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diff --git a/29456-0.txt b/29456-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89684ad --- /dev/null +++ b/29456-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5738 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Comic Latin Grammar, by Percival Leigh + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Comic Latin Grammar + A new and facetious introduction to the Latin tongue + +Author: Percival Leigh + +Illustrator: John Leech + +Release Date: July 19, 2009 [EBook #29456] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMIC LATIN GRAMMAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +The Prosody section of this e-text uses characters that require UTF-8 +(Unicode) file encoding: + + ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] + ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare] + +In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and the +decorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section. + +If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the +diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. + +This book was written in 1840. It includes material that may be +offensive to some readers. Students should be cautioned that the book +predates “New Style” (classical) pronunciation. Note in particular +the pronunciation of “j” (“Never jam today”) and of all vowels (“Yes, +you Can-u-leia”). + +In the main text, boldface type is shown in +marks+. In the advertising +section at the end, the same +marks+ represent sans-serif type. + +Typographical errors are listed at the end of the text, along with some +general notes.] + + + + + [Frontispiece: + “Painted and Engraved by John Leech, R.C.A.”] + + + + + THE COMIC + + LATIN GRAMMAR; + + A new and facetious Introduction + + to the + + LATIN TONGUE. + + With Numerous Illustrations. + + + The Second Edition. + + + London: + CHARLES TILT, FLEET STREET. + MDCCCXL. + + + + + Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. Paul’s. + + + + + ADVERTISEMENT + + TO THE SECOND EDITION. + + +The Author of this little work cannot allow a second edition of it to go +forth to the world, unaccompanied by a few words of apology, he being +desirous of imitating, in every respect, the example of distinguished +writers. + +He begs that so much as the consciousness of being answerable for a +great deal of nonsense, usually prompts a man to say, in the hope of +disarming criticism, may be considered to have been said already. But he +particularly requests that the want of additions to his book may be +excused; and pleads, in arrest of judgment, his numerous and absorbing +avocations. + +Wishing to atone as much as possible for this deficiency, and prevailed +upon by the importunity of his friends, he has allowed a portrait of +himself, by that eminent artist, Mr. John Leech, to whom he is indebted +for the embellishments, and very probably for the sale of the book, to +be presented, facing the title-page, to the public. + +Here again he has been influenced by the wish to comply with the +requisitions of custom, and the disinclination to appear odd, whimsical, +or peculiar. + +On the admirable sketch itself, bare justice requires that he should +speak somewhat in detail. The likeness he is told, he fears by too +partial admirers, is excellent. The principle on which it has been +executed, that of investing with an ideal magnitude, the proportions of +nature, is plainly, from what we observe in heroic poetry, painting, and +sculpture, the soul itself of the superhuman and sublime. Of the +justness of the metaphorical compliment implied in the delineation of +the head, it is not for the author to speak; of its exquisiteness and +delicacy, his sense is too strong for expression. The habitual +pensiveness of the elevated eyebrows, mingled with the momentary gaiety +of the rest of the countenance, is one of the most successful points in +the picture, and is as true to nature as it is indicative of art. + +The Author’s tailor, though there are certain reasons why his name +should not appear in print, desires to express his obligation to the +talented artist for the very favourable impression which, without +prejudice to truth, has been given to the public of his skill. The ease +so conspicuous in the management of the surtout, and the thought so +remarkable in the treatment of the trousers, fully warrant his +admiration and gratitude. + +Too great praise cannot be bestowed on the boots, considered with +reference to art, though in this respect the Author is quite sensible +that both himself and the maker of their originals have been greatly +flattered. He is also perfectly aware that there is a degree of +neatness, elegance, and spirit in the tie of the cravat, to which he has +in reality never yet been able to attain. + +In conclusion, he is much gratified by the taste displayed in furnishing +him with so handsome a walking stick; and he assures all whom it may +concern, that the hint thus bestowed will not be lost upon him; for he +intends immediately to relinquish the large oaken cudgel which he has +hitherto been accustomed to carry, and to appear, in every respect, to +the present generation, such as he will descend to posterity. + + + + + PREFACE. + + +A great book, says an old proverb, is a great evil; and a great preface, +says a new one, is a great bore. It is not, therefore, our intention to +expatiate largely on the present occasion; especially since a long +discourse prefixed to a small volume, is like a forty-eight pounder at +the door of a pig-stye. We should as soon think of erecting the Nelson +Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace. Indeed, were it not necessary to +show some kind of respect to fashion, we should hasten at once into the +midst of things, instead of trespassing on the patience of our readers, +and possibly, trifling with their time. We should not like to be kept +waiting at a Lord Mayor’s feast by a long description of the bill of +fare. Our preface, however, shall at least have the merit of novelty; +it shall be candid. + +This book, like the razors in Dr. Wolcot’s story, is made to _sell_. +This last word has a rather equivocal meaning-- but we scorn to blot, +otherwise we should say to be sold. An article offered for sale may, +nevertheless, be worth buying; and it is hoped that the resemblance +between the aforesaid razors, and this our production, does not extend +to the respective _sharpness_ of the commodities. The razors proved +scarcely worth a farthing to the clown who bought them for +eighteen-pence, and were fit to shave nothing but the beard of an +oyster. We trust that the “Comic Latin Grammar” will be found to _cut_, +now and then, rather better, at least, than that comes to; and that it +will reward the purchaser, at any rate, with his pennyworth for his +penny, by its genuine bonâ fide contents. There are many works, the +pages of which contain a good deal of useful matter-- sometimes in the +shape of an ounce of tea or a pound of butter: we venture to indulge the +expectation, that these latter additions to the value of our own, will +be considered unnecessary. + +Perhaps we should have adopted the title of “Latin in sport made +learning in earnest”-- which would give a tolerable idea of the nature +of our undertaking. The doctrine, it is true, may bear the same relation +to the lighter matter, that the bread in Falstaff’s private account did +to the liquor; though if we have given our reader “a deal of sack,” we +wish it may not be altogether “intolerable.” Latin, however, is a great +deal less like bread, to most boys, than it is like physic; especially +_antimony_, _ipecacuanha_, and similar medicines. It ought, therefore, +to be given in something palatable, and capable of causing it to be +retained by the-- mind-- in what physicians call a pleasant vehicle. +This we have endeavoured to invent-- and if we have disguised the +flavour of the drugs without destroying their virtues, we shall have +entirely accomplished our design. There are a few particularly nasty +pills, draughts, and boluses, which we could find no means of +sweetening; and with which, on that account, we have not attempted to +meddle. For these omissions we must request some little indulgence. Our +performance is confessedly imperfect, but be it remembered, that + + “Men rather do their broken weapons use, + Than their bare hands.” + +The “Comic Latin Grammar” can, certainly, never be called an +_imposition_, as another Latin Grammar frequently is. We remember having +had the whole of it to learn at school, besides being-- no matter what-- +for pinning a cracker to the master’s coat-tail. The above hint is +worthy the attention of boys; nor will the following, probably, be +thrown away upon school-masters, particularly such as reside in the +north of England. “Laugh and grow fat,” is an ancient and a true maxim. +Now, will not the “Comic Latin Grammar,” (like Scotch marmalade and +Yarmouth bloaters) form a “desirable addition” to the breakfast of the +young gentlemen entrusted to their care? We dare not say much of its +superseding the use of the cane, as we hold all old established customs +in the utmost reverence and respect; and, besides, have no wish to +deprive any one of innocent amusement. We would only suggest, that +flagellation is now _sometimes_ necessary, and that whatever tends to +render it _optional_ may, now and then, save trouble. + +One word in conclusion. The march of intellect is not confined to the +male sex; the fairer part of the creation are now augmenting by their +numbers, and adorning by their countenance, the scientific and literary +train. But the path of learning is sometimes too rugged for their tender +feet. We pretend not to strew it for them with roses; we are not +poetically given-- nay, we cannot even promise them a Brussels carpet;-- +but if a plain Kidderminster will serve their turn, we here display one +for their accommodation, that thus smoothly and pleasantly they may make +their safe ascent to the temple of Minerva and the Muses. + + + + + INTRODUCTION. + + +Very little introductory matter would probably be sufficient to place +the rising generation on terms of the most perfect familiarity with a +“Comic Latin Grammar.” To the elder and middle-aged portion of the +community, however, the very notion of such a work may seem in the +highest degree preposterous; if not indicative of a degree of +presumptuous irreverence on the part of the author little short of +literary high treason, if not commensurate, in point of moral +delinquency, with the same crime as defined by the common law of +England. It is out of consideration for the praiseworthy, though perhaps +erroneous, feelings of such respectable personages, that we proceed to +make the following preliminary remarks; wherein it will be our object, +by demonstrating the necessity which exists for such a publication as +the present, to exonerate ourselves from all blame on the score of its +production. + +When we consider the progress of civilization and refinement, we find +that all ages have in turn been characterized by some one distinctive +peculiarity or other. To say nothing of the Golden Age, the Silver Age, +the Iron Age, and so forth, which, with all possible respect for the +poets, can scarcely be said to be worth much in a grave argument; it is +quite clear that the Augustan Age, the Middle Ages, the Elizabethan Age, +and the Age of Queen Anne, were all of them very different, one from the +other, in regard to the peculiar tone of feeling which distinguished the +public mind in each of them. In like manner, the present (which will +hereafter probably be called the Victorian Age) is very unlike all that +have preceded it. It may be termed the Age of Comicality. Not but that +some traces of comic feeling, inherent as it is in the very nature of +man, have not at all times been more or less observable; but it is only +of late years that the ludicrous capabilities of the human mind have +expanded in their fullest vigour. Comicality has heretofore been evinced +only, as it were, in isolated sparks and flashes, instead of that full +blaze of meridian splendour which now pervades the entire mechanism of +society, and illuminates all the transactions of life. Thus in the +Golden Age, there was something very comical in human creatures eating +acorns, like pigs. The Augustan Age was comical enough, if we may trust +some of Horace’s satires. Much comicality was displayed in the Middle +Ages, in the proceedings of the knights errant, the doings in Palestine, +and the mode adopted by the priests of inculcating religion on the minds +of the people. In the Elizabethan Age several comic incidents occurred +at court; particularly when any of the courtiers were guilty of personal +impertinence to their virgin queen. It must have been very comical to +see Shakspere holding stirrups like an ostler, or performing the part of +the Ghost, in his own play of Hamlet. The dress worn in Queen Anne’s +time, and that of the first Georges, was very comical indeed-- but +enough of this. Our concern is with the present time-- the funniest +epoch, beyond all comparison, in the history of the world. Some few +years back, the minds of nations, convulsed with the great political +revolutions then taking place, were in a mood by no means apt to be +gratified by whimsicality and merriment. Furthermore, certain poets of +the lack-a-daisical school, such as Byron, Shelley, Goethe, and others, +writing in conformity with the prevailing taste of the day, threw a wet +blanket on the spirits of men, which all but extinguished the feeble +embers of mirth, upon which ‘shocking events’ had exercised so +pernicious an influence already: or, to change a vulgar for a scientific +metaphor, they placed such a pressure of sentimental atmosphere on the +common stock of laughing gas, as to convert it into a mere fluid, and +almost to solidify it altogether. It is now exhibiting the amazing +amount of expansive force, which under favourable circumstances it is +capable of exerting. Many causes have combined to bring about the happy +state of things under which we now live. Amongst these, the exertions of +individuals hold the first rank; of whom the veteran Liston, the late +lamented Mr. John Reeve, the facetious Keeley, and the inimitable +Buckstone, are deserving of our highest commendation. And more +especially is praise due to the talented author of the Pickwick Papers, +whose genius has convulsed the sides of thousands, has revolutionized +the republic of letters (making, no doubt, a great many _sovereigns_) +and has become, as it were, a mirror, which will reflect to all +posterity the laughter-loving spirit of his age. + +But it is not (as we have before remarked) in literature alone, that the +tendency to the ludicrous is shewn. In many recent scientific +speculations it is strikingly and abundantly obvious-- some of those on +geology may be quoted as examples. The offspring of the sciences-- those +pledges of affection which they present to art, almost all of them, come +into the world with a caricature-like smirk upon their faces. +Air-balloons and rail-roads have something funny about them; and +photogenic drawings are, to say the least, very curious. The learned +professions are all tinged with drollery. The law is confessedly +ridiculous from beginning to end, and what is very strange, is that no +one should attempt to make it otherwise. Medicine is comical-- or rather +tragi-comical-- the disparity of opinion among its professors, the +chaotic state of its principles, and the conduct of its students being +considered. No one can deny that the distribution of church property is +somewhat _odd_, or can assert that the doings-- at least of those who +are destined for the clerical office, are now and then of rather a +strange character. Political meetings are very laughable things, when we +reflect upon the strong asseverations of patriotism there made and +believed. The wisdom of the legislature is by no means of the gravest +class, particularly when it offers municipal reforms as a substitute for +bread. The debates in a certain House must be of a very humourous +character, if we may judge from the frequent “hear hear, and a laugh,” +by which the proceedings there are interrupted. Our risible faculties +are continually called into action at public lectures of all kinds; and +indeed, no lecturer, however learned he may be, has much chance +now-a-days of instructing, unless he can also amuse his audience. Nor +can the various public and even private buildings, which are daily +springing up around us, like so many mushrooms, be contemplated without +considerable emotions of mirthfulness. The new style of ecclesiastical +architecture, entitled the Cockney-Gothic, affords a good illustration +of this remark; but the comic Temple of the Fine Arts, in Trafalgar +Square, is what Lord Bacon would have called a “glaring instance” of its +correctness. The occurrences of the day bear all of them the stamp of +facetiousness. The vote of approbation, lately passed on a certain +course of policy, is a capital joke; the tricks that are constantly +played off upon John Bull by the Russians, French, Yankees, and others, +though somewhat impertinent to the aforesaid John, must seem very +diverting to lookers on. The state of the Drama may also be brought +forward in proof of our position. Tragedies are at a discount; farces +are at a premium; lions, nay goats and monkeys, are pressed into the +service of Momus. Even the various institutions for the advancement of +morals have not escaped the influence of the prevailing taste. To +mention that respectable body of men, the Teetotallers, is sufficient of +itself to excite a smile. In short, look wherever you will, you will +find it a matter of the greatest difficulty to keep your countenance. + +The truth is, that people are tired of crying, and find it much more +agreeable to laugh. The sublime is out of fashion; the ridiculous is in +vogue. A turn-up nose is now a more interesting object than a turn-down +collar; and if it should be urged that the flowing locks of our young +men are indicative of sentimentality by their _length_, let it be +remembered that they are in general quite unaccompanied by a +corresponding quality of face. It has been said that the schoolmaster is +abroad:-- true; but he is walking arm and arm with the Merry-Andrew; and +the members, presidents, and secretaries of mechanics’ institutions, and +associations for the advancement of everything, follow in his train. +Nothing can be taught that is not palatable, and nothing is now +palatable but what is funny. That boys should be instructed in the Latin +language will be denied by few (although by some eccentric persons this +has been done); that they can be expected to learn what they cannot +laugh at will, to all reflecting minds, especially on perusing the +foregoing considerations, appear in the highest degree unreasonable. To +conclude:-- let all such as are disposed to stare at the title of our +work, ponder attentively on what we have said above; let them, in the +language of the farce, “put this and that together,” and they will at +once perceive the beneficial effect, which holding up the Latin Grammar +to ridicule is likely to produce in the minds of youth. So much for the +satisfaction of our senior readers. And now, no longer to detain our +juvenile friends, let us proceed to business, or pleasure, or both:-- we +will not stand upon ceremony with respect to terms. + + [Illustration: THE SCHOOLMASTER ABROAD.] + + + + + THE + + COMIC LATIN GRAMMAR. + + +Of Latin there are three kinds: Latin Proper, or good Latin; Dog Latin; +and Thieves’ Latin, Latin Proper, or good Latin, is the language which +was spoken by the ancient Romans. Dog Latin is the Latin in which boys +compose their first verses and themes, and which is occasionally +employed at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but much more +frequently at Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow. It includes Medical +Latin, and Law Latin; though these, to the unlearned, generally appear +Greek. Mens tuus ego-- mind your eye; Illic vadis cum oculo tuo ex-- +there you go with your eye out; Quomodo est mater tua?