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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Horncastle, by James Conway
+Walter
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A History of Horncastle
+       from the earliest period to the present time
+
+
+Author: James Conway Walter
+
+
+
+Release Date: October 29, 2009  [eBook #30358]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF HORNCASTLE***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1908 W. K. Morton & Sons edition by David Price,
+email ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+ [Picture: SEAL OF SIMON DE ISLIP.  Vicar of Horncastle, 1349; Archbishop
+                        of Canterbury, 1349-1366]
+
+We are indebted for the engraving of this seal to the courtesy of Miss G.
+M. Bevan, author of _Portraits of the Archbishops of Canterbury_,
+published by Messrs. Mowbray & Co., London.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+                          HISTORY OF HORNCASTLE,
+                                 FROM THE
+                   EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME.
+
+
+                              _ILLUSTRATED_.
+
+                                    BY
+                           JAMES CONWAY WALTER,
+                                AUTHOR OF
+      _Records of Woodhall Spa and Neighbourhood_, _Parishes around
+                               Horncastle_,
+               _The Ayscoughs_, _The Coitani_, _&c._, _&c._
+
+                               HORNCASTLE:
+            W. K. MORTON & SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, HIGH STREET,
+                                  1908.
+
+              [Picture: Market Place and Stanhope Memorial]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The following pages may truthfully be said to be the result of labours,
+extending over many years, and of researches in directions too many to
+tell.
+
+Born within almost a mile of Horncastle, and only by a few months
+escaping being born in it, since his father, on first coming to the
+neighbourhood, resided for a time in Horncastle, {0} the author, from his
+earliest years (except for periodical absences) has been connected with
+the life, social or civil, of the place, probably more closely and more
+continuously, than any other person living, in like circumstances.
+
+The notes on which this compilation is based were begun more than 30
+years ago.  While writing a volume of _Records of more than_ 30 _Parishes
+around Horncastle_, published in 1904; and, before that, while describing
+about as many more, in a volume, _Woodhall Spa and Neighbourhood_,
+published in 1899, he had constantly in view the crowning of the series,
+by the history of the old town, round which these sixty, or more,
+parishes cluster; the haunt, if not quite the home, of his boyhood, and
+familiarized to him by a life-long connection.
+
+For this purpose sources of information have been tapped in every
+possible direction; of public institutions, the official records, and
+title deeds, where available, have been carefully consulted; especially
+should be here mentioned various deeds and charters, which are quoted in
+Chapter II, from the archives of Carlisle Cathedral, which have not
+hitherto been brought before the public, but of which the author has been
+allowed free use, through the courtesy of the librarian.  These are of
+special value, from the long connection of the Manor of Horncastle with
+the See of Carlisle.
+
+In other cases the author has been allowed the privilege of more private
+testimony; for instance, his old friend, the late Mr. John Overton (of a
+highly respectable family, for generations connected with the town and
+county), has most kindly given him the use of various family MS. notes,
+bearing on parish and other matters.  Mr. Henry Sharp has freely assisted
+him with most varied information, derived from long years of connection
+with the town, in public or private capacity.  The late Mr. Henry
+Boulton, ancestrally connected with various parts of the county, was
+remarkable for a mind stored with memories of persons and things, in town
+and neighbourhood, which he freely communicated to the author, who saw
+much of him in his later years.  While, last but not least, the late Mr.
+William Pacey, whether in his "Reminisences of Horncastle," which he
+contributed to the public newspapers, or in his personal conversations,
+which the present writer enjoyed for many years, yielded up to him
+treasure, collected by an indefatigable student of local lore, who
+entered into such work _con amore_.
+
+To all these the author would now fully, and gratefully, acknowledge his
+indebtedness; but for them this work could not have been produced in
+anything like its present fulness.  In some of the matters dealt with, as
+for instance in the accounts of the Grammar School, as well as in other
+portions, he may fairly say, in the language of "the pious AEneas"
+(slightly modified), "quorum pars (ipse) fui," (AEneid ii, 6); and in
+these he has drawn not a few of the details from his own recollections.
+
+In stringing these records together, of such varied character, and on
+subjects so numerous, he cannot but be conscious that, in the endeavour
+to give all possible information, and to omit nothing of real interest,
+he may, on the other hand, have laid himself open to the charge of being
+too diffuse, or even needlessly prolix.  Others not sharing his own
+interest in the subjects treated of, may think that he has occasionally
+"ridden his hobby too hard."  If this should be the judgment of any of
+his readers, he would crave their indulgence out of consideration for the
+motive.
+
+These are the days of historic "Pageants," drawn from life, and with
+living actors to illustrate them.  We have also our "Gossoping Guides,"
+to enable the tourist to realize more fully the meaning of the scenes
+which he visits.  From both of these the author "has taken his cue."  He
+had to cater for a variety of tastes; and while, for the general reader
+he has cast his discriptions in a colloquial, or even at times in a
+"gossoping," form, he believes that the old town, with its "Bull Ring,"
+its "Maypole Hill," its "Fighting Cocks," its "Julian Bower," and other
+old time memories, can still afford _pabulum_ for the more educated
+student, or the special antiquary.
+
+Like the composer of a Pageant play, his endeavour has been rather to
+clothe the scenes, which he conjures up, with the flesh and blood of
+quickened reality, than in the bare skin and bones of a dry-as-dust's
+rigid skeleton.  How far he has succeeded in this he leaves to others to
+decide; for himself he can honestly say, that it has not been from lack
+of care, enquiry, or labour, if he has fallen short of the ideal aimed
+at.
+
+                                  [Picture: Signature of J. Conway Walter]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                      CHAPTER I.                             PAGE
+
+PART I--PREHISTORIC.  Horncastle--its infancy                   1
+
+PART II--THE DIMLY HISTORIC PERIOD                              3
+
+                     CHAPTER II.
+
+RECORDS OF THE MANOR, &c., FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST            11
+
+                     CHAPTER III.
+
+ST. MARY'S CHURCH                                              33
+
+                     CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE CHURCH OF HOLY TRINITY                                     57
+
+                      CHAPTER V.
+
+NONCONFORMIST PLACES OF WORSHIP.
+
+   The Wesleyans                                               64
+
+   The Primitive Methodists                                    71
+
+   The Independents                                            77
+
+   The Baptist Chapel                                          84
+
+   The New Jerusalem Church                                    86
+
+                     CHAPTER VI.
+
+EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS--THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL                   91
+
+                     CHAPTER VII.
+
+WATSON'S FREE SCHOOL                                          108
+
+THE LANCASTERIAN AND THE BELL SCHOOLS                         111
+
+THE SCIENCE AND ART SCHOOL                                    112
+
+                    CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE DISPENSARY                                                119
+
+                     CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE CANAL                                                     126
+
+THE RAILWAY                                                   130
+
+                      CHAPTER X.
+
+WORKHOUSE OR UNION                                            133
+
+THE COURT HOUSE                                               135
+
+THE STANHOPE MEMORIAL                                         136
+
+THE CLERICAL CLUB                                             137
+
+THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE                                      139
+
+THE CORN EXCHANGE                                             140
+
+THE WHELPTON ALMHOUSES                                        142
+
+THE DRILL HALL                                                145
+
+                     CHAPTER XI.
+
+HORNCASTLE WORTHIES, &c.                                      151
+
+ODDITIES                                                      160
+
+PUBLICHOUSES                                                  161
+
+                      APPENDIX.
+
+THIMBLEBY                                                     165
+
+WEST ASHBY                                                    176
+
+HIGH TOYNTON                                                  180
+
+MAREHAM-ON-THE-HILL                                           183
+
+LOW TOYNTON                                                   185
+
+ROUGHTON                                                      188
+
+HALTHAM                                                       190
+
+MAREHAM-LE-FEN                                                192
+
+MOORBY                                                        198
+
+WOOD ENDERBY                                                  201
+
+CONINGSBY                                                     203
+
+WILKSBY                                                       207
+
+LANGRIVILLE                                                   209
+
+THORNTON-LE-FEN                                               210
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+
+Mammoth Tooth                                                        5
+
+Hammer Head                                                          7
+
+North-east corner of the Castle Wall                                 9
+
+Plan of Horncastle, 1819                                            15
+
+Plan of Horncastle, 1908                                            23
+
+St. Mary's Church                                                   35
+
+Brass of Sir Lionel Dymoke in St. Mary's Church                     42
+
+Ancient Scythes in St. Mary's Church                                48
+
+The Old Vicarage                                                    55
+
+Holy Trinity Church                                                 59
+
+Wesleyan Chapel                                                     65
+
+Wesleyan Day Schools                                                69
+
+Interior Congregational Chapel                                      79
+
+The New Jerusalem Church                                            87
+
+Rev. Thomas Lord                                                    90
+
+The Grammar School                                                  93
+
+Lord Clynton and Saye                                               97
+
+Successive Head Masters of the Grammar School, from 1818           101
+to 1907
+
+The Seal of the Grammar School                                     105
+
+The Market Place                                                   109
+
+St. Mary's Square                                                  113
+
+Bridge Street                                                      117
+
+High Street                                                        121
+
+The Bull Ring                                                      123
+
+The Canal                                                          127
+
+On the Canal                                                       129
+
+The Court House                                                    135
+
+The Stanhope Memorial                                              137
+
+Watermill Road during the Flood, Dec 31, 1900                      141
+
+West Street during the Flood, Dec. 31, 1900                        143
+
+Conging Street during the Flood, Dec. 31, 1900                     145
+
+The Stanch                                                         147
+
+Old Thatched Inn in the Bull Ring                                  163
+
+St. Margaret's Church, Thimbleby                                   171
+
+The Manor House, West Ashby                                        177
+
+All Saints' Church, West Ashby                                     179
+
+St. John the Baptist's Church, High Toynton                        181
+
+St. Peter's Church, Low Toynton                                    187
+
+St. Helen's Church, Mareham-le-Fen                                 193
+
+Wesleyan Chapel, Mareham-le-Fen                                    197
+
+St. Michael's Church, Coningsby                                    205
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+PART I--PREHISTORIC.  HORNCASTLE--ITS INFANCY.
+
+
+In dealing with what may be called "the dark ages" of local history, we
+are often compelled to be content with little more than reasonable
+conjecture.  Still, there are generally certain surviving data, in
+place-names, natural features, and so forth, which enable those who can
+detect them, and make use of them, to piece together something like a
+connected outline of what we may take, with some degree of probability,
+as an approximation to what have been actual facts, although lacking, at
+the time, the chronicler to record them.
+
+It is, however, by no means a mere exercise of the imagination, if we
+assume that the site of the present Horncastle was at a distant period a
+British settlement. {1a}  Dr. Brewer says, "nearly three-fourths of our
+Roman towns were built on British sites," (Introduction to _Beauties of
+England_, p. 7), and in the case of Horncastle, although there is nothing
+British in the name of the town itself, yet that people have undoubtedly
+here left their traces behind them.  The late Dr. Isaac Taylor {1b} says,
+"Rivers and mountains, as a rule, receive their names from the earliest
+races, towns and villages from later colonists."  The ideas of those
+early occupants were necessarily limited.  The hill which formed their
+stronghold against enemies, {1c} or which was the "high place" of their
+religious rites, {1d} and the river which was so essential to their daily
+existence, of these they felt the value, and therefore naturally
+distinguished them by name before anything else.  Thus the remark of an
+eloquent writer is generally true, who says "our mountains and rivers
+still murmur the voices of races long extirpated."  "There is hardly
+(says Dr. Taylor {2a}) throughout the whole of England a river name which
+is not Celtic," _i.e._ British.
+
+As the Briton here looked from the hill-side, down upon the valley
+beneath him, two of the chief objects to catch his eye would be the
+streams which watered it, and which there, as they do still, united their
+forces.  They would then also, probably, form a larger feature in the
+prospect than they do at the present day, for the local beds of gravel
+deposit would seem to indicate that these streams were formerly of
+considerably greater volume, watering a wider area, and probably having
+ramifications which formed shoals and islands. {2b}  The particular names
+by which the Briton designated the two main streams confirm this
+supposition.  In the one coming from the more distant wolds, he saw a
+stream bright and clear, meandering through the meadows which it
+fertilized, and this he named the "Bain," {2c} that word being Celtic for
+"bright" or "clear," a characteristic which still belongs to its waters,
+as the brewers of Horncastle assure us.  In the other stream, which runs
+a shorter and more rapid course, he saw a more turbid current, and to it
+he gave the name "Waring," {2d} which is the Celtic "garw" or "gerwin,"
+meaning "rough."  Each of these names, then, we may regard as what the
+poet Horace calls "nomen praesente nota productum," {2e} they are as good
+as coin stamped in the mint of a Cunobelin, or a Caradoc, bearing his
+"image and superscription," and after some 17 centuries of change, they
+are in circulation still.  So long as Horncastle is watered by the Bain
+and the Waring she will bear the brand of the British sway, once
+paramount in her valley.
+
+These river names, however, are not the only relics of the Britons found
+in Horncastle.  Two British urns were unearthed about 50 years ago, where
+is now the garden of the present vicarage, and another was found in the
+parish of Thornton, about a mile from the town, when the railway was
+being made in 1856.  The latter the present writer has seen, although it
+is now unfortunately lost. {2f}
+
+These Britons were a pastoral race, as Caesar, their conqueror, tells us,
+{2g} not cultivating much corn, but having large flocks and herds, living
+on the milk and flesh of their live stock, and clad in the skins of
+these, or of other animals taken in the chase.  The well-watered pastures
+of the Bain valley would afford excellent grazing for their cattle, while
+the extensive forests {2h} of the district around would provide them with
+the recreations of the chase, which also helped to make them the skilled
+warriors which the Romans found them to be. {3}  Much of these forests
+remained even down to comparatively recent times, and very large trees
+have been dug up, black with age, in fields within four or five miles of
+Horncastle, within very recent years, which the present writer has seen.
+
+Such were some of the earlier inhabitants of this locality, leaving their
+undoubted traces behind them, but no "local habitation" with a name; for
+that we are first indebted to the Romans, who, after finding the Briton a
+foe not unworthy of his steel, ultimately subjugated him and found him
+not an inapt pupil in Roman arts and civilization.  Of the aptitude of
+the Briton to learn from his conquerors we have evidence in the fact,
+mentioned by the Roman writer Eumenius, that when the Emperor Constantius
+wished to rebuild the town Augustodunum (now Antun) in Gaul, about the
+end of the 3rd century, he employed workmen chiefly from Britain, such
+was the change effected in our "rude forefathers" in 250 years.
+
+We may sum up our remarks on the Britons by saying that in them we have
+ancestors of whom we have no occasion to be ashamed.  They had a
+Christian church more than 300 years before St. Augustine visited our
+shores.  They yet survive in the sturdy fisher folk of Brittany; in those
+stout miners of Cornwall, who in the famed Botallack mine have bored
+under the ocean bed, the name Cornwall itself being Welsh (_i.e._
+British) for corner land; in the people who occupy the fastnesses of the
+Welsh mountains, as well as in the Gaels of the Scottish Highlands and
+the Erse of Ireland.  Their very speech is blended with our own.  Does
+the country labourer go to the Horncastle tailor to buy coat and
+breeches?  His British forefather, though clad chiefly in skins, called
+his upper garment his "cotta," his nether covering his "brages," scotice
+"breeks."  Brewer, _Introduction to Beauties of England_, p. 42.
+
+
+
+PART II--THE DIMLY HISTORIC PERIOD.
+
+
+The headquarters of the Roman forces in our own part of Britain were at
+York, where more than one Roman Emperor lived and died, but Lindum, now
+Lincoln, was an important station.  About A.D. 71 Petillius Cerealis was
+appointed governor of the province by the Emperor Vespasian, he was
+succeeded by Julius Frontinus, both being able generals.  From A.D. 78 to
+85 that admirable soldier and administrator, Julius Agricola, over-ran
+the whole of the north as far as the Grampians, establishing forts in all
+directions, and doubtless during these and the immediately succeeding
+years, a network of such stations would be constructed in our own
+country, connected by those splendid highways which the Romans carried,
+by the forced labour of the natives, through the length and breadth of
+their vast empire.
+
+Coins of nearly all the Roman Emperors have been found at Horncastle; one
+was brought to the present writer in the 1st year of the 20th century,
+bearing the superscription of the Emperor Severus, who died at York A.D.,
+211.
+
+
+NOTE ON ANCIENT COINS FOUND AT HORNCASTLE.
+
+
+The following list of Roman and other coins found at Horncastle, has been
+supplied by the Rev. J. A. Penny, Vicar of Wispington, who has them in
+his own possession.
+
+Consular, denarius, silver.
+OEs grave, or Roman as, heavy brass.
+Augustus, quinarius (half denarius).  B.C. 27-A.D. 14.
+Claudius, brass, of three different sizes.  A.D. 41-54.
+Vespasian, denarius, silver.  A.D. 69-79.
+Domitian, brass.  A.D. 81-96.
+Nerva, brass.  A.D. 96-98.
+Trajan, brass, of two sizes.  A.D. 98-117.
+Hadrian, brass.  A.D. 117-138.
+Antoninus Pius, denarius, silver.  A.D. 138-161.
+Faustina I., his wife, brass.
+Lucius Verus, brass.  A.D. 161-169.
+Marcus Aurelius, brass.  A D. 161-180.
+Faustina II., his wife, brass.
+Caracalla, denarius, silver.  A.D. 211-217.
+Julia Saemias, mother of Emperor Heliogabalus, denarius, silver.  A.D.
+218-222.
+Gordian III., denarius, silver.  A.D. 238-244.
+Philip I., brass.  A.D. 244-249.
+Hostilian, denarius, silver.  A.D. 249-251.
+Gallienus, brass.  A.D. 253-268.
+Salomia, his wife, brass.
+Victorinus, brass (Emperor in West).  A.D. 253-260.  (10 varieties).
+Marius, brass (Emperor in West).  A.D. 267.
+Claudius II. (or Gothicus), brass.  A.D. 268-270.
+Tetricus I., brass (Emperor in Gaul).  A.D. 270-273.
+Tetricus II., brass (Emperor in Gaul).  A.D. 270-274.
+Probus, brass.  A.D. 276-282.
+Diocletian, copper, a new kind of coin named a "follis."  A.D. 284-305.
+Maximian, copper, a "follis."  A.D. 286-305.
+Alectus, brass (Emperor in Britain).  A.D. 293-296.
+Constantius Chlorus, brass.  A.D. 305-306.
+Maxentius, copper, a "follis."  A.D. 306-312.
+Constantine the Great, brass.  A.D. 306-337.
+Crispus, brass.  A.D. 326.
+Magnentius, brass (Emperor in Gaul and Britain).  A.D. 350-353.
+Constantine II., brass (struck in London).  A.D. 337-340.
+Constans, brass.  A.D. 337-350.
+Constantius II., brass.  A.D. 337-361.
+Valens, brass.  A.D. 364-378.
+Gratian, brass.  A.D. 375-383.
+Theodosius I., brass.  A.D. 379-395.
+Arcadius, brass (Emperor in East).  A.D. 395-408.
+Honorius, brass (Emperor in West).  A.D. 395-423.
+Byzantine coin, bronze, date not known exactly but later than Honorius,
+so showing that the Romans held Horncastle against Saxon invaders.
+
+ [Picture: Mammoth Tooth from gravel of River Bain, south of Horncastle.
+  Weight 2-lbs 6-oz., length 5.25-in., breadth 6.5-in., thickness 2-in.]
+
+A Roman milestone was discovered in the Bail, at Lincoln, in 1891, {5a}
+inscribed with the name of Marcus Piavonius Victorinus, who commanded in
+Gaul and Britain, and which must have been set up during his period of
+office, about A D. 267.  The site of this was the point of intersection
+of the two main streets, which would be the centre of the Roman Forum at
+Lindum, one of these streets leading to Horncastle; from Horncastle also
+there branched off, as will be hereafter noted, several main Roman roads.
+
+As Horncastle stands on the banks of the river Bain it has been taken by
+Stukeley, the antiquarian, and by others following him, {5b} to have been
+the Roman Banovallum or "Fort on the Bain," mentioned by the Roman
+geographer of Ravenna; {5c} although, however, most probably correct,
+this is a mere conjecture.  On the road between Horncastle and Lincoln we
+have the village of Baumber, also called Bamburgh, and this latter form
+of the name might well mean a "burgh," or fort, on the Bain, the river
+running just below the village.  The two names, however, might well exist
+at different periods.  It may be here mentioned that this form, Bamburg,
+is found in _Harleian Charter_ 56, c. i, B.M., dated at Wodehalle,
+December, 1328.
+
+Tacitus, the Roman historian, {5e} tells us that the Romans "wore out the
+bodies and hands of the Britons in opening out the forests, and paving or
+fortifying the roads," and we can well imagine that those skilled
+generals would see the advantageous position for a stronghold in the
+angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, and would employ the
+subjugated Britons of the locality in constructing, it may be, at first
+only a rude fort, protected on two sides by the streams and in the rear
+by a "vallum," or embankment, and that on the site thus secured and
+already a native stronghold, they would, at a later period, erect the
+"castrum," of which massive fragments still remain, testifying to its
+great strength.
+
+These remains, indeed, in almost their whole course can be traced through
+present-day gardens and back premises, shewing the four sides of an
+irregular parallelogram.  Their dimensions, roughly speaking, are on the
+north and south sides about 600-ft., by about 350-ft. at the eastern, and
+300-ft. at the western end, their thickness being about 16-ft.  The
+material employed was the Spilsby sandstone, obtainable within five
+miles, cemented by course grouting poured into the interstices between
+the massive blocks.  These walls inclose a portion of the High Street as
+far eastward as the site of the present Corn Exchange, westward they
+include the present manor house and form the boundary of the churchyard
+in that direction.  On the north they run at the back of the houses on
+that side of the Market Place, and on the south they extend from St.
+Mary's Square, past the Grammar School, and through sundry yards,
+parallel with the branch of the canal, which is the old Waring river.
+The masonry of these walls, as now seen, is very rude.  It is supposed
+that, originally as built by the Romans, they had an external coating of
+neat structure, but this has entirely disappeared, it is still, however,
+to be seen in the wells, which are next to be described.
+
+In a cellar, south of the High Street, at a baker's shop, and close to
+the eastern wall of the castle, is a Roman well; there is another close
+to the north-east angle of the castle walls, in what is called Dog-kennel
+Yard, and a third just within the western wall, near the present National
+Schools.  Thus, although the two rivers were without the castle walls,
+the Roman garrison was well supplied with water.
+
+The Roman roads branching from the town were (1st) the "Ramper," {6a} as
+it is still called, running north-west, and connecting it with the Roman
+station Lindum; from this, at Baumber, {6b} distant about 4 miles, a
+branch running northwards led to the Roman Castrum, now Caistor; (2nd)
+north-eastwards _via_ West Ashby, being the highway to Louth, the Roman
+Luda; (3rd) eastwards, by High Toynton, Greetham, &c, to Waynflete, the
+Roman Vain-ona; (4th) southward, by Dalderby, Haltham, &c., to Leeds
+Gate, Chapel Hill, and there crossing the river Witham to Sleaford and
+Ancaster, the Roman Causennae, situated on the great Roman Ermin Street.
+This also was continued to another Roman Castrum, now Castor, near
+Peterborough; (5th) south-west, by Thornton, &c., to Tattershall, locally
+supposed to have been the Roman Durobrivae, and where traces of a Roman
+camp still remain.
+
+Besides these Roman _viae_ and Roman coins, quite an abundance of Roman
+pottery has from time to time been unearthed, and fragments are
+continually being found in gardens in the town.  A collection of these,
+probably cinerary urns, was preserved until quite recently in the library
+of the Mechanics' Institute, where the writer has frequently seen them,
+{7a} they varied in height from 8 inches to 18 inches.  Unfortunately,
+for lack of funds, that institution was broken up about 1890, the books
+were stowed away in a room at the workhouse, a valuable collection, and
+the urns were sold by the late Mr. Joseph Willson, who acted as sole
+trustee.  Other Roman relics have been fragments of mortars of white
+clay, found on the site of the present union, one bearing the word
+"fecit," though the maker's name was lost.  Portions also of Samian ware
+have been found, one stamped with a leopard and stag, another bearing
+part of the potter's name, ILIANI; with fragments of hand-mills, fibulae,
+&c. {7b}  The present writer has two jars, or bottles, of buff coloured
+ware, of which about a dozen were dug up when the foundations of the
+workhouse were being laid in 1838, they are probably Samian, a friend
+having exactly similar vessels which she brought from Cyprus.  The writer
+has in his possession the head of a porphyritic mallet which was found in
+a garden in the south of the town a few years ago, it is probably Roman;
+the handle, which would be of wood, had entirely disappeared; it is much
+"pitted" through damp and age, is 6.5 inches long and weighs 3-lb. 9-oz.
+
+   [Picture: Hammer Head, found near the Wong, length 6.625-in., width
+ 3.875-in. weight 3.5-lb.; of porphyry from the Cheviot region, Neolithic
+         period.  The stone was probably part of a large boulder]
+
+A discovery of further interesting Roman relics of another kind was made
+in 1896.  The owner of a garden near Queen Street, in the south-eastern
+part of the town, was digging up an apple tree when he came across a fine
+bed of gravel.  Continuing the digging, in order to find the thickness of
+this deposit, his spade struck against a hard substance, which proved to
+be a lead coffin.  After this had been examined by others invited to
+inspect it, without any satisfactory result, the present writer was
+requested to conduct further investigation.  The coffin was found to be
+5-ft. 2-in. in length, containing the skeleton, rather shorter, of a
+female.  A few days later a second coffin was found, lying parallel to
+the first, 5-ft. 7-in. in length, the bones of the skeleton within being
+larger and evidently those of a male.  Subsequently fragments of decayed
+wood and long iron nails and clamps were found, showing that the leaden
+coffins had originally been enclosed in wooden cases.  Both these coffins
+lay east and west.  A description was sent to a well-known antiquarian,
+the late Mr. John Bellows of Gloucester, and he stated that if the lead
+had an admixture of tin they were Roman, if no tin, post-Roman.  The lead
+was afterwards analysed by Professor Church, of Kew, and by the
+analytical chemist of Messrs. Kynoch & Co., of Birmingham, with the
+result that there was found to be a percentage of 1.65 of tin to 97.08 of
+lead and 1.3 of oxygen, "the metal slightly oxidised."  It was thus
+proved that the coffins were those of Romans, their "orientation"
+implying that they were Christian.  It should be added that three similar
+coffins were found in the year 1872, when the foundations were being laid
+of the New Jerusalem Chapel in Croft Street, within some 100 yards of the
+two already described; and further, as confirmatory of their being Roman,
+a lead coffin was also found in the churchyard of Baumber, on the
+restoration of the church there in 1892, this being close to the Roman
+road (already mentioned) between the old Roman stations Banovallum and
+Lindum.  Lead coffins have also been found in the Roman cemeteries at
+Colchester, York, and at other places. {8}
+
+As another interesting case of Roman relics found in Horncastle, I give
+the following:--In 1894 I exhibited, at a meeting of our Archaeological
+Society, some small clay pipes which had recently been dug up along with
+a copper coin of the Emperor Constantine, just within the western wall of
+the old castle, near the present Manor House.  They were evidently very
+old and of peculiar make, being short in stem with small bowl set at an
+obtuse angle.  They were said at the time to be Roman, but since tobacco
+was not introduced till the reign of Elizabeth that idea was rejected.
+In the year 1904, however, a large quantity of fragments of similar clay
+pipes were found in the ruins of the Roman fort of Aliso, near Halteren
+on the river Lippe, in Western Germany, some of rude structure, some
+decorated with figures and Roman characters.  They were lying at a depth
+of 9 feet below the surface, and had evidently lain undisturbed since the
+time of the Roman occupation.  From the marks upon them it was manifest
+that they had been used, and it is now known from the statements of the
+Roman historian Pliny, and the Greek Herodotus, that the use of narcotic
+fumes was not unknown to the Romans, as well as to other ancient nations;
+the material used was hemp seed and cypress grass.  In the Berlin
+Ethnological Museum, also, vessels of clay are preserved, which are
+supposed to have been used for a like purpose.  This discovery, then, at
+Horncastle is very interesting as adding to our Roman remains, and we may
+picture to ourselves the Roman sentinel taking his beat on the old castle
+walls and solacing himself, after the manner of his countrymen, with his
+pipe.  (An account of this later discovery is given in a German
+scientific review for August, 1904, quoted _Standard_, August 12, 1904).
+
+Of what may be called the close of this early historic period in
+connection with Horncastle there is little more to be said.  The Roman
+forces withdrew from Britain about A.D. 408.  The Britons harried by
+their northern neighbours, the Picts and Scots, applied for assistance to
+the Saxons, who, coming at first as friends, but led to stay by the
+attractions of the country, gradually over-ran the land and themselves in
+turn over-mastered the Britons, driving them into Wales and Cornwall.
+The only matter of interest in connection with Horncastle, in this
+struggle between Saxon and Briton, is that about the end of the 5th
+century the Saxon King Horsa, with his brother Hengist, who had greatly
+improved the fort at Horncastle, were defeated in a fight at Tetford by
+the Britons under their leader Raengeires, and the British King caused
+the walls to be nearly demolished and the place rendered defenceless.
+(Leland's _Collectanea_, vol i, pt. ii, p. 509).
+
+   [Picture: North-east corner of the Castle Wall, in Dog-kennel Yard]
+
+The Saxons in their turn, towards the close of the 8th century, were
+harassed by marauding incursions of the Danes, {9} which continued,
+though temporarily checked by Kings Egbert and Alfred, through many
+years, both nations eventually settling side by side, until both alike in
+the 11th century became subject to their Norman conquerors.  The traces
+of these peoples are still apparent in Horncastle and its soke, since of
+its 13 parish names, three, High Toynton, Low Toynton and Roughton have
+the Saxon suffix "ton"; three, Mareham-on-the-Hill, Mareham-le-Fen and
+Haltham terminate in the Saxon "ham," and six, Thimbleby, West Ashby,
+Wood Enderby, Moorby, Wilksby and Coningsby have the Danish suffix "by."
+The name of the town itself is Saxon, Horn-castle, or more anciently
+Hyrne-ceastre, _i.e._ the castle in the corner, {10} or angle, formed by
+the junction of the two rivers; that junction was, within comparatively
+modern times, not where it is now, but some 200 yards eastward, on the
+other side of the field called "The Holms," where there is still a muddy
+ditch.
+
+So far our account of the town has been based mainly upon etymological
+evidence, derived from river and place names, with a few scanty and
+scattered records.  As we arrive at the Norman period we shall have to
+deal with more direct documentary testimony, which may well form another
+chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+RECORDS OF THE MANOR, &c., FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST.
+
+
+A recent historian {11a} has said "In the 13th century the northern
+counties of England were so unsettled that there was little security
+north of the Humber, and in 1250 the powerful Bishop of Carlisle found it
+necessary to buy the manor of Horncastle (his own residence in the north,
+Rose Castle, having been destroyed by marauders), and the Pope granted
+him the Parish Church (of Horncastle) for his use;" {11b} but we can
+carry our history back to a considerably earlier period than this.  As a
+former Roman station, doubtless, and of even earlier origin than that,
+Horncastle had become a place of some importance, and so, even before the
+Norman conquest the manor was royal property, since _Domesday Book_
+states that King Edward the Confessor bestowed it upon his Queen, Editha.
+Edward died January 5, 1066, and his possessions naturally passed to his
+successor, the Conqueror.  Its subsequent history for a few years we do
+not know, but in the reign of Stephen the manor was held by Adelias, or
+Adelidis, (Alice or Adelaide) de Cundi, daughter of William de Cheney
+{11c} (a name still known in the county), who was Lord of Glentham and
+Caenby, two parishes near Brigg.  She had a castle in this town, the site
+of which is not now known, but it was probably a restoration in whole, or
+in part, of the old fortress.  She took part against the King in his
+quarrel with the Empress Maud, and her estates were confiscated by
+Stephen, they were, however, subsequently restored to her on condition
+that she should demolish her castle.
+
+On her death the manor reverted to the crown and was granted by Henry II.
+to a Fleming noble, Gerbald de Escald, who held it for one knight's fee.
+{12a}  He was succeeded by his grandson and heir, Gerard de Rhodes, {12b}
+whose son, Ralph de Rhodes, sold it to Walter Mauclerk, {12c} Bishop of
+Carlisle, and Treasurer of the Exchequer under Henry III.  In the reign
+of Richard II. Roger la Scrope and Margaret his wife, with Robert Tibetot
+and son, his wife, as descendants of Gerbald de Escald, {12d} put in a
+claim for the manor and obtained letters patent, by which the episcopal
+possessor was bound to do them homage, but this was only for a brief
+period, and they then disappear from the scene.
+
+The manor remained a possession of the bishops of Carlisle until the
+reign of Edward VI., when, by licence of the King, it was sold by Bishop
+Aldrich in 1547 to Edward, Lord Clinton. {12e}  In the reign of Mary he
+was compelled to re-convey it to the see of Carlisle. {12f}  Queen
+Elizabeth took a lease of it under the then possessing bishop, in which
+she was succeeded by James I.  He assigned it to Sir Edward Clinton,
+knt., but through neglect of enrolment this became void. {12g}  In the
+reign of Charles II. the former charters were renewed, {12h} and the
+bishops of Carlisle remained lords of the manor until 1856, when it was
+transferred, with the patronage of some of the benefices within the soke,
+to the Bishop of Lincoln.  Thus from the reign of Edward the Confessor to
+that of Charles II., a period of about 600 years, broken by brief
+intervals of alienation, Horncastle was connected with royalty.
+
+The lease of the manor was held, under the bishops of Carlisle by Sir
+Joseph Banks and his ancestors for nearly a century, the lease of Sir
+Joseph himself being dated 21 March, 1803, and renewed 1 June, 1811.  He
+died in 1820 and was succeeded by his relative the Honble. James Hamilton
+Stanhope and, three years later, by James Banks Stanhope, Esq., then a
+minor, who, at a later period (in 1885) transferred all his rights to his
+cousin, the late Right Honble. Edward Stanhope, whose widow became lady
+of the manor and at whose death, in 1907, the lordship reverted to the
+Honble. Richard Stanhope, son of the present Earl Stanhope.  Mr. Banks
+Stanhope died January 18th, 1904, aged 82, having been a generous
+benefactor to Horncastle and the neighbourhood.
+
+We have here given a very condensed account of the ownership of this
+manor from the reign of Edward the Confessor to the present time, a
+period of nearly 840 years.  Having had access to the episcopal archives
+of Carlisle, so long connected with Horncastle, we are able to confirm
+several of the above details from documents still existing, which we now
+proceed to do.
+
+It has been stated that the manor of Horncastle was conferred upon Queen
+Editha by her husband, Edward the Confessor.  In confirmation of this we
+find the following: In the reign of Charles I. the Vicar of Horncastle,
+Thomas Gibson, presented a petition claiming tithe for certain mills
+called "Hall Mills," with a close adjoining called "Mill Holmes," as
+belonging to the glebe.  The tenant, William Davidson, resisted, arguing
+that he had paid no tithes to the previous vicar, Robert Holingshed, that
+the mills were erected before the conquest and were part of the jointure
+of Queen Editha, as stated in _Domesday Book_, and were therefore part of
+the manor, not of the vicar's glebe.  The result is not recorded, but
+doubtless the tenant was right. {13a}  The passage here quoted from
+_Domesday Book_ is the following: "In Horncastre Queen Editha had 3
+carucates of land, free of gelt.  This land is now 4 carucates.  The King
+has there 2 carucates in demesne (_i.e._ as his manor), with 29 villeins
+and 12 bordars, who have (among them) 3 carucates.  There are 2 mills
+worth 26s. yearly, and 100 acres of meadow.  In King Edward's time the
+annual value was 20 pounds, now it is 44 pounds." {13b}  These two mills
+and the meadow were doubtless those in dispute between the vicar and
+tenant in the reign of Charles I., the date of _Domesday_ being about
+1085, or 540 years earlier.  They were plainly part of the royal manor
+and not at all connected with the glebe.
+
+All this, however, proves that the manor of Horncastle belonged to King
+Edward the Confessor before the conquest, and 360 acres of it were
+assigned to his consort, Queen Editha.  The expansion of the 3 carucates
+into 4, mentioned in _Domesday Book_, was probably (as in many other
+recorded cases) due to the reclamation of land hitherto waste in flood or
+forest.
+
+On the death of King Edward in 1066 the royal demesnes naturally passed
+to his successor and kinsman, William the Conqueror, and in due course to
+the successive Norman kings of his line.
+
+The connection of Horncastle with the sovereign is shown in various ways.
+Documents relating to the earlier kings are naturally rare, since for
+many years law courts were hardly yet established, the royal power being
+rather that of "might" than of "right." {13c}  Even the sale, or
+devising, of property could only be legally effected by the king's
+licence.  Among the Carlisle papers connected with Horncastle is one
+which shows that a matter which in modern times would be settled by the
+parish overseers, or more recently by the Urban Council, was to be
+formerly carried out only by the royal sanction.  There is a Patent Roll
+of the 13th year of King Richard II. (pt. 1, m. 3) entitled "Concerning
+the paving of Horncastre," and running as follows:--"The King to the
+Bailiff and proved men of the vill of Horncastre, greeting.  Know, that
+in aid of paving your said vill, of our special grace we have granted to
+you, that from the day of the making of these presents to the end of 3
+years, you may take, for things coming to the said vill for sale, the
+customs underwritten."  Then follows a long list of articles for sale, of
+which we can only specify a few here, viz.: "For every horse load of
+corn, 0.25d., for every dole of wine, 2d.; for every pipe of ditto, 1s.;
+for every hide, fresh, salt, or tanned, 0.25d.; for 100 skins of roebucks
+(it seems that there were wild deer in those days), hares, rabbits,
+foxes, or squirrels, 0.5d.; for every horse load of cloth, 0.5d.; for
+every cloth of worstede, called 'coverlyt,' value 40s., 1d.; for every
+100 of linen web of Aylesham, 1d.; for every chief of strong cendal
+(silk) 1d.; for 100 mullets, salt or dry, 1d.; for every cart of fish,
+1d.; for every horse load of sea fish, 0.25d.; for every salmon, 0.25d.;
+for every last of herrings (12 barrels), 6d.; for every horse load of
+honey, 1d.; for every wey of tallow (256 lbs.), 1d.; for every milstone,
+0.5d.; for 1,000 turfs, 0.25d.  For every other kind of merchandise not
+here specified, of value 5s. and over, 0.25d.; and the term of 3 years
+being ended, the said customs shall cease.  Witness the King, at
+Westminster, 9 Nov., 1389."
+
+Truly the kingly government was a paternal one to take cognizance of such
+petty local matters.  The "coggle" pavement of Horncastle is often
+complained of, but at least it had the royal sanction.
+
+A Roll of the 18th year of Edward III. (m 8), dated Westminster, 28 June,
+1344, is directed "to his very dear and faithful John de Kirketon, Fitz
+Hugh de Cressy," (and others) assigning them "to choose and array 100 men
+at arms in the County of Lincoln," and (among others) "6 hoblers in the
+vill of Horncastre, to be at Portsmouth, to set out with the King against
+Philip VI., de Valesco (Valois)."  This was the beginning of the campaign
+of Edward and his son the Black Prince, which terminated with the
+glorious battle of Cressy and the capture of Calais.  "Hoblers" were a
+sort of yeomanry who, by the terms of their tenure of land were bound to
+keep a light "nag" for military service.
+
+A Domestic State Paper of Queen Elizabeth (Vol. 51, No. 12, III) contains
+the "Certificate of the town and soke of Horncastle to the artycles of
+the Queen's Majesty's most Honorable Pryvye Councell," dated 27 June,
+1569, shewing what "soldiers were furnished and went forth under Captaine
+Carsey."  These were formerly the well-known local troops called
+"trainbands."  The paper contains, further, accounts of payments for
+"towne common armour, jerkyns, swords, daggers, corslettes, 1 caline
+(piece of ordnance), conduct money (_i.e._ hire money), pioneers,
+victuals," &c.  Accounts rendered by Thomas Hamerton, Arthur Patchytt,
+Thomas Raythbeake (all formerly well known names in the town), and
+others.
+
+The head of the Carsey family was the owner of the Revesby Abbey Estate,
+and as such was lesse of the manor of Horncastle under the Bishop of
+Carlisle.  They sold their property, in 1575, to Thomas Cecil, son of
+Lord Treasurer Burleigh.
+
+There is another Carlisle document in connection with these trained bands
+among the same Domestic State Papers of Queen Elizabeth (Vol. 199, No.
+7), in which the Earl of Rutland writes to Anthony Thorold, sheriff, that
+he has instructions "from the Lords of the Counsaile to put in strength
+the power of the realme for the maritime counties," and he asks him to
+"choose captaines for the yet untrained companies, and to supply the
+place of Mr. John Savile for Horncastle."  N.B.--The Saviles owned
+Poolham Hall in Edlington.  On this (State Papers, Eliz., Vol. 199, No.
+72) the Earl writes to Mr. Valentine Brown that he thinks him "meete to
+supply the place for Horncastle," dated London, 29 March, 1586-7.  Sir
+Valentine Brown was of Croft and East Kirkby, and Treasurer of Ireland;
+he married the daughter of Sir John Monson, ancestor of the present Lord
+Oxenbridge.
+
+Among the Domestic State Papers of Charles I. (Vol. 376, No. 123), is a
+petition from the inhabitants of Horncastle to Sir Anthony Irbie, Knt.,
+sheriff of the county, complaining that the town was over-rated for the
+payment of "ship-money," and praying for a reduction of the same.  The
+county was charged 8,000 pounds.  This rate, levied to maintain the navy,
+created widespread dissatisfaction and eventually led to the revolution.
+It was included among the grievances against which public protests were
+made in 1641.  The five judges who pronounced in its favour were
+imprisoned, and Hampden received a wound in a skirmish with Prince
+Rupert, from which he died, June 24, 1643.  Petitions were also presented
+to Sir Edward Hussey, sheriff, 1636-7, as given in Domestic State Papers,
+Charles I., Vol. 345, No. 42.
+
+                        [Picture: Horncastle map]
+
+It has been already stated that in the reign of Stephen this manor was
+held by Adelias, or Adelidis, de Cundi.  How this came about is not quite
+clear, whether it was inherited from her father, William de Cheney, who
+was probably among the Normans invited to immigrate by Edward the
+Confessor, since it would seem that at the time of the conquest he was
+already a large owner in the county, or from her husband, Robert de
+Cundi, a Fleming, probably named from the town and fortress of Conde on
+the frontier of France, situated on the Scheldt, in the department du
+Nord.  There is, however, evidence to show that she had other possessions
+of considerable value apparently in her own right in Nottinghamshire and
+Kent, as well as Lincolnshire. {16a}  She is described by the old
+chronicler, Geoffrey Gairmar, {16b} as a great patroness of learning and
+literature.
+
+The Cheneys, or Chesneys, were apparently of foreign extraction, as
+implied by their appellation "de Casineto."  They had considerable
+influence at various periods, one of them being knighted, another made a
+baron by Queen Elizabeth. {16c}  One, Robert de Cheney, was a powerful
+Bishop of Lincoln (A.D. 1147-67) and built one of the finest castles in
+England, the ruins of which still remain in the Palace grounds at
+Lincoln. {16d}  The Cheney pedigree is given in _The Genealogist_ of
+July, 1901.  They seem to have settled in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire,
+as well as in Lincolnshire.  Sir Thomas Cheney, K.G., was Lord Warden of
+the Cinque Ports in the latter part of the 16th century.  The Cheneys
+fell into decay towards the end of the 17th century, and at the beginning
+of the 18th century we find them in trade at Boston.  About 1750 William
+Garfit of Boston married Mary, daughter of Thomas Cheney, and the name,
+as a Christian name, still survives in that family.  The Cheneys, we may
+add, were among the ancestors of the Willoughbys, {16e} and the parish of
+Cheneys, in Bucks., doubtless named after them, is now the property of
+the Duke of Bedford.
+
+The granddaughter of Adelias de Cundi, Agnes, {16f} married Walter, son
+of Walter de Clifford of Clifford Castle, Hereford.  Walter Clifford is
+named in the first great charter of Henry III. (A.D. 1216), along with
+the great nobles Walter de Lacy, William de Ferrars, Earl of Derby,
+William, Earl of Albemarle, and others.
+
+William de Cheney, already mentioned as father of Adelias de Cundi, was
+"Lord of Caenby and Glentham," and Walter de Clifford also is mentioned
+in the charters of Barlings Abbey as giving to that monastery lands in
+Caenby and Glentham, along with the above Walter de Lacy.  The great
+feature of the reign of Stephen was the large number of castles erected
+by lords who were almost more powerful than their sovereign, and Adelias
+built her castle at Horncastle, where she resided in great state until,
+on her favouring the cause of the Empress Maud, daughter of the previous
+king, Henry I. (whereas Stephen was only his nephew), her lands were
+confiscated, and, as we have already seen, only restored on condition
+that her castle was demolished. {17a}  This restoration was, however,
+only for life and on her demise the manor reverted to the crown.
+
+The manor was next granted by Henry II. to Gerbald de Escald, a Flemish
+noble. {17b}  This is shewn by a record still preserved at Carlisle,
+dated 1274-5.  In the reign of Edward I. an inquisition was made at
+Lincoln, before 12 jurors of the soke of Horncastle, among the
+Commissioners being John de Haltham, Anselm de Rugthon (Roughton), Thomas
+de Camera (_i.e._ Chambers) of Horncastre, the King's Justices and
+others, when it was declared that "the Lord Henry III., the father of
+King Edward who now is, once had the manor of Horncastre, and he
+enfeoffed Gerbald de Escald, a knight of Flanders, thereof, for his
+service, viz., by doing one knight's fee for the Lord the King."
+
+Gerbald was succeeded by his grandson and heir, Gerard de Rhodes.  This
+is shewn by a Carlisle document. {17c}  A dispute arose between Hugh, son
+of Ralph (surname not given) and Gerard de Rhodes, concerning the manor
+and soke of Horncastle, the advowson of the church, &c., which were
+claimed by the said Hugh; but a compromise was effected, 400 marks being
+paid to Hugh, and Gerard de Rhodes left in undisputed possession.
+
+It has been thought probable that this Ralph, father of Hugh, was
+Ranulph, Earl of Chester, who was lord of the manors of Revesby and
+Hareby, and had other possessions in the neighbourhood.  He, it is
+supposed, held the manor of Horncastle, as trustee, during the minority
+of Gerard.  Gerard was, in due course, succeeded by his son and heir,
+Ralph de Rhodes, in the reign of Henry III.  This again is proved by a
+Feet of Fines, {17d} which records an "agreement made in the court of the
+Lord King at Westminster (3 Feb., A.D. 1224-5), between Henry del Ortiay
+and Sabina his wife on the one part, and the said Ralph de Rhodes on the
+other part," whereby the former acknowledge certain lands and
+appurtenances in Horncastle and its soke to be the property of the said
+Ralph, and he grants to them, as his tenants, certain lands; they, in
+acknowledgement, "rendering him therefor, by the year, one pair of gilt
+spurs at Easter for all service and exactions."
+
+We have now reached another stage in the tenure of this manor and find
+ourselves once more at the point where the present chapter opened.
+Hitherto the manor had been held "in capite" (or "in chief") of the king
+by lay lords, or, in the two cases of Queen Editha and Adelias de Condi,
+by a lady; but in this reign Walter Mauclerk, the third Bishop of
+Carlisle, purchased the manor from Ralph de Rhodes.  He was himself a
+powerful Norman and held the office of Treasurer of the Exchequer (a
+common combination of civil and ecclesiastical duties in those days), but
+now he and his successors were bound "to do suit and service to Ralph and
+his heirs."  This purchase is proved by a Lincoln document called a "Plea
+Quo Warranto," which records a case argued before the Justices Itinerant,
+in the reign of Edward I., when it was stated that Ralph de Rhodes
+"enfeoffed Walter Mauclerk to hold the church, manor and appurtenances in
+Horncastre, to him and his heirs, of the gift of the said Ralph." {18a}
+That the Bishop, although an ecclesiastic, was bound to do service to the
+heirs of Ralph is shown by another document, {18b} in which John, son of
+Gerard de Rhodes, a descendant of Ralph, makes a grant to certain parties
+of "the homage and whole service of the Bishop of Carlisle, and his
+successors, for the manor (&c.) of Horncastre, which Gerard, son of
+Gerard my brother, granted to me."  This is dated the 13th year of Edward
+I., 1285, whereas the actual sale of the manor took place in the reign of
+Henry III., A.D. 1230, and was confirmed by the king in the same year.
