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diff --git a/3010-0.txt b/3010-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..423f282 --- /dev/null +++ b/3010-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vicomte de Bragelonne, by John Bursey + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: The Vicomte de Bragelonne + The End and Beginning of an Era + +Author: John Bursey + +Release Date: June 10, 2001 [eBook #3010] +[Most recently updated: January 9, 2022] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Dudley P. Duck + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VICOMTE DE BRAGELONNE *** + + + + +The Vicomte de Bragelonne + +The End and Beginning of an Era + +by John Bursey + + + + +The Vicomte de Bragelonne is a different sort of novel from the +preceding volumes in the D’Artagnan Romances. In The Three Musketeers +and Twenty Years After, we find our four heroes battling against evil +forces with a combination of stunning swordplay, unmatched bravado, +unbelievable ingenuity, and several strokes of great fortune. Their +famous cry, “All for one and one for all!” has echoed throughout the +imagination for 150 years. Movies are still being made from the +stories, they still appear in television commercials, they have their +own candy bar, and some current authors have even lent their talents to +filling in the gaps between the novels. The swashbuckling exploits of +the “four invincibles,” as they are referred to in the novels, have +made them sell consistently for a century and a half, a feat not +achieved by many authors. The popularity of the stories, first as +magazine serials and then as novels, made Dumas the most famous +Frenchman of the age. The heroes and villains are clearly defined, and +it is never difficult for the readers to know who to cheer for as the +drama unfolds in the theater of the mind. + +Dumas himself resembled, as much as one could in the 19th Century, his +swashbuckling heroes. Before he embarked on the series, he was already +considered one of, if not the, greatest dramatists in France. He had +fought in one of the many revolutions in France at that time, and would +later run guns in an Italian revolution. His unerring sense of drama +had brought him theatrical acclaim the world over, and when he switched +to novels, that same sense never steered him wrong. For the entirety of +the D’Artagnan Romances, he had a collaborator, named Maquet, who did +much of the historical research. But the many charges leveled against +Dumas that he ran a literature “factory” are blatantly false. Once he +got his historical framework, Dumas injected the story with his own +energy and breathed life into it, many times ignoring the strict +dictates of historical fact for the necessity of crafting the drama as +he saw fit. Indeed, The Three Musketeers and Twenty Years After bear +many structural similarities. There are clear villains (Milady, De +Wardes, Richelieu, Mordaunt, Mazarin) and clear heroes and heroines, +great men destined for demise, despite our heroes’ efforts (Buckingham, +Charles I), and yet our four heroes must triumph against all odds, +united until the end. + +But the clearest difference in this third volume is that our heroes are +no longer united. Though inseparable in their youth, now Aramis, with +the unwitting Porthos in tow, is plotting against the king, who +D’Artagnan has sworn with his life to defend. Athos, once the most +upright defender of nobility, is now forced to break his sword before +his monarch, and renounce the sacred vow he pledged with his son in +Twenty Years After to respect royalty in all its forms. Never, even, do +the four come face to face in the course of the entire novel. Time has +sent them in different directions, and managed to separate them when +constant villains in the course of forty years have failed. + +Dumas uses this division of his heroes to skillfully insert his own +opinions on that phase of French history, which in many ways paralleled +the time he lived in himself. Although Dumas’s distinct storytelling +talents are as evident as in the former novels, Dumas sets the twilight +of his characters in the dawn of a new age, exploiting the contrast as +a form of social commentary. The four former musketeers are now drawn +to each represent a virtue. D’Artagnan is Loyalty, Athos is Nobility, +Porthos is Strength, and Aramis is Cunning. When Louis XIV dishonors +Raoul and casts off Athos, he sheds the ideal of Nobility as he in +reality broke the power of the French nobles and brought the entire +country under his control. When he tames D’Artagnan, as Aramis and +Porthos are fighting for their lives at Belle-Isle, he symbolically +gains the Loyalty of his servants, which he would keep during his long +reign. When Porthos meets his demise at Belle-Isle, Strength is no +longer a virtue prized in France, as Industry (in the form of Colbert) +and Cunning (in Aramis) now become the hallmarks of the time. When +Fouquet falls, so does Generosity. When Louis takes Louise as his +mistress, condemning Raoul to his death, Fidelity dies with the poor +young cavalier as Innocence is corrupted. As D’Artagnan, Raoul, Athos, +and Porthos meet their ends, and only Aramis is left alive, Dumas +indicates the death of these noble virtues in France, virtues that he +urged his contemporaries to assume again in his own time. + +This new generation that comes with the ascension of Louis XIV is, +indeed, pale in comparison to the times in which the four musketeers +had their great exploits. D’Artagnan and Athos are endlessly commenting +on these youngsters, always unfavorably, and they are generally +accurate. Raoul, the true son of Athos, and the symbolic son of the +four, is never as quick to draw his sword as D’Artagnan would have been +at that age, though he is equally as skillful in its use. Although he +loses his one true love, Louise, as D’Artagnan did forty