-- how’s your +mother? Fiat haustus ter die capiendus-- let a draught be made, to be +taken three times a day; Bona et catalla-- goods and chattels-- are +examples. + +Thieves’ Latin, more commonly known by the name of slang, is much in use +among a certain class of _conveyancers_, who disregard the distinctions +of meum and tuum. Furthermore, it constitutes a great part of the +familiar discourse of most young men in modern times, particularly +lawyers’ clerks and medical students. It bears a very close affinity to +Law Latin, with which, indeed, it is sometimes confounded. Examples:-- +to prig a wipe-- to steal a handkerchief. A rum start-- a curious +occurrence. A plant-- an imposition. Flummoxed-- undone. Sold-- +deceived. A heavy swell-- a great dandy. Quibus, tin, dibs, mopuses, +stumpy-- money. Grub, prog, tuck-- victuals. A stiff-’un-- a dead body-- +properly, a subject. To be scragged-- to suffer the last penalty of the +law, &c. + + [Illustration: A HEAVY SWELL.] + +All these kinds of Latin are to be taught in the Comic Latin Grammar. + + + [Illustration: TOBY, THE LEARNED PIG.] + +If Toby, the learned pig, had been desired to say his alphabet in Latin, +he would have done it by taking away the W from the English alphabet. +Indeed, this is what he is said to have actually done. The Latin +letters, therefore, remind us of the greatest age that a fashionable +lady ever confesses she has attained to,-- being between twenty and +thirty. + +Six of these letters are called what Dutchmen, speaking English, call +fowls-- vowels; namely, a, e, i, o, u, y. + +A vowel is like an Æolian harp; it makes a full and perfect sound of +itself. A consonant cannot sound without a vowel, any more than a horn +(except such an one as Baron Munchausen’s) can play a tune without a +performer. + +Consonants are divided into mutes, liquids and double letters; although +they have nothing in particular to do with funerals, hydrostatics, or +the General post office. The liquids are, l, m, n, r; the double +letters, j, x, z; the other letters are mutes. + + “Hye dum, dye dum, fiddle _dumb_--c.” --STERNE. + +A syllable is a distinct sound of one or more letters pronounced in a +breath, or, as we say in the classics, in a jiffey. + +A diphthong is the sound of two vowels in one syllable. Taken +collectively they resemble a closed fist-- i.e. a bunch of _fives_. The +diphthongs are au, eu, ei, æ, and œ. Of the two first of these, au and +eu, the sound is _intermediate_ between that of the two vowels of which +each is formed. This fact may perhaps be impressed upon the mind, on the +principles of artificial memory, by a reference to a familiar beverage, +known by the name of half-and-half. In like manner, ei, which is +generally pronounced i, and æ and œ, sounded like e, may be said to +exhibit something like an analogy to a married couple. The human +diphthong, Smith female + Brown male, is called Brown only. + + [Illustration: A HUMAN DIPHTHONG.] + +The reason, says the fool in King Lear, why the seven stars are no more +than seven-- is a pretty reason-- because they are not eight. This is a +fool’s reason; but we (like many other commentators) cannot give a +better one, why the Parts of Speech are no more than eight-- because +they are not nine. They are as follow: + +1. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle-- declined. + +2. Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection-- undeclined. Most +schoolboys would like to decline them altogether. + + ++OF A NOUN.+ + +A noun is a name,-- whether it be a Christian name, or a sur-name-- the +name of a prince, a pig, a pancake, or a post. Whatever is-- is a noun. + +Nouns are divided into substantives and adjectives. + +A noun substantive is its own trumpeter, and speaks for itself without +assistance from any other word-- brassica, a cabbage; sartor, a tailor; +medicus, a physician; vetula, an old woman; venenum, poison; are +examples of substantives. + +An adjective is like an infant in leading strings-- it cannot go alone. +It always requires to be joined to a substantive, of which it shows the +nature or quality-- as lectio longa, a long lesson; magnus aper, a great +_boar_; pinguis puer, a fat boy; macer puer, a lean boy. In making love +(as you will find one of these days) or in abusing a cab-man, your +success will depend in no small degree in your choice of adjectives. + + [Illustration: MACER PUER.] + + [Illustration: PINGUIS PUER.] + + ++NUMBERS OF NOUNS.+ + +Be not alarmed, boys, at the above heading. There are numbers of nouns, +it is true, that is to say, lots; or, as we say in the schools, +“a precious sight” of nouns in the dictionary; but we are not now going +to enumerate, and make you learn them. The numbers of nouns here spoken +of are two only; the singular and the plural. + +The singular speaks but of one-- as later, a brick; faba, a bean; tuba, +a trump (or trumpet); flamma, a blaze; æthiops, a nigger (or negro); +cornix, a crow. + +The plural speaks of more than one-- as lateres, bricks; fabæ, beans; +tubæ, trumps; flammæ, blazes; æthiopes, niggers; cornices, crows. + +Here it may be remarked that the cynic philosophers were very _singular_ +fellows. + +Also that prize-poems are sometimes composed in very _singular numbers_. + + ++CASES OF NOUNS.+ + +Nouns have six cases in each number, (that is, six of one and half a +dozen of the other) but can only be put in one of them at a time. They +are thus ticketed-- nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, +and ablative. + +The nominative case comes before the verb, as the horse does before the +cart, the “lieutenant before the ancient,” and the superintendant of +police before the inspector. It answers to the question, who or what; +as, Who jaws? magister jurgatur, the master jaws. + +The genitive case is known by the sign of, and answers to the question, +whose, or whereof; as, Whose breeches? Femoralia magistri-- the breeches +of the master, or the master’s breeches. + +The dative case is known by the signs to or for, and answers to the +question, to whom, or to or for what; as, To whom do I hold out my +hands? Protendo manus magistro-- I hold out my hands to the master. + +In this place we are called upon to consider, whether it be more +agreeable to have Latin or the ferula at our _fingers’ ends_. + +Observe that _dative_ means _giving_. Schoolmasters are very often in +the dative case-- but their generosity is chiefly exercised in bestowing +what is termed monkey’s allowance; that is, if not more kicks, more +boxes on the ear, more spats, more canings, birchings, and impositions, +than halfpence. + + [Plate: + A DATIVE AND A VOCATIVE CASE.] + +The accusative case follows the verb, as a bailiff follows a debtor, +a bull-dog a butcher, or a round of applause a supernatural squall at +the Italian Opera. It answers to the question Whom? or What? as, Whom do +you laugh at? (behind his back) Derideo magistrum-- I laugh at the +master. + +The vocative case is known by calling, or speaking to; as, O magister-- +O master; an exclamation which is frequently the consequence of shirking +out, making false concords or quantities, obstreperous conduct in +school, &c. + +The ablative case is known by certain prepositions, expressed or +understood; as Deprensus magistro-- caught out by the master. Coram +_rostro_-- before the _beak_. The prepositions, in, with, from, by, and +the word, than, after the comparative degree, are signs of the ablative +case. In angustiâ-- in a fix. Cum indigenâ-- with a native. Ab arbore-- +from a tree. A rictu-- by a grin. Adipe lubricior-- slicker than grease. + + ++GENDERS AND ARTICLES.+ + +The genders of nouns, which are three, the masculine, the feminine, and +the neuter, are denoted in Latin by articles. We have articles, also, in +English, which distinguish the masculine from the feminine, but they are +articles of dress; such as petticoats and breeches, mantillas and +mackintoshes. But as there are many things in Latin, called masculine +and feminine, which are nevertheless not male and female, the articles +attached to them are not parts of dress, but parts of speech. + + [Illustration: MASC. FEM.] + +We will now, with our readers’ permission, initiate them into a new mode +of declining the article hic, hæc, hoc. And we take this opportunity of +protesting against the old and short-sighted system of teaching a boy +only one thing at a time, which originated, no doubt, from the general +ignorance of everything but the dead languages which prevailed in the +monkish ages. We propose to make declensions, conjugations, &c., +a vehicle for imparting something more than the mere dry facts of the +immediate subject. And if we can occasionally inculcate an original +remark, a scientific principle, or a moral aphorism, we shall, of +course, think ourselves sufficiently rewarded by the consciousness-- et +cætera, et cætera, et cætera. + + Masc. hic. Fem. hæc. Neut. hoc, &c. + + The nominative singular’s hic, hæc, and hoc,-- + Which to learn, has cost school boys full many a knock; + The genitive ’s hujus, the dative makes huic, + (A fact Mr. Squeers never mentioned to Smike); + Then hunc, hanc, and hoc, the accusative makes, + The vocative-- caret-- no very great shakes; + The ablative case maketh hôc, hac, and hôc, + A cock is a fowl-- but a fowl ’s not a cock. + The nominative plural is hi, hæ, and hæc, + The Roman young ladies were dressed à la Grecque; + The genitive case horum, harum, and horum, + Silenus and Bacchus were fond of a jorum; + The dative in all the three genders is his, + At Actium his tip did Mark Antony miss: + The accusative ’s hos, has, and hæc in all grammars, + Herodotus told some American crammers; + The vocative here also-- caret-- ’s no go, + As Milo found rending an oak-tree, you know; + And his, like the dative the ablative case is, + The Furies had most disagreeable faces. + +Nouns declined with two articles, are called common. This word common +requires explanation-- it is not used in the same sense as that in which +we say, that quackery is common in medicine, knavery in the law, and +humbug everywhere-- pigeons at Crockford’s, lame ducks at the Stock +Exchange, Jews at the ditto, and Royal ditto, and foreigners in +Leicester Square-- No; a common noun is one that is both masculine and +feminine; in one sense of the word therefore it is _uncommon_. Parens, +a parent, which may be declined both with hic, and hæc, is, for obvious +reasons, a noun of this class; and so is fur, a thief; likewise miles, +a soldier, which will appear strange to those of our readers, who do not +call to mind the existence of the ancient amazons; the dashing white +sergeant being the only female soldier known in modern times. Nor have +we more than one authenticated instance of a female sailor, if we except +the heroine commemorated in the somewhat apocryphal narrative-- Billy +Taylor. + +Nouns are called doubtful when declined with the article hic or hæc-- +whichever you please, as the showman said of the Duke of Wellington and +Napoleon Bonaparte. Anguis, a snake, is a doubtful noun. At all events +he is a doubtful customer. + + [Illustration] + +Epicene nouns are those which, though declined with one article only, +represent both sexes, as hic passer, a sparrow, hæc aquila, an eagle,-- +cock and hen. A sparrow, however, to say nothing of an eagle, must +appear a doubtful noun with regard to gender, to a cockney sportsman. + +After all, there is no rule in the Latin language about gender so +comprehensive as that observed in Hampshire, where they call every thing +_he_ but a tom-cat, and that _she_. + + ++DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.+ + +There are five declensions of substantives. As a pig is known by his +tail, so are declensions of substantives distinguished by the ending of +the genitive case. Our fear of outraging the comic feelings of humanity, +prevents us from saying quite so much about them as our love of learning +would otherwise induce us to do. We therefore refer the student to that +clever little book, the Eton Latin Grammar, strongly recommending him to +decline the following substantives, by way of an exercise, after the +manner of the examples there set down. First declension, Genitivo æ. +Virga, a rod. --Second, i. Puer, a boy. Stultus, a fool. Tergum, a back. +--Third, is. Vulpes, a fox. Procurator, an attorney. Cliens, a client. +--Fourth, ûs-- here you may have, Risus, a laugh at. --Fifth, ei. +Effigies, an effigy, image, or Guy. + +The substantive face, facies, _makes faces_, facies, in the plural. + +Although we are precluded from going through the whole of the +declensions, we cannot refrain from proposing “for the use of schools,” +a model upon which all substantives may be declined in a mode somewhat +more agreeable, if not more instructive, than that heretofore adopted. + + _Exempli Gratiâ._ + + Musa mus_æ_, + The Gods were at tea, + Musæ mus_am_. + Eating raspberry jam, + Musa mus_â_, + Made by Cupid’s mamma, + Musæ mus_arum_, + Thou “Diva Dearum.” + Musis mus_as_, + Said Jove to his lass, + Musæ mus_is_. + Can ambrosia beat this? + + ++DECLENSIONS OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.+ + +Some nouns adjective are declined with three terminations-- as a pacha +of three tails would be, if he were to make a proposal to an English +heiress-- as bonus, _good_-- tener, _tender_. Sweet epithets! how +forcibly they remind us of young Love and a leg of mutton. + + Bonus, bona, bonum, + Thou little lambkin dumb, + Boni, bonæ, boni, + For those sweet chops I sigh, + Bono, bonæ, bono, + Have pity on my woe, + Bonum, bonam, bonum, + Thou speak’st though thou art mum, + Bone, bona, bonum, + “O come and eat me, come,” + Bono, bonæ, bono, + The butcher lays thee low, + Boni, bonæ, bona, + Those chops are a picture,-- ah! + Bonorum, bonarum, bonorum, + To put lots of Tomata sauce o’er ’em + Bonis-- Don’t, miss, + Bonos, bonas, bona, + Thou art sweeter than thy mamma, + Boni, bonæ, bona, + And fatter than thy papa. + Bonis,-- What bliss! + +In like manner decline tener, tenera, tenerum. + +Unus, one; solus, alone; totus, the whole; nullus, none; alter, the +other; uter, whether of the two-- make the genitive case singular in +_ius_ and the dative in i. + +RIDDLES. + +_Q._ In what case will a grain of barley joined to an adjective stand +for the name of an animal? + +_A._ In the dative case of unus-- uni-corn. + + _Uni_ nimirum tibi rectè semper erunt res. + + _Hor. Sat. lib. ii._ 2. 106. + +_Q._ Why is the above verse like all nature? + +_A._ Because it is an _uni_-verse. + +The word alius, another, is declined like the above-named adjectives, +except that it makes ali_ud_, not ali_um_, in the neuter singular. + +The difference of unus from alius, say the London commentators, like +that of a humming-top from a peg-top, consists of the _’um_. + +N.B. Tu es unus alius, is not good Latin for “You’re another,” a phrase +more elegantly expressed by “Tu quoque.” + + [Illustration: TU QUOQUE.] + +There are some adjectives that remind us of lawyer’s clerks, and, by +courtesy, of linen-drapers’ apprentices. These may be termed _articled_ +adjectives; being declined with the articles hic, hæc, hoc, after the +third declension of substantives-- as tristis, sad, melior, better, +felix, happy. + +It is not very easy to conceive any thing in which sadness and +comicality are united, except Tristis Amator, a sad lover. + + [Illustration: TRISTIS AMATOR.] + +Melior is not _better_ for comic purposes. Felix affords no room for a +_happy_ joke. + +Decline these three adjectives, and others of the same class, according +to the following rules: + + If the nominative endeth in _is_ or _er_, why, sir, + The ablative singular endeth in _i_, sir; + The first, fourth, and fifth case, their neuter make _e_, + But the same in the plural in _ia_ must be. + _E_, or _i_, are the ablative’s ends,-- mark my song, + While _or_ to the nominative case doth belong; + For the neuter aforesaid we settle it thus: + The plural is _ora_; the singular _us_. + If than _is_, _er_, and _or_, it hath many more enders, + The nominative serves to express the three genders; + But the plural for _ia_ hath _icia_ and _itia_, + As Felix, felicia-- Dives, divitia. + + ++COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES.+ + +Comparisons are odious-- + +Adjectives have three degrees of comparison. This is perhaps the reason +why they are so disagreeable to learn. + +The first degree of comparison is the positive, which denotes the +quality of a thing absolutely. Thus, the Eton Latin Grammar is lepidus, +funny. + +The second is the comparative, which increases or lessens the quality, +formed by adding _or_ to the first case of the positive ending in _i_. +Thus the Charter House Grammar, is lepidor-- funnier, or more funny. +--The third is the superlative, which increases or diminishes the +signification to the greatest degree, formed from the same case by +adding thereto, _ssimus_. Thus the Comic Latin Grammar is lepidissimus, +funniest, or most funny. A Londoner is acutus, sharp, or ’cute,-- +a Yorkshireman acutior, sharper, or more sharp, ’cuter or more ’cute-- +but a Yankee is acutissimus-- sharpest, or most sharp, ’cutest or most +’cute, or tarnation ’cute. + +Enumerate, in the manner following, with substantives, the exceptions to +this rule, mentioned in the Eton Grammar. + + Bonus, good. + A plain pudding. + + Melior, better. + A suet pudding. + + Optimus, best. + A plum pudding. + + Malus, bad. + A caning. + + Pejor, worse. + A spatting. + + Pessimus, worst. + A flogging. + &c. &c. + +Adjectives ending in _er_, form the superlative in _errimus_. The taste +of vinegar is acer, sour; that of verjuice acrior, more sour; the visage +of a tee-totaller, acerrimus, sourest, or most sour. + +Agilis, docilis, gracilis, facilis, humilis, similis, change _is_ into +_llimus_, in the superlative degree. + + Agilis, nimble.-- Madlle. Taglioni. + Agilior, more nimble.-- Jim Crow. + Agillimus, most nimble.-- Mr. Wieland. + + Docilis, docile.-- Learned Pig. + Docilior, more docile.-- Ourang-outang. + Docillimus, most docile.-- Man Friday. + + Gracilis, slender.-- A whipping post. + Gracilior, more slender.-- A fashionable waist. + Gracillimus, most slender.-- A dustman’s leg. + &c. &c. + +If a vowel comes before _us_ in the nominative case of an adjective, the +comparison is made by magis, _more_, and maximè, _most_. + + Pius, pious.-- Dr. Cantwell. + Magis pius, more pious.-- Mr. Maw-worm. + Maximè pius, most pious.-- Mr. Stiggins. + +Sancho Panza called Don Quixote, Quixottissimus. This was not good +Latin, but it evinced a knowledge on Sancho’s part, of the nature of the +superlative degree. + + ++OF A PRONOUN.+ + +A pronoun is a substitute, or (as we once heard a lady of the Malaprop +family say), a _subterfuge_ for a noun. + +There are fifteen Pronouns. + + Ego, tu, ille, + I, thou, and Billy, + Is, sui, ipse, + Got very tipsy. + Iste, hic, meus, + The governor did not see us. + Tuus, suus, noster, + We knock’d down a coster- + Vester, noster, vestras. + monger for daring to pester us. + +To these may be added, egomet, I myself; tute, thou thyself, idem the +same, qui, who or what, and cujas, of what country. + + ++DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.+ + +Pronouns concern _ourselves_ so much, that we cannot altogether pass +over them; though a hint or two with regard to the mode of learning +their declension is all that we can here afford to give. We are +constrained now and then to leave out a good deal of valuable matter, +for the reason that induced the Dublin manager to omit the part of +Hamlet in the play of that name-- the length of the performance. + +Pronouns may be thus agreeably declined: + + Ego, mei, mihi, + Hoist the frog up sky-high. + Tu, tui, tibi, + In Chancery they fib ye. + Ille, illa, illud, + Cows chew the cud. + Is, ea, id, + Always do as you’re bid. + Qui, quæ, quod, + Or else you’ll taste the rod. + +Every donkey can decline is, ea, id. We heard one the other day on +Hampstead Heath, repeat distinctly + + E--o! e--a! e--o! + + [Illustration: THE FIRST LESSON IN LATIN.] + +When you decline quis quæ _quid_, beware of any temptation to indulge in +dirty habits. _Es_chew pig-tail instead of chewing it. Never have any +_quid_ in your mouth, but a quid pro quo. + + ++OF A VERB.+ + +A verb is the chief word in every _sentence_, as _Suspendatur_ per +collum, let him be hanged by the neck. + +It expresses the action or being of a thing. Ego _sum_ sapiens, I am a +wise man. Tu _es_ stultus, thou art a fool. Non hic amice, _pernoctas_, +you don’t lodge here, Mr. Ferguson. + +Verbs have two voices, like the gentleman who was singing, a short time +since, at the St. James’s Theatre. + +The active ending in _o_-- as amo, I love. + +The passive ending in _or_-- as amor, I am loved. + +In these two words is contained the terrestrial summum bonum-- In short, +love beats everything-- cock-fighting not excepted. Amo! amor! How happy +every human being, from the peer to the pot-boy, from the duchess to the +dairy-maid, would be to be able to say so. + +They would _conjugate_ immediately. Except, however, certain modern +political economists of the Malthusian school, who, albeit they are +great advocates for the diffusion of learning, are violently opposed to +unlimited conjugations. + +Of verbs ending in _o_ some are actives transitive. A verb is called +transitive when the action passes on to the following noun, as Seco +baculum meum, I cut my stick. + +Numerous examples of this kind of cutting, which may be called a _comic +section_, are recorded in history, both ancient and modern. Even Hector +cut his stick (with Achilles after him) at the siege of Troy. The +Persians cut their stick at Marathon. Pompey cut his stick at Pharsalia, +and so did Antony at Actium. Napoleon Bonaparte cut his stick at +Waterloo. + +Other verbs ending in _o_ are named neuters and intransitives. A verb is +called intransitive, or neuter, when the action does not pass on, or +require a following noun, as curro, I run. Pistol cucurrit, Pistol ran. +But to say, “Falstaff voluit _currere eum per_,” “Falstaff wished _to +run him through_,” would be making a neuter verb, a verb active, and +would therefore be Latin of the canine species, or Dog-Latin; so would +Meus homo Gulielmus _cucurrit caput suum_ plenum sed contra te homo dic +pax, My man William _ran his head_ full but against the mantel-piece. +This, it is obvious, will not do after Cicero. + +Verbs transitive ending in _o_ become passive by changing _o_ into _or_, +as Secor, I am cut. Cæsar was cut by his friend Brutus in the capitol. +“This,” as Antony very judiciously observed on the hustings, “was the +most unkindest _cut_ of all,”-- much worse, indeed, than any of the +similar operations which are daily performed in Regent Street. + + [Illustration: BRUTUS AND CÆSAR.] + +Verbs neuter and intransitive are never made passive. We may say, Crepo, +I crack, but we cannot say, Crepor, I am cracked. + +The ancient heroes appear, from what Homer says, to have got into a way +of _cracking_ away most tremendously when they were going to engage in +single combat. + +Orestes was certainly _cracked_. + +Some verbs ending in _or_ have an active signification-- as Loquor, +I speak. + +_Q._ Why are such verbs like witnesses on oath? + +_A._ Because they are called “Deponents.” + +Of these some few are neuters, as Glorior, I boast. + +Cæsar boasted that he came, saw, and overcame. Bald-headed people (like +Cæsar) do not, in general, make _conquests_ so easily. + +Neuter Verbs ending in _or_, and verbs deponent, are declined like verbs +passive; but with gerunds and supines like verbs active; thus presenting +a curious combination of _activity_ and _supineness_. + +There are some verbs which are called verbs personal. A verb personal +resembles a mixed group of old maids and young maids, because it has +_different persons_, as Ego irrideo, I quiz. Tu irrides, thou quizzest. + +A verb impersonal is like a collection of tombstone angels, or small +children; it has not _different persons_, as tædet, it irketh, oportet, +it behoveth. + +It irketh to learn Greek and Latin, nevertheless it behoveth to do so. + + ++OF MOODS.