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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Hawaiian Islands + +Author: The Department of Foreign Affairs + +Release Date: July 12, 2009 [EBook #29383] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Andrew D. Hwang and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by Case Western Reserve University Preservation +Department Digital Library) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="margin:auto; max-width: 40em;"> + +<div class="title"> +<h1>THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS</h1> + +<h2>THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL, +COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL.</h2> +</div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="COVER" id="COVER"></a> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="362" height="614" alt="cover" /> +</div> + + +<div class="illo"> +<a href="images/map.jpg" name="MAP" id="MAP"> +<img src="images/map_sm.jpg" width="500" height="315" alt="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption"><br /> +MAP of the HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. +</span></div> + + +<!-- TABLE of CONTENTS. --> +<div class="center" style="font-size: 80%"> + +<table class="toc" summary="table of contents"> + +<tr> +<th colspan="2" class="center" style="font-size: 150%; padding-bottom: 2ex"> +<b>CONTENTS</b></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>3</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>12</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>16</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>20</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>37</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>43</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>52</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>58</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tocl"><a href="#OFFICIAL_DIRECTORY"><b>OFFICIAL DIRECTORY.</b></a></td> + <td class="tocr"><b>85</b></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +</div> +<!-- End TABLE of CONTENTS. --> + + +<!-- LIST of ILLUSTRATIONS. --> +<div class="center" style="font-size: 70%"> + +<table class="toc" summary="list of illustrations"> + +<tr> +<th class="center" style="font-size: 150%; padding-bottom: 2ex"> +<b>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</b></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#MAP"><b>MAP OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.</b></a> + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#DOLE"><b>SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Republic of Hawaii.</b></a> + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#EXECUTIVE"><b>EXECUTIVE BUILDING</b></a>. / + <a href="#JUDICIARY"><b>JUDICIARY BUILDING</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#EWA"><b>EWA MILL</b></a>. / + <a href="#VALLEY"><b>VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#PAUOA"><b>PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS</b></a>. / + <a href="#PINEAPPLE"><b>PINEAPPLE PLANTATION</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#HAMAKUA"><b>COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA</b></a>. / + <a href="#PUNA"><b>COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#STEAMSHIP"><b>OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA</b></a>. / + <a href="#HOUSE"><b>VOLCANO HOUSE</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#RAILROAD"><b>KOHALA RAILROAD</b></a>. / + <a href="#RICE"><b>RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#NUUANU"><b>NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU</b></a>. / + <a href="#WAIKIKI"><b>WAIKIKI BEACH</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#HOME"><b>LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS</b></a>. / + <a href="#SCHOOL"><b>KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#COLLEGE"><b>OAHU COLLEGE</b></a>. / + <a href="#PAUAHI"><b>PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#MASONIC"><b>MASONIC TEMPLE</b></a>. / + <a href="#MUSEUM"><b>KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="listimg"> + <a href="#KAWAIAHAO"><b>KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian)</b></a>. / + <a href="#CHURCH"><b>CENTRAL UNION CHURCH</b></a>. + </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +</div> +<!-- End LIST of ILLUSTRATIONS. --> + + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="DOLE" id="DOLE"></a> +<img src="images/dole.jpg" width="336" height="450" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +SANFORD B. DOLE. President of the Republic of Hawaii. +</span></div> + +<div class="hugeskip"></div> + +<!-- TITLE PAGE --> +<div class="center bbox" style="margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;"> + +<h1 style="font-size: xx-large"> +THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS +</h1> + + +<span style="font-size: small;"> +THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL, +COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL. +</span> + +<div class="bigskip"></div> +<hr class="mini" /> +<div class="bigskip"></div> + + +<span style="font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"> +Coffee, +</span><br /><br /> +<span style="font-size: medium"> +<i>THE COMING STAPLE PRODUCT.</i> +</span> + +<div class="bigskip"></div> +<hr class="mini" /> +<div class="bigskip"></div> + + +<span style="font-size: x-small"> +<b>ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES</b><br /><br /> +OF THE<br /><br /> +</span> + +<b>DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,</b> +<br /><br /> +<span style="font-size: smaller"> +1896. +</span> + +<div class="bigskip"></div> +<hr class="mini" /> +<div class="bigskip"></div> + + +<p class="center smcap" style="font-size: x-small;"> +HONOLULU:<br /> +Printed by the Hawaiian Gazette Company. +</p> +</div> +<!-- END OF TITLE PAGE --> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 2 --> +<span class="nopagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> +</div> + +<div class="hugeskip"></div> + +<p>The following pamphlet has been compiled for the purpose of giving +information to those intending to invest in the industries of the +Hawaiian Islands. The information can be vouched for as correct. The +portion dealing with agriculture is from the pen of Joseph Marsden, +Esq., Commissioner of Agriculture. The digest of the land law has been +prepared by J. F. Brown, Esq., Commissioner of Public Lands. The +historical portion has been written by Prof. Alexander, Chief of the +Government Survey and author of a "Short History of the Hawaiian +People" and other works. The pamphlet has been planned, edited and in +part written by Alatau T. Atkinson, Esq., ex-Inspector General of +Schools, and now General Superintendent of Census.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 3 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>GENERAL INFORMATION.</h3> + +<p>The Hawaiian Islands are situated in the North Pacific Ocean and +lie between longitudes 154° 40' and 160° 30' West, and +latitudes 22° 16' and 18° 55' North. They are thus on the +very edge of the tropics, but their position in mid-ocean and the +prevalence of the northeast trade wind gives them a climate unequalled +by any other portion of the globe—a perpetual summer without an +enervating heat. In the Hawaiian Islands Americans and Europeans can +and do work in the open air, at all seasons of the year, as they +cannot in countries lying in the same latitudes elsewhere. To note an +instance, Calcutta lies a little to the north of the latitude of +Kauai, our most northerly Island, and in Calcutta the American and +European can only work with his brain; hard physical labor he cannot +do and live. On the Hawaiian Islands he can work and thrive.</p> + + +<h3>RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE.</h3> + +<p>The rainfall varies, being greater on the windward side of the +Islands, and increasing up to a certain elevation. Thus, at Olaa, on +the Island of Hawaii, windward side and elevation of about 2,000 feet, +the rainfall from July 1st, 1894, to June 30, 1895, was 176.82 inches, +while at Kailua, on the leeward side, at a low level, it was only +51.21 inches during the same period.</p> + +<p>The temperature also varies according to elevation and position. +<!-- Page 4 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> +On the Island of Hawaii you can get any climate from the heat of +summer to actual winter at the summits of the two great mountains. A +meteorological record, kept carefully for a period of twelve years, +gives 89° as the highest and 54° as the lowest temperature recorded, +or a mean temperature of 71° 30' for the year. A case of +sunstroke has never been known. People make no special precautions +against the sun, wearing straw and soft felt hats similar to those +worn in the States during the summer months.</p> + + +<h3>WINDS.</h3> + +<p>The prevailing winds, as mentioned above, are the northeast trades. +These blow for about nine months of the year. The remainder of the +period the winds are variable and chiefly from the south. The Islands +are outside the cyclone belt, and severe storms accompanied by thunder +and lightning are of rare occurrence.</p> + + +<h3>HEALTH.</h3> + +<p>The Islands possess a healthy climate. There are no virulent fevers +such as are encountered on the coast of Africa or in the West India +Islands. Epidemics seldom visit the Islands, and when they do they +are generally light. A careful system of quarantine guards the Islands +now from epidemics from abroad. Such grave diseases as pneumonia and +diphtheria are almost unknown. Children thrive wonderfully.</p> + + +<h3>AREA.</h3> + +<p>For practical purposes—and these lines are written for +practical men—there are eight Islands in the Hawaiian group. The +others are mere rocks, of no value to mankind at present. These eight +Islands, beginning from the northwest, are named Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, +Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. The areas of these Islands +are as follows:</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 5 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="names and areas of hawaiian islands"> +<tr> <td></td> <td style="padding-left: 1em"><b>Square Miles.</b></td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Niihau</td> <td class="padright"> 97</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Kauai</td> <td class="padright"> 590</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Oahu</td> <td class="padright"> 600</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Molokai</td> <td class="padright"> 270</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Maui</td> <td class="padright"> 760</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Lanai</td> <td class="padright"> 150</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Kahoolawe</td> <td class="padright"> 63</td> </tr> +<tr> <td class="left">Hawaii</td> <td class="padright">4210</td> </tr> +<tr> <td></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="shortequals" /> </td> </tr> +<tr> <td style="text-indent: 0.5em">Total</td> + <td class="padright">6740</td> </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>The Islands that interest an intending immigrant are Hawaii, Maui, +Oahu and Kauai. It is on these Islands that coffee, fruits, potatoes, +corn and vegetables can be raised by the small investor, and where +land can be obtained on reasonable terms.</p> + + +<h3>HAWAII.</h3> + +<p>The Island of Hawaii is the largest in the group, and presents +great varieties of soil and climate. The windward side, which includes +the districts of North Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo and Puna, is copiously +watered by rains and, in the Hilo district, the streams rush +impetuously down every gulch or ravine. The leeward side of the +Island, including South Kohala, North and South Kona, and Kau, is not +exposed to such strong rains, but an ample supply of water falls in +the rain belt. The Kona district has given the coffee product a name +in the markets of the world.</p> + +<p>On this Island are now situated numerous sugar plantations. Coffee +employs the industry of several hundred owners, ranging from the man +with 200,000 trees to him who has only an acre or so. There are +thousands upon thousands of acres at present uncultivated and only +awaiting the sturdy arms and enterprising brains of the men of the +temperate zone to develop them.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 6 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>MAUI.</h3> + +<p>Maui is also a very fine Island. Besides its sugar plantations, it +has numerous coffee lands, especially in the eastern part, which are +just now being opened up. The western slopes of Haleakala, the main +mountain of Maui, are covered with small farms where are raised +potatoes, corn, beans and pigs. Again, here, thousands of acres are +lying fallow.</p> + + +<h3>HONOLULU.</h3> + +<p>On Oahu is the capital, Honolulu. It is a city numbering thirty +thousand inhabitants and is pleasantly situated on the south side of +the Island. The city extends a considerable distance up Nuuanu Valley +and has wings extending northwest and southeast. It is a city of +foliage. Except in the business blocks, every house stands in its own +garden, and some of the houses are wonderfully beautiful.</p> + +<p>The city is lighted with electric light; there is a very complete +telephone system, and tram cars run at short intervals along the +principal streets and continue out to a sea-bathing resort and public +park, four miles from the city. There are numerous stores where all +kinds of goods can be obtained. In this particular Honolulu occupies a +position ahead of any city of similar size. The public buildings are +handsome and commodious. There are numerous churches, schools, a +public library of over 10,000 volumes, +Y. M. C. A. Hall, Masonic Temple, Odd Fellows' Hall and +Theater. There is frequent steam communication with San Francisco, +once a month with Victoria (British Columbia), and twice a month with +New Zealand and the Australian Colonies. Steamers also connect +Honolulu with China and Japan. There are three evening daily papers +published in English, one daily morning paper, and two weeklies. +Besides these there are papers published in the Hawaiian, Portuguese, +Japanese and Chinese languages, and also monthly magazines in various +tongues.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 7 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>OAHU'S OPPORTUNITIES.</h3> + +<p>The Island of Oahu presents excellent opportunities for the +investor. Acres upon acres of land remain undeveloped among its +teeming valleys, the energies and wealth of the population having been +devoted to the development of the sugar lands on the larger +Islands.</p> + +<p>A line of railroad has been constructed which at present runs along +the coast to a distance of thirty miles from the city. It is proposed +to continue this line completely around the Island. This railroad +opens up rich coffee and farming lands and affords ready means of +transport for the produce, and an expeditious method for obtaining the +necessary supplies, etc., from the capital. The management of the +railroad offers special inducements for would-be investors to see the +country, and special rates should they conclude to settle.</p> + + +<h3>KAUAI.</h3> + +<p>Kauai is called the "Garden Island," it is so well watered and so +luxuriant in vegetation. The Island is at present largely devoted to +the cultivation of sugar. Rice also cuts a considerable figure in the +agricultural production of Kauai. That it can produce coffee is +undoubted, but there is a timidity about embarking in the industry, +because some forty years ago the experiment of a coffee plantation was +tried, and owing to misjudgment of location and soil, failed. Since +then the cultivation of coffee has come to be more thoroughly +understood, and there is no doubt that quantities of land suitable for +such cultivation are now lying, like the sleeping beauty, waiting for +the kiss of enterprise to make them awake into usefulness and profit +for mankind.</p> + +<p>There is room on the Hawaiian Islands for at least ten times the +present population. The climate, soil and social conditions all tend +to make them a desirable home for those who are willing to work, and +have a moderate capital to begin with.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 8 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>GOVERNMENT.</h3> + +<p>The Government of the Hawaiian Islands is a Republic. Up to the +year 1893 it had been a limited monarchy, but at that date it was +felt, by the progressive party in the state, that monarchy had had its +day, and that the friends of such a form of government should give way +to more liberal institutions, assimilating to the institutions of the +United States, and to become a part of which Great Republic is the +earnest desire of all those who have the interests of the Islands at +heart. The monarchy, in a bloodless revolution, disappeared and the +Republic took its place.</p> + +<p>The Republic is a republic of progress, and under the Government +thus established every facility has been given for developing and +improving the country. The President is elected for six years. The +Legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, all +members being elected by popular vote. The Senators are elected for a +term of six years, and voters for Senators must have real property +worth $1,500, or personal property worth $3,000, or an income of not +less than $600 per annum. The vote for Representatives is based on +manhood suffrage.</p> + + +<h3>TAXATION.</h3> + +<p>All males between the ages of 20 and 60 pay a personal tax +of $5, viz: Poll tax, $1; road tax, $2; school +tax, $2. Land pays a tax of one per cent. on the cash value, and +personal property a similar rate. Carts pay $2, brakes $3, +carriages $5, dogs $1, female dogs $3. From the above +it will be seen that the taxes are not heavy as compared with other +countries; moreover, there are no local taxes of any kind.</p> + + +<h3>METHOD OF ACQUIRING LAND.</h3> + +<p>Land can be obtained from the Government by two methods, viz.; The +cash freehold system, and the right of purchase leases. +<!-- Page 9 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +Under the first system the land is sold at auction. The purchaser pays +one-quarter in cash and the rest in equal installments of one, two and +three years, interest being charged at the rate of six per cent. upon +the unpaid balance. Under this system the purchaser is bound to +maintain a home on the land from the commencement of the second year +to the end of the third. The right of purchase leases are drawn for +twenty-one years at a rental of eight per cent. on the appraised value +of the land. The lessee has the privilege of purchasing the land, +after the third year, <i>at the original appraised value</i>, provided +25 per cent. of the land is reduced to cultivation, and other +conditions of the lease filled. In this case a home must be maintained +from the end of the first year to the end of the fifth year. The limit +of first-class agricultural land obtainable is 100 acres. This amount +is increased on lands of inferior quality. Under the above conditions +the applicant must be 18 years of age and obtain special letters of +denization. Land can also be obtained from the various land and +investment companies, and from private parties. The full land law will +be treated of in <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Chapter VI</a>. of this +pamphlet.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="EXECUTIVE" id="EXECUTIVE"></a> +<img src="images/executive.jpg" width="500" height="369" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +EXECUTIVE BUILDING. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="JUDICIARY" id="JUDICIARY"></a> +<img src="images/judiciary.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +JUDICIARY BUILDING. +</span></div> + + +<h3>JUDICIARY, POLICE, ETC.</h3> + +<p>There is a thoroughly efficient judiciary consisting of a Supreme +Court, five Circuit Courts in which trials by jury are conducted, and +District Courts in every district. The higher courts are presided over +by well trained, educated men. There is an efficient police force in +every part of the group. The inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of +violence are very rare. There is very little petty theft, and even in +Honolulu, the greatest center of population and a seaport town, many +of the houses are left with doors unlocked at night.</p> + + +<h3>SCHOOLS.</h3> + +<p>There is an excellent system of free public schools taught in the +English language, the teachers in many cases being imported +<!-- Page 10 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> +from the United States. The main plan of the system is modelled upon +the public school system of the United States, modified to meet the +wants of a heterogeneous population. The children are instructed in +writing, reading, composition, arithmetic, geography, both local and +general. The books are uniform and obtainable at the same price as in +the United States. The schools are strictly non-sectarian. There is no +district, however remote, in which there is no school. The only people +who cannot read and write are those who come from abroad. Those born +in the Islands are compelled by law to take advantage of the education +offered. Besides the common school education, opportunities are given +at various centers for a higher education equivalent to the grammar +grade of the United States, and in Honolulu a high school and +collegiate course can be obtained at a small cost.</p> + + +<h3>CHURCHES.</h3> + +<p>The various Christian denominations are represented and all forms +are tolerated. The country churches of the Protestant denominations +are chiefly conducted by Hawaiian pastors, the Roman Catholic by +French and German priests, who are mostly good linguists and speak +Hawaiian, English and Portuguese, besides their mother +tongue. Wherever there is a large collection of English speaking +people a Protestant church is usually supported by them. In Honolulu +there is a large number of churches, Congregational, Roman Catholic, +Episcopalian, Methodist and Mormon. There is a Sunday law, and all +work which is not absolutely necessary is prohibited on that +day. Rational outdoor amusement is not prohibited, such as riding, +boating, shooting, etc., and the Government Band plays at the public +park at Waikiki every Sunday afternoon.</p> + + +<h3>PHYSICIANS.</h3> + +<p>In every district of the Islands the Government supports a doctor, +who gives his services to indigent Hawaiians free of +<!-- Page 11 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> +charge—others have to pay. In many places there are physicians +settled who carry on a private practice.</p> + + +<h3>TELEPHONES.</h3> + +<p>The Islands of Oahu, Kauai and Hawaii have telephones to every +accessible point. The rent of the instrument is moderate, and a small +charge is made for those who do not care or cannot afford to possess +an instrument of their own. On Maui the telephone is at present +established only in part.