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diff --git a/30123-h/30123-h.htm b/30123-h/30123-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8dad717 --- /dev/null +++ b/30123-h/30123-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1806 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<HTML> +<HEAD> + +<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<TITLE> +The Project Gutenberg E-text of Micromegas, by Voltaire +</TITLE> + +<STYLE TYPE="text/css"> +BODY { color: Black; + background: White; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-left: 10%; + font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; + text-align: justify } + +P {text-indent: 4% } + +P.noindent {text-indent: 0% } + +P.poem {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + font-size: small } + +P.letter {text-indent: 0%; + font-size: small ; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +P.block {text-indent: 0%; + font-size: small ; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +P.footnote {font-size: 80% ; + text-indent: 0% ; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +P.transnote {font-size: small ; + text-indent: 0% ; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +P.intro {font-size: medium ; + text-indent: -5% ; + margin-left: 5% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +P.finis { font-size: larger ; + text-align: center ; + text-indent: 0% ; + margin-left: 0% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +</STYLE> + +</HEAD> + +<BODY> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Romans -- Volume 3: Micromegas, by Voltaire + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Romans -- Volume 3: Micromegas + +Author: Voltaire + +Translator: Peter Phalen + +Release Date: September 28, 2009 [EBook #30123] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANS -- VOLUME 3: MICROMEGAS *** + + + + +Produced by Peter Phalen. HTML version by Al Haines. + + + + + +</pre> + + +<BR><BR> + +<P CLASS="transnote"> +[Transcriber's note: this etext is a translation of Project +Gutenberg's #4649.] +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> + THE WORKS<BR> + OF<BR> + VOLTAIRE.<BR> +<BR> + VOLUME XXXIII<BR> +<BR> + FROM THE PRINTING HOUSE OF A. FIRMIN DIDOT,<BR> + RUE JACOB, No 24.<BR> +</H4> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> + THE WORKS<BR> + OF<BR> + VOLTAIRE<BR> +<BR> + PREFACES, CAUTIONS, NOTES, ETC.<BR> +<BR> + BY M. BEUCHOT.<BR> +<BR> + VOLUME XXXIII.<BR> +<BR> + NOVELS. VOLUME I.<BR> +<BR> + IN PARIS,<BR> + LEFÈVRE, BOOKSELLER,<BR> +<BR> + RUE DE L'ÉPERON, Ko 6. WERDET ET LEQUIEN FILS,<BR> + RUE DU BATTOIR, No 20.<BR> +<BR> + MDCCCXXIX.<BR> +</H4> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<H2 ALIGN="center"> + MICROMEGAS,<BR> +<BR> + PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY.<BR> +</H2> + +<BR><BR> + +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +Publisher's preface. +</H3> + +<P> +Voltaire's lengthy correspondences do not contain anything that might +indicate the period in which <I>Micromegas</I> was published. The engraved +title of the edition that I believe to be the original displays no +date. Abbot Trublet, in his <I>Biography of Fontenelle</I>, does not +hesitate to say that <I>Micromegas</I> is directed against Fontenelle; but +does not speak of the date of publication. I have therefore retained +that given by the Kehl editions: 1752. However there is an edition +carrying the date of 1700. Is this date authentic? I would not make +this claim; far from it. I have therefore followed the Kehl editions, +in which <I>Micromegas</I> is preceded by this warning: +</P> + +<P CLASS="block"> +This novel can be seen as an imitation of Gulliver's Travels. It +contains many allusions. The dwarf of Saturn is Mr. Fontenelle. +Despite his gentleness, his carefulness, his philosophy, all of +which should endear him to Mr. Voltaire, he is linked with the +enemies of this great man, and appears to share, if not in their +hate, at least in their preemptive censures. He was deeply hurt by +the role he played in this novel, and perhaps even more so due to +the justness, though severe, of the critique; the strong praise +given elsewhere in the novel only lends more weight to the +rebukes. The words that end this work do not soften the wounds, +and the good that is said of the secretary of the academy of Paris +does not console Mr. Fontenelle for the ridicule that is permitted +to befall the one at the academy of Saturn. +</P> + +<P> +The notes without signature, and those indicated by letters, are +written by Voltaire. +</P> + +<P> +The notes signed with a K have been written by the Kehl publishers, +Mr. Condorcet and Mr. Decroix. It is impossible to rigorously +distinguish between the additions made by these two. +</P> + +<P> +The additions that I have given to the notes of Voltaire or to the +notes of the Kehl publishers, are separated from the others by a —, +and are, as they are mine, signed by the initial of my name. +</P> + +<P CLASS="noindent"> +BEUCHOT +<BR> +October 4, 1829. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<H2 ALIGN="center"> +CONTENTS +</H2> + +<TABLE ALIGN="center" WIDTH="80%"> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">I. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap01">Voyage of an inhabitant of the Sirius star to the planet Saturn.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">II. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap02">Conversation between the inhabitant of Sirius and that of Saturn.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">III. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap03">Voyage of the two inhabitants of Sirius and Saturn.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">IV. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap04">What happened on planet Earth.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">V. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap05">Experiments and reasonings of the two voyagers.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VI. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap06">What happened to them among men.</A></TD> +</TR> + +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VII. </TD> +<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> +<A HREF="#chap07">Conversation with the men.</A></TD> +</TR> + +</TABLE> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<H2 ALIGN="center"> + MICROMEGAS,<BR> +<BR> + PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY<BR> +</H2> + +<BR> + +<A NAME="chap01"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER I. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +Voyage of an inhabitant of the Sirius star to the planet Saturn. +</H4> + +<P> +On one of the planets that orbits the star named Sirius there lived a +spirited young man, who I had the honor of meeting on the last voyage +he made to our little ant hill. He was called Micromegas[1], a +fitting name for anyone so great. He was eight leagues tall, or +24,000 geometric paces of five feet each. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] From <I>micros</I>, small, and from <I>megas</I>, large. B. +</P> + +<BR> +<P> +Certain geometers[2], always of use to the public, will immediately +take up their pens, and will find that since Mr. Micromegas, +inhabitant of the country of Sirius, is 24,000 paces tall, which is +equivalent to 120,000 feet, and since we citizens of the earth are +hardly five feet tall, and our sphere 9,000 leagues around; they will +find, I say, that it is absolutely necessary that the sphere that +produced him was 21,600,000 times greater in circumference than our +little Earth. Nothing in nature is simpler or more orderly. The +sovereign states of Germany or Italy, which one can traverse in a +half hour, compared to the empires of Turkey, Moscow, or China, are +only feeble reflections of the prodigious differences that nature has +placed in all beings. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[2] This is how the text reads in the first editions. Others, in +place of "geometers," put "algebraists." B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +His excellency's size being as great as I have said, all our +sculptors and all our painters will agree without protest that his +belt would have been 50,000 feet around, which gives him very good +proportions.[3] His nose taking up one third of his attractive +face, and his attractive face taking up one seventh of his attractive +body, it must be admitted that the nose of the Sirian is 6,333 feet +plus a fraction; which is manifest. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[3] I restore this sentence in accordance with the first editions. +B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +As for his mind, it is one of the most cultivated that we have. He +knows many things. He invented some of them. He was not even 250 +years old when he studied, as is customary, at the most celebrated[4] +colleges of his planet, where he managed to figure out by pure +willpower more than 50 of Euclid's propositions. That makes 18 more +than Blaise Pascal, who, after having figured out 32 while screwing +around, according to his sister's reports, later became a fairly +mediocre geometer[5] and a very bad metaphysician. Towards his 450th +year, near the end of his infancy, he dissected many small insects no +more than 100 feet in diameter, which would evade ordinary +microscopes. He wrote a very curious book about this, and it gave him +some income. The mufti of his country, an extremely ignorant +worrywart, found some suspicious, rash[6], disagreeable, and +heretical propositions in the book, smelled heresy, and pursued it +vigorously; it was a matter of finding out whether the substantial +form of the fleas of Sirius were of the same nature as those of the +snails. Micromegas gave a spirited defense; he brought in some women +to testify in his favor; the trial lasted 220 years. Finally the +mufti had the book condemned by jurisconsults who had not read it, +and the author was ordered not to appear in court for 800 years[7]. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[4] In place of "the most celebrated" that one finds in the first +edition, subsequent editions read "some jesuit." B. +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[5] Pascal became a very great geometer, not in the same class as +those that contributed to the progress of science with great +discoveries, like Descartes, Newton, but certainly ranked among +the geometers, whose works display a genius of the first order. K. +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[6] The edition that I believe to be original reads: "rash, +smelling heresy." The present text is dated 1756. B. +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[7] Mr. Voltaire had been persecuted by the theatin Boyer for +having stated in his <I>Letters on the English</I> that our souls +develop at the same time as our organs, just like the souls of +animals. K. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +He was thereby dealt the minor affliction of being banished from a +court that consisted of nothing but harassment and pettiness. He +wrote an amusing song at the expense of the mufti, which the latter +hardly noticed; and he took to voyaging from planet to planet in +order to develop his heart and mind[8], as the saying goes. Those +that travel only by stage coach or sedan will probably be surprised +learn of the carriage of this vessel; for we, on our little pile of +mud, can only conceive of that to which we are accustomed. Our +voyager was very familiar with the laws of gravity and with all the +other attractive and repulsive forces. He utilized them so well that, +whether with the help of a ray of sunlight or some comet, he jumped +from globe to globe like a bird vaulting itself from branch to +branch. He quickly spanned the Milky Way, and I am obliged to report +that he never saw, throughout the stars it is made up of, the +beautiful empyrean sky that the vicar Derham[9] boasts of having seen +at the other end of his telescope. I do not claim that Mr. Derham has +poor eyesight, God forbid! But Micromegas was on site, which makes +him a reliable witness, and I do not want to contradict anyone. +Micromegas, after having toured around, arrived at the planet Saturn. +As accustomed as he was to seeing new things, he could not, upon +seeing the smallness of the planet and its inhabitants, stop himself +from smiling with the superiority that occasionally escapes the +wisest of us. For in the end Saturn is hardly nine times bigger than +Earth, and the citizens of this country are dwarfs, no more than a +thousand fathoms tall, or somewhere around there. He and his men +poked fun at them at first, like Italian musicians laughing at the +music of Lully when he comes to France. But, as the Sirian had a good +heart, he understood very quickly that a thinking being is not +necessarily ridiculous just because he is only 6,000 feet tall. He +got to know the Saturnians after their shock wore off. He built a +strong friendship with the secretary of the academy of Saturn, a +spirited man who had not invented anything, to tell the truth, but +who understood the inventions of others very well, and who wrote some +passable verses and carried out some complicated calculations. I will +report here, for the reader's satisfaction, a singular conversation +that Micromegas had with the secretary one day. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[8] See my note, page 110. B. [this note, in Zadig, says: "This +line is mostly written at the expense of Rollin, who often employs +these expressions in his <I>Treatise on Studies</I>. Voltaire returns +to it often: see, in the present volume, chapter I of Micromegas, +and in volume XXXIV, chapter XI of <I>The Man of Forty Crowns</I>, +chapter IX of <I>The White Bull</I> and volume XI, the second verse of +song VIII of <I>The Young Virgin</I>. B."] +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[9] English savant, author of <I>Astro-Theology</I>, and several other +works that seek to prove the existence of God through detailing +the wonders of nature: unfortunately he and his imitators are +often mistaken in their explanation of these wonders; they rave +about the wisdom that is revealed in a phenomenon, but one soon +discovers that the phenomenon is completely different than they +supposed; so it is only their own fabrications that give them this +impression of wisdom. This fault, common to all works of its type, +discredited them. One knows too far in advance that the author +will end up admiring whatever he has chosen to discuss. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap02"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER II. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +Conversation between the inhabitant of Sirius and that of Saturn. +</H4> + +<P> +After his excellency laid himself down to rest the secretary +approached him. +</P> + +<P> +"You have to admit," said Micromegas, "that nature is extremely +varied." +</P> + +<P> +"Yes," said the Saturnian, "nature is like a flower bed wherein the +flowers—" +</P> + +<P> +"Ugh!" said the other, "leave off with flower beds." +</P> + +<P> +The secretary began again. "Nature is like an assembly of blonde and +brown-haired girls whose jewels—" +</P> + +<P> +"What am I supposed to do with your brown-haired girls?" said the +other. +</P> + +<P> +"Then she is like a gallery of paintings whose features—" +</P> + +<P> +"Certainly not!" said the voyager. "I say again that nature is like +nature. Why bother looking for comparisons?" +</P> + +<P> +"To please you," replied the Secretary. +</P> + +<P> +"I do not want to be pleased," answered the voyager. "I want to be +taught. Tell me how many senses the men of your planet have." +</P> + +<P> +"We only have 72," said the academic, "and we always complain about +it. Our imagination surpasses our needs. We find that with our 72 +senses, our ring, our five moons, we are too restricted; and in spite +of all our curiosity and the fairly large number of passions that +result from our 72 senses, we have plenty of time to get bored." +</P> + +<P> +"I believe it," said Micromegas, "for on our planet we have almost +1,000 senses; and yet we still have a kind of vague feeling, a sort +of worry, that warns us that there are even more perfect beings. I +have traveled a bit; and I have seen mortals that surpass us, some +far superior. But I have not seen any that desire only what they +truly need, and who need only what they indulge in. Maybe someday I +will happen upon a country that lacks nothing; but so far no one has +given me any word of a place like that." +</P> + +<P> +The Saturnian and the Sirian proceeded to wear themselves out in +speculating; but after a lot of very ingenious and very dubious +reasoning, it was necessary to return to the facts. +</P> + +<P> +"How long do you live?" said the Sirian. +</P> + +<P> +"Oh! For a very short time," replied the small man from Saturn. +</P> + +<P> +"Same with us," said the Sirian. "we always complain about it. It +must be a universal law of nature." +</P> + +<P> +"Alas! We only live through 500 revolutions around the sun," said the +Saturnian. (This translates to about 15,000 years, by our standards.) +"You can see yourself that this is to die almost at the moment one is +born; our existence is a point, our lifespan an instant, our planet +an atom. Hardly do we begin to learn a little when death arrives, +before we get any experience. As for me, I do not dare make any +plans. I see myself as a drop of water in an immense ocean. I am +ashamed, most of all before you, of how ridiculously I figure in this +world." +</P> + +<P> +Micromegas replied, "If you were not a philosopher, I would fear +burdening you by telling you that our lifespan is 700 times longer +than yours; but you know very well when it is necessary to return +your body to the elements, and reanimate nature in another form, +which we call death. When this moment of metamorphosis comes, to have +lived an eternity or to have lived a day amounts to precisely the +same thing. I have been to countries where they live a thousand times +longer than we do, and they also die. But people everywhere have the +good sense to know their role and to thank the Author of nature. He +has scattered across this universe a profusion of varieties with a +kind of admirable uniformity. For example, all the thinking beings +are different, and all resemble one another in the gift of thought +and desire. Matter is extended everywhere, but has different +properties on each planet. How many diverse properties do you count +in yours?" +</P> + +<P> +"If you mean those properties," said the Saturnian, "without which we +believe that the planet could not subsist as it is, we count 300 of +them, like extension, impenetrability, mobility, gravity, +divisibility, and the rest." +</P> + +<P> +"Apparently," replied the voyager, "this small number suffices for +what the Creator had in store for your dwelling. I admire his wisdom +in everything; I see differences everywhere, but also proportion. +Your planet is small, your inhabitants are as well. You have few +sensations; your matter has few properties; all this is the work of +Providence. What color is your sun upon examination?" +</P> + +<P> +"A very yellowish white," said the Saturnian. "And when we divide one +of its rays, we find that it contains seven colors." +</P> + +<P> +"Our sun strains at