+ + +Moods in verbs are like moods in man, they have each of them a peculiar +_expression_. Here, however, the resemblance stops. Man has many moods, +verbs have but five. For instance, we observe in men the merry mood, the +doleful mood, (or dumps), the shy, timid, or sheepish mood, the bold, or +_bumptious_ mood, the placid mood, the angry mood, whereto may be added +the vindictive mood, and the sulky mood; the sober mood, as +contradistinguished from both the serious and the drunken mood; or as +blended with the latter, in which case it may be called the sober-drunk +mood-- the contented mood, the grumbling mood; the sympathetic mood, the +sarcastic mood, the idle mood, the working mood, the communicative mood, +the secretive mood, and the moods of all the phrenological organs; +besides the monitory or mentorial mood, and the mendacious, or lying +mood, with the imaginative, poetical, or romantic mood, the +compassionate, or melting mood, and many other moods too tedious to +mention. + +We must not however omit the flirting mood, the teazing or tantalizing +mood, the giggling mood, the magging or talkative mood, and the +scandalizing mood, which are peculiarly observable in the fair sex. + +The moods of verbs are the following: + +1. The indicative mood, which either affirms a fact or asks a question, +as Ego amo, I _do_ love. Amas tu? _Dost_ thou love? + +The long and short of all courtships are contained in these two +examples. + + [Illustration: A LONG COURTSHIP.] + +2. The imperative mood, which commandeth, or entreateth. This two-fold +character of the imperative mood is often exemplified in schools, the +command being on the part of the master, and the entreaty on that of the +boy-- as thus, Veni huc! Come hither! Parce mihi! Spare me! The +imperative mood is also known by the sign _let_-- as in the well-known +verse in the song Dulce Domum-- + + “Eja! nunc eamus.” + +“Hurrah! now let us be off”-- meaning for the vacation. N.B. This mood +is one much in the mouth of beadles, boatswains, bashaws, majors, +magistrates, slave drivers, superintendents, serjeants, and +jacks-in-office of all descriptions-- monitors, especially, and præfects +of public schools, are very fond of using it on all occasions. + + [Illustration: THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.] + +3. The potential mood signifies power or duty. The signs by which it is +known are, may, can, might, would, could, should, or ought-- as, Amem, +I may love (when I leave school). Amavissem, I should have loved (if I +had not known better,) and the like. + +4. The subjunctive differs from the potential only in being always +governed by some conjunction or indefinite word, and in being subjoined +to some other verb going before it in the same sentence-- as Cochleare +eram cum amarem, I was a _spoon_ when I loved-- Nescio qualis sim hoc +ipso tempore, I don’t know what sort of a person I am at this very time. + +The propriety of the above expression “cochleare,” will be explained in +a Comic System of Rhetoric, which perhaps may appear hereafter. + +5. The infinitive mood is like a gentleman’s cab, because it has no +number. + +We have not made up our minds exactly, whether to compare it to the +“picture of nobody” mentioned in the Tempest, or to the “picture of +ugliness,” which young ladies generally call their successful rivals. It +may be like one, or the other, or both, because it has no _person_. + +Neither has it a nominative case before it; nor, indeed, has it any more +business with one than a toad has with a side pocket. + +It is commonly known by the sign _to_. As, for example-- Amare, to love; +Desipere, to be a fool; Nubere, to marry; Pœnitere, to repent. + + ++OF GERUNDS AND SUPINES.+ + +Ever anxious to encourage the expansion of youthful minds, by as general +a cultivation as possible of the various faculties, we beg to invite +attention to the following combination of Grammar, Poetry, and Music. + + _Air._-- Believe me if all those endearing young charms. --_Moore._ + + The gerunds of verbs end in di, do, and dum, + But the supines of verbs are but two; + For instance, the active, which endeth in _um_, + And the passive which endeth in _u_. + + Amandi, of loving, kind reader, beware; + Amando, in loving, be brief; + Amandum, to love, if you ’re doom’d, have a care, + In the goblet to drown all your grief. + + Amatum, Amatu, to love and be loved, + Should it be your felicitous (?) lot, + May the fuel so needful be never removed + Which serves to keep boiling the pot. + + ++OF TENSES.+ + +In verbs there are five tenses, or times, expressing an action, or +affirmation. + +1. The present tense, or time. There is no time (or tense) like the +present. It expresses an action now taking place. Examples-- _Act._ I +love, or am loving. Amo, I am loving. --_Pass._ I am made drunk, or am +drunk. Inebrior, I am drunk. + +2. The preterimperfect tense denotes something, or a state of things, +partly, but not entirely past. --Examp. I did love or was loving. +Amabam, I was loving. I was made drunk an hour ago. Inebriabar, I was +made drunk. + +3. The preterperfect tense expresses a thing lately done, but now ended. +--Examp. I have loved, or I loved. Amavi, I loved. I have been made +drunk, or have been drunk. Inebriatus sum, I have been drunk. + +4. The preterpluperfect tense refers to a thing done at some time past, +but now ended. --Examp. Amaveram, I had loved. Inebriatus eram, I had +been drunk. + +5. The future tense relates to a thing to be done hereafter, as, Amabo, +I shall or will love. Inebriabor, I shall get drunk-- say to-morrow. + + ++OF NUMBERS AND PERSONS.+ + +Verbs have two numbers. No. 1, Singular, No. 2, Plural. + +In most matters it is usual to pay exclusive attention to number one. In +learning the verbs, however, it is necessary to regard equally number +two.-- The _persons_ of verbs are generally considered very +disagreeable. Verbs have three persons in each number. Thus, for +instance, at a dancing academy-- + + Sing. + Ego salto, I dance, + Tu saltas, Thou dancest, + Ille saltat, He danceth. + + Plur. + Nos saltamus, We dance, + Vos saltatis, Ye dance, + Illi saltant, They dance. + +At an academy on _Free-knowledge-ical_ principles-- or a Comic Academy. + + Ego rideo, I laugh, + Tu rides, Thou laughest, + Ille ridet, He laugheth. + + Nos ridemus, We laugh, + Vos ridetis. Ye laugh, + Illi rident, They laugh. + +Laughter, too, is very common at other academies, but generally occurs +on the wrong side of the mouth. The right sort of laughter (which may be +presumed to be on the _right_ side of the mouth), is most frequent about +the time of the holidays. What does the song say? + + “Ridet annus, prata rident + Nosque rideamus.” + + “The year laughs, the meadows laugh,-- + suppose we have a laugh as well.” + +_Note_-- That all nouns are of the third person except Ego, Nos, Tu, and +Vos. Hence we see how absurdly the man who drew a couple of donkeys +acted in endeavouring to prevail upon _us_ to call the picture “_We_ +Three”-- _Ille_, _he_,-- may, perhaps, have been qualified to make a +_third person_ in the group, and have “written himself down an ass” with +some correctness. _Ego_, _I_, and _Nos_, _we_, have certainly nothing in +common with that animal, and it is to be hoped that neither Tu, thou, +nor Vos, ye, can be said to partake of his nature. + +_Note_ also. That all nouns of the vocative case are of the second +person. So that if we should say, O asine, O thou donkey; or O asini, +O ye donkeys, we should have grammar at least on our side. + +Be it your care to prevent us from having justice also. + + + OF THE VERB ESSE, TO BE. + +Before other verbs are declined, it is necessary to learn the verb Esse, +to be. And before we teach the verb Esse, to be, it is necessary to make +a few remarks on verbs in general. + +In the first place we have to observe, that they are rather difficult; +and in the next, that if any one expects that we are going to consider +them in detail, he is very much mistaken. + +But our skipping a very considerable portion of the verbs, is no reason +why boys should do the same. Were we all to follow the examples of our +teachers, instead of attending to their precepts, where would be the +world by this time? + +Whirling away, no doubt, far from the respectable society of the +neighbouring planets, and blundering about right and left, pell-mell, +helter-skelter among the fixed stars-- itself, “and all which it +inherit” in that glorious state of confusion so admirably described by +the poet Ovid-- + + “Quem dixere Chaos,” + +which men have called Shaos. It would indeed be little better than a +broken down _Shay_-horse. + +But “revenons à nos moutons,” that is, let us get back to our verbs. We +recommend the most attentive and diligent study of all of them as set +forth in the Eton Grammar, assisted by that kind of association of +ideas, of which we shall now proceed to give a few specimens. + + +Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus, to be,-- or not to be-- that is the +question. + +_Rule_ 1. To each person of a verb, singular and plural, join a noun, +according to your taste or comic talent. Should you be deficient in the +inventive faculty, apply for assistance to one of the senior boys, +which, in consideration of your fagging for him, he will readily give +you. If yourself a senior boy, apply to the master. + + _Examples._ + + INDICATIVE MOOD. + + Present Tense. Am. + + _Sing._ + Sum, I am, Vir, a man, + Es, Thou art, Stultus, a fool, + Est, He is, Latro, a thief. + + _Plu._ + Sumus, We are, Patricii, gentlemen, + Estis, Ye are, Plebeii, snobs, + Sunt, They are, Errones, vagabonds. + +We would proceed in this way with Sum, but that we are afraid of being +tire-_sum_. + + VERBS REGULAR. + + First Conjugation. Amo. + + _Sing._ + Amo, I love, Puellam, a lass, + Amas, Thou lovest, Fartum, a pudding, + Amat, He loveth, Carnem porcinam, pork. + + _Plu._ + Amamus, We love, Doctrinam, learning, + Amatis, Ye love, Leporem, comicality, + Amant, They love, Poesin, poetry. + +The consideration of which three things leads us to + +_Rule_ 2. In repeating the different tenses of verbs, be careful to be +provided with a short English verse, contrived so as to rhyme with the +third person singular, and another to rhyme with the third person +plural. In this way your powers of composition as well as of memory will +be profitably exercised. + + _Example._ + + Second Conjugation. Moneo. + + _Sing._ Moneo, mones, monet, + Reid & Co.’s _heavy wet_. + + _Plu._ Monemus, monetis, monent, + Beats that from the firmament. + + Third Conjugation. Rego. + + _Sing._ Rego, regis, regit, + A statesman for office unfit. + + _Plu._ Regimus, regitis, re_gunt_, + Is much like a bear in a punt. + +_Rule_ 3. Should you be desired to give the English of each person in +the tense which you are repeating, you may (we mean a class of you), +follow a plan adopted with great success and striking effect in that +kind of dramatic representation entitled “A Grand Opera,” that of +_singing_ what you have to _say_. Hold up your head, turn out your toes, +clear your voices, and begin. A-hem! + + [Plate: + GOING THROUGH THE VERBS. + AUDIO--I HEAR.] + + Fourth Conjugation. Audio. + + _Trio._ + + _Sing._ Audio, I hear the Tartar drum! + Audis, Thou hearest the Tartar drum! + Audit, He hears the Tartar drum!-- + the Tartar drum! the Tartar drum! + + _Chorus._ He hears! + He hears! + + He h - - e - - - a - - rs the Tar - tar drum! + _Plu._ Audimus, We hear the Tartar drum, &c. + + + VERBS IRREGULAR-- + +Are _regular_ bores. The above Rules are equally applicable to them, and +also to the + + + DEFECTIVE VERBS; + +Concerning which it may be asserted, that though almost all of them have +tenses more or less imperfect, there are some which have not a single +_Imperfect Tense_. + + + IMPERSONAL VERBS. + +Such as delectat, it delighteth; decet, it becometh, &c., answer to such +English verbs as take the word _it_ before them. When we consider that +_it_ is a term of endearment used in speaking to babies, as “it’s a +pretty dear,” we cannot help thinking that Verbs Impersonal ought to be +_pet_ verbs. Such however, is not, as far as we know, the fact. + + [Illustration: PRETTY DEAR.] + + ++OF A PARTICIPLE.+ + +A participle is a hybrid part of speech; a kind of mongrel-cross, +between a noun and a verb. It is two parts verbs, and four parts noun; +wherefore its composition may be likened unto the milk sold in and about +London, which is usually watered in the proportion of four to two. The +properties of the noun belonging to it, are, number, gender, case, and +declension; those of the verb, tense, and signification. + +As a horse hath four legs, so hath a verb four participles. + + _Air._-- Bonnets of Blue. + + There ’s one of the present,-- and then, + There ’s one of the future in _rus_; + Of the tense preterperfect a third,-- and again, + A fourth of the future in _dus_. + +Participles are declined like nouns adjective, as-- but no! how can we +ask our fair (blue) readers to decline _a-man’s_ (amans) loving. + +Now here we feel called upon to say a few words on the difference +between a man’s loving and a woman’s loving. It has often been a +question, whether do men or women love most _dearly_? To us the matter +does not appear to admit of a doubt. We defy any of our male readers to +be in love (when they are old and silly enough) for six months without +finding themselves most grievously out of pocket. We have a friend who +was in that unfortunate condition for about a month, and it cost him at +least seven and sixpence a week in fees to the maid servant, and that +without once being enabled to exchange a word with the object of his +affections. At last he began to think that he was paying rather too dear +for his whistle; so he gave it up. What girl would have held on so long, +and laid out so much money without a return-- not of soft affection, but +of hard cash? Women, indeed, instead of loving dearly, love, according +to our own experience, particularly cheaply. Think of what they save, by +taking their admirers “shopping” with them, in ribands, bracelets, and +the like, to say nothing of coach-hire, pastry-cooks, and the price of +admission, when they go with them to the play. And we should like to +hear of the young lady who in these days would dispose of her hand at +any thing less than a good round sum if she could help it-- no, no. To +love _dearly_ is the precious prerogative of the lords of the creation +alone. + +But we are forgetting our participles. + +The participle of the present tense ends in _ans_, or _ens_; as +Flagellans, whipping; Lædens, hurting. + +That of the future in _rus_, signifies a likelihood, or design of doing +something, as Flagellaturus, about to whip; Læsurus, about to hurt. + +That of the preterperfect tense has generally a passive signification, +and ends in _us_, as Flagellatus, whipped; Læsus, hurt. + +That of the future in _dus_ has also a passive signification, as +Flagellandus, to be whipped; Lædendus, to be hurt. + +_Note_ 1. All participles are declined like nouns adjective. We +recommend the above participles to be declined like _winking_. + +2. There are three things that are not hurt by whipping-- a top, +a syllabub, and a cream. + + ++OF AN ADVERB.+ + +Convex and concave spectacles are contrivances used to increase or +diminish the magnitude of objects. + +Adverbs are parts of speech used to increase or diminish the +signification of words. + +Spectacles are joined to the bridge of the nose. + +Adverbs are joined to nouns adjective, and verbs. Benè, well; multùm, +much; malè, ill, &c. are adverbs. + + Cæsar _multûm_ conturbavit indigenas: + + Cæsar much astonished the natives. + + [Illustration: CÆSAR ASTONISHING THE NATIVES.] + + ++OF A CONJUNCTION.+ + +A conjunction is a part of speech that joineth together; wherefore it +may be likened unto many things; for instance-- + +To glue, to paste, to gum arabic, to mortar, (for it joins words and +sentences together _like bricks_), to Roman cement, (_Latin_ +conjunctions more especially), to white of egg, to isinglass, to putty, +to adhesive plaster, to matrimony. + +Conjunctions are thus used. + +Ova _et_ lardum, eggs and bacon. Dimidium dimidium_que_, half-and-half. +Amor _et_ dementia, love and madness. + + [Illustration: HALF-AND-HALF.] + + ++OF A PREPOSITION.+ + +A Preposition is a part of speech commonly _set before_ another word. +Words, however, do not eat each other, though men have been known to eat +words. Ab, ad, ante, &c. prepositions. + +Sometimes a preposition is joined in composition with another word, as +_pro_stratus, knocked down-- floored. + + Tullius ab aquario _pro_stratus est: + + Tully was knocked down by a waterman. + + ++OF AN INTERJECTION.+ + +An interjection is a word expressing a sudden emotion or feeling, as +Hei! Oh dear!-- Heu! Lack-a-day!-- Hem! Brute, Hollo! Brutus.-- Euge! +Tite, Bravo! Titus. + +We here find ourselves approaching the delightful subject of the three +Concords, with which we shall make short work, first, for fear of +further _Accidence_, and, secondly, because we are no fonder than boys +are of _repetitions_, which, were we to follow the Eton Grammar in the +Concords, we should be obliged to make in the Syntax. + +However, there are just one or two points to be mentioned. + +_Rule._ (Text-hand copy-books.) “Ask no questions.” + +_Exception._ When you want to find where the concord should be, ask the +following-- + +Who? or what?-- to find the nominative case to the verb. + +Whom? or what? with the verb, for the accusative after it. + +Who? or what? with the adjective, for the substantive to the adjective. + +Who? or what? with the verb, for the antecedent to the relative. + +But remember, that the use of the interrogatives who? and what? however +justifiable in grammar, is very impertinent in conversation. What, for +example, can be more ill-bred than to say, Who are you? Indeed, most +questions are ill mannered. We do not speak of such expressions as, Has +your mother sold her mangle? and the like, used only by persons who have +never asked themselves where they expect to go to? but of all +unnecessary demands whatever. “Sir,” said the great Dr. Johnson, “it is +uncivil to be continually asking, Why is a dog’s tail short, or why is a +cow’s tail long.” + + ++OF THE GENDERS OF NOUNS,+ + + Commonly known by the name of + + _“Propria Quæ Maribus.”_ + +As the “Propria Quæ Maribus” is no joke, and the “As in Præsenti” is too +much of a joke, we must do with them as we did with the verbs. Singing a +song is always esteemed a valid substitute for telling a story; and the +indulgence which we would have extended to us in this respect, is that +universally granted to civilized society. + +Let the “Propria Quæ Maribus” be turned into a series of exercises, +thus, or in like manner-- + + _Air._-- “Here ’s to the maiden of bashful fifteen.” + + All names of the male kind you masculine call, + Ut sunt (for example), Divorum, + Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, the deities all, + And Cato, Virgilius, virorum. + Latin ’s a bore, and bothers me sore, + Oh how I wish that my lesson was o’er. + + Fluviorum, ut Tibris, Orontes likewise, + Fine rivers in ocean that lost are, + And Mensium-- October an instance supplies; + Ventorum, ut Libs, Notus, Auster. + Latin ’s a bore, &c. + +We do not pretend that the mode of study here recommended, is perfectly +original. The genuine Propria Quæ Maribus, and As in Præsenti, like the +writings of the most remote antiquity, consist of certain useful truths +recorded in harmonious numbers. It has been a question among +commentators, whether these interesting compositions were originally +intended to be said or sung. Analogy (we mean that derived from the +works of Homer and Virgil) would incline us to the latter opinion, which +however does not appear to have been generally entertained in the +schools. We shall give one more specimen in the above style; and we beg +it may be remembered, that in so doing, we have no wish to detract in +any way from the merit of the illustrious poet in the Eton Grammar; all +we think is, that he might have introduced a little more _comicality_ +into his work, while he was about it. + + ++OF THE PRETERPERFECT TENSE, &c. OF VERBS.+ + + _Otherwise the “As in Præsenti.”