+{18c}
+
+We have called this another stage in the tenure of this manor and for
+this reason, an ecclesiastic of high rank, with the authority of the Pope
+of Rome at his back, was a more powerful subject than any lay baron, and
+this influence soon shewed itself, for while the lay lords of the manor
+had been content with doing their service to the king, and exacting
+service from those holding under them, the Bishop of Carlisle, in the
+first year of his tenure, obtained from the king three charters,
+conferring on the town of Horncastle immunities and privileges, which had
+the effect of raising the town from the status of little more than a
+village to that of the general mart of the surrounding country.  The
+first of these charters gave the bishop, as lord of the manor, the right
+of free warren throughout the soke {18d}; the second gave him licence to
+hold an annual fair two days before the feast of St. Barnabas (June 11),
+to continue eight days; the third empowered him to hang felons.  An
+additional charter was granted in the following year empowering the
+bishop to hold a weekly market on Wednesday (die Mercurii), which was
+afterwards changed to Saturday, on which day it is still held; also to
+hold another fair on the eve of the Feast of St. Laurence (Aug. 10th), to
+continue seven days. {18e}
+
+We here quote a few words of the original Carlisle charter, as shewing
+the style of such documents in those days: "Henry to all Bishops,
+Bailiffs, Provosts, servants, &c., health.  Know that we, by the guidance
+of God, and for the health of our soul, and of the souls of our ancestors
+and descendants, have granted, and confirmed by this present charter, to
+God, and the church of the blessed Mary of Carlisle, and to the Venerable
+Father, Walter, Bishop of Carlisle," &c.  It then goes on to specify,
+among other privileges, that the bishop shall have "all chattells of
+felons and fugitives, all amerciaments and fines from all men and tenants
+of the manor and soke; that the bishop and his successors shall be quit
+for ever to the king of all mercies, fines (&c.), that no constable of
+the king shall have power of entry, but that the whole shall pertain to
+the said bishop, except attachments touching pleas of the crown, and that
+all chattells, &c., either in the king's court, or any other, shall be
+the bishop's."  Then follow cases in which chattells of Robert Mawe, a
+fugitive, were demanded by the bishop, and 24 pounds exacted from the
+township of Horncastle in lieu thereof; also 40s. from William, son of
+Drogo de Horncastre, for trespass, and other fines from Ralph Ascer,
+bailiff.  Robert de Kirkby, &c., &c.  The same document states that the
+bishop has a gallows (furcae) at Horncastle for hanging offenders within
+the soke; and, in connection with this we may observe that in the south
+of the town is still a point called "Hangman's Corner."
+
+These extensive powers, however, would hardly seem (to use the words of
+the charter) to have been "for the good of the souls" of the bishop or
+his successors, since they rather had the effect of leading him to the
+abuse of his rights.  Accordingly, in the reign of Edward III., a plea
+was entered at Westminster, before the King's Justices, {19a} by which
+John, Bishop of Carlisle, was charged with resisting the authority of the
+king in the matter of the patronage of the benefice of Horncastle.  That
+benefice was usually in the gift of the bishop, but the rector, Simon de
+Islip, had been appointed by the king Archbishop of Canterbury and, in
+such circumstances, the crown by custom presents to the vacancy.  The
+bishop resisted and proceeded to appoint his own nominee, but the
+judgment of the court was against him.
+
+A somewhat similar case occurred a few years later. {19b}  Thomas de
+Appleby, the Bishop of Carlisle, and John de Rouseby, clerk, were
+"summoned to answer to the Lord the King, that they permit him to appoint
+to the church of Horncastre, vacant, and belonging to the king's gift, by
+reason of the bishopric of Carlisle being recently vacant."  It was
+argued that John de Kirkby, Bishop of Carlisle, had presented Simon de
+Islip to that benefice, afterwards created Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+that the temporalities (patronage, &c.) of the Bishopric of Carlisle
+therefore (for that turn) came to the king by the death of John de
+Kirkby, bishop.  The said bishop, Thomas de Appleby, and John de Rouseby
+brought the case before the court, but they admitted the justice of the
+king's plea and judgment was given for the king.
+
+We have said that although Walter Mauclerk, as Bishop of Carlisle, bought
+this manor from Ralph de Rhodes, he and his successors were still bound
+to "do suit and service" to Ralph and his heirs, and in the brief summary
+with which this chapter opened we named Roger le Scrope and Margaret his
+wife, with Robert Tibetot and Eva his wife, among those descendants of
+Ralph de Rhodes.  We have fuller mention of them in documents which we
+here quote.  In a Roll of the reign of Edward I., {19c} John, son of
+Gerard de Rhodes, says "Know all, present and future, that I, John, son
+of Gerard, have granted, and by this charter confirmed, to the Lord
+Robert Tibetot and Eva his wife (among other things) the homage and whole
+service of the Bishop of Carlisle, and his successors, for the manor of
+Horncastre, with appurtenances, &c., which Gerard, son of Gerard my
+brother, granted to me, &c., to have and to hold of the Lord the King . .
+. rendering for them annually to me and my heirs 80 pounds sterling."
+While in another Roll {20a} of the reign of Richard II., the king states
+that having inspected the above he confirms the grants, not only to the
+said "Robert Tybetot and his wife Eve," but also "to our very dear and
+faithful Roger le Scrope and Margaret his wife," recognizing them, it
+would seem, as descendants of the earlier grantee, Gerbald de Escald,
+from whom they all inherited.
+
+Of these personages we may here say that both Tibetots and Le Scrope were
+of high position and influence.  The name of Thebetot, or Tibetot, is
+found in the Battle Abbey Roll, as given by the historians Stow and
+Holinshed; {20b} with a slight variation of name, as Tibtofts, they were
+Lords of Langer, Co. Notts., and afterwards Earls of Worcester. {20c}
+According to the historian, Camden, John Tibtoft was Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland under Henry VI., created by him Earl of Worcester, but executed
+for treason. {20d}  His successor, John, was Lord Deputy under Edward IV.
+{20e}  The last of the Tibetots, Robert, died without male issue; his
+three daughters were under the guardianship of Richard le Scrope, who
+married the eldest daughter, Margaret, to his son Roger.  This is the one
+named above in connection with Horncastle.  The Tibetot property of
+Langer, Notts., thus passed to the Le Scropes, and continued in that
+family down to Emanuel, created Earl of Sunderland by Charles I., AD.
+1628. {20f}  Castle Combe in Wiltshire was one of their residences, {20g}
+but their chief seat was Bolton in Richmondshire. {20h}  William le
+Scrope was created Earl of Wiltshire by Richard II., but beheaded when
+that king was dethroned and murdered, in 1399. {20i}  Richard le Scrope
+was Archbishop of York, but condemned by Henry IV. for treason. {20j}
+The name Le Scrope also appears in the Battle Abbey Roll of the
+Conqueror.  Thus in both Tibetots and Scropes Horncastle was connected
+with families who played a considerable part in public life.
+
+In the reign of Edward VI. there was a temporary change in the ownership
+of this manor.  Among the Carlisle Papers is one {20k} by which that king
+grants permission to Robert Aldrich, Bishop of Carlisle, to sell "to our
+very dear and faithful councellor, Edward Fynes, K.G., Lord Clinton and
+Saye, High Admiral of England, the lordship and soke of Horncastre, with
+all rights, appurtenances, &c., to hold to himself, his heirs and assigns
+for ever," and that he, the said Edward, "can give and grant to the said
+Robert, bishop, an annual rent of 28 pounds 6s. 8d."  We have, however,
+in this case an illustration of the instability even of royal decrees, in
+that on the demise of that worthy prince, to whom the realm and Church of
+England owe so much, his successor, Queen Mary, in the very next year,
+A.D. 1553, cancelled this sale, and a document exists at Carlisle {21a}
+showing that she "granted a licence," probably in effect compulsory, to
+the same Lord Clinton and Saye, "to alienate his lordship and soke of
+Horncastle and to re-convey it to Robert Aldrich, Bishop of Carlisle."
+
+His Lordship would, however, appear to have continued to hold the manor
+on lease under the bishop, and to have acted in a somewhat high-handed
+manner to his spiritual superior, probably under the influence of the
+change in religious sentiment between the reigns of "the bloody Mary,"
+and her sister Elizabeth of glorious memory.  For again we find a
+document {21b} of the reign of the latter, in which the Bishop of
+Carlisle complains to Sir Francis Walsingham, the Queen's Commissioner,
+of a "book of Horncastle," which the Earl of Lincoln (the new title of
+Lord Clinton and Saye) had sent to him "to be sealed," because (he says)
+the earl, by the words of the grant, had taken from him "lands and tithes
+of the yearly value of 28 pounds 6s. 8d.," the exact sum, be it observed,
+above specified as the rent to be paid by Lord Clinton and Saye to the
+bishop, Robert Aldrich.  Of this, he asserts, "the see of Carlisle is
+seized and the earl is not in legal possession by his lease now 'in
+esse.'" {21c}  He wages his suit "the more boldly, because of the
+extraordinary charges he has been at, from the lamentable scarcity in the
+country, the great multitude of poor people, and other charges before he
+came had made him a poor man, and yet he must go on with it . . . the
+number of them which want food to keep their lives in their bodies is so
+pitiful.  If the Lord Warden and he did not charge themselves a great
+number would die of hunger, and some have done so," dated Rose Castle, 26
+May, 1578.
+
+His lordship, however, did one good turn to the town of Horncastle in
+founding the Grammar School, in the 13th year of the reign of Elizabeth,
+A.D. 1571, although (as we shall show in our chapter on the school) this
+was really not strictly a foundation but a re-establishment; as a grammar
+school is known to have existed in the town more than two centuries
+earlier.
+
+We have one more record of Lord Clinton's connection with the town, from
+which it would appear that the Priory of Bullington, near Wragby, and
+Kirkstead Abbey also had property in Horncastle.  A Carlisle document
+{21d} shows that in the reign of Edward VI. Lord Clinton and Saye
+received a grant of "lands, tenements and hereditaments in Horncastle,
+late in the tenure of Alexander Rose and his assigns, and formerly of the
+dissolved monastery of Bollington; also two tenements, one house, two
+'lez bark houses' (Horncastle tanners would seem even then to have
+flourished), one house called 'le kylne howse,' one 'le garthing,' 14
+terrages of land in the fields of Thornton, with appurtenances lying in
+Horncastle, &c., and once belonging to the monastery of Kyrkestead."
+
+As in other places the Clinton family seem to have been succeeded by the
+Thymelbys, of these we have several records.  An Escheator's Inquisition
+of the reign of Henry VIII., {22a} taken by Roger Hilton, at Horncastle,
+Oct. 5, 1512, shewed that "Richard Thymylby, Esquire, was seized of the
+manor of Parish-fee, in Horncastre, held of the Bishop of Carlisle, as of
+his soke of Horncastre, by fealty, and a rent of 7 pounds by the year."
+He was also "seized of one messuage, with appurtenances, in Horncastre,
+called Fool-thyng, parcel of the said manor of Parish-fee." {22b}  The
+said Richard died 3 March, 3 Henry VIII. (A.D. 1512).  This was, however,
+by no means the first of this family connected with Horncastle.  Deriving
+their name from the parish of Thimbleby, in the soke of Horncastle, we
+find the first mention of a Thymelby in that parish in a post mortem
+Inquisition of the reign of Edward III., {22c} which shews that Nicholas
+de Thymelby then held land in Thimbleby under the Bishop of Carlisle,
+A.D. 1333; but nearly a century before that date a Lincoln document {22d}
+mentions one Ivo, son of Odo de Thymelby, as holding under the Bishop in
+Horncastle, in the reign of Henry III., A.D. 1248.
+
+Further, in the reign of Edward I., as is shewn by a Harleian MS., in the
+British Museum, {22e} Richard de Thymelby was Dean of Horncastle; Thomas,
+son of the above Nicholas de Thymelby, presented to the benefice of
+Ruckland in 1381, John de Thymelby presented to Tetford in 1388, and John
+again to Somersby in 1394, {22f} and other members of the family
+presented at later periods.  The family continued to advance in wealth
+and position until in the reign of Edward VI. it was found by an
+Inquisition {22g} that Matthew Thymelby, of Poolham (their chief
+residence in this neighbourhood), owned the manor of Thymbleby, that of
+Parish-fee in Horncastle and five others, with lands in eight other
+parishes, and the advowsons of Ruckland, Farforth, Somersby and Tetford.
+He married Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Hussey.  Other influential
+marriages were those of John Thymelby, "Lord of Polum" (Poolham), to
+Isabel, {22h} daughter of Sir John Fflete, Knt. (circa 1409); William
+(probably) to Joan, daughter of Sir Walter Tailboys (circa 1432), {22i} a
+connection of the Earl of Angus; Matthew's widow marrying Sir Robert
+Savile, Knt. {22j}
+
+      [Picture: Plan of Horncastle, 1908--from the Ordnance Survey]
+
+In connection with the marriage of William to Joan Tailboys we may
+mention that the base, all that now remains, of the churchyard cross at
+Tetford bears on its west side the Thimbleby arms "differenced" with
+those of Tailboys, the north side having the Thimbleby arms pure and
+simple. {24a}
+
+Another important marriage was that of Richard Thimbleby (A.D. 1510) to
+Elizabeth, daughter and co-heir of Godfrey Hilton of Irnham Manor near
+Grantham, through which alliance that property passed to the Thimblebys.
+It had been granted to Ralph Paganel by the Conqueror, afterwards passed
+to Sir Andrew Luterel, Knt., and later to Sir Geoffrey Hilton, Knt.
+Richard Thimbleby built Irnham Hall; he was succeeded by his son and
+heir, Sir John Thimbleby, who thus became the head of the family, which
+has in later times become almost extinct.  This fine mansion, in the
+Tudor style of architecture, standing in a deer park of more than 250
+acres, was destroyed by fire, Nov. 12, 1887, being then owned by W.
+Hervey Woodhouse, Esq., who bought it of Lord Clifford's son. {24b}
+
+Turning again to the Carlisle documents we find one of the reign of
+Edward III., {24c} giving an agreement made in the King's Court at
+Westminster (20 Jan., 1353-4), "between Thomas, son of Nicholas de
+Thymelby, plaintiff, and Henry Colvile, knt., and Margaret his wife,
+deforciants," whereby, among other property, the latter acknowledge that
+certain "messuages, one mill, ten acres of land (_i.e._ arable), two
+pastures, and 7 pounds of rent, with appurtenances, in Horncastre,
+Thimilby, and Bokeland (_i.e._ Woodhall), are of the right of the said
+Thomas; and for this the said Thomas gives to the said Henry and Margaret
+200 marks of silver."
+
+Another document of the same reign, {24d} of date 1360-1, states that
+Gilbert de Wilton, Bishop of Carlisle, "gives 60s. for the King's licence
+to remit to Thomas son of Nicholas de Thymelby, and John his younger
+brother, the service of being Reeve (_i.e._ Bailiff) of the Bishop, and
+other services, which are due from him to the said Bishop for lands and
+tenements held of the said Bishop in Horncastre," and elsewhere.  Another
+document, {24e} dated a few years later, shews an agreement made at
+Westminster, between Thomas Thymelby and his brother John, on the one
+part, and Frederick de Semerton and Amice his wife, deforciants,
+concerning four tofts, certain land, and 7 pounds of rent, with
+appurtenances, in Horncastre and contiguous parts, by which "the said
+Frederick and Amice acknowledge these (properties) to be of the right of
+the said Thomas and his brother," and for this Thomas pays them 100 marks
+of silver.  Two other Carlisle documents of considerably later date refer
+to members of this same family of Thymelby, but are chiefly of value as
+introducing to us a new name among Horncastle owners of land.
+
+A Chancery Inquisition {24f} taken at Horncastle, 24 Sept., 1612, shews
+that "John Kent, of Langton, was seized in his manor of Horncastell, with
+the appurtenances, called Parish-fee, and certain messuages, cottages,
+land and meadows in Horncastell (and elsewhere), lately purchased of
+Robert Savile and Richard Thymelby," and "held under the Bishop of
+Carlisle by fealty," . . . that "the said John Kent died 19 Sept., 1611,
+and that William Kent, his son, is next heir."
+
+We have already seen that, about 60 years before, the widow of Matthew
+Thymelby had married Sir Robert Savile; he belonged to an old and
+influential family now represented by Lord Savile of Rufford Abbey,
+Notts., and the Earl of Mexborough, Methley Park, Yorkshire.  By the
+aforesaid marriage the bulk of the Thymelby property passed to the
+Saviles, and like the Thymelbys they had their chief residence, in this
+neighbourhood, at Poolham Hall, owning among many other possessions the
+aforesaid sub-manor of Parish-fee in Horncastle, which, as we have seen,
+was sold by their joint action to John Kent of Langton.  We have already
+had mention of a John Savile who was apparently captain of the "trained
+band" connected with Horncastle in the reign of Elizabeth, A.D. 1586 (see
+p. 14); Gervase Holles mentions this John Savile as joint lord of
+Somersby with Andrew Gedney, and lord of Tetford in the same reign.
+(_Collectanea_, vol. iii, p. 770).
+
+From another document {25a} it would seem that, some 10 or 11 years
+later, Richard Thymelby and Robert Savile were involved in a more than
+questionable transaction with regard to the property thus transferred.
+Among the Carlisle papers is a Petition in Chancery, of which we here
+give the text, slightly abridged, as it is remarkable, and fittingly
+brings to a close our notices of the Thymelbys in connection with
+Horncastle.
+
+To the Right Honble. Sir Francis Bacon, Knt., Lord Chancellor of England.
+Complainant sheweth, on the oath of your petitioner, Evan Reignolds, of
+St. Catherine's, Co. Middlesex, gent., and Joan his wife, that, whereas
+Richard Thymelby, some time of Poleham, Co. Lincoln, Esq., deceased, was
+seized of the manors of Poleham, Thimbleby, Horsington, Stixwold,
+Buckland, Horncastle, Edlington (&c.), and tenements in Langton,
+Blankney, Baumber, and in one pasture inclosed for 1000 sheep, called
+Heirick (High-Rig, in Woodhall, near Poolham) pasture, &c., whereof
+Robert Savile was seized for life, conveyed the same to his father-in-law
+Robert Savile . . . the said Richard Thymelby, going up to London,
+negotiated to sell the property to one Richard Gardiner, and for 2,300
+pounds engaged, at his desire, to convey all to John Wooton, the 2,300
+pounds was paid to Richard Thymelby and bargain settled July 15, 6
+Elizabeth (A.D. 1564). {25b}  A dispute arose in the following year
+between Richard Thymelby and Robert Savile, which was submitted to
+arbitrators (Feb. 15, 7 Elizabeth), who ordered Richard Thymelby to pay
+Robert Savile 1,500 pounds, and Robert Savile should then convey all to
+Richard Thymelby.  The 1,500 pounds was paid and afterwards the two
+"confederated to defraud the said Richard Gardiner and conveyed the said
+manors to John Kent."  The judgment of the court is not given, but
+neither of the defendants, surely, cut a very creditable figure, and
+Richard Thymelby, suitably, we must admit, passes from the scene.
+
+Of the Saviles we may here give a few more particulars.  Gervase Holles,
+the antiquary, mentions in his _Collectanea_ (vol. iii, p. 770) John
+Savile, Esq., as Lord of the Manor of Tetford, in this neighbourhood, in
+the reign of Elizabeth, and as joint Lord of Somersby with Andrew Gedney,
+Esq. (of the latter and his wife there is a very fine sepulchral monument
+in the church of the adjoining parish of Bag Enderby).  The most
+distinguished literary member of the family was Sir Henry Savile, a
+learned mathematician, Fellow and Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and
+Provost of Eton; a munificent patron of learning, founding Professorships
+of Astronomy and Geography at his University; he wrote a _Treatise on
+Roman Warfare_, but his great work was a translation of the writings of
+St. Chrysostom, a monument of industry and learning; he was knighted by
+James I., and his bust is carved in stone in the quadrangle of the
+Bodleian Library at Oxford, among those of other benefactors.  Charles I.
+conferred the Earldom of Sussex on Thomas, Lord Savile of Pontefract.
+Several members of the family were Seneschals, or Stewards, of Wakefield.
+George was created Marquis of Halifax, another was Baron of the
+Exchequer.  The name is given in the Conqueror's Roll of Battle Abbey
+(A.D. 1066), Hollinshed's version, as Sent Ville, in Stow's version as
+Sant Vile, while a Chancery Inquisition (of 18 Henry VII., No. 46,
+_Architectural Society's Journal_, 1895, p. 17) gives it as Say-vile, and
+on the analogy of Nevill, formerly de Nova-villa, we may perhaps assume
+that the original form was de Sancta-villa (or "of the Holy City"); which
+may well have been adopted by one who had made a pilgrimage to
+Canterbury, Rome, or Jerusalem itself.
+
+I should, however, add that a member of the family, Miss Elizabeth J.
+Savile, who has herself dug to the roots of the genealogical tree, gives
+a different version of their origin.  According to her they are descended
+from the Dukes de Savelli, who again trace their lineage from the still
+more ancient Sabella in Italy.  When John Savile, 2nd son of Sir John
+Savile, travelled in Italy in the time of James I., the then Duke de
+Savelli received him as a kinsman.  Of this family were the Popes
+Honorius III. and Honorius IV.  A MS. Visitation in the British Museum
+says "It is conceived, that this family came into England with Geoffrey
+Plantagenet, rather than with the Conqueror, because there are two towns
+of this name on the frontiers of Anjou, both of which were annexed to the
+crown of England when the said Geoffrey married Maud, sole daughter and
+heir of Henry I."  This is said to have been taken from the Savile
+pedigree in the keeping of Henry Savile of Bowlings, Esq., living in
+1665.  The Saviles of Methley trace their descent, in the male line, from
+this Sir John Savile of Savile Hall.  One branch, the Saviles of
+Thornhill, are now represented in the female line by the Duke of
+Devonshire, and the Savile Foljambes, one of whom is the present Lord
+Hawkesbury.  The Saviles of Copley, now extinct, are represented by the
+Duke of Norfolk, and a younger branch by the Earls of Mexborough.  The
+opinion that they came from Anjou is generally accepted, the authorities
+being _Yorkshire Pedigrees_, _British Museum Visitations_, Gregorovius,
+uno frio, Panvinio, and other chroniclers.
+
+We now proceed to notice the other persons, of more or less repute, who
+were at various periods owners in Horncastle.  In the 3rd year of King
+John we find Gerard de Camville paying fees for land in Horncastle by his
+deputy, Hugo Fitz Richard, to the amount of 836 pounds, which was a large
+sum in those days. {26a}  He was sheriff of the county, A.D. 1190, along
+with Hugo. {26b}  The name, however, is more known for the celebrated
+defence of Lincoln Castle by Nicholaia de Camville against the besieging
+forces of King Stephen in 1191, and again in her old age against Henry
+III., assisted by Louis, Dauphin of France.  An ancestor of William de
+Camville is named in the Battle Abbey Roll, among those Normans who came
+over with the Conqueror.
+
+William de Lizures and Eudo de Bavent are also named as paying similar
+fees, though to smaller amounts.  The de Lizures were a powerful
+Yorkshire family, who inter-married with the De Lacys of Pontefract
+Castle and inherited some of their large estates. {27a}  Among these, one
+was the neighbouring manor of Kirkby-on-Bain, which would seem to have
+passed to the Lady Albreda Lizures; {27b} they probably derived their
+name from the town of Lisieux, near Harfleur in Normandy.  We soon lose
+sight of this family in England, and they seem to have migrated northward
+and to have acquired lands in Scotland.  The name De Lizures is common in
+Scottish Cartularies, for instance in the Cartulary of Kelso, p. 257
+(_Notes & Queries_, series 2, vol. xii, p. 435).  In 1317 William and
+Gregory de Lizures were Lords of Gorton, and held lands near Roslyn
+Castle, Edinburgh (_Genealogie of the Saint Claires of Roslyn_, by Father
+Augustin Hay, re-published Edinburgh, 1835), [_Notes & Queries_, 3rd
+series, vol. i, p. 173].
+
+The De Bavents were also a distinguished family, their connection with
+Horncastle survives in the name of a field in the south of the parish, on
+the Rye farm, which is called "Bavent's Close."  A few particulars of
+this family may not be without interest.  The earliest named are Richard
+de Bavent in 1160, {27c} and Eudo de Bavent in 1161, {27d} as holding the
+manor of Mareham-le-Fen, in the extreme south of the Horncastle soke,
+under Henry II., "by service of falconry." {27e}  Eudo (about 1200) gave
+"to God, the Cathedral, and Chapter of Lincoln," his lands in the north
+fen of Bilsby. {27f}  The family seem to have gradually increased their
+possessions in this neighbourhood.  In 1290, under Edward I., we find
+Jollan de Bavent holding lands in Billesby and Winceby, as well as
+Mareham. {27g}  In 1319, under Edward II., Robert de Bavent holds his
+land in Billesby of the King by the service of supplying "3 falcons for
+the royal use," {27h} and, under Edward III., certain trustees of Peter
+de Bavent, by his will, transfer the manor of Mareham to the convent of
+Revesby, to provide a monk who shall daily throughout the year say masses
+"for the souls of the said Peter and Catherine, his wife, for ever."
+{27i}  Truly "L' homme propose, et Dieu dispose," for from this time
+forward we hear little of the Bavents.  They may "call their lands after
+their own names," "Bavent's Close" survives, but of the whilom owner we
+can only say, in the words of Coleridge:
+
+    The knight's bones are dust,
+       And his good sword rust,
+    His soul is with
+       The saints, we trust.
+
+Another family of distinction connected with Horncastle was that of the
+Angevines.  Among the Carlisle documents is one {27j} shewing that a
+trial was held at Horncastle (A.D. 1489-90), in which Sir Robert Dymoke,
+Knt., and William Angevin, Esq., recovered possession of 400 acres of
+land, with tofts and appurtenances, in Horncastle and its soke, from John
+Hodgisson and his wife, John Cracroft, Gervase Clifton (of Clifton) and
+others.  This family probably acquired their name thus: William the
+Conqueror brought to England from Normandy a body of troops called the
+"Angevine auxiliaries" (from the province of Anjou), and their
+descendants were granted lands in various parts of the kingdom.  One
+family especially seems to have adopted this name, which was variously
+spelt as Angevine, Aungelyne, Aungeby, &c.; they settled in various parts
+of this county at an early period, and Horncastle being a royal manor
+they naturally were located in this neighbourhood.  We find traces of
+them at Whaplode in the south, Saltfleetby in the north, and
+Theddlethorpe midway, in the 12th and 14th centuries. {28a}  Among
+Lincoln records is the will of Robert Angevin, Gent., {28b} of Langton by
+Horncastle, dated 25 April, 1545, in which he requests to be buried in
+the Church of St. Margaret (then a much larger edifice than the present);
+he leaves to his son land in Hameringham, and to his widow, for life, and
+his four daughters, lands in Burnsall, Hebden, Conyseat and Norton, in
+the County of York.  His brother, John Angevin, resided at West Ashby,
+then a hamlet of Horncastle.  William Angevin, Gent., of Theddlethorpe
+{28c} is named in the official list of Lincolnshire freeholders made in
+1561, and the name also appears in the Visitation of 1562, but all traces
+of the family disappear before the time of the commonwealth.
+
+The same Carlisle document {28d} mentions Thomas Fitz-William as
+concerned in the said dispute, as being a Horncastle proprietor; while,
+further, another Carlisle document of the time of Henry VIII., shows that
+Thomas Fitz-William, Esq., was seized of one capital messuage, 6 other
+messuages, 4 tofts and 100 acres of land in Horncastle, held of the Prior
+of Carlisle, and John Fitz-William was his heir. {28e}  The Fitz-Williams
+again were a very ancient and distinguished family, the name is found in
+the Battle Abbey Roll of William the Conqueror.  The family claim descent
+from Sir William Fitz-Goderic, cousin of King Edward the Confessor.  His
+son, Sir William Fitz-William, has been said (as the name might imply) to
+have been really a natural son of William the Conqueror himself, {28f}
+but the more generally accepted version is that Fitz-Goderic was his
+father.  Sir William Fitz-William accompanied the Duke of Normandy to
+England as Marshal of his army, and for his bravery at the battle of
+Hastings the Conqueror gave him a scarf from his own arm.  A descendant,
+in the reign of Elizabeth, was thrice Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; he was
+also Governor of Fotheringhay Castle when the unfortunate Queen Mary of
+Scotland was imprisoned there, and before she was beheaded she gave him a
+portrait of herself, which is still preserved at Milton House, near
+Peterborough, one of the seats of the Earls Fitz-William, who now
+represent the family, Baron of Milton being their second title.  A Patent
+of Edward IV. (A.D. 1461) {28g} shows that Richard Fitz-William had the
+privilege granted to him by that King of "free warren" at Ulceby, near
+Alford.
+
+An Inquisition in the reign of Henry VII. {29a} (A.D. 1502) shows that
+Thomas Fitz-William held the manors of Mavis Enderby, Maidenwell and
+Mablethorpe.  The list of magistrates for the county in the reign of
+Henry VIII. {29b} contains the name of George Fitz-William along with
+Lionel Dymoke, Lord Willoughby, and others; while an Inquisition held
+five years later {29c} shews that Thomas Fitz-William held the
+aforementioned manor of Ulceby, by the "service of 1 falcon annually to
+the King."  Sir William Fitz-William in the same reign {29d} was Lord
+High Admiral.  John Fitz-William is named in the Herald's list of county
+gentry in the 16th century as residing at Skidbrook, a hamlet of
+Saltfleet Haven, {29e} and William Fitz-William, Esq., supplied "one
+lance and two light horse" when the Spanish Armada was expected to invade
+England, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. {29f}  William Fitz-William of
+Mablethorpe {29g} married, in 1536, Elizabeth daughter of Sir Robert
+Tyrwhitt, of Kettlethorpe, a member of a very old Lincolnshire family,
+still owning property in this neighbourhood; and in 1644 Sir William
+Wentworth, {29h} a scion of a younger branch, married Elizabeth, daughter
+and co-heir of Thomas Savile, of Wakefield, whose family we have already
+mentioned as connected with Horncastle.
+
+In 1620 the head of the Fitz-William family was created an Irish Peer; in
+1742 the 3rd Baron was made Baron Milton in the peerage of Great Britain;
+and, 4 years later, Earl Fitz-William.  In 1782, on the death of his
+uncle, the last Marquis of Rockingham, the Earl of that day succeeded to
+the Yorkshire and Northamptonshire estates of the Wentworths, and in 1807
+they took the name of Wentworth as an affix.  In the early part of the
+19th century the name became again connected with Horncastle, when Earl
+Fitz-William, grandfather of the present Earl, hunted the local pack of
+foxhounds, which were kept in Horncastle, in what is still called
+Dog-kennel Yard, at the back of St. Lawrence Street.  An old friend,
+formerly practicing as a Doctor in Horncastle, but lately deceased, has
+told the writer that he remembered seeing the Earl's hounds breaking
+cover from Whitehall Wood, in the parish of Martin.
+
+There is one more Carlisle document deserving of quotation as it is of a
+peculiar nature.  A Patent Roll of the reign of Elizabeth, {29i} A.D.
+1577, records that a "pardon" was granted to "Sir Thomas Cecil, Knt., for
+acquiring the manor of Langton (by Horncastle) with appurtenances, and 30
+messuages, 20 cottages, 40 tofts, 4 dove-cotes, 40 gardens, 30 orchards,
+1,400 acres of (cultivated) land, 100 acres of wood, 100 acres of furze
+and heath, 200 acres of marsh, 40s. of rent, and common pasture, with
+appurtenances, in Horncastle, Thimbleby, Martin, Thornton and Woodhall,
+from Philip Tylney, Esq., by fine levied without licence."  This was a
+somewhat extensive acquisition.  We have already recorded a more than
+questionable transaction in the transfer of land by Richard Thymelby and
+Robert Savile, A.D. 1564, and this transaction of Sir Thomas Cecil, 13
+years later, seems also to have been in some way irregular, since it
+needed the royal "pardon."
+
+There is nothing to show who this Philip Tylney was, who acted on this
+occasion as vendor, but Sir Thomas Cecil was the son of the great Lord
+Treasurer Burghley, who was Secretary of State under Edward VI., and for
+40 years guided the Councils of Queen Elizabeth.  Sir Thomas himself was
+a high official under Elizabeth and King James I.; he was knighted in
+1575, received the Order of the Garter in 1601; under James I. he was
+made Privy Councillor, and having succeeded his father as Baron Burghley,
+was created by James Earl of Exeter.  His brother Sir Robert also held
+high office and was made in 1603 Baron Cecil, in 1604 Viscount
+Cranbourne, in 1605 Earl of Salisbury.  Thomas Cecil died Feb. 7, 1622,
+aged 80, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.  He married 1st Dorothy,
+daughter of John Nevil, Lord Latimer, and 2nd, Frances, daughter of Lord
+Chandos.  He was, doubtless, a man of large ideas and great ambition, his
+royal mistress was herself Lady of the manor of Horncastle, and
+Horncastle having thus been brought under his notice, he may have been
+too grasping in compassing his purposes.  The Revesby Charters {30a} show
+that he purchased that estate in 1575.
+
+We may add that the Cecils were descended from an ancient family located
+in Wales soon after the Norman Conquest, and acquired large possessions
+in the reign of King Rufus; the 14th in descent was David Cecil of
+Stamford, Sergeant at Arms to King Henry VIII., he was grandfather to the
+1st Lord Burghley. {30b}  The present representatives of this old family
+are the Marquis of Exeter of Burghley House, Stamford, and the Marquis of
+Salisbury of Hatfield House, Herts.
+
+We have now reached the end of a somewhat lengthy series of owners
+formerly connected with Horncastle, its manor, and its soke, bringing us
+down to the early part of the 17th century, and we think that few towns,
+of its size, could show such a record of distinguished names.  The
+information available as to more recent periods is more meagre.  The
+Bishops of Carlisle continued to hold the manor down to the year 1856,
+and various parties held leases of it under them, they themselves
+residing here from time to time, {30c} until the episcopal palace was
+demolished in 1770, when the present Manor House was erected on its site.
+
+We have already stated that Queen Elizabeth leased the manor from the
+Bishop of Carlisle of that date, she was succeeded in the lease by King
+James I., who transferred it to Sir Henry Clinton, but owing to a legal
+error in that transaction, it proved void.  One of the said Bishops in
+the next reign was Dr. Robert Snowden, whose family were located in this
+neighbourhood, his son being Vicar of Horncastle.  Abigail Snowden
+married Edward, son of Sir Edward Dymoke, Knt., in 1654, and Jane Snowden
+married Charles Dymoke, Esq., of Scrivelsby Court; the former belonged to
+the, so called, Tetford branch of the Dymokes, who have of late years
+also succeeded to the Scrivelsby property.  Bishop Robert Snowden granted
+a lease of the Horncastle manor to his kinsman, Rutland Snowden, and his
+assignees for three lives; but this would appear to have been afterwards
+cancelled, owing to the "delinquency" of the first grantee. {31a}  The
+name of this Rutland Snowden appears in the list of Lincolnshire Gentry
+who were entitled to bear arms, at the Herald's Visitation of 1634. {31b}
+
+A break in the continuity of the sub-tenure of the manor here occurs, but
+not of long duration.  The family of Banks are next found holding the
+lease, under the said bishops; the most distinguished of them being Sir
+Joseph Banks, the eminent naturalist, and patron of science in almost
+every form; who visited Newfoundland in pursuit of his favourite study;
+accompanied Captain Cook in his voyage to the South Seas; visited Iceland
+with Dr. Solander, the pupil of Linnaeus; made large natural history and
+antiquarian collections; {31c} became President of the Royal Society; and
+was largely instrumental in forming the schemes for the drainage and
+inclosure of the fens; and other works of public utility.  His family
+acquired the Revesby Abbey estates in 1714, and were closely connected
+with Horncastle for more than a century, as he died in 1820.
+
+One of his ancestors, also Joseph, was M.P. for Grimsby and Totnes;
+another, also Joseph, had a daughter, Eleonora, who married the Honble.
+Henry Grenville, and was mother of the Countess Stanhope.  Through this
+last connection, on the demise of Sir Joseph, the leased manor passed, as
+the nearest male relative, to Col. the Honble. James Hamilton Stanhope,
+who served in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo.  He died three years
+later, in 1823, and was succeeded by the late James Banks Stanhope, Esq.,
+then a minor, and afterwards M.P. for North Lincolnshire; who, some years
+ago, transferred all his manorial rights to the Right Honble. Edward
+Stanhope, 2nd son of the 5th Earl Stanhope, and M.P. for the Horncastle
+Division.  He died 22 December, 1898, and his widow, the Honble. Mrs.
+Stanhope of Revesby Abbey, became Lady of the Manor; this, on her decease
+in 1907 reverting to the family of the Earl Stanhope, of Chevening Park,
+Sevenoaks, Kent, in the person of his son, the Honble. Richard Stanhope,
+now residing at Revesby Abbey.
+
+In 1856 the manoral rights of the Bishops of Carlisle were transferred to
+the See of Lincoln, and the Bishop of Lincoln is now _ex officio_ Patron
+of the Benefice.  The head of the Stanhope family is still the chief
+owner of property in Horncastle; other owners being the Vicar with 92
+acres, the representatives of the late Sigismund Trafford Southwell with
+67 acres, representatives of the late W. B. Walter (now Majer Traves)
+with 58 acres; while Coningtons, Clitherows, Rev. Richard Ward, and about
+100 other proprietors hold smaller portions.  We have mentioned the
+influence of Sir Joseph Banks in the drainage and enclosure of the fens,
+and on the completion of that important work in Wildmore Fen, in 1813,
+some 600 acres were added to the soke of Horncastle, about 80 acres being
+assigned to the manor, while the glebe of the Vicar was increased so that
+it now comprises 370 acres.
+
+We conclude this chapter with another record of the past, which should
+not be omitted.  It is somewhat remarkable that although Horncastle has
+been connected with so many personages of distinction as proprietors, and
+for about 600 years (as already shewn) with royalty itself, as an
+appanage of the crown, it has only once been visited by royalty in
+person.  History tells {32a} that "on Sep. 12, 1406, Henry IV. made a
+royal procession" from this town (probably coming hither from Bolingbroke
+Castle, his birthplace), "with a great and honourable company, to the
+Abbey of Bardney, where the Abbot and monks came out, in ecclesiastical
+state, to meet him," and he was royally entertained by them.  We may
+perhaps assume that as his father, John of Gaunt, had a palace at
+Lincoln, {32b} he was on his way thither, where also his half brother,
+Henry Beaufort, had been Bishop, but was promoted two years before this
+to the See of Winchester.
+
+The nearest approach to another royal visit was that of the Protector,
+Oliver Cromwell, which however was of a private character.  Although
+historians do not generally relate it, it is locally understood that,
+after the Battle of Winceby, on Oct. 11, 1643, Cromwell personally came
+to Horncastle to see that proper honours were paid, by the churchwarden,
+Mr. Hamerton, to the body of Sir Ingram Hopton, slain on that eventful
+day in single combat with Cromwell himself, who pronounced him to be "a
+brave gentleman," he having, indeed, first unhorsed Cromwell.  This visit
+would seem to be further proved by the fact that a man, named John
+Barber, died in Horncastle, aged 95, A.D. 1855 (or 1856), whose
+grandfather remembered Cromwell, on that occasion, sleeping in the house
+now called Cromwell House, in West Street (or rather an older house on
+the same site); while in the parish register of West Barkwith there is an
+entry of the burial of Nicholas Vickers, in 1719, with the additional
+note that he "guided Cromwell over Market Rasen Moor," in his journey
+northward after the battle.  He may well, therefore, have taken
+Horncastle on his way.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Having, so far, dealt with the more or less conjectural, prehistoric
+period of Horncastle's existence in Chapter I, and with the Manor and its
+ownership in Chapter II, we now proceed to give an account of the town's
+institutions, its buildings, and so forth.  Among these the Parish
+Church, naturally, claims precedence.
+
+
+
+ST.  MARY'S CHURCH.
+
+
+This is probably not the original parish church.  There is no mention of
+a church in _Domesday Book_, and although this is not quite conclusive
+evidence, it is likely that no church existed at that date (circa 1085
+A.D.); but in Testa de Nevill (temp. Richard I.) we find "Ecclesia de
+Horncastre," named with those of (West) Ashby, High Toynton, Mareham
+(-on-the-Hill), and (Wood) Enderby, as being in the gift of the King;
+{33a} while at an Inquisition post mortem, taken at Horncastle, 8 Richard
+II., No. 99, {33b} the Jurors say that "the Lord King Edward (I.), son of
+King Henry (III.), gave to Gilbert, Prior of the alien Priory of
+Wyllesforth, and his successors, 2 messuages, and 6 oxgangs (90 acres) of
+land, and the site of the Chapel of St. Laurence, with the appurtenances,
+in Horncastre," on condition that they find a fit chaplain to celebrate
+mass in the said chapel three days in every week "for the souls of the
+progenitors of the said King, and his successors, for ever."  This chapel
+probably stood near the street running northwards from the Market Place,
+now called St. Lawrence Street, though, a few years ago, it was commonly
+called "Pudding Lane."  It is said to have formerly been a main street
+and at the head of it stood the Market Cross.  Bodies have at various
+times been found interred near this street, indicating the vicinity of a
+place of worship, and, when a block of houses were removed in 1892, by
+the Right Honble. E. Stanhope, Lord of the Manor, to enlarge the Market
+Place, several fragments of Norman pillars were found, which, doubtless,
+once belonged to the Norman Chapel of St. Lawrence. {34}
+
+The date of St. Mary's Church, as indicated by the oldest part of it, the
+lower portion of the tower, is early in the 13th century.  "It is a good
+example of a town church of the second class (as said the late Precentor
+Venables, who was a good judge) in no way, indeed, rivalling such
+churches as those of Boston, Louth, Spalding or Grantham; nay even many a
+Lincolnshire village has a finer edifice, but the general effect, after
+various improvements, is, to say the least, pleasing, and it has its
+interesting features.  The plan of the church (he says) is normal; it
+consists of nave, with north and south aisles; chancel, with south aisle
+and north chantry, the modern vestry being eastward of this; a plain low
+tower, crowned with wooden spirelet and covered with lead.  Taking these
+in detail: the tower has two lancet windows in the lower part of the west
+wall, above these a small debased window, and again, above this, a
+two-light window of the Decorated style, similar windows on the north and
+south sides, and at the top an embattled Perpendicular parapet.  The
+tower opens on the nave with a lofty arch, having pilaster buttresses,
+which terminate above the uppermost of two strings; the base is raised
+above the nave by three steps, the font being on a projection of the
+first step.  This lower portion of the tower is the oldest part of the
+church, dating from the Early English period.  The chamber where the
+bells are hung is, by the modern arrangement, above this lower
+compartment, and is approached by a winding staircase built on the
+outside of the southern wall, a slight disfigurement."
+
+There are six bells, with the following inscriptions:--
+
+(1)  Lectum fuge.  Discute somnum.  G. S. T. W. H. Penn, Fusor, 1717.
+
+(2)  In templo venerare Deum.  H. Penn nos fudit.  Cornucastri.
+
+(3)  Supplicem Deus audit.  Daniel Hedderley cast me.  1727.
+
+(4) Tho. Osborn fecit.  Downham, Norfolk. 1801.  Tho. Bryan and D. Brown,
+Churchwardens.
+
+(5)  Dum spiras, spera.  H. Penn, Fusor, 1717.  Tho. et Sam. Hamerton
+Aeditivi.
+
+(6)  Exeat e busto.  Auspice Christo.  Tho. Loddington, LL.D., Vicar H P.
+1717.
+
+Near the south Priest's door, in the chancel, a bell, about 1 ft. in
+height, stands on the floor, unused; this was the bell of a former clock
+in the tower.  The "Pancake Bell" is rung on Shrove Tuesday, at 10 a.m.;
+the Curfew at 8 p.m., from Oct. 11 to April 6, except Saturdays, at 7
+p.m., and omitting from St. Thomas's Day to Plough Monday.  The "Grammar
+School Bell" used to be rung daily, Sundays excepted, at 7 a.m., but of
+late years this has been discontinued, the Governors refusing to pay for
+it.
+
+The fabric of the nave is of the Decorated style, though modern in date,
+with Perpendicular clerestory, having five three-light windows, on the
+north and south sides.  The arcades are of four bays, with chamfered
+equilateral arches, springing from shafted piers; the capitals of the two
+central ones being ornamented with foliage of a decorated character; the
+others being plain.  Each aisle has three three-light windows, of
+decorated style, in the side wall, and a fourth at the west end; these
+are modern, the north aisle having been re-built in 1820 and the south
+aisle in 1821.  There are north and south porches.
+
+The chancel arch is modern, the carving of its caps being very delicate.
+On the north side the outline of the doorway, formerly leading to the
+rood loft, is still visible, and below, on the west side of the chancel
+wall, is a well-carved statue bracket of floriated character, which was
+transferred from the chancel, and on the south side a still older one,
+much plainer.
+
+                       [Picture: St. Mary's Church]
+
+The east window of the chancel is said to be an enlarged copy of the east
+window of the neighbouring Haltham Church.  It has five lights, with
+flamboyant tracery above, and is filled with rich coloured glass, by
+Heaton, Butler & Bayne; the subjects being, on the north side, above "The
+Annunciation," below "The Nativity;" 2nd light, above "The Adoration,"
+below "The Flight into Egypt;" central light, above "The Crucifixion,"
+below "The Entombment;" next light, on south, above "Women at the
+Sepulchre;" below "Feed my Lambs;" southernmost light, above "The
+Ascension," below "Pentecost."  In the upper tracery are "Censing Angels"
+and "Instruments of the Passion."  This window cost about 280 pounds and
+is dedicated to the memory of the late Vicar, Prebendary W. H. Milner,
+who was largely instrumental in the restoration of the church, in 1861,
+and died Oct. 3, 1868.  In that restoration the architect was the late
+Mr. Ewan Christian, and the contractors for the work Messrs. Lea & Ashton
+of Retford.  The cost of the restoration of the chancel was defrayed by
+J. Banks Stanhope, Esq., as Lord of the Manor and Lay Rector, the rest
+being done by subscriptions amounting to about 4,000 pounds.
+
+The present organ was originally designed by Mr. John Tunstall, and built
+by Messrs. Gray & Davidson, of London, at a cost of about 400 pounds.  As
+re-constructed by Mr. Nicholson, of Lincoln, it contains 3 manuals, a
+fine pedal organ with 45 stops, and more than 2,500 pipes.  It cost more
+than 2,000 pounds, 1,350 pounds of which was contributed by the late
+Henry James Fielding, Esq., of Handel House, Horncastle.  At a later date
+a trumpet was added, costing 120 pounds, the result being probably as
+fine an instrument as any in the county.  For many years the organist was
+Mr. William Wakelin, whose musical talent was universally acknowledged;
+on his unfortunate sudden death, on March 1st, 1908, he was succeeded by
+Mr. Hughes, recently Assistant Organist of Ely Cathedral.
+
+Beneath the east window is a handsome carved Reredos of Caen stone,
+somewhat heavy in style, having five panels, two on each side containing
+figures of the four evangelists, the central subject being "The Agony in
+the Garden."  In this the figure of the Saviour is exquisitely designed;
+below are the three sleeping disciples, while above are two ministering
+angels, one holding a crown of thorns, the other the "cup of bitterness."