</p> + + +<h3>COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ISLANDS.</h3> + +<p>Communication between the Islands is by steamer; of these some +seventeen are constantly plying from port to port, affording weekly +communication with the capital. The regular passenger steamers are +well fitted with cabins, have electric bells and electric lights and +all modern accommodations.</p> + + +<h3>POSTAL MATTERS.</h3> + +<p>There is a regular postal system, and on the arrival of a steamer +at any main point, mail carriers at once start out to distribute the +mail through the district. The Hawaiian Islands belong to the Postal +Union, and money orders can be obtained to the United States, Canada, +Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, +Portugal, Hong Kong and Colony of Victoria, as well as local orders +between the Islands.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 12 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES.</h3> + +<p>The mainstay of the Hawaiian Islands has, for the last thirty-five +years, been the sugar industry. From this source a large amount of +wealth has been accumulated. But the sugar industry requires large +capital for expensive machinery, and has never proved remunerative to +small investors. An attempt has been made at profit-sharing and has +met with some success, the small farmer cultivating and the capitalist +grinding at a central mill. Of late years, moreover, the small farmer +has been steadily developing in the Hawaiian Islands and attention has +been given to other products than sugar.</p> + +<p>Rice, neither the European nor the American can cultivate as +laborers. It requires working in marshy land, and though on the +Islands it yields two crops a year, none but the Chinaman can raise it +successfully. A dry-land or mountain rice has been introduced, which +will be treated under the head of Agricultural possibilities.</p> + +<p>The main staple after sugar and rice is coffee. Of this hundreds of +thousands of trees have been planted out within the last five years. +This is essentially the crop of the future and bids fair to become as +important a staple as sugar. Coffee does not require the amount of +capital that sugar does, and it can be worked remuneratively upon a +small area. It is estimated that at the end of the fourth year the +return from a 75-acre coffee plantation will much more than pay the +running expenses, while +<!-- Page 13 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> +from that time on a return of from eight to ten thousand dollars per +annum may be realized.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_32">page 32</a> will be found an estimate of the +cost of establishing a 75-acre coffee plantation from the first to the +seventh year.</p> + +<p>Fruits can also be cultivated to advantage. At present the banana +trade of the Islands amounts to over 100,000 bunches per annum, valued +at over $100,000, and the quantity might be very easily quadrupled. +The banana industry may be regarded as in its infancy. The export of +the fruit is only from the Island of Oahu, but there are thousands of +acres on the other Islands of the group which could be profitably used +for this cultivation and for nothing else. The whole question of the +banana industry hinges on the market. At present the market is +limited.</p> + +<p>Limes and oranges can be cultivated and the fruit can be easily +packed for export; at present the production does not meet the local +market. The fruits can be raised to perfection. The Hawaiian orange +has a fine flavor and the Hawaiian lime has an aroma and flavor far +superior to that cultivated in Mexico and Central America. In the +uplands of Hawaii and Maui potatoes can be and are raised. Their +quality is good. Corn is also raised. In these industries many +Portuguese, Norwegians and others have embarked. Both these products +find an ample local market. The corn is used largely for feed on the +plantations. The corn is ground with the cob and makes an excellent +feed for working cattle, horses and mules.</p> + +<p>In the uplands, where the climate is temperate, as at Waimea, +Hawaii, vegetables of all kinds can be raised; excellent cauliflowers, +cabbages and every product of the temperate zone can be grown to +perfection.</p> + +<p>Cattle raising in so small a place as the Hawaiian Islands does not +present great opportunities except for local consumption. Pigs are +profitable to the small farmer. In the Kula district of Maui pigs are +fattened upon the corn and potatoes raised in the district. The price +of pork, dressed, is 25 cents per pound in Honolulu and about 15 cents +per pound in the +<!-- Page 14 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +outside districts. The Chinese, of whom there are some 15,000 resident +on the various Islands, are extremely fond of pork, so that there is a +large local market, which has to be supplemented by importations from +California.</p> + +<p>Attention has lately been given to fiber plants, for which there +are many suitable locations. Ramie grows luxuriantly, but the lack of +proper decorticating and cleaning machinery has prevented any advance +in this cultivation.</p> + +<p>Sisal hemp and Sansevieria<!--Typo: sanseveira--> have been +experimented with, but without any distinct influence upon the trade +output.</p> + +<p>The cultivation of pineapples is a very growing industry. In 1895 +pines were exported from the Islands to San Francisco to the value of +nearly $9,000. This has grown up in the last half dozen years. There +is every reason to think that canning pineapples for the Coast and +other markets can be made profitable.</p> + +<p>The guava, which grows wild, can also be put up to profit, for the +manufacture of guava jelly. It has never been entered upon on a large +scale, but to the thrifty farmer it would add a convenient slice to +his income, just as the juice of the maple adds an increase to the +farmer of the Eastern States. Well made guava jelly will find a market +anywhere. In England it is regarded as a great delicacy, being +imported from the West India Islands. Besides the guava there are +other fruits which can be put up to commercial profit, notably the +poha or Cape gooseberry (Physalis Edulis). This has been successfully +made into jams and jelly, which command an extensive local sale and +should find their way into larger markets.</p> + +<p>In point of fact, outside the great industries of sugar, coffee and +rice, there is a good field for many minor industries which can be +carried on with profit by those who know what work is, and are willing +to put their shoulders to the wheel.</p> + +<p>In the Hawaiian Islands a simple life can be lived, and entering +gradually upon the coffee industry, a good competence can be obtained +long before such could be realized by the agriculturalist +<!-- Page 15 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +elsewhere. However, it is useless to come to the Islands without the +necessary capital to develop the land that can be obtained.</p> + +<p>Between arriving and the time that the crops begin to give returns +there is a period where the living must be close, and cash must be +paid out for the necessary improvements. The land is here, the climate +is here; it only requires brains, a small capital and energy to +realize such comfort and independence as can not be realized in old +countries, in one-fourth of the time.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 16 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>COFFEE.</h3> + + +<p>The most promising of all the Island products, outside of sugar, is +coffee. No finer coffee in the world is produced than that of the +Hawaiian Islands. It requires care and does not produce a crop until +the third year, but it remains till the fifth year to make a proper +realization upon the investment. It is evidently necessary to give a +very full description of the coffee plant and its method of culture to +assure intending immigrants of what is before them.</p> + +<p>Coffee is a shrub belonging to the family of the +Rubiaceae.<!--Typo: Rubiaciae--> Botanists divide it into many +species, but it can be practically divided into two sections, Arabian +coffee and Liberian coffee, or in point of fact, Asiatic and +African. In the Hawaiian Islands coffee grows best between 500 and +2,000 feet above the sea level, though there are cases in which it has +done well close to the sea. It requires a loose porous soil and does +not thrive well in heavy clayey ground which holds much water. Of such +heavy land there is very little in the Hawaiian Islands. The soil is +generally very porous.</p> + +<p>It is very evident that coffee will thrive and give good results in +varying conditions of soil and degrees of heat. In these Islands it +grows and produces from very nearly at the sea level to the elevation +of 2,600 feet. The highest elevation of bearing coffee, known here, is +twenty-five miles from the town of Hilo and in the celebrated Olaa +district.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="EWA" id="EWA"></a> +<img src="images/ewa.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +EWA MILL. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="VALLEY" id="VALLEY"></a> +<img src="images/valley.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII. +</span></div> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 17 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> +</div> + +<p>With such a range it is evident that, in a tropical climate, the +cultivation of coffee presents greater opportunities for an investor +than other tropical products.</p> + +<p>For years it was thought that coffee would only grow to advantage +in the Kona district of Hawaii. Practical experiment has shown that it +can be grown with success in almost any part of the Islands.</p> + +<p>The opening up of the Olaa portion of the Puna district, by a well +macadamized road leading from Hilo to the Volcano, may be regarded as +the commencement of the coffee industry on a large scale on the +Hawaiian Islands. There are now over fifty plantations where six years +ago there was nothing but tangled and dense forest. The Olaa land is +Government property and can be acquired under the land law. There are +still 10,000 acres not taken up. The location is very desirable as +there is direct communication with Hilo by an excellent road and the +crop can be readily taken to the shipping point. Indeed it can not be +long before a railroad will be built; when this takes place a far +larger extent of land will be available for coffee growing in this +section of the country. The soil in the Olaa district is deep and +wonderfully prolific.</p> + +<p>Other portions of Puna also present many fertile lands, and coffee +plantations in those parts are coming to the front showing excellent +results. A considerable number of investors have opened up coffee +plantations in them, all of which are doing excellently. These +plantations, to the knowledge of the writer are, many of them, carried +on out of the savings made by workers in Honolulu, who are thus +preparing for themselves a provision for their early middle age. On +the Island of Hawaii are the great coffee districts of Olaa, Puna, +Kona and Hamakua, in each of which thriving coffee plantations are +established, while tens of thousands of acres of the very finest lands +are yet undisturbed. Government lands in these districts are being +opened up for settlement as fast as circumstances will permit.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 18 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +</div> + +<p>On the Island of Maui there is a large area of splendid coffee +lands. The extensive land of Keanae belonging to the Government will +be opened for settlement as soon as the preliminary work of surveying +is completed.</p> + +<p>On the Island of Molokai the industry is making progress and there +are several plantations along the leeward valleys.</p> + +<p>So also on the Island of Oahu there is much good coffee land, which +is being experimented upon, and considerable capital invested in the +undertaking.</p> + +<p>As the case now stands for the investor, land can be obtained for +coffee growing in:—</p> + +<div> +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Island of Hawaii</span>. + <ul> + <li>North and South Kona,</li> + <li>Hilo,</li> + <li>Puna, including Olaa,</li> + <li>Hamakua.</li> + </ul> +</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Island of Maui</span>. + <ul> + <li>Keanae,</li> + <li>Nahiku,</li> + <li>Lahaina,</li> + <li>Kaupo.</li> + </ul> +</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Island of Molokai</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Island of Oahu</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Island of Kauai</span>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p>In addition to the large tracts of Government lands on Hawaii and +Maui, there are many fine tracts of first-class<!--Add hyphen--> +coffee lands owned or controlled by private parties. It is the policy +of the Government to encourage the settlement of its lands by small +farmers. Hence the amount of land, granted to one party or that one +party can take up, while amply sufficient to enable one person or +family, with honest endeavor, to acquire an independence, is not large +enough to offer inducements for the employment of large amounts of +capital.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 19 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +</div> + +<p>That areas of land, for the establishment of large coffee +plantations, can be acquired is reasonably certain as large owners are +evincing a disposition to sell and lease their lands.</p> + +<p>There is no agricultural investment that offers better +opportunities for the profitable employment of capital, than a well +managed coffee estate.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 20 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>CULTIVATION OF THE COFFEE TREE IN THE +HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.</h3> + + +<p>In order to obtain the best results the coffee tree requires to be +properly planted, and during its life time needs frequent and +intelligent cultivation.</p> + +<p>The various operations incidental to the opening and carrying on of +a coffee plantation will be taken up in their proper order and +described in as plain language as possible, and as briefly as is +consistent with a clear explanation of the subject.</p> + +<p>The very first thing the planter should do after obtaining +possession of his land is to plant a nursery, so that he may have, as +soon as possible, an abundant supply of strong healthy plants. Many +planters have planted their fields with wild stumps, these are young +coffee plants that are found under wild growths of coffee trees. The +young trees are cut off about six inches above the ground, they are +then taken up and the lateral roots trimmed close to the tap root. The +thready end of the tap root is cut off and the stump is ready to +plant. In some cases the young plants are taken up, from under the +wild trees, and planted just as they are. This method can be dismissed +at once as the worst possible method of planting the coffee tree. The +very best plants are strong healthy nursery plants, that is, plants +that have been grown from the best seed in a properly prepared +nursery. The next best plants to use are nursery +<!-- Page 21 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +stumps. These are nursery trees that have grown too large to safely +transplant. By cutting them down and trimming the roots they can be +safely transplanted to the field, where they will grow into good +healthy trees. Stumps soon after planting send up several shoots, +these, with the exception of the strongest one, are taken off. This +latter shoot is to grow and make the coffee trees.</p> + + +<h3>MAKING THE NURSERY.</h3> + +<p>The size of the nursery will depend on how large the plantation is +to be. For a 75-acre plantation, one acre of ground will more than +supply all the plants required. It is always desirable to have a +greater number of plants than is needed to just plant the acreage the +plantation is to be, for after the fields are planted some of the +plants may get injured from dry weather and require replacing with +plants from the nursery. Any surplus left, after the trees in the +fields are well established, can be sold to some later planter, who +will find it to his advantage to purchase good nursery plants for his +first planting and thereby save one year of time. It is advisable for +all planters to buy plants for their first planting, but for the +second year's planting they should have a nursery of their own from +which they can select the strongest and most forward plants.</p> + +<p>The land for the nursery should be selected as close as possible to +where the plantation is to be. It should be on a slight slope to +insure drainage, and free from rocks and stones. The soil should be +ploughed or dug over to the depth of one foot and made as fine as +possible. Beds should be thrown up six inches high and three feet +wide. The surface of the beds should be made quite smooth and level; +the seeds should be planted six inches apart and three quarters of an +inch deep. A good way to ensure even and regular planting is to make a +frame three feet wide each way. Pegs, three quarters of an inch long +and five eighths of an inch diameter, should be fastened +<!-- Page 22 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> +to one side of the frame, placing them exactly six inches apart. The +frame, thus prepared, is placed, pegs down, on the bed. A slight +pressure will sink the pegs into the soil. The frame is now lifted +and you have the holes for the seeds all of one depth and equi-distant +from each other. The seeds can now be dropped one in each hole. The +seeds should be placed flat side down, and covered by brushing over +the surface of the bed. If the weather is at all dry it is a good plan +to mulch the surface of the bed with dry grass or fern leaves. The +soil should be kept moist, and if there is not sufficient rain the +beds must be watered. In six or seven weeks the seeds should sprout +and show above ground. The mulching should now be moved from over the +plants and arranged in the rows. It has been the practice of some +planters to plant the seed much closer than six inches apart, but it +will be found that plants at six inches apart can be more easily and +safely transplanted than from close planted beds. It will be advisable +in taking up plants from the beds, to take only every other one, this +will give the remaining plants more room to develop and grow more +stocky than would be the case if all the plants were taken up from +each bed as they were required.</p> + + +<h3>CLEARING THE LAND.</h3> + +<p>The next thing for the planter to do is to get his land +cleared. This can be done more satisfactorily and cheaply by contract +than can be done by days' work. Gangs of Chinese and Japanese +undertake the clearing of land and will make a contract to clear the +land as per specification. In the Olaa District land costs from $20 to +$50 per acre to clear, according to the kind of clearing done. The +land is forest land and some planters have the trees cut down and +everything burned making the land quite clear, while others just have +the vines and ferns cut and the trees felled, leaving everything on +the land to rot. +<!-- Page 23 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +This method while costing much less than burning up everything, makes +it more expensive to lay out and plant the land. The planter must +decide for himself which of the two methods he will pursue. However, +it can be said in the case of those who only cut and fell, in a few +years everything, trees, vines and ferns rot down and greatly increase +the fertility of the soil. The next thing is to lay out the land for +the digging of the holes where it is intended to set out the young +trees. There is a wide diversity of opinion as to the proper distance +apart to plant coffee trees. From 10x12 feet down to 5x6 and all +intermediate distances are practiced. It is a significant fact that +planters who formerly planted their trees at the wider distances are +now setting out trees as close as 6x5. Trees planted 6x6 will probably +yield better results per acre than trees planted at a wider or closer +distance. Having fixed upon the distance apart the trees are to be +planted, the planter proceeds to mark with pegs the places where he +wants the holes dug. This is usually done with a line or rope that has +pieces of red rag fastened in the strands, at the distance apart at +which it is intended to dig the holes. The line is drawn tightly +across one end of the clearing and a peg driven into the soil at every +place that is marked on the line. The men, holding the two ends of the +line, are each provided with a stick the exact length that the rows +are to be apart. After one row is pegged, the line is advanced one +length of the stick and the operation repeated until the whole +clearing is pegged. After the first line is pegged a line should be +laid at exactly right angles to the first line so that the rows will +be straight both ways. The pegging being completed, the holes should +be dug not less than 18 inches wide and 18 inches deep. The top soil +should be carefully placed on one side of the hole and the subsoil on +the other, the holes should remain open as long as possible and should +only be filled in a week or so before planting the trees. The bottoms +of the holes should be explored with a light crowbar +<!-- Page 24 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +and, if any rocks or stones are found, they should be removed. In +filling the holes the top soil (that has been placed on one side) +should be placed in the bottom of the hole and other top soil should +be taken from between the rows until the hole is full, the subsoil can +now be disposed of by scattering it between the rows. The holes after +filling should have the marking pegs replaced in the center of the +filling, this will serve as a guide for planting the trees.</p> + + +<h3>PLANTING.</h3> + +<p>There is no operation in all the work of establishing a coffee +plantation that requires such careful supervision as that of planting +out the young trees. If the work is carelessly done and the slender +tap root is doubled up or, if it is shortened too much, the tree will +never thrive. It may grow fairly well for a time, perhaps until the +time for the first crop, then the foliage will turn yellow and the +tree show every sign of decay. The effort to produce a crop is too +much for the tree and the sooner it is pulled up and replaced by a +properly planted tree the better.</p> + +<p>The closest supervision is necessary in order that the planter may +be certain that the tap roots are placed perfectly straight in the +ground; and the lateral roots placed in a natural position. In order +to effect this, with the least amount of trouble, transplanters have +been used. A transplanter that has been used with success is made as +follows: two pieces of sheet iron (galvanized) are bent into two half +circles, which, when placed together, form a cylinder 3 inches in +diameter and seven inches long. A piece of hoop iron is bent to a +ring, that will fit over the cylinder, and riveted. The mode of using +is as follows: The two halves of the cylinder are pressed into the +ground, one on each side of the young coffee tree. They are pressed +down until the upper ends are level with the surface of the soil. The +<!