years ago, +Constance, this loss kills the younger hero. He is more thoughtful, +more sensitive, and thereby weaker. The villains, too, are watered +down. De Wardes, certainly the most “evil” character in the novel, +pales in comparison with the great villains D’Artagnan and his friends +had to face. Colbert, though ugly, ill-humored, and set to ruin the +kind, generous, affable Fouquet, is actually a blessing in disguise, +and it is through his “great works” that France is ready to rise to +ever-greater glory in the coming reign. The Chevalier de Lorraine, +always a disruptive influence, is checked not through confrontation or +daring intrigue, but by artful court maneuvering. De Guiche, Raoul’s +loyal friend, and as consummate a nobleman of the new reign as one +might expect to find, is more concerned with his love affairs and his +own happiness than his role in safeguarding Raoul’s honor. Though he +does fight De Wardes in the only illegal duel in the novel, he loses, +and does nothing to help Raoul when the king’s treachery is discovered. +And age has affected the four heroes, too. D’Artagnan pulls off his +masterstroke in England not with his four friends by his side and sword +drawn, as he did in the former novels, but with stealth and cunning. He +defeats De Wardes not by a duel, which would be his ordinary mode of +operation, but by outwitting him. The only scenes that are reminiscent +of the times of former glory are the riot at the execution, where +D’Artagnan, with Raoul by his side, defeats a whole mob, and Aramis and +Porthos’s desperate final stand in the grotto. But even these are +tainted; D’Artagnan’s action ends up going against the values he would +have prized, had he known the truth, and the events in the grotto cost +Porthos his life. + +But these differences in the times and the changes in our heroes as +they age do not detract from the work, but rather enrich it. It is a +more mature novel than its predecessors, richer in detail due to the +slower pacing. The mood, too, is much darker, especially towards the +end, when we know that impending doom is approaching for Raoul, as his +love affair unravels, and for Aramis and Porthos as their plot is +detected. And, of course, the mystery of the man in the iron mask, +around which the latter portions of the book are based, is one of the +most dark and sinister mysteries in all history. The characters, though +they each defend an abstract ideal, are as rich and vivid as they ever +were, if not more so, and the depth of emotion that Dumas explores is +much wider than in the two earlier books. Porthos was modeled on +Dumas’s own father, and legend has it that the author wept for three +days as he was writing the death of that gentle giant. Many readers +experience the same, no matter how many times they may have read that +passage. Even Aramis, according to Dumas, was moved to shed his first +and only tears. Anyone who has ever loved and lost can feel Raoul’s +pain, and any parent can understand Athos’s anguish as he sees his son +off to certain death. No longer are characters simply good or simply +evil, they are their own entities, sometimes good, sometimes evil. The +Duchesse de Chevreuse, once Aramis’s close friend and contact at court, +the mother of Raoul, now schemes against Aramis, hoping to bring about +his downfall. Queen Anne of Austria, once the beautiful, helpless +heroine, is now the ailing, sometimes imperial, matriarch of the royal +household, tortured by the son she was forced to forsake. In other +words, they are human. The refinement of the four principles, as age +steals upon them, adds an element that is somehow lacking from the +former books. They now hail from different spheres, which lends +richness to their portrayal. Aramis is the man of God, with a scheme +always in the works. Athos is the dignified, retired nobleman, whose +only concerns are debts left unpaid and the launching of his son into +the world. Porthos is a great baron, ever ready to help, ever seeking +another title, ever seeking the noble airs that were not his +birthright, but to which he came upon his wife’s death. And D’Artagnan +is a hardened soldier, casting a cynical eye everywhere, still loyal, +but somewhat embittered, trading in his customary “mordioux!” for the +“bah!” more common to old men. + +The character of D’Artagnan is, of course, the focus of the Romances. +Dumas frequently admitted that D’Artagnan was the man he could never +be. In The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the character expands even further. +Although his primary symbolic representation is that of the virtue of +Loyalty, he is not devoid of other virtues. He has his share of +Cunning, Nobility, and Strength, as well as the virtues of the other +characters. He’s a sort of Everyman, superior in every respect, and the +only man that can tame him is Louis, the greatest French monarch of +them all. The scene in which D’Artagnan goes to the scene of the duel +between De Wardes and De Guiche, and from the forensic evidence manages +to piece together the details exactly, predates the classic detective +fiction that was becoming popular in the States with Edgar Allen Poe’s +murders in the Rue Morgue. He has learned to maneuver in royal circles +with infinite grace and delicacy, and until the end he boasts that he +can always make the king do what he wants. Even outside the D’Artagnan +Romances, he has gotten around. He’s found his way onto the big screen +countless times, most recently in two major films in the 1990s. He’s +found his way onto the stage, not only in Dumas’s own adaptations of +the Musketeers saga, but as a walk-on character in Cyrano de Bergerac +by Rostand, for example. Many talented authors, in many different ages, +have lent their pens to continuations to the saga. Paul Feval and a M. +Lassez wrote a series of eight novels based on the adventures of +D’Artagnan with a young