+The panels have richly crocketed canopies, the central one being
+surmounted by a floriated cross.  They are filled with diaper work, and
+the supporting pilasters are of various-coloured Irish marbles.  The
+whole was designed by C. E. Giles, Esq., cousin of the late Vicar,
+Prebendary Robert Giles.
+
+In the jamb, south of the Communion Table, is a Piscina; in the north
+wall a square aumbrey and a curious iron-barred opening, which was
+probably a Hagioscope for the Chantry behind.  The present Vestry in the
+north-east corner is modern, built on the site where there was formerly a
+coalhouse, and, at a later date, a shed for the town fire-engine.
+
+The Chancel has an arcade of three bays on the south side, filled with
+good 14th century carved oak screen work, separating it from the
+south-side chapel, said to have been anciently called "The Corpus Christi
+Chapel," and has two bays on the north, the easternmost being occupied by
+the organ, separating it from St. Catherine's Chantry; {36} the other
+having similar screen work.  In the south wall of the chancel are a
+Priest's door and three four-light Perpendicular windows, with a fourth
+in the east wall.  Gervase Holles states that he saw in this south-east
+window figures of St. Ninian, with lock and chain, and of Saints
+Crispinus and Crispinianus with their shoe-making tools. {37a}  It is
+probable, therefore, that the old glass of the window was supplied by a
+shoemaker's guild.  The window is now filled with good coloured glass by
+Heaton, Butler & Bayne, dedicated to the memory of the late Vicar, Rev.
+Arthur Scrivenor, who died 27 August, 1882, aged 51 years.  It is of
+peculiar design, the subjects being chosen to represent his life of
+self-denying labour.  There are four lights with eight subjects taken
+from St. Matthew's Gospel, arranged in two tiers, as follows--(1) "Come
+ye blessed of my Father;" (2) "I was an hungred and ye gave me meat;" (3)
+"I was thirsty and ye gave me drink;" (4) "I was a stranger, and ye took
+me in;" (5) "Naked, and ye clothed me;" (6) "I was sick, and ye visited
+me;" (7) "I was in prison, and ye came unto me;" (8) "These shall go into
+life eternal."  There are eight compartments in the upper tracery,
+containing the emblems of the four evangelists, and two angels, and the
+Alpha and Omega.
+
+In the north chancel wall are a Priest's door, two five-light windows,
+and one of three lights, with, at the east end, a two-light window, all
+modern.  Here, externally, the parapet of St. Catherine's Chantry is
+embattled and enriched with panel work, and rises above the level of the
+rest of the wall.  The clerestory of the chancel has six three-light
+windows on the south side, and five on the north.  The easternmost on the
+north was inserted and made larger than the others in 1861, and, at a
+later date, was filled with good coloured glass by Heaton, Butler &
+Bayne, as a public memorial "To the glory of God, and in memory of
+Barnard James Boulton, M.D., who died March 15 1875."  He was an active
+member of the restoration committee in 1861.  The subjects are, in the
+western light, "The cleansing of the leper" in the centre, "Letting down
+the paralytic through the roof," in the eastern light, "The healing of
+blind Bartimaeus."
+
+In the nave the second window from the west end of the south clerestory
+is a memorial of the late Mr. W Rayson, builder, filled with good
+coloured glass.  In the south aisle of the nave, the easternmost window
+is a good specimen of coloured glass by Heaton, Butler & Bayne, erected
+by public subscription in January, 1901, "To the glory of God, and in
+grateful commemoration of the 18 years' ministry of Canon E. F.
+Quarrington," who resigned the Vicarage in 1900.  The cost of this window
+was about 80 pounds , the subject is "The Sermon on the Mount."  The
+Saviour is represented as addressing the people, grouped around Him, of
+all classes, soldiers, Pharisees, disciples, travellers, young men,
+women, and children, with the city in the background.  In the tracery
+above are angels, with rich ruby wings, in attitudes of adoration.
+
+The window next to this is filled with coloured glass, by Clayton & Bell,
+to the memory of Mrs. Salome Fox.  In the upper tracery are the Alpha and
+Omega, with the date of erection "Anno Dm'ni MDCCCXCVII."  In the central
+light below is the risen Saviour, seated on a throne, holding the emblem
+of sovereignty, with the inscription over His shoulders "Because I live
+ye shall live also."  In each side light are three angels in adoration.
+An inscription runs across the three lights, "I am he that liveth and was
+dead, and, behold, I am alive for evermore."  Beneath are three square
+compartments, representing (1) three women, (2) three soldiers, (3) the
+apostles SS. John and Peter at the sepulchre, with the inscription "Who
+shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre?" and again,
+below all, "To the glory of God, and in loving memory of Salome Fox, who
+died June 26, 1883, aged 65."  This cost about 85 pounds.
+
+The window at the west end of this aisle, by Heaton, Butler & Bayne, was
+filled with coloured glass, by the late Mr. Henry Boulton, in memory of
+his first wife, being partly paid for by a surplus of 40 pounds remaining
+from what was collected for the chancel east window, and the rest (about
+40 pounds more) by Mr. Boulton himself.  The subject is the Saviour's
+baptism in the Jordan.
+
+In the north aisle of the nave, the easternmost window was erected in
+1902, at a cost of 98 pounds, from a bequest of the late Mr. Charles Dee,
+as a memorial of his friend the late Mr. Robert Clitherow.  The subject
+is "The good Samaritan," who, in the central light, is relieving the
+wounded wayfarer; while, in the side lights, the Priest and Levite are
+represented as passing him by.  In the two upper quatrefoils are angels
+holding scrolls, with the inscriptions (1) "Let your light so shine
+before men," (2) "That they may see your good works."  An inscription
+runs across the three lights, "Blessed is he that provideth for the sick
+and needy, the Lord shall deliver him in the time of trouble;" and, below
+all, "To the glory of God, and in memory of Robert Clitherow, a truly
+Christian gentleman, by his faithful servant." {38}  The artists were
+Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window to this, also by Messrs. Clayton & Bell, is considered
+the best specimen of coloured glass in the church.  It was erected by
+public subscription, largely through the exertions of the late Mrs.
+Terrot, then of Wispington Vicarage, near Horncastle, her husband, the
+Rev. Charles Pratt Terrot, a clever artist and learned antiquary,
+supplying the design.  It is inscribed "To the glory of God, and in
+memory of Frederick Harwood, formerly churchwarden, who died March 12,
+1874, aged 51 years."  Mr. Harwood was an indefatigable church worker,
+and died suddenly, after attending a Lent service, when he occupied his
+usual seat, near this window.  It is of three lights, the subjects being
+six, (1) the centre light illustrates "Charity;" a female figure above,
+holding one child in her arms and leading others; while below is "Joseph
+in Egypt, receiving his father, Jacob."  (2) The west light illustrates
+"Faith," a female above, holding a cross and bible, and below "Abraham
+offering his son Isaac."  (3) The east light illustrates "Hope," a female
+above, leaning upon an anchor, and below "Daniel in the den of lions."
+The grouping of the subjects and arrangement of the canopies are
+admirable.
+
+The west window in the same aisle contains a handsome memorial, by
+Preedy, of the late Vicar, Prebendary Robert Giles.  It is of three
+lights, the subjects being from St. Peter's life: (1) the south light
+shewing "The net cast into the sea," "Depart from me, &c."; (2) the
+central light, Peter's commendation by the Saviour, "Thou art Peter,
+&c."; and (3) the north light, Peter's release from prison, "Arise up
+quickly, &c."  The tabernacle and canopy work are good.  The cost of this
+was about 140 pounds.  Mr. Giles succeeded Prebendary Milner, as Vicar,
+and died 12 July, 1872.
+
+The two lancet windows in the lower part of the west wall of the tower,
+which were enlarged at the restoration, are filled with good coloured
+glass.  They bear no inscriptions but are memorials of deceased younger
+members of the families of the late Dr. B. J. Boulton, and of the late
+Mr. Richard Nicholson.  The southern one represents "The Good Shepherd,"
+carrying a lamb in his arms; the northern, "Suffer the little children to
+come unto me," shewing the Saviour receiving little children into his
+arms.  Within the tower is also placed a List of Benefactors of the town;
+also a frame containing the Decalogue, supported by two painted figures,
+life-size, representing Aaron with his censer, and Moses with his rod; on
+one side of this is the Lord's Prayer, on the other the Apostles' Creed.
+{39a}
+
+The roof of the nave, for some years hidden by a flat whitewashed
+ceiling, is of Spanish chestnut, with finely carved figures of angels,
+which support the intermediate principals.  In front of the tower arch
+stands the Font, of caen stone, on octagonal base; the bowl has 8
+elaborately carved panels, in three of which are engraved, on scrolls,
+the words "One Lord," "One Faith," "One Baptism." {39b}  The Pulpit, at
+the north-east corner of the nave, is also of Caen stone, in similar
+style, with four decorated panels, having, beneath the cornice, the
+inscription "He that hath my word, let him speak my word faithfully;" the
+book-rest is supported by the figure of an angel, with outspread wings.
+The Reading Desk, on the opposite side, consists of open tracery work,
+carved in modern oak.  The Lectern, an eagle of brass, was presented, in
+1901, by the Misses Walter, in memory of their father, Mr. Joseph Walter,
+for many years church warden. {39c}  The seats in the chancel have
+handsomely carved poppy heads, and are placed east and west, instead of,
+as formerly, north and south, facing west.
+
+On the south side of the chancel arch, in the west face of the wall, is a
+small stone, bearing the names of "Thomas Gibson, Vicar.  John Hamerton
+and John Goake, Churchwardens, 1675."  On the south wall of the chancel
+south chapel is also an illuminated sheet of iron bearing the following
+inscription to the same Vicar:--"Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Mr.
+Thos. Gibson, A.M., 44 years Vicar of this parish.  He lived in such
+times when Truth to the Church, and Loyalty to the King met with
+punishment due to the worst of crimes.  He was by the rebellious powers
+carried away prisoner four times from the garrison of Newark for a
+dissenting teacher, afterwards sequestrated, and his family driven out,
+by the Earl of Manchester.  He survived the Restoration, and was brought
+back at the head of several hundreds of his friends, and made a
+Prebendary in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln.  As his enemies never
+forgave his zeal to the Church and Crown, so nothing but the height of
+Christian charity could forgive the insults he met with from them.  He
+died April 22, 1678." {40a}  Above this is a shield, containing three
+storks, proper, on an argent field; and with a stork, as crest.
+
+On the north clerestory wall of the nave are tablets in memory of Jane,
+wife of Thomas Taylor, to the east; in the centre to Thomas Taylor,
+Surgeon, and Margaret his wife, to Mary Anne, wife of Thomas Hardy
+Taylor; and to the west of these, to Anne, wife of Erasmus Middleton, to
+Erasmus Middleton, and to their daughter, Grace, wife of James Weir, and
+to James Weir, who died Dec. 15, 1822.  On the south clerestory wall,
+westward, is a tablet to the memory of Thomas Bryan, Hannah his wife, and
+their son Edward, all interred at Scrivelsby; another, to the east, is in
+memory of Edward Harrison, M.D., his wife, and his brother, erected by
+his nephew.
+
+In the north aisle of the chancel is a modern, canvas, lozenge-shaped,
+framed copy of an older memorial, formerly painted on the south wall, on
+which are depicted the arms of Sir Ingram Hopton, with this
+inscription:--"Here lieth the worthy and memorable Knight, Sir Ingram
+Hopton, who paid his debt to nature, and duty to his King and country, in
+the attempt of seizing the arch rebel (Cromwell) in the bloody skirmish
+near Winceby, Oct. 6, 1643." {40b}  The motto is Horatian (the first
+lines from Odes iii., xiv., 14-16; the other two from Odes iv., ix.,
+29-30).
+
+             Nec tumultum,
+    Nec mori per vim, metuit, tenente
+       Caesare terras.
+    Paulum sepultae distat inertiae,
+       Celata virtus.
+
+Close to this, and above the arch leading into the nave, are a number of
+scythes, some with straight wooden handles, attached to the wall, which
+are said to have been used at the Winceby fight. {41a}
+
+On the wall of the north aisle, nearest the archway into the chancel, on
+a small slab of Purbeck marble, is a brass of Sir Lionel Dymoke, kneeling
+on a cushion; on either side were formerly small shields displaying the
+arms of Dymoke, Waterton, Marmyon, Hebden and Haydon; {41b} and on small
+brasses were the figures of two sons and three daughters.  Parts of these
+are now lost.  The figure of Sir Lionel is in the attitude of prayer,
+from his left elbow issues a scroll with the inscription "S'cta Trinitas,
+unus Deus, miserere nob."  Beneath is another inscription, "In Honore
+s'cte et individue trinitatis.  Orate pro a'i'a Leonis Dymoke, milit' q'
+obijt xvij die me'se Augusti, Ao D'ni Mo cccccxix.  Cuj' a'i'e p' piciet,
+de.'  Amen."  Below this monument, in the pavement, is a brass, now
+mutilated, of the same Sir Lionel Dymoke, wrapped in a shroud, with two
+scrolls issuing from the head, the lettering of which is now effaced.
+Beneath is an inscription also now obliterated, but which Mr. Weir gives
+as follows:--
+
+    Leonis fossa nunc haec Dymoke capit ossa.
+    Miles erat Regis, cui parce Deus prece Matris,
+    Es testis Christe, quod non jacet hic lapis iste,
+    Corpus ut ornetur, sed spiritus ut memoretur.
+    Hinc tu qui transis, senex, medius, puer, an sis,
+    Pro me funde preces, quia sic mihi sit venie spes.
+
+The actual suit of armour worn by this Sir Lionel Dymoke was formerly in
+the church, since in the evidence taken after the "Lincolnshire Rising,"
+in 1536, it was shewn that "one Philip Trotter, of Horncastle," took it
+from the church, and himself wore it, while carrying the standard at the
+head of the insurgents (State Papers Domestic, Henry VIII., vol. xi, No.
+967) {42a}
+
+       [Picture: Brass of Sir Lionel Dymoke, in St. Mary's Church]
+
+In the Harleian MS. in the British Museum, among his "Lincolnshire Church
+Notes," Gervase Holles (circa 1640) mentions several other arms and
+inscriptions, as then existing, which are now lost. {42b}
+
+In the pavement of the former vestry, in the south chancel aisle, is a
+slab with the inscription running round it, "Here lyethe the boyddes of
+Thomas Raithbeck & Arne his wyf, ye founders of the Beid hous.  Departed
+thys world, in ye fayth of Christ, ye last day of October, in ye yere of
+our Lord, MDLXXV."  In the pavement at the east end of the south aisle of
+nave is a slab bearing the names of William Hamerton and his wife
+Elizabeth, and westward of this another slab, in memory of "Sarah
+Sellwood, wife of Henry Sellwood, Esq., {42c} who died Sep 30, 1816, aged
+28 years."  The late Poet Laureate, Alfred, afterwards Lord Tennyson,
+married Mr. Sellwood's daughter Emily Sarah, the marriage being
+solemnised at Shiplake after the family had left Horncastle.  The
+Laureate's elder brother, Charles Tennyson, married another daughter,
+Louisa, afterwards taking the additional name of Turner.  He held the
+vicarage of Grasby near Caistor.
+
+Other monuments are, on the wall of the south aisle, a tablet inscribed
+"To the memory of Elizabeth Kelham, only surviving child of Richard
+Kelham, Rector of Coningsby.  She was pious, virtuous, and charitable,
+and died 26 Feb., 1780, aged 58.  Reader, imitate her example.  Erected
+by Robert Kelham, her nephew, as a grateful acknowledgment of her regard
+towards him."  On the north wall of the chancel is a marble tablet in
+memory of "George Heald, Armiger, e Consultis Domini Regis, in Curia
+Cancellaria.  Obiit 18 May, 1834."  Inscriptions below are to his wife
+and daughter.  Another tablet, of black marble, records the death of
+Elizabeth, first wife of the Rev. John Fretwell, Curate, Dec. 4, 1784,
+and of his son, Matthew Harold, Sept. 11, 1786. {44a}  Another tablet is
+in memory of "Clement Madeley, DD., 42 years Vicar, who died Good-Friday,
+1845, aged 73;" also of his wife Martha, who died 1807, and of his son
+Houghton, who died 1838, erected by his daughter, M. A. Dymoke, {44b}
+wife of Rev. John Dymoke, Champion.
+
+In a glass covered case in the north aisle of the chancel are three
+volumes of Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, 1632 edition, these were formerly
+chained to a desk, and parts of the chains remain.  They were given by
+Nicolas Shipley, gentleman, in 1696, who also presented a brass
+chandelier of 24 sockets; he was among the benefactors to the poor of the
+town.  The present glass case and desk on which the case rests, were
+given by the late Vicar, the Rev. A. Scrivenor.  Along with these vols.
+are "The History of the Old and New Testaments, gathered out of sacred
+scripture and writings of the fathers, a translation from the work of the
+Sieur de Royaumont, by several hands.  London, printed for R. Blome, I.
+Sprint, John Nicholson and John Pero, 1701."  There are some good old
+engravings of "The Work of Creation," "The Temptation and Fall of Man,"
+"The Expulsion from Paradise," "The Murder of Abel," "Ishmael Banished,"
+&c.  The first of these is dedicated to "Her sacred Majesty, Mary, by the
+grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France, Ireland, &c., by Her
+Majesty's most obedient servant Richard Blome."  The next is dedicated to
+"Her sacred Majesty Katherine, Queen Dowager of England," by the same;
+another is dedicated to "Her Royal Highness Ann, Princess of Denmark;"
+and other plates are dedicated to various Lincolnshire worthies, some of
+these are rather damaged, and the fine old bible is imperfect.
+
+Various old documents may here be quoted, which give items of interest
+connected with this church.  In _Lincolnshire Wills_, 1st series, edited
+by Canon A. R. Maddison, F.S.A., 1888, is that of James Burton of
+Horncastle, of date 9 June, 1536, which mentions the lights burnt in the
+church at that time before different shrines; these were in all 23, of
+which 7 were in honour of the blessed virgin, one was called "The light
+of our Lady of Grace," another "Our Lady's light at the font."  Mention
+is also made of a "St. Trunyan's light;" this last saint is connected
+with a well at Barton-on-Humber, but nothing further is known of him
+under that name.  It has been suggested that it is a corruption of St.
+Ninian (_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. i, 149), and in connection with
+this it is interesting to refer to the fact that Gervase Holles, whose
+description of Horncastle windows we have already quoted, states that
+there was a window to St. Ninian placed in the chancel south aisle, by
+the Guild of Shoemakers.  Here, then, it is possible, the "St. Trunion's"
+or St. Ninian's "light" may have been burned, as the emblem of some
+whilom Horncastrian's faith.
+
+A Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 19 Richard II., No. 83 (11 Dec.,
+1395), shows that Albinus de Enderby and others assigned a messuage, with
+appurtenances, in Horncastle, to pay a chaplain to say daily masses in
+the church of the blessed Mary, for the soul of Simon de Dowode, and
+other faithful deceased.  Wood Enderby was at that time a chapelry
+attached to Horncastle Church.
+
+The right of sanctuary, enjoyed by felons, who sought refuge in a church,
+was a very ancient institution, dating from Saxon times, and only
+abolished by James I., in 1621, because the great number of churches in
+the country rendered it so easy a matter for highwaymen, then very
+numerous, to avail themselves of the privilege, that justice was too
+often defeated and crime encouraged.  According to custom, if the
+offender made confession before a coroner, within 40 days, and took the
+prescribed oath at the church door, that he would quit the realm, his
+life was spared.  A Close Roll, 13 Henry III., Aug. 22, 1229, states that
+the King, at Windsor, commands the Sheriff of Lincolnshire (Radulphus
+filius Reginaldi) to send two coroners to see that a robber who keeps
+himself in the church at Horncastle abjures the kingdom, (_Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, vol. i, p. 49).  It is a somewhat curious coincidence, that a
+similar document, of date 16 Henry III., Aug. 22, 1232, only three years
+later, records a similar incident; and the malefactor is ordered to "make
+the assize, and abjuration of the kingdom, according to the custom of the
+land and according to the liberties granted to Walter, Bishop of
+Carlisle," (_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, p. 58).  We have the
+explanation of this later instruction in a Memoranda Roll of 4 Ed. III.,
+1330, which states that Henry III. granted, by charter dated 16th July,
+in the 15th year of his reign, to Walter, Bishop of Carlisle, and his
+successors, that they should claim "all chattels of felons and fugitives
+within their manors," the crown giving up all claim to the same in their
+favour; and the case is added of Robert Mawe, a fugitive, whose chattels
+were demanded by the Bishop, and 34 pounds exacted on that account "from
+the township of Horncastre."
+
+It is remarkable that the two cases, above quoted, should have occurred
+at the same date, August 22.  An explanation of this has been suggested
+in the fact that an old calendar shows that August 22 was a day sacred to
+St. Zaccheus; and as that saint set the example of restoring four-fold
+what he had unlawfully taken, that day may have been selected for the
+robber to surrender his chattels in reparation of his offence.  A not
+improbable explanation, however, may be found in the fact that the great
+August fair, established by Royal Charter, closed on August 21st, and
+unruly characters were often left, as dregs of such gatherings in the
+place, murders even being not uncommon.  By charter of the same king the
+Bishop of Carlisle had power to try felons at Horncastle, and a spot on
+the eastern boundary of the parish is still known as "Hangman's Corner,"
+where those who were capitally convicted in his court were executed.
+
+We give elsewhere a list of the Incumbents of St. Mary's, but we may here
+refer to probably the most distinguished of them all.  A Patent Roll, of
+date 11 June, 1344 (18 Edward III.), states that Thomas, Bishop of
+Lincoln (N.B.  This was Thomas Bec, consecrated July 7, 1342, died Feb.
+1, 1346, buried in the north transept of the Cathedral), "by command of
+the Most Holy Father, Pope Clement VI., reduces the taxation of the
+church at Horncastle, with the chapels of Askeby (West Ashby), Upper
+Tynton (High Toynton), Maring (Mareham-on-the-Hill), and Wod Enderby, to
+the same church annexed, to the sum of 50 marks (33 pounds 6s. 8d.),
+which were previously taxed at the immoderate sum of 77 pounds sterling."
+This is stated to be done "of the sincere love with which we value our
+very dear clerk, Master Simon de Islep, parson of the church aforesaid."
+This is also confirmed to "his successors, parsons or rectors, of the
+said church.  Witness the King, at Westminster."  The merits of this
+worthy, so valued by the Holy Father, not long afterwards received
+further recognition, since in 1350, only 6 years later, he was promoted
+to the highest dignity in the land, next to the sovereign himself, as
+Archbishop of Canterbury. {46}  An earlier Rector, John de Langton, had
+been made Bishop of Chichester, A.D. 1305.  These are the only incumbents
+of Horncastle who have attained the Episcopal Bench, (_Horncastle
+Register Book_, edited by Canon J. Clare Hudson, 1892).
+
+The promotion of the Rector, Simon de Islep, led to more than one
+lawsuit.  The Bishop of Carlisle, being at that time heavily in debt, as
+Lord of the manor, to which, as has already been stated, the advowson of
+the church of St. Mary was attached, had in January, 1347-8 granted the
+manor to Hugh de Bole, and others, on their annual payment of 129 pounds
+19s. 2.5d, for three years.  On the vacancy thus occurring the Bishop was
+summoned to appear at Westminster, before Justice John de Stonor, and
+others, to answer to William Widuking, of Saundeby, executor of the will
+of the said Hugh de Bole, who claimed, as tenant of the manor, the right
+to nominate to the vacant benefice.  The Bishop resisted this claim, and
+the case was argued before the King's Bench, in Hilary term, 1350, when
+the Bishop was defeated, the claim of William Widuking being allowed.
+(County Placita, Lincoln, No. 46.  Pleas at Westminster, 24 Ed. III.,
+roll 104.)
+
+Seventeen years later, on the death of John de Kirkby, Bishop of
+Carlisle, who had presented Simon de Islep to Horncastle, the
+temporalities of the bishopric for the time lapsed to the King; and
+Thomas de Appleby, the succeeding Bishop, with John de Rouceby, clerk
+(who afterwards became Rector of Horncastle), were summoned to answer to
+the King, that the King be allowed, through the said lapse, to appoint to
+the vacant Benefice of St. Mary.  The Bishop and John de Rouceby brought
+the case before the court, but they admitted the justice of the King's
+plea, and judgment was given for the King.  (De Banco Roll, 41 Ed. III.,
+in. 621.)  Apparently, as a compromise, the King appointed John de
+Rouceby.  This John de Rouceby, while Rector of Horncastle, was murdered
+on the high road to Lincoln in 1388, (_Horncastle Register Book_, p. 2).
+
+We may here observe, that in the above documents, the Incumbent of St.
+Mary's Church is styled "Parson" or "Rector," not, as he is at the
+present day, "Vicar."  On this change of status we are able to give the
+following particulars.  Among the Bishop "Nicholson MSS.," which are in
+the custody of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle, and consist of extracts
+from the old "Bishops' Registers," it is stated (vol. iv, p. 349) that
+Bishop Stern of Carlisle, under agreement with the Bishop of Lincoln (Dr.
+Robert Sanderson) in 1660, appropriated the Rectorial appurtenances of
+the Benefice of St. Mary to the See of Carlisle.  This, however, would
+seem to be only a confirmation, or renewal, of what had been done long
+before, since as far back as 1313, the Bishop of Carlisle petitioned the
+Pope, to allow the church revenues of St. Mary, Horncastle, to be
+appropriated to that See, which had been "wasted by war and other
+calamities;" the Rector of the day only stipulating for a _pensio
+congrua_ being reserved to him for his lifetime.  (Carlisle Episcopal
+Registers, xix, p. 181 b).  This was repeated about 1334 (_Ibid._, p.
+187, a.  Quoted _Horncastle Register Book_, p. 2).  The title Rector
+accordingly disappears and from about 1400 only that of Vicar is used,
+the Bishops of Carlisle themselves having become the "Rectors."  Early in
+the 19th century (21 March, 1803) the Bishop of Carlisle leased the
+manor, with appurtenances, to Sir Joseph Banks, and his representatives
+are now Lay Rectors.
+
+The appointment of one of the early Rectors is a sample of the abuses
+connected with Papal supremacy in those times.  Peter de Galicia was
+nominated Rector in May, 1313, he was a foreigner and probably drew his
+income without ever residing at Horncastle.  Having influence at the
+Papal Curia, he negociated for the Bishop of Carlisle the transfer of the
+Rectorial appurtenances of Horncastle to that See; only, as has been
+stated, taking care that he had his own _pensio congrua_.  Becoming
+dissatisfied with the benefice he ultimately exchanged it for the Rectory
+of Caldbeck in the diocese of Carlisle.  These proceedings are given at
+length in Bishop de Kirkby's Register; his Italian name was Piero de
+Galiciano.  He was succeeded in 1334 by Robert de Bramley, Rector of
+Caldbeck.  (Carlisle Episcopal Registers, quoted _Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, vol. v, pp. 244-5).
+
+Horncastle was one of the centres of disturbance at the time of the
+"Lincolnshire Rising" (already referred to) or "Pilgrimage of Grace," in
+1536, and St. Mary's Church was the main cause of the local agitation.
+William Leche, brother of the parson of Belchford, was a ringleader in
+the town.  The plundering of churches, by the King's "visitors," for the
+"valor ecclesiasticus," on the plea of regulating ceremonial, but more
+really with a view to replenishing the royal coffers, was the great
+grievance with the people.  Much evidence on the subject is found among
+State Papers Domestic, vol. xi, 28 Henry VIII.  One witness, Edward
+Richardson of Thimbleby, states that William Leche, on Tuesday, 2nd Oct.,
+"stirred the people to rise to save the church jewels from the Bishop's
+officers," who were acting by the King's orders, the Bishop being the
+King's confessor.  Robert Sotheby of Horncastle, being sworn before Sir
+Anthony Wyngffeld and Sir Arthur Hopton, says that "David Benet, a wever,
+rang the comon bell," to rouse the people.  The said Robert stated that
+he and William Bywater, being churchwardens, were going to see the work
+of the plumbers, and in the meantime the said Davy rang the common bell;
+and that "William Leche was the first begynner and sterer of the whole
+rysinge there."  The mob marched about with a standard, carried by Philip
+Trotter, clad in the armour of Lionel Dymoke, which he had taken from the
+church of St. Mary.  The devices on the standard were "a plough," to
+encourage the husbandmen; the "challice and Host," because the church
+plate and jewellery were to have been taken away; the "wands" were to
+encourage the people "to fight in Cristis cause;" the "horn" betokening
+Horncastle.
+
+About 100 persons marched to Scrivelsby, and threatened to drag out
+Edward Dymoke, the sheriff, and other gentlemen.  The sheriff, Thomas
+Dymoke, Robert Dighton, and one Saundon, afterwards went into the field,
+and conversed with Leche, who said the Rising was because the Visitors
+would take the church goods.  The mob took the old gentleman, Sir William
+Saundon, and "harried him forth by the arms towards Horncastell, till
+from hete and weryness he was almost overcum."  A horse was brought for
+him by one Salman of Baumbrough, but one of the rebels strake the horse
+on the head, so that both horse and rider fell to the ground, and they
+then said he must "go afote as they did."  He was afterwards confined in
+the "Moot Hall," at Horncastle, and "they sware him, whether he woll, or
+no."  Many witnesses testified to the activity of Leche, in going to
+private houses and inducing the men to join, and that the gentlemen only
+joined from fear of violence.  Richard Mekylwhite of Horncastle was
+accused by Thomas Lytellbury, that he was "a great procurer" (of men),
+and was "one of the causers of George Wolsey's death," (a servant of the
+late Cardinal Wolsey).
+
+William Leche, with a great company, went to Bolingbroke, to take the
+Bishop's Chancellor, Dr. John Rayne, who was lying there, sick; he was
+brought on horseback to Horncastle amid cries of "kill him! kill him!"
+He begged Philip Trotter to save him, who said he would do what he could;
+the Chancellor gave him xxs., but he in effect did the reverse of helping
+him.  On reaching the outskirts of the town, "many parsons and vicars
+among" the rebels cried "kill him!" whereat William Hutchinson and
+William Balderstone, of Horncastle, "pulled him viantly of his horse,
+kneling upon him, and with their staves slew him."  The Vicar of Thornton
+gave xvs. to the rebels.  The Vicar of Horncastle, at that time John
+Haveringham, seems to have avoided being mixed up with this movement, as
+many of his brethren were.  The whole affair barely lasted a week, and it
+does not appear that the church plate suffered.  The King issued a
+proclamation from Richmond, 2 December following, that he pardoned all
+except the wretches in ward at Lincoln, T. Kendal the Vicar of Louth, and
+William Leche of Horncastle.
+
+For a final notice of old records connected with the church, we may
+mention a matter of less importance, but one which we can hardly realise,
+in these days of religious liberty, when everyone is "a law unto himself"
+in matters of faith, and even largely in practice.  The parish book of
+the adjoining Thimbleby, which is in the soke of Horncastle, shews that,
+as late as the year 1820, the parish officials ordered all paupers, in
+receipt of parish relief, to attend the church services, on pain of
+forfeiting the aid granted; and cases are named where the payment was
+stopped until the offender had given satisfaction.  The State Papers
+Domestic of 1634 show that, at Horncastle, there was a like strictness.
+Luke Burton of this town was fined 1s. for being "absent from divine
+service," and again a like sum as "absent from prayers."  Even "a
+stranger, a tobacco man," was fined 1s. for the same offence; and 3s. 4d.
+for "tippling in time of divine service."  John Berry, butcher, was fined
+1s. "for swearing."  Simon Lawrence, for selling ale contrary to law, was
+fined 20s.; the same "for permitting tippling, 20s.;" while for "selling
+ale without a licence," William Grantham and Margaret Wells were
+"punished upon their bodies."  (State Papers Domestic, vol. 272, No. 23,
+Chas. I.)
+
+             [Picture: Ancient Scythes in St. Mary's Church]
+
+
+
+RECTORS AND VICARS.
+
+
+We here give a list of these as compiled by Canon J. Clare Hudson, in his
+1st volume of the _Horncastle Parish Register Book_, 1892.
+
+A.D.                                  RECTORS.
+
+1236-7        Geoffrey de Leueknor by the Bishop of Carlisle
+              (admitted on condition it be found the same church with
+              the churches of [Wood] Enderby, and [High] Toynton and
+              another, which Osbert the last rector held, be one
+              benefice).
+
+1239-40       (Delegates of the Pope in a dispute between G. parson
+              of the church of Horncastre and Francis, parson of the
+              church of [West] Askeby, concerning the church of
+              Askeby, decide that G[eoffrey] and his successors, are
+              to hold the church of Askeby, and pay to Francis
+              annually for life 27 marks sterling, and the bishop
+              confirms this ordinance)
+
+1246          Adam de Kirkby.
+
+12--          Ralph Tulgol.
+
+1275          Hugh de Penna (otherwise Hugh de la Penne, Assize Roll,
+              4 Ed. I.  _Lincs._ _Notes & Queries_, iv, p. 220).
+
+1295          John de Langton.
+
+1305          Gilbert de Haloughton.
+
+1313          Peter de Galicia.
+
+                                      VICARS.
+
+1334          Robert de Bramley.
+
+13--          William de Hugate.
+
+1349          Simon de Islep, _resigned_ in 1349, on becoming
+              Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+1357          William de Hugate, presented by Gilbert, Bishop of
+              Carlisle, on exchange.
+
+1369          John de Rouceby.
+
+1388          William Stryckland.
+
+1401          Thomas Carleton, Chaplain.
+
+1445          Robert Somercotes.
+
+14--          John Eston.
+
+1492          John Ffalconer.
+
+1517          Richard Denham.
+
+1524          Barnard Towneley.
+
+1531          Robert Jamys, Chaplain.
+
+1535          John Havringham.
+
+15--          Arthur Layton.
+
+1538          Peter Wallensis.
+
+1557          Henry Henshoo, or Henshaw.
+
+1560          Clement Monke. {50}
+
+1584          Francis Purefey.
+
+1587          Richard Foster.
+
+1593          John Jackson.
+
+1595          Robert Hollinhedge.
+
+1634          Thomas Gibson.
+
+1678          John Tomlinson.
+
+1678-9        Thomas Loddington.
+
+1724          James Fowler.
+
+1779          Joseph Robertson.
+
+1802          Clement Madely.
+
+1845          Thos. James Clarke.
+
+1853          Wm. Holme Milner.
+
+1868          Robert Giles.
+
+1872          Arthur Scrivenor.
+
+1882          Edwin Fowler Quarrington.
+
+1900          Alfred Edgar Moore.
+
+For some of the earlier details I am indebted to the Rev. W. O.
+Massingberd.
+
+The Parish Registers of Horncastle are of some interest.  They date from
+1559, the year following the "Injunction" issued by Queen Elizabeth (the
+3rd of its kind) ordering the regular keeping of such records; similar,
+earlier, though less stringent, orders having been made in 1538, 1547 and
+1552.  Besides the records of baptisms, marriages and burials, there are
+occasional notes on peculiar passing events, which we may here notice.
+One of these occurs in 1627, "Upon Monday, beinge the xxviijth day of
+January was a great Tempest of Winde, the like hath not often been in any
+age; like wise upon Friday the 4th of November 1636 in the night time
+there happened a more fearful (wind than) before.
+
+Mr. Weir, in his _History of Horncastle_, quotes a note (folio 42 b of
+the Register): "On the vth daie of October one thousand six hundred and
+three, in the ffirst yere of oure Sov'aigne Lord King James was holden in
+Horncastell Church a solemnn fast from eight in the morning until fower a
+clock in the after noone by five preachers, vidz. Mr. Hollinghedge, Vicar
+of Horncastell, Mr. Turner of Edlington, Mr. Downes of Lusbye, Mr.
+Philipe of Solmonbye, Mr. Tanzey of Hagworthingha', occasioned by a
+generall and most feareful plague yt yere in sundrie places of this land,
+but especially upon the Cytie of London.  p'r me Clementem Whitelock."
+(Parish Clerk.)
+
+We may observe that at this time there perished in London more than
+30,000 persons; but the great plague, or "black death," occurred 61 years
+later (1664-5), which carried off from 70,000 to 100,000 persons.
+Between these periods, and previously, various parishes in our
+neighbourhood suffered from this visitation; for instance at Roughton,
+which is in the soke of Horncastle, there were 43 burials, including
+those of the Rector and two daughters, in the year 1631-2; while in the
+adjoining parish of Haltham (also in the soke) although there was no
+increase of mortality at that date, there had been 51 deaths in the year
+1584; there being a note in the register for that year, "This yeare
+plague in Haltham."  The turn, however, for Horncastle came in the year
+1631, when the register shows that between May 3 and Sep. 29, there were
+no less than 176 deaths; in one case 7 in a family (Cocking), 5 in a
+family (Halliday), in other cases 4 (Joanes), and again (Hutchinson) 4,
+(Fawcitts) 4, (Cheesbrooke) 4, &c.  In August alone there were 86 deaths,
+and not a single marriage through all these months, whereas the following
+year there were only 25 deaths in the whole twelve months.  Truly
+Horncastrians were, at that dread time, living with the sword of Damocles
+hanging over them.  A note in the margin in this year is as follows,
+"Oct. 5th, buryalls since July 23, 144; burialls since Easter 182."
+
+We have already given the history of the Vicar, Rev. Thos. Gibson, he is
+referred to in the two following notes in the Register.  At the end of
+folio 81a (1635) we find, after the signature of himself and
+churchwardens, "Thomas Gibson, Clerk, Master of the free school of
+Newcastel uppon Tine, one of the Chapleins of the Right Reverend Father
+in God Barnabas, by Divine P'vidence Lo. Bpp. Carliel, presented by the
+said Lo. Bpp., was inducted into this Vicarage of Horncastel April xiiij,
+1634."  At the end of folio 85a (1639) after similar signatures is this:
+"The sd Mr. Thomas Gibson, being outed of Horncastle by Cromwell's
+Commissioners, removed to Nether Toynton, lived there one yeare, after
+restored againe, taught some Gentlemen sonnes in his owne house, was
+afterward called to ye scole at Newark, where he continued one yeare,
+then was importuned to Sleeford, whether he went ye week after Easter
+1650, continued there until May ye first 1661; then, the King being
+returned, he returned to his Vicaridge, and was by Doctor Robert
+Sanderson, Bishop of Linkcoln made Preban of Saint Mairie Crakepoule in
+the Church of Linkcoln."
+
+It may be observed that the spelling in those times, the entries
+doubtless being often made by the parish clerk, was rather phonetic than
+orthographic.  Many names occur which still survive, but here spelt
+variously, for instance Fawssett has been a name well known in Horncastle
+in modern times in a good position, in town and county, here we find it
+in generation after generation as Fawcet, Fawset, Faucitt, &c.  The name
+Raithbeck is of continual occurrence, it is now probably represented by
+Raithby.  Castledine occurs several times, being probably the phonetic
+form of the modern Cheseltine.  The present name Chantry appears as
+Chauntry.  Palfreyman, or Palfreman, occurs on several occasions, they
+were of a respectable family in the county, William Palfreyman being
+Mayor of Lincoln in 1534; Ralph Palfreyman, clerk, was presented to the
+Benefice of Edlington, by his brother Anthony, merchant of the Staple,
+Lincoln, in 1569.
+
+In folio 69a (1628) is the entry "Tirwhitt Douglas, daughter unto Mr.
+George Tirwhitt, christened Jan. 8."  Her father George Tyrwhitt was a
+scion of the old county family of the Tyrwhitts of Kettleby, Stainfield,
+&c., by Faith, daughter of Nicholas Cressy of Fulsby, who married
+Frances, daughter of Sir Henry Ayscough, of another very old county
+family.  She was named Douglas, though a female, after her kinswoman,
+Douglas, daughter of William, first Lord Howard of Effingham.  Her sister
+married Sir Edward Dymoke of Scrivelsby.  She herself is mentioned among
+the benefactors to the poor of Horncastle, as leaving a charge of 10s. on
+a farm at Belchford, as an annual payment, on her death in 1703.
+
+Another name of frequent occurrence, though now extinct, is that of
+Hamerton.  John Hamerton (as already stated) is mentioned, with John
+Goake, on a tablet inserted in the wall on the south side of the chancel
+arch, as being churchwarden in the vicariate of Thomas Gibson, in 1675,
+and throughout the early registers successive generations of this family
+are recorded.  They may have been humble scions of the Hamertons, of
+Hamerton, Yorkshire, a branch of whom were among the landed gentry near
+the Scottish border; but at Horncastle they were engaged in trade.  John
+Hamerton, christened Dec. 10, 1575, whose probable father, another John
+Hamerton, was buried Sep. 3, 1584, married Feb. 2, 1613, Grace Broxholme,
+whose father John Broxholme is described as "Gent" in 1611.  Thomas
+Hamerton in 1603 was a draper, another Thomas Hamerton in 1613 was a
+"yoman," John in 1615 was a tanner, Thomas in 1606 and 1617 was a tanner,
+Robert son of Thomas in 1619 was a tanner, William in 1620 was a glover.
+In 1630, Thomas, buried Jan. 24, is designated "Mr."  On June 16, 1633,
+Katherine Hamerton is married "by Licence" to George Colimbell.  A rise
+in status is indicated by the two latter entries, and accordingly, in the
+records of the neighbouring parish of Edlington we find "Geo. Hamerton,
+gent., and Sarah Hussey married July 21, 1699;" the Husseys being
+probably connected with the county family, the head of which was Lord
+Hussey of Sleaford.  The John Hamerton, churchwarden in 1675, was born
+Jan. 22, 1636, son of John and Dorothy Hamerton.  The marriage of the
+parents is not given in the register, the father therefore probably
+married an "outener," as they are provincially termed.  The interesting
+point however in connection with this family is, that although they have
+long ago been extinct, they have left their mark behind them still
+surviving in the town.  Near the junction of East Street with South
+Street there still exists at the back of the second shop, in the former
+street (a repository for fancy needlework), a room lined with good oak
+wainscoting, with finely carved mantelpiece, over which is an
+inscription, richly carved in relief, with the letters "Ao Di" to the
+left, and to the right the date "1573;" while above, in the centre, are
+the initials "J H" and "M H;" separated by a floriated cross and
+encircled by a wreath.  This would doubtless be John Hamerton and his
+wife Mary (or Margaret) Hamerton, the original builders of the house.
+Two doors beyond is Hamerton Lane, and the title deeds, which the present
+writer has inspected, show that the whole of this block of buildings now
+forming five shops and two private residences, once formed one large
+dwelling place, belonging to the Hamerton of that day, with a frontage in
+East Street of more than 20 yards, and in South Street of 70 or 80 yards,
+with extensive back premises and gardens attached.  The J.H. and M.H., of
+whom we have here such interesting relics, were probably the grandfather
+and grandmother of the John Hamerton of the time of the Commonwealth and
+Charles II., and the extent of the buildings occupied by them show that
+they were wealthy.
+
+Tanning was at one time the chief trade of the town, there being within
+the writer's recollection several tan yards, now no longer existing.  The
+Bain water was said to be specially suited for this purpose.  We have
+seen that several of the Hamertons were tanners, and they had evidently
+prospered in their calling.
+
+One more name in the register deserves a brief notice, that of Snowden
+(spelt there Snoden).  We have, at various dates, from 22 Oct. 1629,
+onwards, the baptisms of the whole family of Mr. Rutland Snowden, and the
+burials of some of them.  The Snowdens were originally a Notts. family,
+of the smaller gentry class, but Robert Snowden, third son of Ralph
+Snowden, of Mansfield Woodhouse, became Bishop of Carlisle, and, ex
+officio, Lord of the Manor of Horncastle.  The Bishops of Carlisle had,
+as has been already stated, a residence in Horncastle, near the present
+Manor House, and the Bishop's widow, Abigail, probably resided there.  In
+her will, dated 15 April, 1651, and proved 7 May in the same year, she
+mentions her sons Rutland and Scrope; there was also another son Ralph.
+Rutland married on Xmas day, 1628, Frances, widow of George Townshend,
+Esq., of Halstead Hall, Stixwould, and Lord of the Manor of Cranworth,
+Norfolk, by whom he had a large family.  His granddaughter, Jane Snowden,
+married Charles Dymoke, Esq., of Scrivelsby; she died childless and
+founded and endowed the village school and almshouses at Hemingby.
+Another granddaughter, Abigail, married Edward Dymoke, younger son of Sir
+Edward Dymoke, of Scrivelsby, as shewn by the register there, on 18 July,
+1654, and she thus became ancestress of the Tetford branch of the
+Dymokes, now also of Scrivelsby.
+
+Rutland Snowden, who graduated B.A. at Christ's College, Cambridge,
+1617-8, took his M.A. degree at St. John's College, Oxford, 1623, and was
+admitted a member of Gray's Inn in the same year.  He was buried at
+Horncastle, 1654 (_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, pp. 14-16).  That
+was a period of national disturbance, and the people of Horncastle, with
+the Winceby fight of 1643, were more or less drawn into the vortex.
+Abigail Snowden, widow of Bishop Robert of Carlisle seems to have been
+brought into much trouble, owing to her son, Rutland, having espoused the
+Royalist cause.  Among Exchequer Bills and Answers (Chas. I., Lincoln,
+No. 86) is a petition shewing that Francis, Bishop of Carlisle, leased to
+Rutland Snowden and his assignees, for three lives, the manor, lands,
+parsonage, and other premises at Horncastle, on payment of 120 pounds.
+Subsequent proceedings would seem to imply that this lease was previously
+granted to the said Abigail herself, as shewn by the following: "To the
+Honourable the Commissioners for compounding with delinquents.  The
+Humble Petition of Abigail Snowden, widow, sheweth that Richard Milborne,
+late Bishop of Carlisle, did, 22 Sep., 1623, for valuable consideracions,
+demise the manor and soke of Horncastle (parcel of ye lands of ye
+Bishopricke) unto your petitonr, during the lives of Rutland Snoden,
+Scroope Snoden, and George Snoden, and for the life of the longest of
+them; that the said demise being allowed good unto her by the trustees .
+. . yet hath bene, and is, sequestrated, for the delinquensie of the said
+Rutland Snoden . . . the petitioner prayeth . . . that your petitioner
+may have releife . . . as to you shall seem meet.  And yr petitioner will
+praie, &c.  Abigail Snoden, 24 Nov., 1650."  A note adds that the matter
+was "Referred to Mr. Brereton, to examine and report."
+
+It was reported on by Peter Brereton, 31 Jan. following (Royalist
+Composition Papers, 1st series, vol. 58, No. 515).  As this is a fair
+sample of the treatment by the Parliamentary officials of Royalist
+"delinquents" and their friends, we here give further particulars.
+
+A similar petition was presented by "John Bysse, gent." (given in
+Royalist Composition Papers, 1st series, vol. 8, No. 167).  Further,
+Abigail Snowden bequeathed her interest in the above lease to Thos.
+Toking, who was of Bucknall and of Ludgate Hill, London.  Accordingly,
+two years later, we have another attempt at recovery, as follows: "To the
+Honourable Commissioners for compounding with Delinquents.  The humble
+petition of Thomas Toking, of Co. Lincoln, gent., sheweth, that a lease
+was made to him by Abigail Snowden, widow, deceased, of the manor, &c.,
+&c., which had been sequestered many years, for the delinquency of
+Rutland Snowden . . . and that he (T. Toking) has more to offer, for the
+clearing of his title.  He prays therefore for a commission of enquiry.
+21 Oct., 1652."  Reply: "not sufficient proof."
+
+The said Thos. Toking again petitions, stating, that he is willing, to
+avoid further trouble, to submit to "a reasonable composition."  This is
+again "referred to Mr. Brereton," 7 Feb., 1653.  On 21 Sep., 1653, the
+order was issued that "the Petitioner be admitted for compounding."
+Again "Referred to Mr. Brereton."  The result, however, was that Mr.
+Thomas Toking died before obtaining the "relief" petitioned for.