_ + + As in Præsenti-- Preterperfect-- avi, + Oh! send me well done, lean, and lots of gravy, + Save lavo, lavi, nexo, nexui. + Ah! me-- how sweet is cream with apple-pie, + Juvi from juvo, secui from seco, + Could n’t I lie and tipple, more Græco! + From neco, necui, and mico, word + Which micui makes, Oh! roast goose, lovely bird! + Plico which plicui gives. Delightful grub! + And frico, fricas, fricui, to rub-- + So domo, tono, domui, tonui make. + And sono, sonui.-- Lead me to the stake, + I mean the beef-_stake_-- crepo, crepui too, + Which means to _crack_ (as roasted chestnuts do,) + Then veto, vetui makes-- _forbidding_ sound, + Cubo, to lie along (these verbs confound + Ye gods) makes cubui, do gives rightly dedi; + What viler object than a coat that ’s seedy?-- + Sto to form steti has a predilection; + Well-- let it if it likes, I’ve no objection. + &c. &c. &c. + + ++SYNTAXIS,+ + + _or the Construction of Grammar._ + +_Q._ What part of the grammar resembles the indulgences sold in the +middle ages? + +_A._ _Sin_-tax. + + + THE FIRST CONCORD; + THE NOMINATIVE CASE AND THE VERB. + +Where there is much _personality_, there is generally little concord. + +However, a verb personal agrees with its nominative case in number and +person, as Sera nunquam est ad bonos mores via, The way to good manners +is never too late. Mind that, brother Jonathan. + + [Illustration: AMERICAN GENTLEMEN.] + +_Note_-- The above maxim is especially worthy of the attention of +neophytes in law and medicine; of the gods in the gallery, and of +Members of the _House_. + +The nominative case of pronouns is rarely expressed, except for the sake +of distinction or emphasis, as-- + + _Tu_ es exquisitus, _tu_ es, + + _You_ ’re a nice man, _you_ are. + + [Illustration] + +Sometimes a sentence is the nominative case to the verb, as + + Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes, + Mollitos mores non sinit esse viri. + + The faithful study of the fistic art + From mawkish softness guards a Briton’s heart. + + [Plate: + INGENUAS PUGNI DIDICISSE FIDELITER ARTES + MOLLITOS MORES NON SINIT ESSE VIRI.] + +Who can doubt it? But, besides, we have much to say in praise of boxing. +In the first place, it is a _classical_ accomplishment. To say nothing +of the Olympic and Isthmian Games, which are of themselves sufficient +proof of the elegant and _fanciful_ tastes of the ancients; we need only +allude to the fact, that the _Corinthians_ are universally celebrated +for their proficiency in this science. Then, of its eminently _social_ +tendency, there can be no doubt. What can be more conducive to good +fellowship, and conviviality than the frequent _tapping of claret_, +attendant both on its study and practice? Nor can its beneficial +influence on the fine arts be called in question, seeing that its +immediate object is to teach us the _use of our hands_. And (which +perhaps is the most pursuasive argument of all), it is particularly +pleasing to the fair sex, who besides their well known admiration of +_bravery_, are, to a woman, devotedly attached to the _ring_. + +Sometimes an adverb with a genitive case stands in the place of the +nominative, as-- + + Partim astutorum mordebantur, + + Part of the knowing ones were bit. + +We must contend that the above is a _racy_ observation. + + + EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE. + +Verbs of the infinitive mood-- but hold. Remember that there is scarcely +any rule without an exception; and this axiom particularly applies to +the Syntax. We used to wish it did not; because then we should not have +had so much to learn-- to resume however-- + +Verbs of the infinitive mood often have set before them an accusative +case instead of a nominative; the conjunction quod, or ut, being left +out, as + + Annam reginam aiunt occubuisse: + + They say that Queen Anne’s dead. + +A verb placed between two nominative cases of different numbers, is not +like a donkey between two stacks of hay, it makes choice of one or the +other, and agrees with it, as + + Amygdalæ amaræ venenum _est_, + + Bitter almonds _is_ poison. + +We have written the English beneath the Latin. Perhaps it may be +imagined that we think good English _beneath_ us. + +A singular noun of multitude is sometimes joined to a plural verb; as + + Pars puerorum philosophum secuti sunt, + + Part of the boys followed the philosopher. + + [Illustration] + +And so they would now, particularly if they saw one in costume. + +Verbs impersonal have no nominative case before them, as + + Tædet me Grammatices, I am weary of Grammar. + + Pertæsum est Syntaxeos, I am quite sick of Syntax. + + Mirificum visum est Socratem in gyrum saltantem videre, + + It seemed wonderful to behold Socrates jumping Jim Crow. + + [Illustration] + + + SECOND CONCORD. + THE SUBSTANTIVE AND THE ADJECTIVE. + +Adjectives, participles, and pronouns agree with the substantive in +gender, number, and case, as + + Vir exiguo conventui, sobrioque idoneus: + + A nice man for a small tea-party. + + [Illustration: A TEA SPOON.] + +The Spartans, probably, were men of this kind; their aversion to +drunkenness being well known. + +Observe how close the concord is between substantive and adjective. The +ties of wedlock are nothing to it; for, besides that in that happy state +there is very often not a little discord, it is quite impossible that +man and wife should ever agree in _gender_. + +Sometimes a sentence supplies the place of a substantive; the adjective +being placed in the neuter gender, as + + Audito reginam leones cœnantes visisse: + + It being heard that Her Majesty had gone to see the lions at supper. + + + THIRD CONCORD. + THE RELATIVE AND THE ANTECEDENT. + +The relative and antecedent hit it off very well together; they agree +one with the other in gender, number, and person, as + + Qui plenos haurit cyathos, madidusque quiescit, + Ille bonam degit vitam, moriturque facetus. + + “He who drinks plenty, and goes to bed mellow, + Lives as he ought to do, and dies a jolly fellow.” + + [Illustration] + +Horace was the fellow for this kind of thing. Cato must have been a +regular wet blanket. + +Sometimes a sentence is placed for an antecedent, as + + Heliogabalus, spiritu contento, viginti quatuor ostrearum + demersit in alvum, quod Dandoni etiam longé antecellit. + + Heliogabalus, at one breath, swallowed two dozen of oysters, + which beats even Dando out and out. + + [Illustration: HELIOGABALUS.] + +Many of the ancients could swallow a good deal. + +A relative placed between two substantives of different genders and +numbers, sometimes agrees with the latter, as + + Pueri tuentur illum librum quæ Latina Grammatices et Comica dicitur. + + Boys regard that book which is called the Comic Latin Grammar. + +Sometimes a relative agrees with the primitive, which is understood in +the possessive, as + + Mirabantur impudentiam suam qui ad reginam literas misit. + + They wondered at his impudence, who wrote a letter to the queen. + +If a nominative case be interposed between the relative and the verb, +the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word which is +placed in the sentence with the verb, as + + Luciferi quos Prometheus surripuit, ad Jovem cujus numen contempsit, + pertinebant. + + The Lucifers which Prometheus shirked, belonged to Jupiter, + whose authority he despised. + +In fact, Prometheus _made light_ of Jupiter’s _lightning_. + +We now take leave of the Concords, observing only how pleasant it is to +see _relatives agree_. + + [Illustration: IT ’S PLEASANT TO SEE RELATIVES AGREE.] + + [Plate: + PROMETHEUS VINCTUS.] + +Our next subject is the + + + CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. + +Which is not quite so amusing as the construction of small boats, paper +kites, pinwheels, crackers, or any other mode of displaying the faculty +of “constructiveness”-- though in one sense the construction of nouns +substantive, is not unlike the construction of _puzzles_. + +When two substantives of a different signification meet together, the +latter is put in the genitive case, as + + Ulysses lumen Cyclopis extinxit: + + Ulysses doused the glim of the Cyclops. + +This genitive case is sometimes changed into a dative, as + + Urbi pater est, urbique maritus. --Gram. Eton. + + He is the father of the city, and the husband of the city. + +He must have been a pretty fellow, whoever he was. + +An adjective of the neuter gender, put without a substantive, sometimes +requires a genitive case, as + + Paululùm honestatis sartori sufficit: + + A very little honesty is enough for a tailor. + +A genitive case is sometimes placed alone; the preceding substantive +being understood by the figure ellipsis, as + + Ubi ad magistri veneris, cave verbum de porco: + + When you are come to the master’s (house), not a word about the pig. + +The word pig is a very general term, and is used to signify not only the +animal so called, and such of the human race as resemble him in habits, +appearance, or feelings; but also to denote a variety of little things, +which it is sometimes necessary to keep secret. A pedagogue now and then +discovers a _pig-tail_ appended to his coat collar-- this, or rather the +way in which it got there, is one of the little _pigs_ in question. +Robbing the larder or the garden is another; so is insinuating +horse-hairs into the cane, or putting cobbler’s wax on the seat of +learning -- we mean the master’s stool. A sort of _pig_ (or rather a +_rat_) is sometimes _smelt_ by the master on taking his nightly walk +though the dormitories, when roast fowl, mince pies, bread and cheese, +shrub, punch, &c. have been slyly smuggled into those places of repose. +Shirking down town is always a _pig_, and the consequences thereof, in +case of discovery, a great _bore_. + +Considering that a secret is a _pig_, it is singular that betraying one +should be called letting the _cat_ out of the bag. + + [Plate: + SMELLING A PIG.] + +Two substantives respecting the same thing are put in the same case, as + + Telemachum, juvenem bonæ indolis, Calypso existimavit. + + Calypso thought Telemachus a nice young man. + +By the way, what a nice young man Virgil makes out Marcellus to have +been! + +Praise, dispraise, or the quality of a thing is placed in the ablative, +and also in the genitive case-- as + + Vir paucorum verborum et magni appetitûs: + + A man of few words and large appetite. + + Paterfamilias. Vir multis miseriis: + + A father of a family. A man of many woes. + + [Illustration] + +The man of most _woes_, however, is a hackney-coachman. + +Opus, need, and usus, need, require an ablative case, as + + Didoni marito opus erat; + + Dido had need of a husband. + + Æneæ cœnâ usus erat; + + Æneas had need of a dinner. + +But opus appears to be sometimes placed like an adjective for +necessarius, necessary, as + + Regi Anthropophagorum coquus opus est: + + The King of the Cannibal Islands wants a cook. + +Which would serve his purpose best-- a valet-de-chambre who _dresses_ +men, or a wit, who _roasts_ them? + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. + + THE GENITIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. + +Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, memory, fear, and the +contrary to these, require a genitive case, as + + Est natura vetularum obtrectationis avida: + + The nature of old women is fond of scandal. + +This particularly applies to old maids. As those delightful creatures +now-a-days, not content with being _grey_ aspire to be actually _blue_; +we cannot help recommending to them a kind of study, for which their +propensity to _cutting up_ renders them peculiarly adapted; we mean +_Anatomy_. And since it is on the foulest and most odious points of +character that they chiefly delight to dwell, we more especially suggest +to them the pursuit of _Morbid Anatomy_, as one which is likely to be +attended both with gratification and success. + + Mens tempestatum præscia: + + A mind foreknowing the weather. + +A piece of _sea-weed_ has often, heretofore, been used as a barometer; +but it is only of late that this purpose has been answered by a +_murphy_. + + Immemor beneficii: + + Unmindful of a kindness. + +The sort of kindness one is least likely to forget is that which our +master used to say he conferred upon us, when he was inculcating +learning by means of the rod. We cannot help thinking, however, that he +began _at the wrong end_. + + Imperitus rerum: + + Unacquainted with the world, i.e. Not ‘up to snuff’. + +Much controversy has been wasted in attempts to determine the origin of +the phrase “up to snuff”. Some have contended that it was suggested by +the well-known quality possessed by snuff, of _clearing the head_; but +this idea is far fetched, not to say absurd. Others will have that the +expression was derived from Snofe, or Snoffe, the name of a cunning +rogue who flourished about the time of the first crusade; so that “up to +Snoffe” signified as clever, or knowing, as Snoffe; and was in process +of time converted into “up to snuff.” This opinion is deserving of +notice; though the only argument in its favour is, that the phrase in +question was in vogue long before the discovery of tobacco. Probably the +soundest view is that which connects it with the proper name Znoufe, +which in ancient High-Dutch is equivalent to Mercury, whose reputation +for astuteness among the ancients was exceedingly great. Conf. +Hookey-Walk, ii. 13. Hok. Pok. Wonk-Fum. viii. 24. Cheek. Marin. passim, +with a host of commentators, ancient and modern. + + Roscius timidus Deorum fuit: + + _Roscius_ was afraid of the _Gods_. + +Adjectives ending in _ax_, derived from verbs, also require a genitive +case, as + + Tempus edax rerum: + + Time is the consumer of all things. + +Hence Time is sometimes figured as an alderman. + +Nouns partitive, nouns of number, nouns comparative and superlative, and +certain adjectives put partitively, require a genitive case, from which +also they take their gender; as + + Utrum horum mavis accipe: + + Take which of those two things you had rather. + +So Queen Eleanor gave Fair Rosamond her choice between the dagger and +the bowl of poison. This, to our mind, would have been like choosing a +tree to be hanged on. + + Primus fidicinum fuit Orpheus: + + Orpheus was the first of fiddlers. + +He is said to have charmed the hearts of broomsticks. + + Momus lepidissimus erat Deorum: + + Momus was the funniest of the Gods. + +Other deities may have made Jupiter shake his head. Momus used to make +him shake his sides. + + Sequimur te, sancte deorum: + + We follow thee, O sacred deity. + +Namely, the aforesaid Momus. He is the only heathen god that we should +have had much reverence for, and certainly the only one that we should +ever have sacrificed to at all. The offering most commonly made to the +god of laughter was, probably, _a sacrifice of propriety_. + +But the above nouns are also used with these prepositions, a, ab, de, e, +ex, inter, ante; as, + + Primus inter philosophos Democritus est: + + Democritus is the first amongst philosophers. + +And why? Because he alone was wise enough to find out that laughing is +better than crying. He it was who first proved to the world that +philosophy and comicality are, in fact, one science; and that the more +we learn the more we laugh. We forget whether it was he or Aristotle who +made the remark, that man is the only laughing animal except the hyæna. + +_Secundus_ sometimes requires a dative case, as + + Haud ulli veterum virtute secundus: + + Inferior to none of the ancients in valour. + + [Illustration] + +Surely Virgil in saying this, had an eye to a hero, whose fame has been +perpetuated in the verses of a later poet. + + “Some talk of Alexander, and some of Pericles, + Of Conon and Lysander, and Alcibiades; + But of all the gallant heroes, there ’s none for to compare, + With my ri-fol-de-riddle-iddle-lol to the British grenadier!” + +An interrogative, and the word which answers to it, shall be of the same +case and tense, except words of a different construction be made use of; +as + + Quarum rerum nulla est satietas? Pomorum. + + Of what things is there no fulness? Of fruit. + +Dr. Johnson used to say that he never got as much wall fruit as he could +eat. + + [Illustration] + + + THE DATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. + +Adjectives by which advantage, disadvantage, likeness, unlikeness, +pleasure, submission, or relation to any thing is signified, require a +dative case; as + + Astaci incocti patriæ idonei sunt in pace; cocti autem in bello. + + Raw lobsters are serviceable to their country in peace; but boiled + ones in war. + +Lobster’s _claws_ are nasty things to get into. + +The Corporation of London seemed very much afraid of the _Police +clause_. + +One of the reasons why a soldier is sometimes called a lobster, probably +is, that the latter is a _marine_ animal. + + Balænæ persimile: + + Very like a whale. + + Qui color albus erat nunc est contrarius albo: + + The colour which was white is now contrary to white. + +Some people will swear white is black to gain their ends; and a man who +will do this, though he may not always be-- + + Jucundus amicis: + + Pleasant to his friends; + +is nevertheless frequently so to his _constituents_. + +Hither are referred nouns compounded of the preposition _con_, as +contubernalis, a comrade; commilito, a fellow soldier, &c. You must +_con_ all such words attentively before you can _con_strue well, or the +_con_sequence will be, that you will be _con_siderably blown up, if not +_con_foundedly flogged. + +Some of these which signify similitude, are also joined to a genitive +case, as + + Par uncti fulminis: + + Like greased lightning. + +The familiarity of our transatlantic friends with the nature of the +electric fluid, is no doubt owing to the discoveries of their countryman +Franklin. _Q._ Was the lightning which that philosopher drew down from +the clouds, of the kind mentioned in the example? + +Communis, common; alienus, strange; immunis, free, are joined to a +genitive, dative, and also to an ablative case, with a preposition, as + + Aures longæ communes asinorum sunt: + + Long ears are common to asses. + +Though _musical_ ears are not. We even doubt whether they would have the +slightest admiration for _Bray_-ham. + + Non sunt communes caudæ hominibus: + + Tails are not common to men. + +Except coat-tails, shirt-tails, pig-tails, and rats’-tails-- to which +en-_tails_ may perhaps also be added, though these last are often cut +off. + + Non alienus a poculo cerevisiæ: + + Not averse to a pot of beer. + +We should think we were not; and should as soon think of engaging in an +unnatural quarrel with our bread and butter. + +Natus, born; commodus, convenient; incommodus, inconvenient; utilis, +useful; inutilis, useless; vehemens, earnest; aptus, fit, are sometimes +also joined to an accusative case with a preposition, as + + Natus ad laqueum: + + Born to a halter. + + [Illustration] + +Those who are reserved for this exalted destiny, are said to enjoy a +peculiar immunity from drowning. Is this the reason why _watermen_ are +such a set of rogues? + +To prevent mistakes, it should be mentioned, that the _watermen_ here +meant are those who, by their own account, are so called from their +office being _to shut the doors of hackney coaches_. + +Verbal adjectives ending in _bilis_, taken passively, and participles +made adjectives ending in _dus_, require a dative case; as + + Nulli penetrabilis astro; + + Penetrable by no _star_-- + +not fond of _acting_? + + O venerande mihi Liston! te luget Olympus: + + O Liston, to be venerated by me the _Olympic_ bewails thee. + + + THE ACCUSATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. + +The measure of quantity is put after adjectives, in the accusative, the +ablative, and the genitive case, as + + Anguis centum pedes longus: + + A snake a hundred feet long. + + Arbor gummifera, alta mille et quingentis passibus. + + A gum-tree a mile and a half high. + + Aranea, lata pedum denum: + + A spider ten feet broad. + +An accusative case is sometimes put after adjectives and participles, +where the preposition secundum, appears to be understood, as + + Os humerosque asello similis: + + Like to a cod-fish as to his head and shoulders. + +Some men _are_ exceedingly like a cod-fish, as to their head and +shoulders, and they often endeavour to increase this natural resemblance +as much as possible, by wearing _gills_. + + + THE ABLATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. + +Adjectives which relate to plenty or want, sometimes require an +ablative, sometimes a genitive case, as + + Amor et melle et felle est fœcundissimus: + + Love is very full both of honey and gall. + +The _honey_ of love is-- we do not know exactly what. Honey, however, is +Latin for love, as the Irishman said. + +The gall of love consists in + +First. Tight boots, in which it is often necessary to do penance before +_our Lady’s_ window. This is at all events very _galling_. + + [Illustration: A TIGHT BOOT.] + +Secondly. In lover’s sighs, to which it communicates their peculiar +_bitterness_. + +Thirdly. Another very _galling_ thing in love is being cut out. + +Fourthly. Love is one of the passions treated of by _Gall_ and +Spurzheim. + +Adjectives and substantives govern an ablative case, signifying the +cause and the form, or the manner of a thing, as + + Demosthenes vociferatione raucus erat: + + Demosthenes was hoarse with bawling. + + Nomine grammaticus, re barbarus: + + A grammarian in name; in reality a barbarian. + +Like many of the old masters-- we do not mean painters-- though we +certainly allude to _brothers of the brush_-- perhaps it would be better +to call them _brothers of the angle_, on account of their partiality to +the _rod_. Does the reader _twig_? If so, it is unnecessary to _branch_ +out into a discussion with regard to the nature of the barbarity hinted +at-- a kind of barbarity which, though it may proclaim its perpetrators +to be by no means allied to the _feline_ race, connects them most +decidedly with the _canine_ species. + +Dignus, worthy; indignus, unworthy; præditus, endued; captus, disabled; +contentus, content; extorris, banished; fretus, relying upon; liber, +free; with adjectives signifying price, require an ablative case, as + + Leander dignus erat meliore fato: + + Leander was worthy of a better fate. + +Poor fellow! first to be head over ears in love, and then over head and +ears in the sea! Shocking! What an _hero_ic young man he must have +been.