Cyrano de Bergerac. These are supposedly tales +of Grimaud’s, Athos’s servant, related to Athos, and Aramis even makes +an appearance. Roger Nimier’s last book was D’Artagnan amoureux, set +shortly after The Three Musketeers. He had planned more in the series, +but unfortunately died in 1956. The 1993 winner of le Prix Interallie +was a novel entitled Le dernier amour d’Aramis by Jean-Pierre +Dufreigne, which focuses on Aramis, the most mysterious of the four and +the one whose past remains the greatest mystery. Although Dumas’s +portrayal of the character of D’Artagnan is the most famous, it was not +the first. Dumas got much of his initial material from a book written +by a soldier, Courtilz de Sandras, who supplemented his income by +writing historical fictions. He published his fictional Memoirs of M. +d’Artagnan in 1700, and Dumas, after reading the first volume, used +much of the material as his basis for the first part of The Three +Musketeers. The real D’Artagnan, although he was Captain-Lieutenant of +the musketeers, and he did arrest Fouquet and escort him to prison, was +far from the dashing hero Dumas made him. As for the other characters, +particularly Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, they also appeared in this +fictional memoir, and lacking even the scant details about them that +subsequent historians have managed to bring to the light of day, +Dumas’s ever-fertile imagination made them three of the most famous men +in history. + +As a closing, instead of more of my thoughts on the novels, I instead +quote what Robert Louis Stevenson wrote about The Vicomte de +Bragelonne: “My acquaintance with the VICOMTE began, somewhat +indirectly, in the year of grace 1863, when I had the advantage of +studying certain illustrated dessert plates in a hotel at Nice. The +name of d’Artagnan in the legends I already saluted like an old friend, +for I had met it the year before in a work of Miss Yonge’s. My first +perusal was in one of those pirated editions that swarmed at that time +out of Brussels, and ran to such a troop of neat and dwarfish volumes. +I understood but little of the merits of the book; my strongest memory +is of the execution of d’Eymeric and Lyodot—a strange testimony to the +dulness of a boy, who could enjoy the rough-and-tumble in the Place de +Grêve, and forget d’Artagnan’s visits to the two financiers. My next +reading was in winter-time, when I lived alone upon the Pentlands. I +would return in the early night from one of my patrols with the +shepherd; a friendly face would meet me in the door, a friendly +retriever scurry upstairs to fetch my slippers; and I would sit down +with the VICOMTE for a long, silent, solitary lamp-light evening by the +fire. And yet I know not why I call it silent, when it was enlivened +with such a clatter of horse-shoes, and such a rattle of musketry, and +such a stir of talk; or why I call those evenings solitary in which I +gained so many friends. I would rise from my book and pull the blind +aside, and see the snow and the glittering hollies chequer a Scotch +garden, and the winter moonlight brighten the white hills. Thence I +would turn again to that crowded and sunny field of life in which it +was so easy to forget myself, my cares, and my surroundings: a place +busy as a city, bright as a theatre, thronged with memorable faces, and +sounding with delightful speech. I carried the thread of that epic into +my slumbers, I woke with it unbroken, I rejoiced to plunge into the +book again at breakfast, it was with a pang that I must lay it down and +turn to my own labours; for no part of the world has ever seemed to me +so charming as these pages, and not even my friends are quite so real, +perhaps quite so dear, as d’Artagnan. + +“Since then I have been going to and fro at very brief intervals in my +favourite book; and I have now just risen from my last (let me call it +my fifth) perusal, having liked it better and admired it more seriously +than ever. Perhaps I have a sense of ownership, being so well known in +these six volumes. Perhaps I think that d’Artagnan delights to have me +read of him, and Louis Quatorze is gratified, and Fouquet throws me a +look, and Aramis, although he knows I do not love him, yet plays to me +with his best graces, as to an old patron of the show. Perhaps, if I am +not careful, something may befall me like what befell George IV. about +the battle of Waterloo, and I may come to fancy the VICOMTE one of the +first, and Heaven knows the best, of my own works. “ + +So many readers have thought the same over the last century and a half, +and many more will in the times to come. Like Dumas itself, the work +has many flaws. There are errors in history, chronology, and in some +places Dumas even writes the wrong year or gets confused about a +character’s age. Dumas always cared more about the drama, the suspense, +the history he was creating, rather than the sometimes boring facts of +actual history. He took his historical sketch and filled it out from +his own imagination, creating characters whose actions changed history +within the novels, and who have enlivened history ever since. + + +There has been much confusion over the years as to which books form the +“Musketeers Series” or the D’Artagnan Romances, as they are referred to +by scholars. The greatest confusion lies in the manner in which editors +split the lengthy third volume of the series. The title of the whole +work is The Vicomte de Bragelonne, however, its subtitle is Ten Years +Later, and so some older editions use that as the title. Also, the +novel is split into three, four, or five volumes, depending on the +edition. When split into three volumes, the titles are: The Vicomte de +Bragelonne, Louise de la Valliere, and The Man in the Iron Mask. In +four volumes the titles are: The Vicomte de Bragelonne, Ten Years +Later, Louise de la Valliere, and The Man in the Iron Mask. The