+
+N.B.  Besides the "delinquency" of having "adhered to, and assisted, ye
+forces against the Parliament," it was charged against Rutland Snowden
+that he had "more wives than one."  He "rendered his estate in fee" at
+Horncastle, in Nov., 1645, for which his fine, at one-tenth was 188
+pounds (Royalist Composition Papers, 1st series, fol. 113).  His son, a
+second Rutland Snowden, was among the Benefactors of Horncastle, as he
+bequeathed to the poor of the town, 1682, "one house of the yearly rent
+of 26s.," to be "paid in bread, 6d. every other Sunday;" a considerably
+larger sum at that time than now.
+
+We find the names of Rutland Snoden of Horncastle, and Scrope Snoden of
+Boston, in the list of Lincolnshire Gentry, entitled to bear arms, made
+by the Heralds, at their Visitation in 1634; along with other well known
+names in the neighbourhood, such as Dymoke, Heneage, Laugton,
+Massingberd, Tyrwhitt, &c. (_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. i, p. 106).
+The Snowden arms are said, in Yorke's _Union of Honour_, to have been
+"Azure a lion rampant, or." (_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, p. 16).
+
+                       [Picture: The Old Vicarage]
+
+The Vicarage of St. Mary's Church formerly stood at the north-east corner
+of the churchyard, forming part of a block of small houses.  It was a
+poor residence, but occupied until his death in 1845, by the Vicar,
+Clement Madely, DD.  The whole block was, about that time, taken down,
+the space being, later on, covered with the present substantial
+buildings.  His successor, Rev. T. J. Clarke, rented a good house in
+South Street, now occupied by Mrs. Howland.  Mr. Clarke was succeeded by
+the Rev. W. Holme Milner, in 1853, and he built the present vicarage.
+
+St. Mary's Churchyard was closed, for burials, in 1848, when the
+churchyard of Holy Trinity was consecrated.
+
+We here give a list of the Church Plate, which is more than usually
+valuable.
+
+1.  Paten, silver, 15 oz. 2 dwt., given by Mrs. Hussey, 1718. *
+
+2.  Paten lid, silver, 2 oz. 2 dwt., old, no date.
+
+3.  Paten, pewter, no date.
+
+4.  Chalice, silver gilt, 7 oz., old, no date.
+
+5.  Chalice, silver gilt, 13 oz. 4 dwt.  In memoriam, J.H., 1879.
+
+6.  Chalice, silver gilt, 13 oz. 2 dwt. *
+
+7.  Flagon, silver, 59 oz., given by Susannah Lascells, 1741.
+
+8.  Flagon, silver, 58 oz. 2 dwt., given by Susannah Lascelles, widow,
+Christmas, 1743. *
+
+9.  Alms basin, silver, 6 oz. 6 dwt., given by Thomas Hargreaves, Esq.,
+1735.  T.M.H. on handle.
+
+10.  Alms Basin, silver, 7 oz. 6 dwt., given by Clement Madely, vicar,
+1835.
+
+11.  Paten, silver gilt, 13 oz.  In Memoriam, J.H.  1879.
+
+12.  Paten, silver. 4 oz. 2 dwt., no date. *
+
+13.  Cruet with silver stopper, H.T.C.  1872.
+
+Those marked with asterisk are used at Holy Trinity Church.
+
+We cannot here omit our tribute to the energy, liberality, and taste of
+the various parties connected with the restoration of St. Mary's Church,
+begun in 1859, and happily completed in April, 1861.  With a persevering
+vicar, in Prebendary W. H. Milner, undaunted by difficulties, to head the
+movement; a working committee, no less resolute, to support him (among
+whom figured foremost the late Dr. J. B. Boulton and Mr. F. Harwood);
+with an architect of cultivated taste and wide experience, in Mr. Ewan
+Christian; and with the able contractors, Messrs. Lee & Ashton, to carry
+out his designs; and with a body of subscribers, headed by the Lord of
+the Manor, J. Banks Stanhope, Esq., all doing their best; the work was
+bound to be a marked success, of which all might be proud.  St Mary's now
+probably approaches nearer to its original conception (if it does not,
+indeed, surpass it) than it has ever done in recent times.  Erected, as
+it first was, in an age marked by "zeal" for church construction, even if
+sometimes "without knowledge;" stimulated, perhaps in an unwholesome
+degree, by the prevalent superstition and mariolatry, we yet feel bound,
+considering the noble structures which those builders have transmitted to
+us, (as Prior the poet says) to be "To their virtues very kind, and to
+their faults a little blind."  But, as to the restoration in the present
+instance, few, save the older ones among us, who remember the condition
+into which the fabric had lapsed, can realise the great changes which
+were effected, or the advantages secured to present worshippers.  The
+space formerly wasted by a western vestibule, with its boarded partition,
+and baize-covered doors, leading into nave and aisles, reducing by
+several feet the length of sitting space; the basement of the tower shut
+off, and occupied only by the bell ringers, who are now removed to the
+chamber above; the chancel aisles unused for seats and partially blocked
+up; the high square pews, rising in tiers westwards, roomy enough for
+undisturbed slumber; above all, the heavy galleries, with pews, made by
+faculty private property; all these arrangements so curtailed the
+accommodation, that the congregation, at its best, could be little more
+than half what it has been in recent years; while the _tout ensemble_,
+not omitting the flat whitewashed ceiling, put up, it has been said, by a
+kind lady, because the vicar, sensitive to cold, felt the draughts
+through the fine wooden roof thus hidden above, had an effect the very
+opposite of stimulating devotion, bad alike for minister and people.
+Under the restored condition, with sixty additional seats provided in the
+tower, the south chancel aisle also seated, and every available space
+utilized, there is now ample accommodation for some 800 worshippers, and
+on special occasions more than 1,200 have been seated (the late Mr. W.
+Pacy counted about 1,250 passing out at the evening service at the
+re-opening in April, 1861); while the services, and the surroundings, are
+alike calculated to inspire feelings of reverence, with hearty
+earnestness of worship; this is the result mainly due to the "decency and
+order" effected through the care and self-denying efforts of the
+restorers, for which all should be grateful.
+
+We should here add that in the year 1892, it being found that decay had
+occurred in the walls and other parts of the church, about 150 pounds was
+raised by subscription, and once more the fabric was put into a complete
+state of repair.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+THE CHURCH OF HOLY TRINITY
+
+
+Was built in the years 1847 and 1848, as a Chapel of Ease to St. Mary's
+Church, in the vicariate of the Rev. T. J. Clarke, at a cost of about
+2,500 pounds; 500 pounds having been bequeathed towards that purpose by
+his predecessor, Dr. Clement Madely, and the rest being raised by public
+subscriptions.  The foundation stone was laid April 6, in the former
+year, by Sir Henry Dymoke, Bart., the Queen's Champion.  The roof of the
+nave was reared Oct. 12, and the cross on the east end of the chancel
+erected Nov. 25, in the same year.  The church and churchyard were
+consecrated by Dr. Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln, April 27, 1848; his Lordship
+preaching at the opening service in the morning, and Dr. Percy, Bishop of
+Carlisle (as Patron {57a} of the Benefice) in the afternoon.  The
+architect was Mr. Stephen Lewin, of Boston (author of _Churches of the
+Division of Holland_, 1843, &c) Mr. Hind, of Sleaford, being the
+contractor for the work.
+
+It was a condition of Dr. Madely's bequest that the church should be
+commenced within two years of his death, which occurred on Good Friday,
+March 21, 1845.  This fortunately was just (but only just) effected {57b}
+in time to secure the bequest.
+
+When the churchyard of Holy Trinity was consecrated that of St. Mary's
+was closed, with the exception of some private vaults; both these burial
+grounds being closed in 1888, when the public cemetery was opened; the
+church part of which was consecrated on Nov. 7th, in that year, by the
+Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. King.
+
+The church is in the Early English style, consisting of nave, chancel,
+north and south aisles, north porch, high open belfry with one bell, and
+has sittings for 400 persons.  The materials of the structure are white
+brick, with dressings of Ancaster stone.  It was considerably improved in
+1887, and, more recently, in 1895.
+
+The windows in the north and south aisles are plain small lancets, in
+pairs; 5 pairs on the south side, and 4 pairs, with porch door, on the
+north.  The north and south arcades have 5 bays, with narrow
+perpendicular arches, except the easternmost, on both sides, which are
+wider, with a view to future transepts; the octagonal columns of brick
+have nicely carved stone capitals.  The clerestory windows above, 5 on
+each side, are alternately quatrefoils and inverted triangles.  The roof
+is of a very high pitch, slated externally, and internally of deeply
+stained deal.  The principals of the chancel roof are ornamented with
+deeply cut dog-tooth pattern.  The choir is rather narrow, and without
+aisles.  At the east end of the north aisle is the vestry, the doorway
+leading to it having a richly carved arch, supported by twin pilasters,
+with carved capitals; the porch doorway has also a richly carved arch,
+with dog-tooth moulding, and clusters of pillars below.
+
+The east window in the chancel is of 3 lights, and is an enlarged copy of
+the beautiful Early English east window of Kirkstead Abbey Chapel; with
+triple columns between, and, on either side of the lights, having richly
+carved capitals; the wall space above being also elaborately carved with
+floriated pattern.  It was fitted with coloured glass, by an anonymous
+donor, in memory of the Rev. T. J. Clarke, in whose vicariate, as has
+been stated, the church was built.  The subjects are, running across and
+in the centre, the Nativity, the Crucifixion, and Transfiguration; above
+being the Resurrection, and Christ sitting in glory; and in the lower
+row, our Lord as the Good Shepherd, the Man of sorrows and the Light of
+the world.
+
+In the chancel walls, north and south, are triple windows in the same
+style, but with plain columns and white glass.  Below the east window is
+a stone Reredos, having four panels with decorated arches on each side,
+north and south; with a central canopy of 3 compartments, nicely carved,
+and plain cross in the centre.  This was carved and designed by Messrs.
+F. Bell & Son, of Horncastle.  The Reredos was due to a movement
+originating with the Girls' Club, then under the management of Miss Agnes
+Armstrong; assisted by contributions from members of the choir, a
+considerable sum of money being raised by them, for altar frontals and
+other fittings in the chancel.  These, and other additions, were
+dedicated by the late vicar, Prebendary E. F. Quarrington, on All Saints'
+day, Nov. 1, 1895.
+
+The Organ, on the north side of the choir, is a good instrument.  In the
+early days of the church an old organ was transferred from St. Mary's
+Church and placed at the west end, but this was sold in 1869, and for
+some years a harmonium was used in the choir.  The present instrument was
+the work of Messrs. Foster & Andrews, of Hull, and has one manual, with
+pedals.
+
+The Pulpit, on the south of the lofty chancel arch, is of stone, having 5
+panels with dog-tooth borders, illuminated in gold and various colours;
+and having, within central circles, figures of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke
+and John, the fifth having the cross with the inscription "Feed my
+sheep."  The Reading Desk, on the north, is part of the chancel sedilia;
+this, with the Lectern, slightly carved, in front of it, and all the
+sittings, are of pitch pine, stained.
+
+At the west end of the south aisle is a plain lancet window of one light.
+The window corresponding to this, in the north aisle, has good coloured
+glass, in memory of the late Hugh George, M.D., who died in 1895.  It has
+two subjects (1) The healing of the lame man by SS. Peter and John, at
+the beautiful gate of the temple, and (2) Luke, the beloved physician,
+ministering to St. Paul, in prison at Rome.
+
+The west window is of two lights, narrow lancets with circular window
+above, having quatrefoil tracery.  These are filled with coloured glass,
+given by the late Miss Lucy Babington of The Rookery, Horncastle, in
+memory of her parents, brothers and sister.  The subject in the upper
+"Rose" window is the Holy Dove descending; those in the window below are
+(1) our Lord's Baptism, (2) His commission to the disciples, "Go ye, and
+baptize all nations;" (3) The baptism of a Jew (St. Paul), and (4) The
+baptism of a Gentile (Cornelius). {59}
+
+                      [Picture: Holy Trinity Church]
+
+Below this window, and in keeping with the subjects above, stands the
+Font, on a plain octagonal base.  The bowl is circular and larger than
+that in St. Mary's Church.  It is supported by 8 carved pilasters at the
+angles, with a central one; rising from these are narrow arches with
+dog-tooth moulding.
+
+In the eastern part of the churchyard lie the remains of four successive
+vicars of Horncastle, and the wife of a fifth.  A coffin-shaped stone,
+adorned with a full-length floriated cross, has this inscription: "Thomas
+James Clarke, M.A., Vicar of Horncastle, died 14th May, 1853.  Is any
+among you afflicted, let him pray."  This stone was put down by the Rev.
+Edmund Huff, who was curate at the time of Mr. Clarke's death, and
+afterwards Rector of Little Cawthorpe near Louth.
+
+An upright stone, the head forming an inverted overhanging arch,
+ornamented with dog-tooth pattern (copied from a panel in the church
+pulpit), has the inscription: "W. H. Milner, Vicar of Horncastle, died
+October 3rd, 1868, aged 64."  Within the arch is a Calvary Cross, on the
+steps of which are these words "He that believeth in Me hath everlasting
+life."  On the base of the stone is a quotation from the Burial Service,
+"Blessed are the dead, which die in the Lord, &c."  Near this a massive
+decorated cross bears the inscription: "Robert Giles, Vicar of
+Horncastle, died July 12th, 1872.  Jesu, Mercy."  This is an exact
+reproduction of a granite cross in Willoughby churchyard, erected to the
+memory of the late Archdeacon Giles, the vicar's brother.
+
+A grass grave, surrounded by a kerb, has resting upon it a full-length
+plain Latin cross, along the arms of which is inscribed "Jesu Mercy."
+Surrounding the kerb is the inscription "Arthur Scrivenor, M.A., Vicar of
+Horncastle, born January 13th, 1831, died August 27th, 1882."  "Never
+resting, never tiring, in the endless work of God;" the latter words
+being a quotation from Dr. Mansel's _Life of Bishop Wilberforce of Oxford
+and Winchester_.
+
+Very near the last tomb is the grave of the wife of the late Vicar of
+Horncastle, Prebendary E. F. Quarrington, now Rector of Welby, near
+Grantham; the plain slab bears the inscription "At rest, Nov. 25, 1888."
+
+The following biographical notes may not be without interest.  The Rev.
+T. J. Clarke was a remarkable man; born in this neighbourhood, in a
+humble rank of life (his widowed mother occupying a cottage in Woodhall,
+where, to his honour, he frequently visited her, and supported her,
+during his vicariate), he was apprenticed as a boy to a tradesman in
+Leeds.  A lady upon whom he attended, as she made purchases in the shop,
+noticed his intelligence; the result being that she sent him, at her own
+expense, to be educated at a good school, and, in due time, assisted him
+to enter at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took Double Honours,
+and obtained a Fellowship.  He was afterwards appointed to the Vicarage
+of Penrith, Cumberland, thus coming under the notice of the Bishop of
+Carlisle, who, as Patron, presented him to the Vicarage of Horncastle, on
+the death of Dr. Madely in 1845.  With Mr. Clarke's arrival in Horncastle
+it was felt that a new era in church life had begun.  He threw himself
+with characteristic energy into every kind of work, and at one time had 3
+curates.  To him was due the erection of Holy Trinity Church, and a great
+multiplication of Church services.  The old vicarage, a poor house close
+to St. Mary's churchyard, was pulled down, and he rented the house in
+South Street, with extensive gardens, which afterwards became the
+residence of Major Armstrong and now occupied by Mrs. Howland.
+Notwithstanding his heavy parochial work Mr. Clarke (as the present
+writer can testify) kept up his classical and mathematical studies.  He
+was also devoted to music, and a very skilful performer on the flute.
+Although these were relaxations from his more serious parochial labours,
+the amount of mental work involved eventually told upon his health, and
+in the 8th year of his vicariate it became perceptible, even in his
+pulpit utterances, that his mind was affected.  He had married a
+Cumberland lady, but all her care and attention was unavailing; he
+gradually collapsed into a condition of melancholy, scarcely roused by
+anything except the music of his piano. {60}  The end inevitable was seen
+to be approaching, but unfortunately Mr. Clarke by his own act
+anticipated it.  Being accidently left alone for a few moments he took a
+pistol, which he had concealed in a drawer, walked out into the garden
+and shot himself, the overwrought brain rendering him no longer
+accountable for his actions.
+
+Of his successor, the Rev. Prebendary W. H. Milner, who, like Mr. Clarke,
+had held preferment in the diocese of Carlisle, we have only to say that
+he was an able man of business, carried on the work of the church with
+great energy, and introduced many reforms.  He built the present
+vicarage.  He was the last vicar nominated by the Bishop of Carlisle.  Of
+the next two vicars it may be said that their tenure of office was all
+too short, hard faithful labour cutting off the Rev. Robert Giles (as we
+have before stated) in 1872, after a vicariate of only 4 years; while the
+Rev. Arthur Scrivenor died, after 10 years work in the parish, in his
+51st year, in 1882.  Canon E. Fowler Quarrington succeeded him, and held
+the vicarage during 18 years, when he was transferred, in 1900, to the
+Rectory of Welby, near Grantham.  The Rev. Prebendary Alfred Edgar Moore,
+formerly Vicar of Messingham, near Brigg, began his vicariate in 1900,
+being inducted into the benefice on August 24, in that year.
+
+Horncastle, we may here add, has been well served by its Curates.
+"Comparisons are (proverbially) odious," we will not therefore refer to
+any of these in recent years; but we may take three typical cases of men
+whose memory is still green and redolent of good work.
+
+In the latter years of the amiable vicar, Dr. Madely, he needed an active
+assistant, and such was the Rev. William Spranger White, of Trinity
+College, Cambridge, a member of a family of position, the head of which
+was his uncle, Sir Thomas Wollaston White, of Wallingwells Park, Worksop,
+High Sheriff 1839, and formerly of the 10th Hussars.  Mr. White possessed
+independent means and was very generous.  He was of a most sympathetic
+nature, and became greatly beloved by all classes.  He worked hard in the
+parish from his ordination in 1833 to 1849. {61}  In that year he was
+selected by the Marchioness of Lothian, to take charge of an Episcopalian
+Church, which her Ladyship built and endowed at Jedburgh, Roxburghshire.
+The church was opened with an octave of services, which were attended by
+the great Doctor Hook of Leeds, who had recommended Mr. White to her
+Ladyship.  The father of the present writer, and many leading clergymen
+from this neighbourhood, and various parts of England and Scotland,
+attended the opening services.  Mr. White remained there for some years,
+and married the eldest daughter of Lord Chancellor Campbell, who resided
+at Hartrigg House, near Jedburgh.  This marriage led to his subsequent
+return to England, being appointed by the Lord Chancellor to the Rectory
+of St. Just, near Land's End, Cornwall; at a later date promoted to the
+Vicarage of Chaddesley Corbett, near Kidderminster, Worcestershire; and
+finally in 1859 to the Rectory of Potterhanworth, near Lincoln, of which
+cathedral he was made an Honorary Canon, in recognition of his generous
+gifts towards cathedral improvements.  Here he did excellent work until
+his death in 1893. {62}
+
+We next take two of the well chosen curates of the Vicar, T. J. Clarke,
+who were contemporaries at Horncastle; Charles Dashwood Goldie of St.
+John's College, Cambridge, where he took Mathematical Honours in 1847,
+was ordained as Curate of Horncastle in 1848.  An able preacher and
+indefatigable worker in the parish, he at once made his mark, not only in
+the town, but in the neighbourhood; he and his beautiful wife being
+welcome guests in many a rectory and vicarage.  He was also a man of good
+social position and private means, and occupied a good house with large
+garden on the north side of West Street (then called Far Street),
+belonging to the late Mrs. Conington, within some 120 yards of the
+railway station, now occupied by Mr. Sills, and named "The Chestnuts."
+Mr. Goldie being curate at the time when Holy Trinity Church was built
+presented the carved oak chairs within the communion rails.  After
+leaving Horncastle he was appointed to the vicarage of St. Ives, in the
+diocese of Ely.  The Goldies were an old Manx family; Col. Goldie, his
+brother, of the Scotts Guards Regiment, being President of the House of
+Keys, the local parliament.  Their residence in that island is "The
+Nunnery," near the town of Douglas, so called from the ruin close at hand
+of an ancient priory, said to have been founded by St. Bridget in the
+sixth century.  Mr. Goldies' nephew is the present Sir George Dashwood
+Tanbman Goldie, Privy Councillor, K.C.M.G., F.R.G.S., &c, formerly of the
+Royal Engineers, but latterly holding various Government appointments,
+director of several expeditions in West Africa, having travelled in
+Egypt, the Soudan, Algiers, Morocco, &c., and attended the Berlin
+Conference in 1884, as an expert on questions connected with the Niger
+country, where he founded the Royal Chartered Company of Nigeria.  His
+latest honour (1905) is the Presidency of the Royal Geographical Society,
+in succession to Sir Clements P. Markham, K.C.B., &c.
+
+The Rev. Thomas Castle Southey (a relative of the poet) was Fellow of
+Queen's College, Oxford, where he took Classical and Mathematical Honours
+in 1847.  He was ordained in the same year, and held the curacy of
+Horncastle from that year till 1849.  He was an able and scholarly
+preacher and persevering worker in the parish.  On leaving Horncastle he
+became Incumbent of the Episcopal Church at Montrose, N.B., which he held
+for six years, when he became Assistant Curate of St. Paul's Church,
+Brighton, under the Rev. Arthur Wagner; then Curate of the church of St.
+Thomas the Martyr at Oxford; then Vicar of Wendron, Cornwall, and
+afterwards of Newbold Pacey, near Leamington, in 1868.  After leaving
+Horncastle he was invited by the Governors, as an able scholar, to
+examine the Horncastle Grammar School, then a considerably larger school
+than it has been in later years, with a large number of day boys, and
+also boarders from London, many distant parts of the country, and even
+from Jersey and the continent.
+
+As this is the last chapter in which we shall deal with church matters,
+we may here say that a Clerical Club, with valuable library and news
+room, was established in the town in the year 1823.  At that time there
+was a numerous community of country clergymen living in the town; a
+dozen, or more, villages in the neighbourhood having no official
+residence in their parishes; thus a Clerical Club became a convenient
+institution for social intercourse, and valuable papers were often read
+at their meetings.  This ceased to exist at the close of the 19th
+century, when the books were transferred to the Diocesan Library at
+Lincoln.  In order to enable these country incumbents to maintain a town
+residence, they, in several cases, held a plurality of benefices, which
+would hardly be allowed in the present day.  Even the Vicar of
+Horncastle, Dr. Madely, also held the Vicarage of Stickford, distant more
+than a dozen miles; another clergyman was Rector of Martin, Vicar of
+Baumber, and Rector of Sotby, several miles apart; while a third held the
+Perpetual Curacy of Wood Enderby, 4 or 5 miles to the south-east of the
+town, with the Curacy of Wilksby adjoining, and the Chapelry of
+Kirkstead, 5 or 6 miles to the west.  Further, to eke out the family
+income, his daughter found employment of a somewhat novel kind in the
+service of the late Queen Victoria.  Being in figure the exact size of
+the Queen, her Majesty's dresses were all tried on this lady by the royal
+dressmaker; and, as a portion of her remuneration, the cast-off clothing
+of the Queen became her perquisite.  On the occasion of the wedding of
+one of her friends at Horncastle, the bride and her bridesmaids were all
+attired in Queen's dresses.
+
+In connection with the church is the "Young Churchmen's Union," of which
+the Vicar is President.  They have fortnightly meetings, in the Boys'
+National School, at 8.15 p.m.  There is also a Church Lads' Brigade, No.
+1951, attached to the 1st Battalion, Lincoln Regiment, B 51.  This was
+enrolled Oct. 1st, 1901.  The members are youths between the ages of 13
+and 19; the present Lieutenant being H. W. Sharpe; Chaplain, the Vicar;
+Assistant Chaplain and Correspondent, the Senior Curate.  Entrance fee
+1/6, subscription 1d. per week.
+
+The Church National Schools are good substantial buildings, erected at
+various periods, the Girls' School in 1812, the Infants' in 1860, and the
+Boys' (at a cost of 1,000 pounds) in 1872; the total accommodation is for
+300 children, the average attendance being about 250.  The schools were
+taken over by the Lindsey County Council, on April 1st, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+NONCONFORMIST PLACES OF WORSHIP.
+
+
+There are in Horncastle five Nonconformist religious communities, the
+Wesleyan, Congregational, Primitive Methodist, Baptist, and New Church or
+Swedenborgian, each now having substantially built chapels, resident
+ministers, with Sunday, and, in one case, Day Schools. Through the
+courtesy of the Rev. John Percy, late Head Minister of the Wesleyan
+Society, we are enabled to give a fairly full account of its origin and
+growth, down to the present 20th century.  As this is the most important
+religious body in the town, next to the Church of England, although it is
+not the oldest, we take the Wesleyans first.  As will be seen in the
+following account, this Society arose from a very small beginning, but at
+the present time, with perhaps the exception of the Baptists, it is the
+most numerous and influential body among Nonconformists.  Although,
+locally, rather fewer in numbers in recent years, than formerly, it is
+generally growing, and in the year 1904, as published statistics show, it
+acquired in the United Kingdom an addition of 10,705 full members, with
+11,874 members on trial, and junior members 4,367; a total increase of
+26,946.
+
+
+
+THE WESLEYANS.
+
+
+The founder of this Society was, as its name implies, John Wesley,
+probably of the same stock as the great Duke of Wellington, whose family
+name was variously written Wellesley, or Wesley. {64}  We take the
+immediately following particulars mainly from the _History of England_,
+by Henry Walter, B.D. and F.R.S., Fellow of St. John's College,
+Cambridge, Professor in the East India College, Hertford, Chaplain to the
+Duke of Northumberland, &c., &c., himself a Lincolnshire man.
+
+John and Charles Wesley were the second and third sons of Samuel Wesley,
+Rector of Epworth, near Gainsborough; {65} John being born in 1703 (June
+17), and Charles in 1708 (Dec. 18).  John was educated at the
+Charterhouse, and Charles at Westminster School.  In due course they both
+entered at Oxford University; John eventually being elected to a
+Fellowship at Lincoln College, and Charles to a Studentship at
+Christchurch.  In 1725 John was ordained deacon of the Church of England.
+He left Oxford for a time to act as his father's curate, Charles remained
+as Tutor to his college.  He, with some of his undergraduate pupils,
+formed a custom of meeting on certain evenings every week for scripture
+study and devotion, they carefully observed the Church's fasts and
+festivals, and partook of the Holy Communion every Sunday.  From the
+strict regularity of their lives the name was given to them, by those who
+were laxer in conduct, of "Methodists."
+
+                        [Picture: Wesleyan Chapel]
+
+In 1729 the Rector of Lincoln College summoned John Wesley to resume
+residence at Oxford, and he became Tutor of the College.  In this
+capacity he was careful to look after the souls, as well as the
+intellectual training, of those under his influence.  The brothers began
+missionary work in Oxford, about the year 1730, in which they were
+assisted by a few other kindred spirits.  They visited the sick and
+needy, with the permission of the parish clergy, as well as offenders
+confined in the gaol.  This continued for some time, but gradually John
+began to long for a wider field for his spiritual energies.  He had
+gathered about him a small band of equally earnest associates, and they
+went out to Georgia, North America, in 1735, to work among the English
+settlers and North American Indians.  After two years John returned to
+England, in 1737, and then began the work of his life.
+
+It is said that he was a good deal influenced by the _De Imitatione
+Christi_ of Thomas a Kempis (of which he published an abridged edition in
+1777), {66a} also by Jeremy Taylor's _Holy Living and Dying_; and he
+imputed his own conversion to his study of Law's _Serious Call_.  His
+"first impression of genuine Christianity," as he called it, was from the
+Moravian sect, with whom he came in contact at Hirnuth in Saxony, which
+he visited in 1738, after his return from America; but his complete
+"conversion," he was wont to say, occurred at a meeting of friends, in
+Aldersgate Street, London, where one of them was reading Luther's
+_Preface to St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans_, the exact time being 8.45
+p.m., May 24, 1738.
+
+Though taking an independent course, and appointing only lay workers as
+his agents, he regarded himself to the end of his days as an ordained
+minister of the Church of England, and his society as still being a part
+of it, and he urged all faithful Wesleyans to attend church service once
+on Sunday, and to receive the Holy Communion at church, it being only
+after his death that the society's secession became complete. {66b}
+
+The first Wesleyan congregation of about 50 members, some of them
+Moravians, was formed in London, where they met in Fetter Lane, once a
+week; the first meeting being on May 1st, 1738, and from that day the
+society of "Methodists" may be regarded as having begun. {66c}  The birth
+of the sect in Lincolnshire may be said to date from his visit to
+Epworth, in 1742.
+
+In 1743 he divided the whole county into two sections, or circuits, the
+eastern and western.  Of the eastern Grimsby was the head; this included
+Horncastle, and gradually comprised some 15 other subsidiary centres,
+extending from Grimsby and Caistor in the north, to Holbeach in the
+south.
+
+His earliest recorded visit to Horncastle was in 1759, when he addressed
+a large concourse of people in a yard, supposed to be that of the Queen's
+Head Inn, near the Market Place, on April 4th and 5th.  On July 18th,
+1761, he again preached here, and on July 18th, 1774, he addressed, as
+his journal states, "a wild unbroken herd."  On July 6th, 1779, he says
+"I took my usual stand in the Market Place, Horncastle, the wild men were
+more quiet than usual, Mr. Brackenbury, J.P., of Raithby Hall, standing
+near me."  This Mr. Robert Carr Brackenbury remained his firm friend
+through life; and we may here add that he granted to Wesley the use of
+his hay loft at Raithby for religious services, further securing the use
+of it in perpetuity, by his will, to the Wesleyan body, so that the
+curious anomaly has occurred that, when the hall was bought in 1848, by
+the Rev. Edward Rawnsley, the house became the residence of an Anglican
+clergyman, yet bound to allow the loft over his stable to be used for
+nonconformist worship.  In recent years the stable has been unused as
+such and the loft made more comfortable, being furnished with seats,
+pulpit, &c
+
+Wesley, throughout his life, generally visited Horncastle every two
+years, his death occurring on March 2nd, 1791.  There is in Westminster
+Abbey a mural memorial of John and Charles Wesley, having within a
+medallion, the bust-sized effigies of the two brothers, beneath which is
+inscribed the saying of Wesley, "The best of all is God with us."  Below
+this, within a panel, is a representation of John Wesley, preaching from
+his father's tomb in Epworth churchyard.  Beneath are two more quotations
+from his own words, "I look upon all the world as my parish," and "God
+buries His workmen, but carries on His work."  At the head of the slab is
+the inscription "John Wesley, M.A., born June 17th, 1703, died March 2nd,
+1791.  Charles Wesley, M.A., born December 18th, 1708, died March 29th,
+1788."
+
+The growth of the society was not rapid, and for some years was subject
+to fluctuations.  In 1769 Grimsby had 56 members and Horncastle 42,
+including such well-known local names as Rayson and Goe.  In 1774 Grimsby
+had fallen to 32 members and Horncastle to about the same.  In 1780
+Horncastle had only 31 members, but the numbers had increased in the
+neighbourhood; Kirkby-on-Bain having nearly as many as Horncastle, viz.
+29, Wood Enderby 10, Hemingby 7, and Thimbleby 18; there being evidently
+a greater readiness to accept the new teaching among the simpler rural
+population.
+
+In 1786 Horncastle was made the head of a circuit to itself, and in that
+year the first chapel in the town was built, the whole circuit then
+numbering 620 members.  This chapel was near the site of the present
+Baptist place of worship.  A few years later the opposing barrier among
+the upper class seems in some degree to have given way, as, in 1792, we
+find the name of Joseph Bass, a "physician," as "leader."  In 1800 there
+was further growth in the country, Greetham having 21 and Fulletby 26;
+among the latter occurring the still well-known names of Winn (Richard
+and Elizabeth), 5 Riggalls, and 5 Braders.  By this time there were 6
+circuits formed in Lincolnshire, and congregations at Newark and
+Doncaster.
+
+Although there was a chapel at Horncastle there was no minister's
+residence until after 1786.  At that date John Barritt rode over from
+Lincoln to preach, and finding no Wesleyan minister's house, he was taken
+in and hospitably entertained by a Mr. Penistoun, who was "a great
+Culamite."  After staying the night with him he rode on next day to
+Alford, for Sabbath duty.  On the death of John Wesley (1791) his mantle
+fell, and indeed, had already fallen, in several cases, on shoulders
+worthy of the commission which he conferred upon them.  The first
+resident ministers were the Rev. Thomas Longley, Superintendent; the
+above John Barritt was the second, and Richard Thoresby the third.
+
+Hitherto it had not been a service free from difficulty, or even danger.
+Itinerary ministers had to make their journeys on duty, often long and
+wearying, on horseback, over bad country roads, even occasionally
+incurring hardship and peril.  In 1743 Mr. John Nelson was sent by Wesley
+to Grimsby, and his journals describe severe labour and even persecution.
+Another pioneer, Thomas Mitchell, was thrown by a mob into a pool of
+water, and, when drenched, was painted white from head to foot.  He was
+afterwards thrown into a pond more than 12 feet deep, rescued and carried
+to bed by friends, he was thrice dragged out of his bed because he would
+not promise not to visit the place (Wrangle) again.  Wesley himself, in
+his journal (May 10, 1757) says "I preached to a mixed congregation, some
+serious, others drunk;" but on the other hand, in 1764, he preached, when
+the chapel "though having its galleries, was too small."
+
+We have named John Barritt among the early Horncastle ministers.  He was
+preaching on one occasion at Boston, when a band of roughs forced their
+way into the chapel and interrupted the service, driving some of the
+congregation away.  He had, however, a more serious experience, from
+exposure to the roughness of the elements.  He was riding to Boston,
+apparently by a somewhat circuitous route, and a violent storm arose at
+sea.  When he was not far from the coast the sea bank gave way, the
+country was inundated, vessels were even carried some distance inland,
+Boston itself was deluged, and he might have been drowned, but that he
+managed to reach some high ground, and arrived safely at Sibsey.
+
+About this date, we are told, the progress of Wesleyanism excited the
+jealousy of the clergy, not so tolerant as they are now, and a meeting
+was held at the Bull Hotel, Horncastle, at which it was argued that the
+"spread of Methodism was one of the causes of the awful irreligion"
+prevalent, that the ministers were "raving enthusiasts, pretending to
+divine impulse, and thus obtained sway over the ignorant."
+
+John Barritt was re-appointed to Horncastle in 1801, as Superintendent,
+his colleagues being Thomas Rought, John Watson, and Squire Brackenbury
+as supernumerary, the latter was also, about this time, appointed head of
+the society in Spilsby. {68a}  J. Barritt was grandfather of Robert
+Newton Barritt, who was very popular in Horncastle, 1882-1884.  Wesley's
+characteristic advice to him had been "When thou speakest of opinions, or
+modes of worship, speak with coolness, but when thou speakest of
+Repentance, Faith and Holiness, then, if thou hast any zeal, show it!"
+and to these principles he was ever true.
+
+Other ministers of note at different periods were George Shadford, a name
+still surviving in the town; Charles Atmore, who wrote sundry Wesleyan
+hymns; Thomas Jackson, a great scholar, twice elected President of the
+National Conference; Digory Joll, grandfather of the present Mr. Watson
+Joll (to whom the writer owes much of the information here utilized); and
+to these we may add Benjamin Gregory, 1817; Robert Ramm and Robert
+Bryant, 1830; {68b} Bryant was called a "son of thunder," from his great
+energy.
+
+In 1835 Leonard Posnet was a popular minister, not only in the town but
+in the country around, being much appreciated by the farmers from his
+intimate acquaintance with their avocation.  He was followed (1838-1840)
+by Joseph Kipling, grandfather of the now well-known Rudyard Kipling.
+Joseph Clapham was a faithful minister from 1843 to 1845, and was
+succeeded by (1845-1848) "Father" Crookes, "Preacher" Wood, and the
+"saintly" Fowler, who was said to have made 900 converts.
+
+Then followed Wright Shovelton, Martin Jubb, Peter Featherstone, Henry
+Richardson, and others, among whom it would be invidious to make
+distinctions.  We may add that a famous missionary of this sect was
+Thomas Williams, son of John Williams, a cabinet maker of Horncastle, the
+latter being an active member of the Wesleyan Sunday School Committee.
+His first wife, mother of the missionary, was Miss Hollingshead, who,
+with her mother, kept a girls' school, near the Bow Bridge.  A _History
+of the Fiji Mission_, issued in 1858, says "The good ship Triton sailed
+from England, Sep. 14, 1839, carrying out the Rev. T. Williams, and his
+wife, to Lakamba, Fiji."  They arrived there July 6, 1840.  He there
+built a mission house and chapel, where he laboured several years, the
+mission growing in extent, until it was beyond his strength.  In June,
+1852, Mr. Moore was appointed as a colleague to relieve him of some of
+the work, but again his health broke down, and he was obliged to leave,
+after 13 years' hard labour, in July, 1853.  He went to Australia and
+took various charges in that country, being chosen President of the
+Mission at Ballarat in 1873.  He re-visited England in 1861, and again in
+1881, returning to Ballarat, as a supernumerary, but still officiating.
+The present writer well remembers the impression made by a lecture, given
+by Rev. T. Williams, at the Bull Hotel, Horncastle.
+
+                     [Picture: Wesleyan Day Schools]
+
+Among the latest ministers of note has been the Rev. John Percy, who gave
+up his charge as Superintendent in 1904, and was succeeded by the Rev. E.
+Hayward, who left Horncastle on Thursday, Aug. 29, 1907, for work at
+Bridlington; he was succeeded by Rev. John Turner, of Colchester, who was
+6 years ago in Louth Circuit, {70a} the Rev. G. German Brown continuing
+as assistant.  He was succeeded by the Rev. M. Philipson, B.A., coming,
+with his wife, since deceased (March 14, 1906), from Stanley, near
+Durham, where they were the recipients of valuable presents on their
+departure.
+
+In recent years no member of the society has been more valued than the
+late octogenarian, Mr. John Rivett, J.P., who died Sept 4, 1906.  For
+nearly 70 years he was a generous supporter of the cause; he represented
+the district at no less than 13 Conferences, in various parts of the
+country, and at the Leeds Conference, in 1882, he spoke for an hour and a
+quarter in advocacy of its principles.  Mr. Henry Lunn, of Horncastle and
+West Ashby, is also well known, as, for many years, an able local lay
+preacher and practical man of business; he was a representative at
+Conferences in London and at Burslem.
+
+Of the buildings in Horncastle, connected with this society, we have
+gathered the following details.  As already stated the first chapel was
+erected in Cagthorpe about the year 1786.  It stood a few yards to the
+north of the present Baptist place of worship, which is close to the
+north-west corner of the Wong.  The early history of this first erection
+is little known, but a letter written by Rev. T. Williams of Ballarat,
+dated May 10, 1889, to the late Mr. W. Pacy, states that, after some
+years, it was replaced by a larger building, of which the dimensions are
+elsewhere given, as being length 54-ft., by width 36-ft., with 4 large
+windows, having pointed heads, on the north side, and single windows on
+the south and west; a small porch at the south-east corner, facing the
+Baptist Chapel, giving entrance to the body and galleries; a door at the
+south-west end for the use of the minister, opening near the pulpit,
+which was at the west end; the eastern gable being the roadway boundary.
+Of these "pointed" windows the Rev. T. Williams says, "the lancet
+windows, with quarry panes, were a whim of Mr. Griggs Lunn and of my
+father.  Of this building some remains are still visible, to the height
+of about 3 feet, in the south wall of Mr. Scholey's garden, about 50
+yards to the north of the Baptist Chapel.  Towards its erection a number
+of masons, joiners, and others, who could not afford subscriptions, gave
+their labours gratuitously.  Two houses for ministers were also built
+close by.
+
+In 1836 a third chapel was begun, on a new site in Union Street (now
+Queen Street), and was opened on Good Friday in the following year, the
+interior fittings being transferred from the second building in
+Cagthorpe.
+
+In 1866 a movement was commenced, with a view to the erection of a still
+larger chapel, and the present fine building was the result; opened in
+1869, with accommodation for over 1,000 persons (1024), at a cost of
+5,876 pounds. {70b}  The Sunday School adjoining, with large class rooms
+and infant school being built in 1875, at a further outlay of 2,578
+pounds.  The fittings of the chapel are of stained polished deal, the
+gallery front and pulpit are white, picked out with gold, the latter
+standing upon 4 round-headed arches of light and graceful design.  A new
+organ was erected soon after the opening of this chapel, at a cost of 300
+pounds, and in 1883 the instrument was enlarged and improved.
+
+In 1886 the Centenary of Wesleyanism was celebrated and the occasion was
+marked by a strenuous effort to clear off the debt from the Horncastle
+Circuit.  This effort was supplemented by "Ye olde Englyshe Fayre,
+houlden in ye Exchange Hall, Nov. 20, 21 and 22, MDCCCLXXXVIII;" and at a
+tea gathering on March 12, 1889, it was stated that the original debt
+had, in the previous two years, been reduced to 60 pounds, and since then
+the whole had been cleared off, the exact sum raised being 1,526 pounds
+2s. 4d.; while, as an evidence of the general prosperity of the Society,
+the Chairman stated that in the last 24 years debts had, throughout the
+country, been paid to the total amount of no less than 1,226,245 pounds.
+{71a}
+
+In 1860 a former foundry show room, in Foundry Street, built by the late
+Mr. Tupholme, was acquired through the generosity of Mr. J. Rivett, to be
+used as a mixed day school; it had one large general room, four
+classrooms, and two large yards, and afforded accommodation for more than
+400 scholars.  The premises cost 450 pounds, but before the school was
+opened some 1,300 pounds had been spent in adapting them to educational
+purposes.  This has now been superceded by an even more commodious
+building in Cagthorpe, on the south branch of the canal, at the corner
+near the Bow Bridge, opposite St. Mary's Square, at a cost of 2,500
+pounds.  It has a very large room for a mixed school, another for an
+infant school, with classrooms and everything required, in accordance
+with the latest conditions by Act of Parliament.  The foundation stone
+was laid June 22, 1904, and the school was formally opened Jan. 4, 1905.
+
+A Young Men's Institute was established in the beginning of 1889, by the
+Rev. G. White, then Superintendent Minister, for which the classroom of
+the Sunday School was to be available for their use, every evening except
+Sunday, supplied with daily papers, magazines, &c.; classes also being
+held for the consideration of important subjects and for mutual
+improvement; these are still continued.  There is also a Wesley Guild,
+which meets every Friday evening, in the band room, Queen Street, at 8
+o'clock, during the winter months, and on the first Friday evening in the
+month during the summer.  Marriages are celebrated in this chapel. {71b}
+
+
+
+THE PRIMITIVE METHODISTS.
+
+
+We have given an account of the rise and progress of Wesleyanism, but, as
+that society eventually made a complete separation from the Church of
+England, of which its founder remained through life an ordained minister
+and communicant, so the seeds of disruption spread in itself.  At
+different periods it threw out off-shoots, amounting in all to some eight
+different daughter societies; such as those which are named "The Original
+Connection," "The New Connection," "The Primitive Methodists," &c.  Of
+these the last alone is represented in Horncastle.  More than 50 years
+ago {71c} the Primitives had, in this country, 2,871 places of worship,
+with 369,216 sittings; with the exception of the "Original Connection,"
+none of the other off-shoots had then as many as 100,000 sittings.
+
+In Horncastle the first chapel, opened in 1821, was a small building,
+situated on the left side of what is now Watermill Yard, to the north of
+the town.  This proving too small for the growing congregation, a larger
+structure, an oblong building, with front gable at the east end and a
+gallery, was erected in 1837; the minister's house being at the west end.
+This was about half way up Watermill Road, on the north side, now a
+stable, but still retaining a pointed window.  This building was of the
+date of the superintendency of the Rev. John Butcher.  The residence was
+found to be too damp to be comfortable, and a house was taken for him in
+Prospect Street.  In the early days of this chapel Mary Crossley, a
+Revivalist, occasionally preached here.  Possibly the services at this
+time were rather too demonstrative, as they were not unfrequently
+interrupted by roughs, and the sect acquired the name of "The Ranters."
+{72}  An amusing anecdote is related of Mr. Butcher; he was a somewhat
+eccentric character, and in the discharge of his intinerant ministrations
+he usually rode on a donkey, sometimes accompanied by her foal; and a
+waggish passer-by on the road is said, on one occasion, to have saluted
+them with the greeting "Good morning, ye three," adding _sotto voce_,
+"donkeys."
+
+After a few years this second chapel was found lacking in accommodation
+and a third building, the present edifice, was erected in Prospect
+Street, in the year 1853, with sittings for 380, at a cost of about 1,100
+pounds.  As this is a substantial structure, likely to last for many
+years, we may here describe it.  It is of red brick, except the arch of
+the western door, which has a band of white bricks; the bricks are larger
+than usual, being 3.25 inches in thickness.  The entrance has a double
+door opening into a lobby, at each end of which is a staircase, leading
+to the north and south galleries.  There is a window on each side of the
+door, three windows above, and over them, in the gable, a stone, with the
+inscription "Primitive Methodist Chapel, 1853."  At the east end of the
+interior is a Rostrum, 12-ft. long, divided into two stages, the front
+one being 8 inches above the floor, the second, behind it, about 4.5-ft.
+high, with access by steps at both ends.  The front of this platform has
+slender piers, supported by lancet arches, with trefoils and quatrefoils
+between, giving a graceful effect, and painted white, gold, and grey,
+with a background chocolate in colour.  At the back of the rostrum are
+eight arches in the pannelling.  This is said to have been a copy of the
+arrangement in Bardney Chapel.  Over the rostrum is a recess in the east
+wall, containing the harmonium, which cost 40 gs., and seats for the
+choir.  The sittings in the body of the chapel are of stained and
+varnished deal.  At the rear of the chapel, entered by doors at each side
+of the rostrum, is a large room for the Sunday School, with two smaller
+class rooms above it.  The erection of this building was due to the
+exertions of the Rev. J. Haigh, who was appointed minister in 1850, and
+as an exception to the usual custom, he was requested to continue his
+ministry for four years.  We may add that, at the opening service of this
+third chapel the ministers present were Rev. J. Haigh, as Superintendent;
+Rev. T. Fletcher; Rev. R. Pinder, then at Coningsby; Rev. J. Garbutt,
+Supernumerary, from West Ashby.  The Rev. T. Fletcher was appointed as
+Second Minister in Horncastle, at that time, for two years; he became in
+1872 Superintendent Minister for three years, and again 1884 for four
+years, leaving for Market Rasen in 1888.  During the ministry of Rev. J.
+Haigh in Horncastle, several chapels were built in the neighbourhood.
+
+Horncastle was at first included in the Lincoln Circuit, but in 1837, at
+the building of the second chapel it was constituted a separate circuit,
+and when the third chapel was erected, in 1853, Coningsby was made a
+branch of Horncastle.
+
+The first preacher who visited Horncastle was a female, Jane Brown by
+name, who is said to have walked from Lincoln to Horncastle on a Sunday
+morning, giving an address in the Market Place in the afternoon, and in
+the evening holding a service in a house, now forming part of the back
+premises of the Red Lion Hotel.  The first local preachers were also
+females, Mary Allen and Mary Clarke.  The first two female members were
+Mary Elwin and Martha Belton.
+
+Mr. Butcher having been the first resident minister, was succeeded by the
+Rev. C. Smith, who worked here and in various other places during 50
+years, and then retired to York as supernumerary.  The Rev. William Rose,
+who had been Second Minister in 1850, was appointed Superintendent in
+1875, and remained two years.  A few years later the Rev. J. Pickwell
+(1888-90) was Superintendent, with Rev. W. Whitaker as Second Minister;
+the former first joined the society as a scholar in 1849, being numbered
+among the local members, he afterwards removed to Lincoln, and acted as
+Itinerant Minister for 33 years before returning to Horncastle in 1888.