-- What _a duck_, too, the fair Hero must have thought him as she +watched him from her lonely tower, nearing her every moment, as he cleft +with lusty arm the foaming herring-pond. We mean the Hellespont-- but no +matter. What a _goose_ he must have been considered by any one else who +happened to know of his nightly exploits! How miserably he was _gulled_ +at last! Never mind. If Leander went to the _fishes_ for love, many a +better man than he, has, before and since, gone, from the same cause, to +the _dogs_. + + Conscientia procuratoris solidis sex, denariis octo, venale est; + + A lawyer’s conscience is to be sold for six and eightpence. + +Some of these, sometimes admit a genitive case, as + + Carmina digna deæ: + + Verses worthy of a goddess. + +Whether the following verses are worthy of a goddess or not, we shall +not attempt to decide; they were addressed to one at all events-- at +least to a being who, if _idolizing_ constitutes a goddess, may, +perhaps, be termed one. We met with them in turning over the pages of an +album. + + LINES BY A FOND LOVER. + + Lovely maid, with rapture swelling, + Should these pages meet thine eye, + Clouds of absence soft dispelling; + Vacant memory heaves a sigh. + + As the rose, with fragrance weeping, + Trembles to the tuneful wave, + So my heart shall twine unsleeping, + Till it canopies the grave! + + Though another’s smiles requited, + Envious fate my doom should be: + Joy for ever disunited, + Think, ah! think, at times on me! + + Oft amid the spicy gloaming, + Where the brakes their songs instil, + Fond affection silent roaming, + Loves to linger by the rill-- + + There when echo’s voice consoling, + Hears the nightingale complain, + Gentle sighs my lips controlling, + Bind my soul in beauty’s chain. + + Oft in slumber’s deep recesses, + I thy mirror’d image see; + Fancy mocks the vain caresses + I would lavish like a bee! + + But how vain is glittering sadness! + Hark, I hear distraction’s knell! + Torture gilds my heart with madness! + Now for ever fare thee well! + + [Illustration: AN ALBUM AUTHOR.] + +It would be interesting as well as instructive to settle the difference +between love verses and nonsense verses, if this were the proper place +for doing so. But we are not yet come to the Prosody; nor shall we +arrive there very soon unless we get on with the Syntax. + +Comparatives, when they may be explained by the word quam, than, require +an ablative case, as + + Achilles Agamemnone velocior erat: + + Achilles was a faster man than Agamemnon. + +_Fast men_ in modern times are very apt to _outrun the constable_. + +Tanto, by so much, quanto, by how much, hoc, by this, eo, by this, and +quo, by which; with some other words which signify the measure of +exceeding; likewise ætate, by age, and natu, by birth, are often joined +to comparatives and superlatives, as + + Tanto deformissimus, quanto sapientissimus philosophorum. + + By so much the ugliest, by how much the wisest of philosophers. + +Such an one was Socrates. It is all very well to have a contemplative +disposition; but it need not be accompanied by a _contemplative nose_. + + Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt: + + The more they have the more they want. + +This is a curious fact in the natural history of school-boys, considered +in relation to roast beef and plum pudding. + + Maximum ætate virum in totâ Kentuckiâ contudi: + + I whopped the oldest man in all Kentucky. + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRONOUNS. + +All those who would understand the construction of pronouns, should take +care to be well versed in the distinction between _meum_ and _tuum_, +ignorance of which often gives rise to the disagreeable necessity of +becoming too intimately acquainted with _quod_. + +Mei, of me, tui, of thee, sui, of himself, nostri, of us, vestri, of +you, (the genitive cases of their primitives ego, tu, &c.) are used when +a person is signified, as + + Languet desiderio tui: + + He languishes for want of you. + +You cannot give a more acceptable piece of information than the above, +to any young lady. The fairer and more amiable sex always like to have +something-- if not to love, at least to pity. + + Parsque tui lateat corpore clausa meo. --_Eton Gram._ + + And a part of you may lie shut up in my body. + +Or rather _may_ it so lie! How forcibly a sucking pig hanging up outside +a pork-butcher’s shop always recals this beautiful line of Ovid’s to the +mind! + +Meus, mine, tuus, thine, suus, his own (Cocknicè his’n), noster, ours, +vester, yours, are used when action, or the possession of a thing is +signified; as + + Qui bona quæ non sunt sua furtim subripit, ille + Tempore quo capitur, carcere clausus erit: + + Him as prigs wot isn ’t his’n, + Ven he’s cotch’d ’ll go to pris’n. + + [Illustration] + +These possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester, take +after them these genitive cases,-- ipsius, of himself, solius, of him +alone, unius, of one, duorum, of two, trium, of three, &c., omnium, of +all, plurium, of more, paucorum, of few, cujusque, of every one, and +also the genitive cases of participles, which are referred to the +primitive word understood; as + + Meis unius impensis pocula sex exhausi: + + I drank six pots to my own cheek. + +We wonder that any one should have the _face_ to say so. + +Sui and suus are reciprocal pronouns, that is, they have always relation +to that which went before, and was most to be noted in the sentence, +as-- + + Jonathanus nimium admiratur se: + + Jonathan admires himself too much. + + Parcit erroribus suis, He spares his own errors. + + Magnoperè Jonathanus rogat ne se derideas, Jonathan earnestly begs + that you would not laugh at him. + +If you _do_, take care that he does not _blow you up_ one of these fine +days. + +These demonstrative pronouns, hic, iste, and ille are thus +distinguished: hic points out the nearest to me; iste him who is by you; +ille him who is at a distance from both of us. + +In making _game_ of the Syntax, we regard them as _pointers_. + +When hic and ille are referred to two things or persons going before, +hic generally relates to the latter, ille to the former, as + + Richardus Thomasque suum de more bibebant, + Ebrius hic vappis, ebrius ille mero: + + Both Dick and Tom caroused away like swine, + Tom drunk with swipes, and Dicky drunk with wine. + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS. + + THE NOMINATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. + +Verbs substantive, as sum, I am, forem, I might be, fio, I am made, +existo, I am; verbs passive of calling, as nominor, I am named, +appellor, I am called, dicor, I am said, vocor, I am called, nuncupor, I +am named, and the like to them, as videor, I am seen, habeor, I am +accounted, existimor, I am thought, have the same cases before and after +them, as + + Adeps viridis est summum bonum: + + Green fat is the chief good. + +Even among the ancients, _turtles_ were the emblems of love; which, next +to eating and drinking, has always been the first object of human +pursuit. This fact proves, very satisfactorily, two things, first, their +proficiency in the science of gastronomy; and, secondly, their extreme +susceptibility of the tender passion. + + Pileus vocatur tegula: + + A hat is called a tile. + + [Illustration: TILED IN.] + +Likewise all verbs in a manner admit after them an adjective, which +agrees with the nominative case of the verb, in case, gender, and +number, as + + Pii orant taciti. --_Eton Gram._ + + The pious pray silently. + +Is this a sly rap at the Quakers? + + + THE GENITIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. + +Sum requires a genitive case as often as it signifies possession, duty, +sign, or that which relates to any thing; as + + Quod rapidam trahit Ætatem pecus est Melibœi, + + The cattle _wot_ drags the _Age_, fast coach, is Melibœus’s. + +Alas! that such an Age should be banished by the Age of rail-roads!-- +let us hear the + + COACHMAN’S LAMENT. + + _Air._-- “Oh give me but my Arab steed.” + + Farewell my ribbons, and, alack! + Farewell my tidy drag; + Mail-coach-men now have got the _sack_, + And engineers the _bag_. + + My heart and whip alike are broke-- + I’ve lost my varmint team + That used to cut away like _smoke_, + But could n’t go like _steam_. + + It is, indeed, a bitter _cup_, + Thus to be sent to _pot_; + My bosom boils at boiling up + A gallop or a trot. + + My very brain with _fury_ ’s rack’d, + That railways are the _rage_; + I’m sure you’ll never find them _act_, + Like our old English _stage_. + + A man whose _passion_ ’s crost, is sore, + Then pray excuse my _pet_; + I ne’er was _overturn’d_ before, + But now am quite _upset_. + + [Illustration] + +These nominative cases are excepted from the above rule, meum, mine, +tuum, thine, suum, his, noster, our, vester, your, humanum, human, +belluinum brutal, and the like, as + + Non est tuum aviam instruere: + + Don’t teach your grandmother-- to suck eggs. + + Humanum est inebriari. + + It is a human frailty-- or an amiable weakness-- to get drunk. + +Lord Byron proves it to be a _human_ frailty. + + “_Man_ being _reasonable_, _must_ get drunk.” + + [Illustration: A REASONABLE CREATURE.] + +Another poet (anon.) proves it to be an _amiable_ one, by establishing +the analogy which exists between it and an intoxication of another +kind-- + + “Love is like a dizziness, + Never lets a poor man go about his business.” + +Verbs of accusing, condemning, advising, acquitting, and the like, +require a genitive case which signifies the charge; as + + Qui alterum accusat probri, eum ipsum se intueri oportet. + + It is fit that he who accuses another of dishonesty + should look into himself. + +If this maxim were acted up to, what attorney could we ever get to frame +an indictment? + + Furti damnatus, “tres menses” adeptus est: + + Being condemned of theft, he had “three months.” + +We do not see much _fun_ in that. We cannot help thinking, however, +that “Three Months at Brixton,” would form a taking (at least a +_thief_-taking) title for a novel. + + Admoneto magistrum squalidarum vestium: + + Put the master in mind of his seedy clothes. + +That is if you want a _good dressing_. + +This genitive case is sometimes changed into an ablative, either with or +without a preposition, as + + Putavi de calendis Aprilibus te esse admonendum: + + I thought that you ought to be reminded of the first of April. + +Young reader! were you ever, on the above anniversary, sent to the +cobbler’s for pigeons’ milk, and dismissed with _strap-oil_ for your +_pains_? Were your domestic and alimentive affections ever sported with +by the false intelligence that a letter from home and a large cake were +waiting for you below! Or worse, did some waggish, but inconsiderate +friend ever send you a fool’s-cap and a hamper of stones? + +Reader, of a more advanced age, were you ever?-- but we cannot go on-- +Oh! Matilda-- we might have been your _slave_-- but it was cruel of you +to _sell_ us in such a manner. + +Uterque, both, nullus, none, alter, the other, neuter, neither of the +two, alius, another, ambo, both, and the superlative degree, are joined +to verbs of that kind only in the ablative case, as + + Fratris, an asini, trucidationis accusas me? Utroque, + sed sceleris unius: + + Do you accuse me of killing my brother or my donkey? + Of both; but of one crime. + +Satago, to be busy about a thing, misereor and miseresco, to pity, +require a genitive case, as + + Qui ducit uxorem rerum satagit: + + He who marries a wife has his hands full of business. + +We hear frequently of lovers being _distracted_. Husbands are much more +so. + + O! tergi miserere mei non digna ferentis: + + Oh! have pity on my back, suffering things undeserved. + +Reminiscor, to remember, obliviscor, to forget, memini, to remember, +recorder, to call to mind, admit a genitive or accusative case, as + + Reminiscere nonarum Novembrium: + + Remember the fifth of November. + +No wonder that so many _squibs_ are let off on that day; considering the +political feeling connected with it. + + Hoc te spectantem me meminisse precor: + + When this you see remember me. + +How particularly anxious all young men and women who are lovers, and all +waiters and chambermaids, whether they are lovers or no, besides +coachmen and porters of all kinds, seem to be _remembered_. A coachman +in one respect especially resembles a lover; he always wishes to be +remembered by his _fare_. + +Potior, to gain, is joined either to a genitive or to an ablative case, +as + + Xantippe, marito subacto, femoralium potita fuit. + + Xantippe, her husband being overcome, gained the breeches. + + Terentius Thrace potitus est: + + Terence got a Tartar. + +At least he said he did, when he took the prisoner who would n’t let him +come. + + + THE DATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. + +All verbs govern a dative case of that thing to or for which any thing +is gotten or taken away, as + + Diminuam tibi caput: + + I will break your head. + + Eheu! mihi circulum ademit! + + Oh dear, he has taken away my hoop! + +What a thing it is to be a junior boy! + +Verbs of various kinds belong to the above rule. In the first place +verbs signifying advantage or disadvantage govern a dative case, as + + Judæi ad commodandum nobis vivunt: + + The Jews live to accommodate us. + +Or accommodate us to live-- which? + +Of these juvo, lædo, delecto, and some others, require an accusative +case, as + + Maritum quies plurimum juvat: + + Rest very much delighteth a married man-- when he can get it. + + [Illustration] + +Verbs of comparing govern a dative case, as + + Ajacem “Surdo” componere sæpe solebam: + + I was often accustomed to compare Ajax to the “Deaf un,”-- + not because he was hard of hearing, but hard in hitting. + +Sometimes, however, they require an ablative case with the preposition +cum; sometimes an accusative case with the prepositions ad and inter, as + + Comparo _Pompeium_ cum _globo nivali_: + + I compare _Pompey_ with a _snow-ball_. + +Pompey is called in the schools a proper name. Whether it is a _proper +name_ for a nigger or not, may be questioned. It may also be doubted +whether a negro can ever rightly be called “snow-ball,” except he be _an +ice_ man; in which case even though he should be the knave of _clubs_, +it is obvious that he ought never to be _black balled_. + + Si ad pensum verberatio comparetur nihil est: + + If a flogging be compared to an imposition, it is nothing. + +A flogging is a fly-blow, or at least a _flea_-blow to the boy, and a +task only to the master; whereas an imposition is a task to the boy, and +very often a _verse_ task. + +Verbs of giving and of restoring govern a dative case, as + + Learius unicuique filiarum dimidium coronæ dedit: + + Lear gave his daughters half-a-crown a-piece. + +Hence we are enabled to gain some notion of the great value of money in +the time of the Ancient Britons. + +Verbs of promising and of paying govern a dative case; as + + Menelaus Paridi fustuarium promisit: + + Menelaus promised Paris a drubbing. + + [Illustration] + + “Gubernatoris” est pendere sartoribus pecuniam: + + It is the place of “the governor” to pay tailors. + +Hence young men may learn how desirable it is to be “in statu +pupillari.” True, in that state of felicity, they are somewhat under +control, but the above example, and many others of a like nature, +sufficiently prove, that such restriction, compared to the +responsibilities of manhood, is but a _minor_ inconvenience. + +Verbs of commanding and telling govern a dative case, as + + Alexander, vinosus, animis imperare non potuit: + + Alexander, when drunk, could not command his temper. + +Thus, in a state of beer, he committed manslaughter at least, by killing +and slaying his friend Clitus. We could not resist the temptation to +mention this fact, since, as we have so often laughed at its narration +in those interesting compositions called themes, we thought there must +needs be something very funny about it. Alexander the Great, be it +remarked, for the special behoof of schoolboys, furnishes an example of +any virtue or vice descanted on in any prose task or poem under the sun. + + Antonio dixit Augustus Lepidum veteratorem fuisse. + + Augustus told Antony that Lepidus was a humbug. + +We don’t know exactly where this historical fact is mentioned. _Lepidus_ +is a _funny_ name. + +Except, from the foregoing rule, rego, to rule, guberno, to govern, +which have an accusative case; tempero and moderor, to rule, which have +sometimes a dative, sometimes an accusative case; as + + Luna regit ministros: + + The moon rules the ministers. + +That is to say, when it is at the full, and resembles a great O. + + Præco pauperes gubernat: + + The beadle governs the paupers. + + Non semper temperat ipse sibi: + + He does not always govern himself. + + Non animos mollit proprios, nec temperat iras: + + He neither softens his own mind, nor tempers his anger. + + Ecce, Ducrow moderatur equos: + + Lo, Ducrow manages the horses. + +_Q._ Why is a general officer like a writing-master? + +_A._ Because he is a _ruler of lines_. + +Verbs of trusting govern a dative case, as + + Credite, fœmineæ, juvenes, committere menti, + Nil nisi lene decet. + + Believe me, young men, it is fit to entrust nothing to a female mind + but what is _soft_. + +In fact, _soft nothings_ are fittest for the ear of a lady. + + Pomarius poetæ non credit: + + The costermonger trusts not the poet. + +How wrong, therefore, it is to call him a _green_ grocer. + +Verbs of complying with and of opposing govern a dative case, as + + Nunquam obtemperat tiro hodiernus magistro: + + A modern apprentice never obeys his master. + +Verbs of threatening and of being angry govern a dative case, as + + Utrique latronum mortem est minitatus: + + He threatened death to both of the robbers,-- + +By presenting a pistol right and left at each of them. This when done by +some well-disposed sailor in a melodrame, constitutes a situation of +thrilling interest. + + [Illustration] + +Sum with its compounds, except possum, governs a dative case, as + + Oculi nigri non semper sunt faciei ornamentum: + + Black eyes are not always an ornament to the face. + + [Illustration] + +Verbs compounded with these adverbs, bene, well, satis, enough, male, +ill, and with these prepositions, præ, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, +inter, for the most part govern a dative case, as + + Saginatio multis hominibus benefacit: + + Cramming does good to many men. + +For instance, it does good to aldermen, especially in these days of +reform, _by enlarging the Corporation_. Cramming, or rather the effect +of it, benefits medical men, who again do good to their patients by +_cramming_ them in another way. There is also a species of cramming +which is found very serviceable at the Universities, by enabling certain +students to _pass in a crowd._ + + [Illustration: OH! HERE ’S A COMPLIMENT.] + +In this respect however it differs essentially from aldermanic cramming, +which enhances the difficulty of such a feat in a very remarkable +manner. + + Puellæ, aliæ aliis prælucere student: + + Girls endeavour to outshine one another. + +And yet they _make light_, as much as they can, of each other’s charms +and accomplishments. + + Intempestive parum longe prospicienti Doctori adlusit. + + He joked unseasonably on the short-sighted Doctor. + +Johnson was not so short-sighted as to be blind to a joke. + +Not a few of the verbs mentioned in the last rule, sometimes change the +dative into another case; as + + Præstat ingenio alius alium: + + One exceeds another in ability. + + [Illustration] + +Thus one boy learns Latin and Greek better than the rest; another learns +slang. One is a good hand at construing, another at climbing. Some boys +are peculiarly skilled at casting accounts, others in casting stones. +Here we have a boy of a small appetite and many words, there one of a +large appetite and few words. Sometimes precocious talent is evinced for +playing the fiddle, sometimes for playing a _stick_; sometimes, again, +a strong propensity is discovered for playing the fool. This boy makes +verses, as it were, by inspiration; that boy shows an equal capacity in +making mouths. The most peculiar talent, however, and the one most +exclusive of all others, is that of riding. Those who are destined to +attain great proficiency in this science, can seldom do any thing else; +and usually begin their career by being _horsed_ at school. + +Est, for habeo to have, governs a dative case, as + + Est mihi qui vestes custodit avunculus omnes: + + I have an uncle who takes care of all my clothes. + +Suppetit, it sufficeth, is like to this, as + + Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus: + + For he is not poor, to whom the use of things suffices. + +The two last examples must suggest a rather alarming idea to those who +are accustomed to propitiate the relation to whom we have just alluded, +by relinquishing _their habits_. Is it possible that he can ever _use_ +one’s _things_? We recommend this query to the serious