copies +of The Man in the Iron Mask that are sold in bookstores today +correspond to the last volume of the four-volume edition. The +five-volume editions rarely give separate titles to the volumes. Also +adding to the confusion is the fact that Dumas considered The Three +Musketeers to be two books: The Three Musketeers and The Four +Musketeers. The split occurs, naturally, shortly after D’Artagnan is +made a musketeer. Some older editions split this book in this fashion. +Also, there are two other books that feature the characters of the +D’Artagnan Romances that are, however, falsely attributed to Dumas. +These two titles are D’Artagnan and the King-Maker and The Son of +Porthos. Not only do these novels outright contradict the earlier books +in the series, but they were clearly not written by Alexandre Dumas. +Many catalogues, however, list them among Dumas’s works. Most commonly, +though, the entire D’Artagnan Romances are found in five books, with +The Vicomte de Bragelonne being split into three volumes. Here is a +listing of them in chronological order, with possible subdivisions +listed in parenthesis: + +The Three Musketeers — serialized 1844 +(The Four Musketeers) +Twenty Years After — serialized 1845 +The Vicomte de Bragelonne — serialized 1847–1850 +(Ten Years Later) +Louise de la Valliere +The Man in the Iron Mask + + +For the purposes of the Project Gutenberg etexts, The Vicomte de +Bragelonne was split into four texts, using the same divisions as the +four-volume editions. However, another text exists, entitled Ten Years +Later, which was published by Project Gutenberg before Twenty Years +After, even though it occurs later in the story. While it is correct in +claiming that it is a sequel to The Three Musketeers, it neglects to +acknowledge that Twenty Years After comes between The Three Musketeers +and that etext. This etext also, like some novel editions, uses the +title Ten Years Later to refer to The Vicomte de Bragelonne as a whole, +and it covers portions of the etexts The Vicomte de Bragelonne and the +newer Ten Years Later. + + +What follows are some short biographical details about the real +personages behind the characters created by Dumas. Although some of +them do not appear in The Vicomte de Bragelonne, they are referred to +frequently, and so they were included. + +Anne of Austria: (1601-66) Anne was the daughter of Phillip III of +Spain. She married Louis XIII in 1615, and after his death, ruled as +Regent from 1643–61 with Mazarin as her prime minister. Modern +historians reckon that she was almost certainly Mazarin’s lover, but no +evidence beyond rumor exists of a secret marriage between the two, as +Dumas suggests. She died of breast cancer in 1666, though symptoms of +her disease did not appear until 1664. She was supposedly in love with +the elder Buckingham in around 1646, but nothing suggests that she was +actually his mistress, though many thought so. She was, though, in her +youth, one of the greatest beauties of all Europe. + +Aramis: Aramis’s real name was Henri d’Aramitz. Like his fictional +counterpart, he was a clergyman, a Bernais, and like D’Artagnan, he was +a Gascon. He joined the musketeers in 1640, married in 1654, had four +children, and died around 1674. He was a nephew to M. de Tréville, +captain of the musketeers from 1634–1642. He was never, so far as +history can tell, involved with the Jesuits. A German named Nickel was +Vicar-General from 1652–1664 and from 1664–1681 an Italian named +Jean-Paul Oliva headed the order. + +Athos: Athos was, in real life, Armand de Sillegue d’Athos d’Auteville. +He was born around 1615, joined the musketeers at the age of +twenty-five, and died in Paris in 1643. He was probably a nobleman, as +Athos was, and was a Gascon, as D’Artagnan was, and was also a cousin +to M. de Tréville, captain of the musketeers from 1634–1642. Dumas +claimed, in the preface to The Three Musketeers, to be nothing more +than the editor of the memoirs of the Comte de la Fere, presumably the +same memoirs Athos is seen working on during the course of The Vicomte +de Bragelonne. + +Baisemeaux: (1613?–97) Francois de Montlezun joined the musketeers in +1634 where he served with our four heroes’ historical counterparts. He +purchased the post of governor of the Bastile in 1658 for forty +thousand livres, not one hundred and fifty thousand as Dumas claims, +and held the post until his death. He left a fortune of two million +livres. + +Beaufort: (1616–69) Francois de Vendome, the Duc de Beaufort, was a +grandson of Henry IV. and Gabrielle d’Estrees. He was jailed in +Vincennes in 1643 for plotting against Mazarin, and he escaped in 1648 +(with the aid of Athos and Grimaud according to Twenty Years After). +After fighting against the king in the Fronde, he reconciled with the +throne in 1653. He died at the siege of Candia. + +Belliere: (1608–1705) Suzanne de Bruc, Marquis de Plessis-Belliere, +called Elise by Dumas, was widowed in 1654. She was very close to +Fouquet, and it was she who organized his social engagements, not +Madame Fouquet. When Fouquet was arrested in 1661, she was kept under +house arrest until 1665. + +Bragelonne: Dumas’s source for the character Raoul de Bragelonne comes +from a slight mention of a suitor of Louise de Valliere’s while she was +still at Blois. The most likely candidate is Jean de Bragelonne, who +was an obscure councilor at the parliament at Rennes. However, there +were several other Bragelonnes who were also in the area: Jerome, his +son Francois, both soldiers, and Jacques, Gaston d’Orleans’s chief +steward. Jean was more than likely related to one of these other +Bragelonnes, but historians are not certain as to which. + +Buckingham: (1627–87) George Villiers, the second Duke of Buckingham, +was the son of the George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who figured so +prominently in The Three Musketeers, and Katherine