+Mr. Pickwell was succeeded by Rev. William Kitson as Superintendent, with
+Rev. R. H. Auty as Second Minister.  Mr. Kitson retained his post during
+four years, when he left for Market Rasen.  Mr. Auty was followed, as
+Second Minister, by Rev. John Bowness, and he, in turn, by Rev. Thomas
+Stones.
+
+In 1894 the Rev. John Featherstone succeeded to the ministry, with Rev.
+W. J. Leadbetter as Second Minister, both these stayed to their second
+year, Mr. Featherstone dying in 1896.  In that year the Rev. John Worsnop
+was appointed, with Rev. A. W. Bagnall as Second Minister; the former
+retained his post during five years; Mr. Bagnall two years, being
+succeeded in 1898 by Rev. Walter Tunley, and he, in 1899, by the Rev.
+George H. Howgate, who stayed two years.  In 1900 Rev. J. Worsnop retired
+to Newcastle-on-Tyne, and died there in Dec., 1904.
+
+In 1901 the Rev. Matthew H. Chapman became Superintendent Minister, with
+Rev. J. A. Kershaw as Second, both remaining during two years.  In 1903
+the Rev. Robert B. Hauley succeeded, with Rev. J. Cousin as assistant,
+both remaining two years.  In 1905 (July) the former left for Kirkby
+Stephen, Westmoreland, the latter for a circuit in Shropshire.  They were
+followed by the Rev. E. Allport, from Skegness, as Superintendent, Sept.
+1905; and Rev. E. J. Hancox from Doncaster.  In June of that year the
+annual Conference was held at Scarborough.
+
+We will now put together a few details of the origin of this society.
+Hugh Bourne was born at Stoke-upon-Trent, April 3, 1772. {73}  Although
+his family was said to be ancient, his ancestors having come to England
+at the Norman Conquest, he belonged to a humble rank in life, living at
+Ford Hays Farm.  He was in early life educated by his mother, a godly
+woman, and while very young he learnt by heart the Te Deum, the Litany,
+and much of the prayers of the Church of England.  He worked for his
+father, and an uncle who was a millwright, but found time to study
+hydrostatics, pneumatics, natural philosophy, as well as Hebrew, Greek
+and Latin.  His mother's influence had given him a serious bent of mind,
+and he early acquired strong religious convictions.  His biographer says
+of him "He tells, in child-like simplicity, how, when only four or five
+years old, he pondered over thoughts of heaven and hell, the last
+judgment, and other solemn subjects.  During the next 20 years his inner
+life was one of hopes and fears, doubt and faith, conflict and victory."
+
+His mother, going to Burslem on business, borrowed of a Wesleyan friend,
+some religious books, among them being Baxter's _Call to the
+Unconverted_, Allen's _Alarm_, and a sermon by Wesley on _The Trinity_.
+Her son Hugh naturally read these, and Wesley's sermon made a great
+impression upon him.  One Sunday morning he was sitting in his room,
+reading Fletcher's Letters on _The Spiritual Manifestation of the Son of
+God_, when he declares that he was led "to believe with his heart unto
+righteousness, and with his mouth to make confession unto salvation."
+This was in his 27th year, A.D. 1799.  He joined the Wesleyan society in
+June of that year, the special occasion being a love feast at Burslem, to
+which he was taken by an aged neighbour, a farmer near Bemersley, named
+Birchenough, at whose house services were conducted, who offered him a
+ticket which constituted him a member, and thus in his own words I was
+"made a member without knowing it."
+
+As we shall presently see Hugh Bourne became one of the two originators
+of the Primitive community, the other was his friend and neighbour
+William Clowes, a sketch of his career was published some years ago, {74}
+from which we cull the leading particulars.  He was born at Burslem 12th
+March, 1780, his mother, a daughter of Aaron Wedgewood, being a near
+relation of Josiah of that name, the inventor of the famous Wedgwood
+pottery.  At ten years of age (1790) he began work in his uncle's
+pottery, which he continued for several years.  At that time dancing,
+gambling and pugilism were the chief amusement of the factory men and
+colliers of Staffordshire, and for some years he led a wild life of
+dissipation, yet this was accompanied, at times, with a sense of
+self-condemnation and spiritual consciousness.  "When I was ten years
+old," he says, "I remember being at a prayer meeting conducted by Nancy
+Wood, of Burslem, in her father's house, when, convinced of the sin of
+disobedience to my parents, I wept bitterly."  Conflicts between good and
+evil continued to disturb him for several years.  When a young man, at a
+dance in Burslem, he was so suddenly convicted of sin, that he abruptly
+withdrew.  Shortly afterwards he married, but he and his wife quarralled
+so violently that he left her, and went off, taking with him only his
+mother's prayer book.  After some wandering, without a penny in his
+pocket, he returned and begged his wife to attend the Wesleyan Chapel
+regularly with him, but she refused.  He then, prayer book in hand, took
+an oath that he would serve God and avoid dissipation.  This oath,
+however, was broken; but once more in the early hour of a cold January
+morning he went forth, and seeing a faint light burning in a window, he
+entered the house, to find a few humble methodists gathered for an early
+prayer meeting.  There, he says, he knelt unnoticed, but there he "died
+to sin, and was born of God.  This, I said, is what they call being
+converted.  I was fully persuaded that I was justified by faith, and had
+peace with God, through our Lord Jesus Christ."  From that day, Jan.
+20th, 1805, he began a new life.
+
+The time now approaches when the two, Hugh Bourne and William Clowes
+began the great work of their life.  At the beginning of the 19th century
+Bourne, being much employed at Harriseahead, near Bemersley, was shocked
+at the general lack of the means of grace, and he endeavoured in 1800 and
+1801 to promote a revivalist movement.  Daniel Shubotham, a boxer,
+poacher, and ringleader in wickedness, was brought, through Bourne's
+influence, to the Saviour, on Christmas day 1800, and with his natural
+energy of character took up the cause.  Matthias Bailey, another of
+Bourne's old associates was also won over, and cottage prayer meetings
+were begun among the colliers.  A meeting upon Mow Cop was proposed for a
+day given to prayer.  At this time Lorenzo Dow, an American Wesleyan
+visited the Black Country, as the coal district of Staffordshire was
+called.  He spoke of the American camp meetings, himself preaching at
+Congleton, when Hugh Bourne, with his brother James, was present; William
+Clowes being also a hearer.  They bought books of Lorenzo Dow, which had
+a marked effect on the future.  On May 31st, 1807, a camp meeting was
+held on Mow Cop, a hill in the neighbourhood, Bourne and Clowes being
+present.  Stands were erected and addresses given from four points.
+Bourne organized two companies, who continued by turns praying all the
+day; others giving accounts of their spiritual experiences, among whom
+Clowes was prominent, and his words are "The glory that filled my soul on
+that day exceeds my powers of description."  Persons were present on this
+occasion from Kilham in Yorkshire and other distant places, one, Dr. Paul
+Johnson, a friend of Lorenzo Dow, coming from Ireland.
+
+The movement had now taken definite form and substance.  Another camp
+meeting followed at the same place on July 19, lasting three days; a
+third on August 16th, at Brown Edge; a fourth on August 23rd, at
+Norton-in-the-Moors.  At this time was held the Annual Wesleyan
+Conference, at which handbills were issued denouncing this separate
+movement.  For a brief moment Bourne, Clowes and Shubotham hesitated; but
+the question was seriously considered at a meeting at the house of a
+friend, Joseph Pointon, when it was "revealed" to Bourne that the camp
+meetings "should not die, but live;" and from that moment he "believed
+himself to be called of God" for the new work; and shortly his brother
+James, James Nixon, Thomas Cotton, and others, gave themselves to the
+cause.
+
+For some years the labours of these men and their associates were chiefly
+devoted to the pottery and colliery districts of Staffordshire, where a
+remarkable change was brought about in the moral condition of the
+hitherto almost brutalized people.  The area of work was then gradually
+enlarged, extending throughout the whole country, and even, as we shall
+presently see, beyond it.  The following are a few personal details of
+Hugh Bourne's subsequent career.
+
+In 1808, on his way to Bemersley from Delamere Forest, an impression
+forced itself upon him that he would shortly be expelled from the
+Wesleyan connexion; on reaching home he found that a rumour to this
+effect was being circulated, and in June of that year the formal sentence
+of expulsion was carried out.  He continued to devote himself to the work
+of evangelization, urging however all others to join whatever
+denomination they were themselves most inclined for.
+
+He preached his first sermon at Tunstall, on Nov. 12, 1810, in a kitchen
+which had been licensed for preaching three years before.  It was not
+plastered or ceiled, so that if not required at any future time, it might
+be converted into a cottage, which took place in 1821, when a chapel was
+erected.  At the Conference held at Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1842, he was
+most regretfully placed on the retired list, on account of his impaired
+health, a yearly pension of 25 pounds being assigned to him.  He was
+still, however, to be at liberty to visit different parts of the
+connection; and during the next ten years of his superannuation he kept
+up a very wide correspondence on religious matters, and made a missionary
+visit to America.  The last conference which he attended was at Yarmouth,
+in 1851.  For several years he had felt a premonition that the year 1852
+would be his last.  The last sermon which he preached was at Norton
+Green, on Feb. 22, 1852; and on Oct. 11, in that year, he surrendered his
+happy spirit into the hands of God, who gave it, when "the weary wheels
+of life stood still."  His chief residence would appear to have been at
+Bemersley, where it was long felt that they had lost in him "a man of
+great faith and mighty prayer."
+
+We now pass over a period of several years.  Clowes received a call to
+Hull.  He had crowded the work of a life-time into some 17 years, and his
+health was now far from good.  At a meeting in December, 1827, he
+exhibited such weakness as showed that he had done his best work.
+However, he continued to reside in Hull and visited other places from
+there, as his strength allowed.  It is certain that he visited
+Horncastle, for an old lady, Mrs. Baildham, who died in May, 1900, having
+been a member of the connection more than 70 years, frequently asserted
+that she had heard both Clowes and his wife preach in, presumably, the
+second chapel in Mill Lane.
+
+At the Conference in 1842, 35 years after the first camp meeting on Mow
+Cop, both Clowes and Bourne were present; but the assembly was saddened
+to see the original founders, of what was now a thoroughly established
+and wide-spread community, both shattered in health and broken by toil.
+Nine years later Clowes said to a friend "I feel myself failing fast, I
+am fully prepared."  He spoke of the glories of heaven, and said "I shall
+possess it all through the merits of Christ."  His speech began to fail,
+but he got downstairs, and once more led his class.  On the Saturday he
+attended a committee meeting; on Sunday he was too weak to go to chapel;
+on Monday there was further weakness; early on Tuesday slight paralysis;
+and on March 2, 1851, he quietly passed to his rest, aged 71.  The people
+of Hull were greatly moved, and many thousands lined the streets as the
+funeral procession passed to the grave, at which the Rev. William Harland
+briefly recited the story of the good man's work.
+
+Of the general progress of the connexion, we may say, that down, to 1870
+it was simply a Home and Colonial body, but, in that year, the Norwich
+branch sent out the missioners, Burnett and Roe, to the island of
+Fernando Po, on the west coast of Africa.  This was in response to an
+appeal from the Fernandians, who had been converted by a member of the
+connexion, Ship Carpenter Hands, of the ship Elgiva, who, with his godly
+Captain, Robinson, had in the course of trade visited that country.  The
+same year also saw a mission established at Aliwal North, in the eastern
+province of Cape Colony.
+
+In 1884 the Primitive Methodists of Canada formed themselves into an
+independent community, although with expressions of mutual good will on
+both sides; their numbers at that time were 8223, with 99 travelling and
+246 local ministers, and 237 chapels.
+
+From the middle of the 19th century to its close was a period of great
+expansion, a return in 1888 reporting the existence in Great Britain of
+4,406 chapels, there having been in 1843 only 1278.  In 1864 Elmfield
+College was opened at York, as a middle class school, one of their best;
+John Petty being first Warden; in 1876 a college was opened at
+Birmingham, named after the great founder, "Bourne College."  At
+Sunderland a Theological College was opened in 1868, the former Infirmary
+building being bought; and here, from that date till 1881, Dr. William
+Antliff, assisted, and afterwards, succeeded by Mr. T. Greenfield,
+trained candidates for the ministry.  The college was afterwards
+transferred to a new building at Alexandra Park, Manchester.
+
+In 1889, at the 70th Annual Conference, held in Bradford, the membership
+of the society numbered 194,347, with 1,038 itinerant and 16,229 local
+preachers; 430,641 Sunday School scholars, 4,436 chapels and 1,465
+smaller places of worship; the value of the connexion's property being
+estimated at over 3,218,320 pounds.
+
+For these details I am largely indebted to the notes of the late Mr.
+William Pacy, of the Wong, Horncastle, and to the courtesy of the Rev. R.
+B. Hanley, Minister 1903-5.
+
+
+
+THE INDEPENDENTS.
+
+
+Next in size to the Wesleyan Chapel and its Sunday Schools, on the west
+side of Queen Street, are the Chapel and Sunday Schools of the
+Independent, or Congregational, community, which stand nearly opposite,
+on the east side of the same street; the former being a handsome
+substantial building of brick, enclosed by a high wall, and tall iron
+rails and gate, to the precincts in front, at the north end.  Its
+dimensions are 50-ft. by 36-ft., with schools behind, of the same solid
+structure, as will be seen hereafter, erected at a later date.
+
+Like the Baptists this society dates from the time of the Commonwealth,
+or even earlier, though at first known by a different name.  They arose,
+indeed, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.  The persecutions of
+Protestants, under Queen Mary, drove many to take refuge in Germany and
+in Geneva, where they became familiar with the worship of the sects
+established there, which, as an unchecked reaction from the superstitious
+and elaborate ceremonies of Roman Catholicism, took a more extreme form
+than the carefully developed Reformation of the English Church allowed.
+These persons, returning to England in the reign of Elizabeth, found, as
+it seemed to them, too much Romish doctrine and practice still retained;
+the Reformation, according to their ideas, had not gone far enough.
+
+The Queen, as head of the English Church, was not disposed to listen to
+their demands for further change, and they were themselves too much
+divided to have the power to enforce them; dissension and disruption were
+the consequence.  A chief mover in this process of disintegration was
+one, Robert Brown, who founded a sect called the "Brownists."  He was the
+son of a Mr. Anthony Brown, of Tolethorpe near Stamford, in Rutlandshire,
+whose father, a man of good position, had obtained the singular privilege
+(granted only to others of noble birth) by a Charter of Henry VIII., of
+wearing his cap in the presence of Royalty.  Robert Brown was educated at
+Cambridge, graduating from Corpus Christi College, and became a
+Schoolmaster in Southwark.  About 1580 he began to put forward opinions
+condemnatory of the established church.  He held, as opposed to the
+uniformity of worship by law established, that each minister, with his
+congregation, were "a law unto themselves;" that each such small
+community had a right to be independent of all others; that it was not
+ordination which gave a minister authority to preach, but the fact that
+he was the nominee of a congregation; that councils or synods might be
+useful in giving advice, but that they could not enforce their decisions,
+and had no punitory power of censure, or excommunication, against any who
+chose to adopt an independent course.
+
+Such opinions, put forward in somewhat intemperate language, aroused much
+opposition and bitter feeling, which Brown was too impetuous to avoid, or
+to mitigate.  He continued his teaching and presently formed a
+congregation at Norwich, holding his views.
+
+An Act of Parliament had been recently passed (23 Eliz., c. 2) which made
+anyone guilty of felony who should write, or set forth, seditious matter;
+and the Queen, as supreme head of the Church, regarded Brown's action as
+an interference with the Royal prerogative.  Severe measures were adopted
+in order to restrain this new teaching.  Two preachers, Elias Thacker and
+John Copping, who embraced and proclaimed these tenet, were tried at the
+Bury Assizes in 1583, condemned, and shortly afterwards hanged.  Brown
+was himself thrown into prison, but released through the intercession of
+Lord Burghley, with whom he was connected.
+
+He now left England, and, with a number of followers settled, by
+permission of the state, at Middlebourg, in Zealand, where they formed a
+congregation.  There, however, freed from all restraint, their principles
+of independence carried them so far that differences arose among
+themselves, which broke up the community.  Brown presently returned to
+England, and for a time conformed to the Church, which he had so freely
+abused, being allowed even to hold the Benefice of Thorpe Achurch, in
+Northamptonshire.  But again and again his independence asserted itself,
+and it is said that he incurred imprisonment no less than 32 times,
+finally ending his days in Northampton jail.  While at Middlebourg he had
+published, in 1582, a book entitled _A Treatise of Reformation_, of which
+he sent many copies to England, and it was for distributing these, and
+other of his pamphlets, that the two above-named offenders were executed.
+{78}  (Collier's _Ecclesiastical History_.)
+
+The movement which Brown originated did not die with himself, and in 1593
+a congregation of Brownists was formed in London, which numbered some
+20,000 members.  A few years later their obnoxious tenets again provoked
+persecution, and once more they had to take refuge on the continent.
+Churches were established by them at Amsterdam and elsewhere, the
+principal one being at Leyden, under the Rev. John Robinson, who
+afterwards came to be regarded as the founder of Independency.  He was a
+man of considerable attainments; of more genuine piety than the impetuous
+Brown; and while equally with him, holding that each congregation was in
+itself a perfect and independent church, under Christ, he would avoid all
+bitter invective against other communities, who, with different
+regulations, might still be regarded equally as churches.
+
+Although the Brownists had no regularly ordained ministry; as newly
+constituted under Robinson, there were a number of ministers elected by
+the congregations, and no one was allowed to teach publicly until, after
+due examination, he had been pronounced qualified for the work.  The
+Independents differ chiefly from other religious societies, in that they
+reject all creeds of fallible man, their test of orthodoxy being a
+declaration that they accept the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and adhere to
+the scriptures as the sole standard of faith and practice.
+
+In 1616 a number of the society again returned to England under the
+leadership of Henry Jacobs, who had served under Robinson, and once more
+established a meeting house in London; while others, in charge of a Mr.
+Brewster, who had been a lay Elder, also under Robinson, went out, in
+1620, to North America, in the good ship Mayflower, and another vessel,
+and founded a colony at Massachusetts.
+
+Although, as has been already stated, under the influence of Robinson
+sectarian bitterness was much modified, yet throughout the reigns of
+James I. and Charles I., the Independents were in frequent conflict with
+the Presbyterians; nor was there only sectarian strife, for both parties
+had numerous supporters in Parliament, as well as partizans in the army.
+Preaching Generals and praying Captains abounded; but Cromwell favoured
+the Independents, as against Presbyterians, and this gradually paved the
+way for toleration.
+
+                [Picture: Interior Congregational Chapel]
+
+At the "Savoy Conference" in London (so called because held at the palace
+of that name), in 1658, the Independents published an epitome of their
+faith, and henceforth, with occasional interruptions, they held on their
+way; although it was not till 1831 that the "Congregational Union of
+England and Wales" was finally and fully constituted.  They again
+published, in 1833, a more definite "Declaration of Faith, Order, and
+Discipline," which continues still to be the charter of the community.
+
+We have seen that in the early annals of this society the name of John
+Robinson stood high in general estimation, but his was by no means the
+only honoured name.  Among early members of mark was Dr. John Owen, of
+Queen's College, Oxford, a learned writer, and Chancellor of the
+University in 1652; he became Chaplain to Protector Cromwell, as an
+Independent.  The Rev. Isaac Watts, who had been tutor to the sons of Sir
+John Hartop, became the popular minister of a Congregational Chapel, in
+Mark Lane, London, in 1693.  Dr. Philip Doddridge was also a valued
+member, as Minister at Norwich, Northampton, Kibworth near Market
+Harborough, and other places.  From his candour and learning he held
+friendly relations with the highest dignitaries of the established
+church; he is chiefly known for his two great works, _The Rise and
+Progress of Religion in the Soul_, and his _Family Expositor_.  To the
+regret of many he died of consumption, at a comparatively early age, in
+1751, at Lisbon, whither he had been ordered by his doctors for the
+milder climate.  The friend and biographer of the last-named, Mr. John
+Orton, was another esteemed member, who published several valuable works,
+he died in 1783.
+
+Another was Robert Hall, who ministered at Cambridge, Leicester and
+Bristol, where he died in 1831.  He was a great writer and very eloquent
+preacher.  Professedly he was a Baptist, but he frequently occupied
+Independent platforms, and admitted that he had more feeling of
+fellowship with an Independent than with a strict Baptist. {80a}  None of
+these, however, was more highly esteemed than Dr. Isaac Taylor, of
+Norwich and Colchester, author of several instructive works, and commonly
+called "the glory of the Independents."  He died in 1829.
+
+By the year 1851 this community had grown to such dimensions that it had,
+in England and Wales, 3,244 chapels, with a membership of 1,002,307.
+{80b}
+
+The connection of the Congregationalists with Horncastle is of
+comparatively recent date, and the evidence on this subject is somewhat
+conflicting.  Weir, in his _History of Horncastle_, published in 1820,
+does not name them, in his list of Nonconformists, as existing here at
+that time, but Saunders' _History_, published in 1836, gives them with
+the others.  Hence they would appear to have established themselves in
+the town somewhere between those two dates; yet there exists a curious
+small publication, entitled "The Confession of Faith of the Society of
+his Majesty's Protestant subjects (dissenting from the Church of England)
+called Independents, in Horncastle, in the County of Lincoln, and places
+adjacent, Framed in the year of Christ, 1781, by W. R. Lincoln, printed
+by S. Simmons." {80c}
+
+The inference from these facts would seem to be, that, at that date,
+1781, there was an Independent congregation in the town, probably small,
+consisting of "W.R." and his personal adherents; as the wording of the
+confession is said {80d} to be very remarkable, and indeed unique, "W.R."
+was evidently rather of an eccentric turn of mind, which led him to
+publish this authoritative statement of Faith.
+
+The society, probably, in a few years became extinct, and it is not till
+the year 1820 that we find any sign of their revival.  _The Church Book_
+supplies the following details: In 1820 certain worshippers in the
+Wesleyan Chapel of that day, finding their religions views not in accord
+with general Wesleyan sentiment, decided to erect a chapel of their own;
+and for this purpose they selected a site in East Street, at the north
+west corner of Foundry Street, where now stands the house, 42, East
+Street.  This building was opened for public worship on March 22, 1821;
+the morning preacher being the Rev. B. Byron of Lincoln, the Rev. John
+Pain, a Hoxton student, preaching in the afternoon, and the Rev. Thomas
+Hayes of Boston, in the evening.
+
+Mr. Pain officiated for a few weeks and then returned to Hoxton to
+complete his education for the ministry.  He had, however, left a
+pleasing impression behind him, and he was afterwards invited, in an
+address signed by 130 of the townsfolk, to come and settle among them as
+their first permanent minister.  He commenced his labours, in that
+capacity, in July of the same year.  Under his ministry the congregation
+rapidly increased, and the first chapel was soon found to be too small;
+and in September of the same year a new site was purchased at the
+north-east corner of Union Street, now Queen Street.  While this chapel
+was being built (which is still their place of worship) they were allowed
+by the Wesleyans to make use of their chapel, at stated times; some of
+their services also being, for the time, held at the British Schools, on
+the site of which the 1st Volunteer Drill Hall was afterwards erected,
+now the carriage repository of Messrs. Danby & Cheseldine.
+
+At the opening of this chapel, on March 28, 1822, the Rev. George
+Waterbourne, of Dewsbury, preached in the morning, and the Rev. Joseph
+Gilbert, of Hull, in the evening.  On Thursday, May 9th, following, seven
+persons formally announced themselves to be a church on Independent
+principles, viz., William Barton and his daughter Mary, John Jackson and
+Elizabeth his wife, William Parker (Solicitor), Mary Ball and Rebecca
+Brown.  The Rev. John Pain was duly ordained to the ministry on May 10,
+those officiating on the occasion being the Rev. W. Harris, LL.D.,
+Theological Tutor of the Hoxton Academy, the Rev. B. Byron of Lincoln,
+and Rev. J. Gilbert of Hull.  In July of that year three members were
+added to the church, in 1823 eight more were enrolled, in 1824 three
+more, and in 1825 six joined.
+
+During this year a vestry was built at the back of the chapel; in May of
+the same year a Sunday School was commenced, which at the end of the year
+numbered 60 scholars; and the congregation gradually grew, year by year,
+until Mr. Pain died in 1844 (April 11).  He was much beloved, and had
+brought into the fold about 150 members.  He was interred in the chapel
+yard, a large stone on the west side marking his grave, while a tablet on
+the south wall, at the east end of the interior of the chapel bears this
+inscription, "Sacred to the memory of the Rev. John Pain, who was
+ordained Pastor over this church and congregation, Anno Domini 1821.  As
+a minister he was talented, zealous and useful, his chief desire being to
+bring men unto God.  As a man he was amiable and affectionate, his
+private life bearing testimony to the truth of those counsels he publicly
+taught.  He departed this life April 11th, 1844, aged 44 years."  The
+inscription on the tombstone is a long one, in verse, to which is added
+an epitaph to "Esther, Relict of the above," who "died in London, Feb. 1,
+1868, aged 64.  With Christ."
+
+Of all the ministers of this chapel Mr. Pain was probably the most
+valued, and his memory is still cherished.  We may add that he was born
+in Gloucester, a descendant, on his mother's side, of the old and
+honourable family of the D'Oyleys, whose seat is at Adderbury,
+Oxfordshire.  His father was many years Pastor of the Independent Church
+of Forest Green, Gloucestershire, his mother being daughter of a Church
+of England clergyman.  An engraving of him is still preserved, framed, in
+the vestry of the chapel.
+
+Mr. Pain was succeeded in the ministry of the chapel by the Rev. J.
+Kelsey in 1844; he died in Adelaide, South Australia; and from 1845 to
+1848 the Rev. W C. Fisher held the post.  The Rev. Samuel Gladstone
+succeeded him, and officiated from 1848 to 1853.  He afterwards went to
+Sleaford.
+
+The Rev. J. G. Roberts was Minister from 1853 to 1856.  He married a
+daughter of the late Mr. T. Meredith; there being a tablet to the memory
+of the latter, on the west side of the south wall of the chapel, with
+this inscription, "In affectionate remembrance of Mr. Thomas Meredith,
+who departed this life July 30, 1858, aged 66 years.  As for me I will
+behold Thy face in righteousness; I shall be satisfied when I awake with
+thy likeness."
+
+The Rev. Thomas Betty succeeded in 1857, and held office till 1863, when
+his health broke down; his last entry in the books was written on Feb.
+19, 1863, "God bless them all, church and congregation, Amen."  He
+returned and died at Knottingley, March 26, 1865.  During his ministry a
+debt of 75 pounds on the chapel was paid off, and in 1859 a minister's
+house was purchased for 250 pounds, and some 30 pounds spent in repairs,
+the money being raised by a bazaar.
+
+The Rev. Thomas Lord followed in 1863, and ministered till 1866.  He
+succeeded in paying off the debt on the British School, and on leaving
+the town was presented with a handsome timepiece by the Committee of the
+School.  He had as a youth attended the chapel of Dr. Doddridge (already
+named) in Northampton, but left there in 1834.  His first pastorate had
+been at Wollaston, from 1834 to 1845; then removing to Brigstock, where
+he ministered from 1845 until his transfer to Horncastle in 1863. {82}
+
+He was succeeded by the Rev. J. E. Whitehead, from 1867 to 1871.  During
+his ministry several improvements were effected in the interior of the
+chapel, including the erection of a commodious platform; oak furniture
+and elegant fittings being added, and the seats of the choir re-arranged.
+
+The Rev. W. Rose followed from 1872 to 1878.  He had been stationed at
+Portsea, but visited Horncastle in July, 1872, to preach for Home
+Missions, and was afterwards invited to undertake the ministry here.
+Being a native of Boston, and having resided for some time in Spilsby, he
+was glad to return to his native county, and commenced his ministry in
+January, 1873.  During his pastorate the old seats in the body of the
+chapel were removed, and modern open benches substituted.  In 1874 a plot
+of land was offered by the late Mr. W. A. Rayson for new school premises.
+Mr. Rose and the late Mr. J. E. Ward, as Treasurer and Secretary, took up
+the matter, and the present schools were erected on the south of the
+chapel.  On the ground floor is a spacious room, 39-ft. long by 24-ft.
+wide; there is a vestry for the minister, an infant classroom, and a
+kitchen with convenient arrangements for tea meetings; above are six
+large classrooms for boys and girls.  These were opened April 29, 1875;
+among the contributors being Mr. Samuel Morley of London, at one time
+President of the Society, and Sir Titus Salt, who both, with Mr. W. A.
+Rayson, gave 50 pounds each.
+
+After Mr. Rose's retirement both he and Mrs. Rose still continued to take
+a kindly interest in matters connected with the chapel.  She was a member
+of a highly respectable family in the neighbourhood, being a daughter of
+Mr. Searby of Wainfleet.  Her health, however, was latterly precarious,
+and she died May 16, 1879, her husband dying Dec. 10, in the same year.
+They were both interred at Spilsby.  Mr. Rose was highly esteemed among
+all denominations; was on cordial terms of intimacy with the Rev. Arthur
+Scrivenor, then Vicar of Horncastle; and, among other duties, he acted on
+a committee at Woodhall Spa, in connection with a Cottage Hospital for
+the poor, in which he took great interest, and which was carried on by
+the writer of these pages, then Vicar of Woodhall Spa.
+
+Mr. Rose was succeeded by the Rev. W. T. Poole, of Paulers' Pury,
+Northants; a former Scripture Reader at Reading, who ministered here from
+1878 to 1880, when he was transferred to Bracknall, Berks.  He was
+followed by a Nottingham student, the Rev. W. Archer, from 1881 to 1885.
+Then came the Rev. J. H. Dingle, of Ruskington, near Sleaford, from 1885
+to 1886, when he left for a charge at Patricroft, near Manchester.
+During his pastorate a very successful Bazaar was held in November, 1886,
+from the proceeds of which the manse was further improved, and the chapel
+again renovated, with decorations from the designs of Mr. C. H. Stevens.
+
+Then followed an interval of two years, during which the chapel was
+served by students of the college at Nottingham.  In 1888 the Rev. G.
+Luckett succeeded, coming from Long Sutton, and held office till Sept.,
+1893, when he was transferred to Curry Rivell, Somerset.  An interval
+here again occurred, during which Mr. J. T. Whitehead and other
+Nottingham students took the duties, Mr. Whitehead afterwards accepting a
+pastorate in Lancashire.
+
+In January, 1894, the Rev. Sidney Benjamin Dixon began his ministry,
+which he continued till December, 1897, when he was transferred to
+Tetsworth, Oxfordshire.  For more than a year Nottingham students again
+performed the duties; and in November, 1899, the Rev. John Pogson, B.D.,
+entered on his ministry, which he continued until 1905, when he was
+transferred to Whitworth, near Rochdale.  Early in 1907 (Feb. 13) the
+Rev. J. H. Dingle, who had held the office in 1886, was re-appointed,
+having served, as above, 12 years at Patricroft, and afterwards at
+Newmarket and Sheffield.
+
+There is one more tablet in the chapel, which we have not mentioned; it
+is on the west wall, "In affectionate remembrance of Jane, the beloved
+wife of William Wood, who died May 12, 1853, aged 48 years.  Precious in
+the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints."  Mr. Wood was a draper
+in the High Street, and a pillar of the church; he afterwards removed to
+Southampton, and died there.
+
+We have only to add that there are a considerable number of tombstones,
+with inscriptions, in the chapel yard, but burials ceased to take place
+there by Act of Parliament in 1855.  Marriages are here solemnized.  The
+Services are morning and evening on Sunday, with sermon in the evening of
+Thursday.  A Young People's Society of Christian Endeavour Meeting on
+Tuesday at 8 p.m.  A Ladies' Sewing Meeting on the first Wednesday of
+every month, and choir practice on Friday evening at 8, there being a
+good American organ.
+
+For the above details I am largely indebted to the notes "On the Wong,"
+of the late Mr. W. Pacey, supplemented by the _History of England_, in
+seven volumes, of the Rev. H. Walter, B.D., F.R.S., Professor in the East
+India College, Hertford, Chaplain to the Duke of Northumberland, &c., &c.
+
+
+
+THE BAPTIST CHAPEL.
+
+
+This is the oldest nonconformist building in Horncastle.  It is generally
+supposed that there was a still earlier chapel, situated near what is
+called the Bow Bridge, which spans the southern branch of the canal,
+between Cagthorpe and St. Mary's Square, but we have no definite proof of
+this beyond a vague tradition.
+
+The Baptist community date their origin from the time of the
+Commonwealth.  The earliest person of note connected with this religious
+body being John Bunyon, author of _The Pilgrim's Progress_, {84a} who
+espoused the cause of the Parliament against Charles I.  He first
+preached in Bedford, where he was a tinker by trade, in the year 1655,
+visiting various other parts of the country in succeeding years, until he
+died, August 31st, 1688, and was buried in Bunhill Fields.
+
+An old document shows that at a meeting held at Bedford, in the spring of
+1655, over which he presided, it was decided to send one of the members,
+"Mr. Brown to Horncastle, in Lincolnshire, to a few persons of the
+belief, seeking help to guide them in forming a society."  Before the
+"Toleration Act" was passed in 1689, nonconformist places of worship were
+not allowed to exist within five miles of a market town. {84b}  In
+Asterby, about six miles from Horncastle, there is a Baptist chapel,
+locally reputed {84c} to be the oldest in the kingdom.  At Coningsby is a
+Baptist Chapel, with a school, dating from nearly the same period, with
+an endowment of 26 acres of land.  The Baptists of Horncastle mostly, in
+those days, worshipped at Asterby.  At Donington-on-Bain there is also a
+very ancient chapel, where the Baptists of Louth worshipped.  The two
+chapels of Asterby and Donington have a joint endowment of 20 pounds a
+year, and are now affiliated to Northgate Chapel in Louth.
+
+The Foundation Deed of the Chapel in Horncastle is dated Sept. 19, 1767;
+and the names of the founders are given as William Bromley, Vicars Keal,
+Hamlet Dabney, William Taylor, William Storr, William Dawson, Thos.
+Hollingshed, Charles Bonner, George Gunnis, James Coates, John Blow, and
+William Tenant.
+
+The Chapel was originally a structure of one story, having its entrance
+in the centre of the north wall, and the pulpit opposite.  Until the
+early part of the 19th century it had no baptistry, immersion being
+performed in the water-mill pit, {84d} in the north of the town.
+
+Considerable structural alterations were made in the year 1843, when the
+walls were heightened and upper windows inserted; a gallery was erected
+at the east end; the north door was bricked up, and the present entrance
+at the east end opened; the pulpit being removed to the west end, facing
+the door.  A further enlargement was made by a small vestry on the west
+being added, thus providing sitting accommodation for 250 worshippers.
+
+On the north side of the building is a graveyard, but only three
+inscriptions are legible, they are "Mary Markwell, died March 28th, 1776,
+aged 29.  Prepare to meet thy God."  This was, doubtless, one of the
+earliest interments.  The second is "In memory of Thomas Lamb, who
+departed this life June 7th, 1811, aged 82.
+
+    Here rests that lately animated clod,
+    Who self despised, and glorified his God;
+    And when that great decisive day shall come,
+    He'll rise triumphant from the silent tomb.
+
+Also of Frances, his wife, who departed this life April 2nd, 1810, aged
+79.  He was a watchmaker.  The third is as follows: "Sacred to the memory
+of Eliza, daughter of William Parker, Solicitor, and Elizabeth, his wife,
+who died 1st April, 1835, aged 20 years.  Them that sleep in Jesus will
+God bring with Him."  Mr. Parker occupied part of the premises now
+forming the shop and residence of Mr. Bryant, shoemaker, in the High
+Street.
+
+There is little doubt that the house adjoining the chapel, on the north
+west, was once the minister's residence.  On the stairs leading to the
+present rostrum there is still a doorway, which evidently led to the
+house.  There is a stone tablet over this door, and in 1892 an exact copy
+of this was made, and placed on the north wall.  The inscription reads
+"John Hill, departed this life Oct. 16th, 1779, aged 48, Pastor of this
+Church 13 years."
+
+There are some tablets on the wall within, but the Rev. F. Samuels, who
+was Pastor when the Chapel was renovated, about 1882, unfortunately
+allowed the inscriptions to be obliterated.
+
+It is interesting to know that the Mint Lane Baptist Chapel, at Lincoln,
+was founded in 1767, by worshippers at Horncastle. {85a}  Curiously it
+was not till 1892 that the Horncastle Chapel was "registered" as a place
+of worship, the omission being only then discovered, when application was
+made for a licence to solemnize marriages.
+
+In 1893 the Chapel was thoroughly restored, at a cost of 80 pounds; the
+interior being modernised, the walls painted, the old high pews removed
+and replaced by neat seats, the old box-shaped pulpit taken down, and a
+rostrum and platform erected.  There is a good organ, with special seats
+for the choir.
+
+We may add that the Baptists are now a very numerous and influential
+body.  At the Baptist World Conference, held at Exeter Hall, London, July
+10 and following days, 1905, the first ever held as an united community,
+Dr. Maclaren of Manchester presiding, a message was received from the
+King and Queen, thanking for a loyal address from the Conference.  The
+President also stated that he had informally received a greeting of good
+will from the Established Church, as well as from the Free Churches.
+
+On that occasion ministers and delegates attended from various parts of
+Great Britain and the Colonies, from America, France, and other
+countries.  A meeting was held under "The Reformer's Tree," in Hyde Park,
+Miss Burroughs, a coloured lady, being on the platform, also Mr. Britto,
+a coloured vocalist, and the singing being led by a coloured choir.  The
+President, Dr. Clifford of London, stated that there were present 4,000
+delegates, from all parts of the world, representing some seven millions
+of Baptists, {85b} and 5,700,000 communicants; but besides these there
+are 14 or 15 millions of "adherents" to the cause, so that the whole body
+numbers over 20 millions.
+
+The Rev. W. E. Pearson was appointed August, 1905, but left in Feb.,
+1907, to pursue his studies at college.
+
+
+
+THE NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH.
+
+
+The Croft Street Chapel, or New Jerusalem Church, is both structurally
+and intellectually, the most recent developement of Nonconformity in
+Horncastle.  The founder of this community was a personality so
+remarkable that it may be well here to give a brief sketch of him.
+
+Emanuel Swedenborg, son of a Lutheran bishop, was born at Stockholm, in
+1689.  During more than the first half of his life he was distinguished
+as a hard worker in the field of science, and from his many clever
+inventions, and valuable public services, he was ennobled by his
+sovereign.  But in the year 1743, after a serious illness, accompanied by
+brain fever, the result of excessive mental labour, he threw up all work
+of this kind, declaring that he had received a "call" from the Lord, who
+manifested Himself to him, by personal appearance, and commissioned him
+to devote further life and strength to holier purposes.
+
+Being a man of strong will, albeit, not improbably, with a touch (as was
+thought by several) of mental aberration, the result of his illness, he
+threw himself, with characteristic energy, into the work of religious
+proselytism, in support of the special views with which he was now
+inspired.  He became a kind of religious clairvoyant, living an ecstatic
+existence in communion with angels and spirits.  He printed accounts of
+various "Arcana," as he termed them; visions granted to him of heaven and
+hell; the state after death, the true worship of God, the inner spiritual
+sense of the scriptures; and so forth.  He held spiritual intercourse
+with the dwellers in other planets, conversing with Apostles, with
+Luther, Calvin, Melancthon, &c.  "Things hidden since the days of Job (he
+declared) were revealed to himself."
+
+Followers gradually gathered round him, inspired by his own enthusiasm.
+He visited England frequently; and before his death, in London, A.D.
+1772, he had established congregations in England, Ireland, Wales,
+France, Holland, Sweden, Russia, and even in Turkey and America.  It is
+said that several Anglican clergy adopted his views, though still
+retaining charges in their own church.
+
+The special tenets of the sect, which he founded, seem to have been,
+that, while believing in one God, they held that He was the Christ; that
+Christ always existed in human form, but not in human soul; and that in
+His Person there was a real Trinity; that the bible was to be understood
+in a spiritual sense, which was first revealed to Swedenborg.  Their
+ritual, which was based on that of the Anglican Church, included a
+splendid priesthood and an elaborate ceremonial.
+
+Swedenborg's very numerous writings included a number of mystic works,
+especially connected with what he called the "Spiritual Influx," which
+was not limited to locality but pervaded everywhere.  Translations of all
+his works have been issued by the Swedenborg Society, located at No. 1,
+Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C., and at Horncastle they may be borrowed
+from the New Church Free Library in Croft Street.  The Horncastle branch
+has also its own monthly magazine, _The New Church Advocate_.
+
+The following is a brief account of the Society's origin and progress, in
+Horncastle, from particulars furnished to the present writer, by the
+esteemed minister, Rev. R. Mayes, in 1903 (the second year of his
+ministry), and by Mr. Edwin Townell, who has been secretary for a quarter
+of a century.  The Society was inaugurated on August 9, 1869, when
+Messrs. Bogg, Moore, Hall, Cook, Austin, and Bellamy, met at the house of
+Mr. E. J. Moore, 19, Queen Street; Mr. Moore being appointed Secretary
+and Treasurer, Mr. Bogg and Mr. Hall Trustees, and Mr. Bogg nominated as
+first Leader.  Mr. Cook offered the use of a room in his house, rent
+free, and the first service was held on the following day, Sunday, the
+10th of the same month.
+
+As Mr. Bogg resided at Benniworth, nine miles from Horncastle, he could
+not undertake a service every Sunday; and, at first there was only an
+evening meeting, weather permitting.
+
+                   [Picture: The New Jerusalem Church]
+
+There was a good deal of opposition for a time, especially from the
+Congregationalists, under their minister, Mr. J. E. Whitehead; this,
+however, served rather to increase the general interest in the new
+movement, and the evening congregations grew in numbers.  The first tea
+meeting (which ultimately became an established monthly institution) was
+held March 14, 1870, in a room in the alley named "Tinker's Entry," there
+being then 14 members on the roll; when addresses were given by Mr. J. S.
+Bogg, Chairman; and by Messrs. Cook, Moore, T. Wemyss Bogg, and others.
+
+In May of the same year Mr. Richard Gunton, of the Lincolnshire New
+Church Association, visited them, followed by Rev. John Hyde in October,
+Mr. Gunton coming again in December of the same year.  We may here
+observe that this connection with Mr. Richard Gunton became, as will be
+hereafter shewn, a most valuable asset in the Society's favour, in more
+ways than one.  He took up his residence in London, first in Oseney
+Crescent, Camden Road, N.W., and afterwards in Tufnell Park Road, N., but
+he never lost his interest in the Horncastle branch; visiting the town
+year after year, to preach or give lectures, in the Corn Exchange, on
+behalf of the Society.  His last visit was in October, 1896; his death
+occurring on the 5th of the December following, after (as was fitly
+stated) "40 years of faithful service as Superintendent Missionary," as
+well as having been Treasurer of the New Church Conference.
+
+In 1871 Mr. Moore left Horncastle, the room in Tinker's Entry was given
+up, and the meetings were held in the house of Mr. W. Hall, where a
+library was also opened for the members.  Subsequently, with a view to
+the erection of a suitable place of worship, Mr. Hall bought a piece of
+land in Croft Street and presented it to the Society, the project being
+also warmly supported by Mr. R. Gunton.  A subscription list was opened,
+plans and estimates obtained, and the foundation stone of a fabric was
+laid, Sep. 16, 1872.  The appeal for support concluded with these words:
+"This will be the first house of worship constructed in the County of
+Lincoln, for the worship of the Lord Jesus Christ as the only God."  This
+was signed by W. Hall, Treasurer, and Edwin Dawson, Secretary.
+
+The Chapel was opened Jan. 29, 1873, being dedicated by the Rev. Dr.
+Bayley, Minister of the Chapel in Argyle Square, London; who had given a
+series of lectures in aid of the Society four years before (November,
+1869) in the Corn Exchange; and, after the dedication, he again gave
+addresses, which were continued by Revs. P. Ramage, R. Storry, C. H.
+Wilkins, Mr. R. Gunton, and others, usually morning and evening.
+
+We will now describe the Croft Street fabric, opened under these
+favourable auspices.  It consists of a square oblong, standing north and
+south, 40-ft. by 20-ft.; the architect was Mr. Gosling of London, the
+builder Mr. Chas. Blyton of Horncastle, the material being red and white
+brick.  There is accommodation for 150 persons; the cost of the structure
+was 350 pounds.  The fittings, which had formerly belonged to a chapel in
+Cross Street, Hatton Gardens, London, were presented by Mr. William
+Pickstone.  At the south end there is an apsidal recess with three lancet
+windows, the central one having coloured glass, with the figure of the
+Good Shepherd and an inscription at the bottom stating that it was
+"Presented by J. W Fishleigh and Fanny his wife, in memoriam, Feb.,
+1901," being in memory of their only daughter, who died in London, the
+mother having been brought up in this connection.
+
+Within this apse there is a platform, with polished oak rail in front,
+resting on carved pillars.  On this is a Reading Desk and Communion
+Table.  The carpet and communion cushion were presented by the late Mr.
+T. Tapling, carpet manufacturer, of London, who was a native of
+Lincolnshire.  In the centre of the apse is a carved oak chair, having
+the monogram I.H.S., which was given by Mr. C. Blyton.  In front,
+standing on the Chapel floor, is a harmonium by Alexandre & Sons, of
+Paris; it is a fine instrument, having four sets of vibrators and 14
+stops.  It was obtained partly at the cost of the congregation, and
+partly by a donation of the late Mr. John Jobson, from Mr. Thomas Gunton
+(son of Mr. Richard Gunton of London), who resided at Bunnyfield House,
+Hatfield Park, and was for many years private secretary to the late
+Marquis of Salisbury.  The instrument originally cost 84 pounds.  Mr.
+William Hall presided at this harmonium from the first.
+
+We have mentioned Dr. Bayley of London as the earliest preacher in the
+new chapel; there was no resident minister till 1902.  Mr. and Mrs. Hall
+entertained during the whole of the first year (1873) the preachers above
+named.  Others of note who followed were Mr. Layland of Nottingham,
+Leader of the Society in 1876; followed, 1877-8, by Mr. J. R. Boyle; to
+whom succeeded, 1878-9, Mr. W. A. Bates (afterwards of Brisbane,
+Queensland, Australia); Mr. W. J. Adcock, 1879-80; Mr. A. E. Beilby,
+1880-1; Mr. W. Hall, 1882; and Mr. William Robinson, October of that
+year.  At various dates the preachers were Rev. R. Storey of Heywood near
+Manchester, Rev. Mr. Wilkins of Nottingham, Mr. Skelton of London, Mr.
+Pulsford of Leicester, Mr. Cameron of Edinburgh, Mr. Fairweather of
+London, Mr. Ashby of Derby, Mr. Best of Hull, Rev. T. Prestland of
+London, Rev. Joseph Deans in 1899, and Rev. J. R. Rendell, President of
+the Conference; Rev. Lewis A. Slight of Northampton, 1900; Rev. J. T.
+Freeth of Bolton, President, 1901.  From time to time preachers were sent
+by the New Church Conference, and later by the East Midland and
+Lincolnshire Association.
+
+Three marriages were solemnized in the Chapel by Rev. L. A. Slight, viz.,
+that of Miss Townell and Mr W. Chapman of Oundle, Dec. 11, 1900; Miss
+Elizabeth Hall and Mr. Edwin White, both of Horncastle, May 21, 1901; and
+Miss Florence Smith to Mr. Alfred Storton of London, July 9, 1901.
+
+The Rev. Richard Mayes, the first resident Minister, came from Leicester,
+first preached here Feb. 23, 1902, and entered on his ministry in October
+of that year.  Other preachers during that interval were Mr. Fairweather
+of Loughborough, Mr. L. A. Slight, Mr. Layland, Mr. W. Hall and Mr. H.
+Deans.