-- Page 25 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +hoop iron ring is then pressed over the ends of the two halves of the +cylinder, binding them firmly together. The cylinder can now be lifted +from the ground bringing with it the young tree with all its roots in +the position in which they grew. In this condition the young trees are +carried to the field and, the holes being opened, the cylinder, +holding the tree, is placed in the ground and the soil packed firmly +around it. The hoop iron ring is then removed and the two halves of +the cylinder withdrawn. The soil is again compacted around the roots +and the tree is planted. There is another transplanter, invented in +America, that would probably be better and more economical in working +than the one described above. This transplanter consists of a cylinder +of thin sheet steel. These are made in America of various sizes to +suit different kinds of trees. For a coffee tree a good size would be +7 inches long and 5 inches in diameter. The cylinder has an +opening, five-eighths of an inch wide, running the whole length of the +cylinder and exactly opposite this opening a handle is riveted. This +handle is of half inch round iron, 18 inches long with a cross bar on +top. The rod is bent outward in the form of a bow, so that in working, +the branches of the young tree may not be injured. The mode of working +the transplanter is as follows: the cylinder is placed on the ground +with the tree in the center of the cylinder. This can be done by +allowing the stem of the young tree to pass through the slot in the +cylinder. Then, by means of the cross handle, the cylinder is turned +and pressed into the soil until the upper end is level with the +surface of the ground. Then, by lifting on the stem of the tree and +the handle of the transplanter at the same time, the tree is taken +from the ground with its roots undisturbed. Should the end of the tap +root project below the end of the cylinder, the thready end should be +pinched off with the thumb nail. By placing the lower end of the +cylinder on the bottom of a box and inserting a wedge-shaped piece of +wood in the slot, the cylinder is sprung +<!-- Page 26 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +open and can be withdrawn, leaving the young tree, with a cylinder of +earth around its roots, standing on the bottom of the box. This +operation can be repeated until the box is full of the young trees, +when it is carried to the field and the trees placed one at each hole. +By using a duplicate transplanter a cylinder of earth is removed from +the spot where the tree is to be placed, and the tree with its +cylinder of earth is placed in the round hole, which it exactly fits, +the earth being slightly compacted around the roots. The tree is thus +planted with the absolute certainty that the roots are in their +natural position.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="PAUOA" id="PAUOA"></a> +<img src="images/pauoa.jpg" width="500" height="354" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="PINEAPPLE" id="PINEAPPLE"></a> +<img src="images/pineapple.jpg" width="500" height="363" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +PINEAPPLE PLANTATION. +</span></div> + + +<h3>WEEDING.</h3> + +<p>The old adage, "a stitch in time saves nine," will bear its fullest +application in the care and weeding of a coffee estate. From the time +the land is first cleared, weeding should commence, and it is +astonishing how little it will cost if care is taken that no weed be +allowed to run to seed. The bulk of Hawaiian coffee lands is situated +in the forests where the land is covered with a dense undergrowth of +ferns and vines and there are no pernicious weeds to bother. But soon +after clearing, the seeds of weeds are dropped by the birds and are +carried in on the feet and clothing of the laborers and visitors. We +have no weeds that run to seed in less than thirty days, and if the +fields are gone over, once a month, and any weed that can be found +pulled up and buried, the work of weeding will be reduced to a +minimum. But if the weeds, that are bound to spring up, are allowed to +run to seed, the work of weeding will be greatly increased and will +require the labor of a large gang to keep the fields in order. If +taken in time, the labor of one man will keep from 15 to 25 acres +quite clean. During the first year after setting out the fields, all +that is required is to keep the fields clear of weeds and the +replacing, with a healthy tree from the nursery, any tree that from +any cause looks sickly and does not come along well.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 27 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +</div> + +<p>It will be found that in parts of the field some trees, while +looking healthy, do not grow as fast as the average of the trees, this +is often due to the soil not being of as good a quality. Knolls and +side hills are not generally so rich as the hollows and valleys, and +the coffee trees, planted in the poorest parts of the field, should be +fertilized until they are as vigorous as the trees in the best +parts.</p> + + +<h3>HANDLING.</h3> + +<p>During the second year the young trees will have begun to make a +good growth and will require handling. In order to make clear the +description of the operations of handling and pruning, it may be well +to describe here the component parts of the coffee tree.</p> + +<p>The underground portion consists of a tap root and numerous lateral +or side roots. The parts above ground consist of:</p> + +<p class="list">1st. The stem or trunk.</p> + +<p class="list">2d. The primaries or first branches; these grow from +the trunk in pairs at intervals of from two to four inches, the two +primaries, making a pair, grow one opposite to the other, the pair +above radiating out at a different angle and so on to the top of the +tree.</p> + +<p class="list">3rd. The secondaries; these are the branches that grow +in pairs from the primaries.</p> + +<p class="list">4th. The tertiaries; these are the third branches that +grow in pairs from the secondaries in the same manner as the +secondaries grow on the primaries.</p> + +<p class="list">5th. The leaves that grow on all the branches.</p> + +<p>During the whole of the second year, the field should be gone over +at least every two months and all the secondaries that make their +appearance should be rubbed off; this can be done by a touch of the +fingers, if the secondaries are not more than two or three inches +long. If allowed to grow longer, the knife +<!-- Page 28 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +must be used, or there is danger of tearing out the eye or bud, which +we depend upon for growing new secondaries at the proper time. During +the second year, the secondaries will make their appearance only on +the lower sets of primaries, the upper sets as they grow being too +young to grow secondaries. At the beginning of the third year all the +secondaries should be allowed to grow till they attain a length of six +inches; then the trees should be carefully gone over and all but five +of the secondaries on each primary cut off with a sharp pruning +knife. No pairs should be left, and only the strongest and most +vigorous should be retained. They should be disposed on alternate +sides of the primary and none left in a space of six inches from the +stem of the tree. The object of this is to allow the light to +penetrate to the center of the tree, for the coffee tree bears fruit +in greater profusion on branches that are exposed to the light than on +those that are shaded.</p> + +<p>During this third year the tree will blossom and bear the first or +maiden crop. In some cases the tree will blossom in the second year, +but it is a wise plan to rub all the blossoms off, as it only weakens +the tree to bear a crop at such an early age. It is of the utmost +importance that in the first crop, as well as in all future crops, the +tree should not be overburdened with a superabundance of growing +wood. If left to itself, the lower primaries will grow a mass of +secondaries, so much so that no blossom will set on them, and the +first crop will come only on the upper primaries, and be only a third +or fourth of the crop that would be produced if the trees were +properly handled. By handling, as described above, the tree is +relieved of all superfluous wood and only such secondaries are left as +are needed to bear the fourth year's crop, and the maiden crop will +grow on the primaries. It may be well to mention here, that coffee +only grows on wood of the second year's growth, and does not grow on +the same wood twice.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 29 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +</div> + +<p>During the third year, the secondaries will come on the upper +primaries. When they are well set, they should be reduced in number +and in no case should more than five be left to grow. In some cases +four or even three will be sufficient. Whatever the number that may be +left, it must be understood that these are the branches that will bear +the crop for the fourth year. During the third year new secondaries +will grow from the places where the former secondaries grew. Sometimes +two will grow from one bud, they should all be removed, the trees +being gone over two months, but at the last handling before blossoming +time, which varies greatly with the elevation above sea level, enough +of these new secondaries should be left to make wood for the fifth +year's crop. From this time on the coffee planter should be able to +point out the wood on which the present and the next year's crop will +be borne, and it is this wood and that only, that should be allowed to +grow. All other shoots, suckers, etc., should be rubbed off each time +the tree is handled, provision being made each year for the wood for +the crop two years hence.</p> + +<p>During the third year, the trees will require topping. As to the +height at which a coffee tree should be topped, there is a great +diversity of opinion. Some planters advocate topping as low as four +and a half feet, others at six or seven feet; as a matter of fact the +coffee tree will bear fruit if topped as low as one and one half feet +or if not topped at all. The only valid reason for topping as low as +four and a half feet is for the convenience of picking the crop. Five +and a half or six feet is a good height to top a coffee tree on the +rich lands of the Hawaiian Islands. In fact the planters should not be +guided by the number of feet, but by the number of primaries he +desires the tree to carry. Eighteen to twenty pairs are a reasonable +number for a coffee tree to carry in this country, and it will be +found that by not counting those primaries that grow on the stem +within fifteen inches from the ground, eighteen or +<!-- Page 30 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> +twenty pairs of primaries will come on the stem within six feet from +the ground. Before topping the tree, it should be allowed to grow +somewhat higher that it is intended to top, so that the wood may be +hardened and not decay as it sometimes does if topped when the wood is +too young. Topping is performed by cutting off the top of the tree at +a point an inch above a pair of primaries. Both primaries should also +be cut off an inch from the stem. This will leave the top in the form +of a cross; a knot will form at this point from which the tree will +constantly send up shoots striving to make a new top. These should be +torn off every time the tree is handled.</p> + +<p>We have now arrived at the time when the tree is bearing the first +or maiden crop. Through careful handling the tree has been divested of +all superfluous shoots, branches, etc., and the crop is maturing on +the primaries. If the trees are situated on good rich soil, and the +trees are well grown, there should be at least thirteen pairs of +primaries bearing crop. At an average of fifty berries to each primary +there will be a yield of over one and a quarter pounds of clean coffee +to the tree. This yield for the first crop has been much exceeded in +this country, but it can only be assured by careful cultivation and +handling as described in this paper.</p> + +<p>We will now take a look at the condition of our three years old +trees. They have all been topped and are carrying from thirty-six to +forty primaries, of which all except the upper six or eight are +carrying four or five secondaries that are well advanced and which +will bear the crop for the fourth year. There will also be four or +five secondaries, that are one or two months old, which are intended +to bear the fifth year's crop. All other growth should be removed as +before up to the time of blossoming for the fourth year's crop. This +may be estimated as follows: There should be at least twenty-four +primaries that have on each of them say, four bearing secondaries. At +thirty berries to each secondary, the yield would be close to three +<!-- Page 31 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +pounds of clean coffee to each tree. This again has been exceeded in +this country for four year old trees, but it must be borne in mind, +that in order to obtain these results, proper cultivation, handling +and pruning must be done. Without proper care such results would be +impossible, the coffee cannot grow an abundance of wood and coffee at +the same time. As soon as the crop of the fourth year is gathered the +work of pruning must commence without delay. This consists of cutting +off with a sharp knife the secondaries that have borne the crop. They +must not be cut so close as to injure the eye or bud. About +three-sixteenths of an inch from the stem of the primary will be quite +safe, and the secondaries for the fifth year's crop will soon make +their appearance. Care should be taken to leave the stem of the tree +clear of shoots and foliage for a space of six inches from the stem; +the tree will want all the light it can get. The coffee tree can be +said to be in full bearing when all the primaries are carrying bearing +secondaries. During the life of the coffee tree, the planter must +keep a close watch on his trees and restrict their wood-bearing +propensities to the wood that is to bear his crops; nothing else +should be allowed to grow. If the work is commenced rightly and +carried on systematically, the work will not be difficult and no crops +will be lost. But on the other hand, if the work is neglected, the +trees will become matted and all the lower primaries die off. These, +if once lost, will not grow again. The tree under these conditions +will only bear a tithe of the crop it would bear with proper +attention, and furthermore it is a most difficult matter to bring a +neglected tree into proper shape and it can only be done at a loss of +one and perhaps two years' time. There are many minor details +connected with the care of the coffee tree which would occupy too much +space to describe here, and which the coffee planter can easily learn +as he carries on the work of coffee planting. Without doubt coffee +planting in this country is destined to become a great industry. We +have large tracts +<!-- Page 32 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +of the finest coffee lands in the world, only waiting to be cultivated +to make prosperous and happy homes. One parting word to the intending +coffee planter, take Davie Crockett's motto, "Be sure you're right and +then go ahead."</p> + +<h3> +ESTIMATE OF COST OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING A +COFFEE PLANTATION OF 75 ACRES, FROM THE FIRST +TO THE SEVENTH YEAR.</h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" summary="coffee plantation cost estimate, first +seven years, 3 columns, 89 rows"> + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>FIRST YEAR.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"> + Purchase of 100 acres of Government land at $10.00 per acre</td> + <td class="padright">$1,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's house and water tank</td> + <td class="padright"> 600 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Laborers' quarters and water tank</td> + <td class="padright">350 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Clearing 50 acres of land, at $20 per + acre</td> + <td class="padright">1,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Fencing</td> + <td class="padright">300 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Purchase of 65,000, 1-year old coffee plants + at $5.00 per M</td> + <td class="padright">325 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Lining, holing and planting 50 acres</td> + <td class="padright">600 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary, 1 year</td> + <td class="padright">1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor of 6 Japanese, 1 year at $15 per + month</td> + <td class="padright">1,080 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Purchase of tools and starting nursery</td> + <td class="padright">500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$6,955 00</td> + <td class="padright">$6,955 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>SECOND YEAR.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 6 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">1,080 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Extra labor lining, holing and planting + 25 acres</td> + <td class="padright">300 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries</td> + <td class="padright">500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$3,080 00</td> + <td class="padright">$10,035 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <th colspan="3"> +<!-- Page 33 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> + + <h4>THIRD YEAR.</h4> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 9 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">1,620 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Pulping shed and drying house</td> + <td class="padright">500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Pulper, with engine and boiler</td> + <td class="padright">500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Extra help for picking, pulping and drying + 20,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres (at 4 cents + per lb.)</td> + <td class="padright">800 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Hulling, polishing and grading + 20,000 lbs. of coffee at 1 cent</td> + <td class="padright">200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries: bags, freight, etc.</td> + <td class="padright">250 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$5,070 00</td> + <td class="padright"> 5,070 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$15,105 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>CREDIT.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">By sale of 20,000 lbs. of coffee at + 18 cents</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">3,600 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$11,505 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>FOURTH YEAR.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 9 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">1,620 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Extra labor picking, pulping and drying + 50,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres (at 4 cents + per lb.)</td> + <td class="padright">2,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">10,000 lbs. from 25 acres + (3-year-old trees)</td> + <td class="padright">400 00</td> + <td class="padright"> + <!-- Page 34 --> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +</td> +</tr> + + + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Hulling, polishing and grading + 60,000 lbs. at 1 cent</td> + <td class="padright">600 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries: bags, freight, etc.</td> + <td class="padright">400 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$6,220 00</td> + <td class="padright"> 6,220 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$17,725 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>CREDIT.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">By sale of 60,000 lbs. of coffee at 18c</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">10,800 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$ 6,925 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>FIFTH YEAR.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 9 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">1,620 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Picking, pulping and drying + 60,000 lbs. coffee from 50 acres and + 25,000 lbs. from 25 acres, at 4 cents</td> + <td class="padright">3,400 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Hulling, polishing and grading + 85,000 lbs. at 1 cent per lb.</td> + <td class="padright">850 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries: bags, freight, etc.</td> + <td class="padright">500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$7,570 00</td> + <td class="padright"> 7,570 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$14,495 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>CREDIT.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">By sale of 85,000 lbs. coffee at + 18 cents</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">15,300 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Balance on hand</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$ 905 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <th colspan="3"> +<!-- Page 35 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> + + <h4>SIXTH YEAR.</h4> +</th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 9 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">1,620 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Picking, pulping and drying + 75,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres, + and 25,000 lbs. from 25 acres, 100,000 lbs. at + 4 cents</td> + <td class="padright">4,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Hulling, polishing and grading + 100,000 lbs. at 1 cent</td> + <td class="padright">1,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries: bags, freight, etc.</td> + <td class="padright">1,000 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$8,820 00</td> + <td class="padright">$8,820 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>CREDIT.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">By sale of 100,000 lbs. of coffee at + 18 cents</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">18,000 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Balance on hand</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$10,085 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<th colspan="3"><h4>SEVENTH YEAR.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Manager's salary</td> + <td class="padright">$1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Labor, 12 Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">2,160 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Picking, pulping and drying + 125,000 lbs. of coffee at 4 cents</td> + <td class="padright">5,500 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Hulling, polishing and grading + 125,000 lbs. at 1 cent</td> + <td class="padright">1,250 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Sundries: bags, freight, etc.