisson; Chancellor + of Legation, Mons. A. Vizzavona. + + +_Consular._ + +United States--Consul-General, Ellis Mills. W. Porter Boyd, United + States Vice and Deputy Consul-General. + +Italy--F. A. Schaefer, Consul. (Dean of the Consular Corps.) + +Netherlands--J. H. Paty, Consul. + +Denmark--H. R. Macfarlane, Consul. + +Mexico, H. Renjes, Consul. + +Peru--Bruce Cartwright, Consul. + +Chile--Julius Hoting, Consul. + +Austria-Hungary--J. F. Hackfeld, Consul. + +Germany--J. F. Hackfeld, Consul. + +Belgium--H. Focke, Consul. + +Great Britain--T. R. Walker, Vice-Consul. + +Spain--H. Renjes, Vice-Consul. + +Russia--J. F. Hackfeld, Acting Vice-Consul. + +Sweden and Norway--Charles Weight, Acting Consul. + +China--Goo Kim Fui, Commercial Agent; Wong Kwai, Assistant + Commercial Agent. + +U. S. Consular Agent, Kahului, A. J. Dickens, Acting. + +U. S. Consular Agent, Mahukona, C. J. Falk. + +U. S. Consular Agent, Hilo, Charles Furneaux. + + * * * * * + + +PRINCIPAL HAWAIIAN REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. + + +_United States._ + +Washington, D. C.--Francis M. Hatch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister + Plenipotentiary; Major Frank P. Hastings, Charge d'Affaires and + Secretary of Legation. + +New York--E. H. Allen, Consul-General. + +Chicago--Fred W. Job, Consul-General for the States of Illinois, + Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin. + +San Francisco--Charles T. Wilder, Consul-General for the Pacific + States, California, Oregon, Nevada and Washington; J. F. Soper, + Vice and Deputy Consul-General. + +Boston--Gorham D. Gilman, Consul-General. + +Portland, Oregon--J. McCracken, Consul. + +Port Townsend--James G. Swan, Consul. + +Seattle--John H. Carter, Consul. + +Tacoma--J. T. Steeb, Acting Consul. + +Philadelphia--Robert H. Davis, Consul. + +San Diego--H. P. Wood, Consul. + +Detroit--A. L. Bresler, Consul. + + +_Great Britain._ + +London--Manley Hopkins, Consul-General; Cyril Hopkins, Vice-Consul. + +Liverpool--Harold Janion, Consul. + +Bristol--Mark Whitwill, Consul. + +Hull--W. Moran, Consul. + +Newcastle-on-Tyne--E. Biesterfeld, Consul. + +Falmouth--Cecil Robert Broad, Consul. + +Dover (and the Cinque Ports)--Francis Wm. Prescott, Consul. + +Swansea--H. Goldberg, Consul. + +Cardiff--J. Bovey, Consul. + +Edinburgh and Leith--E. G. Buchanan, Consul. + +Glasgow--Peter Denniston, Consul. + +Dundee--J. G. Zoller, Consul. + +Dublin--R. Jas. Murphy, Consul. + +Queenstown--Geo. B. Dawson, Consul. + +Belfast--W. A. Ross, Consul. + +Middlesborough--B. C. Atkinson, Consul. + + +_British Colonies._ + +Toronto, Ontario--J. Enoch Thompson, Consul-General; Col. Geo. A. Shaw, + Vice-Consul. + +St. John's, N. B.--Allan O. Crookshank, Consul. + +Rimouski--J. N. Pouliot, Vice-Consul. + +Montreal--Dickson Anderson, Consul. + +Yarmouth, N. S.--Ed. F. Clements, Vice-Consul. + +Victoria, B. C.--R. P. Rithet, Consul-General for British Columbia. + +Vancouver, B. C.--J. W. McFarland, Vice-Consul. + +Sydney, N. S. W.--W. E. Dixon, Consul-General. + +Melbourne, Victoria--G. N. Oakley, Consul. + +Brisbane, Queensland--Alex. B. Webster, Consul. + +Hobart, Tasmania--Hon. Audley Coote, Consul. + +Launceston, Tasmania--Geo. Collins, Vice-Consul. + +Newcastle, N. S. W.--W. J. Gillam, Consul. + +Auckland, N. Z.--James Macfarlane, Consul. + +Dunedin, N. Z.