+
+A Sunday School was opened with the Chapel in 1873; this was, at a later
+date, temporarily closed, but re-opened by Mr. Mayes.  Under him, ably
+supported as he is by members the Townell and Blyth families, and others,
+the services, which are short, bright, and musical, are being attended by
+increasing numbers.  Mr. Edwin Townell is still Secretary, as he was in
+1880; and with Mr. Mayes' ministry Mr. H. Freeman succeeded Mr. W. Hall
+as Treasurer.
+
+
+
+THE REV. THOMAS LORD.
+
+
+The subject of this notice, no longer holding a ministerial charge, is by
+many years the doyen among Nonconformist preachers in Horncastle, being
+the oldest Congregational Minister in England.  He completed his
+hundredth year on April 22, 1908; on which occasion he received a
+congratulatory telegram from His Majesty the King; while a public fund
+was instituted for a presentation to be made to him in recognition of the
+occasion, which he desired to be given in his name to the local
+Institution of Nurses.
+
+Mr. Lord was born at Olney, Bucks., in 1808; and began his ministry in
+1834, as pastor of a chapel at Wollaston, Northants, which he held for
+eleven years; thence removing to Brigstock, in the same county, where he
+laboured during 17 years.  He subsequently held pastorates in Horncastle,
+Deddington (Co. Oxford), and Great Bridge, Staffordshire.  He gave up
+permanent charge in 1878, continuing, however, to assist other ministers
+in that neighbourhood, until 1899, when, in consequence of failing
+eyesight, he removed once more to Horncastle, taking up his abode with
+his married daughter, Mrs. C. M. Hodgett, on the Wong (No. 7).
+
+Mr. Lord has been an active worker in the temperance cause during more
+than 70 years; a member of the Liberation Society since its formation; a
+warm advocate of the Peace Society, of the United Kingdom Alliance; the
+inaugural meeting of which he attended at Manchester.  He was one of the
+founders of the Congregational Total Abstinence Association; and has
+always been a warm supporter of the London Missionary Society.
+
+Mr. Lord still preaches occasionally in Horncastle.  He has officiated
+more than once recently in the Lincoln Mission Hall, and not unfrequently
+occupies the pulpit at the Presbyterian Chapel, Kirkstead, to assist the
+local minister, Rev. Robert Holden, who is his junior by some 16 years.
+On Sunday, May 31, 1908, Mr. Lord preached at Alford, in the
+Congregational Chapel; and on Sunday, June 7, 1908, at Boston, in the
+Chapel of the United Methodists.
+
+        [Picture: Rev. Thomas Lord, 100 years old, April 22, 1908]
+
+Notwithstanding his age Mr. Lord's voice is still clear, deep-toned, and
+resonant; his manner is full of vigor, his language simple, yet eloquent
+and earnest.  His step is firm and elastic.  In habit he is an early
+riser.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
+
+
+Having dealt with the places of worship in the town, we now proceed to
+give an account of its schools; and among these the Grammar School, from
+its antiquity, as well as for other reasons, claims precedence.
+
+This Institution, on its present foundation, dates from the reign of
+Elizabeth, {91} one of whose special characteristics was her warm
+interest in education, which led her to encourage her nobles, and more
+wealthy subjects, to promote the cause.  The Reformation had given an
+impetus towards emancipation from the ignorance which prevailed in Popish
+times, when the monasteries were almost the only centres of
+enlightenment--if so it could be called.
+
+Henry VIII. did little or nothing towards relighting the torch, which had
+been held up by the monks, whom he abolished.  His successor, Edward VI.,
+founded a few grammar schools; among them being, in our own
+neighbourhood, those at Spilsby, Louth, and Grantham.  During the brief
+reign of the Popish Mary, the movement was again checked; but Elizabeth,
+herself a cultivated scholar, rekindled the general interest in
+educational progress.
+
+The title deeds of the school are unfortunately lost, which would have
+shewn to what extent it was then endowed, but documents exist belonging
+to the school, which prove the conveyance of certain lands, by John Neale
+of Horncastle, in the 17th year of Elizabeth (A.D. 1575); he being one of
+the first 10 Governors appointed in accordance with the rules of the
+foundation.
+
+A useful little volume was published in 1894 by the late Dr. Robert
+Jalland, then Senior Governor of the school, containing its history, from
+the date of the Elizabethan foundation, gathered from various documents
+and minute books, preserved in the office of the Clerk of the Governors;
+from which we cull the following particulars:
+
+In the 13th year of her reign (1571), by Letters Patent dated at
+Westminster, June 25, Elizabeth granted to her "well-beloved and faithful
+counsellor, and subject, Edward Fynes, Knight of the most noble Order of
+the Garter, Lord Clinton and Saye, High Admiral of England," that, at his
+prayer, "a Grammar School should be established in the town of
+Horncastle, for the good education of boys and youths, living there, and
+about the neighbouring parts, habitants and comerants." {92a}  This was
+to be called "The Free Grammar School of Queen Elizabeth, in the Town and
+Soke of Horncastle of the foundation of (the said) Edward, Lord Clynton,"
+&c., {92b} "to continue for ever."  It was to consist of "a Master and
+Sub-Master, or Usher," and the "lands, tenements, revenues, reversions,
+and other hereditaments, for the support of the school, were granted,
+assigned, and appointed," for their better management, "to 10 discreet
+and honest men, who (should) be styled Governors."
+
+The first Governors appointed were Clement Monk, clerk; John Smith,
+clerk; John Sackeverill, gent.; Thomas Litter, gent.; Geo. Hargrave,
+gent.; Thos. Raithbecke, yeoman; John Neale, yeoman; Thos. Hamerton,
+yeoman; Willm. Ward, yeoman; Willm. Harrison, yeoman.  They were
+constituted "a body corporate," having a "common seal, to hold, to manage
+the revenues of the school, and empowered to spend, and invest, the
+income at their discretion," to appoint the teachers, and successors in
+the governing body, as vacancies should, by death, occur.
+
+The property of the school, either from the original, or later, {92c}
+endowments, consists of lands, tenements, ground and quit rents, in
+Horncastle, or in the Wildmore Fen allotment of the same, land and
+tenement in Hemingby, lands in Winthorpe, Huttoft, Sutton, and in
+Thornton a payment of 12 pounds a year in lieu of former land, {92d} with
+certain moneys invested in Government Consols and Indian Stock.
+
+The rental of the school property has varied at various periods.  At the
+time of the civil war, when the neighbourhood was more or less in a state
+of anarchy, there is no record, for some years, of the Governors having
+even met to dispense payments; and the Head Master's salary was only 10
+pounds.  In 1735 it amounted to 42 pounds, and that of the Usher to 21
+pounds; but in 1753 there was a reduction to 30 pounds for the Head
+Master, and 15 pounds to the Usher, owing to money having to be "borrowed
+for the exigenceys of the school."  In 1786 the income of the school rose
+to 529 pounds; the highest point which it seems ever to have attained was
+877 pounds, in 1854.  In that year the Head Master's stipend is not
+specified, but two years later it was 235 pounds, with capitation fees
+amounting to 251 pounds odd.
+
+In 1780 the Head Master was the Rev. C. L'Oste; he was also Rector of
+Langton by Horncastle, and a good scholar.  He published a translation,
+in verse, of Grotius on _The Christian Religion_.  It was printed at the
+Cambridge University Press, dedicated to the Bishop of Lincoln, with a
+very distinguished list of subscribers. {93}  Differences arose between
+him and the Governors, and in Sept., 1782, he was served with a notice to
+quit, at the end of six months, for neglect of his duties.  He refused to
+give up office, counsel's opinion was taken by the Governors, Mr. L'Oste
+pleaded in his own defence.  The Governors gave notice of a trial at the
+assizes.  No result, however, is recorded, and Mr. L'Oste retained office
+until his death in 1818.
+
+                      [Picture: The Grammar School]
+
+The year 1854 marked the close of the career of the most remarkable Head
+Master who ever ruled the school.  The Rev. John Bainbridge Smith, D.D.,
+had entered on his duties April 10, 1818, succeeding Mr. L'Oste.  Coming
+to the post as an entirely unknown man, of comparatively humble origin,
+but of great energy, he soon acquired a leading position in the town and
+neighbourhood; becoming Rector of Martin, Rector of Sotby, and Vicar of
+Baumber.  He was the author of several standard works on Divinity.  Under
+him the school achieved such a reputation that, besides the day scholars,
+he had a large number of boarders coming from Scotland, Ireland,
+Devonshire, London, and even Jersey and France.  His end was
+unfortunately as remarkable as his career.  Returning by train from
+Lincoln he fell asleep, and being roused at Kirkstead by the porter
+giving the name of the station, and the night being dark, he did not
+perceive that the train was again in motion, and springing out of the
+carriage, he fell a few yards beyond the platform and broke his neck.
+The porter found him lying helpless, but alive, on the line.  He was
+carefully conveyed to his residence at Horncastle, and lingered alive
+several weeks, retaining his mental faculties, but having no sense of
+feeling below his neck.  At length he recovered slight feeling in his
+legs and feet, and probably tempted by this to make an effort to move, he
+was found one morning dead in his bed.
+
+The Duke of Newcastle, who owned property in Baumber (where, as we have
+said, Dr. Smith was Incumbent), appointed him his private chaplain; and
+the Doctor's youngest daughter, Sarah Katherine, married the Rev. Henry
+Fiennes Clinton, a near relative of the Duke, and a descendant of the
+founder of the school, Lord Clinton and Saye.
+
+The school building has not always occupied the site on which it now
+stands.  As shewn in Stukeley's plan of the town, printed in 1722, it
+stood in the north-east corner of the school yard.  In 1772 that
+structure was found to be in a ruinous condition, and the present
+building was erected, being opened for use at Midsummer 1778.  A
+classroom was added at the south end in 1855, and more recently another
+small room put up at the north end.  The residence of the Head Master was
+formerly a small low cottage, but it was considerably enlarged in the
+early part of the 19th century, and in 1858 a new wing was added at the
+north end.
+
+In 1847 two "Clinton" Exhibitions were founded by the Governors, of 50
+pounds a year, to be held for four years, by scholars going to the
+University.  For lack of such scholars this was granted to Clement Madely
+Smith, youngest son of Dr. Smith, the Head Master, who studied for the
+medical profession, in London.  No further appointment however was made,
+as in 1848 the Governors decided that they had no authority so to employ
+the funds at their disposal.
+
+On the death of Dr. Smith, in 1854, a new scheme of education, more
+suited to the requirements of the time, was drawn up by a committee
+appointed for that purpose, which received the sanction of the Charity
+Commissioners, and was approved by the Master of the Rolls in the same
+year.
+
+The attendance at the school, however, gradually fell off, until, in the
+year 1886, there were only 16 scholars; and further reforms were needed.
+Since then changes in the system have, from time to time, been
+introduced, to render the school more generally useful: the more recent
+being the admission of female pupils in 1903, for whom was appointed a
+resident lady teacher, Miss E. Gibson, who had matriculated, 1st class,
+at London University.
+
+Small Scholarships also, not exceeding six in number, were established
+for needy pupils; and application was made to the Lindsey County Council,
+for a grant of 80 pounds, in aid of scientific lectures, {94} under the
+Technical Instruction Act of Parliament; so that a general middle-class
+English education was provided, along with Latin, French, book-keeping,
+and other technical subjects; an examination being held annually by some
+one unconnected with the school, who should be approved of by the Charity
+Commissioners.  The school has thus, under the tenure of the Head
+Mastership by Dr. Madge, of late years, been considerably improved, and
+the area of the subjects taught, widened; assisted as he has been by the
+able Second Master, Mr. C. W. Gott, B.A., London, and Miss Gibson.  But
+it has also been increasingly recognised that there was room for still
+further development, if the institution was to take its proper position
+among the endowed educational establishments of the county.  This,
+however, is a subject to which we shall recur hereafter.
+
+In 1855 a school Library was commenced, the Governors granting 10 pounds
+for the purchase of books; 20 pounds being given in the following year,
+and this has been further enlarged in later years, until the books now
+number nearly 500.
+
+In March, 1893, a Magazine entitled _Banovallum_ was established, to be
+mainly carried on by the scholars, the Editor being J. G. Meanwell,
+Sub-Editor J. R. Cowburn.  It was a monthly record of school work and
+sports, with various other matters of interest.  It was intended also to
+be a link of connection between "old boys" and new; and with this view
+former pupils of the school were invited to contribute. {95a}  The
+outside support, however, of such a publication was not sufficient to
+render it a paying venture, and after an existence of rather more than
+two years, it expired with the July No. of 1895.
+
+Here we may fittingly introduce some personal reminiscences of the
+school, and those connected with it, in its palmiest days, under the
+regime of Dr. Smith, and first we may mention members of his own family.
+
+Although, as before stated, himself of humble origin, {95b} he married
+the daughter of a General Sandwith, a lady who was highly esteemed by all
+who knew her.  She bore him three sons and three daughters, and
+predeceased him.  His eldest son, Bainbridge, graduated at Cambridge
+University, took Holy Orders, was at one time English Chaplain at Smyrna,
+and succeeded his father in the Rectory of Sotby.  He married a daughter
+of Judge Haliburton of Nova Scotia, the author of _Sam Slick_, _The
+Watchmaker_ (1839) and other works, which were popular in their day.  The
+eldest daughter, Frances, married a member of a then well-known
+Horncastle family, the Rev. John Fawssett, a graduate of Cambridge, who
+afterwards became in turn Rector of Minting and Vicar of Baumber with
+Stourton.  A second son, Joseph Coltman, became a Solicitor in Hull, but
+died early in life.  A second daughter, Isabella, married the Rev. W.
+Affleck Peacock (named after his relative Sir Robert Affleck, of Dalham
+Hall, Newmarket), Rector of Ulceby near Alford.  The youngest daughter,
+as already stated, married the Rev. Henry Fiennes Clinton, Rector of
+Cromwell, near Newark, a near relative of the Duke of Newcastle, to whom
+he was appointed domestic Chaplain.  The third and youngest son, Clement
+Madely, so named after his godfather, the esteemed former Vicar of
+Horncastle, adopted the medical profession and went out to India, where
+he became known as a keen sportsman among big game; a group of two tigers
+shot by him, and stuffed by Ward the great taxidermist, being exhibited
+in the Crystal Palace several years ago.
+
+Of the scholars at the school, under Dr. Smith, we recall a few names, as
+samples of the class of pupils whom he received.  There were three
+Sandwiths, Humphrey, Godfrey, and Henry, who were his nephews on his
+wife's side.  Humphrey became a surgeon, and having a taste for foreign
+travel, went out to Constantinople to practice there.  Having good
+introductions he was kindly received by Sir Stratford Canning, the
+English Ambassador, and making the acquaintance of Layard, he was invited
+to travel with him to Mecca, Mosul, and Nineveh, at two of which places
+excavations were conducted; as Hakim, or Doctor, he was visited by crowds
+of Arabs, suffering from various ailments; and his quinine wrought
+wonderful cures among them.  When at home he sometimes surprised his
+friends by suddenly appearing among them dressed in Arab costume.  In
+1855 he was at the famous siege of Kars, under General Fenwick Williams;
+when a force of 15,000 English were shut in by an army of 50,000
+Russians.  The English had three months' provisions and three days'
+ammunition; they suffered greatly from cholera, and after five months
+surrendered, only when overcome by famine.  Humphrey wrote a history of
+the siege.
+
+Of Godfrey we remember little; Henry graduated at Cambridge, took Holy
+Orders and became Vicar of Thorpe Salvin, near Worksop.  There were three
+Inveraritys, Duncan, Henry, and William; the first of these went out to
+India, and became a Judge in the Supreme Sudder Court.  Henry devoted
+himself to yachting, and died early.  William held a commission in a
+Highland Regiment of foot.  Roseville Brackenbury, whose father, a former
+Peninsular officer, and member of an old Lincolnshire family, resided
+temporarily at Horncastle, in order to place his son under Dr. Smith,
+entered the East India Company's service, in the Bengal Presidency.
+
+There were three Buchanans, sons of an old Indian officer, Major
+Buchanan, a Scotchman, but residing in Maida Vale, London.  These were
+James, Alexander, and Robert.  James was a dashing, chivalrous,
+high-spirited fellow, who took service in a Madras regiment of cavalry;
+his brother "Alick" was of a different fibre, being chiefly remarkable
+for the amount of treacle tarts which he could consume, at the shop of
+the once well-known "Sally Dickinson;" the third brother, Robert, entered
+the navy.
+
+We may here mention, as evidence of the hard work which was done under
+Dr. Smith's system, a feat of memory performed by two brothers among the
+senior boys, Thomas and Alfred Cammack, which the present writer well
+remembers, as he was present as a small boy when it occurred.
+"Repetition," of one kind or another, was required of all boys; but these
+two repeated to the Master from memory, the whole of the first book of
+Milton's _Paradise Lost_ (798 lines), Thomas with only three promptings,
+and Alfred with five.  Another boy, Sidney Bousfield, did the same with
+nine or ten promptings.  Thomas Cammack walked his hospital in London,
+and eventually became a consulting physician of some eminence, residing
+at Boston; Alfred died early.  Sydney Bousfield went out to India, and
+died some years ago.
+
+Two pupils, Holland and Forge, who came to study with the Doctor, of more
+mature years than the ordinary scholars, were "crack shots," and welcomed
+at many of the shooting parties in the neighbourhood.  A third, Frank
+Richardson, who was an ardent fox hunter, had his horse brought to the
+door weekly, on the day when the meet was nearest, and was always among
+the foremost in the field.  He was, further, a great athlete, and would
+follow the hounds on foot, and not seldom be in at two deaths in the day,
+several miles apart; of him, it is related, that he leapt the school-yard
+wall, nearly 7-ft. high.  There were many more who were trained by the
+Doctor to serve their generation worthily in various capacities, but let
+these suffice as a sample of his influence.
+
+The Under Masters whose services he enlisted were, further, not unworthy
+of him.  We will name one or two.
+
+The first Under Master of whom the present writer has any knowledge was
+Thomas Myddelton.  He was by birth a gentleman, being connected with the
+very old family of the Myddelton Biddulphs of Chirk Castle, North Wales,
+who have now dropped the latter name, retaining only the Myddelton.
+Thomas Myddelton's father, John M. (then dead), had been Rector of
+Bucknall, in this neighbourhood, 1804-34; his grandfather, also named
+Thomas, having been Vicar of Melton Mowbray; he (John M.) having been an
+Exhibitioner of St. Paul's School, London, graduated B.A. at Sidney
+Sussex College, Cambridge, 1782, and gained a Fellowship.
+
+     [Picture: Lord Clinton and Saye, Founder of the Grammar School]
+
+Thomas also graduated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.  While serving
+as Under Master at the Grammar School he was ordained to the Curacy of
+Bucknall, under his father's successor, the Rev. John Fendall.  On the
+occasion of his ordination he begged a whole holiday of Dr. Smith, and
+treated the whole school to a day at Tattershall Castle; hiring carriages
+to take them all, there being yet no railway; and he gave them a
+substantial meal at the "Fortescue Arms" Hotel.  He was naturally very
+popular with the boys of the school, although he was rather a strict
+disciplinarian, and made them work hard.  He was commemorated in the
+"Breaking up Song" of the school in the following lines:--
+
+    Mr. Myddelton now comes in,
+    With his nose above his chin; (two prominent features)
+    With pleasant smile he waves his cane,
+    As though to say, "I would fain refrain;
+    It grieves me sore to give a thwack
+    Upon the shrinking truant's back."
+
+                                   (CHORUS)
+
+    We're breaking up, and going away,
+       All for the sake of a holiday.
+    Jack's a dull boy without his play;
+       So, Hurrah, again, for a holiday!
+
+He remained at the Grammar School about two years, afterwards taking the
+Curacy of Langton with Wildsworth, near Gainsborough.  He presently moved
+to West Stockwith, holding the Curacy of Wildsworth with East Ferry.  He
+never held a benefice; but, having some private means, he continued to
+reside, in retirement, at West Stockwith, until his decease, about 1880.
+He was buried at Misterton, the adjoining parish, where he had also taken
+occasional duty.
+
+After Mr. Myddelton the next Under Master was William Hutchinson.  He was
+the son of the landlord of the principal inn in the neighbouring town of
+Wragby, and had been educated at the small grammar school there.  He was
+appointed about 1845.  He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, as B.A.,
+in 1848, keeping his terms there by permission, while acting as Usher at
+Horncastle.  In that year he left Horncastle, and was elected Master of
+Howden Grammar School in Yorkshire, where he was also appointed Curate in
+1848, being ordained Deacon in 1848 and Priest in 1849.  While at
+Horncastle he had married Miss Caroline Dixon, daughter of a corn
+merchant; there were five daughters, all clever, the youngest being Miss
+Annie Dixon, who became distinguished as a miniature painter, exhibiting
+in the Royal Academy, and becoming a favourite of the late Queen
+Victoria.  He held the Head Mastership at Howden for several years;
+holding also the Perpetual Curacy of Laxton near Howden from 1850 to
+1855, the Perpetual Curacy or Vicarage of Airmyn from 1855 to 1862, when
+he was appointed Vicar of Howden, which benefice he held till his death
+in 1903.
+
+It was somewhat remarkable that he began professional life in Horncastle,
+famed for its great horse fairs, and passed the rest of his life at
+Howden, also noted for its great horse fair.  His wife is buried, with
+two sisters, in the cemetery at Horncastle.
+
+The next Under Master to be mentioned about this period was Francis
+Grosvenor.  He was the son of a respectable tradesman in the town, and
+had been educated at the Grammar School.  At first he was employed by Dr.
+Smith as a supernumerary teacher of the junior boys, and became useful in
+the temporary absences of Mr. Hutchinson, at Dublin University.  He was a
+conscientious and dependable youth, thoughtful beyond his years, and was
+much valued by the Head Master, who was a shrewd judge of character.  He
+also graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, taking honours; and was
+ordained Deacon in 1847, and Priest in 1848.  He remained as Second
+Master for some years at the Grammar School, being much esteemed among
+neighbouring clergy for his unostentatious manners and general worth.  He
+frequently officiated in the Parish Church.  Eventually he went to
+Chester, as Curate of St. John's Church in that city, where he remained
+many years, taking pupils.  There was probably a talismanic attraction in
+the name of Grosvenor; Eaton Hall, the seat of Lord Grosvenor (now Duke
+of Westminster) being in the immediate vicinity.  He was consequently
+very successful in obtaining pupils; and made money, whereby he acquired
+considerable house property there and elsewhere.  He was devoted to
+archaeological pursuits, and published a learned paper (of 16 pp.) on
+"The early connection between the County Palatine of Chester and the
+Principality of Wales," which he read before the County Antiquarian
+Society. {99a}  After many years' residence in Chester, he retired on a
+competency to Epsom, in Surrey, where his mother, brother and sister
+resided with him; and where he acted as Chaplain to the Union, until his
+decease, about 1880.
+
+The last Assistant Master, under Dr. Smith, whom we may name was John
+Burton, born of humble parents in Peterborough.  He was appointed about
+1848, and served Dr. Smith faithfully about three years.  He was not,
+however, a strong man, either physically or mentally.  His weakness of
+character was shewn in an incident which might have had a tragic
+termination.  Having formed an attachment for a young lady, living near
+the schoolhouse, and being rejected, he declared that he would commit
+suicide; and he fired off a pistol under her window at night, taking
+care, however, not to wound himself.  On leaving the school he entered at
+Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1853, dying soon afterwards.
+
+On the appointment of the Rev. Samuel Lodge, to the Head Mastership in
+1854, Thomas White, a graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge, became
+Under Master.  He had taken classical honours, and was an efficient
+teacher, and rather strict disciplinarian.  He was the first Under Master
+allowed to take private pupils as boarders.  He continued at his post six
+years, taking Holy Orders, and in 1860 was presented by the Bishop of
+Lincoln to the Vicarage of Scamblesby, which he held until his death in
+1891.
+
+It may be of interest if we here give some of the customs of the school
+at this period, as samples of a state of things which is now past and
+gone.  The morality of some of them might be questioned in these days of
+advanced ideas on civilization, but, under the guidance of a man of Dr.
+Smith's mental calibre, their effect was the rearing of a generation of
+manly youths, capable of much intellectual, as well as physical, activity
+and endurance.
+
+The Head Master was himself a remarkable instance of this.  Punctually at
+7.30, without fail, he was every morning in his desk at the school, to
+open proceedings with prayer, it being frequently a race between himself
+and his boarder pupils, as to who should arrive first, his residence
+being some quarter mile from the school.  When he closed the school, with
+"abire licet," {99b} in the afternoon, he as regularly went for his
+"constitutional" walk.  Furious indeed must be the weather if Dr. Smith
+was not to be seen on Langton Hill, summer and winter, rain or fair; if
+the former he would brave the elements, wrapt in a large blue cloth
+cloak, waterproof as his leather gaiters.  If the latter, he would often
+saunter slowly, rapt in meditation, or composing verses, an occupation of
+which he was very fond, leaving behind him at his death several vols. of
+MS. poetry. {99c}
+
+The school hours were from 7.30 to 9, before breakfast; 10 to 12.30
+midday; afternoon 3 to 5; while the boarders at his own house worked with
+the Assistant Master from 7 to 9; the day boys, in the town, preparing
+exercises and repetition for the next morning, at their own homes.  It
+was an amusement, for some of the more active, to get up some quarter of
+an hour earlier than the others, and hurry down to St. Mary's Church, to
+help old Dawson, the sexton, to ring the Grammar School bell. {100a}  As
+the Doctor was very active in his movements, any boarders who were late
+in starting, could only reach the school in time, by running across the
+fields between the two branches of the canal, called "The Holms."  Woe
+betide those who were late!
+
+From the Doctor's energy of character it would be expected that he would
+encourage active healthy recreations.  The days of cricket were not yet,
+{100b} although "single wicket" was sometimes practiced.  Nor was
+football popular, as it is now.  The game was indeed played, but we had,
+in those days, no Rugby rules, and the ball was composed of a common
+bladder, with a leather cover made by the shoemaker.  In the school yard
+the chief game was "Prisoner's Base," generally played by boarders
+against day boys; in this swiftness of foot was specially valuable.
+There was also a game named "Lasty," in which one boy was selected to
+stand at the upper end of the yard, while the rest gathered at the lower
+end.  After a short interval, the one boy darted forward towards the
+others, who all tried to avoid him; his object was to catch one of the
+other boys, and when he succeeded in this, the boy whom he caught took up
+the running to catch another, and this could go on for any length of
+time.  There was another exciting game called "Lug and a Bite."  In the
+fruit season a day boarder, from the country, frequently brought his
+pocket full of apples; he would throw an apple among the other boys, one
+of whom would catch it, and run away biting it; the others would chase
+him, and seize him by the lug (ear), when he would throw it away, and
+another would catch it, and continue the process, he being, in his turn,
+caught by the ear, and so on.  This afforded much amusement, and many
+apples would in this way be consumed.  There were large slabs of stone
+laid down in the yard, on which marbles were played with, and peg tops
+were spun.  Hockey, or shinty, as it was commonly called, was also a
+favourite game; but these amusements were chiefly confined to the sons of
+tradesmen in the town.
+
+Among the boarders archery was practised, and by some of them with a
+skill almost rivalling that of Locksley in Sir Walter Scott's novel of
+_Ivanhoe_.  A carpenter in the town made for us bows of lancewood, and
+arrows of poplar, tipped with spikes of iron.  With these we could not
+only split our "willow wand" at 80 yards distant, but the more skilful
+deemed an arrow hardly worth having until it had been baptized in the
+blood of blackbird or pigeon, and some of the neighbouring pigeon cotes
+suffered accordingly.  The writer was presented with a bow made of
+bamboo, and arrows said to be poisoned, which a great traveller, then
+residing in Horncastle, had brought from the South Sea Islands.  He lent
+these to a brother archer, who by mistake shot another boy in the calf of
+the leg.  Great alarm was the result, but the poison must have lost its
+power, for no evil consequences ensued, except that the wounded party
+almost frightened himself into a state of fever.
+
+          [Picture: Successive Head Masters, from 1818 to 1907]
+
+These, however, were among the less hardy of our sports.  The good old
+Doctor's great aim was to get us healthily engaged in the country.  With
+this object he would say on a Monday morning to the bigger boys of the
+two highest classes, "Now, lads, if you will translate this book of
+Virgil, or Homer, or this Greek play, as quickly as you can, you shall
+have the rest of the week to spend as you like."  Put upon our mettle by
+such a challenge the work would be completed, by us perhaps on the
+Wednesday, and three days of varied enjoyment in country rambles would
+follow.  In these days, when bird-nesting is forbidden as being "cruelty
+to animals," it may horrify some of our readers to learn that the Doctor
+encouraged his pupils to collect eggs.  On our excursions in early summer
+every hedge was carefully examined for many miles round, the tallest
+trees were climbed, or, as it was then called "swarmed," in search of the
+eggs of hawk, carrion crow, woodpecker, &c.; those of the owl were found
+in the thick fir plantations, or those of the jackdaw in old ruins; the
+rarest specimens being presented to the Doctor himself, while commoner
+kinds were hung in festoons from the ceiling of our study at his
+residence.  The two chief holidays at this season were the Queen's
+Birthday, May 24th, and "Royal Oak Day," May 29th.  On these two days the
+boys were expected to decorate the school in the early hours of the
+morning; a _sine qua non_ being, that, on the Doctor's arrival at 7.30
+a.m., he should find his desk so filled with floral and arboreal
+adornments, that he could not enter it; whereat he would make the remark,
+repeated annually, "Well, boys! you have shut me out of my desk, so we
+must give up work for the day."  He also, on these occasions, often
+brought with him a daughter, and the two carefully looked into the
+decorated desk, when they were rewarded by finding the nest and eggs of a
+"feather-poke" (long-tailed tit), or some other rare bird, which he
+always took home and preserved in his study, as a trophy till the
+following year.  No questions were asked as to _how_ the decorations were
+obtained, but in practice the process was as follows.  On the day before,
+between school hours, certain of the younger boys were sent round the
+town to beg flowers, and then, later on, followed what, as we should have
+said, the present hypercritical generation would call, at the very least,
+"dishonest pilfering."  After retiring to rest, and when the final visit
+of the Assistant Master had been made to the dormitories, all became
+excitement; boots and caps had been carefully concealed under the beds.
+The elder boys were quickly re-clothed, booted and bonneted; and we crept
+down, by back stairs, to the kitchen, with the connivance of the cook and
+housekeeper; those good souls also providing some refreshment for us, to
+be taken either before we went out, or after we returned; and then,
+stealthily emerging by the back door, we separated into small companies
+of twos and threes; some re-visiting gardens in the town, and taking
+without permission further flowers; others going into the country;
+sometimes even taking a light cart from one yard and a pony or horse from
+another, and then visiting gardens or parks in the neighbourhood, and
+returning laden with branches of horse-chesnut flowers, pink may, &c.,
+which were quietly conveyed to the school; and by the appointed hour the
+work of decoration would be completed; and we, having returned to our
+dormitories, refreshed through the cook's kindness the inner man, and
+washed the outer, were ready to greet the good Doctor and his daughter on
+their arrival.  The only difference between the decorations on the 24th
+and 29th was, that on the latter day oak leaves and acorns were a
+distinguishing feature, some of the sprays having been gilded on the
+previous day for presentation to the young lady.
+
+There was another great day called the "Treasurer's holiday."  Once a
+year the one of the Governors, who held that office, was entitled to ask
+the Head Master to give us a whole holiday, which he was always pleased
+to grant.  The custom was for one of the senior boys to call upon, or
+write to, the Treasurer, usually after some period of extra hard
+scholastic work, asking him to exercise this privilege.  The way in which
+these holidays were spent varied.  Sometimes we had a "Paper Chase," or
+"Fox and Hounds."  One boy was sent out as fox, sometimes accompanied by
+another boy, both carrying in bags a supply of paper, torn into small
+shreds, which formed the scent.  In this sport the Doctor sometimes
+offered a reward of five shillings to the "fox" who should manage to
+elude his pursuers until he had reached the bank of the river Witham, a
+distance of about six miles, but increased to 10 or more miles by the
+different ruses practised to escape capture; a similar reward being
+offered to the "hound" who should effect his capture after a run of a
+stipulated number of miles.
+
+Sometimes we had a picnic to the Tower-on-the-Moor, going there on foot,
+through "the Wilderness," and other woods, and having our luncheon
+brought to the Tower in the carrier's cart, which passed daily on its way
+to Kirkstead wharf.  This was usually a bird-nesting excursion.  More
+than one of us accomplished the hazardous feat of climbing to the top of
+the tower, whence a fine view could be obtained, on a favourable day,
+across the Wash into Norfolk.  On one of these occasions we extended our
+ramble to Kirkstead wharf, some adventurous spirits took forcible
+possession of the ferry boat, and carried over women returning home, with
+their marketings, free of charge.  The owner of the boat was, however,
+compensated by our calling at his small hostel close by, and patronising
+his lemonade, bread and cheese.  Sometimes the excursion was to
+Tattershall Castle, and if this was in the winter we skated there in the
+morning, along the canal, returning on our "runners" by moonlight; the
+Doctor being himself a good skater, encouraged it in his boys.  On these
+occasions we sometimes amused ourselves on the return journey by firing
+pistols, to disturb the inhabitants of houses near the canal; when, if
+anyone put his head out of a bedroom window, some one of us would shout,
+"your money or your life;" the usual response being "Go along, ye
+bulldogs," the name by which we were commonly known throughout the
+country side.
+
+On one of these return journeys, while skating in single file, we
+approached the third lock, and the boy in front forgetting that there
+would be no ice for a few yards below the lock, because the water there
+was kept in agitation by the stream always falling from the lock,
+suddenly found himself floundering in an icy cold bath, while himself in
+a state of great heat.  The shock, and the fact that he was cumbered by
+his skates, made him almost helpless, and he would probably have been
+drowned, but that a fine fellow (I give his name, Edward Sharpe, for he
+has long ago put "off this mortal coil"), who was a great athlete,
+plunged in, skates and all, regardless of the risk, and like a
+Newfoundland dog, panting brought his friend to shore, with no worse
+effects than the drenching to both.  And here I may say that one of the
+accomplishments specially encouraged by the Doctor was that of swimming;
+the very youngest were taught to swim by the Under Master, in a small
+pool in the river Bain, called "Dead Man's Hole," about 100 yards from
+the first lock of the canal.  After gaining proficiency we bathed in the
+canal and lockpit itself.  The Doctor gave a reward of 5/- to any boy who
+could dive across the canal, the same sum when he could swim 100 yards on
+his back.
+
+On one occasion a bully, among the bigger boys, threw a timid little
+fellow into the lockpit when full, saying "Now, you'll learn to swim, or
+sink."  The little fellow did sink, rose to the surface, and sank again;
+and would certainly have been drowned, but a shout from other indignant
+youngsters, looking helplessly on, brought the same Edward Sharpe to the
+rescue (he was bathing below the lock, not aware of what was going on),
+and he at once plunged into the lock, dived to the bottom (18 or 20
+feet), and brought up the poor half-conscious boy, who would otherwise
+have perished.
+
+It may here be mentioned that the present writer once swam from the
+junction of the two branches of the canal (close to the present bathing
+place) to the first lock, then passed on and swam to the second, and so
+continuing, swam to the third lock, his clothes being carried by a school
+fellow who accompanied him; this being a distance of some two miles, for
+this the Doctor rewarded him with 10/- and a whole holiday.  He also, it
+may be added, as a reckless feat, when bathing, leapt stark naked across
+the first lock; a performance which the slightest slip might have made
+fatal.
+
+Many are the anecdotes which could be here told of our adventures; as of
+policemen or keepers eluded, or put off the scent, by various ruses, &c.,
+&c., on our various marauding expeditions, but I will mention only two
+more incidents.
+
+From the same feelings of jealousy, doubtless, which produce the "Town
+and Gown" antagonism at the University, there was much ill-feeling among
+the lower class of boys in the town towards ourselves, and free fights
+occasionally occurred between them and the hated "bull-dogs."  At dusk
+stones were thrown at us, which it was difficult to avoid in the then
+badly lighted streets.  Sudden sorties were made from alleys, to take us
+unawares, and send us sprawling on the coggles.  Especially in snowy
+weather we were assailed with snowballs on our way from school to the
+Doctor's house, and although we stood shoulder to shoulder and made a
+spirited resistance, it not uncommonly occurred that these missiles were
+(doubtless purposely) made to contain a piece of ice, or even a sharp
+flint.  In one of these skirmishes the writer himself was struck on the
+temple, his eye only just escaping, by a snowball, which a comrade picked
+up, on seeing that the wound was bleeding, and a fragment of glass was
+found inside it; this, surely, an extreme illustration of the principle
+that "all is lawful in war."
+
+One great event, of yearly re-occurrence, was our bonfire with fireworks,
+on the 5th of November.  Pocket money was hoarded up several weeks
+beforehand, to provide for the latter; some boys even made their own
+squibs and crackers, and these were considerably larger and more
+formidable than those which were bought.  The scene was usually a field
+on Langton Hill, which belonged to the school.  Subscriptions were raised
+to purchase 100 faggots, locally called "kids;" but here again our custom
+would, in strictness, have been condemned, for, in addition to the
+purchased fuel, for sometime beforehand, we had been searching the hedges
+around, armed with axes, and so had got together probably as much to
+which we had no right, as that which had been bought.  The bonfire was
+thus doubled in size, and made a blaze which, on the hill, would be seen
+for many a mile.  We had a whole holiday to give us time to pile up the
+heap; and in the evening parents and many other friends crowded to the
+field as spectators.  Sometimes a lighted balloon or two, of varied
+colours, would be sent up, which were watched by the bright eyes of
+sisters and cousins, until they were lost in the distance.
+
+At length the conflagration was reduced to smouldering ashes, and all
+retired; but on our way back to the school house there were often rough
+doings, between the town boys and bull-dogs; free vent was given to
+spite, and a broken or bruised head, or body, might be the result; but we
+made no complaint; as loyal subjects we had done our duty in protesting
+against all such underhand doings as "Gunpowder Plot;" and, after a
+hearty supper, given by our kind Head Master, we enjoyed the rest, well
+earned by the exertions and trials of the day.
+
+We have now said enough of the school, its institutions and customs,
+under a regime which has passed away, doubtless never to return; _tempora
+mutantur_.
+
+Of the modern school we may here say that it is now doing useful work,
+although with a different class of pupils to those above referred to; and
+in the near future, it is hoped, that further changes will give it a
+still higher position in educational work.  Under Dr. A. G. Madge, who
+retired and accepted church preferment in 1907, the school was made to
+meet the requirements of the Oxford and Cambridge local examinations, the
+London University Matriculation, and the South Kensington Science and Art
+Departments.
+
+In late years boys from the school have filled posts in various parts of
+the world with credit.  A considerable number have obtained clerkships in
+banks, or in the Civil Service; one boy, Richard Gordon Healey, passed
+7th among more than a hundred candidates for the General Post Office
+service, London, and is now in the excise service.  Another, Fairburn, is
+Assistant Inspector of Police at Singapore.  Another, Isle, is a Civil
+Engineer, and has taken the B.Sc. degree.  A summary of successes at the
+school, kindly supplied to the writer by Dr. Madge, shows that in the
+last seven years (1906) five boys have passed the London University
+Matriculation, 19 the Cambridge local examination, 34 the South
+Kensington examination, while four have qualified for the public Civil
+Service; a creditable result for a town of the size of Horncastle.
+
+                [Picture: The Seal of the Grammar School]
+
+A recent change has been the admission of pupil teachers to classes
+specially adapted to their requirements, and with this accession to the
+numbers receiving instruction, there are now more pupils in the school,
+male and female together, than at any period within the last 30 years.
+
+The latest changes, in the direction of progress, have been as follows: A
+new governing body has been created by the Board of Education, consisting
+of 13 members; the Lord of the Manor, the Honble. R. Stanhope, being _ex
+officio_ one of them; eight representative Governors holding office for
+three years; two being appointed by the Lindsey County Council, three
+(one of them a female) by the Urban Council, two by the Guardians, one by
+the Justices of the Peace at the Lindsey Quarter Sessions.  There are
+also four co-optative Governors (among them one female at least),
+appointed by the Governors for five years.  It is further ordered that
+the Head Master need not be in Holy Orders; under which rule has been
+appointed the present Head Master, Mr. Arthur N. Worman, B.A., London,
+late Assistant Master at King Edward VII. Grammar School, King's Lynn,
+who was selected by the Governors from 150 candidates for the post.
+
+
+
+Addendum I.
+
+
+It will have been observed that we have so far adopted the prevalent
+nomenclature, and spoken of this school as an Elizabethan institution,
+founded in 1571.  It must now be added that, venerable as that date of
+origin would make it, it has a higher claim to our veneration still.
+_Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona_.  There were grammar schools before that
+date.  Edward VI. is said to have established several, in various parts
+of the country, and we have already named two such in our own
+neighbourhood, viz., those of Spilsby and Louth; but it is now known that
+even these were, strictly speaking, revivals of still other institutions.
+It is now known that not a few of the charities, or public institutions,
+supposed to have been founded by Queen Elizabeth, were really of older
+date, but revived, confirmed, or augmented, under her wise rule.  In a
+published account of the old grammar school of Giggleswick, Yorkshire,
+{106a} commonly reputed to be a foundation of Edward VI., is the
+following statement, "a large number of schools bear the name of Ed. VI.,
+who undoubtedly desired to strengthen the grammar school system.  His
+good intentions were, however, frustrated by the Commissioners; and very
+few of the so-called Edward VI. grammar schools had their origin in his
+reign, being older foundations with a new name." {106b}
+
+It seems certain that Horncastle Grammar School is an analogous case.
+Documents have recently been brought to light in the archives of the Dean
+and Chapter of Lincoln, which prove that, acting for the Chancellor (who
+was _ex officio_ "Magister Scholarum"), during a temporary vacancy of
+that office, they appointed Masters to the grammar schools of Boston,
+Partney, Horncastle, and elsewhere, in the year 1329; the Horncastle
+Master, so appointed, being one John of Beverley.  This mode of
+appointment being exceptional, was only to be valid for one year; but the
+Chancellorship continuing vacant, the Masters were confirmed in their
+positions by the Dean and Chapter, in the following year 1330, and again
+in 1331; and so on, in successive years. {106c}
+
+Now this mode of appointment being only in lieu of appointment by the
+Chancellor, while his office was in abeyance, it follows that these
+schools were in existence, as public institutions under the Chancellor,
+before the dates named.  Although, therefore, we are unable to fix the
+exact period of the school's existence, it may be satisfactory for
+Horncastrians to know that, in addition to the various interesting
+associations which we have already given as connected with the school,
+there is proof that before Shakespeare had composed one of his immortal
+plays, before Spenser had written a line of his _Faerie Queen_, before
+Bacon had even thought of his _Advancement of Learning_, there had
+existed a "seat of learning" in the small provincial town of Horncastle,
+which had then attained to the respectable age of more than two
+centuries.
+
+We have been accustomed to consider the foundation of William of Wykeham,
+at Winchester, in 1373, as one at least of our very oldest, but
+Horncastle Grammar School may even be of still earlier date than that.
+The oldest school of all is King's School, Canterbury, attributed to
+Archbishop Theodore, A.D. 670, but which may probably be traced to St.
+Augustine.  St. Peter's School, York, is the next oldest.
+
+
+
+Addendum II.
+
+
+The Governors of the Grammar School are about to erect, in this year,
+1908, new and more commodious premises for the school, in the grounds of
+what is now called "The Chestnuts," near the west end of West Street.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+WATSON'S FREE SCHOOL.
+
+
+Next in importance to the Grammar School, and prior to the existence of
+the two well appointed National Schools, Church and Wesleyan, possibly
+even of greater utility than at present, is Watson's Free Infant School;
+the founder of which placed it under the control of the Grammar School.
+
+The title deeds of this Institution are in the keeping of Mr. H. Tweed,
+Solicitor, who is Clerk to the Governors; and from these we gather the
+following particulars of its history.  Richard Watson in the latter half
+of the 18th century was a resident in, and a native of, Horncastle, being
+the son of James Watson, who had made money by tanning, at that time a
+staple business in the town.  Although engaged in trade he ranked with
+the resident gentry, his sister, Frances, marrying James Conington, Esq.,
+belonging to a family of good position, not only in the town, but in the
+county; members of which have also distinguished themselves at the
+Universities, the name still surviving.  She is referred to in an
+Indenture of date 22nd Sept., 25 George III. (1785), as "Frances
+Conington, of Boston, widow, formerly Frances Watson, spinster, surviving
+sister and heir of Richard Watson, late of Horncastle, gent., deceased,
+tanner, and his wife Elizabeth."  By her marriage she had a son Francis
+Conington, who as nephew of Richard Watson, was the sole executor of his
+will and testament.  The principal deed has the following external
+inscription: "Title deeds of the school, signed, sealed and delivered, by
+Benjamin Handley (afterwards called "of New Sleaford"), {108a} in the
+presence of Williom Swallow, {108b} supervisor, and Abraham Hanson, of
+Horncastle."
+
+The following is the heading within, "Sealed and delivered by Frances
+Conington, being first duly stamped, in the presence of Caleb Preston,
+and Bowlin Kelsey of Boston."  This is further confirmed, as follows:
+"Sealed and delivered by Frances Conington, in the presence of William
+Swallow, supervisor, and Abraham Hanson, of Horncastle."
+
+Then follows a "Release of lands in Lincolnshire to found a school (dated
+22nd Sept., 1785), inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery, the
+8th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1786, being first duly stamped
+according to the tenor of the statutes made for that purpose."  (Signed)
+Thomas Brigstock.
+
+                       [Picture: The Market Place]
+
+The seals attached to this are those of Frances Conington, James
+Conington and Benjamin Handley.  There is a note in the margin that
+"James Conington came before me this day, and acknowledged this to be his
+deed, and prayed the same might be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court
+of Chancery.  Robert Chapman, Master in Chancery."  Dated 6th March,
+1786.
+
+The actual terms of Richard Watson's will are these: "I am very desirous
+of establishing a small school within the town of Horncastle, wherein the
+children of such poor persons, as the Governors of the Grammar School
+shall think objects of charity, may be taught to read, knit, spin, and
+plain needlework, or sewing.  I do therefore hereby earnestly request,
+will, and direct, my nephew and executor, after my decease, by deed,
+conveyance (&c.), to convey, and assure, to the said Governors, and their
+successors, for ever, all the lands situate in Croft, and all those
+messuages, cottages, or tenements, within the yards and pingle adjoining,
+situate in Far Street (now called West Street), Horncastle; and also that
+part of now inclosed arable, meadow, and pasture ground, lying in
+Wigtoft, containing 6 acres, 28 perches, now in the occupation of my
+cousin, William Watson, with appurtenances, upon the Trusts following,
+viz.: (1) to keep the house (school) in good repair, and the residence
+(2) for the maintenance of a proper master or mistress, to be from time
+to time nominated by them, to teach such poor children, &c."
+
+It is then added that "the said Richard Watson dying on Sept. 30 (1784),
+the said Frances and James Conington, desirous to fulfil his bequest,
+agree to convey to the use of the said Governors, the said messuages,
+&c."  An Indenture is added, witnessing "that on payment by Benjamin
+Handley of ten shillings to Frances and James Conington, they have
+granted, sold, and released" the aforesaid property, and "appointed by
+these presents from the day next before the date of the Indenture, all
+the said messuages, &c., called by the name of the 'ffoal thing,' {110a}
+and that plot commonly called 'Backside,' the closes in Croft abutting on
+the highway, and lands near the old sea bank; and land called the 'bridge
+plot' in Wigtoft (6 acres), assigned to Richard Watson, by the award of
+the Commissioners appointed by Parliament, in the 12th year of His
+Majesty, for enclosing common and open fields (No. 40 in award map), with
+houses, barns, curtilages, and woods, to be held by the Governors of the
+Grammar School, the reversions, rents, &c., to the use of John Thorold
+(and the Governors), {110b} on trust, that the said Governors collect the
+rents, &c., and apply them as shall be required, from time to time, for
+poor children; and shall have power to erect a new school house, or
+alter, enlarge, &c., and to mortgage, &c., in order to provide suitable
+(premises), spinning wheels, &c., and to make rules for management, as
+shall to their judgment seem needed, agreeing with the said Benjamin
+Handley, and his heirs, &c., subject in all things to the Court of
+Chancery at Westminster."