Manners, then the +richest heiress in England. After his father’s assassination, he was +raised alongside the children of Charles I. He was one of the rakes of +Charles II’s court—hot-tempered, unpredictable, and bisexual. Though he +had great influence over the king, his disputes with the monarch landed +him in the Tower on four separate occasions. His love for +Henrietta-Anne Stuart was well-attested, and often drove him to +extremities of behavior. + +Charles II: (1630–85) Charles Stuart fled to France in 1646, returned +briefly to Scotland in 1651, where he was crowned, was routed by +Cromwell in September, and returned to France until Mazarin signed a +treaty with Cromwell in 1655 declaring the deposed monarch persona non +grata in France. With Monk’s support, he finally returned to London as +a king in 1661. During his reign there were two wars with the Dutch, +the great plague occurred, the Habeas Corpus Act was passed, and the +Great Fire swept London. The visit to Mazarin depicted at the beginning +of The Vicomte de Bragelonne has its basis in an actual visit paid by +the deposed monarch to the Cardinal in Spain in 1659. It was only one +of many attempts to gain French support. + +Chevreuse: (1600–79) Marie-Aime de Rohan Bazon married the Duc de +Chevreuse in 1622. She was a close friend of Anne of Austria, and used +many lovers in her plots against Richelieu. Although regularly exiled +by Louis XIII, she constantly snuck back to court. She was imprisoned +in 1628, escaped in 1637, and fled to Spain, and then England, where +she was again briefly imprisoned on the Isle of Wight. She moved to +Belgium, and was allowed to return to France by Mazarin in 1643. She +was quickly exiled again, but allowed to return under the Amnesty of +Reuil in 1649. She continued her intrigues during the Fronde and was +named as Raoul de Bragelonne’s mother in Twenty Years After. + +Colbert: (1619–83) Jean-Baptiste Colbert was born in Reins, the son of +a minor official and an agent of Richelieu’s. He was employed first by +the Secretary of State for War, in 1640, and later became Mazarin’s +intendant in 1655. He purchased a barony in 1658 and entered the +aristocracy. Mazarin’s words on his deathbed, recommending Colbert to +Louis XIV were portrayed by Dumas with accuracy. Mazarin actually said, +“I owe you everything, but I pay my debt to your majesty in giving you +Colbert.” He became Louis’s chief minister in 1661 and immediately +began administering the reforms necessary after Fouquet’s regime. In a +decade, he effectively tripled the revenues. Although he did not +personally care for him, Dumas’s estimation of Colbert’s “glorious +works” and projects was fairly accurate—in addition to his building +projects he also supported many French industries and sent explorers +and colonists to America. Although he built the French navy, he +eventually became opposed to the wars of Louis XIV, as they thwarted +his efforts to keep the budget balanced. + +Conde: (1621–86) Louis de Bourbon, Duc d’Enghien, became Prince de +Conde in 1646, on the death of his father. During the 1640s he +distinguished himself in several battles and gained a name for his +military skills. He believed, however, that he had not been rewarded +sufficiently, and alienated both the queen and Mazarin to the extent +that he was jailed for a year in 1650. In retaliation he raised an army +to take the king away from his advisors, failed, and left France in +1653. He continued to fight in every campaign against France until his +rehabilitation in 1659, after which he retired to his estates. He +returned to service in 1668 and died in battle in 1674. + +D’Artagnan: Charles de Batz-Castlemore, sieur d’Artagnan, was born in +Tarbes around 1615. He joined Richelieu’s Guards in 1635 and then the +musketeers in 1644. During the years 1646–1657, when the musketeers +were disbanded in actual history, Mazarin used him as a courier. He was +appointed second-in-command to the absentee Captain-Lieutenant of the +musketeers (a nephew of Mazarin’s who had no interest in the work) in +1657, when the company was reformed. Although he only held the rank of +Lieutenant, he was the actual commander of the troops. He married in +1659, had two sons, and separated from his wife in 1665. It was indeed +the real D’Artagnan who, in 1661, arrested Fouquet, though not nearly +as dramatically as Dumas’s depiction, and escorted him first to Angers, +and later, after the former minister’s trial, to Pignerol. He became +Captain-Lieutenant of the musketeers in 1667, in other words, the +commander of the musketeers, as the rank of Captain-General was +reserved for the king himself. During Louis’s invasion of the Dutch +Republic, he was briefly governor of Lille in 1672. He was killed at +the siege of Maastricht in March of 1673. From his few surviving +documents, he appears to have been rather an unimaginative soldier with +a great respect for authority. He never lost his Gascon accent, which +is detectable even in his letters. His spelling was atrocious even by +the standards of the time. Dumas bases his character largely on his own +imagination and from another fictional work from 1700 entitled The +Memoirs of M. d’Artagnan by Courtilz de Sandras, from which he got the +basis for the first few chapters of The Three Musketeers. Dumas never, +however, read beyond the first volume of Sandras’s work, and vastly +altered the material he did read, making it uniquely his own. The +character of Milady also comes from Sandras’s writings, wherein +D’Artagnan encounters a mysterious English noblewoman known only as +Miledi. + +Fouquet: (1615–80) Raised to power by Mazarin, Nicholas Fouquet was far +from the brilliant administrator portrayed by Dumas. He built a vast +fortune through blatant abuses of power during his tenure as +superintendent of France’s finances, and generally dispersed that +fortune in the construction of his