--W. G. Neill, Consul. + +Gibraltar--H. Schott, Consul. + + +_France and Colonies._ + +Paris--Alfred Houle, Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General; + A. N. H. Teyssier, Consul. + +Marseilles--........, Consul. + +Bordeaux--Ernest de Boissac, Consul. + +Dijon--H. F. J. Vieilhomme, Consul. + +Liborne--C. Schaessler, Vice-Consul. + +Cette--Julius Chavasse, Vice-Consul. + +Grenoble--J. L. Garcin, Vice-Consul. + +Papeete, Tahiti--E. A. Bonet, Consul. + + +_Spain._ + +Barcelona--Enrique Minguez, Consul-General. + +Cadiz--J. Shaw, Consul. + +Valencia--Julio Soler, Consul. + +Malaga--F. T. de Navarra, Consul. + +Cartagena--J. Paris, Consul. + + +_Portugal and Colonies._ + +Lisbon--A. F. de Serpa, Consul-General. + +Oporto--Narciso T. M. Ferro, Consul. + +Madeira Island--L. D. F. Branco, Consul. + +Cape Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands--Clarimundo Martins, Vice-Consul. + +Lagos, Cape de Verde Islands--Manuel Jose Barbosa, Vice-Consul. + + +_Azores Islands._ + +Ponta Delgardo (St. Michaels)--Senhor Bernardo Machado de Faria Maia, + Consul-General; A. da Silva Moreira, Consul. + + +_Italy._ + +Rome--Dwight Benton, Consul-General; Hale P. Benton, Vice and Deputy + Consul-General. + +Palermo, Sicily--A. Tagliavia, Consul. + +Genoa--Raphael de Luchi, Consul. + + +_Holland._ + +Amsterdam--D. H. Schmull, Consul-General. + +Dordrecht--P. J. Bouwman, Consul. + + +_Japan._ + +Tokio--R. W. Irwin, Minister Resident. + +Kobe--C. P. Hall, Vice-Consul. + +Yokohama--B. C. Howard, Consul; Dr. Stuart Eldridge, M. D., + Sanitary Inspector. + + +_China._ + +Hong Kong--J. J. Bell Irving, Acting Consul-General; Dr. Gregory P. + Jordan, M. D., Sanitary Inspector. + +Amoy--Robert H. Bruce, Consul; Dr. Hugh MacDougald, M. D., + Sanitary Inspector. + + +_Belgium._ + +Antwerp--Victor Forge, Consul-General. + +Ghent--E. Coppieters, Consul. + +Liege--J. Blanpain, Consul. + +Bruges--E. Van Den Brande, Consul. + + +_Sweden and Norway._ + +Stockholm, Sweden--C. A. Engvalls, Consul-General. + +Christiana, Norway--L. Samson, Consul. + +Gothemburg, Sweden--Gustaf Kraak, Vice-Consul. + + +_Austria._ + +Vienna--Hugo Schonberger, Consul. + + +_Germany and Colonies._ + +Bremen--H. F. Glade, Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General; + J. F. Muller, Consul. + +Hamburg--E. F. Weber, Consul. + +Frankfort-on-Main--J. Kopp, Consul. + +Dresden--A. P. Russ, Consul. + + +_Canary Islands._ + +Las Palamas--L. Falcon y Quevedo, Consul; J. B. De Laguna, Vice-Consul. + +Santa Cruz de la Palma--Antonio C. de las Casas, Vice-Consul. + +Areciefe de Lanzarote--E. Murales, Vice-Consul. + + +_Mexico._ + +Mexico--Col. W. J. De Gress, Consul-General; R. H. Baker, Vice-Consul. + +Manzanillo--Robert James Barney, Consul. + +Ensenada--James Moorkens, Vice-Consul. + + +_Central and South America._ + +Valparaiso, South America--David Thomas, Charge d'Affaires and + Consul-General. + +Lima, South America--F. L. Crosby, Consul. + +Montevideo, South America--Conrad Hughes, Consul. + + +_Philippine Islands._ + +Iloilo--Geo. Shelmerdine, Consul. + +Manila--Jasper M. Wood, Consul. + +Cebu--Geo. A. Cadell, Consul. + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +With the exception of OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA, the illustrations and +cover image come from a slightly different printing of the pamphlet than +the text. + +Minor typographical errors and irregularities have been corrected. + +The table of contents and list of illustrations have been added for the +reader's convenience. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hawaiian Islands, by +The Department of Foreign Affairs + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS *** + +***** This file should be named 29383.txt or 29383.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/8/29383/ + +Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Andrew D. 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