consideration of +theatrical persons, and all others who are addicted to _spouting_. + +_Sum_ with many _others_ admits a double dative case, as + + Exitio est avidis alvus pueris: + + The belly is the destruction of greedy boys. + +Particularly those of _Eton_ College. + +Sometimes this dative case tibi, or sibi, or also mihi, is added for the +sake of elegance in expression, as + + Cato suam sibi uxorem Hortensio vendidit: + + Cato sold his own wife to Hortensius. + + [Illustration] + +Some say he only lent her. The fact most probably is, that the lady, +being tired of her husband, wished to be a-_loan_. + + + THE ACCUSATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. + +Verbs transitive, of what kind soever, whether active, deponent, or +common, require an accusative case, as + + Procuratorem fugito, nam subdolus idem est: + + Avoid an attorney, for the same is a cunning rogue. + +Yet the legal profession are always boasting of their _deeds_. + +Verbs neuter have an accusative case of a like signification to +themselves, as + + Pomarii asinus duram servit servitutem: + + A coster-monger’s donkey serves a hard servitude. + +Poor animal! A _Sterne_ heart was once melted by thy sufferings-- how +then must they affect that of the _gentle_ reader? + +There are some verbs which have an accusative case by a figure, as + + Nec vox hominem sonat; + + Nor does your voice sound like a human creature’s. + +This may be said of boys of various kinds-- as pot-boys, butcher’s boys, +baker’s boys, and other boys who are in the habit of bawling down areas; +also of several descriptions of men, as cab-men, coach-men, watch-men, +and dust-men. The same may likewise be asserted of some women, such as +apple-women, oyster-women, fish-women, and match-women. Here also the +singing of charity children of both sexes, and the voices of +parish-clerks, may be specified, and, lastly, of many foreigners whose +names terminate in ini. + + [Illustration] + +Verbs of asking, of teaching, of clothing, and of concealing, commonly +govern two accusative cases, as + + Ego docebo te, adolescentule, lectiones tuas: + + _I’ll_ teach you your lessons, young man. + +This speech is usually the prelude to something which elicits that +exemplification of the vocative case which has been given in the first +part of the Grammar. + +Some verbs of this kind have an accusative case even in the passive +voice, as + + Bis denos posceris versus de scoparum manubrio: + + You are required to make twenty verses on a broomstick. + +Why should not a broomstick form the subject of a poetical effusion, +when the material of the broom itself is so often used in schools to +stimulate inventive genius? + +Nouns appellative are commonly added with a preposition to verbs which +denote motion, as + + Interea ad templum non æquæ Palladis ibant + Crinibus Iliades passis. _Virgil._ + + In the mean time the Trojan woman went to the temple of + unfriendly Pallas with their hair about their ears. + +How odd they must have looked. Here we take occasion to remind +schoolboys never to lose an opportunity of giving a comic rendering to +any word or phrase susceptible thereof, which they may meet with in the +course of their reading. To say “crinibus passis”,-- “with dishevelled +hair” would be to give a very feeble and spiritless translation. Vir is +literally construed _man_; some school-masters will have it called +_hero_,-- we propose to translate it _cove_. So dapes may be rendered +_grub_, or perhaps _prog_; aspera Juno, _crusty Juno_; animam efflare, +to _kick the bucket_; capere fugam, to _cut one’s stick_, or _lucky_; +confectus, _knocked up_; fraudatus, _choused_; contundere, _to whop_, +&c. &c. + + + THE ABLATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. + +Every verb admits an ablative case, signifying the instrument, or the +cause, or the manner of an action, as + + Pulvere nitrato Catilina senatum subruere voluit: + + Catiline wished to blow up the Parliament. Catiline was a regular Guy. + +A noun of price is put after some words in the ablative case, as + + Ovidius solidis duobus fibulas siphonem ascendere fecit: + + Ovid pawned his buckles for two shillings. + +The _sipho_ was a tube, pipe, or spout, projecting from the shops of +pawnbrokers, of whom there is every reason to believe that there were a +great many in ancient Rome. Into this _sipho_ the pledges were placed in +order to be conveyed to the _adytum_ or secret recess of the dwelling. +_Vide_ Casaubon de Avunc: Roman. + +Vili, at a low rate, paulo, for little, minimo, for very little, magno, +for much, nimio, for too much, plurimo, for very much, dimidio, for +half, duplo, for twice as much, are often put by themselves, the word, +pretio, price, being understood, as + + Vili venit cibus caninus: + + Dog’s meat is sold at a low rate. + +These genitive cases put without substantives are excepted, tanti, for +so much, quanti, for how much, pluris, for more, minoris, for less, +quantivis, for as much as you please, tantidem, for just so much, +quantilibet, for what you will, quanticunque for how much soever, as + + Non es tanti: You’re no great shakes. + +Flocci, of a lock of wool, nauci, of a nut-shell, nihili, of nothing, +assis, of a penny, pili, of a hair, hujus, of this, teruncii, of a +farthing, are added very properly to verbs of esteeming, as + + Nec verberationem flocci pendo, nec ferulâ percussionem pili æstimo: + + I don’t value a flogging a straw, nor do I regard a spatting a hair. + +A boy who can say this, must have a brazen front, and an iron back, and +be altogether a lad of _mettle_. + +Verbs of abounding, of filling, of loading, and their contraries, are +joined to an ablative case, as + + Tauris abundat Hibernia: + + Ireland aboundeth in bulls. + +This circumstance it most probably was which gave rise to the _Tales_ of +the O’Hara family. + +We once heard a son of Erin, while undergoing the operation of bleeding +from the arm, remark that that would be an easy way of _cutting one’s +throat_. + +Some of these sometimes govern a genitive case, as + + Optime ostrearum implebantur: + + They had a capital blow out of oysters. + +We are sorry to remark that these are the only _native_ productions +patronized by great people. + +Fungor, to discharge, fruor, to enjoy, utor, to use, vescor, to live +upon, dignor, to think one’s self worthy, muto, to change, communico, to +communicate, supersedeo, to pass by, are joined to an ablative case, as + + Qui adipisci cœnas optimas volet, leonis fungatur officiis. + + He who shall desire to obtain excellent dinners, should discharge + the office of a lion. + + [Illustration] + +In which case he will come in for the “lion’s share.” + +_Q._ Why is the lion of a party like one of the grand sources of +prejudice mentioned by Lord Bacon? + +_A._ Because he is the _Idol_ of the _den_. + +Mereor, to deserve, with these adverbs, bene, well, satis, enough, male, +ill, melius, better, pejus, worse, optime, very well, pessime, very ill, +is joined to an ablative case with the preposition de, as + + De libitinario medicus bene meretur: + + The doctor deserves well of the undertaker. + +Notwithstanding it might at first sight appear, that the doctor, in +_furnishing funerals_, invades the undertaker’s province. + +Some verbs of receiving, of being distant, and of taking away, are +sometimes joined to a dative case, as + + Augustus eripuit mihi nitorem: + + Augustus has taken the shine out of me. + + _Last Dying Speech of M. Antony._ + +An ablative case, taken absolutely, is added to some verbs, as + + Porcis volentibus lætissime epulabimur: + + Please the pigs we’ll have a jolly good dinner. + +The pig had divine honours paid to it by the ancient Greeks. --Jos. +Scalig. de Myst. Eleusin. + +An ablative case of the part affected, and by the poets an accusative +case, is added to some verbs, as + + Qui animo ægrotat, eum aera risum moventem ducere oportet. + + He who is sick in mind should breathe the laughing gas. + +Much learned controversy has been expended in endeavouring to determine +whether this gas was the exhalation by which it is supposed that the +ancient Pythonesses were affected. + + Rubet nasum: + + His nose is red. + + Candet genas: + + His cheeks are pale. + +Some of these words are used also with the genitive case, as + + Angitur animi juvenis iste, et mundum indignatur. + + That young man is grieved in mind and disgusted with the world. + +Such a man is called by the ladies an interesting young man. + + + VERBS PASSIVE. + +An ablative case of the doer (but with the preposition a or ab going +before), and sometimes also a dative case, is added to verbs passive, as + + Darius eleganter ab Alexandro victus est: + + Darius was elegantly licked by Alexander. + +The other cases continue to belong to verbs passive which belonged to +them as verbs active, as + + Titanes læsæ majestatis accusati sunt: + + The Titans were indicted for high treason. + +And being found guilty were _quartered_ in a very uncomfortable manner, +as well as _drawn_ by various artists, whose skill in _execution_ has +been much commended. + +Vapulo, to be beaten, veneo, to be sold, liceo, to be prized, exulo, to +be banished, fio, to be made, neuter passives, have a passive +construction, as + + A præceptore vapulabis. _Eton Gram._ + + You will be beaten by the master. + +It appears to us that vapulo, to be beaten, is here at all events more +susceptible of a passive construction than a funny one. + + Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire. _Eton Gram._ + + I had rather be stripped by a citizen than sold by an enemy. + +The Romans were regularly _sold_ by the enemy for once, when they had to +go under the yoke. + + + VERBS OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. + +Verbs of the infinitive mood are put after some verbs, participles, and +adjectives, and substantives also by the poets, as + + Timotheus ursos saltare fecit: + + Timotheus made the bears dance. + +This was done in ancient as it is in modern times, by playing the +Pandean pipes. + + Inconcinnus erat cerni Telamonius Ajax; + Ajax (ut referunt) vir bonus ire minor: + + The Telamonian Ajax was a rum un to look at; + The lesser Ajax (as they say) a good un to go. + +The Grecians used to call Ajax senior, the _fighting cock_, and Ajax +junior, the _running cock_. + +Verbs of the infinitive mood are sometimes placed alone by the figure +ellipsis, as + + Siphonum de more oculis demittere fluctus Dardanidæ: + + The Trojans (began understood) to pipe their eyes. + +As for Æneas he might have been a town _crier_. + + + GERUNDS AND SUPINES + +govern the cases of their own verbs, as + + Efferor studio pulices industrios videndi: + + I am transported with the desire of seeing the industrious fleas. + + [Illustration] + + + GERUNDS. + + “When Dido found Æneas would not come, + She mourned in silence, and was Di-do-dum.” + +Gerunds in di have the same construction as genitive cases, and depend +both on certain substantives and adjectives, as + + Londinensem innatus amor civem urget edendi: + + An innate love of eating excites the London citizen. + +People are accustomed to utter a great deal of cant about the +intellectual poverty of civic magistrates, and common councilmen in +general; but it must be allowed that those respectable individuals have +often _a great deal in them_. + + [Illustration: TURTUR ALDERMANICUS.] + +Gerunds in do have the same construction with ablative, and gerunds in +dum with accusative cases, as + + Scribendi ratio conjuncta cum loquendo est: + + The means of writing are joined with speaking. + +Some things are written precisely after the writer’s way of speaking. We +once, for example, saw the following notice posted in a gentleman’s +preserve. + + Whear ’as Gins and Engens are Set on + Thes Grouns for the Destruction Of + Varmint, Any trespussing Will be prossy- + Cuted a-cordin Too Law. + + Locus ad agendum amplissimus: + + A place very honourable to plead in. + +It may be questioned whether Cicero would have said this of the Old +Bailey. + +When necessity is signified, the gerund in dum is used without a +preposition, the verb est being added. + + Cavendum est ne deprênsus sis: + + You must take care you ’re not caught out. + + [Illustration] + +A piece of advice of special importance to schoolboys on many occasions, +such as the following: shirking down town; making devils, or letting off +gunpowder behind the school, or in the yard; conducting a foray or +predatory excursion in gardens and orchards; emulating Jupiter, à la +Salmoneus,-- in his attribute of Cloud-Compelling-- by blowing a cloud, +or to speak in the vernacular, indulging in a cigar; hoisting a frog; +tailing a dog or cat, or in any other way acting contrary to the +precepts of the Animals’ Friend Society; learning to construe on the +Hamiltonian system; furtively denuding the birch-rods of their “budding +honours.” Cum multis aliis quæ nunc perscribere longum est. + +Gerunds are also changed into nouns adjective, as + + Ad faciendos versus molestum est: + + It is a bore to make verses. + +This being a self-evident proposition, we shall not enlarge upon it. + +The supine in um signifies actively, and follows a verb expressing +motion to a place, as + + Spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsæ: + + They come to see, they come that they themselves may be seen. + +So said, or sung the poet Ovid. Was there an opera at Rome in his time? + +The supine in u signifies passively, and follows nouns adjective, as + + Quod olfactu fœdum est, idem est et esu turpe: + + That which is foul to be smelled, is also nasty to be eaten. + +Except venison, onions, and cheese. + + + NOUNS OF TIME AND PLACE. + + TIME. + +Tempus-- time. There is a story, mentioned (we quote from memory) by the +learned Joe Miller; of a fellow who seeing “Tempus Fugit” inscribed upon +a clock, took it for the name of the artificer. + +Persons who have lived a long _time_ in the world, are generally +accounted _sage_; and are sometimes considered to have had a good +_seasoning_. + +Nouns which signify a part of time are put more commonly in the ablative +case, as + + Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit: + + No mortal man is wise at all hours. + +The excuse of a philosopher for getting married. + +But nouns which signify the duration of time are commonly put in the +accusative case, as + + Pugna inter juvenem Curtium et Titum Sabinum tres horas perduravit. + + The fight between young Curtius and Sabine Titus lasted three hours. + +It is an error to suppose that Roman mills were only water-mills and +wind-mills. The above mill must have been rather a “winder” though, and +must have cost the combatants much _pains_. + +We say also: in paucis diebus, in a few days: de die, by day, de nocte, +by night, &c. + +A jest upon the nouns of _Time_ would, perhaps, be somewhat ill timed: +we hope, however, to have _Space_ for one presently. + + + THE SPACE OF A PLACE. + +The space of a place is put in the accusative, and sometimes also in the +ablative, as + + Cæsar jam mille passus processerat, summâ diligentiâ. + + Cæsar had now advanced a mile with the greatest diligence-- + +not on the top of the vehicle so named, as a young gentleman was +once flogged for saying. + + Qui non abest a scholâ centenis millibus passuum, balatronem novi. + + I know a blackguard who is not absent a hundred miles from the school. + +“Cantare et apponere” to sing and apply, is the maxim we would here +inculcate on our youthful readers. + +Every verb admits a genitive case of the name of a city or town in which +any thing takes place, so that it be of the first or second declension, +and of the singular number, as + + Quid Romæ faciam? mentiri nescio: + + What shall I do at Rome? I know not how to lie. + +What a bare-faced perversion of the truth that cock and bull story is of +Curtius jumping into the hole in the forum. How the Romans managed to +get _credit_ from any body but the tailors is to us a mystery. + +These genitive cases, humi, on the ground, domi, at home, militiæ, in +war, belli, in war, follow the construction of proper names, as + + Parvi sunt foris arma nisi est consilium domi: + + Arms are of little worth abroad unless there be wisdom at home. + +Cicero must have said this with a prospective eye to Canada. + +But if the name of a city or town shall be of the plural number only, or +of the third declension, it is put in the ablative case, as + + Aiunt centum portas Thebis fuisse: + + They say there were an hundred gates at Thebes. + +You needn’t believe it unless you like. + + Egregia Tibure facta videnda sunt: + + Fine doings are to be seen at Tivoli. + +The name of a place is often put after verbs signifying motion to a +place in the accusative case without a preposition, as + + Concessi Cantabrigiam ad capiendum ingenii cultum: + + I went to Cambridge to become a fast man. + +After this manner we use domus, a house, and rus, the country, as Rus +ire jussus sum, I was rusticated. Domum missus eram, I was sent home. + +Going _too fast_ at Cambridge sometimes necessitates, in two senses, +a dose of country air. + +The name of a place is sometimes added to verbs signifying motion from a +place, in the ablative case without a proposition, as + + Arbitror te Virginiâ veteri venisse: + + I reckon you’ve come from old Virginny. + + + VERBS IMPERSONAL. + +Verbs impersonal have no nominative case, as + + Scenas post tragicas multum juvat ire sub umbras: + + After a tragedy it is very pleasant to go under the _Shades_. + +The worst of these “Shades” is, that people are now and then apt to get +rather “too much in the sun” there. + +These impersonals, interest, it concerns, and refert, it concerns, are +joined to any genitive cases, except these ablative cases feminine, meâ, +tuâ, suâ, nostrâ, vestrâ, and cujâ, as + + Interest magistratûs tueri insulsos, animadvertere in acres. + + It concerns the magistrate to defend the flats; to punish the sharps. + +These genitive cases also, are added, tanti, of so much, quanti, of how +much, magni, of much, parvi, of little, quanticunque, of how much +soever, tantidem, of just so much; as + + Tanti refert honesta agere; + + Of such consequence is it to do honest things. + +By this course of conduct, you certainly render yourself worthy of the +protection of the magistrate; although whether you thereby constitute +yourself a flat or not, is perhaps a doubtful question. Much may be said +on both sides. Dishonesty, it is true, may lead to being taken up; but +then honesty often leads to being taken _in_. Yet honesty is said to be +the best policy. Policy is a branch of wisdom, and “wisdom” they say “is +in the _wig_.” Certain _wigs_ are retained at the _head_-- of affairs, +by a good deal of _policy_; perhaps the _best_ they could adopt-- a fact +that throws considerable doubt on the truth of the old maxim. + + [Illustration] + +Impersonal verbs which are put acquisitively, require a dative case; but +those which are put transitively an accusative, as-- + + A ministris nobis benefit: + + We enjoy blessings from Ministers. + +For instance-- No-- We cannot think of any just at present. + + Me juvat per lunam errare, et “Isabellam” cantare: + + I like to wander by moonlight, and sing “Isabelle.” + +The connexion between love and moonlight is as interesting as it is +certain. We shrewdly suspect that the said planet has more to do with +the tender passion than lovers are aware of. + +But the preposition _ad_ is peculiarly _ad_ded to these verbs-- attinet, +it belongs, pertinet, it pertains, spectat, it concerns, as + + Spectat ad omnes bene vivere: + + It concerns all to live well-- + +When they can afford it. + +An accusative case with a genitive is put after these verbs impersonal-- +pœnitet, it repents, tædet, it wearies, miseret, miserescit, it pities, +pudet, it shames, piget, it grieves, as-- + + “Nihil me pœnitet hujus nasi”-- Trist: Shand: + + “My nose has been the making of me.” + +A verb impersonal of the passive voice may be elegantly taken for each +person of both numbers; that is to say, by virtue of a case added to it. + +Thus statur is used for sto, stas, stat, stamus, statis, stant. Statur a +me; it is stood by me, that is, I stand; statur ab illis: it is stood by +them, or they stand. + +King George the Fourth’s statue at King’s Cross is a _standing joke_. + + [Illustration + {King’s Cross / WINKLES’s / + _Steel and Copper Plate Manufactory_}] + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES. + +Participles govern the cases of the verbs from which they are derived, +as-- + + Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas, + Talia voce refert: + + Stretching forth his hands to heaven, he utters _such_ things. + + [Illustration] + +This reminds us of the Italian opera. + +A dative case is sometimes added to participles of the passive voice, +especially when they end in dus, as-- + + Sollicito nasus rutilans metuendus amanti est: + + A fiery nose is to be feared by an anxious lover. + +Participles, when they become nouns, require a genitive case, as-- + + Vectigalis appetens, linguæ profusus: + + Greedy of _rint_, lavish of blarney. + +Exosus, hating, perosus, utterly hating, pertæsus, weary of, signifying +actively, require an accusative case, as-- + + Philosophus exosus ad unam mulieres: + + A philosopher hating women in general, + +_i.e._ a Malthusian. + +Exosus, hated, and perosus, hated to death, signifying passively, are +read with a dative case, as + + Comœdi sanctis exosi sunt: + + The comedians are hated by the saints. + +We mean the spiritual Quixotes, or Knights of the Rueful Countenance. We +“calculate” that they will be the greatest patrons of rail roads, +considering their