mansion at Vaux and in his role as a +famous patron of the arts. His generous style of management won him +admiration, but the members of the court generally resented his obvious +corruption. Louis XIV had Fouquet arrested in 1661, more probably from +fear of his influence rather than jealousy, though Fouquet did possibly +take some liberties with the king’s mistress during a royal visit. +Belle-Isle was never given to the king; Louis sent a garrison to occupy +it after Fouquet had been arrested. Fouquet sold his post of +procureur-general to Louis for 1.4 million livres, not Vanel. The real +D’Artagnan, Charles de Batz-Castlemore, arrested him in September and +escorted him to Pignerol after his three-year trial. Dumas largely +altered the character of Fouquet from his historical counterpart, +turning him into a Romantic cavalier who had all the qualities Dumas +himself admired, and making him a foil for the somewhat lackluster +Colbert. + +Guiche: (1637–73) Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche, was a soldier, +adventurer, and a bisexual. He was part of the entourage of the +homosexual Philippe d’Orleans, where many reckoned him the handsomest +man at court. He was known for being vain, overbearing, and somewhat +contemptuous, but many lovers of both genders often overlooked these +flaws. It is generally accepted that he became the lover of Henrietta +d’Orleans, but for a time he also paid court to Louise de la Valliere. +Guiche was, however, not sufficiently enamored with Louise to challenge +the king’s affections, and, according to Madame de La Fayette (whose +memoirs were one of Dumas’s major sources), he “gave her up and even +quarreled with her, using her very rudely.” He was exiled in 1662 for +attempting to come between Louis and Louise. He then fought against the +Turks in Poland, against the English for the Dutch, and eventually +returned to France in 1669. He returned to court in 1671. + +Gourville: (1625–1703) Jean Herault de Gourville participated in the +Fronde before coming to work for Fouquet. After Fouquet’s arrest he was +sentenced to death, but he escaped to Brussels, where he lived by less +than honest means. + +Henrietta: (1644–1670) Henrietta-Anne Stuart, daughter of Charles I and +Henrietta-Maria (Henriette in the text), was left behind at Exeter when +her mother fled to France, but her governess smuggled her to France in +1646, where she was raised Catholic. The “privations” which she +supposedly endured in France were greatly exaggerated by Dumas. With a +reputation for cleverness and beauty, she was married to Philippe +d’Orleans in 1661. Shortly afterwards, the obvious attentions of both +Buckingham and De Guiche did indeed arouse her husband’s jealousy, +leading to both Buckingham and De Guiche being persuaded to leave the +court. Their marriage, due to Philippe’s homosexuality and excessive +jealousy, was far short of successful. Before the king took La Valliere +as his mistress, he was quite captivated by Henrietta, and it wasn’t +until the monarch’s attentions shifted to La Valliere that she became +receptive to De Guiche’s advances. In 1670 she was sent to England to +persuade Charles II to sign the Treaty of Dover, which he did, and was +poisoned to death on her return. + +Lambert: (1619–83) John Lambert, though trained as a lawyer, turned out +to be one of the greatest soldiers of the English Civil War. He played +a large roll in installing Cromwell as Lord Protector, but later turned +against him. He led disgruntled soldiers against Richard Cromwell, and +in October 1659 he dismissed the “Rump” Parliament, effectively taking +control of the country himself. Monk defeated him in 1661 and he was +sent to the Tower in 1662. He was later banished to Guernsey, where he +lived out his life in confinement. + +Laporte: (1603–80) Pierre de la Porte entered the queen’s service in +1621. He helped her carry on correspondence with the Spanish court and +was imprisoned for “treason” in 1637. When Anne of Austria assumed the +Regency in 1643 he was returned to favor. He became Louis XIV’s valet +de chambre in 1645. His memoirs were one of Dumas’s major sources of +historical research. + +La Valliere: (1644–1710) Francoise-Louise de la Baume le Blanc, later +the Duchesse de la Valliere, was born near Amboise and became part of +the entourage of the Duchesse d’Orleans at Blois. There it was rumored +that a young man, later identified as Jean de Bragelonne, was in love +with her. The affair did not progress far, but Dumas used it as his +basis for the character of Raoul de Bragelonne. After the death of +Gaston d’Orleans, she moved to Paris, where the Duchesse de Choisy +proposed her as lady of honor to the new Madame (Henrietta). Soon +afterwards the king took an interest in her, and she was his mistress +from 1661–67. They had four children together. She was not considered +terribly beautiful—she was slim, tall, and had blue eyes and bad teeth. +She limped slightly, due to a badly set broken leg, but was reported to +dance well. In 1670, after Madame de Montespan had replaced her, she +retired from court life. She took the veil in 1674. The Oxford World’s +Classics edition of Louise de la Valliere, 1998, has her portrait on +the cover. Many of the episodes between Louise and Louis, though +perhaps chronologically displaced or condensed, were portrayed very +accurately by Dumas, including the flight to the convent, the decision +of the king and Madame to pretend that he was in love with her, and the +king riding beside her carriage during the promenades. + +Lorraine: (1643–1702) Philippe de Lorraine was called the Chevalier de +Lorraine because he once intended to join the Order of Malta. He was +the favorite of Philippe d’Orleans for many years, and he received +military and ecclesiastical preference as a result. Like Philippe, he, +too, was homosexual. He was heir to the Duchy of Lorraine, but