</td> + <td class="padright">1,200 00</td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> + <td class="padright"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright">$11,310 00</td> + <td class="padright">$11,310 00</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <th colspan="3"> +<!-- Page 36 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> + + <h4>CREDIT.</h4></th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">By sale of 125,000 lbs. of coffee at + 18 cents</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">22,500 00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent"></td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="longequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="hangindent">Balance to credit of Plantation at end of + seventh year</td> + <td class="padright"></td> + <td class="padright">$21,275 00</td> +</tr> + +</table> +</div> +<div class="bigskip"></div> + +<p>The yields as given in the above estimate are far below what may be +attained by thorough cultivation and fertilizing. The coffee tree +responds readily to good treatment, but will disappoint its owner if +neglected.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="HAMAKUA" id="HAMAKUA"></a> +<img src="images/hamakua.jpg" width="500" height="392" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="PUNA" id="PUNA"></a> +<img src="images/puna.jpg" width="500" height="364" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA. +</span></div> + +<div> +<!-- Page 37 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES.</h3> + + +<p>While the coffee trees are growing and during the time that will +elapse before the planter receives returns from his investment, it +would be a wise thing for him to plant such things, as will not only +provide the greater part of the food for himself and family, but may +also yield a moderate return in money. The soil and climate of the +Hawaiian Islands will grow almost anything that grows in any other +country. All Northern fruits can be grown if one will only go high +enough on the mountain slopes of Maui and Hawaii. But the coffee +planter must confine himself to such things as will thrive in the +vicinity in which his coffee trees are planted, and it is for the +information of intending planters that this chapter is written.</p> + +<p>In the first place, almost all kinds of vegetables will grow in +such profusion as will astonish those who have lived only in Northern +climes. Green and sweet corn, potatoes, Irish and sweet, cabbages, +tomatoes, beans, lettuce, radishes and many other kinds of vegetables, +all of the finest quality and in the greatest profusion, can be had +every day in the year. Strawberries and raspberries can also be had +all the year round. In addition to oranges and limes, which grow to +perfection in this country, many fruits peculiar to tropical and +semi-tropical climates grow well and flourish in these Islands. Among +the more important is the Avocado Pear (Persea Gratissima), commonly +called the Alligator Pear. This tree grows well and bears fruit, of +splendid quality, in from 3 to 5 years from seed. +<!-- Page 38 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +The fruit is much esteemed by all classes. A small quantity of the +fruit is shipped to California; what reaches there in good condition +is quickly bought at high prices. It can only be carried safely in +cold storage, and this is very expensive freight. A native peach does +well, and will bear fruit in two years from seed. The fruit is much +smaller than the American peach, which by the way does not do well on +elevations below 4000 feet, but very sweet and juicy and makes +excellent preserves and pies. Without doubt this peach could in a few +years be improved so as to rival peaches of any other country. The +Mango (Mangifera Indica) is a tropical fruit tree that grows in the +greatest profusion and bears enormous crops of delicious fruit. It +comes into bearing in 5 or 6 years from seed and does well from sea +level to an elevation of 2000 feet. The fruit is much liked by every +one; the green fruit is made into a sauce resembling, but much +superior to, apple butter.</p> + +<p>The Guava (Psidium Guayava) grows wild in all parts of the Islands +below 3000 feet. The fruit, of which there is a great abundance, is +made into jam and the very finest jelly in the world. In the fruiting +season large quantities of the jelly can be made, and without doubt, +exported at a profit.</p> + +<p>The Poha (Physalis edulis) is a quick growing shrub bearing a berry +that makes excellent jelly and jam. The shrub grows wild on elevations +between 1000 and 4000 feet. A patch of pohas planted in a corner of a +garden, will grow and yield a bountiful supply of fruit almost without +cultivation.</p> + +<p>Pineapples are at home on these Islands; a small plot planted with +the best varieties of this king of fruits will keep the table supplied +the year round.</p> + +<p>Another valuable fruit indigenous to this country is the Papaia +(Carica papaya). This fine fruit can be raised in enormous quantities +and is a most fattening food for pigs and chickens. The tree fruits in +eight or nine months from the seed, and thence forward for years it +yields ripe fruit every +<!-- Page 39 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +month in the year. The fruit is of the size of a small melon and is +very rich in sugar. The unripe fruit contains a milky juice that, even +when diluted with water, renders any tough meat, that is washed in it, +quite tender. A small piece of the unripe fruit placed in the water in +which meat or tough chicken is boiled makes it tender and easily +digestible.</p> + +<p>A very valuable food plant, indigenous to these Islands, is the +taro (Colocasia esculenta). The variety known as dry land taro will +grow on land that is moist enough for the coffee trees. The taro is a +grand food plant, the tubers containing more nutriment for a given +weight than any other vegetable food. The young tops when cooked are +hard to distinguish from spinach. The tubers must be cooked before +they can be used for food, in order to dissipate a very acrid +principle that exists in both leaves and root.</p> + +<p>Another important food plant that has been introduced and yields +abundantly is the Cassava (Manihot utilissima). This plant furnishes +the staple food for the population of Brazil. It is easily propagated +by the planting pieces of the woody portions of the stems and +branches. The tubers are available in nine or ten months after +planting. There are two kinds, the sweet and the bitter; the latter +being the more prolific. The sweet kind can be fed to pigs without +cooking. The bitter kind contains a poisonous substance which is +entirely destroyed by cooking. There is no danger of animals eating +the bitter kind in a raw state, for no stock will touch it, while the +sweet kind is eagerly eaten in the raw state by pigs, horses, cows, +etc. The tubers are prepared for human food by grating them. The juice +is then expelled by pressure, and the residue pounded into a coarse +meal, which is made into thin cakes. It is an excellent food, and said +to be much more digestible than bread and other foods made from +wheat. Pigs can be very cheaply raised on the sweet variety of this +plant. A field of the plant being ready +<!-- Page 40 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> +to gather, a portion is fenced off, and the pigs turned into it. They +will continue to feed until every vestige of the tubers is eaten, +leaving the ground in a fine condition for replanting. The tubers +never spoil in the ground, in fact the soil is the very best +storehouse for them. However if left for two or three years the tubers +grow very large and tough.</p> + +<p>Bananas, in great variety, are grown in all parts of the Islands +where there is sufficient moisture. Any land that will grow coffee +will grow bananas. The yield of fruit from this remarkable plant is +something astonishing. It commences to bear fruit in a little over one +year from the time of planting. The stem decays after the formation of +a bunch of fruit; this will weigh from 50 to 100 pounds and +upwards. Numerous suckers spring up from around the decaying stem and +bear fruit in their turn. One-half an acre planted with bananas would +not only furnish a large family with an abundance of delicious and +nutritious fruit, but would also yield a large supply of feed for +pigs, chickens and other stock.</p> + +<p>The tea plant (Camellia Thea) grows well in this country and yields +a tea of good quality. It is hardly likely that it will become an +article of export from this country, as we cannot compete with the +very low prices paid for labor in the great tea countries, India, +Ceylon, and China. But it can be grown for home consumption, and there +is no reason why every coffee planter should not have a patch of tea +growing on his land. An eighth of an acre, planted out in tea plants, +would yield more tea than could be consumed by a large family; the +work of cultivation and preparation is light and easy and could be +done by women and children.</p> + +<p>The coffee lands are situated in forested tracts in which there is +little or no pasturage for animals. Every coffee planter should keep +one or more cows to obtain the milk and butter which will furnish a +large addition to the food supply for himself and family. In order to +do this, it will be necessary to +<!-- Page 41 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +plant such things as will furnish food for the animals. We have +several fodder plants that will yield a large quantity of feed and +which will only grow in tropical and semi-tropical countries.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="STEAMSHIP" id="STEAMSHIP"></a> +<img src="images/steamship.jpg" width="500" height="355" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="HOUSE" id="HOUSE"></a> +<img src="images/house.jpg" width="500" height="390" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +VOLCANO HOUSE. +</span></div> + + +<p>First among these is the Teosinte Reana (Euchlacna luxurians). This +plant is a native of Guatamala,<!--[sic]--> and grows splendidly in +this country; each plant requires sixteen feet of ground for its full +development. It is an annual if allowed to run to seed; but its growth +can be continued by cutting when four or five feet high, and green +feed obtained all the year round.</p> + +<p>Guinea grass (Panicum Maximum), one of the grandest of fodder +plants, has been introduced and finds a congenial home in this +country. It is purely a tropical grass, it grows to a height of eight +feet forming large bunches which, when cut young, furnish an abundance +of sweet and tender feed. In districts when there is sufficient +moisture, it can be cut every two months. Caffir corn, Egyptian millet +and Sorghum grow well, and should be planted in order to have a change +of feed.</p> + +<p>Pumpkins and squash grow to an enormous size and yield an immense +quantity of feed, much relished by cows and pigs.</p> + +<p>A dry land rice is being tried in the coffee districts of Olaa and +Kona, on the Island of Hawaii, and there is every reason to believe +that it will be successful. Nearly all the laborers on the coffee +plantations use rice as their staple food and it has to be brought +from the Island of Oahu to the Islands of Hawaii and Maui. There is no +doubt but that the rice used by the labor on the coffee plantations, +can be raised on the spot, reducing the cost of living to the +laborers, and making them more contented.</p> + +<p>It will be seen from the foregoing that many things can be grown +that will enable the coffee planter to not only reduce the outlay for +living expenses for himself and family but will also allow them to +enjoy many of the comforts and luxuries of life.</p> + +<p>While our main industries, sugar, coffee and rice, are being +vigorously carried on, new products are not lost sight of. Experiments +<!-- Page 42 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +are in progress that promise to greatly diversify our industries and +increase the number of our exports.</p> + +<p>Several fiber plants are receiving attention, particularly the +Sisal Hemp (Agave Sisalana) and Sansevieria or bow string Hemp. The +Sisal plant will grow and flourish on lands that are too dry for any +other cultivation. Many thousands of the plants have been introduced +and at least one plantation is being set out.</p> + +<p>The bow string Hemp requires a wet, rich land in order to do +well. It probably yields the best fiber of all the leaf fiber +plants.</p> + +<p>Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grows splendidly in this country and after +being well established will yield 4 to 6 crops per annum. Whenever a +machine is invented that will economically decorticate the Ramie +fiber, its cultivation will become an important industry in this +country. Ramie will grow and do well wherever the coffee tree will +grow, and whenever the machine is available, the coffee planter will +have a profitable industry, to go hand in hand with coffee and employ +the slack time between the coffee picking seasons.</p> + +<p>Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) is the tree that<!--Typo: the--> produces +the fruit from which chocolate is made. It grows and bears well in +moist humid districts, and many of the coffee planters are setting out +numbers of the trees.</p> + +<p>There are many other economic plants that are well suited for +culture in this country. The country is entering on a new era, and as +the lands become settled and population increases, many small cultures +will become possible, which will afford many persons the opportunity +of making an easy living in a land of eternal summer.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 43 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>DIGEST OF THE LAND ACT OF 1895.</h3> + +<h4>(With reference to unoccupied lands.)</h4> + + +<p>The Land Act of 1895, having for its special object the settlement +and cultivation of the Government agricultural and pastoral land, +vested the control and management of Public Lands in a Board of Three +Commissioners, composed of the Minister of the Interior and two +persons appointed and removable by the President, one of whom is +designated the Agent of Public Lands; but excepting from the control +of the Commissioners, town lots, landings, tracts reserved for Public +purposes, etc., which remain under the control of the Minister of the +Interior.</p> + +<p class="smallskip">For the purposes of the Act, the Republic of +Hawaii is divided into Six Land Districts, as follows:</p> + +<p class="list">1st. Hilo and Puna on the Island of Hawaii.</p> + +<p class="list">2d. Hamakua and Kohala on the Island of Hawaii.</p> + +<p class="list">3rd. Kona and Kau on the Island of Hawaii.</p> + +<p class="list">4th. The Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe.</p> + +<p class="list">5th. The Island of Oahu.</p> + +<p class="list">6th. The Island of Kauai.</p> + + +<p>The Commissioners are represented by a Sub-Agent in each District.</p> + +<p class="smallskip">Public Lands for the purposes of this Act are +classified as follows:</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 44 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="list">I. Agricultural Lands. First Class: Land suitable for +the cultivation of Fruit, Coffee, Sugar or other perennial crops with +or without irrigation.</p> + +<p class="list">Second Class: Land suitable for the cultivation of +annual crops only.</p> + +<p class="list">Third Class: Wet lands such as kalo and rice +lands.</p> + +<p class="list">II. Pastoral Land. First Class: Land not in the +description of Agricultural land but capable of carrying livestock the +year through.</p> + +<p class="list">Second Class: Land capable of carrying livestock only +part of the year, or otherwise inferior to First Class Pastoral +land.</p> + +<p class="list">III. Pastoral Agricultural Land: Land adapted in part +for pasturage and in part for cultivation.</p> + +<p class="list">IV. Forest Land: Land producing forest trees but +unsuitable for cultivation.</p> + +<p class="list">V. Waste Land. Land not included in the other +classes.</p> + + +<p class="smallskip">The Act provides three principal methods for the +acquirement of Public Lands, under systems known as +</p> + +<p class="list">I. Homestead Lease.</p> + +<p class="list">II. Right of Purchase Lease.</p> + +<p class="list">III. Cash Freehold.</p> + + +<h3>GENERAL QUALIFICATION OF APPLICANTS.</h3> + +<p>Applicants for land under systems named above, must be over +eighteen years of age, must be citizens by birth or naturalization or +have received letters of denization or special rights of citizenship, +be under no civil disability for any offense, nor delinquent in the +payment of taxes. Special qualifications are named under the +respective systems.</p> + + +<h3>HOMESTEAD LEASE SYSTEM.</h3> + +<p>The Homestead Lease system permits the acquirement of Public Land +by qualified persons without other payments than +<!-- Page 45 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +a fee of two dollars upon application and a fee of five dollars upon +issuance of Homestead Lease.</p> + +<p class="smallskip">The limit of area in the different classes of +land which may be acquired under Homestead Lease is:</p> + +<p class="list">8 acres first-class agricultural land;</p> + +<p class="list">16 acres second-class agricultural land;</p> + +<p class="list">1 acre wet (rice or taro) land;</p> + +<p class="list">30 acres first-class pastoral land;</p> + +<p class="list">60 acres second-class pastoral land;</p> + +<p class="list">45 acres pastoral-agricultural land.</p> + + +<h3>SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS FOR HOMESTEAD LEASE.</h3> + +<p>Any person having the general qualifications (as to citizenship, +etc.) who is not the owner in his own right of any land in the +Hawaiian Islands, other than "wet land" (rice, taro, etc.) and who is +not an applicant for other land under the Act may apply under this +part of the Act, and such application may cover one lot of wet land in +addition to other land, if reasonably near. Husband and wife may not +both be applicants.</p> + +<p>Applications must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of +the District, accompanied by sworn declaration of qualifications, and +a fee of $2.</p> + + +<h3>CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPATION.</h3> + +<p>The successful applicant receives a certificate of occupation which +entitles him to occupy the described premises and to receive a +homestead lease for Nine Hundred and Ninety-Nine Years, if conditions +of certificate of occupation have been fulfilled, the conditions +being:</p> + +<p>That the occupier shall, before the end of two years, build a +dwelling house and reside on the premises. He shall maintain his home +on the premises from and after the end of two years +<!-- Page 46 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +from date of certificate. He shall before the end of six years from +date of certificate have in cultivation not less than 10 per cent. of +the land, or have in cultivation 5 per cent. of the land and, in good +growing condition, not less than ten timber, shade or fruit trees per +acre on agricultural land, or if pastoral land, fence the same within +six years.</p> + +<p>He shall pay the taxes assessed upon the premises within sixty days +after the same are delinquent.</p> + +<p>He shall perform any conditions of the certificates for the +planting or protection of trees, or prevention or destruction of +vegetable pests that may be on the premises.</p> + + +<h3>CONDITIONS OF HOMESTEAD LEASE.</h3> + +<p>The Lessee or his successors must maintain his home on the leased +premises, must pay the taxes assessed upon the premises, within sixty +days after the same are delinquent, and perform any conditions of the +lease relating to protection or planting of trees, or destruction and +prevention of vegetable pests.</p> + +<p>Lands held under a certificate of occupation or homestead lease are +liable to taxation as estates in fee.</p> + +<p>In case of the death of an occupier or lessee his interests, +notwithstanding any devise or bequest shall vest in his relations, in +the order prescribed in the Act, the widow or widower being first in +order, then the children, etc.</p> + +<p>Certificates of occupation or homestead lease, or any interest +thereunder, is not assignable by way of mortgage nor is the same +subject to attachment, levy or sale on any process issuing from the +Courts of the country. Neither the whole nor any portion of the +premises may be sub-let.</p> + +<p>Surrender may be made to the Government by an occupier or lessee +having the whole interest if all conditions to date of surrender have +been fulfilled, and the person so surrendering is entitled to receive +from the Government the value of permanent improvement, whenever the +same is received by the Government from a new tenant.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 47 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASES.</h3> + +<p>Right of Purchase Leases, for the term of twenty-one years, may be +issued to qualified applicants, with the privilege to the Lessee of +purchasing at the end of three years and upon fulfillment of special +conditions.</p> + + +<h3>QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS.</h3> + +<p>Any person who is over eighteen years of age, who is a citizen by +birth or naturalization of the Republic of Hawaii or who has received +letters of denization of special rights of citizenship, who is under +no civil disability for any offense, who is not delinquent in the +payment of taxes, and who does not own any agricultural or pastoral +land in the Hawaiian Islands, may apply for Right of Purchase Lease, +the limit of areas which may be acquired being:</p> + +<!--Normalize hyphenation of first-class, second-class--> +<p class="list">100 acres first-class agricultural land;</p> + +<p class="list">200 acres second-class agricultural land;</p> + +<p class="list">2 acres wet (rice or taro) land;</p> + +<p class="list">600 acres first-class pastoral land;</p> + +<p class="list">1200 acres second-class pastoral land;</p> + +<p class="list">400 acres mixed agricultural and pastoral land.</p> + + +<p>Any qualified person, owning less than the respective amounts +stated in foregoing list, and which is not subject to residence +condition, may acquire additional land of the classes already held by +him but so that his aggregate holding shall not be in excess of the +limit named; or if desiring additional land of another class may +acquire the same according to ratio established between the various +classes.</p> + +<p>Husband and wife may not both be applicants for Right of Purchase +Leases.</p> + +<p>Application must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of +the District, and must be accompanied by a fee equal to six months +rent of premises, fee to be credited on account +<!