+
+The present status of the school is as follows: The original premises are
+still in use, standing in a retired position, in "Watson's Yard," about
+50 yards from West Street; they consist of school buildings, play yard,
+and teacher's residence.  In 1835 the school was enlarged and repaired.
+In 1895 it was further improved by the removal of bedrooms above, when it
+was opened up to the roof; at the same time a commodious classroom was
+added at the east end.  Accommodation was thus provided for 120 children.
+The increase in scholars necessitated an increase in the teaching staff,
+and the Head Teacher, Mrs. Robert Marshall, who was appointed in 1885,
+has, since these alterations, been assisted by an Under Mistress and two
+Monitors.
+
+The scholars are of both sexes, and between the ages of three years and
+seven.  The school is conducted on Church of England principles, and
+examined by both Diocesan and Government Inspectors; a Government Grant
+being earned to supplement the funds of the Watson bequest.  The scholars
+are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, with the various kindergarten
+subjects.  The Secretary to the Charity, H. Tweed, Esq., Solicitor, of
+Horncastle, pays half the rents to the Lincoln County Council, for
+teachers' salaries, and retains the other half for repairs and incidental
+expenses.  All the other tenements in Watson's Yard are the property of
+the Charity.
+
+
+
+THE LANCASTERIAN & THE BELL SCHOOLS.
+
+
+Beside the endowed schools, already described, the Grammar School for the
+middle and upper class, and Watson's School for the children of the
+poorer classes; there were two other schools before the present National
+Schools came into existence, the history of which is of some interest.
+Weir, in his _History of Horncastle_, says "a school, on the
+Lancasterian, or British system, was established at a public meeting,
+held in October, 1813; and, a few days later, a meeting was held at the
+church, when it was resolved to establish a school on the plan of Dr.
+Bell.  Both buildings were erected in 1814, supported by voluntary
+contributions, each for about 200 children." {111}
+
+This needs some explanation.  Dr. Andrew Bell was an East Indian
+Company's Chaplain, stationed at Fort St. George, Madras, in 1789.  He
+noticed, in the course of his duties, that in the native schools, beside
+the regular paid teachers, the more advanced pupils were also employed to
+instruct younger scholars; each pupil thus having a tutor, and each tutor
+a pupil; a system by which both were enabled to learn faster, and led to
+take more interest in their work, than would otherwise have been
+generally possible.  Being an enthusiast in educational matters, he
+resigned his chaplaincy, with its good stipend, to inaugurate, and
+himself carry on, a school for the children of Europeans in the
+Presidency, on the same principles.  The result was so satisfactory that
+on his return to England, in 1797, he published an account of what he
+called the "Madras, or Monitorial System," and endeavoured to introduce
+it in this country.  Little progress, however, was made for some time,
+beyond the establishment of a charity school, on these lines, at St.
+Botolph's, Aldgate, London, and a school at Kendal, Co. Cumberland.
+
+About the same date Joseph Lancaster, a young Quaker, set up a school for
+poor children, before he was 19 years of age, in a room lent to him by
+his father, in the Borough Road, Southwark, and in a very short time he
+had nearly 100 under his charge.  He also adopted the monitorial method,
+but, as a Quaker, omitting the Church teaching of the Bell schools.
+Persevering in the work, he was received in audience by the King, George
+III., who gave him encouragement.  He then travelled over the kingdom,
+giving lectures on the new mode of instruction; which in consequence
+spread with rapidity.  In 1798 he taught about 1,000 boys, between the
+ages of 5 and 12 years, his sisters teaching some 200 girls.
+
+Objections were made to the indefinite character of the religious
+teaching of a Quaker, by Professor Marsh, and others, and the Bell
+schools, with their Church instruction, had by the year 1818 become
+numerous.  The services of Dr. Bell himself, in the cause of education
+had been recognised, and rewarded by a Canonry of Westminster.  By the
+year 1828 upwards of 200,000 children were being taught on his system,
+and at his death, a few years later, he bequeathed 120,000 pounds to
+carry on the work which he had so much at heart. {112a}
+
+These two systems, the Lancasterian or unsectarian schools, and the Bell
+or church schools, continued to increase in number; there having been
+established in 1805 "The Royal Lancasterian Institution," otherwise
+called "The British and Foreign School Society," while the Bell system
+was represented by "The Church of England National School Society."
+
+The first Lancasterian or British School founded in Horncastle, in 1814,
+was located in premises adjoining the Wong, on the site afterwards
+occupied by the first Volunteer Drill Hall.  It was afterwards
+transferred to what is now called Dog-Kennel Yard, occupying a building
+which had previously been a theatre, and which was partly fitted up with
+sittings removed from St. Mary's Church, giving accommodation for 200
+children.  Neither in its internal structure, however, nor in its
+situation in an out-of-the-way back yard, was the former theatre well
+adapted for school purposes; and although the late Mr. Samuel Goe had in
+1869 bequeathed a legacy to the school, which rendered it almost
+independent of annual subscriptions, the establishment of a much more
+commodious school by the Wesleyans, in Foundry Street in 1860, affected
+it unfavourably, the number of scholars gradually decreased, and it was
+finally closed in 1876. {112b}
+
+The Bell, or Church School, also built in 1814, and accommodating about
+200 scholars of both sexes, formed the nucleus of the present Church
+National Schools.  These two schools, the Lancasterian or British, and
+the Bell or Church School, are the only public elementary schools, named
+in the _Gazetteers_ for many years, except the Watson Charity School,
+already described.
+
+Of the present Church National Schools, that for infants was erected in
+1860, that for boys in 1872, at a cost of about 1,000 pounds, the
+original building being now the girls' school; the whole affording
+accommodation for 300 children.  These were, a few years ago, taken over
+by the Lindsey County Council (in 1893), and are now under both Diocesan
+and Government Inspection. {112c}
+
+
+
+THE SCIENCE & ART SCHOOL.
+
+
+With the establishment of Technical Schools this country may be said to
+have entered on a new era, in national education, which, in its
+development, may lead to results, the importance of which can hardly yet
+be realized.  The possibilities are almost unlimited.  A wide-spread
+network has been created, which may bring even the humblest members of
+our artisan families within its deneficial meshes, while also working at
+intervals, as opportunities offer, in our remotest villages.
+
+This great movement, curiously, originated from dissension in Parliament,
+a remarkable illustration of the old adage, "'Tis an ill wind that blows
+no one any good."  In the year 1890 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in
+Lord Salisbury's ministry, {113a} introduced what was called "The Local
+Taxation (customs and excise) Bill," {113b} intended to empower County
+Councils to buy up the licences of superfluous public houses, and to
+compensate the publicans by grants of money.  The funds for this purpose
+were not to be a charge upon the local rates, but to be provided by an
+increase of the duty on spirituous liquors.  Strange to say, this measure
+was so persistently opposed by the temperance party, aided by others, who
+for the moment acted with them, that the proposed use of the money, thus
+raised, was at length abandoned, a considerable surplus, however, being
+thus at the Chancellor's disposal, after the reduction of several other
+taxes, the remainder was handed over to the County Councils, to be
+employed in the furtherance of technical education.  The money thus set
+apart was called "the ear-marked money," and the measure enacting it was,
+somewhat unworthily, termed "The Whiskey Bill."  Horncastle benefitted by
+a sum being placed to the credit of the local authorities for the
+establishment of a school of science and art; all such institutions in
+the county being under the general direction of the organizing secretary,
+Mr. S. Maudson Grant, residing in Lincoln.
+
+                       [Picture: St. Mary's Square]
+
+At first classes were held in the Masonic Hall, Bank Street; and in 1891
+an efficient teacher, Mr. Mallet, was engaged to give commercial
+instruction in arithmetic, shorthand, &c., {114a} and he was very
+successful in getting pupils.  In 1892 larger accommodation was required,
+and two rooms were rented, over what is now the Bicycle Depot of Mr.
+Sorfleet, at 14, East Street; and Mr. Switzer was engaged as teacher of
+science and art, at a salary of 100 pounds a year, being allowed further
+to augment his income by taking private pupils in certain other subjects.
+About the same time 100 pounds was spent on models, and other requisites;
+and by the close of 1892, Tetford, Wragby, and Woodhall Spa having been
+included in a general scheme for the district, it was found that the
+pupils attending the classes already numbered 219; of whom 76 were under
+Mr. Mallet's instruction, 101 under Mr. Switzer, including 39 school
+teachers in the neighbourhood, attending on Saturdays; while 42 received
+special instruction from a qualified teacher in dressmaking.  Operations
+were also, in the same year, extended to rural parishes, a meeting being
+held at Woodhall Spa, on Feb. 10, presided over by the Rev. T. Livesey,
+County Councillor, when a district embracing 20 parishes was formed; Mr.
+Livesey being _ex officio_ Chairman of Committees, Canon J. Clare Hudson,
+Vicar of Thornton, appointed as acting Chairman, and the Rev. J. Conway
+Walter, Rector of Langton, Hon. Secretary.
+
+This was followed by other meetings at Horncastle, at which, in due
+course, plans were matured for both town and country classes in various
+subjects.  On the death of Mr. T. Livesey, in 1894, Mr. Robert Searby, of
+Edlington, succeeded him as County Councillor, and took a great interest
+in the school; the late Mr. W. Brown, of the Capital and Counties Bank,
+was elected Chairman, and for several years he rendered most valuable
+service to the schools, being followed, on his decease in 1901, by Mr. R.
+W. Clitherow, Solicitor, who had previously acted as Treasurer.  So far
+the whole scheme had been attended by the most marked success in all
+departments.
+
+In the year 1894 the numbers of pupils, and of the subjects taught, had
+further increased; and it became necessary again to move into more
+commodious premises.  The large building in Queen Street, which had been
+erected by the late Mr. F. Stevens, of Gordon Villa, and was then
+occupied by Miss Morris, as a school for young ladies, was rented, having
+two large classrooms and a smaller one.
+
+Among the teachers who followed was Miss Annie Foster, who succeeded Mr.
+Switzer in July, 1895, and continued as head of the Institution for
+nearly six years.  She was a most enthusiastic and energetic worker, and
+under her the schools attained the highest point of success, both as
+regards the number of pupils attending and the variety of subjects
+taught.  The school at this time had attained to the highest degree of
+efficiency which it is ever likely to reach.  Not only had Horncastle
+pupils taken more prizes than those of any other technical school in the
+Parts of Lindsey, but on the visit of the Government Inspector, Mr.
+Minton, at the prize-giving in September, 1896, he stated that the school
+occupied the third place in all England. {114b}
+
+In the year 1899 again the Inspector, on his examination in October,
+reported its state as being "very satisfactory," and in that year grants
+were earned of 140 pounds from the County Council, 35 pounds from South
+Kensington Science and Art department, 50 pounds from the Whitehall
+department, 12 pounds from fees for science and art teaching, 10 pounds
+from the evening continuation classes, a total of 247 pounds.  Miss
+Foster was assisted by Miss M. E. Edgar.  A former pupil, Mr. C. H.
+Stevens, a native of Horncastle, was also appointed Assistant Master,
+until he was promoted to take charge of a technical school at Folkestone.
+Mr. A. Blades, of the London University, Junior Master of the Grammar
+School, was for a time an Assistant.  At the end of 1900 (Nov. 15) Miss
+Foster resigned, being promoted to the head teachership of the Camden
+School of Art, in London.  Miss M. E. Edgar, who had been assistant
+teacher for several years, was at this date appointed Head Teacher, in
+the Science and Art department, Mr. C. W. Gott, of the Grammar School,
+B.A. of London University, becoming Head Master of the evening
+continuation school, and Mr. H. J. Haddock teacher of shorthand.
+
+It would not be possible, nor is it desirable, here to go into full
+details as to all the work done; but as, in future years, it may be
+interesting to have some record of the progress in the earlier days of
+this Institution, and as the writer of these pages has been closely
+connected with the school, from its first inception, a summary of the
+more important particulars is here given.
+
+In the spring of the year 1896, a course of public lectures, illustrated
+by lantern views, was given by himself, descriptive of his own travels in
+Egypt, which were attended by full audiences of junior pupils, and many
+adults.  In 1897 he gave a similar series of lectures on his travels in
+Palestine, and these proving equally popular, a third supplementary
+course was given by him in 1898.
+
+In 1898 illustrated lectures were also given by the Rev. J. A. Penny,
+Vicar of Wispington, on "The Abbeys and Castles of England," and as being
+very instructive on the subject of architecture, these were largely
+attended.  They were followed by a course, which proved very interesting,
+given by Mr. R. W. Clitherow, the Treasurer, descriptive of a walking
+tour made by himself, among the scenery of the English lakes.  He also
+gave an instructive lecture on Canada.
+
+In the spring of 1898 the Head Teacher, Miss Foster, gave a series of
+lectures on "Physiography," being an account, the result of most careful
+study and practical investigation, of the various geological formations
+and fossils of the earth, illustrated by specimens largely of her own
+collecting. {115}  These were very instructive, and attended by a fairly
+numerous class of pupils.
+
+Other valuable courses of lectures were given during this early period of
+the school's existence.  In the autumn of 1896 Dr. R. McLay, of
+Horncastle, was engaged by the Committee to give lectures in the Masonic
+Hall, on "First Aid to the Injured," under the St. John's Ambulance
+regulations.  The pupils, numbering 25, were afterwards examined by Dr.
+G. M. Lowe, of Lincoln, when 23 of them passed as entitled to St. John's
+Ambulance Certificates.  So much interest was shewn in these lectures (to
+which policemen were specially invited), that it was resolved, in the
+following year (1897), that the services of Dr. McLay should be secured
+for a repetition of them, with increased remuneration.  They were again
+given in the autumn of that year (beginning Oct. 18), when 24 persons
+attended, of whom 16 presented themselves for examination, which was
+again held by Dr. Lowe, all of whom passed with credit, and gained
+ambulance certificates.  We give these particulars as shewing the value
+of the work done at this period.
+
+Similarly valuable instruction has been given in later years, but, with
+diminished funds available, and classes smaller, owing doubtless to the
+exhaustion in some degree of the stream of candidates for instruction,
+compared with its flush at the outset of the school's existence, fewer
+lectures on these extra subjects have been given; and instruction has
+been confined to more ordinary, but not less useful, work, in drawing,
+geometric and from models; modelling in clay, painting in water colours
+and oils, book-keeping, arithmetic, shorthand, French, and so forth.
+
+To show that the school has continued to do good work, we may state that
+on January 25, 1906, a meeting was held for the annual prize giving, when
+close upon 70 pupils, of both sexes (69), received rewards, several of
+them for success in four or five different subjects.  For the year 1905-6
+the school received a grant of 100 pounds from the County Council, 25
+pounds from the Horncastle Urban Council, and the fees of pupils paid
+about half the expenses.
+
+We now give a brief account of the more important of the work carried on
+during the same period in the country parishes.  In March, 1892, the
+first "pioneer" lecture was given at Woodhall Spa, on Horticulture, by
+Mr. Horace Huntly, lately in charge of the Duke of Bedford's gardens at
+Woburn Abbey, Beds.  This was well attended, and the instruction given
+was most useful, for the better cultivation of cottagers' gardens.  This
+was followed by a course of three lectures on the same subject, in March
+of the succeeding year.  In April of the same year (1892), a series of
+six lectures were given at Stixwould and Horsington, by Miss Kenealy, of
+the National Health Society, on the subject of home nursing, and
+treatment in cases of accident, fevers, &c.  These also proved so
+instructive that she was engaged to repeat them in the summer of the
+following year; and they were given in eight different parishes,
+beginning with Langton on June 5th; the attendances being very large, in
+one case 70 being present.
+
+Mr. Robert Jalland, Surgeon, of Horncastle, also gave a lecture at
+Kirkby-on-Bain, in April of the same year, on the subject: "How to secure
+healthy homes," which was very instructive and well attended, over 40
+being present.  In the autumn of that year a series of five lectures on
+Cookery were given by Mrs. Pierce, of the National Health Society, at
+four centres, Roughton, Thimbleby, Horsington, and Minting, beginning on
+Oct. 10th, and continued weekly.  These were considered so instructive
+that the Secretary, having made notes of them, was requested to have 500
+copies printed, for free distribution, which was done.
+
+In January of 1893 lectures on butter-making, with practical
+demonstrations, were given by Miss Carter, a professional teacher with
+certificate of the B.D.F.A., in nine parishes, from Jan. 12th to 24th.
+Lessons in sheep shearing were given in May, at eight centres, Roughton,
+Kirkstead, Woodhall, Langton, Wispington, Stixwould, Bucknall, and
+Thimbleby, the teachers being Mr. S. Leggett of Moorhouses, Boston, and
+Mr. R. Sharpe of Horsington; prizes of 1 pound and 10/- being given to
+the most proficient pupils.
+
+In 1894 lessons were given in hedge plashing, on Mr. Gaunt's farm at
+Waddingworth, in November, the teacher being Mr. H. Butler of Greetham,
+money prizes being given.  Lessons in under-draining were given on Mr.
+Carter's farm at Bucknall, in December, the teacher being Mr. W. Scott of
+Hatton, money prizes being also given.
+
+In 1895 lectures on poultry keeping were given in February, by Mr. E.
+Brown, F.L.S., and Mr. F. Parton, at five centres; and they also visited
+various farmyards in the neighbourhood to give practical advice; these
+lessons were well attended.  Lessons in horse shoeing were given at
+Horncastle, for the neighbourhood, by Mr. J. B Gresswell, M.R.V.C., of
+Louth, in May and June, at which nine blacksmiths attended; certificates
+of the National Association of Farriers being awarded.  Lessons on sheep
+shearing were given at Thimbleby, Kirkstead, and Bucknall, in June, the
+teacher being Mr. R. Sharpe of Horsington.  Dairy lessons on butter
+making and stilton cheese production were given by Miss Carter, at
+Woodhall Spa, Kirkby-on-Bain, Minting, and Reed's Beck, in October and
+November.  Lessons in under-draining were given on Mr. F. W. Scott's
+farm, at Bucknall, in December, the teacher being Mr. W. Scott of Hatton,
+and money prizes given.  Two lectures on bee keeping were given at
+Woodhall Spa, in November, 1895, by Mr. W. J. Banks of the Grammar
+School, Wragby, which were well attended; the same gentleman also giving
+a practical demonstration of the same, by request, at the Manor House,
+Woodhall Spa, in August of the following year (1896).
+
+                         [Picture: Bridge Street]
+
+In 1896 Hedge Plashing lessons were given, in January, at Stixwould,
+Bucknall, and Horsington, the teacher being Mr. W. Scott of Hatton.  The
+Head Secretary, Mr. S. Maudson Grant, was present and said he was "much
+pleased with the work done."  Lessons in stack thatching were given, in
+September, in the yards of Mr. H. N. Coates, of Langton, Mr. R. Roberts,
+of Thimbleby, and Mr. S. Harrison, of Roughton, to ten candidates, the
+teacher being Mr. Isaac Storey, of West Ashby.  These extended over four
+days, and were pronounced by the General Secretary, Mr. S. Maudson Grant,
+of Lincoln, to be "highly satisfactory."  In November lessons in
+under-draining were again given by Mr. W. Scott, of Hatton, on the farm
+of Mr. Joseph Clifton, of Horsington, to two classes of candidates, those
+over and those under 24 years of age, and were well attended.
+
+In 1897 hedge plashing lessons were given in February, on the farm of Mr.
+S. Harrison, of Roughton, also by Mr. W. Scott, on three days, to two
+classes, over and under 24 years of age, being also well attended; prizes
+of 25/-, 20/-, and 15/- being given to each class; and two extra prizes
+of 7/6.
+
+Poultry lectures were given, also in February, extending over six days,
+at Mr. Bates Leedale's farm, at Woodhall, and at Mr. W. H. Holmes', of
+Minting House, by Mr. W. Cook, the well-known chicken breeder, and
+originator of the breed named "Orpingtons," of Orpington House, St. Mary
+Cray, Kent (since deceased).  These lectures created the greatest
+interest; the audiences were crowded, at one lecture there being 127
+present; and as he visited many farmyards to give advice, and several
+farmers bought valuable chickens from him, his visit may be said to have
+materially improved the breed of fowls in the neighbourhood.
+
+In May of this year, 1897, it was decided at head-quarters to make a
+change in the process of operations.  Hitherto instruction in the country
+parishes had been provided through the Committee of the Science and Art
+School, at Horncastle, but from this date each parish was to have its own
+Technical Education Committee, elected annually, with the other parish
+officials; and these were to apply direct to the Head Secretary, at
+Lincoln, for such instruction as they might think desirable, parishes
+uniting for this purpose if they chose to do so.  More money than
+heretofore was now being expended on the Science and Art School in
+Lincoln, and the grants for the country lessons were now greatly reduced.
+Of this country instruction no record was henceforth kept at Horncastle,
+and no detailed account can therefore be given here; the lessons have
+been mainly confined to hedge plashing, ploughing, under-draining, and
+such other practical subjects as suited the farmer, or agricultural
+labourer.
+
+In conclusion it may be said that although it is yet too early to
+prophecy, it would seem that a great future lies before us in the
+development of education.  Co-ordination of work between (as we have at
+Horncastle) the endowed Infant School, the National Schools, Technical
+Schools, and the "secondary" Grammar School, with higher-grade colleges,
+should furnish a kind of educational ladder, by which the child of the
+artizan, or rustic, may rise from the humblest position to the highest,
+if he has the ability, and the will, to avail himself of the
+opportunities thus placed within his reach.  It is hardly too much to say
+that the result may well be, that in the keen rivalry of nations, which
+characterizes the present age, England should thus be enabled to more
+than hold her own in the struggle of industrial life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+THE DISPENSARY
+
+
+May well be said to be the most important charity in the town, not only
+from the valuable services which it has, through many years, rendered to
+the suffering poor, but because it was a pioneer institution of its kind;
+while the area of its usefulness has probably been more extensive than
+that of any similar charity in the county.
+
+Dispensaries were established at Louth in the year 1803, at Lincoln in
+1826, at Grantham in 1838, at Boston in 1852, at Market Rasen in 1857;
+but Horncastle was in advance of the earliest of these by more than a
+dozen years.  Further, the records of the charity shew, that, in the
+early years of its existence, patients were here treated from places so
+distant as Spilsby, Friskney, Wainfleet, Trusthorpe, Theddlethorpe,
+Alford, Fotherby, Marsh Chapel, Saltfleetby, Boston, Lincoln, Sleaford,
+Grantham, and even beyond the county, from Loughborough, Hull, and
+Beverley.
+
+This, it may be explained, was mainly due to the fact that it was
+virtually the creation of a man who was, in many matters, in advance of
+his time, that great public benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., of
+Revesby Abbey, who held the Manor of Horncastle, and took the greatest
+interest in the welfare of the town and neighbourhood.
+
+At a preliminary meeting held at the Bull Inn, Horncastle, on Wednesday,
+Oct., 28, 1789, it was resolved, apparently on his initiative, to
+establish a dispensary; and this took formal shape on Dec. 3rd following,
+when the governing body was elected, consisting of Sir Jos. Banks,
+President, with Vice-Presidents the Honble. Lewis Dymoke, King's
+Champion, Thomas Coltman, Esq., William Elmhirst, Esq., Treasurer, and
+Richard Clitherow, Gent., legal adviser; the Honorary Physicians being
+Edmund Laycock, M.D., and Edward Harrison, M.D., with Mr. John Chislett
+as Surgeon and Apothecary.
+
+A code of rules was drawn up, which, with occasional revisions, to suit
+changing circumstances, remain substantially the same to the present day.
+A donation of 10 guineas constituted a life Governor, a legacy of the
+like amount gave the trustee paying it the same privilege.  An annual
+subscription of one guinea made the subscriber a Governor during the
+year.  Church or chapel collections of two guineas secured governorship
+for the year to the minister, and an additional Governor for each two
+guineas so collected.  The officials were to be a President,
+Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer, elected annually at a special meeting of
+the Governors.  Other regulations, as to patients and their attendance,
+numbered between 40 and 50.
+
+The institution was to be open on Tuesdays and Saturdays from 11 a.m.
+till noon, when the medical officers would prescribe for patients,
+attending with a governor's nomination.  Those unable to attend should be
+visited at their homes.  As a small practical beginning the wooden
+framework of a shop was bought at Wainfleet, for the small sum of 5/5;
+and drugs were ordered from the firm of Wallis & Stockton, of York; and a
+further supply obtained from Messrs. Skeen & Peale, of London.
+
+The first building, which was used from 1789 till 1867, was No. 2 on the
+south side of St. Mary's Churchyard, being rented for the sum of five
+guineas a year, until it was purchased in Feb., 1810, for the
+institution, jointly by Dr. Harrison and the Rev. John Fretwell, {120a}
+for 111 pounds 2s. 8d., the conveyance being effected by Mr. Clitherow at
+a charge of 13 pounds 15s. 8d.  Improvements were made in this building,
+at a cost of 13 pounds 5s., in 1812, and of 27 pounds 15s. 7d. in 1821.
+
+Of the first physicians, Dr. Laycock resigned office in his first year,
+on Sept. 29th, 1790; but Dr. Harrison continued his duties for many
+years, only retiring on Oct. 11th, 1821, shortly before his death.
+Although that gentleman carried on a private asylum, for patients
+mentally affected, at his own residence in West Street, {120b} he took a
+great interest in the Dispensary, and was indefatigable in his
+attendances, often at his own inconvenience.  Moreover his pecuniary
+assistance was not small; as, besides sharing in the purchase of the
+premises in St. Mary's Churchyard, the accounts shew that in 1820 he paid
+27 pounds, and in the following year 19 pounds 14s. 4d., for Dispensary
+expenses, which sums were afterwards repaid to him by the Governors; and
+(as will be shewn hereafter) he bequeathed at his death 100 pounds to the
+funds.  A vote of thanks was passed to him at the annual meeting of the
+Governors in September of 1821, for a further gift of 21 pounds, with the
+expression of their regret that his valuable services could no longer be
+given.  Associated with Dr. Harrison, in dispensary work, was Dr.
+Fawssett, appointed on the resignation of Dr. Laycock, who loyally
+co-operated with that gentleman for 33 years, and only survived him two
+years, dying on Oct. 16th. 1823.
+
+Since that time almost all the medical men of the town have, in their
+turns, rendered useful service to the Dispensary.  It would be invidious
+to single out any of these as being more capable, or more devoted to the
+work, than others; but we may mention one exceptional case, which all
+will recognize.  From an early period medical pupils were allowed to
+visit the Dispensary, in order to study special cases, and the treatment
+they received from qualified practitioners.  Among these was a young man,
+Mr. E. P. Charlesworth, who virtually here received the early part of his
+medical education.  He afterwards, for some years, practised in
+Horncastle; and in Dec., 1807, a resolution of the Governors was passed,
+conveying to him their warm thanks for his generosity in relieving poor
+patients, often at his own expense, and for his readiness to receive
+them, for consultation, at his own residence, and to make up drugs for
+them at all hours.  He subsequently removed to Lincoln, and became a
+noted physician, whose reputation extended considerably beyond the
+county.  During 33 years he was one of the most active medical advisers
+and patrons of the Lincoln Lunatic Asylum; and, after his death in 1853,
+a statue of him, in white marble, was erected in the grounds of that
+institution.
+
+                          [Picture: High Street]
+
+All these medical attendants at the Dispensary gave their services
+gratuitously until, at a general meeting, held on April 23rd, 1878, a
+resolution was passed, that henceforth the two doctors should each be
+paid 30 pounds a year, which has been the rule ever since.  At that date
+the late Dr A. E. Boulton resigned, and Mr. Robert Jalland and Dr. Haddon
+were the first to receive this well-merited remuneration, attending to
+their duties in alternate months.
+
+Scattered about the minute books of the institution are various notes, of
+some interest, from which we here give a selection.  On Feb. 23rd, 1790,
+the Rev. John Fretwell, "sensible of the distresses of the sick poor,
+gave one and a half guineas from the communion money, to be laid out in
+salop sago and Bowen's sago powder, to be distributed at the discretion
+of the faculty."  Nov. 27th, 1790, cases of small pox having occurred in
+the town, it was resolved to inoculate all poor persons, free of charge;
+and thereafter many names are given of those who underwent the operation.
+With this we may compare the following entry as indicating the progress
+of medical science during 12 years.  June 8th, 1802, an epidemic of small
+pox having occurred, and "inoculation becoming general, the Governors
+recommend vaccination."  A statement was printed for circulation, that in
+100,000 cases of vaccination, not one death had ensued; that it was now
+practised in all parts of the world, and favourably received, and that
+the National Institution of France had pronounced it to be the greatest
+discovery of the last century. {122}
+
+Feb. 4th, 1792, has an entry, in no way bearing upon dispensary work, but
+interesting as a memento of an old mode of conveyance.  The proprietors
+of the sedan chair asked permission for it to be kept at the Dispensary,
+for which they were willing to pay one guinea annually; and this was
+agreed to at the next meeting of the Governors.  This chair was let out
+to convey ladies to evening parties in the town.  It was borne by two
+men, and was in use within living memory, as late as "in the sixties."
+
+April 21st, 1792.  A gift of apparatus for the recovery of drowned
+persons, with a drag, was received from the Royal Humane Society of
+London.  A water bed was afterwards purchased, which was let out for a
+small fee to poor patients, temporarily bed-ridden.
+
+On Nov. 28th, 1809, at a special meeting of the Governors, the usefulness
+of the Dispensary was further extended by the appointment of a midwife,
+to attend upon poor women in labor, both in town and country, being paid
+from the funds of the charity, a fee of 3/6 for each case; and from the
+year 1810 to 1829, inclusive, Mrs. Elizabeth Southwell is mentioned, from
+time to time, as acting in that capacity.  In the years 1829, 30 and 31,
+owing to the increase in the number of patients, special appeals were
+made to the landowners of the district for increased support.
+
+In July, 1834, a resolution was passed that doctors attending patients at
+the Dispensary, might introduce pupils, to study cases under their
+treatment; and, in one case, a lady applied for permission to attend a
+course of instruction, in order that she might be enabled to assist her
+husband in making up medicines.  From 1840 to 1894 drugs were supplied by
+Messrs. Herring & Co., of London, but since that they have been supplied
+by local chemists, who are subscribers.
+
+In the autumn of 1840 there was an epidemic of scarlatina, and of the 237
+patients on the books, 50 were suffering from that complaint.  In
+consequence of the additional work thus caused, the salary of the
+dispenser was raised from 40 to 60 pounds a year.
+
+Again, with regard to a new source of income, among early notices we find
+the following: that on Sept. 29th, 1790, the first anniversary of the
+Dispensary's formation, a sermon was preached, on its behalf, at a
+service in the parish church, by the Rev. John Dymoke, Rector of
+Scrivelsby, and Chaplain to his grace the Duke of St. Albans.  This
+became an annual observance, and has continued so ever since, the
+preachers being selected with special care, and often from a considerable
+distance.  For instance, at the following anniversary, in 1791, the Rev.
+Everard Duckworth, LL.D., Prebendary of Canterbury, was invited to
+preach, and he being unable to undertake that office, the Rev. Peter
+Bulmer, Vicar of Thorpe, officiated in his stead.  Among other preachers
+named we find the Rev. Basil Beridge, well-known for his works of
+charity, Rector of Algarkirk, near Boston; the Rev. W. Goodenough,
+Archdeacon of Carlisle; the Rev. E. R. Mantell, Vicar of Louth, and other
+prominent clergy of the county.
+
+How widely the institution was appreciated is shewn by the number of
+leading persons who gave it their patronage.  Sir Joseph Banks was its
+warmest supporter, through life, regularly attending the committee
+meetings, either as a Governor or President, until his decease, June 19,
+1820; and his example brought to the meetings members of the Chaplin,
+Massingberd, and Heneage families, Lord Yarborough, and others, at no
+small inconvenience, from considerable distances.
+
+                         [Picture: The Bull Ring]
+
+Among other Presidents have been the widowed Lady Banks; Lord Yarborough,
+on several occasions; the Honble. and Rev. John Dymoke; to whom succeeded
+the Honble. Henry, afterwards Sir Henry Dymoke, Bart.; Lord Worsley; the
+Right Honble. E. Stanhope, M.P.; J. Banks Stanhope, Esq.  After the death
+of Mr. Stanhope, Jan. 18th, 1904, it was resolved, at a special meeting
+of the Governors, Jan. 28th, that the Secretary should record, among the
+minutes, their regret at his death, and their high appreciation of his
+long and generous support.  The chairman was requested to send a copy of
+this to the Honble. Mrs. Stanhope; and at a meeting held on March 31st,
+following, a very kind letter in reply was read from Mrs. Stanhope,
+promising her support in the future, in lieu of that of the deceased
+gentleman.  The chairman was again requested to convey to her the thanks
+of the Governors, and Mrs. Stanhope was elected and continued to be
+President until her death, October 25th, 1907.
+
+Among Vice-Presidents have been two Earls Fortescue (father and son);
+Lord Worsley: Sir Joseph Hawley, Bart.; J. Hassard Short, Esq.; Earl
+Manvers; C. H. Massingberd Mundy, Esq.; General Sir E. Brackenbury,
+Knight of Hanover; J. Lewis Ffytche, Esq.; Capt. Dallas York, Lord
+Willoughby d'Eresby; Sir H. M. Hawley, Bart.
+
+For many years a ball was given in aid of the funds, in the Assembly
+Room, Bull Hotel, Horncastle, which (with the exception perhaps of the
+"stuff" ball at Lincoln) was the most fashionably attended of any such
+gathering in the county.  Among the stewards of this ball we find the
+names of G. M. Alington, Esq., of Swinhope Hall; Joseph Livesey, Esq.,
+Stourton Hall; C. Waldo Sibthorpe, Esq., Canwick Hall; G. F. W.
+Sibthorpe, Esq.; Col. Sibthorpe, M.P.; the Right Honble. C. T.
+d'Egremont, M.P.; E. Heneage, Esq., M.P.; Capt. Mansell, of Well Hall; G.
+B. Langton, Esq., of Langton Hall; J. Banks Stanhope, M.P.; Sir Montague
+Cholmondly, Bart.; Sir Charles H. J. Anderson, of Lea, Bart.; Sir William
+Ingilby, Bart., Ripley Castle, Yorks; Lord Yarborough; H. Handley, M.P.,
+Sleaford; Lord Amelius Beauclerk; Capt. Boucherett, North Willingham
+Hall; Honble. Capt. Monson; Capt. Lionel Dymoke.
+
+Among the lady patronesses were Lady Worsley, the Duchess of St. Albans,
+Lady Mary Christopher, Mrs. G. W. Sibthorpe, Lady Anderson, Mrs. Livesey,
+Lady Nelthorpe, Lady Dymoke, Lady Albinia Pye.
+
+These balls were discontinued, to the general regret, and to the loss of
+the dispensary, after the year 1871; and to make up for the loss Mr. J.
+Banks Stanhope in that year presented the institution with a cheque for
+20 pounds.
+
+We close this list of officials, with a brief account of the dispensers,
+on whom the efficiency of the institution largely depended.  They were
+usually qualified chemists, or surgeons and apothecaries; and generally
+also acted as secretaries.  The first of these we have already named, Mr.
+John Chislett, to him succeeded Mr. Lewis Bilton, secretary and
+compositor, 1793-1799; L. Barton, compositor, 1799-1801; G. Lunn,
+compositor, 1801-1807; John Lenton, compositor, 1807-1809; William
+Morley, compositor, 1809-1810; Thomas Taylor, surgeon apothecary,
+compositor, 1811-1826; Thomas Snaith, Surgeon, 1826-1834; William Ward,
+surgeon and apothecary, 1834-1839; W. Shepherd, 1839-1840 (ad interim);
+Francis Macarthur, {124} dispenser, 1840-1865; William Caunt, dispenser,
+1865-75; William Betts, Chemist and Druggist, 1875, Lady-day; elected
+secretary Nov. 2nd, 1882; his services have extended over a longer period
+than those of any previous dispenser.
+
+On the death of the Champion, Sir Henry Dymoke, Bart., April 28th, 1865,
+the Governors resolved to erect a new dispensary, as a memorial of his
+long connection with the charity.  Circulars were issued inviting
+subscriptions, and, among other donors, Robert Vyner, Esq., of Gautby
+Hall, gave 200 pounds; the site of 52, North Street, was purchased, and
+the present building was erected in 1866.  In 1867 the old house in the
+churchyard was sold for 142 pounds 11s. 4d., and the new premises were
+occupied in the autumn of that year.  It was built from the designs of
+Messrs. Bellamy & Hardy, Architects, of Lincoln, the contractor for the
+work being Mr. Robert Carter, Builder, of North Street, Horncastle.  The
+original contract was for 765 pounds, but the ultimate cost, with
+furniture, lawyer's expenses, &c., amounted to 1,026 pounds 10s. 11d.  It
+is subject to a ground rent of 1 pound to the Stanhope estate.
+
+Of late years the support, by subscriptions, has on several occasions
+been inadequate.  In January, 1899, there being a deficit of 70 pound,
+the late Mr. J. Banks Stanhope gave the Governors a cheque for that
+amount.  In the year 1905, there being again a serious deficit,
+application was made to the trustees of the Hurstcroft and Snowden
+charity, and they contributed 20 pounds on condition that 25 poor
+children should receive medical treatment free of charge.  A further sum
+of 53 pounds 14s. remaining as a surplus, in the hands of the Soup
+Kitchen Committee, was also given to the funds.  Canon Quarrington,
+formerly Vicar of Horncastle, also contributed 20 pounds; and other
+donations made up a relief fund of 106 pounds (see Report for the year).
+The debt was thus wiped out, but death having carried off many former
+subscribers, increased support will be needed in the future.
+
+Legacies have been bequeathed to the institution by various persons, at
+different times, as follows: Dr. Harrison, by will dated Feb. 5th, 1820,
+left 100 pounds; the late H. J. Fielding, Esq., who died Aug. 10th, 1879,
+left by will 100 pounds; in 1884 the late Mr. T. Garfit bequeathed 100
+pounds; ten 10 pounds shares in the railway were bequeathed by Mrs. Fox
+Marshall in 1897; 100 pounds was bequeathed by Mr. J. W. Hart, of
+Tetford, in 1900; Mr. John Bancroft left 50 pounds in 1905; 357 pounds
+were invested in Consols and 200 pounds in railway shares, in 1899; a
+portion of this was sold in 1902, and 300 pounds were invested in the
+Corn Exchange; the Dispensary premises were also insured for 800 pounds,
+instead of 600 pounds, in the County Fire Office, in 1902.
+
+It will thus be seen that although the operations of the institution no
+longer embrace the extended area of the early years of its existence, it
+is still doing a most valuable work in the alleviation of suffering among
+the poor and needy, in both town and country for many miles round, and is
+thoroughly deserving of the increased support, which is required, to
+continue its efficiency.  We trust that this will be recognized by the
+land owners and others, and that such assistance will be forthcoming.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+THE CANAL.
+
+
+The Horncastle Canal, connecting for commerce the town with the river
+Witham, and so with Lincoln, Boston, and the sea, though now a derelict,
+was formerly of much value.  Its history is here given from its earliest
+inception.
+
+Horncastle having been for some centuries the chief market of an
+important agricultural district, an association was formed towards the
+close of the 18th century, with the title "The Company of Proprietors of
+Horncastle Navigation, in the County of Lincoln."  This was, in the year
+1792, incorporated by an Act of Parliament, which gave a list of the
+names of the original members, and secured to them, and to their
+successors, perpetual possession of the same, and a common seal.  The
+canal was to be 11 miles long, extending from the junction of the two
+rivers, Bain and Waring, which traverse the town and meet at the point
+where now stands the public swimming bath, to the Witham at Tattershall;
+and passing through the parishes of Thornton, Martin, Dalderby, Roughton,
+Haltham, Kirkby, Coningsby, and Tattershall.
+
+The company had at first a capital of 15,000 pounds in 50 pound shares,
+no member being allowed to hold less than one share or more than 20.  The
+surveyors for the undertaking were Messrs. Robert Stickney and Samuel
+Dickinson.
+
+When about two-thirds of the work was completed this capital was
+exhausted; and in the year 1800 a second Act of Parliament was obtained,
+which authorised the raising of a supplementary sum of 20,000 pounds in
+shares of 50 pounds; additional members being enrolled, and mortgages
+raised on the tolls.  The whole profits of the concern, for several
+years, were absorbed in paying off the debt thus contracted, so that no
+dividend accrued for the shareholders until the year 1813.  The channel,
+from Horncastle to Dalderby, was an entirely new cut, the rest being the
+river Bain deepened and straightened in its course.  It was adapted for
+the passage of vessels of 50 tons burden; and in the whole length of 11
+miles there was a fall of 84 feet.
+
+The original rate of charges was 2/- per ton for the whole length of the
+canal, 1/9 to the seventh lock, and 1/3 to the fourth lock; vessels laden
+with lime, manure, or material for roads, were granted free passage.
+{127}  By the second Act of Parliament, in 1800, the charges were raised
+to 3/3 per ton for the whole length of the canal, 2/7 to the seventh
+lock, and 1/6 to the fourth lock; lime, manure, and road material being
+exempted, as before.
+
+                           [Picture: The Canal]
+
+The whole structure was completed in the autumn of 1802, and the canal
+was formally opened on Friday, Sept. 17th of that year.  The occasion was
+observed as a general holiday by the towns-folk.  At one o'clock the
+boats the Betsy of Horncastle, and the Martha of Dalderby, the property
+of Messrs. Gilliat & Wilson, and the British Queen, owned by Mr. Boyers,
+were hauled into the two basins of the canal, elaborately decorated with
+colours, amid the cheers of spectators, who are said to have numbered
+more than 2,000.  The vessels having been brought to, several salutes
+were fired, and a band of music, on the pleasure boat of Mr. Lane, played
+"God save the King," "Rule Britannia," "Hearts of Oak," &c.  Having
+traversed some distance on the canal the company afterwards landed at the
+wharfs on the two branches, and a large number of the shareholders
+partook of a festive repast at the Greyhound Inn, East Street, near the
+south basin.  The navvies and other workmen who had been employed in the
+construction of the canal, were also regaled on the boats, and afterwards
+feasted at the Greyhound.
+
+In following years an excursion was made annually by the Directors,
+conveyed down the canal, in a fine barge, which was their own property,
+named "The Lady Banks," in order to inspect its condition; and this was
+followed by a public dinner at the Bull Hotel, which continued to be an
+established institution during the period of the canal's prosperity.
+
+The shares quickly rose considerably in value; a great number of barges
+came to the town, and it was no uncommon occurrence to see the whole
+distance from the South bridge to the Bow bridge packed closely with
+heavily laden vessels, carrying coals, grain, or other merchandise.  In
+1836 it was computed that about 30,000 quarters of wheat, and 3,000 packs
+of wool, passed through the canal annually; and in 1850 the profits of
+the traffic amounted to about 2,000 pounds a year.
+
+Consequent on the opening of the railway in August, 1855, the canal, as a
+means of goods conveyance, gradually became disused, until, of late
+years, it has become worse than a mere derelict, since it forms an
+obstruction to the free passage of the water brought down by the two
+rivers, and after heavy rain it has led to temporary inundations of the
+town, to the great inconvenience of those residing near it, as well as
+interfering, as might in some circumstances be serious, with the sanitary
+arrangements.
+
+A few years ago an attempt was made to restore the canal traffic, but the
+railway monopoly had become too thoroughly established, and the project
+failed; yet the competition, could it have been maintained, might have
+had a salutary effect upon the cost of railway conveyance, to the
+advantage of the general public.
+
+Our canals, it should be remembered, are a time-honoured institution; the
+Lincolnshire Cardyke and Fossdyke date from the period of the Roman
+occupation of this country.  The Magna Charta of the early 13th century
+took cognizance, not only of the roads, called "The King's Highway," but
+also of inland navigation, under the term "Haut streames de le Roy."  The
+latter half of the 18th century was remarkable for great achievements as
+regards internal waterways, notably in the Bridgewater Canal, and the
+Grand Junction Canal of London; and to this period, as we have seen, the
+Horncastle Canal belongs.
+
+In this twentieth century, again, notwithstanding the great railway
+facilities, there is a wide-spread movement in favour of extended water
+traffic, headed by the very successful Suez Canal; with a prospect of the
+sister channel of Panama.  Berlin is said to owe its prosperity largely
+to its well-organized system, connecting the rivers Oder, Elbe, Spree,
+&c., which have an annual traffic of some million and half tons.  Our own
+Manchester Ship Canal is another instance; the most recent case being
+fresh developments of the Aire and Calder Navigation, in South Yorkshire.
+The canals, too, which have been recently constructed in India, are
+yielding, by the latest reports, {128} a handsome revenue to the
+Government, as well as greatly benefiting the native population.
+
+It is acknowledged that a more general use of waterways, throughout the
+kingdom for the cheaper transport of our heavier and more bulky produce,
+would be a national boon; and a Royal Commission was engaged in
+considering the subject of the acquisition of all canals as Government
+property. {129a}
+
+It is now being more and more recognised that, on the establishment of
+railways, everyone jumped too hastily to the conclusion that the days of
+canals were over; whereas, in truth, there is still a large field,
+probably an increasing field, for the cheaper traffic in heavy goods,
+which canals can provide for.  The Belgian town of Bruges, though
+situated several miles inland, is now to be converted into a port by the
+government of that country, through the creation of a canal, which is
+expected to increase the prosperity of that city.  Similarly it is
+suggested that our own town of Nottingham could be made a great inland
+port, if water carriage were provided; and Sir John Turney, before the
+Royal Commission, has recently (July, 1907) stated that the trade of that
+town might thus be greatly increased.  These, be it remembered, are not
+isolated cases.
+
+                         [Picture: On the Canal]
+
+As to our own local interests, we may reasonably regret that, after so
+much money being invested in the Horncastle Canal, and the serious losses
+incurred by so many investors, no further effort should be made to
+utilize it.  The trade of Horncastle is not so satisfactory but that we
+might welcome every adjunct, which could in any way contribute to its
+furtherance; while, even from an aesthetic point of view, it were
+desirable that, with the present dilapidated locks, and the banks in some
+places broken, the channel, which is in parts little more than a shallow
+bed of mud, befouled by garbage and carrion, or choked by a matted growth
+of weeds, should be superceded by a flow of water, pure and emitting no
+pestiferous exhalations.
+
+
+
+THE RAILWAY.
+
+
+In few things has there been more remarkable evolution, or we might even
+say, revolution, than in our methods of locomotion.  In these days of
+historic pageants we might well conceive of a series of scenes passing
+before us, shewing the means adopted at different periods, or under
+different conditions, in this respect.  The war-chariot of Queen
+Boadicea, charging the legions of Caesar, or (in our own neighbourhood)
+that of the British warrior Raengeires, routing his Saxon foes, at
+Tetford, with their wheels of solid wood and other massive carpentry,
+would form a, then inconceivable, contrast to the future taximeter cab,
+to be evolved in this 20th century.
+
+The lumbering "wain" of the Saxon churl, though still surviving in the
+name of a constellation, befitted only an age little advanced beyond
+barbarism.
+
+The primitive "shout" (Dutch "schuyt"), or "dug-out" boat, hollowed by
+Celtic flint-axe from the bole of a mighty oak, and slowly propelled by
+the almost wild Girvian, through the tangle of fen morass, had but a
+remote connection with the steam packet which, within living memory,
+plied on the neighbouring Witham, between Boston and Lincoln.  Although
+the speed of the latter was so slow, that (as a friend of the writer has
+done) a pedestrian, travelling by road, could reach either of those
+places, from our town of Horncastle, in less time than it took to go by
+carrier's van to Kirkstead wharf, and thence by the said steamer.