stripped +of his title in 1662. He protested, and was ordered to leave France. He +assumed the title of Duke in 1675, and was recognized by every other +European nation besides France. + +Louis XIV: (1638–1715) Louis de Bourbon, “The Sun King,” assumed the +throne in 1643 after the death of Louis XIII. Anne of Austria ruled +during his infancy, with Gaston d’Orleans as her Lieutenant-Governor +and Mazarin as her first minister. Mazarin managed to not only preserve +the monarchy through the Fronde, but also strengthen it considerably. +Upon Mazarin’s death in March, 1661, Louis determined to rule +personally. With Colbert’s assistance, he removed the corrupt Fouquet +and declared himself the Sun King the following year. His rule of 72 +years was the longest of any European monarch. Later in his reign, his +wars threatened to bankrupt the state, as well as his legendary +excesses, such as the great palace at Versailles. He is famous for the +quote, “Je suis l’etat,” meaning, “I am the State.” + +Madame: The title customarily given to the wife of the king’s brother. +Until 1660 it was given to Gaston d’Orleans’s wife, Marguerite. After +Gaston’s death, it fell to Henrietta of England, and Marguerite was +referred to as the “Dowager Madame.” See also “Monsieur.” + +Malicorne: (1626–94) Germain Texier was the Baron de Malicorne. +Although Dumas portrays him as the son of a syndic, he was in fact a +squire of the Duc de Guise by 1648. He was also the lover of +Mademoiselle de Pons. He married, in 1665, not Montalais, but a +daughter from the first marriage of Saint-Remy, Louise de la Valliere’s +step-father. + +Mancini: (1640–1715) Marie de Mancini captured the young Louis XIV’s +heart in 1658, but he was forced to abandon her in favor of a political +marriage to the Spanish Infanta Maria-Theresa. Her sister, Olympe +(1639–1708), later became one of Louis’s mistresses. Dumas misplaces +the chronology slightly; Mazarin’s nieces were removed from court in +1659. The meeting between Louis and Marie portrayed by Dumas was an +amalgamation of two meetings, both of which occurred in 1659. + +Manicamp: (1628?–1708) Louis de Madallan de Lesparre was the Seigneur +of Manicamp, and later the Comte de Manicamp. He was a soldier, who +fought with Conde at Lens, and a few other battles. He lost an arm at +Charenton in 1652. Dumas took the name for one of his characters, but +preserved nothing else. + +Maria-Theresa: (1638–83) Maria-Theresa of Austria was the daughter of +Philip IV of Spain. She married Louis XIV on June 6, 1660, to promote a +French-Spanish alliance wrought by Mazarin. The king’s constant +infidelities caused her a great deal of anguish, as she was truly in +love with Louis XIV. In real life she was quite pious and preferred to +devote most of her life to good works. Dumas found her quite boring, +and relegates her to a minor character. + +Mazarin: (1602–61) Jules Mazarin was a diplomat in the service of the +Pope when he was sent to negotiate with Richelieu in 1630. He became +Richelieu’s protege, and was naturalized French in 1639. In 1641 +Richelieu had him named a cardinal as well as his own successor. It is +generally accepted that he became Anne of Austria’s lover, though not, +as Dumas suggests, her secret husband. He was not, actually, an +ordained priest. He raised taxes, aroused the jealousy of the nobles, +and was an Italian—all of which made him extremely unpopular with +nearly every class of the French people. Most considered him to be +extremely self-serving and quite greedy. His private fortune is +estimated at between 13 and 40 million livres. His diplomatic skills, +however, were considerable. Abroad he furthered French interests in +southern Germany by ending the Thirty Years War in 1648 and allied +France with Cromwell in 1654. At home he maneuvered the monarchy +through the Fronde, leaving it stronger as a result. The priest who +attended him on his deathbed insisted that he died in the true faith, +though he was reckoned during his life more of a philosopher than a +Christian. + +Michon, Marie: The pseudonym of the Duchesse de Chevreuse in The Three +Musketeers. + +Monk: (1608–70) George Monk was a career soldier who served under +Cromwell and, as a reward, was made governor of Scotland in 1654. In +1659, as disorder in England was rising steadily, he decided to step +into the fray, and marched south in January, 1661, with 6,000 men. He +arrived in London five weeks later, unopposed, but without revealing +his motives. His decision to reinstate the Stuarts was probably +influenced by popular opinion, though his true motives still baffle +historians, and he met the returning King Charles II at Dover on May +23, 1661. Charles made him the Duke of Albermarle and gave him the +highest offices in the state. Monk then retired to private life, but +served as a naval commander in later wars with the Dutch. + +Monsieur: The court title of the king’s brother. Gaston d’Orleans held +it until his death in 1660. The title fell to Philip d’Anjou, who also +assumed the title of Duc d’Orleans. + +Montalais: Nicole-Anne-Constance de Montalais, called Aure by Dumas, +was, like La Valliere, a maid of honor at the court of Gaston +d’Orleans. In 1661 she entered the service of Henrietta d’Orleans, and +shared an apartment with La Valliere. She became La Valliere’s +confidante, and used the information thus garnered to her own ends. She +was known as a notorious schemer, and the historical record does +indicate that she was in love, at least for a time, with a man named +Malicorne. + +Montespan: (1641–1707) Francoise-Athenais de Rochechouart de Mortemart +was born at the Chateau de Tonnay-Charente. She was a maid of honor at +the marriage of Philip d’Orleans and Henrietta Stuart in March, 1661. +In 1663 she married the Duc de Montespan et d’Antin, and replaced La +Valliere as the king’s mistress in 1667. + +Orleans, Gaston d’: (1608–60) Gaston-Jean-Baptiste