-- Page 48 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +of rent, if application is successful, and to be returned is +application is unsuccessful. In case of more than one application for +same lot the first application takes precedence.</p> + + +<h3>CONDITIONS OF RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASE.</h3> + +<p>Term: twenty-one years.</p> + +<p>Rental: Eight per cent. on the appraised value given in lease, +payable semi-annually.</p> + +<p>The Lessee must from the end of the first to the end of the fifth +year continuously maintain his home on the leased premises.</p> + +<p>The Lessee<!--Typo: lessee--> must have in cultivation at the end +of three years five per cent. and at the end of five years ten per +cent. of his holding, and maintain on agricultural land an average of +ten trees to the acre.</p> + +<p>Pastoral land must be fenced.</p> + +<p>Interest in Right of Purchase Lease is not assignable without +written consent of the Commissioners of Public Lands, but the lease +may be surrendered to the Government.</p> + +<p>In case of forfeiture or surrender of right of purchase lease, +reappraisement is made of the land and of permanent improvements +thereon, and if the land is again disposed of, the incoming tenant +shall pay for such permanent improvements and the amount when so +received by the Government shall be paid to the surrendering +Lessee.</p> + + +<h3>CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PURCHASE MAY BE MADE.</h3> + +<p>At any time after third year of leasehold<!--Typo: leashold--> +term, the Lessee is entitled to a Land Patent giving fee simple title, +upon his payment of the appraised value set forth in lease, if he has +reduced to cultivation twenty-five per cent. of his leased premises, +and has substantially performed all other conditions of his lease.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="RAILROAD" id="RAILROAD"></a> +<img src="images/railroad.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +KOHALA RAILROAD. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="RICE" id="RICE"></a> +<img src="images/rice.jpg" width="500" height="363" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY. +</span></div> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 49 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>CASH FREEHOLDS.</h3> + +<p>Cash Freehold Lots are sold at auction to the highest qualified +bidder, at appraised value as upset price.</p> + +<p>The qualification of applicants for Cash Freeholds and the areas of +land which may be acquired are the same as those under Right of +Purchase lease system.</p> + + +<h3>APPLICATIONS.</h3> + +<p>Applications must be made to Sub-Agent of District in writing with +sworn declaration as to qualifications, and a fee of ten per cent. of +appraised value of lot, which fee is forfeited if applicant declines +to take the premises at the appraised value, and is credited to him if +he becomes the purchaser of the lot. If such applicant, however, is +outbid, his fee is returned to him.</p> + +<p>If two or more applications are made and there is no bid above the +upset price, the first application takes precedence.</p> + +<p>The purchaser at auction sale must pay immediately thereafter +one-fourth of purchase price and thereupon receive a "Freehold +Agreement."</p> + + +<h3>CONDITIONS OF FREEHOLD AGREEMENT.</h3> + +<p>The freeholder shall pay the balance of purchase price in equal +installments in one, two and three years, with interest at 6 per cent., +but may pay any installment before it is due and stop corresponding +interest.</p> + +<p>Twenty-five per cent. of agricultural land must be cultivated, and +pastoral land fenced before the end of third year.</p> + +<p>Freeholder must maintain his home on the premises, from end of first to +end of third year.</p> + +<p>He may not assign or sub-let without consent of Agent of Public +Lands.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 50 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +</div> + +<p>He must allow Agents of the Government to enter and examine the +premises.</p> + +<p>He must pay all taxes that may be due upon the premises.</p> + +<p>If all conditions are fulfilled he is entitled at end of three +years to Patent giving fee simple title.</p> + +<p>In case of forfeiture or surrender the land and permanent +improvements are reappraised separately, and the value of such +improvements when received by Government from new tenant or +freeholder, will be paid to surrendering freeholder.</p> + + +<h3>SETTLEMENT ASSOCIATIONS.</h3> + +<p>Six or more qualified persons may form a "Settlement Association" +and apply for holdings in one block.</p> + +<p>The provisions for cash freehold apply to the settlement of such +blocks, but first auction sale is confined to members of such +Settlement Association.</p> + +<p>Any lot in such block which may be forfeited or surrendered, or +which is not taken up by any member of the Settlement Association, +within three months, shall be open to any qualified applicants.</p> + +<p>Disputes, disagreements or misunderstandings, between the parties +to certificate of occupation, homestead lease, right of purchase +lease, or cash freehold and relating thereto, which can not be +amicably settled, shall be submitted to the Circuit Judge in whose +jurisdiction the premises are situated and his decision shall be final +subject only to appeal to Supreme Court.</p> + + +<h3>CASH SALES AND SPECIAL AGREEMENTS.</h3> + +<p>With consent of Executive Council, public lands not under lease may +be sold in parcels of not over one thousand acres, at public auction +for cash, and upon such sale and payment of full consideration, a land +patent will issue.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 51 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> +</div> + +<p>Parcels of land of not over six hundred acres, may with consent of +Executive Council, be sold at public auction upon part credit and part +cash, and upon such terms and conditions of improvement, residence, +etc., as may be imposed.</p> + +<p>Upon fulfillment of all conditions a Land Patent will issue.</p> + + +<h3>GENERAL LEASES.</h3> + +<p>General leases of public lands may be made for a term not exceeding +twenty-one years.</p> + +<p>Such leases are sold at public auction, and require rent in advance +quarterly, semi-annually or annually.</p> + +<p>The conditions of general leases are made at discretion of the +Commissioners, and may be made for any class of public lands.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 52 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.</h3> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h4>POPULATION.</h4> + +<p>The population of the Islands according to the census of 1890 was +89,991, or in round numbers 90,000. A census of the population has +just been taken, but the results cannot be exactly known for some +months. An estimate recently made based upon the knowledge of general +increase from various sources gives the population as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="population by ethnicity"> +<tr> + <td class="left">Hawaiians</td> + <td class="padright">35,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left">Part Hawaiians</td> + <td class="padright">10,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left">Chinese</td> + <td class="padright">15,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left">Japanese</td> + <td class="padright">24,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left">Portuguese</td> + <td class="padright"> 9,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left">American and European</td> + <td class="padright">14,000</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td class="padright"><hr class="midequals" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="left" style="text-indent: 0.5em">Total</td> + <td class="padright">107,000</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>Since the census returns began to come in, it is very evident that +this estimate will be exceeded by some 2,000, making the total +population 109,000. The increase will probably be found among Japanese +and Portuguese. The population of Honolulu is 29,920, or practically +30,000.</p> + + +<h4>SHIPPING.</h4> + +<p>The vessels flying the Hawaiian flag number 52, aggregating 21,678 +tons. They are divided as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<!-- Page 53 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +<table summary="tonnage of hawaiian vessels"> + +<tr> + <td class="right">23</td> + <td class="left"> steamers,</td> + <td class="center">aggregating</td> + <td></td> + <td class="padright">9,575</td> + <td class="center"> tons</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="right"> 5</td> + <td class="left">barks,</td> + <td class="center"> '' </td> + <td></td> + <td class="padright">4,198</td> + <td class="center"> '' </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="right"> 3</td> + <td class="left">ships,</td> + <td class="center"> '' </td> + <td></td> + <td class="padright">6,272</td> + <td class="center"> '' </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="right">21</td> + <td colspan="2" class="left">schooners and sloops,</td> + <td class="center">aggregating</td> + <td class="padright">1,623</td> + <td class="center"> '' </td> +</tr> + +</table> +</div> + +<p>Of these vessels 13 are employed in foreign trade and 39 in trade +between the Islands.</p> + + +<h4>FINANCES.</h4> + +<p>Mention has been made of the taxes of this country. A few words +will be to the point upon the financial condition of the +government.</p> + +<p>The direct taxes yielded, in 1895, $592,691.92. The Customs revenue +was $547,149.04 and licenses, &c., produced $600,224.23, in +all $1,740,065.19.</p> + +<p>The current expenditures are kept within the current income. Great +public improvements are provided for by loan. This is what every +growing country has to do. The public debt of the country on January +1, 1896, was $3,764,335. With a population of 109,000, this gives +about $34 per head of the population. The Hawaiian Government finds no +difficulty in obtaining means for internal improvements, and a scheme +is now on foot to reduce the interest and consolidate the public +debt.</p> + +<p>The exports in 1895 amounted to $8,474,138.15 and the imports to +$5,339,785.04. This certainly shows well for a country whose total +population is exceeded by dozens of cities. Of the exports +$7,975,590.41 were accredited to sugar, $22,823.68 to coffee, +$102,599.25 to bananas and $8,783.84 to pineapples. These three latter +items are elastic and the showing of 1896 will give a very large +increase in their yields.</p> + +<p>Of the imports $4,121,920.22 came from the Pacific ports of the +United States and $394,399.16 from the Atlantic ports; a total of +$4,516,319.38, leaving but $1,197,698.16 for every other nation that +the country has commercial relations with.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 54 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +</div> + +<p>In point of fact, taking exports and imports, the business in 1895 +done by the Hawaiian Islands with all its commercial relations +amounted to $14,188,155.69; of this sum $12,908,508.92 was done with +the United States, which amounts to 91 per cent. of the whole business +of the Islands. From these figures it can be judged how prosperous a +little community that of the Hawaiian Islands is, and further how +close are its relations with the Great Republic. What country in the +world has 91 per cent. of its commercial relations with its +neighbor?</p> + +<p>The financial condition of Hawaii is on a sound basis. The men in +charge of its government are frugal and careful of the public +expenditure, the whole tendency of the Republic is to foster industry +and thrift. The institutions are liberal and nothing is more desirable +for such a country than the immigration of colonists, with capital to +develop the industries and determination to work honestly and +well.</p> + + +<h4>FOR TOURISTS.</h4> + +<p>It was not the intention when planning this pamphlet to speak of +the opportunities for tourists visiting the Islands, but a few words +are appended. The object of the pamphlet has been to show the +agricultural resources and general conditions.</p> + +<p>The great attraction of the Islands is undoubtedly the Volcano of +Kilauea, the greatest and most striking volcano in the world. Though +quiescent for a time during part of 1895 and 1896, it has now burst +forth with renewed splendor and promises to exceed many of its former +efforts. Moreover, from the rising of the lakes of fire, and the floor +of the crater generally, it has evidently come to stay.</p> + +<p>But it is not only this one great natural wonder that is attractive +to the tourist. The crater of Haleakala, the largest extinct crater in +the world, is almost, in its silent magnificence, equal to the wonder +of the boiling and seething Kilauea. Then the delightful climate, the +balmy breezes, the brilliant coloring +<!-- Page 55 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +of sky, sea and land, the luxuriant tropical vegetation, and the +peculiar "Dolce far niente" life, all lend a charm to which no one who +visits the place has ever failed to respond. In fact a visit to the +Hawaiian Islands is one of the pleasantest experiences of a +life-time.</p> + +<p>For people suffering from pulmonary troubles the climate is +unrivalled and there are now several sanitariums where such patients +can be attended to.</p> + +<p>San Francisco and Victoria are the two points of deportation for +the Hawaiian Islands. The Oceanic Steamship Line has vessels sailing +twice a month. One steamer sails for Honolulu, stays a few days, and +returns to San Francisco. The other steamers touch at Honolulu and go +on to the Australian colonies. Round trip tickets can be obtained and +also lay over tickets, at the Company's offices on Montgomery street, +San Francisco. The Pacific Mail and +O. & O. S. S. lines, running from China and Japan +to San Francisco, also touch at Honolulu regularly. Arrangements can +be made to lay over in Honolulu, visit the Volcano and proceed on the +voyage by the next vessel.</p> + +<p>From Victoria the C. & A. S. S. sail once a +month. They give the tourist a chance of seeing the Canadian Pacific +Railroad before coming here, but a round trip ticket would have to be +for a full month. By the O. S. S. lines less time need be +spent on the Islands.</p> + +<p class="list">The cost of round trip passage is $125.</p> + +<p class="list">The cost of trip to the Volcano, including all +expenses is $50.</p> + +<p class="list">Hotel expenses in Honolulu from $2 a day, according to +accommodation.</p> + +<p>Particulars on these subjects can always be learned by writing to +Wilder S. S. Co., Fort street, Honolulu; or the Inter-Island +Steamship Co., Queen street, Honolulu.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 56 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> +</div> + +<h4>PRICE LIST OF PROVISIONS ON THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.</h4> + +<p class="list">Fresh Hawaiian butter,<!--Added comma--> from 25 to +50c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Hams, from 16-1/2 to 30c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Bacon, from 16-1/2 to 20c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Cheese, from 20 to 35c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Family pork, from 15 to 18c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Corned beef, 7c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Fresh meat, from 6 to 15c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Loin of Porterhouse steaks,<!--Added comma--> from 6 +to 15c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Tinned fruits per doz.,<!--Added comma--> from $1.75 +to $2.25.</p> + +<p class="list">Golden Gate Flour, per 100-lb., $2.50.</p> + +<p class="list">Lower grades, $2.20.</p> + +<p class="list">Hawaiian rice, $3.25 to $5.00 per 100 lbs.</p> + +<p class="list">Hawaiian bananas, per bunch, 25 to 55c.</p> + +<p class="list">Potatoes, from 1 to 2c. per lb.</p> + +<p class="list">Eggs per dozen, 25 to 50c.</p> + +<p class="list">Rolled oats per case, $5.50.</p> + +<p class="list">Ice, in small quantities, 1-1/2c.; 50 lbs. and over, +1c. per lb.</p> + + +<h4>WAGES.</h4> + +<p>The following is an approximation of the wages paid to different +classes of labor on the Hawaiian Islands:</p> + +<p class="list">Engineers on plantations, from $125 to $175 per month, +house and firewood furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Sugar boilers, $125 to $175 per month, house and +firewood furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Blacksmiths, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house +and firewood furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Carpenters, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house +and firewood furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Locomotive drivers, $40 to $75 per month, room and +board furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Head overseers, or head lunas, $100 to $150.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 57 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="list">Under overseers, or lunas, $30 to $50 with room and +board.</p> + +<p class="list">Bookkeepers, plantation, $100 to $175, house and +firewood furnished.</p> + +<p class="list">Teamsters, white, $30 to $40 with room and board.</p> + +<p class="list">Hawaiians, $25 to $30 with room; no board.</p> + +<p class="list">Field labor, Portuguese and Hawaiian $16 to $18 per +month; no board.</p> + +<p class="list">Field labor, Chinese and Japanese, $12.50 to $15 per +month; no board.</p> + +<p class="list">In Honolulu bricklayers and masons receive from $5 to +$6 per day; carpenters, $2.50 to $5; machinists, $3 to $5; painters, +$2 to $5, per day of nine hours.</p> + + +<h4>DOMESTIC LABOR.</h4> + +<p>The domestic labor in Honolulu and in all parts of the Islands, has +for many years been performed by Chinese males, who undoubtedly make +excellent house servants. During the last four or five years the +Japanese have entered the field; the Japanese women are especially in +demand as nurses for children.</p> + +<p class="list">The following are the prevailing rates of wages:</p> + +<p class="list">Cooks, Chinese and Japanese, $3 to $6 per week, with +board and room.</p> + +<p class="list">Nurses and house servants, $8 to $12 per month, with +board and room.</p> + +<p class="list">Gardeners or yard men, $8 to $12 per month, with board +and room.</p> + +<p class="list">Sewing women, $1 per day and one meal.</p> + +<p>Good substantial meals can be obtained at respectable Chinese +restaurants and at the Sailors' Home for 25 cents or Board for $4.50 +per week.</p> + +<p>The market for all kinds of labor is overstocked and it would be +very unwise for any one to come to these Islands with no capital on +the mere chance of obtaining employment. The many steamships arriving +at this port bring numbers of people seeking employment who are +obliged to return disappointed.</p> + + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="NUUANU" id="NUUANU"></a> +<img src="images/nuuanu.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="WAIKIKI" id="WAIKIKI"></a> +<img src="images/waikiki.jpg" width="500" height="367" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +WAIKIKI BEACH. +</span></div> + +<div> +<!-- Page 58 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a> + <a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<h3>HISTORICAL SKETCH.</h3> + +<p>Although the written history of the Hawaiian Islands begins with +their discovery by Captain Cook in 1778, yet the aboriginal +inhabitants had at that time an oral traditional history which +extended back for several centuries.</p> + + +<h3>ORIGIN.</h3> + +<p>As to their origin, these people formed but one branch of the +Polynesian race, which at a remote period settled all the groups of +islands in the central and Eastern Pacific, as far as New Zealand in +the South and Easter Island in the East. This is shown by the close +physical and moral resemblance between their inhabitants, as well as +by the facts that they all speak dialects of the same language, and +have the same manners and customs, the same general system of +tabus,<!--[sic]--> and similar traditions and religious rites.</p> + +<p>The evidence of both language and physical traits tends to show +that their remote ancestors came from the East Indian Archipelago, and +that they were still more distantly related to the pre-Arian races of +Hindostan.<!--[sic]--></p> + +<p>It is also proved by concurrent traditions of the different groups +that there was a general movement of population throughout central +Polynesia during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of the Christian +Era, during which the Harvey Islands and afterwards New Zealand were +colonized, and many +<!-- Page 59 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> +voyages were made between the Hawaiian Islands and the Samoan and +Society groups. This intercourse, however, seems to have ceased for +four or five hundred years before the arrival of Captain Cook.</p> + + +<h3>ARTS AND MANUFACTURES.</h3> + +<p>The ancient Hawaiians were not savages, in the proper sense of the +term, but barbarians of a promising type. When we consider that they +occupied the most isolated position in the world, and that they were +destitute of metals and of beasts of burden, as well as of the cereal +grains, cotton, flax and wool, we must admit that they had made a +creditable degree of progress towards civilization. Like the other +Polynesians, they had not invented the art of making pottery, or the +use of the loom for weaving.</p> + +<p>Their cutting tools were made of stone, sharks' teeth or +bamboo. Their axes were made of hard, fine grained lava, chiefly found +on the mountain summits. Their principal implement for cultivating the +soil was simply a stick of hard wood, either pointed or shaped into a +flat blade at the end. With these rude tools they cut and framed the +timbers for their houses, which were oblong with long sides and steep +roofs, and were thatched with <i>pili</i> grass, ferns or <i>hala</i> +leaves. In the building as well as in the management of canoes they +were unsurpassed. For containers they used a large gourd (<i>cucurbita +maxima</i>, which was not found elsewhere in the Pacific), and also +cut out circular dishes of wood as truly as if they had been turned in +a lathe.</p> + +<p>For clothing they beat out the inner bark of the paper mulberry and +of some other trees, until it resembled thick flexible paper, when it +was called <i>kapa</i> or <i>tapa</i>. For insignia of rank, they made +splendid feather cloaks, and feather helmets, which were worn only by +chiefs.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 60 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +</div> + +<p>For lights they used the oily nuts of the <i>kukui</i> or +candle-nut tree.</p> + +<p>For food they chiefly depended upon the tuberous roots of the +<i>taro</i> plant (<i>Colocasia antiquorum</i>), but sweet potatoes +were cultivated in the dry districts, and yams in Kauai and +Niihau. They also cultivated bananas and sugar cane and the <i>awa</i> +or <i>kava</i> plant for its narcotic properties.