red," said the Sirian, "and we have 39 primary +colors. There is no one sun, among those that I have gotten close to +that resembles it, just as there is no one face among you that is +identical to the others." +</P> + +<P> +After numerous questions of this nature, he learned how many +essentially different substances are found on Saturn. He learned that +there were only about thirty, like God, space, matter, the beings +with extension that sense, the beings with extension that sense and +think, the thinking beings that have no extension; those that are +penetrable, those that are not, and the rest. The Sirian, whose home +contained 300 and who had discovered 3,000 of them in his voyages, +prodigiously surprised the philosopher of Saturn. Finally, after +having told each other a little of what they knew and a lot of what +they did not know, after having reasoned over the course of a +revolution around the sun, they resolved to go on a small +philosophical voyage together. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap03"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER III. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +Voyage of the two inhabitants of Sirius and Saturn. +</H4> + +<P> +Our two philosophers were just ready to take off into Saturn's +atmosphere with a very nice provision of mathematical instrument when +the ruler of Saturn, who had heard news of the departure, came in +tears to remonstrate. She was a pretty, petite brunette who was only +660 fathoms tall, but who compensated for this small size with many +other charms. +</P> + +<P> +"Cruelty!" she cried, "after resisting you for 1,500 years, just when +I was beginning to come around, when I'd spent hardly a hundred[1] +years in your arms, you leave me to go on a voyage with a giant from +another world; go, you're only curious, you've never been in love: if +you were a true Saturnian, you would be faithful. Where are you +running off to? What do you want? Our five moons are less errant than +you, our ring less inconsistent. It's over, I will never love anyone +ever again." +</P> + +<P> +The philosopher embraced her, cried with her, philosopher that he +was; and the woman, after swooning, went off to console herself with +the help of one of the dandies of the country. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] The 1773 edition is the first that reads "a hundred"; all the +earlier editions read: "two hundred." B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +Our two explorers left all the same; they alighted first on the ring, +which they found to be fairly flat, as conjectured by an illustrious +inhabitant of our little sphere[2]; from there they went easily from +moon to moon. A comet passed by the last; they flew onto it with +their servants and their instruments. When they had traveled about +one hundred fifty million leagues, they met with the satellites of +Jupiter. They stopped at Jupiter and stayed for a week, during which +time they learned some very wonderful secrets that would have been +forthcoming in print if not for the inquisition, which found some of +the propositions to be a little harsh. But I have read the manuscript +in the library of the illustrious archbishop of...., who with a +generosity and goodness that is impossible to praise allowed me to +see his books. I promised him a long article in the first edition of +Moréri, and I will not forget his children, who give such a great +hope of perpetuating the race of their illustrious father. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[2] Huygens. See volume XXVI, page 398. B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +But let us now return to our travelers. Upon leaving Jupiter they +traversed a space of around one hundred million leagues and +approached the planet Mars, which, as we know, is five times smaller +than our own; they swung by two moons that cater to this planet but +have escaped the notice of our astronomers. I know very well that +Father Castel will write, perhaps even agreeably enough, against the +existence of these two moons; but I rely on those who reason by +analogy. These good philosophers know how unlikely it would be for +Mars, so far from the sun, to have gotten by with less than two +moons. Whatever the case may be, our explorers found it so small that +they feared not being able to land on it, and they passed it by like +two travelers disdainful of a bad village cabaret, pressing on +towards a neighboring city. But the Sirian and his companion soon +regretted it. They traveled a long time without finding anything. +Finally they perceived a small candle, it was earth; this was a +pitiful sight to those who had just left Jupiter. Nevertheless, from +fear of further regret, they resolved to touch down. Carried by the +tail of a comet, and finding an aurora borealis at the ready, they +started towards it, and arrived at Earth on the northern coast of the +Baltic sea, July 5, 1737, new style. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap04"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER IV. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +What happened on planet Earth. +</H4> + +<P> +After resting for some time they ate two mountains for lunch, which +their crew fixed up pretty nicely. Then they decided to get to know +the small country they were in. They went first from north to south. +The usual stride of the Sirian and his crew was around 30,000 feet. +The dwarf from Saturn, who clocked in at no more than a thousand +fathoms, trailed behind, breathing heavily. He had to make twelve +steps each time the other took a stride; imagine (if it is alright to +make such a comparison) a very small lapdog following a captain of +the guards of the Prussian king. +</P> + +<P> +Since our strangers moved fairly rapidly, they circumnavigated the +globe in 36 hours. The sun, in truth, or rather the Earth, makes a +similar voyage in a day; but you have to imagine that the going is +much easier when one turns on one's axis instead of walking on one's +feet. So there they were, back where they started, after having seen +the nearly imperceptible pond we call <I>the Mediterranean</I>, and the +other little pool that, under the name <I>Ocean</I>, encircles the +molehill. The dwarf never got in over his knees, and the other hardly +wet his heels. On their way they did all they could to see whether +the planet was inhabited or not. They crouched, laid down, felt +around everywhere; but their eyes and their hands were not +proportionate to the little beings that crawl here, they could not +feel in the least any sensation that might lead them to suspect that +we and our associates, the other inhabitants of this planet, have the +honor of existing. +</P> + +<P> +The dwarf, who was a bit hasty sometimes, decided straightaway that +the planet was uninhabited. His first reason was that he had not seen +anyone. Micromegas politely indicated that this logic was rather +flawed: "For," said he, "you do not see with your little eyes certain +stars of the 50th magnitude that I can perceive very distinctly. Do +you conclude that these stars do not exist?" +</P> + +<P> +"But," said the dwarf, "I felt around a lot." +</P> + +<P> +"But," answered the other, "you have pretty weak senses." +</P> + +<P> +"But," replied the dwarf, "this planet is poorly constructed. It is +so irregular and has such a ridiculous shape! Everything here seems +to be in chaos: you see these little rivulets, none of which run in a +straight line, these pools of water that are neither round, nor +square, nor oval, nor regular by any measure; all these little pointy +specks scattered across the earth that grate on my feet? (This was in +reference to mountains.) Look at its shape again, how it is flat at +the poles, how it clumsily revolves around the sun in a way that +necessarily eliminates the climates of the poles? To tell the truth, +what really makes me think it is uninhabited is that it seems that no +one of good sense would want to stay." +</P> + +<P> +"Well," said Micromegas, "maybe the inhabitants of this planet are +not of good sense! But in the end it looks like this may be for a +reason. Everything appears irregular to you here, you say, because +everything on Saturn and Jupiter is drawn in straight lines. This +might be the[1] reason that you are a bit puzzled here. Have I not +told you that I have continually noticed variety in my travels?" +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] All the editions that precede those of Kehl read: "It might be +for this" B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +The Saturnian responded to all these points. The dispute might never +have finished if it were not for Micromegas who, getting worked up, +had the good luck to break the thread of his diamond necklace. The +diamonds fell; they were pretty little carats of fairly irregular +size, of which the largest weighed four hundred pounds and the +smallest fifty. The dwarf recaptured some of them; bending down for a +better look, he perceived that these diamonds were cut with the help +of an excellent microscope. So he took out a small microscope of 160 +feet in diameter and put it up to his eye; and Micromegas took up one +of 2,005 feet in diameter. They were excellent; but neither one of +them could see anything right away and had to adjust them. Finally +the Saturnian saw something elusive that moved in the shallow waters +of the Baltic sea; it was a whale. He carefully picked it up with his +little finger and, resting it on the nail of his thumb, showed it to +the Sirian, who began laughing for a second time at the ludicrously +small scale of the things on our planet. The Saturnian, persuaded +that our world was inhabited, figured very quickly that it was +inhabited only by whales; and as he was very good at reasoning, he +was determined to infer the origin and evolution of such a small +atom; whether it had ideas, a will, liberty. Micromegas was confused. +He examined the animal very patiently and found no reason to believe +that a soul was lodged in it. The two voyagers were therefore +inclined to believe that there is no spirit in our home, when with +the help of the microscope they perceived something as large as a +whale floating on the Baltic Sea. We know that a flock of +philosophers was at this time returning from the Arctic Circle, where +they had made some observations, which no one had dared make up to +then. The gazettes claimed that their vessel ran aground on the coast +of Bothnia, and that they were having a lot of difficulty setting +things straight; but the world never shows its cards. I am going to +tell how it really happened, artlessly and without bias; which is no +small thing for an historian. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap05"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER V. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +Experiments and reasonings of the two voyagers. +</H4> + +<P> +Micromegas slowly reached his hand towards the place where the object +had appeared, extended two fingers, and withdrew them for fear of +being mistaken, then opened and closed them, and skillfully seized +the vessel that carried these fellows, putting it on his fingernail +without pressing it too hard for fear of crushing it. +</P> + +<P> +"Here is a very different animal from the first," said the dwarf from +Saturn. +</P> + +<P> +The Sirian put the so-called animal in the palm of his hand. The +passengers and the crew, who believed themselves to have been lifted +up by a hurricane, and who thought they were on some sort of boulder, +scurried around; the sailors took the barrels of wine, threw them +overboard onto Micromegas hand, and followed after. The geometers +took their quadrants, their sextants, two Lappland girls[1], and +descended onto the Sirian's fingers. They made so much fuss that he +finally felt something move, tickling his fingers. It was a steel-tipped +baton being pressed into his index finger. He judged, by this +tickling, that it had been ejected from some small animal that he was +holding; but he did not suspect anything else at first. The +microscope, which could barely distinguish a whale from a boat, could +not capture anything as elusive as a man. I do not claim to outrage +anyone's vanity, but I am obliged to ask that important men make an +observation here. Taking the size of a man to be about five feet, the +figure we strike on Earth is like that struck by an animal of about +six hundred thousandths[2] the height of a flea on a ball five feet +around. Imagine something that can hold the Earth in its hands, and +which has organs in proportion to ours—and it may very well be that +there are such things—conceive, I beg of you, what these things +would think of the battles that allow a vanquisher to take a village +only to lose it later. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] See the notes to the speech in verse, "On Moderation" (Volume +XII), and those of "Russia to Paris" (Volume XIV). K. +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[2] The edition that I take to be original reads "sixty +thousandths." B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +I do not doubt that if ever some captain of some troop of imposing +grenadiers reads this work he will increase the size of the hats of +his troops by at least two imposing feet. But I warn him that it will +have been done in vain; that he and his will never grow any larger +than infinitely small. +</P> + +<P> +What marvelous skill it must have taken for our philosopher from +Sirius to perceive the atoms I have just spoken of. When Leuwenhoek +and Hartsoëker tinkered with the first or thought they saw the grains +that make us up, they did not by any means make such an astonishing +discovery. What pleasure Micromegas felt at seeing these little +machines move, at examining all their scurrying, at following them in +their enterprises! how he cried out! with what joy he placed one of +his microscopes in the hands of his traveling companion! +</P> + +<P> +"I see them," they said at the same time, "look how they are carrying +loads, stooping, getting up again." They spoke like that, hands +trembling from the pleasure of seeing such new objects, and from fear +of losing them. The Saturnian, passing from an excess of incredulity +to an excess of credulity, thought he saw them mating. +</P> + +<P> +"Ah!" he said. "I have caught nature in the act"[1]. But he was +fooled by appearances, which happens only too often, whether one is +using a microscope or not. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] <I>j'ai pris la nature sur le fait</I>. A happy, good-natured turn +of phrase expressed by Fontenelle upon making some observations of +natural history. K. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap06"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER VI. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +What happened to them among men. +</H4> + +<P> +Micromegas, a much better observer than his dwarf, clearly saw that +the atoms were speaking to each other, and pointed this out to his +companion, who, ashamed of being mistaken about them reproducing, did +not want to believe that such a species could communicate. He had the +gift of language as well as the Sirian. He could not hear the atoms +talk, and he supposed that they did not speak. Moreover, how could +these impossibly small beings have vocal organs, and what would they +have to say? To speak, one must think, more or less; but if they +think, they must therefore have the equivalent of a soul. But to +attribute the equivalent of a soul to this species seemed absurd to +him. +</P> + +<P> +"But," said the Sirian, "you believed right away that they made love. +Do you believe that one can make love without thinking and without +uttering one word, or at least without making oneself heard? Do you +suppose as well that it is more difficult to produce an argument than +an infant? Both appear to be great mysteries to me." +</P> + +<P> +"I do not dare believe or deny it," said the dwarf. "I have no more +opinions. We must try to examine these insects and reason after." +</P> + +<P> +"That is very well said," echoed Micromegas, and he briskly took out +a pair of scissors with which he cut his fingernails, and from the +parings of his thumbnail he improvised a kind of speaking-trumpet, +like a vast funnel, and put the end up to his ear. The circumference +of the funnel enveloped the vessel and the entire crew. The weakest +voice entered into the circular fibers of the nails in such a way +that, thanks to his industriousness, the philosopher above could hear +the drone of our insects below perfectly. In a small number of hours +he was able to distinguish words, and finally to understand French. +The dwarf managed to do the same, though with more difficulty. The +voyagers' surprise redoubled each second. They heard the mites speak +fairly intelligently. This performance of nature's seemed +inexplicable to them. You may well believe that the Sirian and the +dwarf burned with impatience to converse with the atoms. The dwarf +feared that his thunderous voice, and assuredly Micromegas, would +deafen the mites without being understood. They had to diminish its +force. They placed toothpicks in their mouths, whose tapered ends +fell around the ship. The Sirian put the dwarf on his knees and the +ship with its crew on a fingernail. He lowered his head and spoke +softly. Finally, relying on these precautions and many others, he +began his speech like so: +</P> + +<P> +"Invisible insects, that the hand of the Creator has caused to spring +up in the abyss of the infinitely small, I thank him for allowing me +to uncover these seemingly impenetrable secrets. Perhaps those at my +court would not deign to give you audience, but I mistrust no one, +and I offer you my protection." +</P> + +<P> +If anyone has ever been surprised, it was the people who heard these +words. They could not figure out where they were coming from. The +chaplain of the vessel recited the exorcism prayers, the sailors +swore, and the philosophers of the vessel constructed systems; but no +matter what systems they came up with, they could not figure out who +was talking. The dwarf from Saturn, who had a softer voice than +Micromegas, told them in a few words what species they were dealing +with. He told them about the voyage from Saturn, brought them up to +speed on what Mr. Micromegas was, and after lamenting how small they +were, asked them if they had always been in this miserable state so +near nothingness, what they were doing on a globe that appeared to +belong to whales, whether they were happy, if they reproduced, if +they had a soul, and a hundred other questions of this nature. +</P> + +<P> +A reasoner among the troop, more daring than the others, and shocked +that someone might doubt his soul, observed the interlocutor with +sight-vanes pointed at a quarter circle from two different stations, +and at the third spoke thusly: "You believe then, Sir, that because +you are a thousand fathoms tall from head to toe, that you are a—" +</P> + +<P> +"A thousand fathoms!" cried the dwarf. "Good heavens! How could he +know my height? A thousand fathoms! You cannot mistake him for a +flea. This atom just measured me! He is a surveyor, he knows my size; +and I, who can only see him through a microscope, I still do not know +his!" +</P> + +<P> +"Yes, I measured you," said the physician, "and I will measure your +large companion as well." The proposition was accepted, his +excellency laid down flat; for were he to stay upright his head would +have been among the clouds. Our philosophers planted a great shaft on +him, in a place that doctor Swift would have named, but that I will +restrain myself from calling by its name, out of respect for the +ladies. Next, by a series of triangles linked together, they +concluded that what they saw was in effect a young man of 120,000 +feet[1]. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1]The edition I believe to be original reads, "a beautiful +young ... of 120,000 feet." B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +So Micromegas delivered these words: "I see more than ever that one +must not judge anything by its apparent size. Oh God! you who have +given intelligence to substance that appears contemptible. The +infinitely small costs you as little as the infinitely large; and if +it is possible that there are such small beings as these, there may +just as well be a spirit bigger than those of the superb animals that +I have seen in the heavens, whose feet alone would cover this +planet." +</P> + +<P> +One of the philosophers responded that he could certainly imagine +that there are intelligent beings much smaller than man. He +recounted, not every fabulous thing Virgil says about bees, but what +Swammerdam discovered, and what Réaumur has anatomized. He explained +finally that there are animals that are to bees what bees are to man, +what the Sirian himself was for the vast animals he had spoken of, +and what these large animals are to other substances before which +they looked like atoms. Little by little the conversation became +interesting, and Micromegas spoke thusly: +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<A NAME="chap07"></A> +<H3 ALIGN="center"> +CHAPTER VII. +</H3> + +<H4 ALIGN="center"> +Conversation with the men. +</H4> + +<P> +"Oh intelligent atoms, in which the Eternal Being desired to make +manifest his skill and his power, you must, no doubt, taste pure joys +on your planet; for having so little matter, and appearing to be +entirely spirit, you must live out your life thinking and loving, the +veritable life of the mind. Nowhere have I seen true bliss, but it is +here, without a doubt." +</P> + +<P> +At this all the philosophers shook their heads, and one of them, more +frank than the others, avowed that if one excepts a small number of +inhabitants held in poor regard, all the rest are an assembly of mad, +vicious, and wretched people. "We have more substance than is +necessary," he said, "to do evil, if evil comes from substance; and +too much spirit, if evil comes from spirit. Did you know, for +example, that as I am speaking with you[1], there are 100,000 madmen +of our species wearing hats, killing 100,000 other animals wearing +turbans, or being massacred by them, and that we have used almost +surface of the Earth for this purpose since time immemorial?" +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[1] We saw, at the end of chapter III, that the story occurs in +1737. Voltaire is referring to the war between the Turks and the +Russians, from 1736 to 1739. B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +The Sirian shuddered, and asked the reason for these horrible +quarrels between such puny animals. +</P> + +<P> +"It is a matter," said the philosopher, "of some piles of mud as big +as your heel[2]. It is not that any of these millions of men that +slit each other's throats care about this pile of mud. It is only a +matter of determining if it should belong to a certain man who we +call 'Sultan,' or to another who we call, for whatever reason, +'Czar.' Neither one has ever seen nor will ever see the little piece +of Earth, and almost none of these animals that mutually kill +themselves have ever seen the animal for which they kill." +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[2] Crimea, which all the same was not reunited with Russia until +1783. B. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +"Oh! Cruel fate!" cried the Sirian with indignation, "who could +conceive of this excess of maniacal rage! It makes me want to take +three steps and crush this whole anthill of ridiculous assassins." +</P> + +<P> +"Do not waste your time," someone responded, "they are working +towards ruin quickly enough. Know that after ten years only one +hundredth of these scoundrels will be here. Know that even if they +have not drawn swords, hunger, fatigue, or intemperance will overtake +them. Furthermore, it is not they that should be punished, it is +those sedentary barbarians who from the depths of their offices +order, while they are digesting their last meal, the massacre of a +million men, and who subsequently give solemn thanks to God." +</P> + +<P> +The voyager was moved with pity for the small human race, where he +was discovering such surprising contrasts. +</P> + +<P> +"Since you are amongst the small number of wise men," he told these +sirs, "and since apparently you do not kill anyone for money, tell +me, I beg of you, what occupies your time." +</P> + +<P> +"We dissect flies," said the philosopher, "we measure lines, we +gather figures; we agree with each other on two or three points that +we do not understand." +</P> + +<P> +It suddenly took the Sirian and the Saturnian's fancy to question +these thinking atoms, to learn what it was they agreed on. +</P> + +<P> +"What do you measure," said the Saturnian, "from the Dog Star to the +great star of the Gemini?" +</P> + +<P> +They responded all at once, "thirty-two and a half degrees." +</P> + +<P> +"What do you measure from here to the moon?" +</P> + +<P> +"60 radii of the Earth even." +</P> + +<P> +"How much does your air weigh?" +</P> + +<P> +He thought he had caught them[3], but they all told him that air +weighed around 900 times less than an identical volume of the purest +water, and 19,000 times less than a gold ducat. The little dwarf from +Saturn, surprised at their responses, was tempted to accuse of +witchcraft the same people he had refused a soul fifteen minutes +earlier. +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[3] The edition I believe to be original reads "put them off" in +place of "caught them." +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +Finally Micromegas said to them, "Since you know what is exterior to +you so well, you must know what is interior even better. Tell me what +your soul is, and how you form ideas." The philosophers spoke all at +once as before, but they were of