dislike to the _stage_. + +Natus, born, prognatus, born, satus, sprung, cretus, descended, creatus, +produced, ortus, risen, editus, brought forth, require an ablative case, +and often with a preposition, as-- + + Taffius, bonis prognatus parentibus, cerevisiam haud tenuem + de sese existimat: + + Taffy, sprung of good parents, thinks no small beer of himself. + + De Britannis Antiquis se jactat editum: + + He boasts of being descended from the Ancient Britons. + +_Q._ Why is the eldest son of a King of England like a Leviathan? + +_A._ Because he is the Prince of _Wales_. + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. + +En and ecce, adverbs of showing, are joined most commonly to a +nominative case, to an accusative case but seldom, as + + En Romanus: See the Roman (q. rum-un.) + + Ecce Corinthium: Behold the Corinthian. + +Modern Corinthians, we fear, know but little Greek, except that of the +Ægidiac, or St. Giles’s dialect. + +En and ecce, adverbs of upbraiding, are joined most commonly to an +accusative case only, as-- + + En togam squamosam! + + Look at his scaly toga! + + Ecce caudam! Twig his tail! + + [Illustration] + + [Plate: + DOMESTIC ELOCUTION + “MY NAME IS NORVAL ON THE GRAMPIAN HILLS”] + +Certain adverbs of time, place, and quantity, admit a genitive case, as + + Ubi gentium est Quadra Russelliana? + + Where in the world is Russell Square? + +We must confess that this question is _exquisitely_ absurd. + + Nihil tunc temporis amplius quam flere poteram: + + I could do nothing more at that time than weep. + +Talking of weeping-- how odd it is that an affectionate wife should cry +when her husband is _transported_ for life. + + Satis eloquentiæ, sapientiæ parum: + + Eloquence enough, wisdom little enough. + +This quotation applies very forcibly to domestic oratory as practised by +small boys at the instigation of their mamma, for the _amusement_ of +visitors. Those on whom “little bird with boothom wed,” “deep _in_ the +windingths _of_ a whale,” or “my name is Nawval,” and the like +recitations are inflicted, have “satis eloquentiæ”-- enough of +eloquence, in all conscience; and we cannot but think that “sapientiæ +parum,” “wisdom little enough” is displayed by all the other parties +concerned. + +Some adverbs admit the cases of the nouns from which they are derived, +as + + Juvenis benevolus sibi inutiliter vivit: + + The good-natured young man lives unprofitably to himself-- + +Especially if he have a large circle of female acquaintance. + +These adverbs of diversity, aliter, otherwise, and secus, otherwise; and +these two, ante, before, and post, after, are often joined to an +ablative case, as-- + + Plure aliter. More t’other. + + Multo ante. Much before. + + Paulo post. Little behind. + + [Illustration] + +Those who are much _before_, are guilty of a great _waste_-- of time; +and those who are little behind should make it up by a _bustle_. + +Instar, like or equal to, and ergo, for the sake of, being taken as +adverbs, have a genitive case after them, as-- + + Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte + Ædificant: + + By the divine assistance of Pallas they build a horse + as big as a mountain. + +This may appear incredible; yet the learned Munchausenius relates +prodigies much more astonishing. + + Mentitur Virgilius leporis ergo: + + Virgil tells lies for fun. + +As may be sufficiently seen in the example before the last, and also in +the sixth book of the Æneid, passim. + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS. + +Conjunctions copulative and disjunctive, couple like cases, moods, and +tenses, as + + Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platonem geographiam, astronomiam, + et rationem globorum: + + Socrates taught Xenophon and Plato geography, astronomy, + and the use of the globes. + +_Q._ How may a waterman answer the polite interrogation “Who are you?” +correctly, and designate at the same time, an educational institution. + +_A._ By saying A-cad-am-I. + +The foregoing rule (not riddle) holds good, unless the reason of a +different construction requires it should be otherwise, as + + Emi librum centussi et pluris: + + I bought a book for a hundred pence, and more, + “100d. are 8s. 4d.” --Walkinghame. + +The conjunction, quam, than, is often understood after amplius, more, +plus, more, and minus, less, as + + Amplius sunt sex menses: + + There are more than six months. + +For this interesting piece of information we are indebted to Cicero. The +author to whom reference has just been made, has somewhere, if we +mistake not, a similar observation. In thus _ushering_ the _Tutor’s_ +Assistant into notice, we feel that we are citing a work of which it is +impossible to make too comical mention. + +Thank goodness there are not more than six months in a half year! + + + TO WHAT MOODS OF VERBS CERTAIN ADVERBS + AND CONJUNCTIONS DO AGREE. + +Ne, an, num, whether put doubtfully or indefinitely, are joined to a +subjunctive mood, as-- + + Nihil refert fecerisne an persuaseris: + + It matters nothing whether you have done it or persuaded to it-- + +as the school-master said when he got hold of the wrong end of the cane. + +Here it may be remarked-- First, that the young gentlemen who play +tricks with _tallow_ are likely to get more _whacks_ than they like on +their fingers. Secondly-- That a master whose hand is in _Grease_ cannot +be expected to be at the same time in _A-merry-key_. + +Dum, for dummodo, so that, and quousque, until, requires a subjunctive +mood, as-- + + Dum felix sis, quid refert? + + What’s the odds, so long as you’re happy. + +Qui, signifying the cause, requires a subjunctive mood, as + + Stultus es qui Ovidio credas: + + You are a fool for believing Ovid. + +Ut, for, postquam, after that, sicut, as, and quomodo, how, is joined to +an indicative mood; but when it signifies quanquam, although, utpote, +forasmuch as, or the final cause, to a subjunctive mood, as + + Ut sumus in Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister: + + Since that we are in Pontus the Danube has stood frozen three times. + +Were skating and sliding classical accomplishments? Ambition, we know, +led many of the Romans to tread on _slippery_ ground: many of them +struck out new paths, but none (that we have heard of) ever struck out a +slide. Imagine Cato or Seneca “coming the cobbler’s knock.” + + Te oro, domine, ut exeam: + + Please, sir, let me go out. + +Lastly, all words put indefinitely, such as are these, quis, who, +quantus, how great, quotus, how many, require a subjunctive mood, as + + Cave cui incurras, inepte: + + Mind who you run against, stupid. + + [Illustration] + +Such may have been the speech of a Roman cabman. A very curious specimen +of the _tessera_, or badge, worn on the breast by this description of +persons, has lately been discovered at Herculaneum. + + [Illustration] + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF PREPOSITIONS. + +A preposition being understood, sometimes causes an ablative case to be +added, as + + Habeo pigneratorem loco avunculi; _i.e._ in loco: + + I esteem a pawnbroker in the place of an uncle: that is, _in loco_. + +A preposition in composition sometimes governs the same case which it +also governed out of composition, as + + Jupiter Olympo Vulcanum calce exegit: + + Jupiter kicked Vulcan out of Olympus. + +This was not only an ungentlemanly, but also an _ungodly_ act on +Jupiter’s part. Reasoning à posteriori, one would think it must have +been very unpleasant to Vulcan. + + Præteriit me in Quadrante insalutatum: + + He cut me in the Quadrant. + +Verbs compounded with a, ab, de, e, ex, in, sometimes repeat the same +prepositions with their case out of composition, and that elegantly, as + + Abstinuerunt a vino: + + They abstained from wine. + +This properly is an allusion to the Tiber-totallers. It should be +remembered that tea was unknown in Rome, except as the accusative case +of a pronoun. + +In, for, erga, towards, contra, against, ad, to, and supra, above, +requires an accusative case, as + + Quietum + Accipit in pueros animum mentemque benignam: + + He admits kind thoughts and inclinations towards the boys. + +The master does-- when he gives them a half holiday or a blow out. Mr. +Squeers (vide Nicholas Nick: illustriss. Boz.) was in the habit of +_making much_ of the young gentlemen intrusted to his care. + +Sub, when it relates to time, is commonly joined to an accusative case, +as + + Sub idem tempus-- Isaaculus trans maria deportatus est: + + About the same time-- Ikey was transported beyond the seas. + +We say _beyond the seas_, lest it should be questioned whether Mr. I. +was _transported_ as a necessary or contingent consequence of cheating. + +Super, for, ultra, beyond, is put with an accusative case, for de, +concerning, with an ablative case, as + + Super et Garamantas et Indos + Proferet imperium: + + He will extend the empire both beyond the Africans and the Indians. + +A wide _rule_ expressed in poetical _measure_. + + Quid de domesticis Peruviorum rebus censeas? + + What may be your opinion concerning the domestic economy + of the Peruvians? + +Tenus, as far as, is joined to an ablative case, both in the singular +and plural number, as + + Cervice, auribusque tenus Marius in luto inveniebatur: + + Marius was found up to his neck and ears in mud. + +What a lark! or rather a mud lark. But tenus is joined to a genitive +only in the plural, and it always follows its case, as + + Crurum tenus: up to the _legs_. + +Which it is very necessary to be at Epsom and Ascot. + + + THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERJECTIONS. + +Interjections are often put without a case, as + + Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudâ connixa reliquit: + + Having yearned, she left the hope of the flock, alas! + upon the bare flint stones. + +And exposed to the _steely_-hearted world, which, as an Irishman +remarked, was a dangerous situation for _tinder_ infancy. It must have +been, to say the least, a most uncomfortable _berth_. + +O! of one exclaiming, is joined to a nominative, accusative, and +vocative case, as + + O lex! Oh law! O alaudas! Oh larks! Oh meum! Oh my! + O care! Oh dear! + +We cannot find out what is Latin for oh Crikey! + +Heu! and proh! alas! are joined, sometimes to a nominative, sometimes to +an accusative, and occasionally to a vocative case, as-- Heu bellis! +Lack-a-_daisy_. Heu diem! Lack-a-_day_. Proh Clamor! Oh _cry_! Proh deos +pisciculosque! Oh, ye gods and little fishes! + + Heu miserande puer! + + Oh, boy, to be pitied! + +What boy is more to be pitied than a junior boy? The _Fagin_ system +described in Oliver Twist is nothing compared to that adopted in public +schools. People may say what they will of the beneficial effect which it +produces on the minds of those who are subjected to it-- we contend that +to breed a gentleman’s son up like a _tiger_ is the readiest way to make +a _beast_ of him. + +Hei! and væ! alas, are joined to a dative case, as + + Hei mihi quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis: + + Woe is me that love is curable by no herbs. + + [Plate: + HEU! MISERANDE PUER!] + +Ovid never would have said that, if he had smoked a cigar or chewed +tobacco. The ancients believed that love might be excited by certain +articles taken from the vegetable kingdom. Why then should it be +considered impossible to allay the same feeling in a similar manner? +Every bane has its corresponding antidote; if so, there may be physic +even for a philter. And for the pangs which a _virgin_ has inflicted, +what remedy could be prescribed more reasonable than the _Virginian_ +weed;-- besides, love generally ends in smoke. + + [Illustration: A CURE FOR THE HEARTACHE.] + + Væ misero capiti, madefacto, sæpe fenestræ + Imbribus immundis, Lydia cara, tuæ: + + Woe to my wretched head, often wetted, dear + Lydia, by the unclean showers of your window. + +This would be a proper place for introducing a few remarks on the +ancient mode of serenading; which we are prevented from doing by the +very imperfect state of our present information on this interesting +point. It is, however, pretty generally admitted that the Romans always +took care to provide themselves with an umbrella on these occasions, +and this for a reason which the above distich will have rendered +sufficiently obvious. It appears to us that so salutary a precaution is +well worthy of being sometimes adopted in these modern days-- and with +this hint we conclude the Syntax. + + ++PROSODY.+ + + All you that bards of note would be, + Must study well your Prosody. + +As Comparative Anatomy teaches what the sound of a cod-fish is; so +Prosody teaches what is the sound of syllables. + +Sound and quantity mean the same thing; though how that fact is to be +reconciled with the proverb, “great _cry_ and little _wool_,” we do not +know. + +Prosody is divided into three parts. Tone, Breathing, and Time. As to +tone-- boys are usually required to repeat it in a loud one, without +stammering or drawling; and with as little breathing and time, or +breathing-time, as possible. + +We shall leave tone to the consideration of pianoforte and +fiddle-makers; and breathing to doctors and chemists, who can _analyze_ +it a great deal better than we can. In this place we think proper to +treat only of Time. + +Now of Time a very great deal may be said, taking the word in all the +senses in which it is capable of being used. + +In the first place, Time flies-- but this we have had occasion to +observe before; as also that Time is a very great eater. + +In the second, Time is a very ill-used personage; he is spent, wasted, +lost, kicked down, and killed-- the last as often as an Irishman is-- +but for all that he never complains. + +It is a question whether keeping Time, or losing Time, is the essential +characteristic of dancing. + +Then we might expatiate largely about the value of Time, and of the +propriety of taking him by the forelock-- but for two reasons. + +One of them is, that all this has been said long ago; the other, that it +is nothing at all to the purpose. + +We might also quote extensively from Dr. Culpeper’s Herbal, and from +Linnæus and Jussieu; but the _time_ we speak of, (although we hope it +will be _twigged_ by the reader,) is no _plant_; nevertheless it is a +necessary ingredient in grammatical _stuffing_. + +Time in prosody is the measure of the pronouncing of a syllable. + +Like whist, it is divided into Long and Short. A long time is marked +thus, as sūmēns, taking: a short time thus; as pĭlŭlă, a pill. + +A foot is the placing together of two or more syllables, according to +the certain observation of their _time_, the organ of which should be +well developed for that purpose. + +Ordinary feet are long feet, short feet, broad feet, splay feet, club +feet, and bumble feet, to which may be added cloven feet in the case of +certain animals, and an “old gentleman.” + +There are several kinds of Latin feet; here, however, we shall only +notice spondees and dactyls. + +A spondee is a foot of two syllables, as īnfāns, an infant. + +A dactyl is a foot of three syllables, as āngĕlŭs, an angel, pōrcŭlŭs, +a little pig. + +Scanning is measuring a verse as you are measured by your tailor-- by +the _foot_, according to _rule_. To scanning there belong the figures +called Synalœpha, Ecthlipsis, Synæresis, Diæresis, and Cæsura. + +Synalœpha is the cutting off a vowel at the end of a word, before +another at the beginning of the next; as + + Ōcclūsīs ēvāsi ŏcŭlīs nāsōquĕ cruēntō: + + I came off with my eyes bunged up and a bloody nose. + +We have here _knocked out an i_ in evasi, on the strength of a +synalœpha. + +But heu and o are never cut off-- at least there are no cases on record +in which this operation has been performed. + +Ecthlipsis is as often as the letter m is cut off with its vowel; the +next word beginning with a vowel, as + + Mōnstrum hōrrēndum īnfōrme īngēns-- spectāvĭmŭs hōrtīs: + + We saw a horrible, ugly, great monster in the gardens. + +If every _bear_ and _boar_ were kept in a den-- what a fine world this +would be. + +Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one, as in alvearia, +pronounced alvaria. + + Strāvĭt hŭmī dēmēns cōnfērta ālveārĭă Jūnō: + + Mad Juno threw the crowded beehives on the ground. + +Hydrophobia occurring in a queen bee from the bite of a dog would be an +interesting case to the faculty. + +Diæresis is the separation of one syllable into two, as evoluisse for +evolvisse. Thus Ovid says, alluding probably to the _padding_ system +adopted by dandies and theatrical artists, + + Dēbŭĕrant fūsōs ēvŏlŭīssĕ sŭōs: + + They ought to have unwound their _spindles_. + +Cæsura is when after a perfect foot (though not one like Taglioni’s), +a short syllable is made long at the end of a word, as + + Pēctŏrĭbūs ĭnhĭāns-- mōllēs, ēn, dēsĕrĭt ālās: + + Intent upon the breasts (of the fowls) lo! he deserts + the tender wings. + + + OF THE KINDS OF VERSES. + +Should any one seek here for an account of every kind of verse used by +the Latin poets, all we can say is-- we wish he may get it. As it +behoveth no one to be wiser than the law, so it behoveth not us to be +wiser than the Eton Grammar. + +The verses which boys are commonly taught to make are hexameters and +pentameters. + +An hexameter verse consists of six feet. As the ancient heroes were at +least six feet high, this is probably the reason why it is also called +an _heroic_ verse. + +The fifth foot in this kind of verse should be a dactyl, the sixth a +spondee; the other feet may be either dactyls or spondees; as + + Ōbstāntī plŭvĭīs vēnīt cūm tēgmĭnĕ Sāmbō: + + Sambo came with his Macintosh. + +The fifth foot also is sometimes a spondee, as + + Clāvĭgĕr Ālcīdēs, māgnūm Jŏvĭs īncrēmēntūm. + + Hercules, king of clubs, great offspring of Jupiter. + +The last syllable of every verse is a _common_ affair. + +An elegiac, lack-a-daisical, or pentameter verse, consists of four feet +and two long syllables, one of which is placed between the second and +third foot, and the other at the end of the verse. The two first feet +may be dactyls, spondees, or both; the two last are always dactyls, as + + Rēs ēst īnfēlīx, plēnăquĕ frāudĭs ămōr: + + Love is an unlucky affair, and full of humbug. + +We feel compelled, notwithstanding what has been before said, to make a +few additions to what is contained in the Eton Grammar with respect to +verses. + +The rhythm of Latin verses may be easily learned by practising (out of +school), exercises on the principle of the examples following-- + + Dūm dĭdlĕ, dī dūm, dūm dūm, dēedlĕdy, dēēdlĕ dĕ, dūm dum; + Dūm dĭdlĕ, dūm dum, dē, dēedlĕdy̆, dēedlĕdy̆, dūm. + +N.B. The following familiar piece of poetry would not have been admitted +into the Comic Latin Grammar, but that there being many various readings +of it, we wished to transmit the right one to posterity. + + Patres conscripti-- took a boat and went to Philippi. + Trumpeter unus erat qui coatum scarlet habebat, + Stormum surgebat, et boatum overset-ebat, + Omnes drownerunt, quia swimaway non potuerunt, + Excipe John Periwig tied up to the tail of a dead pig. + +Here, also, this poetical curiosity may perhaps be properly introduced. + + Conturbabantur Constantinopolitani, + Innumerabilibus sollicitudinibus. + + + OF THE QUANTITY OF THE FIRST SYLLABLE. + +There is a river in Macedon and a river in Monmouth: in like manner +there are positions in dancing and positions in Prosody. + +The following vowels are long by position. + +1. A vowel before two consonants, or before a double consonant in the +same word-- as pīnguis, fat, īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero. + +2. A vowel coming before one consonant at the end of a word, and another +at the beginning of the next, as + + Majōr sūm quām cui possīt tua virga nocere: + + I’m a bigger boy than your rod is able to hurt. + +The syllables _jor_, _sum_, _quam_, and _sit_, are long by position. + + [Plate: + PATRES CONSCRIPTI TOOK A BOAT AND WENT TO PHILIPPI + TRUMPETER UNUS ERAT QUI COATUM SCARLET HABEBAT.] + +3. Sometimes, but seldom, a short vowel at the end of a word placed +before two consonants at the beginning of the next; as + + Occultā spolia hi Croceo de Colle ferebant: + + These persons brought the secret spoils from Saffron Hill. + +A _short_ vowel before a mute, a liquid following, is rendered common, +as in the word _patris_. + + Sunt quibus ornatur Jenkins femoralia pātris: + + The breeches that Jenkins is rigged out in are his father’s. + +A vowel before another is always short, as tŭa, thy, memorĭa, memory. + +Except the genitive cases of pronouns in ius, where the i is a common i, +although alterĭus has always a short _i_ and alīus a long _i_. + +Except, likewise, those genitive and dative cases of the fifth +declension where the vowel _e_, like Punch’s nose, is made long between +two _i_’s, as faciēi, of a face. + + [Illustration] + +The syllable _fi_ also in fīo is long, except e and r follow together, +as fĭerem, fĭeri. + + Fīent quæ “Fĭeri Facias” mandata vocantur: + + The writ which is called “Fieri Facias” will be made. + +Fi. fa. is a legal instrument that deprives a poor man of his mattress +that a rich one may lounge on his ottoman. Ca. Sa. is a similar +benevolent contrivance for punishing misfortune as felony. + +Dīus, heavenly, has the first syllable long;-- Diana, common: and so has +the interjection Ohe! + + Thus there’s a common medium of connexion, + Between a goddess and an interjection. + +A vowel before another in Greek words is sometimes long, as + + Cærula, Pīerides, sunt vobis tegmina crurum: + + Oh, Muses, your stockings are blue. + +Also in Greek possessives, as + + Somniculosa fuit, pinguisque Ænēia nutrix: + + Æneas’s nurse was sleepy and fat. + +Æneas has often enough been represented in _arms_. + + In Latin mark, that every dipthong + ’S as long as any stage-coach whip-thong; + Except before a vowel it goes, + When ’tis as short as Elsler’s clothes. + +Words derived from others are tarred with the same stick, that is, are +assigned the same quantity as those which they are derived from, with +some few exceptions, which we must trouble the student to fish for. + +Compounds follow the quantity of their simple words, as from lĕgo lĕgis, +to read, comes perlĕgo, to read through. + +By the way, _reading_ does not always induce _reading through_; though +we hope it may in the case of the C. L. G. + + If to a preterperfect tense belong + Two only syllables, the first is long; + As vēni, vīdi, vīci, speech so cool. + Which Cæsar made to illustrate our rule; + To which we need not cite exceptions small. + Look in your Gradus and you’ll find them all. + +Consult also the Eton Grammar, and works of the poets, passim, as well +for exceptions to the above as to the two following rules: + +1. Words that double the first syllable of the preterperfect tense have +the first syllable short-- as cĕcĭdī from cădŏ, &c. + + Fortis Higinbottom cĕcidit terramque mŏmordit: + + Brave Higinbottom fell and bit the ground. + +2. A supine of two syllables has the first syllable long-- + + As vīsum lātum lōtum mōtum: + + And many more if we could quote ’em. + + + OF THE QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE. + +We have had a poetical fit gradually growing upon us for some time-- +’tis of no use to resist-- so here goes-- + + Oh! Muse, thine aid afford to me, + Inspire my Ideality; + Thou who, benign, in days of yore, + Didst heavenly inspiration pour + On him, who luckily for us + Sang Propria Quæ Maribus; + Teach me to sound on quiv’ring lyre, + Prosodial strains in notes of fire; + Words’ ends shall be my theme sublime, + Now first descanted on in rhyme. + Come, little boys, attention lend, + All words are long in a that end: + (In proof of which I’ll bet a quart,) + Excepting those which must be short-- + As pută, ită, posteă, quiă, + Ejă, and every case in iă; + Or _a_, save such as we must class + With Grecian vocatives in as, + And ablatives of first declension-- + Besides the aforesaid, we may mention + Nouns numeral that end in ginta, + Which common, as a bit of flint are. + Some terminate in _b_, _d_, _t_; + All these are short; but those in _c_ + Form toes-- I mean, form ends of feet + As long-- as long as Oxford Street. + Though nĕc and donĕc every bard + Hath written short as Hanway yard, + Fac, hic, and hoc are common, though + Th’ ablative hōc is long you know. + Now “_e_ finita” short are reckon’d, + Like to a jiffey or a second, + Though we must call the _Gradus_ wrong, + Or these, of fifth declension, long. + As also particles that come + In mode derivative therefrom. + Long second persons singular + Of second conjugation are, + And monosyllables in _e_. + Take, for example, mē, tē, sē, + Then, too, adverbial adjectives + Are long as rich old women’s lives-- + If from the second declination + Of adjectives they’ve derivation: + Pulchrē and doctē, are the kind + Of adverbs that I have in mind. + Fermē is long, and ferē also-- + Benĕ, and malĕ, not at all so. + Lastly, each final _eta_ Greek, + Is long on all days of the week-- + To wit-- (for thus we render nempe) + Lethē, Anchisē, cetē, Tempē. + Those words as long we classify + Which end, like _egotists_, in _i_, + Rememb’ring mihi, tibi, sibi + Are common, so are ubi, ibi; + Nisĭ is always short, and quasĭ’s + Short also, so are certain cases + In i-- Greek vocatives and datives + (At least if we may trust the natives;) + Making their genitives in os, + For instance-- Phyllis, Phyllidos. + (A name oft utter’d with a sigh,) + Whereof the dative ends in ĭ. + Words in _l_ ending short are all, + Save nīl for nihil, sāl, and sōl, + And some few Hebrew words t’were well + To cite; as Michaēl, Raphaēl. + Your n’s are long, save forsităn + Ĭn, tamĕn, attamĕn, and ăn + Veruntamĕn and forsăn, which + Are short as any tailor’s stitch; + These, therefore, we except, and then + Contractions “per apocopen”-- + As vidĕn’? mĕn’? and audĭn?-- so in + Exĭn’ and subĭn’, deĭn’, proĭn’. + _An_, from a nominative in _a_ + Ending a word is short, they say, + But every _an_ for long must pass + Derived from nominative in as. + Nouns, too, in en are short whose finis + Doth in the genitive make _inis_. + And so are n’s that do delight ĭn + An _i_ and _y_-- Alexĭn, Ity̆n. + Greek words are short I’d have you know, + That end in _on_ with little _o_, + Common are terminating o’s, + Cases oblique except from those, + Adverbial adjectives as falsō + Are long,-- take tantō,-- quantō also; + Save mutuo, sedulo, and crebro. + Common as vestment vending Hebrew. + Modŏ and quomodŏ among + Short o’s we rank-- nor to be long. + Nor citŏ, egŏ, duŏ; no nor + Ambŏ and Homŏ ever prone are; + But monosyllables in _o_, + Are counted long. Example-- stō. + And omega, the whole world over, + ’S as long as ’tis from here to Dover. + If _r_ should chance a word to wind up, + ’Tis short in general, make your mind up; + But fār, lār, nār, and vīr, and fūr + Pār, compār, impār, dispār, cūr, + As long must needs be cited here, + With words from Greek that end in er; + Though ’mong the Latins from this fate are + These two exempted-- patĕr, matĕr; + Short in the final _er_ we state ’em, + Namely, “auctoritate vatum.” + Now, s, the Eton Grammar says, + Ends words in just as many ways + As there are vowels-- five-- as thus + In order, _as_, _es_, _is_, _os_, _us_. + As, in a general way appears + Long unto all but asses’ ears, + But some Greek words take care to mark as + Short,-- for example-- Pallăs, Arcăs-- + And nouns increasing plural sport + An _as_ accusative that’s short. + Es in the main’s a long affair, + Anchisēs, such, and patrēs are, + Though of the third declension you + As short such substantives must view, + The genitives of which increase, + Derived from nominatives in es, + And have an accent short upon + The syllable that’s last but one. + As milĕs, segĕs, divĕs, (which + Means what a Poet is n’t,)-- rich: + But pēs is long, with bipēs, tripēs, + Like to a hermit munching dry pease. + To these add Cerēs, Saturn’s cub, + (Name of a goddess, and for grub + The figure Metonymy through,) + And ariēs, abiēs, pariēs, too. + Sum with its compounds forming ĕs, } + Are short, join penĕs, if you please, } + Item Cyclopĕs Naiadĕs. } + Greek nominatives and plural neuters, + For lists of which consult your tutors. + Is, we call short, as Parĭs, tristĭs, + Save all such words as mensīs, istīs. + Plurals oblique that end in _is_, + Adding thereto for quibus quīs. + The _is_ in Samnīs long by right is + Because its genitive’s Samnītis, + Where you observe a lengthened state + Of syllable penultimate. + The same to all such words applies, + And īs contracted, meaning _eis_, + Long too,-- and pray remember this + Are monosyllables in _is_. + Save ĭs the nominative pronoun, + And quĭs, and bĭs, which last is no noun. + When verbs by _is_ concluded are, + In second person singular; + But in the plural _itis_ make, + The _is_ is long, and no mistake-- + Provided always that the pe- + Nultimate plural long shall be. + Os, saving compŏs, impŏs, ŏs + Is long-- as honōs dominōs. + The Greek omicron ’s short, and that in + All conscience must be so in Latin. + Words should be short in _us_, unless + Authority has laid a stress + On the penultimate of any + Word that increases in the geni- + Tive case when us is long, the same + Pronunciation nouns may claim-- + Declined like gradūs or like manūs + Though here exceptions still detain us. + The first case and the fifth are those + Singular; short as monkey’s nose. + Long are mūs, crūs, and thūs and sūs + All monosyllables in ūs, + And Grecian nouns by diphthong _ous_, + Translated _us_ by men of _nous_. + Lastly, all words in _u_ are long, + And so we end our classic song. + +And not our song only, but our work-- the companion of our solitude-- +the object of our cares-- for which alone we live, for which we consumed +our midnight oil; and not only that, but also burnt a great deal of +daylight.-- Our work, we say, is ended-- and such as it is we commit it +to the world. Horace says Carm. Lib. iii, Ode XXX. (an ode which by some +strange association of ideas, is always connected in our mind with the +visionary image of a jug of ale,) “Exegi monumentum ære perennius,” +I have perfected a work more durable than brass. Whether our production +is characterized by the _durability_ of that metal or not, is a question +which we leave to the decision of posterity; we cannot, however, help +thinking that, considering the boldness of our attempt, it possesses +figuratively at least, something in common with the substance in +question-- and we would fain hope that that something does not consist +in _hardness_. + +And now farewell to the reader-- farewell, “a word that must be and hath +been”-- said a great many times when once would have been quite +sufficient. We need not, therefore, repeat it; nor need we say how much +we hope that we have amused, instructed him, and so forth; that being as +much an understood thing to put at the end of a book, as “Love to papa, +mamma, brothers and sisters,” in a holiday letter. + +Nothing, then, remains for us now to do, but to kick up our hat and cry + +“ALL OVER.” + + + FINIS + + + + +LIST OF ETCHINGS. + + +1. Vocative case (schoolmaster spatting a boy) _to face page_ 2. + +2. Schoolmaster beating a drum, and boys singing in chorus, text +damaged, 22 + +3. Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes (fight) 52 + +4. Prometheus Vinctus (vagabond in the stocks) 72 + +5. Smelling a Pig (boys at supper in the bed room) 74 + +6. Domestic Oratory (small boy spouting in a chair) 135 + +7. Heu miserande Puer (boy tossed in a blanket) 144 + +8. 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In a +handsome volume, bound in cloth. + + Originally published at 1l. 10s.; reduced to 21s. + Royal 4to India Proofs, published at 3l.; reduced to 42s. + + + +MUSEUM OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE;+ + +A collection of the principal Pictures, Statues, and Bas Reliefs in the +Public and Private Galleries of Europe, drawn and engraved by REVEIL, +with Critical and Historical Notices. This splendid work, which contains +engravings of all the chief works in the Italian, German, Dutch, French, +and English Schools, includes TWELVE HUNDRED PLATES, and is an +indispensable _vade mecum_ to the Artist or Collector. In seventeen +handsome volumes small 8vo, neatly bound, with gilt tops. + + Originally published at 17l. 17s.; reduced to 6l. 6s. + + + +THE ENGLISH SCHOOL;+ + +A series of Engravings of the most admired works in Painting and +Sculpture, executed by British Artists from the days of HOGARTH; with +descriptive and explanatory Notices, by G. HAMILTON. In four vols, small +8vo, containing nearly THREE HUNDRED PLATES, neatly bound, with gilt +tops. + + Originally published at 3l. 12s.; reduced to 1l. 16s. + + + +WATER-COLOUR GALLERY;+ + +Containing large and highly-finished Engravings of the most +distinguished Painters in Water-colours; including PROUT, STEPHANOFF, +COX, DEWINT, HARDING, CATTERMOLE, FIELDING, &c. &c. Eighteen Plates, +imperial 4to, cloth. + + Originally published at 3l. 3s.; reduced to 21s. + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCOTT’S WORKS.+ + + 1.--+Landscape Illustrations of the Waverley Novels.+ + +Eighty fine Views of real Scenes described in these popular Tales, +engraved by FINDEN, &c., from Drawings by ROBERTS, HARDING, STANFIELD, +&c. &c. Two handsome volumes super-royal 8vo, originally published at +4l. 4s.; or India Proofs, royal 4to, 7l. 7s. + + Now reduced to 28s. in 8vo, and 3l. 3s. in 4to. + + 2.--+Portrait Illustrations of the Same.+ + +Forty Plates from Drawings by PARRIS, INSKIPP, LANDSEER, &c. Super-royal +8vo, published at 1l. 13s.; India Proofs, royal 4to, 3l. + + Now reduced to 14s. in 8vo, and 31s. 6d. in 4to. + + 3.--+Landscape Illustrations of the Poems.+ + +Forty Plates from Drawings by TURNER, CALCOTT, FIELDING, &c; with ample +descriptive Polices. In a handsome volume super-royal 8vo, published at +30s.; India Proofs royal 4to, 2l. 8s. + + Now reduced to 14s. in 8vo, and 31s. 6d. in 4to. + +⁂ The complete Series of these valuable Illustrations are kept, +_very handsomely and appropriately bound in morocco, price only Four +Guineas_; forming one of the cheapest and most elegant books ever +offered. + + + +LIBRARY OF ANECDOTE;+ + +Containing Remarkable Sayings, Efforts of Wit and Humour, Eccentricities +of Conduct, Private Reminiscences of Celebrated Persons, &c. &c. With +five Engravings, small 8vo, cloth. + + Published at 5s.; reduced to 2s. 6d. + + + +MARTIN’S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIBLE.+ + +Consisting of Twenty large and magnificent Plates, designed and engraved +by JOHN MARTIN, author of “Belshazzar’s Feast,” &c. In a large folio +volume, cloth. + + Originally published at 10l. 10s.; reduced to 3l. 3s. + Proof impressions (very few left), published at 21s.; + reduced to 4s. 4d. + + + +MILTON’S PARADISE LOST;+ + Illustrated by John Martin. + +Imperial 8vo. Twenty large mezzotinto Plates, published at Six Guineas, +reduced to 2l. 2s. cloth; 2l. 15s. very neat, in morocco. + + + +SINGER’S EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE,+ + +Beautifully printed by Whittingham, with a Life of the Poet, and +illustrative Notes. Embellished with many Engravings by STOTHARD, +HARVEY, &c. In ten vols. small 8vo, neatly bound in cloth, gilt. + + Originally published at 4l. 4s.; reduced to 2l. + + + +WILD’S ENGLISH CATHEDRALS;+ + +Twelve select Examples of the Ecclesiastical Architecture of the Middle +Ages, beautifully coloured after the Original Drawings by Charles Wild, +Esq. Each Plate is mounted on Tinted Card-board, in imitation of the +original. + + Originally published at 12l. 12s.; reduced to 5l. 5s. + + + +LEKEUX’S + ILLUSTRATIONS OF NATURAL HISTORY;+ + +Containing One Hundred and Fourteen Engravings, with descriptive +accounts of the most popular and interesting Genera and Species of the +Animal World, drawn by LANDSEER, LEKEUX, &c. &c. Large 8vo, bound in +cloth. + + Originally published at 1l. 1s.; reduced to 9s. 6d. + + + +PUCKLE’S CLUB; + OR, A GREY CAP FOR A GREEN HEAD.+ + + Many first-rate Wood Engravings, cloth. + Published at 7s. 6d.; reduced to 3s. 6d. + +⁂ This very curious book is illustrated with numerous and +characteristic designs by the celebrated Thurston. It was published +originally in 4to, at One Guinea. --_See Jackson on Wood Engraving._ + + + +ADDISON’S ESSAYS;+ + from The Spectator. + + Two neat volumes, cloth. Published at 8s.; reduced to 4s. 6d. + + + +CARICATURE SCRAP-BOOK,+ + by H. Heath. + +Containing many Hundred laughable and amusing Groups, illustrative of +Life and Character, on Fifty sheets imperial 4to, neatly and strongly +bound; forming a never-failing source of amusement for Visitors. + + Published at 28s.; reduced to 18s. + + + CHARLES TILT, 86, FLEET STREET. + + Bradbury & Evans,] [Printers, Whitefriars + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber): + +_General Notes and Non-Errors:_ + +The _Eton Grammar_ began in the first half of the 16th century as the +_Brevissima Institutio_, later _Rudimenta Grammatices_, by William Lily, +Lilly or Lilye (d. 1522). A 1758 revision acquired the name _Eton Latin +Grammar_. The headers _Propria quae maribus_ and _As in Præsenti_ are +from this book, as is the line “Cum multis aliis quæ nunc perscribere +longum est”. + + If than _is_, _er_, and _or_, it hath many more enders + [_i.e. “many more than...”_] + qui, who or what, and cujas, of what country. + [_uncommon word: not a misprint for “cujus”_] + always recals this beautiful line of Ovid’s [_archaic spelling_] + some well-disposed sailor in a melodrame [_archaic spelling_] + Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire. + [_that is, “vēnire” with long “e”_] + Having yeaned, she left the hope of the flock [_archaic word_] + OF THE QUANTITY OF THE FIRST SYLLABLE. [_“first” = non-final_] + + īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero + [_Both syllables in “Ajax” are long. Here, the “j” is to be + pronounced as a “double letter” (technically an affricate) as in + English._] + alterĭus has always a short _i_ and alīus a long _i_ + [_The “i” in “alterius” is conventionally shortened in poetry to + accommodate the metre._] + + +_Introduction_ + + it shall be candid. [is shall] + writing in conformity with [comformity] + And more especially is praise due [epecially] + +_Grammar_ + + ... venenum, poison; are examples of substantives [posion] + The butcher lays thee low, [the] + Thus the Comic Latin Grammar is lepidissimus, funniest [lipidissimus] + it has not _different persons_, as tædet, it irketh [tædat] + the magging or talkative mood + [_probably error for “nagging”_] + Amavissem, I should have loved [Amivissem] + Amandum, to love, if you ’re doom’d, have a care. [you ’r] + Ab, ad, ante, &c. prepositions. + [_printed as shown: missing “are”?_] + From neco, necui, and mico, word + [_printed as shown: missing “a” (“a word”)?_] + And (which perhaps is the most pursuasive argument of all) + [_spelling unchanged_] + illum librum quæ Latina Grammatices et Comica dicitur + [_printed as shown: superfluous “et”?_] + THE CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. [ADJECTVE] + it was suggested by the well-known quality [well-know] + the discoveries of their countryman Franklin [countrymen] + Arbor gummifera, alta mille et quingentis passibus [gumnifera] + Adjectives and substantives govern an ablative case [subsantives] + Oft in slumber’s deep recesses, [slumbers] + By so much the ugliest, by how much the wisest [must] + whereas an imposition is a task [as imposition] + each other’s charms and accomplishments [others] + the pledges were placed [where] + Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte [Paladis] + they build a horse as big as a mountain. [house] + + nāsōquĕ cruēntō [nāsōqŭe] + Clāvĭgĕr Ālcīdēs, māgnūm Jŏvĭs īncrēmēntūm. [Clāvigĕr] + Rēs ēst īnfēlīx, plēnăquĕ frāudĭs ămōr [īnfelīx] + In Latin mark, that every dipthong + [_normally spelled “diphthong”, but may be intentional + for rhyme with “whip-thong”_] + And so are n’s that do delight ĭn [dĕlight in] + Short in the final _er_ we state ’em, [state em,] + Long unto all but asses’ ears, [asses ears,] + And quĭs, and bĭs, which last is no noun [qŭis] + +_List of Etchings_ + +Here and in the Advertising section, a facing pair of pages was damaged. +Missing text was supplied from elsewhere in the book. The missing parts +are shown in {braces}. + + 2. Schoolmaster beating a drum, and boys singing in ch{orus 22} + 3. Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes (fight) {52} + + Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. {Paul’s.} + +_Advertising_ + + {MAR}MION; + {A TALE OF FL}ODDEN FIELD. + {En}gravings. + + ... FUGITIVE POETRY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. + [NINETEETH] + By Sir E. LYTTON BULWER [_text unchanged_] + to grasp with new and gr{eater} generalisations + [_damaged text reconstructed_] + +_Minor Errors: Punctuation, Mechanics_ + + the laughter-loving spirit of his age. [age,] + the question, whose, or whereof; as, Whose breeches? [as Whose] + --Third, is. Vulpes, a fox. [is, Vulpes] + or tarnation ’cute [tarnation’ cute] + Docillimus, most docile.-- Man Friday. [docile. Man] + magis, _more_, and maximè, _most_. [_most_,] + Amabo, I shall or will love. Inebriabor [will love Inebriabor] + ... Thou dancest, [Thou dancest.] + ... Patricii, gentlemen, [gentlemen.] + ... Doctrinam, learning, [learning.] + Moneo, mones, monet, [monet.] + _Plu._ Regimus, regitis, re_gunt_ + [_italicized as shown: error for reg_unt_?_] + Heu! Lack-a-day!-- Hem! Brute, Hollo! Brutus. + [Lack-a-day! Hem!] + “Sir,” said the great Dr. Johnson [_invisible . after “Dr”_] + October an instance supplies [_e in “supplies” invisible_] + +SYNTAXIS,+ _or the Construction of Grammar._ [+SYNTAXIS.+] + quod, or ut, being left out, as [out as,] + the natural history of school-boys [_anomalous hyphen unchanged_] + suus, his own (Cocknicè his’n), [_close parenthesis missing_] + trium, of three, &c., [&c.] + Of these juvo, lædo, delecto, and some others [lædo delecto] + Puellæ, aliæ aliis prælucere student [_comma in original_] + the verb est being added. [added,] + “wisdom” they say “is in the _wig_.” [_final ” missing_] + “deep _in_ the windingths _of_ a whale,” [_open quote missing_] + guilty of a great _waste_-- of time; [of time;”] + Ut, for, postquam, after that [postquam after that] + quanquam, although, utpote, forasmuch as [although utpote] + Isaaculus trans maria deportatus est: [_final : missing_] + O alaudas! Oh larks! [O alaudas, Oh larks!] + in a similar manner? [manner.] + Synalœpha, Ecthlipsis, Synæresis, Diæresis [Ecthlipsis Synæresis] + dandies and theatrical artists, [artists.] + īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero [great Ājax] + Ĭn, tamĕn, attamĕn, and ăn [In̆, tamĕn attamĕn] + Exĭn’ and subĭn’, deĭn’, proĭn’ [proĭ’n] + Because its genitive’s Samnītis, [Samnītis.] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Comic Latin Grammar, by Percival Leigh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMIC LATIN GRAMMAR *** + +***** This file should be named 29456-0.txt or 29456-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/4/5/29456/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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