</p> + +<p>Fishing was carried on with great ingenuity and skill. Extensive +fish ponds were built along the coasts, which must have cost immense +labor.</p> + +<p>Their food was cooked then, as now, by steaming it in an <i>imu</i> +or underground oven with heated stones. Fire was produced by friction, +viz., by rubbing a hard, pointed stick in a groove made in a piece of +softer wood, until the little heap of fine powder collected at the end +of the groove took fire.</p> + +<p>There was no circulating medium which served the purpose of money, +and all trade was conducted by barter.</p> + + +<h3>CIVIL POLITY.</h3> + +<p>The civil polity of the ancient Hawaiians was far more despotic +than that of any other Polynesian tribe. The community was divided +into three classes, namely:</p> + +<p class="list">1. The nobility or <i>Alii</i> +(N. Z. <i>Ariki</i>), comprising the kings and chiefs of various +grades of rank.</p> + +<p class="list">2. The priests, <i>Kahuna</i> +(N. Z. <i>Tahunga</i>), including priests, sorcerers and +doctors.</p> + +<p class="list">3. The common people, <i>Makaainana</i>, or +laboring class.</p> + +<p>There was a wide and impassable gulch between the chiefs and common +people. In fact, the distinction between them was primarily of a +sacred and religious character. The chief was believed to be descended +from the gods, and to be allied to the invisible powers.</p> + +<p>The contrast in stature and appearance as well as in bearing +between the chiefs and common people was very striking. Only +<!-- Page 61 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> +a chief had the right to wear the feather cloak and helmet, or the +ivory clasp, <i>Niho Palaoa</i>; his canoe and his sails were painted +red, and on state occasions he was attended by men carrying +<i>kahilis</i> or plumed staffs of various colors. When the highest +chiefs appeared abroad, all the common people prostrated themselves +with their faces upon the ground. It was death for a common man to +remain standing at the mention of the king's name in song, or when the +king's food, water or clothing was carried past; to put on any article +of dress belonging to him, to enter his enclosure without permission, +or to cross his shadow or that of his house. If a common man entered +the dread presence of the sovereign, he must crawl prone on the +ground, <i>kolokolo</i>, and leave in the same manner.</p> + +<p>The head chief of an island was styled the <i>Moi</i>, and his +dignity was generally hereditary. There were usually at least four +independent kinglets in the group, and sometimes the single Island of +Hawaii was divided between several independent chiefs.</p> + + +<h3>LAND TENURE.</h3> + +<p>As a rule, the chiefs were the only proprietors of the soil. They +were supposed to own not only the soil and all that grew upon it, not +only the fish of the sea, but also the time and labor of their +people.</p> + +<p>The accepted theory was that all the lands belonged to the king, of +whom they were held by the high chiefs in fief; <i>i. e.</i>, on +condition of rendering him tribute and military service. Each of these +district chieftains divided up his territory among an inferior order +of petty chiefs, who owed to him the same service and obedience that +he owed to the king.</p> + +<p>In this way the land was subdivided again and again, while at the +bottom of the scale were the miserable serfs who tilled the +soil. These last were simply tenants at will, liable to be +dispossessed +<!-- Page 62 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +of their little holdings at any time, or to be stripped of their +personal property at the requisition of the chief.</p> + + +<h3>WAR.</h3> + +<p>Wars were frequent and cruel. There were numerous wars to settle +the succession to the sovereignty of an Island, as well as contests +between the head chiefs of the principal Islands. For example, the +chiefs of Oahu often contended with those of Maui for the possession +of Molokai, and there were frequent wars between the chiefs of Hawaii +and those of Maui for the district of Hana.</p> + +<p>Their weapons consisted of long spears, <i>pololu</i>; javelins, +<i>ihe</i>; daggers, <i>pahoa</i>, and clubs made of hard wood. They +never used the bow in war, but slings made of cocoanut<!--[sic]--> +fiber or human hair were extensively employed. They used no shields, +but became wonderfully expert in catching or parrying spears thrown at +them.</p> + +<p>Sometimes they engaged in sea fights, with large fleets of canoes +on each side. In general no quarter was given to the vanquished, but +there were certain sanctuaries called <i>puuhonuas</i>, which afforded +an inviolable refuge in time of war. Cannibalism was regarded by them +with horror and detestation.</p> + + +<h3>RELIGION.</h3> + +<p>The religious system of the ancient Hawaiians was very similar to +that of other Polynesians. It consisted in a great measure of nature +worship. To their minds all the powers of nature, especially those +that are mysterious and terrible, were conceived of as living and +spiritual beings. Thus the volcano, the thunder, the whirlwind, the +meteor and the shark were feared as being either the embodiment or the +work of malevolent spirits (<i>akuas</i>).</p> + +<p>The four great gods, Kane, Kanaloa, Ku and Lono, who were worshiped +throughout Polynesia, originally belonged to +<!-- Page 63 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +this class, as is shown by the cosmogony of the New Zealand +Maoris. Among these four Kane held the primacy. The souls of great +chiefs went to his abode after death.</p> + +<p>Pele, the dread goddess of volcanoes, and her numerous family, +dwelt in the crater of Kilauea, but also caused the eruptions of Mauna +Loa and Hualalai. In Hawaii she was feared more than any other +deity.</p> + +<p>One large class of <i>akuas</i> were supposed to be incarnated in +certain species of animals, which were feared or believed to have a +supernatural character, as the shark.</p> + +<p>Another class of deities, which included most of the professional +gods, consisted of deified spirits of the dead. The <i>Aumakuas</i> +were tutelar deities, attached to particular families, who were often +deified ancestors. Sickness and disease were generally caused by their +displeasure.</p> + + +<h3>CEREMONIAL SYSTEM.</h3> + +<p>There were two hereditary orders of priests, endowed with lands, +who kept up the elaborate liturgy and ritual of the temples, and also +preserved whatever knowledge of astronomy, history, medicine, etc., +had been handed down to them.</p> + +<p>The tabu<!--[sic]--> system covered the entire daily life of the +people with a vast network of minute regulations and penalties. Thus, +it was tabu for men and women to eat together, or even to have their +food cooked in the same oven. Women were forbidden to eat pork, +bananas, cocoanuts,<!--[sic]--> or turtle and certain kinds of fish, +on pain of death. There were certain tabu days when no canoe could be +launched, no fire lighted, and when no sound could be made, on pain of +death. Even dogs had to be muzzled and fowls shut up in calabashes for +twenty-four hours at a time.</p> + +<p>The human sacrifice was the crowning act of the ancient worship, +offered only on certain solemn occasions, and at the temples +(<i>Heiaus</i>) of the highest class.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 64 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +</div> + +<p>Whenever a temple was to be dedicated, a new house to be built for +the chief, or a new war canoe to be launched, many of the people fled +to the mountains and lay hidden till the danger was past.</p> + +<p>Besides the regular priesthood, there were many kinds of medicine +men, necromancers or mediums, sorcerers and diviners, who preyed upon +the superstition and credulity of their countrymen. The belief that +all forms of disease were caused by evil spirits, and their fear of +being "prayed to death" (<i>anaana</i>), kept the people in a state of +abject fear.</p> + +<p>There is too much reason to believe that during several centuries +preceding the discovery of the Islands they had been deteriorating in +many respects. As the historian Fornander has stated:</p> + +<p>"It was an era of strife, dynastic ambitions, internal and external +wars on each Island, with all their deteriorating consequences of +anarchy, depopulation, social and intellectual degradation, loss of +liberty, loss of knowledge, loss of arts."</p> + + +<h3>DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS.</h3> + +<p>It seems to be almost certain that one Juan Gaetano, a Spanish +navigator, saw Hawaii in 1555 A. D. A group of islands, the +largest of which was called La Mesa, was laid down in the old Spanish +charts in the same latitude as the Hawaiian Islands, but 10 degrees +too far east.</p> + +<p>On the eighteenth of January, 1778, Captain Cook, the great +navigator, while sailing due north from the Society Islands, +discovered the Islands of Oahu and Kauai. The next day he landed at +Waimea, Kauai, where he held friendly intercourse with the natives, +and afterwards laid in supplies at Niihau. He finally sailed for +Alaska, Feb. 2d. The Hawaiians looked upon him as an incarnation of +the god Lono, and upon his crew as supernatural beings. Returning from +the Arctic the following winter, he anchored in Kealakekua bay, +January 17th, 1779. +<!-- Page 65 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> +Here he received divine honors and was loaded with munificent presents +of the best that the islands could produce. By his rash and arbitrary +conduct, however, he involved himself in an affray with the natives, +in which he was killed on February 14th, 1779.</p> + +<p>The spot where he fell is now marked by an appropriate monument.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="HOME" id="HOME"></a> +<img src="images/home.jpg" width="500" height="366" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="SCHOOL" id="SCHOOL"></a> +<img src="images/school.jpg" width="500" height="384" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL. +</span></div> + + +<h3>EARLY TRADERS.</h3> + +<p>For seven years after the death of Captain Cook no foreign vessel +ventured to touch at the Islands. After that time many of the vessels +engaged in the fur trade on the northwest coast of America called at +the Islands for supplies on their way to Canton or ran down here to +spend the winter. Waimea, Kauai, and Kealakekua bay were the two +harbors most frequented by them. Fire arms, powder and shot were the +articles most in demand among the natives.</p> + + +<h3>THE RISE OF KAMEHAMEHA.</h3> + +<p>At the death of Kalaniopuu, <i>Moi</i>, of Hawaii, in 1782, a civil +war broke out, which rent the Island into three petty sovereignties, +which were presently reduced to two.</p> + +<p>The districts of Kohala and Kona were held by Kamehameha, a nephew +of the late king, while the other districts were loyal to his son, +Keoua. After a sanguinary war lasting nine years (during which +Kamehameha had ravaged West Maui and conquered the district of +Hamakua), he became master of the whole of the Island of Hawaii by the +assassination of his rival, Keoua, at Kawaihae, in 1791.</p> + + +<h3>VISITS OF VANCOUVER.</h3> + +<p>The name of Capt. George Vancouver is still cherished as that of a +wise and generous benefactor to these Islands. During his +<!-- Page 66 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +survey of the northwest coast of America in 1792-1794, he made three +visits to the Islands. He uniformly refused to sell fire arms or +ammunition to the chiefs, but gave them useful plants and seeds, and +presented Kamehameha with the first cattle and sheep ever landed in +the Islands. On the 25th of February, 1794, Kamehameha and his chiefs +voluntarily placed Hawaii under the protection of Great Britain, in +token of which the British flag was hoisted on shore at +Kealakekua.</p> + + +<h3>CONQUEST OF OAHU.</h3> + +<p>After the death of Kahekili, the sovereign of the leeward Islands, +in 1794, a civil war broke out between his brother Kaeo and his son +Kalanikupule, in which the former was killed. Soon after Kalanikupule +treacherously massacred Captains Brown and Gordon, who had assisted +him in the late war, and seized<!--Typo: siezed--> their vessels in +the harbor of Honolulu.</p> + +<p>Having put his guns and ammunition on board, he proposed to sail +immediately for Hawaii, in company with a fleet of war canoes, to +attack Kamehameha. But the English sailors who had been reserved to +navigate the two vessels, suddenly rose at midnight, recaptured them, +and sailed for Hawaii, where they informed Kamehameha of all that had +occurred.</p> + +<p>Kamehameha saw that his opportunity had now come, and lost no time +in mustering all the war canoes and fighting men of Hawaii.</p> + +<p>After overrunning West Maui and touching at Molokai, he landed in +Waialea bay, Oahu, in the latter part of April, 1795. There he spent a +few days in organizing his army before marching up the valley of +Nuuanu, where Kalanikupule had prepared to make his last stand. The +Oahu warriors were soon routed and pursued up the valley. Some of the +fugitives were hemmed in and driven over the "<i>Pali</i>," or +precipice, at the head of Nuuanu, a little north of the present +road.</p> + +<p>This victory made Kamehameha master of all the Islands +<!-- Page 67 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +except Kauai and Niihau. With the exception of a short insurrection in +Hawaii, there was peace during the rest of his reign.</p> + + +<h3>DECREASE OF POPULATION.</h3> + +<p>The decrease of the population during this period must have been +very rapid. Vancouver in 1792, Broughton in 1796, and Trumbull in +1801, were strongly impressed with the misery of the common people and +their rapid decrease in numbers. This was partly the result of wars, +but was still more due to the diseases and vices introduced by +foreigners. In the summer of 1804 a pestilence, supposed to have been +the cholera, carried off half of the population of Oahu. Botany Bay +convicts had introduced the art of distilling liquor before the year +1800, and drunkenness had become very prevalent.</p> + + +<h3>THE SANDAL-WOOD TRADE.</h3> + +<p>During the first quarter of the present century the sandal-wood +trade was at its height. This wood was in great request at Canton, +where it was sold for incense and the manufacture of fancy +articles. It was purchased by the picul of 133-1/2 pounds, the price +varying from eight to ten dollars for the picul. This wood, while it +lasted, was a mine of wealth for the chiefs, by means of which they +were enabled to buy fire arms, liquor, boats and schooners, as well as +silks and other Chinese goods, for which they paid exorbitant +prices.</p> + + +<h3>THE CESSION OF KAUAI.</h3> + +<p>In March, 1810, Kaumualii, the last King of Kauai, visited Honolulu +in the ship Albatross, Capt. Nathan Winship, in order to have an +interview with Kamehameha. It was then arranged between the two chiefs +that Kaumualii should continue to hold his Island in fief of +Kamehameha during his life-time, on condition of paying tribute.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 68 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>RUSSIAN AGGRESSIONS.</h3> + +<p>During the year 1815 a Dr. Scheffer was sent to the Islands by +Baranoff, the Russian Governor of Alaska. He built a fort at Waimea, +for Kaumualii, on which the Russian colors were displayed, and urged +him to place himself under the protection of Russia. On hearing of +this, Kamehameha sent a large force to Honolulu, where a substantial +fort was built during the year 1816. He also sent orders to Kaumualii +to expel Dr. Scheffer, which was done.</p> + + +<h3>DEATH OF KAMEHAMEHA.</h3> + +<p>Kamehameha I. died on May 8th, 1819, at Kailua, Hawaii. His +work was done. He had consolidated the group under a strong +government, put an end to feudal anarchy and petty wars, and thus +prepared the way for civilization and Christianity.</p> + + +<h3>ABOLITION OF IDOLATRY.</h3> + +<p>In accordance with his will, his eldest son, Liholiho, was +installed as king, with the title of Kamehameha II., and +Kaahumanu, his favorite queen, as premier, to exercise equal powers +with the young prince, whose dissolute and reckless character is well +known.</p> + +<p>Their first important act was the abolition of the tabu<!--[sic]--> +system, which took place at a great feast held at Kailua in October, +1819, at which men and women ate together in public for the first +time. This was followed by the general burning of idols and temples +throughout the group.</p> + +<p>Kekuaokalani, a cousin of Liholiho, put himself at the head of the +adherents of the ancient faith, but was defeated and slain in the +battle of Kuamoo, fought about December 20th, 1819.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 69 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICAN MISSIONARIES.</h3> + +<p>The pioneer company of American missionaries to these Islands +arrived at Kailua, April 4th, 1820. They soon reduced the language to +writing and commenced printing the first book in January, 1822. They +found in the Hawaiians an amiable and highly receptive race, eager for +knowledge and easily influenced for good or evil. The principal +opposition to reform was made by foreigners.</p> + + +<h3>THE WHALING FLEET.</h3> + +<p>The first whale ship called at Honolulu in 1820, and was soon +followed by many others. Their number soon increased to 100 every +year, and the furnishing of supplies for them became the chief +resource of the Islands, as the sandal-wood became exhausted.</p> + + +<h3>DEATH OF LIHOLIHO.</h3> + +<p>The young king, accompanied by his wife and six chiefs, embarked +for England, November 27, 1823, on an English whale ship. On their +arrival in London they received the utmost hospitality and courtesy, +but in a few weeks the whole party was attacked by the measles, of +which the king and queen both died.</p> + + +<h3>REBELLION ON KAUAI.</h3> + +<p>Meanwhile, on the death of Kaumualii, a rebellion broke out in +Kauai, led by his son, Humehume. A desperate assault was made on the +fort at Waimea, which was repulsed with loss. Over 1,000 warriors were +sent down from Oahu and Maui, and a battle was fought near Hanapepe, +August 18th, 1824, in which the rebels were routed.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 70 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>VISIT OF LORD BYRON.</h3> + +<p>The frigate "Blonde," commanded by Lord Byron, cousin of the poet +of that name, was commissioned to convey the remains of the late king +and queen, together with their retinue, back to their native land. It +arrived at Honolulu, May 6th, 1825, when the royal remains were +deposited in a mausoleum with impressive funeral ceremonies.</p> + +<p>Kauikeaouli, the younger brother of Liholiho, was proclaimed king +with the title of Kamehameha III., and Kaahumanu as regent during +his minority. Her administration was signalized by a series of +outrages at Lahaina and Honolulu, committed by a depraved class of +foreigners who resented certain regulations made to restrict public +prostitution.</p> + +<p>Com. Jones visited the Islands in the "Peacock" in 1826, and +concluded the first treaty between the Hawaiian Islands and the United +States. The next year the first written laws were published against +murder, theft, adultery and gambling.</p> + + +<h3>THE ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION.</h3> + +<p>The first Roman Catholic missionaries arrived at Honolulu, July +7th, 1827, on the ship "Comet," from Bordeaux, and soon gathered a +congregation. They were members of the so-called "Picpusian Order," or +"Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary." Unfortunately, +misunderstandings arose, and from a mistaken belief that they were +fomenting discord and sedition, the chiefs caused them to be deported +to San Pedro, California, in January, 1832.</p> + + +<h3>ACCESSION OF KAMEHAMEHA III.</h3> + +<p>Kaahumanu died June 5th, 1832, and was succeeded by Kinau, +half-sister of the king. The king's minority was declared to be at an +end in March, 1833. A tract of land was leased to Ladd & Co. in +1835, and about the same time a silk +<!-- Page 71 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> +plantation was commenced by Peck & Titcomb. Cotton was raised and +manufactured on a small scale at Kailua, Hawaii.</p> + + +<h3>PERSECUTIONS.</h3> + +<p>During the next few years the chiefs persisted in a harsh and +unjustifiable policy, which imperiled the independence of the +country.</p> + +<p>On the return of the two banished priests from California, in +April, 1837, they were ordered to return in the same vessel in which +they had come, and were obliged to go on board of it. Meanwhile the +British sloop of war "Sulphur," Captain Belcher, and the French +frigate "Venus," Captain Du Petit Thouars, arrived and interposed in +behalf of the priests. As a compromise, they were landed again on +condition that they should leave by the first favorable +opportunity. Again on the 3d of November, another priest, +Rev. L. Maigret, and a lay brother arrived from Valparaiso, but +were not allowed to land. Finally Revs. Maigret and Bachelot left in a +schooner for Bonabe, Micronesia. From 1835 to 1839 the persecution of +native converts was resumed, but was at last put an end to by the +declaration of rights promulgated June 4th, 1839, and the king's edict +of toleration, issued June 17th.</p> + + +<h3>VISIT OF THE "ARTEMISE."</h3> + +<p>In consequence of these proceedings the French frigate "Artemise," +Captain Laplace, was ordered to Honolulu, where it arrived July 9th, +1839.</p> + +<p>Captain Laplace immediately sent the Government a peremptory letter +demanding that full religious liberty be proclaimed, and that the sum +of $20,000 be brought on board by noon of the 12th, or hostilities +would commence. The required treaty was signed and the money promptly +paid, and on the 16th, a commercial convention was also signed.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 72 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>FIRST CONSTITUTION.</h3> + +<p>The declaration of rights, mentioned above, which guaranteed +religious liberty, produced a feeling of security unknown before, and +formed the first step towards establishing individual property in +land. The first constitution was proclaimed October 8th, 1840. It +constituted a Legislature, consisting of a House of Hereditary Nobles, +and Representatives to be chosen by the people, who voted as a +separate house. It also defined the duties of the Governors and +provided for a Supreme Court.</p> + + +<h3>THE FIRST EMBASSY.</h3> + +<p>During the next two years the French and English consuls seemed to +vie with each other in the manufacture of petty grievances. Aware of +the dangers impending over it, the Hawaiian Government sent an embassy +to the United States, Great Britain and France, in July, 1842, which +consisted of Messrs. Haalilio, William Richards and Sir George +Simpson, one of the governors of the Hudson Bay Company.</p> + + +<h3>VISIT OF CAPTAIN MALLET.