de France, Duc +d’Orleans, was the younger brother of Louis XIII. He regularly plotted +against Richelieu, thereby indirectly against his brother, the king. He +became Lieutenant-Governor of the Kingdom when Anne of Austria assumed +the Regency in 1643. He supported Anne during the first Fronde, but +turned against her in the second, for which he was exiled to Blois in +1652. He reconciled with the court in 1659. Aramis judged him as a man +“void of courage and honesty,” a view shared by his contemporaries. The +Cardinal de Retz said of him that he had “everything a gentleman should +have, except courage.” His presence in the novel is entirely fictional; +he died in February, 1660. + +Orleans, Philippe d’: (1640–71) Philippe, called Philip by Dumas, was +the second son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, and Louis XIV’s +younger brother. He was Duc d’Anjou until 1660 when his uncle, Gaston +d’Orleans died, leaving the title of Duc d’Orleans and the court title +of “Monsieur” to him. He married Henrietta Stuart of England in 1661, +but his homosexuality and jealousy ensured that the marriage was less +than ideal, to say the least. + +Pellisson: (1640–1701) Paul Pellisson (called Pelisson by Dumas) was +part of Fouquet’s literary circle and a member of the French Academy. +Disfigured by smallpox in his youth, his ugliness brought him a sort of +fame. After Fouquet’s arrest, Pellisson wrote quite spiritedly in the +defense of the former Superintendent of Finances. He was rewarded for +his loyalty with five years in the Bastile. He subsequently regained +the royal favor, and became the Historiographer Royal. + +Richelieu: (1585–1642) Although he does not appear in The Vicomte de +Bragelonne, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, is mentioned +several times. He was an admirer of Machiavelli and, under the reign of +Louis XIII, he became the most powerful man in France. He greatly +strengthened France both at home and abroad, and named Mazarin as his +successor shortly before his death. In The Three Musketeers, it is he +who lays the snare for Anne of Austria involving the famous diamond +studs given to the Duke of Buckingham. D’Artagnan and his three friends +rescue the queen from this embarrassing predicament. + +Saint-Aignan: (1610–87) Francois de Beauvillier, the Comte de +Saint-Aignan, was a former governor of the Touraine. He finally +realized his ambition, mentioned by Dumas, of joining the French +Academy in 1663. Before becoming First Gentleman to the King’s +Bedchamber, he was part of Gaston d’Orleans’s military household. +Though quite a few years Louis XIV’s senior, he became the young king’s +chief purveyor of pleasures. + +Saint-Remy: Francoise le Prevot de la Coutelaye became Madame de +Saint-Remy following her third marriage. Her first was to a man named +Besnard, a councilor of the Parliament at Rennes. Her second marriage +was to Laurent de la Baume le Blanc, lord of the manor of La Valliere. +He was Louise de la Valliere’s father. Laurent died in 1651, and in +1655 she married Jacques Couravel, Marquis de Saint-Remy, First +Chamberlain to Gaston d’Orleans. After Gaston’s death, they both moved +to Paris. + +Tréville: (1598–1672) Arnaud-Jean du Peyrer, Comte de Troisvilles +(written and pronounced Tréville) does not appear in The Vicomte de +Bragelonne, but he was D’Artagnan’s (both the real and fictional) +predecessor as Captain of the Musketeers. He was a career soldier and, +like D’Artagnan, a Gascon. He was appointed Captain-Lieutenant of the +Musketeers in 1634 (the rank of Captain-General was reserved for the +king), and was exiled in 1642 for opposing Richelieu. Mazarin disbanded +the musketeers in 1646 (an historical fact ignored by Dumas), and +Tréville retired to Foix as its governor. In The Three Musketeers +(which adds about 10 years to the ages of the historical counterparts), +it was in Tréville’s office that the first meeting between D’Artagnan, +Athos, Porthos, and Aramis occurred. + +Vanel: (1644–1703) Anne-Marguerite Vanel was the daughter of Claude +Vanel (a magistrate in the Paris Parliament) and became the wife of +Jean Coiffer (a member of the Royal Audit Office) in 1654. +Contemporaries described her as a “dainty and extremely pretty young +woman with a lively and very witty turn of mind.” She was Fouquet’s +mistress during the 1650s, and later transferred her affections to +Colbert. Her high spirits annoyed Colbert, and he passed her off to his +brother. + +Wardes: (1620–88) Francois-Rene Crespin du Bec was the Marquis de +Vardes, and a noted schemer and bold liar. Some women, though, +including Madame de Motteville, found him charming. Dumas creates two +characters out of the historical De Vardes. The father plays a +prominent part in The Three Musketeers and Twenty Years After, and the +son in The Vicomte de Bragelonne, though they were, in reality, the +same man. He was named Governor of Aigues-Mortes in 1660 and was +banished there a few years later following a court scandal. Although a +favorite of Louis XIV, he got entangled in a plot by Olympe Mancini +(then the Comtesse de Soissons) to avenge her sister, Marie, whom the +king had abandoned in favor of his political marriage to Maria-Theresa +of Spain. He remained in Aigues- Mortes for 17 years. + +Much of the information for these biographies was taken from the David +Coward’s editions of the D’Artagnan Romances, published by Oxford +World’s Classics. Additional material came from the Fireblade +Coffeehouse’s web page on Alexandre Dumas at +www.hoboes.com/html/FireBlade/Dumas/. The quote from Robert Louis +Stevenson comes from his A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas’s from Memories +and Portraits. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VICOMTE DE BRAGELONNE *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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