different views. The oldest cited +Aristotle, another pronounced the name of Descartes; this one here, +Malebranche; another Leibnitz; another Locke. An old peripatetic +spoke up with confidence: "The soul is an entelechy, and a reason +gives it the power to be what it is." This is what Aristotle +expressly declares, page 633 of the Louvre edition. He cited the +passage[4]. +</P> + +<P> +[4] Here is the passage such as it is transcribed in the edition +dated 1750: "Entele'xeia' tis esi kai' lo'gos toû dy'namin +e'xontos toude' ei'nai." +</P> + +<P> +This passage of Aristotle, <I>On the Soul</I>, book II, chapter II, is +translated thusly by Casaubon: <I>Anima quaedam perfectio et actus +ac ratio est quod potentiam habet ut ejusmodi sit</I>. B. +</P> + +<P> +"I do not understand Greek very well," said the giant. +</P> + +<P> +"Neither do I," said the philosophical mite. +</P> + +<P> +"Why then," the Sirian retorted, "are you citing some man named +Aristotle in the Greek?" +</P> + +<P> +"Because," replied the savant, "one should always cite what one does +not understand at all in the language one understands the least." +</P> + +<P> +The Cartesian took the floor and said: "The soul is a pure spirit +that has received in the belly of its mother all metaphysical ideas, +and which, leaving that place, is obliged to go to school, and to +learn all over again what it already knew, and will not know again." +</P> + +<P> +"It is not worth the trouble," responded the animal with the height +of eight leagues, "for your soul to be so knowledgeable in its +mother's stomach, only to be so ignorant when you have hair on your +chin. But what do you understand by the mind?" +</P> + +<P> +"You are asking me?" said the reasoner. "I have no idea. We say that +it is not matter—" +</P> + +<P> +"But do you at least know what matter is?" +</P> + +<P> +"Certainly," replied the man. "For example this stone is grey, has +such and such a form, has three dimensions, is heavy and divisible." +</P> + +<P> +"Well!" said the Sirian, "this thing that appears to you to be +divisible, heavy, and grey, will you tell me what it is? You see some +attributes, but behind those, are you familiar with that? +</P> + +<P> +"No," said the other. +</P> + +<P> +"—So you do not know what matter is." +</P> + +<P> +So Micromegas, addressing another sage that he held on a thumb, asked +what his soul was, and what it did. +</P> + +<P> +"Nothing at all," said the Malebranchist philosopher[5]. "God does +everything for me. I see everything in him, I do everything in him; +it is he who does everything that I get mixed up in." +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[5] See the opuscule entitled "All in God" in <I>Miscellaneous</I> +(1796). +</P> + +<BR> + +<P> +"It would be just as well not to exist," retorted the sage of Sirius. +"And you, my friend," he said to a Leibnitzian who was there, "what +is your soul?" +</P> + +<P> +"It is," answered the Leibnitzian, "the hand of a clock that tells +the time while my body rings out. Or, if you like, it is my soul that +rings out while my body tells the time, or my soul is the mirror of +the universe, and my body is the border of the mirror. All that is +clear." +</P> + +<P> +A small partisan of Locke was nearby, and when he was finally given +the floor: "I do not know," said he, "how I think, but I know that I +have only ever thought through my senses. That there are immaterial +and intelligent substances I do not doubt, but that it is impossible +for God to communicate thought to matter I doubt very much. I revere +the eternal power. It is not my place to limit it. I affirm nothing, +and content myself with believing that many more things are possible +than one would think." +</P> + +<P> +The animal from Sirius smiled. He did not find this the least bit +sage, while the dwarf from Saturn would have kissed the sectarian of +Locke were it not for the extreme disproportion. But there was, +unfortunately, a little animalcule in a square hat who interrupted +all the other animalcule philosophers. He said that he knew the +secret: that everything would be found in the <I>Summa</I> of Saint +Thomas. He looked the two celestial inhabitants up and down. He +argued that their people, their worlds, their suns, their stars, had +all been made uniquely for mankind. At this speech, our two voyagers +nearly fell over with that inextinguishable laughter which, according +to Homer[6], is shared with the gods. Their shoulders and their +stomachs heaved up and down, and in these convulsions the vessel that +the Sirian had on his nail fell into one of the Saturnian's trouser +pockets. These two good men searched for it a long time, found it +finally, and tidied it up neatly. The Sirian resumed his discussion +with the little mites. He spoke to them with great kindness, although +in the depths of his heart he was a little angry that the infinitely +small had an almost infinitely great pride. He promised to make them +a beautiful philosophical book[7], written very small for their +usage, and said that in this book they would see the point of +everything. Indeed, he gave them this book before leaving. It was +taken to the academy of science in Paris, but when the ancient[8] +secretary opened it, he saw nothing but blank pages. "Ah!" he said, +"I suspected as much." +</P> + +<BR> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[6] Illiad, I, 599. B. +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[7] The edition that I believe to be original, and the one dated +1750, reads, "philosophical book, that would teach them of +admirable things, and show them the goodness of things." +</P> + +<P CLASS="footnote"> +[8] Although this scene occurs in 1737, as one saw in pages 177 to +188, one could assign the epithet of "old" to Fontenelle, who was +80 at that point, and who died 20 years later. In 1740 he resigned +from his position as perpetual secretary. +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR> + +<P CLASS="finis"> + END OF THE HISTORY OF MICROMEGAS.<BR> +</P> + +<BR><BR><BR><BR> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Romans -- Volume 3: Micromegas, by Voltaire + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANS -- VOLUME 3: MICROMEGAS *** + +***** This file should be named 30123-h.htm or 30123-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/1/2/30123/ + +Produced by Peter Phalen. HTML version by Al Haines. + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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