</h3> + +<p>On the 24th of August, 1842, the French corvette "Embuscade," +Captain Mallet, arrived at Honolulu, having been sent to investigate +complaints of the violation of the Laplace Convention, chiefly +relating to local school matters. Having received an able and +courteous reply to his demands, he informed the king that Admiral Du +Petit<!--Normalize DuPetit--> Thouars might be expected the next +spring to settle these matters.</p> + + +<h3>THE CESSION TO LORD PAULET.</h3> + +<p>The dispatch of the embassy to Europe and the visit of Captain +Mallet both served to bring to a head the designs of +Mr. Charlton, the British consul. He suddenly left for London, +<!-- Page 73 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +leaving Alexander Simpson as acting consul, in order to defeat the +objects of the embassy. In consequence of their representations, +H. B. M. frigate "Carysford," commanded by George Paulet, +was ordered to Honolulu, arriving there February 10, 1843. On the +arrival of the king from Lahaina, Lord Paulet sent him six demands, +threatening war if they were not acceded to by 4 p. m. of the next +day. These demands chiefly related to a fraudulent land claim of +Charlton's, and to decisions of the courts in certain civil suits +between foreigners. Before the hour set for hostilities had arrived, +the king acceded to the demands under protest, and appealed to the +British Government for damages. But a fresh series of demands having +been made, and claims for damages having been trumped up amounting to +$80,000, the king decided, by Dr. Judd's advice, to forestall the +intended seizure of the Islands by a provisional cession, pending an +appeal to the justice of the home government.</p> + +<p>The act of cession was carried into effect February 25th, 1843. The +British flag took the place of the Hawaiian for five months, and a +body of native troops was organized and drilled by British +officers.</p> + +<p>The country was meanwhile governed by a mixed commission consisting +of Lord Paulet, Lieutenant Frere, a Mr. Mackay and +Dr. Judd.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="COLLEGE" id="COLLEGE"></a> +<img src="images/college.jpg" width="500" height="355" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +OAHU COLLEGE. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="PAUAHI" id="PAUAHI"></a> +<img src="images/pauahi.jpg" width="500" height="352" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE. +</span></div> + + +<h3>THE RESTORATION.</h3> + +<p>On being informed of these events, Admiral Thomas, +Commander-in-Chief of H. B. M.'s naval forces in the Pacific +ocean, immediately sailed from Valparaiso for the Islands, arriving at +Honolulu July 25th, 1843. He immediately issued a proclamation, +declaring in the name of his government that he did not accept of the +provisional cession of the Hawaiian Islands, and on the 31st restored +the national flag with impressive ceremonies. His course was fully +approved of by the home government, +<!-- Page 74 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +and certainly tended to exalt the reputation of his country for +justice and magnanimity in dealing with inferior races.</p> + + +<h3>THE RECOGNITION OF HAWAIIAN INDEPENDENCE.</h3> + +<p>Meanwhile the Hawaiian embassadors,<!--[sic]--> who had been joined +by Mr. Marshall, the king's envoy, had done effective work in +London and Paris. At their request the matters in dispute had been +referred to the law advisers of the crown, who decided in favor of the +Hawaiian Government on every point except the Charlton land claim. At +length, on the 28th of November, 1843, the two governments of France +and England issued a joint declaration in which they recognized the +independence of the Islands, and reciprocally engaged "never to take +possession, either directly or under the title of a protectorate, or +under any other form, of any part of the territory of which they are +composed."</p> + + +<h3>ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT.</h3> + +<p>Both the king and his advisers saw that in order to maintain a +permanent government it was necessary to combine both the native and +foreign elements together in one common organization, and to make the +king the sovereign not merely of one race or class, but of all. During +the next few years the executive departments of the Government and the +judiciary were organized by a group of men of remarkably high +character and ability.</p> + + +<h3>LAND TITLES.</h3> + +<p>During the period of 1846-1855 the ancient tenure of land was +abolished, and the foundation laid of individual property in land. In +the first place, the king as feudal suzerain divided the lands of the +kingdom between himself and each one of the +<!-- Page 75 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +chiefs, his feudatories, this partition being recorded in a book +called the <i>Mahele</i> Book, or Book of Division. After this first +partition was closed, out of four million acres there remained in the +king's hands about two and a half millions. The king then redivided +the lands which had been surrendered to him, setting apart about a +million and a half acres for the Government, and reserving for himself +as his private domain, about a million acres, including the best of +the lands. The common people were granted fee simple titles for their +house lots and the lands which they actually cultivated for +themselves, called <i>Kuleanas</i> or homesteads.</p> + + +<h3>THE "REPRISALS" OF 1849.</h3> + +<p>From 1843 till 1848 the most amicable relations continued to exist +between France and the Hawaiian Government. But this state of things +was then reversed by M. Dillon, the new French consul, who +endeavored to reopen all old disputes and to create new grievances in +every possible way. His principal grounds of complaint were the high +duty on brandy and the alleged partiality shown to the English +language. On the 12th of August, 1849, the French frigate +"Poursuivante," Admiral De Tromelin, arrived at Honolulu, and was +joined the next day by the corvette "Gassendi."</p> + +<p>On the 22d the admiral sent to the king ten demands, drawn up by +M. Dillon, allowing the Hawaiian Government three days in which +to comply with them.</p> + +<p>As these demands were firmly but courteously refused, an armed +force was landed on the 25th, which took possession of the deserted +fort, the custom house and other buildings, and the harbor was +blockaded for ten days. The fort was dismantled and the king's private +yacht confiscated by way of "reprisal," after which the "Poursuivante" +sailed for San Francisco, taking M. Dillon as a passenger.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 76 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>THE SECOND EMBASSY TO FRANCE.</h3> + +<p>The king immediately sent Dr. Judd as special commissioner to +France, accompanied by the two nephews of the king, Alexander, the +heir-apparent, and Lot Kamehameha.</p> + +<p>But on arriving in Paris they found that M. Dillon had +preceded them, and still retained the confidence of the Minister of +Foreign Affairs.</p> + +<p>The embassy, however, agreed with Lord Palmerston upon the basis of +a new treaty with Great Britain.</p> + + +<h3>THE U. S. PROTECTORATE.</h3> + +<p>The French corvette "Serieuse" arrived at Honolulu, December 13, +1850, bringing M. Perrin, Commissioner of France, and remained in +port three months.</p> + +<p>To the surprise of all, he presented again the identical ten +demands of his predecessor, and resumed his policy of petty annoyance +and interference with internal affairs of the kingdom. At length his +attitude became so menacing that the king and privy council passed a +proclamation placing the Islands provisionally under the protectorate +of the United States. This action was ratified by the next +Legislature. Although it was finally declined by the United States, +it had the desired effect, and the obnoxious demands were dropped.</p> + + +<h3>THE CONSTITUTION OF 1852.</h3> + +<p>Was a very liberal one for the times, and has formed the basis of +all succeeding constitutions. The nobles were to be appointed by the +kings for life. The representatives, who were to be not less than +twenty-four in number, were to be elected by universal suffrage.</p> + + +<h3>INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.</h3> + +<p>Between the years 1850 and 1860 a large part of the government land +was sold to the common people in small tracts at nominal prices.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 77 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +</div> + +<p>The rapid settlement of California opened a new market for the +productions of the Islands, and gave a great stimulus to agriculture. +For a time large profits were made by raising potatoes for the +California market. Wheat was cultivated in the Makawao district, and a +steam flouring mill was erected in Honolulu in 1854. The next year 463 +barrels of Hawaiian flour were exported. A coffee plantation was +started at Hanalei, Kauai, in 1842, and promised well, but was +attacked by blight after the severe drought of 1851-2. The export of +coffee rose to 208,000 pounds in 1850, but then fell off. The export +of sugar only reached 500 tons in 1853. The sugar mills were generally +worked by oxen or mules, and the molasses drained in the old fashioned +way.</p> + + +<h3>THE UNFINISHED ANNEXATION TREATY.</h3> + +<p>The year 1853 was rendered memorable by a terrible epidemic of +small-pox, which carried off several thousand people on the Island of +Oahu. During that and the following year there was an active agitation +in Honolulu in favor of annexation to the United States. The king +favored it as a refuge from impending dangers. The missionaries +generally opposed it, fearing that its effects would be injurious to +the native race. The negotiations were carried on between +Mr. Gregg, the American Minister, and Mr. Wyllie, the +Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a draft of the treaty was completed +in June, 1854.</p> + +<p>The representatives of France and Great Britain remonstrated with +the king against it, while the heir-apparent was also opposed to +it. The negotiation was still pending when the king suddenly died on +the 15th of December, 1854.</p> + +<p>His adopted son and heir, Alexander Liholiho, was immediately +proclaimed king, under the title of Kamehameha IV.</p> + + +<h3>THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA IV.</h3> + +<p>Was uneventful. He was married to Emma Rooke, a chiefess partly of +English descent, who both by her character and her +<!-- Page 78 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +talents was worthy of the position. By their personal exertions the +king and queen succeeded in raising the funds with which to found the +"Queen's Hospital" at Honolulu. Their little son, the "Prince of +Hawaii," died in 1862, at four years of age, and with him expired the +hope of the Kamehameha dynasty. During the same year Bishop Staley, +accompanied by a staff of clergymen, arrived at Honolulu and commenced +the Anglican Mission.</p> + +<p>During the following year the king was rapidly failing in health, +and on the 30th of November, 1863, he died, at the early age of +twenty-nine, and was succeeded by his elder brother, Prince Lot +Kamehameha.</p> + +<p>The development of the country during his reign was nearly at a +stand-still. The cultivation of wheat as well as that of coffee was +given up, but the culture of rice was commenced in 1860, and proved to +be a great success.</p> + + +<h3>THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA V.</h3> + +<p>The reign of Kamehameha V. was memorable for the change of the +constitution which he made on his own authority, soon after coming to +the throne. The right of suffrage was made to depend on a small +property qualification and on ability to read and write. The Nobles +and representatives were henceforth to sit and vote in one +chamber. During his reign the Board of Education was constituted, the +Bureau of Immigration formed, and the Act passed in 1865 to segregate +the lepers.</p> + +<p>A treaty of reciprocity with the United States was negotiated, but +failed of ratification by the Senate.</p> + +<p>A destructive eruption from Mauna Loa took place in 1868, in the +District of Kau. The almost total destruction of the whaling fleet in +the Arctic Sea in 1871 was a serious blow to the prosperity of the +Islands.</p> + +<p>The King died suddenly December 11th, 1872, and with him ended the +line of the Kamehamehas.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 79 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>THE REIGN OF LUNALILO.</h3> + +<p>As Kamehameha V. died without appointing any successor, the +choice devolved upon the Legislature, which met on the 8th of January, +1873, and elected William Lunalilo, cousin of the late king, by a +large majority, amid general rejoicing. During that year, the proposal +to cede or lease Pearl Harbor to the United States in consideration of +a treaty of commercial reciprocity gave rise to an extensive +agitation, which intensified the suspicion and race prejudice that +already existed.</p> + +<p>The execution of the law for the segregation of lepers helped to +widen the breach, and the effects were seen in the mutiny of the +household troops in September, 1873, which had the sympathy of the +populace.</p> + +<p>The King's health was already failing, and on the 3d of February, +1874, he died of pulmonary consumption. By his will he left the bulk +of his real estate to found a home for aged and indigent +Hawaiians.</p> + + +<h3>ACCESSION OF KALAKAUA.</h3> + +<p>Again the Legislature was called together to elect his successor on +the 12th of February, 1874. The two rival candidates were the +Queen-Dowager Emma and David Kalakaua, the latter of whom was elected +by thirty-nine votes to six. A large mob, composed of Queen Emma's +partisans, surrounded the court house during the election, after which +they broke into the building and assaulted the members of the +Legislature.</p> + +<p>At the request of the Cabinet, a body of marines was landed from +the U. S. ships "Tuscarora" and "Portsmouth," and another from +H. B. M.'s ship "Tenedos," which dispersed the rioters and +guarded the public buildings for a week. Kalakaua was sworn in at noon +the next day, and duly proclaimed King.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 80 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +</div> + +<h3>THE RECIPROCITY TREATY.</h3> + +<p>During the next year negotiations were opened with the United +States for a treaty of commercial reciprocity, which was ratified in +June, 1875, and finally went into operation in September, 1876, in +spite of bitter opposition in both countries. The development of the +resources of the Islands, which has resulted from this treaty, has +surpassed all expectation. In connection with it there has also been a +large increase of the foreign elements in the population.</p> + + +<h3>THE KING'S TOUR AROUND THE WORLD.</h3> + +<p>On the 20th of January, 1881, King Kalakaua set out on a tour +around the world, accompanied by the late Col. C. H. Judd, +and Mr. W. N. Armstrong. He was received with royal honors +in Japan, and afterwards visited China, Siam, Johore and British +India. After visiting the Khedive of Egypt, the party made the tour of +Europe, and returned home by way of the United States, arriving in +Honolulu Oct. 29, 1881.</p> + + +<h3>REACTIONARY POLICY OF KALAKAUA.</h3> + +<p>Unlike his predecessors, Kalakaua seemed to regard himself as merely a +king of the native Hawaiians, and foreign residents as alien invaders. +It also seemed to be his chief aim to change the system of government +into a personal despotism, in which he should have unchecked control of +the Government Treasury. Thus he took it upon himself in July, 1878, and +again in August, 1880, to dismiss a Ministry, without assigning any +reason, immediately after it had been triumphantly sustained by a vote +of the Legislature. On the latter occasion, his appointment of Celso +Caesar Moreno as premier called forth the protest of the representatives +of three great Powers, and such an uprising of the people that he had to +give way. Adroit politicians were not wanting to flatter his vanity, +defend his +<!-- Page 81 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +follies, and show him how to violate the spirit and intent of the +Constitution, while keeping within the letter of the law. The +Legislatures were packed with subservient office-holders, while every +artifice was used to debauch the native electorate and to foment race +prejudice. The national debt grew up from $389,000 in 1880 to +$1,936,000 in 1887. At the same time, under the existing law, no +foreigner could be naturalized without the King's approval.</p> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="MASONIC" id="MASONIC"></a> +<img src="images/masonic.jpg" width="500" height="363" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +MASONIC TEMPLE. +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="MUSEUM" id="MUSEUM"></a> +<img src="images/museum.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM. +</span></div> + + +<h3>THE REVOLUTION OF 1887.</h3> + +<p>After the legislative session of 1886, the King was virtually his +own prime minister, and went from one folly to another, until his +acceptance of two bribes, one of $75,000 and another of $80,000 in +connection with the assignment of an opium license, precipitated the +revolution of 1887. Overawed by the unanimity of the movement, and +deserted by his followers, the King yielded without a struggle. The +Constitution which he was pleased to sign on the 7th of July, 1887, +was a revision of that of 1864, intended to put an end to mere +personal government, and to make the executive responsible to the +representatives of the people. Office-holders were made ineligible to +seats in the Legislature. The Ministers were henceforth to be +removable only upon a vote of want of confidence passed by a majority +of all the elective members of the Legislature. The Nobles, instead of +being appointed by the King, were to be elected for terms of six +years, by electors who should be possessed of taxable property worth +$3,000, or in receipt of an annual income of $600.</p> + + +<h3>THE INSURRECTION OF 1889.</h3> + +<p>The opposition of the Court and of other adherents of the old +regime, to the reforms of 1887, led to an insurrection headed by +R. W. Wilcox, on the 30th of July, 1889 which was promptly +<!-- Page 82 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +put down, but not without bloodshed. Seven of the rioters were killed +and a large number wounded.</p> + +<p>There can be little doubt that the late King and his sister were +accessory to this ill-advised outbreak.</p> + + +<h3>ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI.</h3> + +<p>In order to recruit his health, the King visited California in +November, 1890. In spite of the best medical attendance, he continued +to fail, and breathed his last on the 20th of January, 1891, in San +Francisco. His remains were brought to Honolulu in the +U. S. S. "Charleston," arriving there January 29th, 1891. On +the same day, his sister took the oath to maintain the Constitution, +and was proclaimed Queen, under the title of Liliuokalani.</p> + + +<h3>THE REVOLUTION OF 1893.</h3> + +<p>The ex-Queen in a published statement has since declared that she +signed the Constitution unwillingly. The history of her short reign +shows that it was her unaltered purpose to restore autocratic +government. In short, she was determined to govern as well as to +reign.</p> + +<p>The decision of the Supreme Court that the term of the last Cabinet +expired with the King, gave her an opportunity (which she improved), +to dictate terms in advance to the incoming Cabinet, and to secure +control of all appointments. The legislative session of 1892 was +protracted to eight months chiefly by her determination to retain her +control of the Executive, as well as to carry through the opium and +lottery bills. Meanwhile she had caused a Constitution to be drawn +up, which would practically, have transformed the government from a +limited to an absolute monarchy, besides disfranchising a class of +citizens who paid two-thirds of the taxes. This Constitution she +undertook to spring upon the country by a <i>coup d'etat</i>, on +<!-- Page 83 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> +the day of the prorogation of the Legislature, January 14th, 1893.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, at the critical moment, when her preparations were +complete, her Ministers shrank from sharing the responsibility of such +a revolutionary act, and induced her to postpone it. In such an +undertaking to hesitate is fatal.</p> + +<p>Again there was a general uprising of the conservative part of the +community similar to that of 1887. But this time public opinion +condemned all half way measures, and declared the monarchy to be +forfeited by its own act.</p> + +<p>The Reform leaders reorganized their forces, and formed a +Provisional Government, which was proclaimed January 17th, 1893 from +the Government Building. The U. S. S. "Boston," which had +unexpectedly arrived from Hilo on the day of the prorogation, landed a +force on the 16th, to protect the lives and property of American +citizens, in case of disorder or incendiarism. The Queen's ministers +availed themselves of the presence of these troops on shore as an +excuse for their inaction, and persuaded the Queen to resign under +protest, and to appeal to the government of the United States.</p> + +<p>A treaty of annexation was soon after negotiated with the United +States during President Harrison's administration, which was withdrawn +by President Cleveland immediately after his accession. The failure of +his attempt to restore the monarchy by diplomacy is well known.</p> + + +<h3>THE REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.</h3> + +<p>During the next year a convention was elected, which sat in +Honolulu during the month of June, 1894, and framed a new Constitution +for the country, and the Republic of Hawaii was formally proclaimed +July 4, 1894.</p> + +<p>Another royalist conspiracy was formed during the fall of that +year, which resulted in the insurrection of January 6th, +<!-- Page 84 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +1895, which was promptly crushed by the patriotic citizens of the +Republic.</p> + +<p>A dangerous epidemic of Asiatic cholera in the following September, +was stamped out by the united efforts of the public spirited citizens +of Honolulu.</p> + +<p>For four years, in spite of hostile influences from without and +enemies at home, the Republic has maintained peace and order, +administered justice, carried on extensive internal improvements, +advanced education, and kept the financial credit of the nation above +par in the markets of the world.</p> + +<div style="margin: auto; max-width: 36em"> +<div> +<!-- Page 85 --> +<span class="pagenum"> + <a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a> + <a name="OFFICIAL_DIRECTORY" id="OFFICIAL_DIRECTORY"></a> +</span> +</div> + +<h3>OFFICIAL DIRECTORY, REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.</h3> + +<h4>EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent"> +Sanford B. Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Foreign Affairs.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">James A. King, Minister of the Interior.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Samuel M. Damon, Minister of Finance.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">William O. Smith, Attorney-General.</p> + + +<h4>COUNCIL OF STATE.</h4> + +<table width="100%" summary="council of state"> +<tr> +<td class="hangindent"> +William C. Wilder, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +George W. Smith, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +Mark P. Robinson, +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="hangindent"> +Cecil Brown, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +John Phillips, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +John Ena, +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="hangindent"> +P. C. Jones, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +D. L. Naone, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +Samuel M. Ka-ne, +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="hangindent"> +J. A. Kennedy, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +A. G. M. Robertson, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +John Nott, +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="hangindent"> +C. Bolte, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +E. C. Winston, +</td> + +<td class="hangindent"> +J. P. Mendonca. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<h4>SUPREME COURT.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent"> +Hon. A. F. Judd, Chief Justice.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hon. W. F. Frear, First Associate +Justice.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hon. W. Austin Whiting, Second Associate +Justice.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Henry Smith, Chief Clerk.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Geo. Lucas, Deputy Clerk.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">James Thompson, Second Deputy Clerk.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">J. Walter Jones, Stenographer.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 86 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> +</div> + +<h4>CIRCUIT JUDGES.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent"> +First Circuit—Alfred W. Carter, Antonio Perry, Oahu.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Second Circuit—J. W. Kalua.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Third and Fourth +Circuits—S. L. Austin.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fifth Circuit—J. Hardy.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Offices and Court-room in Court House, King +street. Sitting in Honolulu: First Monday in February, May, August and +November.</p> + + +<h4>DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Executive Building, King street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Henry E. Cooper, Minister Foreign +Affairs.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">George C. Potter, Secretary.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Alexander St. M. Mackintosh, Clerk.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Miss Kate Kelley, Stenographer.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">B. L. Marx, Clerk Executive Council.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">James W. Girvin, Secretary Chinese +Bureau.</p> + + +<h4>DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Executive Building, King street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent">James A. King, Minister of the +Interior.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Chief Clerk, John A. Hassinger.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Assistant Clerks, James H. Boyd, +H. C. Meyers, Stephen Mahaulu, George C. Ross, +Edward S. Boyd.</p> + + +<h4>CHIEFS OF BUREAUS, INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent">Surveyor-General, W. D. Alexander.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Superintendent Public Works, W. E. Rowell.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Superintendent Water Works, Andrew Brown.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Inspector Electric Lights, John Cassidy.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 87 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Registrar of Conveyances, T. G. Thrum.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Road Supervisor, Honolulu, W. H. Cummings.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Insane Asylum, Dr. Geo. H. Herbert.</p> + + +<h4>BOARD OF FIRE COMMISSIONERS.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent">Andrew Brown, Charles Crozier and +J. H. Fisher.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">James H. Hunt, Chief +Engineer,<!--Typo: Enginee--> H. F. D.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">William R. Sims, Secretary.</p> + + +<h4>BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.</h4> + +<p class="hangindent">President, the Minister of the Interior. Allan +Herbert, Thomas King, Wray Taylor, E. W. Jordan. Joseph Marsden, +Commissioner and Secretary.</p> + + +<h4>DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Executive Building, King street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Minister of Finance, Samuel M. Damon.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Auditor-General, H. Laws.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Registrar of Accounts, W. G. Ashley.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Clerk of Finance Office, +E. R. Stackable.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Collector-General of Customs, +James B. Castle.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Tax Assessor, Oahu, Jonathan Shaw.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Postmaster-General, J. M. Oat.</p> + + +<h4>CUSTOMS BUREAU.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Custom House, Esplanade, Fort street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent"> +Collector-General, James B. Castle.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Deputy Collector, Frank B. McStocker.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Harbor Master, Captain A. Fuller.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Port Surveyor, George C. Stratemeyer.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Storekeeper, .........</p><!--Add dots--> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 88 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +</div> + + +<h4>DEPARTMENT OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Executive Building, King street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent"> +Attorney-General, William O. Smith.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Deputy Attorney-General, E. P. Dole.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Clerk, J. M. Kea.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Marshal, A. M. Brown.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Deputy Marshal, H. R. Hitchcock.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jailor<!--[sic]--> Oahu Prison, J. A. Low.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Prison Physician, C. B. Cooper, M. D.</p> + + +<h4>DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Judiciary Building.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent"> +Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Public Instruction.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Commissioners, Professor William Dewitt +Alexander, Mrs. Emma Louisa Dillingham, +Mr. William A. Bowen, Mrs. Alice Clark Jordan, +Mr. H. M. von Holt.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">H. S. Townsend, Inspector-General of +Schools.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">J. F. Scott, Deputy Inspector-General of +Schools.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">C. T. Rodgers, Secretary of Department.</p> + + +<h4>BOARD OF IMMIGRATION.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Judiciary Building.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent"> +President, James A. King.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Members of Board of Immigration, +J. B. Atherton, Joseph Marsden, D. B. Smith, +James G. Spencer, J. Carden. Secretary, Wray Taylor.</p> + + +<h4>BOARD OF HEALTH.</h4> + +<h5>Office in Judiciary Building.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent">President, William O. Smith.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Secretary, Charles Wilcox.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 89 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Members, D. Keliipio, C. A. Brown, +N. B. Emerson, M. D.; F. R. Day, M. D.; +C. B. Wood, M. D., and T. F. Lansing.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Port Physician, Dr. Francis Day.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dispensary, Dr. H. W. Howard.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Leper Settlement, Dr. R. K. Oliver.</p> + + +<h4>POLICE COURT.</h4> + +<h5>Police Station Building, Merchant street.</h5> + +<p class="hangindent"> +George H. de la Vergne, Magistrate.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">William Cuelho, Clerk.</p> + + +<hr class="mini" /> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="KAWAIAHAO" id="KAWAIAHAO"></a> +<img src="images/kawaiahao.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian). +</span></div> + +<div class="illo"> +<a name="CHURCH" id="CHURCH"></a> +<img src="images/church.jpg" width="337" height="500" alt="" /> +<span class="caption"><br /> +CENTRAL UNION CHURCH. +</span></div> + + +<h4>FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES IN HONOLULU.</h4> + +<h5><i>Diplomatic.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">United States—Envoy Extraordinary and +Minister Plenipotentiary, Albert S. Willis, Esq.; residence, King +St. Ellis Mills, Esq., Secretary of Legation.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Portugal—Charge d'Affaires and +Consul-General, Senhor A. de Souza Canavarro; residence, Beretania +St.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Great Britain—Commissioner and +Consul-General, Captain A. G. S. Hawes.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Japan—Diplomatic Agent and Consul-General, +Mr. H. Shimamura; residence, Nuuanu +Ave. H. I. J. M. Eleve Consul, Mr. K. Mimashi, +Secretary H. I. J. M. Consulate-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">France—Consul and Commissioner, +Mons. Louis Voisson; Chancellor of Legation, +Mons. A. Vizzavona.</p> + +<h5><i>Consular.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">United States—Consul-General, Ellis Mills. +W. Porter Boyd, United States Vice and Deputy Consul-General. +</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 90 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Italy—F. A. Schaefer, Consul. (Dean +of the Consular Corps.)</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Netherlands—J. H. Paty, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Denmark—H. R. Macfarlane, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Mexico, H. Renjes, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Peru—Bruce Cartwright, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Chile—Julius Hoting, Consul.</p><!--Typo: Chili--> + +<p class="hangindent">Austria-Hungary—J. F. Hackfeld, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Germany—J. F. Hackfeld, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Belgium—H. Focke, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Great Britain—T. R. Walker, +Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Spain—H. Renjes, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Russia—J. F. Hackfeld, Acting +Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Sweden and Norway—Charles Weight, Acting +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">China—Goo Kim Fui, Commercial Agent; Wong +Kwai, Assistant Commercial Agent.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">U. S. Consular Agent, Kahului, +A. J. Dickens, Acting.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">U. S. Consular Agent, Mahukona, +C. J. Falk.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">U. S. Consular Agent, Hilo, Charles +Furneaux.</p> + +<hr class="mini" /> + + +<h4>PRINCIPAL HAWAIIAN REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD.</h4> + + +<h5><i>United States.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Washington, +D. C.—Francis M. Hatch, Envoy Extraordinary and +Minister Plenipotentiary; Major Frank P. Hastings, Charge +d'Affaires and Secretary of Legation.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">New York—E. H. Allen, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Chicago—Fred W. Job, Consul-General +for the States of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">San Francisco—Charles T. Wilder, +Consul-General for the Pacific States, California, Oregon, Nevada and +Washington; J. F. Soper, Vice and Deputy Consul-General.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 91 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Boston—Gorham D. Gilman, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Portland, Oregon—J. McCracken, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Port Townsend—James G. Swan, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Seattle—John H. Carter, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Tacoma—J. T. Steeb, Acting Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Philadelphia—Robert H. Davis, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">San Diego—H. P. Wood, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Detroit—A. L. Bresler, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Great Britain.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">London—Manley Hopkins, Consul-General; +Cyril Hopkins, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Liverpool—Harold Janion, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bristol—Mark Whitwill, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hull—W. Moran, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Newcastle-on-Tyne—E. Biesterfeld, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Falmouth—Cecil Robert Broad, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dover (and the Cinque Ports)—Francis +Wm. Prescott, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Swansea—H. Goldberg, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cardiff—J. Bovey, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Edinburgh and Leith—E. G. Buchanan, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Glasgow—Peter Denniston, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dundee—J. G. Zoller, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dublin—R. Jas. Murphy, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Queenstown—Geo. B. Dawson, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Belfast—W. A. Ross, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Middlesborough—B. C. Atkinson, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>British Colonies.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Toronto, Ontario—J. Enoch Thompson, +Consul-General; Col. Geo. A. Shaw, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">St. John's, +N. B.—Allan O. Crookshank, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Rimouski—J. N. Pouliot, +Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Montreal—Dickson Anderson, Consul. +<!-- Page 92 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> +Yarmouth, N. S.—Ed. F. Clements, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Victoria, B. C.—R. P. Rithet, +Consul-General for British Columbia.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Vancouver, +B. C.—J. W. McFarland, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Sydney, +N. S. W.—W. E. Dixon, Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Melbourne, Victoria—G. N. Oakley, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Brisbane, +Queensland—Alex. B. Webster, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hobart, Tasmania—Hon. Audley Coote, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Launceston, Tasmania—Geo. Collins, +Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Newcastle, +N. S. W.—W. J. Gillam, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Auckland, N. Z.—James Macfarlane, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dunedin, N. Z.—W. G. Neill, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gibraltar—H. Schott, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>France and Colonies.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Paris—Alfred Houle, Charge d'Affaires and +Consul-General; A. N. H. Teyssier, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Marseilles—........, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bordeaux—Ernest de Boissac, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dijon—H. F. J. Vieilhomme, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Liborne—C. Schaessler, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cette—Julius Chavasse, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Grenoble—J. L. Garcin, +Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Papeete, Tahiti—E. A. Bonet, +Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Spain.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Barcelona—Enrique Minguez, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cadiz—J. Shaw, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Valencia—Julio Soler, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Malaga—F. T. de Navarra, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cartagena—J. Paris, Consul.</p> + + +<div> +<!-- Page 93 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +</div> + + +<h5><i>Portugal and Colonies.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Lisbon—A. F. de Serpa, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Oporto—Narciso T. M. Ferro, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Madeira Island—L. D. F. Branco, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cape Vincent, Cape de Verde +Islands—Clarimundo Martins, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lagos, Cape de Verde Islands—Manuel Jose +Barbosa, Vice-Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Azores Islands.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Ponta Delgardo (St. Michaels)—Senhor +Bernardo Machado de Faria Maia, Consul-General; A. da Silva Moreira, +Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Italy.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Rome—Dwight Benton, Consul-General; +Hale P. Benton, Vice and Deputy Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Palermo, Sicily—A. Tagliavia, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Genoa—Raphael de Luchi, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Holland.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Amsterdam—D. H. Schmull, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dordrecht—P. J. Bouwman, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Japan.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Tokio—R. W. Irwin, Minister +Resident.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Kobe—C. P. Hall, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Yokohama—B. C. Howard, Consul; +Dr. Stuart Eldridge, M. D., Sanitary Inspector.</p> + + +<h5><i>China.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Hong Kong—J. J. Bell Irving, Acting +Consul-General; Dr. Gregory P. Jordan, M. D., Sanitary +Inspector.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 94 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Amoy—Robert H. Bruce, Consul; +Dr. Hugh MacDougald, M. D., Sanitary Inspector.</p> + + +<h5><i>Belgium.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Antwerp—Victor Forge, Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ghent—E. Coppieters, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Liege—J. Blanpain, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bruges—E. Van Den Brande, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Sweden and Norway.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Stockholm, Sweden—C. A. Engvalls, +Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Christiana, Norway—L. Samson, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gothemburg, Sweden—Gustaf Kraak, +Vice-Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Austria.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Vienna—Hugo Schonberger, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Germany and Colonies.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Bremen—H. F. Glade, Charge d'Affaires +and Consul-General; J. F. Muller, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hamburg—E. F. Weber, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Frankfort-on-Main—J. Kopp, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dresden—A. P. Russ, Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Canary Islands.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Las Palamas—L. Falcon y Quevedo, Consul; +J. B. De Laguna, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Santa Cruz de la +Palma—Antonio C. de las Casas, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Areciefe de Lanzarote—E. Murales, +Vice-Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Mexico.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Mexico—Col. W. J. De Gress, +Consul-General; R. H. Baker, Vice-Consul.</p> + +<div> +<!-- Page 95 --> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +</div> + +<p class="hangindent">Manzanillo—Robert James Barney, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ensenada—James Moorkens, Vice-Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Central and South America.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Valparaiso, South America—David Thomas, +Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lima, South America—F. L. Crosby, +Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Montevideo, South America—Conrad Hughes, +Consul.</p> + + +<h5><i>Philippine Islands.</i></h5> + +<p class="hangindent">Iloilo—Geo. Shelmerdine, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Manila—Jasper M. Wood, Consul.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cebu—Geo. A. Cadell, Consul.</p> + +<div class="hugeskip"></div> + +</div> + +</div> <!-- End of global div--> + + +<div class="tnote"> +<h3> +<a name="Transcribers_Endnote" id="Transcribers_Endnote"></a> +Transcriber's Note +</h3> + +<p> +With the exception of OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA, the illustrations +and cover image come from a slightly different printing of the +pamphlet than the text. +</p> + +<p> +Minor typographical errors and irregularities have been corrected. +</p> + +<p> +The table of contents and list of illustrations have been added for +the reader's convenience. +</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hawaiian Islands, by +The Department of Foreign Affairs + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS *** + +***** This file should be named 29383-h.htm or 29383-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/8/29383/ + +Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Andrew D. 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