+
+While, again, both these would provoke only a smile of contempt in the
+voyager who now crosses the atlantic, at a rate of 20 knots or more in
+the hour.  Then, again, compare with these the cyclist, who now flashes
+past us with the speed of lightning; or the motorist, who vanishes from
+our sight, almost before the dust he has raised is blown away.
+
+Another humbler mode of progress, again, was a familiar sight in our
+boyhood, when the farmer's wife jogged contentedly to market, seated on a
+pillion, behind her husband, and carrying her butter, eggs, or chickens,
+in roomy market baskets by her side.  Even the gig, to carry two, of the
+better bucolic class, has now become obsolete, as the train pours out, at
+the station, its living stream of market folk, male and female, within a
+few minutes of leaving their own doors several miles away.
+
+As to our country roads we are, it is true, well supplied with them, but
+a pageant view of the past, such as we have here conceived, would reveal
+to us our British forefathers, toiling, in wearied gangs, under Roman
+task-masters, at the forced labour of road making; by which the town's
+markets and chartered fairs were to be accessible, from all directions,
+for generations yet unborn.  In our present iron ways, we might well
+suppose that we have attained the highest evolutionary stage in
+expeditious traffic; but who, indeed, shall venture to gainsay, that as a
+sequel to our wireless telegraphy, we may one day eschew the mundane
+altogether, and become a race of aeronauts.
+
+The Great Northern loop line, connecting Boston and Lincoln with
+Peterborough and Grantham, and so with the further north and south, was
+opened in October, 1848.  At that date, except the "Navigation" for heavy
+goods, such as corn, coal, &c., there were only coaches, once a day, for
+public conveyance to Boston, Lincoln, Market Rasen, and Louth.  But
+through the enterprise of Mr. Samuel Sketchley, of Horncastle, Solicitor,
+of the old firm of Selwood and Conington, an Act of Parliament was, not
+without difficulty, obtained, July 10th, 1854, for the construction of a
+branch line, running from Kirkstead to Horncastle; the importance of this
+event being recognised by a joyous peal of the parish church bells being
+rung, and crowds parading the streets, at 10 o'clock at night, at which
+hour the news arrived.  The next day the rejoicings were continued, the
+bells of St. Mary's Church being again rung, while the tower of the
+church was adorned with a tricolour flag, bearing the inscription "God
+speed the railway," and crowds again passed through the streets, headed
+by the town band and a large tricolour standard.
+
+The construction of the line was begun in April of the following year,
+1855; the contractors being Messrs. Smith & Knight.  The original capital
+of the company was 48,000 pounds, in 10 pound shares, but the ultimate
+cost was about 60,000 pounds.  The G.N.R. Company undertook the working,
+paying half the receipts to the shareholders; and as, for the distance
+(about 7.5 miles), the expenditure was, compared with that of many such
+undertakings, small, so, as an investment, the enterprise proved a
+profitable one, few lines yielding so good a return for the outlay; the
+10 pound shares still (in 1907) sell at nearly half as much again (14
+pounds 17s. 3d., July, 1907).
+
+A brief account may well here be given of the opening ceremony of this
+important event in the town's history, condensed from the public journals
+of the day.  The line was examined by the Government Inspector, Colonel
+Wynn, and a few days later Mr. Seymour Clarke, the G.N.R. manager, stated
+that it could not be in a more efficient condition.  The opening ceremony
+was fixed for Aug. 12th, 1855.  At an early hour the town was crowded
+with visitors and shops were closed.  At 7 a.m. 2,500 lbs. of beef were
+distributed among the poorer people.  Peals of bells were rung, the
+Horncastle and Spilsby bands added their music of popular airs.  The
+streets and station were profusely decorated, under the direction of Mr.
+Crowder, florist, Mr. John Osborne, parish clerk, Mr. Archbould, head
+gardener to Sir H. Dymoke, Mr. Nelson from Stourton Hall, and a local
+committee.  Flags displayed the arms of the town, those of Sir H. Dymoke,
+Mr. J. Banks Stanhope, the Bishop of Carlisle, then lord of the manor,
+the Rose of England, and the Union Jack.  About noon a procession was
+formed in the Bull Ring, to meet the Directors of the G.N.R., by Mr. F.
+Harwood, master of the ceremonies, in the following order:
+
+
+
+    Navvy bearing bronzed pickaxe and shovel.
+
+                     Banner.
+
+              Navvies, four abreast.
+
+                     Banner.
+
+  Two navvies, bearing silver-gilt wheelbarrow.
+
+                     Banners.
+
+              Horncastle Brass Band.
+
+
+
+Contractor.       Engineer.
+
+Secretary.        Solicitor.
+
+Auditor.          Auditor.
+
+
+
+Banners.       Directors, two abreast.                   Banners.
+
+               Churchwarden, Dr. B. J. Boulton.
+
+               The Vicar, Rev. W. H. Milner.
+
+Banners.       Shareholders and their friends, four      Banners.
+               abreast.
+
+               Spilsby Brass Band.
+
+               Parish Clerk, Mr. J. C. Osborne, in his
+               robes, preceded by his Standard Bearer.
+
+Banner.        Members of the various Clubs, with        Banner.
+               Banners.
+
+Banner.        1,000 School Children, 4 abreast.         Banner.
+
+               The Public.
+
+The procession marched from the Bull Ring to the Railway Station, where
+the elders of the party on the platform, and the children, with their
+banners, ranged on the opposite side, awaited the arrival of the train
+bringing the G.N.R. Directors, and as it drew up the bands played "See
+the Conquering Hero comes."
+
+The procession, augmented by the directors, then re-formed, and marched
+through the town; in the Bull Ring the National Anthem was sung.  A large
+marquee was erected in the grounds of Mr. R. C Armstrong (now Mrs.
+Howland's garden), adjoining South Street, in which the contractors,
+Messrs. Smith & Knight, provided for the directors and shareholders, and
+other guests, in all over 200, a splendid dinner, served in excellent
+style, by Messrs. Wilson and Serpell, of the Bull Hotel.  The Honble. Sir
+H. Dymoke presided, as Chairman of the Horncastle and Kirkstead Railway
+Co.; being supported on his right by Mr. Hussey Packe and Mr. C. Chaplin,
+Directors of the G.N.R., Major Amcotts and Sir M. J. Cholmeley, and on
+his left by J. Banks Stanhope, Esq., M.P., Director of the Horncastle
+Railway, and Rev. W. H. Milner, Vicar.  Congratulatory speeches were
+made, and the day closed with a fine display of fireworks.
+
+Opened under such favourable auspices, and supplying a felt need, the
+railway has continued to be a success; improvements have been made, from
+time to time, in the stations at Horncastle and Woodhall Spa.  The line
+continues to be a single one, but it is sufficient for the local
+requirements, and the shares, as before mentioned, at the present time
+(1907) find a ready sale at an advance of about 50 per cent. on their
+original price.  We might add that if the railway could be continued to
+Spilsby, and then connected with the different lines running to the
+Skegness, Mablethorpe and other health resorts on the coast, its utility,
+and doubtless its paying value, would be largely increased, as it would
+shorten the distance by many miles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+WORKHOUSE OR UNION.
+
+
+We now notice the chief of those public institutions, and the buildings
+connected therewith, which have been established in the town, within more
+recent times, for its welfare, or its adornment; in order to bring its
+corporate efficiency into more complete accord with the advanced
+requirements of what may be called modern municipal life.  Among these
+the foremost place, from its general importance, is naturally due to the
+Union, or Workhouse; and here it is necessary to make some preliminary
+remarks.
+
+The workhouse, or union, for a large district is a comparatively recent
+creation.  "The poor" we have had "always with" us, but they have not
+always been dealt with as they now are.  By statute 23 Edward III.
+(1349), it was enacted that "none should give alms to a beggar who was
+able to work."  By common law the really deserving poor were to be
+assisted "by parsons and parishioners, so that none should die for
+default of sustenance."  By Act, 15 Richard II. (1392), impropriators
+(_i.e._ laymen holding church property) were bound to contribute a
+certain yearly sum to the poor of the parish, but no compulsory law was
+passed till 27 Henry VIII. (1536).  The present poor law system dates
+from 43 Eliz. (1601); successive amendment acts being passed from 1836 to
+1847, and again in 1861; and a further relief act in 1862.
+
+At first parishes regulated their own methods and amounts of relief.  For
+a long period, indeed, the labouring class were subject to strict legal
+rules, both as to service, and in their individual movements.  It was
+quite an innovation when, in 23 Henry VI. (1445), a servant was permitted
+to change masters after giving due notice; and when moving, or, as it is
+locally called, "flitting," from one parish to another, for employment,
+he had to produce a certificate of settlement from his last abode.  In
+such matters the overseers were paramount, until their powers were
+transferred to the newly constituted guardians of the poor, by Act of
+Parliament, in 1839. {133}
+
+The "workhouse" preceded the "union," which latter term was adopted when
+parishes, throughout a large district, were _united_ for the purposes of
+poor relief. {134a}  In some cases a country parish had its own
+workhouse.  For instance, old parish books of Thimbleby, {134b} show that
+in 1819 20 pounds was spent upon the village workhouse, which was insured
+for 200 pounds.
+
+Among some old churchwardens' records, in the possession of Mr. John
+Overton, of Horncastle (members of whose family have frequently held that
+office), it is mentioned that early in the 18th century a "public oven"
+was erected in the town to enable the poor to cook their meals, or to
+bake the "black bread," then in common use, {134c} more conveniently than
+they could at home. {134d}  At a later date (1780) a spinning school was
+established by public rate, to help the poor to earn a livelihood by a
+home industry. {134e}
+
+An important advance was made in poor relief, in 1735, when, as the same
+records state, "on April 17 a committee was appointed, {134f} in
+Horncastle, to build a workhouse," and on May 7th in the following year a
+brief note gives the cost of the building as being 175 pounds 13s. 4d.
+This was situated on the east side of St. Mary's Square, separated by a
+few yards from the Grammar School, the site being now (1908) occupied by
+a common lodging house.  It continued to be the public workhouse for over
+100 years; and that the poor, who needed relief, were generally expected
+to enter as inmates, is shewn by another brief note, in the same records,
+to the following effect: "May 2nd, 1781.  Out payments discontinued,
+except in sickness."
+
+It was not till 1838 that the present workhouse, in Foundry Street, was
+built, from the designs of Mr.--afterwards Sir--Gilbert Scott, being one
+of his earliest undertakings {134g}  It is a commodious structure,
+capable of accommodating 260 inmates; and, with grounds attached, covers
+an area of between four and five acres.  It is now known as "The Union,"
+and the union district embraces 69 parishes, represented by 76 guardians,
+to whom, as already stated, the former duties of the overseers were
+transferred in 1839.
+
+The Rev. Canon A. E. Moore is the present Chaplain.
+
+
+
+THE COURT HOUSE.
+
+
+The majesty of the law has not always been so worthily domiciled in
+Horncastle as during the last forty years.  In Stukeley's map of the
+town, dated 1722, the Sessions House is placed at the south-east corner
+of the "Mercat Place," where there now (1908) stands a small refreshment
+house.  The cells for prisoners probably formed the basement of this
+building, as there is no known record of their being confined elsewhere,
+until the year 1821, when what was called the "Round House" was built, at
+the north-east corner of the Market Place, opposite the present Lord
+Nelson Inn.  This was a small circular building, having two cells, with a
+colonnade running round it, which formed a shelter for market women
+selling butter, eggs, &c.  The foundations of this structure were so
+shallow that it is on record that a prisoner, in the course of one night,
+scratched a passage under the wall and effected his escape. {135}  This
+prison was demolished in 1853, when the present police station was built,
+facing the Wong, at a cost of 500 pounds, having four cells, for 12
+prisoners, and a residence for a superintendent and constable.
+
+                        [Picture: The Court House]
+
+Some years later fresh premises were rented for the magistrates, on the
+south side of the High Street, adjoining the George Hotel, now extinct,
+though then a leading establishment.  That site is now occupied by the
+Lincoln and Lindsey Bank.
+
+In 1843 the magistrates' office was transferred to what is now 19, Bull
+Ring, part of the shop of Messrs. Robinson, Drapers.  All these premises
+proving inadequate for their purpose, the present Court House was built
+in 1865, on the site of the former parish stocks, the site, a slight
+rising ground, being called "Stocks' Hill," at a cost of 3,000 pounds.
+The architect was Mr. C. Reeves, of London, the builder Mr. Huddleston,
+of Lincoln.  The furniture was supplied by Messrs. Pike & Wright, of
+Horncastle; gas fittings by Mr. Murrell, of Chelsea.
+
+In this handsome building, of white brick, there is accommodation for
+many branches of public, local and county business.  As a possession the
+Court House is the property of the Board of Works, in London, the county
+authorities paying to them a rent of 10 pounds, for the use of it by the
+magistrates.
+
+
+
+THE STANHOPE MEMORIAL.
+
+
+This handsome structure was erected under the following circumstances.
+The Right Honble. Edward Stanhope, who had represented the Horncastle
+Division in Parliament, with much distinction, from the year 1874, died
+rather suddenly, as the result of hard work, in his official capacity, on
+Dec. 22, 1893, to the great grief of the entire constituency; when it was
+universally felt that his services merited some public recognition.
+Various meetings were held, and at length, on Jan. 22nd, 1897, at a
+gathering in the Masonic Hall, a committee was appointed to carry out the
+scheme.  The design of the Memorial was intrusted to the architect, Mr.
+E. H. Lingen Barker, of Hereford, Messrs. Walter & Hensman, of
+Horncastle, being the contractors for the work.
+
+The ceremony of inauguration was performed by J. Banks Stanhope, Esq.,
+formerly M.P. for the Division, on Feb. 2nd, 1899, in the presence of the
+Earl and Countess Stanhope, and other distinguished persons on the
+platform, and a vast crowd from the neighbourhood filling the entire
+Market Place.  This was followed by a public luncheon in the Corn
+Exchange.
+
+The site chosen was the centre of the Market Place, as that, along with
+the market dues, had been made over to the town as a free gift, by the
+Right Honble. gentleman, as Lord of the Manor.  The following is the
+official description of the monument, as published at the time of its
+erection.  The structure is 31-ft. 6-in. in height.  It stands on a
+massive foundation of concrete; with three tiers of Yorkshire stone
+steps, each 15-in. wide, running round the base leading up to the
+monument proper, their shape being octagonal.  With the exception of two
+strings of Dumfries' red stone, the lower part is of Monk's Park stone.
+Above this is a moulded string course, and on each face are shafts of
+Aberdeen red granite, with moulded caps and bases.  The panels are filled
+with diaper work; and in each alternate panel are arms of the Stanhope
+family, and the arms of the town, with an inscription to the memory of
+the Right Honble. E. Stanhope, and a medallion, with bust, in relief, of
+the same.  These panels are surmounted by moulded and carved cinquefoil
+panels, surmounted by carved finials.  Above these, again, are eight
+columns of polished granite, supporting the superstructure, and these
+also have eight trefoil dormers, simpler than those below, each finished
+with a finial of gun metal.  Above these are eight gun metal columns,
+having trefoiled heads, with foliated finials and moulded cornice; and on
+these rests the spirette, constructed of oak and covered with lead, with
+eight other dormers, which complete the whole.  The total cost was 552
+pounds 12s. 3d., raised by subscriptions, a small balance being handed
+over to the public Dispensary.
+
+
+
+THE CLERICAL CLUB.
+
+
+The Clerical Club was founded in 1822; a room was rented on the premises
+of Mr. James Babington, Bookseller, in the High Street (now occupied by
+Mr. J. S. Balding, Butcher), where the members met for discussion, and
+gradually established a good library.
+
+                     [Picture: The Stanhope Memorial]
+
+The first members enrolled were the Rev. the Hon. the King's Champion,
+John Dymoke, Rector of Scrivelsby; the Revs. J. B. Smith, Head Master of
+the Grammar School; C. N. L'Oste, Rector of Claxby; Francis Rockliffe,
+Rector of Fulletby; Robert Spranger, D.D., Rector of Low Toynton (and of
+Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor Square, London); John Mounsey, Rector of
+Gautby; Thomas Roe, Rector of Kirkby-on-Bain; E. Brackenbury, Rector of
+Aswardby; W. Dodson, Rector of Well; F. Swan, Rector of Sausthorpe; and
+others holding benefices scattered over a wide area, but several of them
+living in Horncastle.
+
+The Club was formally opened in the following year, when several more
+members were added; the Honble. John Dymoke being elected President, Dr.
+Clement Madeley, Vicar of Horncastle, Vice-President, with Dr. J. B.
+Smith as Secretary, in which capacity he did valuable service, in
+increasing the membership and adding to the efficiency of the
+institution, which flourished for many years.
+
+In later times, especially on the lamented death of Dr. Smith, and the
+creation of circulating libraries, such as that of Messrs. Mudie, in
+London, the numbers of subscribers fell off considerably.  The books were
+transferred to various quarters; at first to the house of the late Mr.
+John Osborne, parish clerk, himself no mean scholar and student,
+afterwards to the residence of the head master of the Grammar School,
+where they remained for some years, under successive masters, still
+available for members of the club.
+
+On June 8th, 1892, Canon Quarrington, Vicar of Horncastle, Revs. J. C.
+Hudson, Vicar of Thornton, and J. Conway Walter, Rector of Langton, were
+appointed a sub-committee, with instructions to find a permanent club
+room, or to give the books to the Lincoln Diocesan Library.  In September
+of that year Dr. Madge, Head Master, offered to keep the books, to act as
+Librarian, and admit members to them two or three days a week in his
+house.
+
+In January, 1893, the present writer was commissioned with Dr. Madge, to
+examine the books, when there was found to be 799 in good condition, 69
+missing.  The Secretary of the Lincoln Diocesan Library was communicated
+with, and at a meeting of the committee of that library, held on Feb. 24,
+1893, the offer of the books was accepted, and they were in due course
+transferred to that institution.
+
+On May 17th, 1894, the Rev. J. Conway Walter, with three others, was
+commissioned to obtain a supply of books from a circulating library at
+Lincoln.  Eventually Mudie's library was established at the shop of Mr.
+H. Willson, Bookseller, Horncastle; Mr. W. K. Morton opened a
+subscription library, and Messrs. W. H. Smith opened a book stall at the
+station.  These three still continue: the original Clerical Club books
+being still available, with others, at the library in the Chapter House
+of Lincoln Cathedral.
+
+There was at one time a _Literary Society_ in Horncastle, which used to
+meet at the Bull Hotel, in a small room, now the bar, beneath the large
+ball room, on a level with the street.  Among the most active members of
+this was John Brown, the late, so-called, Horncastle "Poet Laureate,"
+whose poems were published in 1890, by the Rev. J. Conway Walter, in a
+volume entitled _Literae Laureatae_, dedicated to Lord Tennyson.  Another
+prominent member was the late Mr. Thomas Baker, who was an amateur actor
+and clever ventriloquist, as well as a great cricketer.  In his early
+years he was engaged by the father of Sir Evelyn Wood to teach the
+village boys cricket in Essex.  His bowling was of the old roundhand
+style; in which he bowled to Fuller Pilch, the greatest batsman of his
+day; and also to Dr. W. G. Grace, now of the Crystal Palace; and, many
+years ago, in a match against a crack 11, including three University
+players and one professional, he bowled them all out for 11 runs.  He
+also bowled out the captain of the All England Eleven with his first
+ball.  He died Feb. 12th, 1903, aged 88.
+
+
+
+THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
+
+
+Mechanics' Institutes were first established in the earlier half of the
+19th century.  The first known was that founded in London by the famous
+Dr. Birkbeck in 1823; another being opened in the same year in Glasgow;
+after which they became general.  As Horncastle was in advance of other
+towns in the county in its valuable Dispensary (see p. 119), so it would
+seem to have preceded other towns, with the exception of Lincoln, in
+catering for the growing taste for literature.  The Mechanics' Institute
+was founded in the year 1834.  It was first located in Union Street, now
+called Queen Street, and soon received the support of all classes.  The
+building, which consisted of one large room, was situated on the west
+side of the street, on the site where now stands the private residence,
+No. 18.
+
+Soon after the erection of the Corn Exchange, in 1856, the Mechanics'
+Institute was transferred to that building; two upper rooms being
+occupied, as library and reading room; the former premises in Queen
+Street being sold to the late Mr. Joseph Parish, who used them for sales,
+public meetings, dances, and so forth, until in 1866 he erected on the
+site a private residence for himself.
+
+After some years the introduction of the above named branch of the
+popular London Library of Messrs. Mudie & Co., at the shop of Mr. Hugh
+Willson, Bookseller, in the Bull Ring, followed by the subscription
+library of Mr. W. K. Morton, in the High Street, and that of Messrs. W.
+H. Smith & Sons, at the Railway Station, reduced the numbers of the
+subscribers to "The Mechanics," and it was removed to smaller premises in
+Bank Street; and eventually this same cause led to the Institute being
+closed.  On January 14th, 1886, a meeting was held in the library to
+determine its future, the result being that the Secretary, Mr. W. Betts,
+and the members of the committee resigned, Jan. 21st, and the books, &c.,
+were removed to a small chamber at the Gas House, in Foundry Street,
+another small room there being used as a temporary reading room.  These
+were closed about the year 1894, the books remaining stowed away.  About
+the year 1899 an effort was made by the late W. Brown, of the Capital and
+Counties' Bank, to get the books transferred to the Technical School in
+Queen Street, of the committee of which he was chairman; with the object
+that they might be once more rendered available for public use; but this
+project fell through.
+
+In 1905 the library was finally broken up by the late Mr. Joseph Willson,
+the last survivor of the Managing Committee, who sold the less valuable
+among the books by auction in Lincoln, the rest being divided between the
+permanent subscription library of Mr. W. K. Morton, Bookseller, High
+Street, and that of the Grammar School.
+
+It is much to be regretted that a valuable collection of books thus
+ceased to be public property.  A catalogue of the library, published by
+Mr. W. Johnson, Bookseller, High Street, in 1865, shows that the number
+of volumes was at that date 1,468, with annual additions; while in 1879 a
+bequest was made by the late Henry James Fielding, Esq., of Handel House,
+South Street, of about 230 volumes of standard works, bringing the total
+up to about 1,750 volumes.  (Classified List, published by W. K. Morton,
+1879.)
+
+The first librarian was Mrs. Wood, assisted by her daughter (afterwards
+Mrs. Panton).  She was succeeded by Miss South, who was followed by Miss
+Stephenson, and she was succeeded by Mrs. W. Johnson.
+
+The late Mr. Henry Nicholson acted as secretary, and for several years
+took a great interest in all that concerned the Institute, until his
+prolonged serious illness, which ended fatally in June, 1900.  Mr. C.
+Hensman was treasurer while the library was at the Corn Exchange,
+resigning when it was removed to Banks Street.  During the same period
+the late Mr. Berridge, Master of the Union, acted as Secretary, and was
+succeeded by Mr. W. Betts, of the Dispensary, who only held that post two
+years, before the Institute was closed.
+
+There were in the library, besides the books, a quantity of weapons of
+war from the South Sea Islands, some cases of objects of natural history;
+valuable sepia paintings by the late Rev. C. P. Terrot, of Wispington, an
+almost unrivalled artist in his own line; and several fine Roman vases
+exhumed in the town; all these were disposed of by Mr. Joseph Willson,
+only surviving trustee, now deceased.
+
+
+
+THE CORN EXCHANGE.
+
+
+The Corn Exchange is a spacious and lofty building of brick, with stone
+facings, capable of holding 500 persons, situated on the south side of
+the High Street, and standing on what was formerly the eastern wall of
+the old Roman castle; a well of pure water, still in use, under the
+adjoining house, having been just within the wall of that fortress.  It
+was opened on July 5th, 1856.  From the terms of the original deed of
+settlement of the company we may give the following items.
+
+The Indenture, dated July 18th, 1855, was registered the 31st of the same
+month; the agreement being, on the first part, between Thomas Armstrong,
+Merchant; Henry Turner, Land Agent; George Wright, Merchant; Henry
+Nicholson, Draper; William Preston Carlton, Chemist; and others, all of
+Horncastle; with certain residents in the neighbourhood on the second
+part; and Frederick W. Tweed, of Horncastle, Gentleman, as trustee to
+give effect to the covenant, on the third part.  The said parties agree
+to form themselves a Joint Stock Company, within the meaning of the Act 7
+and 8 Victoria, c. 110, to provide a building for the purposes, according
+to these presents, viz., a Corn Exchange, which can also be used for
+concerts, exhibitions, and other public objects, on such terms as the
+committee may think fit.
+
+The capital of the company to be 3,000 pound, in 600 shares of 5 pounds
+each; annual meetings of shareholders to be held on May 2nd; any five, or
+more, owning 25 shares, may require the directors to convene an
+extraordinary meeting.  The capital may be increased by additional shares
+of 5 pounds, not exceeding 300; money may be borrowed on mortgage, not
+exceeding at any one time 1,500 pounds. {140}  One-third of the original
+directors to retire in May, 1856, being eligible for re-election.  In
+May, 1857, one-half of the remaining original directors to retire; and
+similarly in succeeding years one-third to retire in rotation, according
+to seniority.  Any director to forfeit office on ceasing to hold five
+shares; anyone intending to apply for directorate, to give at least 10
+days' notice.  Directors to meet at least once every three months; any
+two directors may require the secretary to convene a meeting, at any
+time, for any desirable special object.
+
+The Court of Directors to apply to the Privy Council (Board of Trade) for
+permission to purchase, or rent, land or buildings, as may seem to be
+needed; or to let, or lease, buildings, offices, &c., as they may think
+fit; or to make mortgages, conveyances, &c., for the purposes of the
+company.  A reserve fund (by clause 67) to be established, by setting
+apart one per cent of the profits in any year; the accumulation to be
+employed for the benefit of the company, as may seem to them desirable.
+Shares to be sold (by clause 68) for the benefit of the company, by a
+vote of a majority at a general meeting.  No sum beyond 400 pounds, at
+any one time, to be negotiated by promissory note or bill of exchange.
+
+        [Picture: Watermill Road during the Flood, Dec., 31, 1900]
+
+That a report be presented, and dividend declared, at an annual meeting,
+on March 25th, with seven days' notice to each shareholder.  A common
+seal to be kept in a place of safety, and affixed to all legal documents,
+by the secretary, in the presence of three directors.  Henry Nicholson,
+Draper, to be the first auditor, paid as committee of directors decide.
+Samuel Sketchley to be the first solicitor; and the Lincoln and Lindsey
+Bank the company's bank.  Thomas Armstrong, Timothy Collinson, and Robert
+Edwin Kemp to be the first trustees of the company.
+
+The books may be inspected by any shareholder, between 10 a.m. and 4
+p.m., in the presence of the secretary, or other person nominated in
+accordance with Act 7 and 8 Victoria, c. 110.  By clause 89 it was
+provided that, in case of the company being wound up, the chairman should
+declare the company to be dissolved with all convenient speed; all
+property to be sold, and converted into ready money, to meet all claims;
+a final distribution of assets to be made; no sale by private contract to
+any shareholder being allowed.  This deed was signed, sealed, and
+delivered by the said F. W. Tweed, and witnessed by J. S. Cropper,
+Horncastle, July 18th, 1855.
+
+On Nov. 6th, 1889, a meeting was held to consider whether the company
+should be wound up; but it was decided to continue it, and of late years
+the financial position of the company has improved; the report for 1906
+shews total receipts for the past year, 145 pounds 13s. 1d.; expenditure
+87 pounds 2s. 10d.; leaving balance 58 pounds 10s. 3d.; allowing a
+dividend of 1 pound 10s. per cent., the sum of 6 pounds 0s. 3d. being
+still in hand.  Offices on the same premises are rented by Mr. Reuben
+Roberts, Corn Merchant.
+
+
+
+THE WHELPTON ALMSHOUSES.
+
+
+The Whelpton Almshouses are situated in Queen Street, on its east side,
+being six small residences, for the reception of deserving poor persons,
+natives of the town.  They were established in the year 1861, under the
+following circumstances.
+
+The late Mr. Geo. Whelpton was a shoemaker, occupying a small shop, one
+of several then standing in the Market Place, on or near the site of the
+present Stanhope Memorial; {142a} the whole of these being cleared away
+when the late Honble. Edward Stanhope presented that piece of ground to
+the town, for the enlargement of the Market Place.  He resided in a small
+house in Stonewell Row, but afterwards removed into better premises in
+Queen Street.  While living in Stonewell Row he purchased some furniture
+cheap, at an auction, and in a drawer of one of the articles purchased he
+found a recipe, said to have been written by a Boston doctor, for the
+medicine eventually to become known universally as "Whelpton's Pills" (a
+powerful stomachic, for kidney diseases, &c.), and from the sale of which
+he and other members of his family realised large fortunes. {142b}  His
+wife had been for some time in a bad state of health, and after she had
+consulted various doctors without deriving any benefit from their
+treatment, he decided to try for her the prescription which had thus
+accidentally come into his possession.  The result was so satisfactory
+that other sufferers applied to him for the pills, which for a time he
+freely gave to his neighbours; ultimately, however, these applications
+became so numerous that he was obliged to make a charge.
+
+As he began to realise a considerable income from this source, he gave up
+the shoemaking business, and left Horncastle; his first move being to
+Derby, {142c} where he occupied a residence known as "St. Anne's House,"
+afterwards moving to London, where he, at first, lived in Crane Court,
+Fleet Street, which still continues to be the depot of the pill business.
+He subsequently moved to a better part of the metropolis, taking up his
+residence at 1, Albert Road, Regent's Park, where he remained for several
+years, until he finally settled in Warrior Square, Hastings.
+
+While residing in London his wife {143a} had another illness, from which
+she eventually died, in 1859; and feeling her loss very acutely he
+decided, after a time, to erect the almshouses to her memory. {143b}
+
+          [Picture: West Street during the Flood, Dec. 31, 1900]
+
+Among the documents preserved in connection with this charity, is the
+original letter of George Whelpton, dated March 18, 1861, giving
+instructions that the building of the almshouses should be immediately
+taken in hand.  The Indenture itself is dated March 21st, 1861, and among
+its terms are the following: "This agreement is between Richard
+Clitherow, of Horncastle, Gentleman, surviving trustee and executor of
+the will of Samuel Curtis Lomas, late of Blencogo, Co. Cumberland,
+Surgeon, of the first part; George Whelpton, of No. 1, Albert Road,
+Regent's Park, Middlesex, of the second part; and William Thompson
+Whelpton, of No. 69, Gloucester Crescent, Regent's Park, Middlesex,
+Gent., and Rev. Henry Robert Whelpton, of Upton Park, Slough, Bucks., on
+the third part."  In accordance with this agreement certain lands
+comprising, with others, the future site of the almshouses, situated on
+the east side of what was then called Union Street, the property of the
+said Samuel Curtis Lomas, were acquired through the said Mr. Richard
+Clitherow, for Mr. G. Whelpton, for the purposes of the charity, with the
+above relatives as co-trustees.  The sum of 1,000 pounds was also
+conveyed as endowment of the charity, to the trustees.
+
+It was provided by the agreement that the inmates of the houses should be
+selected from persons who were fit and deserving subjects of the charity,
+indigent, but of good character, not recipients of parish relief, and not
+under 45 years of age; and that any, becoming guilty of immorality,
+should forfeit their privileges.  The power of selection of inmates was
+vested in the trustees, assisted by the vicar and churchwardens of the
+parish; a clause being added, that, in case of the trustees being
+incompetent, by reason of infancy or idiocy, the vicar and churchwardens
+should select.  The weekly allowance to the inmates was to be 3s. 6d.
+
+The agreement to this effect was signed, sealed, and delivered, by the
+said George Whelpton, in the presence of Richard Clitherow, Solicitor,
+and Charles Dee, Solicitor, both of Horncastle.  It was further signed by
+George Whelpton and William Thompson Whelpton, in the presence of Robert
+Cunliffe, Solicitor, of 43, Chancery Lane, London; and by Henry Robert
+Whelpton, in the presence of John Adams Cree, Clerk in Holy Orders, of
+Upton Park, Slough, Bucks.  Appended is a receipt, signed by Richard
+Clitherow, and witnessed by Charles Dee, shewing that, at the date of the
+Indenture, the sum of 101 pounds 5s. was paid by George Whelpton for the
+purchase of the site of the almshouses.
+
+This agreement was examined on Feb. 7th, 1888, in the Court of Justice,
+London, before Mr. Justice Chitty, on an enquiry being made as to the
+estate of William Thompson Whelpton, deceased, at the instance of the
+Rev. Henry Robert Whelpton, and Stephen Whelpton; when the Court declared
+that the direction in the will of the testator, as to the endowment of
+the charity, was a "valid charitable bequest of 1,000 pounds," and the
+money "invested in three per cents.  Consols, for the following
+purposes": (1) for the repair of the alms-houses; (2) to pay each
+occupant 3s. 6d. per week; (3) in case of there being any surplus, to pay
+them so much more as the trustees should think fit.  A clause was added,
+empowering the Charity Commissioners, from time to time, to order any
+part of the income to be applied to special purposes, as they might think
+desirable.
+
+We may add that while residing at Hastings, Mr. George Whelpton secured
+two acres of land, at Eastbourne, from the Duke of Devonshire, the owner
+of the whole town, as he is also of Buxton; and at a cost of about 20,000
+pounds, erected and endowed the church and vicarage of St. Saviour's,
+which was held by his youngest son, Henry Robert, who graduated at St.
+John's College, Cambridge, and was afterwards made Canon of Chichester.
+This benefice is private property, and is now held by his son, Henry
+Urling Whelpton, of Pembroke College, Cambridge.
+
+The head of the Whelpton family may now be considered to be the Rev.
+George Whelpton, at one time residing in France, but now of Trinity
+House, Abington, Berks.  The original George Whelpton died in 1903.
+
+For these details the present writer is indebted to several members of
+the Whelpton family, with some of whom he was a fellow pupil at the
+Horncastle Grammar School.
+
+
+
+THE DRILL HALL.
+
+
+The present building is not the first structure erected in connection
+with the Volunteers, any more than the present Volunteers themselves are
+the first institution of the kind formed in Horncastle.  In the early
+years of the 19th century, when there was a general feeling abroad that
+one great project, nurtured in the ambitious mind of the first Napoleon,
+was an invasion of England, volunteers were organized throughout the
+country, with a view to self-defence.  As an instance of this, in the
+town of Pontefract a corps was formed, of which the Earl of Mexborough
+was Colonel Commandant, and George Pyemont, Esq., of Tanshelf House,
+Pontefract (grandfather of the present writer), was Major; {145} the
+records of which are preserved, among other public documents, in
+Pontefract Castle.
+
+        [Picture: Conging Street during the flood, Dec. 31, 1900]
+
+Similarly, a corps was raised in Horncastle at the same period, of which
+we have somewhat curious evidence in the following.  There exists a small
+pamphlet, which the writer has recently (July, 1908) perused, entitled
+"An address delivered to the Horncastle Volunteers, on Feb. 26, 1804, by
+their chaplain, in consequence of the resignation of some of the members.
+Published by desire of the corps.  Printed by James Weir, Horncastle,
+1804."  In this address he expresses his great regret that so many
+volunteers are resigning "after putting the country to the expense of
+supplying them with clothing and arms, having also pledged themselves to
+the country's defence, and received in return exemption from militia
+service," this too at a time when (as he says) "we are in danger of being
+reduced to a French province."  "No resignations (he continues) have
+taken place in London, in Boston, or in Spilsby."  He reminds them that
+they (the Horncastrians) had been "among the first in the county to offer
+their services," and he urges them still to "maintain their character"
+for loyalty.
+
+In consequence of this appeal a public meeting was called together, at
+which was formed a "Court of Enquiry," consisting of "9 members, 3
+elected from the officers of the corps, and 6 from the non-commissioned
+officers and privates, to whom all proposals of resignation should be
+submitted."  In subsequent pages regulations are added as to keeping
+their weapons in proper condition, orders as to loading their guns, &c.,
+which are described as "firelocks" with "flints."  This we may regard as
+an interesting item of past local history, evidencing the spirit in which
+the first Horncastle Volunteers were formed.
+
+The modern volunteer movement originated in the year 1859, under somewhat
+similar circumstances to the earlier movement.  Notwithstanding our
+ultimate victory in the Crimean war, it was felt that our blunders had
+been most serious, and our military organization far from complete.  War,
+as a science, was assuming new forms; steam was giving to navigation an
+independence of wind and tide, which might lead to invasion unawares.
+The state of our defences was considered most unsatisfactory.  France was
+our ally, but the Emperor Napoleon III. only ruled by popular suffrage,
+and the memories of Waterloo still affected the sentiments of his people
+towards England.  The facility with which England might be invaded was a
+subject of discussion in parliament in the course of the session of that
+year.  Lord Palmerston held the view that France could, within a few
+hours, bring together an army, which could land on our shores and march
+upon London, before we were awake to the danger.  It was our duty to be
+ready for defence against any such surprise, and it was said that "our
+friend" Napoleon would himself welcome such preparedness on our part, as
+giving him the best arguments with his own subjects against any such
+enterprise.
+
+Strengthened by such reasoning, the Earl of Ripon, Under Secretary for
+War, announced that volunteer corps would be enrolled throughout the
+country.  The government plans were published on the first of July, were
+warmly accepted by all parties, and a circular was issued, dated July
+13th, to all the Lieutenants of counties, urging immediate action; and
+forthwith the "nation of shopkeepers" were, as by magic, transformed into
+an armed camp.  So rapid was the progress that by June of the following
+year the cry was "Ready, aye! ready;" and on the 23rd of that month the
+Queen held a review in Hyde Park, at which some 20,000 volunteers passed
+before her.  We are told, as a curious incident, that at that review
+there was present as a newly enrolled private, a Mr. Tower, of Wealdhall,
+Essex, who had also been present, as a private, at a review held under
+the former system in 1803. {146}
+
+The loyal town of Horncastle was not behindhand; a public meeting was
+held in the Bull Hotel, on Aug. 10th, 1859, for the purpose of organizing
+a Rifle Corps, for the district, at which the Deputy Lieutenant attended.
+Among those present were Major Smart, of Tumby, J. Wadham Floyer, of
+Martin Hall, H. F. Conington, Clarence House, Horncastle, Dr. B. J.
+Boulton, Dr. W. Ward, Messrs. W. S. Clitherow, R. C. Armstrong, E.
+Babington, F. Gilliat, F. W. Tweed, J. R. Banks, and most of the chief
+tradesmen and residents in town and neighbourhood.
+
+                          [Picture: The Stanch]
+
+The Muster Roll, which is still preserved, of the corps then formed, and
+designated the "G Company of the 1st Battalion of the Lincolnshire
+Regiment of Volunteers," has at its head the name of Henry Francis
+Conington, as Captain, March 9th, 1860, with Richard W. Clitherow and
+Robert Jalland, as officers under him, at the same date; then follows a
+long list of non-commissioned officers and privates, numbering, in the
+course of a few years, more than 2,000 names.  Captain Conington,
+promoted Major in 1870, was succeeded in due course, on his going abroad,
+by Captain, afterwards Major, Robert Clifton Armstrong, who had begun
+service as Sergeant, and then Lieutenant; having under him, as
+Lieutenants, Messrs. W. Jeffery and W. S. Clitherow, who were succeeded
+by Richard W. Clitherow and Robert C. Isle; with Dr. Hugh George as
+surgeon.
+
+Mr. Arthur Ellwood, of Mareham-le-Fen, who had joined the corps in 1865,
+succeeded to the command in 1891, with Dr. Keogh, of Coningsby, and F. S.
+Dymoke, Esq., as Lieutenants, Dr. Hugh George still acting as Surgeon;
+Ellwood was promoted as Captain in 1891, succeeded to the Colonelcy of
+the head-quarters staff in 1894, and is now Hon. Colonel of the
+Battalion, entitled to wear the regimental uniform.
+
+In 1894 Mr. H. Tweed succeeded to the command as Captain, with Messrs. T.
+Levett and Granville Sharpe acting as Lieutenants (Mr. F. W. S. Heywood,
+of Holbeach Hall, being temporarily attached).  In 1899 Granville Sharpe
+succeeded to the command, but his health failing, he resigned after a
+year's service.  He was succeeded in 1900 by Dr. J. W. Jessop as Captain,
+who had joined in 1895, and was in 1906 promoted Major of the Battalion;
+A. A. Ellwood becoming Lieutenant.  Dr. Herbert A. Howes, who had joined
+in 1900, succeeded in 1906 to the command, which he still holds, 1908.
+
+Senior officers in command of the Battalion have been Col. Amcotts
+(deceased), Col. Seddon (deceased), Col. Preston (deceased), Col. J. G.
+Williams of Lincoln, and at present Col. J. Ruston of Lincoln.  Clergy
+who have served as Chaplains have been Revs. S. Lodge; C. Reginald
+Blathwayt, Vicar of West Ashby; A. Scrivenor, Vicar of Horncastle; H.
+Benwell; and at the present time (1908) Paul O. Ashby, Incumbent of
+Revesby.
+
+Among those who have done good service in the corps, we should mention
+the first Drill Sergeant Beeton, who had previously served in the 22nd
+Regiment of the Line (the Old Cheshire), and afterwards in the South
+Lincolnshire Militia, as Colour Sergeant.  He drilled the corps during
+about 20 years; dying in Horncastle, after about 40 years service.  He
+was followed by Sergt. Major Bartlett; then by Sergeant Doggett, who had
+been Colour Sergeant in the 1st Royal Sussex, and previously to that in
+the 2nd Battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment (the old 98th).  He
+still resides in Horncastle.  In later years the post has been held by
+Sergeants Towne, Ashley and Bamber.
+
+As to the buildings connected with the volunteers, their history is
+briefly this: In the early years of the corps' existence drill was
+carried on in the Corn Exchange.  After a time the building adjoining the
+north-east corner of the Wong, which had been a British School, was
+secured; and this, after structural renovation, was used for several
+years as the head-quarters.  It is now in the occupation of Messrs. Danby
+and Cheseldine, Coach Builders; as in 1901 a new site was obtained at the
+south-east corner of the Wong, and here on the 13th day of June in that
+year the foundation stone of the present Drill Hall was laid, with much
+ceremony, by the Earl of Yarborough, supported by other public
+functionaries.  We here give, in full, the official programme of the
+proceedings, which may be worthy of preservation, in memory of this
+important occasion.
+
+                       PROGRAMME OF THE CEREMONIAL
+                            TO BE OBSERVED IN
+                       LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE
+                                  OF THE
+             NEW VOLUNTEER DRILL HALL, THE WONG, HORNCASTLE,
+                 On Thursday, the 13th day of June, 1901.
+
+                      THE STONE WILL BE LAID BY THE
+      RIGHT WORSHIPFUL THE PROVINCIAL GRAND MASTER OF LINCOLNSHIRE,
+            THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF YARBOROUGH, P.C., D.L.,
+       Past Grand Warden of England, R.W. Provincial Grand Master;
+                             ASSISTED BY THE
+ WORSHIPFUL THE DEPUTY PROVINCIAL GRAND MASTER, BRO. W. H. SISSONS, D.L.,
+                                  J.P.,
+               And Officers of the Provincial Grand Lodge.
+
+                               CEREMONIAL.
+
+   The Members of the Provincial Grand Lodge and Visiting Brethren will
+                             assemble at the
+             Wesleyan Schoolroom, Horncastle, at 12 o'clock.
+
+ A Procession will be formed at 12-15 precisely, in the following order:
+                      Two Tylers, with drawn Swords.
+                            Visiting Brethren.
+  The Lodges of the Province, according to their numbers, Juniors going
+                                  first.
+ The W. Masters of the Olive Union and Shakspeare Lodges, with Trowel and
+                                  Gavel.
+
+ Prov. Grand Steward.   Cornucopiae with Corn    Prov. Grand Steward.
+                              and Salt,
+                         borne by Masters of
+                                Lodges
+
+ Prov. Grand Steward.    Ewers with Wine and     Prov. Grand Steward.
+                                 Oil,
+                         borne by Masters of
+                               Lodges.
+
+                        Past Provincial Grand
+                              Officers.
+
+ The Provincial Grand Superintendent of Works, with the Plate bearing the
+                  inscription for the Foundation Stone.
+                        Provincial Grand Officer.
+                  Provincial Grand Deacons, with Wands.
+   Acting Provincial Grand Treasurer, with Phial containing Coins to be
+                         deposited in the Stone.
+     The Corinthian Light, borne by the Master of the Franklin Lodge.
+ The Column of the Junior Provincial Grand Warden, borne by the Master of
+                            the Witham Lodge.
+           The Junior Provincial Grand Warden, with Plumb Rule.
+         The Doric Light, borne by the Master of the Doric Lodge.
+ The Column of the Senior Provincial Grand Warden, borne by the Master of
+                         the Pelham Pillar Lodge.
+The Senior Provincial Grand Warden, with the Level.  The Provincial Grand
+             Chaplains, bearing the Volume of the Sacred Law.
+       The Provincial Grand Secretary, with Book of Constitutions.
+  The Provincial Grand Standard Bearers, with Banner of Provincial Grand
+                                  Lodge.
+                      Provincial Grand Sword Bearer.
+           The W. Deputy Provincial Grand Master, with Square.
+      The Ionic Light, borne by the Master of the Yarborough Lodge.
+
+ Prov. Grand Steward     The R.W.  Provincial    Prov. Grand Steward.
+                            Grand Master.
+
+                   Provincial Grand Tyler, with Sword.
+
+On arrival at the site, the Brethren will divide right and left, allowing
+   the R.W P.G.M. preceded by the Sword Bearers followed by the Acting
+  Officers, to pass to their positions, and the brethren will then file
+                        round the Acting Officers.
+ The W.M. of the Olive Union Lodge will then request the Provincial Grand
+                   Master to lay the Foundation Stone.
+   The Deputy Provincial Grand Master will deliver the Ancient Opening
+                                 Address.
+
+                                  HYMN--
+
+                       Hail!  Eternal! by whose aid
+                      All created things were made,
+                    Heaven and earth Thy vast design,
+                        Hear us, Architect Divine!
+
+                       May our work, begun in thee,
+                        Ever blest with ORDER be;
+                     And may we, when labours cease,
+                        Part in HARMONY and PEACE.
+
+                        By Thy glorious Majesty--
+                     By the TRUST we place in Thee--
+                      By the badge and Mystic sign--
+                Hear us, Architect Divine!  So mote it be.
+
+             The Provincial Grand Chaplin will offer Prayer.
+
+        The Architect will then present the Plans for Inspection.
+
+ The Acting Provincial Grand Treasurer will then deposit the Coins, &c.,
+                       in the cavity of the stone.
+
+  The Provincial Grand Secretary will read aloud the inscription on the
+                          Stone and Plate, which
+                     will then be placed in position.
+
+The W. Master, 1304, will then present the Trowel to the P.G.M., who will
+                            adjust the cement,
+     and the upper stone will be lowered, with three distinct stops.
+
+   The R.W. the P.G.M. will now prove the just position and form of the
+  stone by the Plumb Rule, Level, and Square, which will be successively
+   handed to him by the P.G. Junior Warden, the P.G. Senior Warden, and
+Deputy Provincial Grand Master.  Being satisfied in these particulars, he
+will give the stone three knocks with the Mallet, which will be delivered
+               to him by the Grand Superintendent of Works.
+
+  The Cornucopiae, containing the Corn and Salt, and the Ewers, with the
+ Wine and Oil, will next be handed to the R.W. the P.G.M., who will strew
+  the Corn and Salt, and pour the Wine and Oil over the stone, with the
+                          accustomed ceremonies.
+
+                     Invocation by the P.G. Chaplain.
+
+ The R.W. the P.G.M. having inspected the Plan of the intended building,
+ will deliver the same to the Architect, together with the several tools
+   used in proving the position of the stone, and desire him to proceed
+  without loss of time to the completion of the Work, in conformity with
+                                the Plan.
+
+                 The following Hymn will then be sung:--
+
+                    God of Light! whose love unceasing
+                      Doth to all Thy works extend,
+                    Crown our Order with Thy blessing.
+                      Build--sustain us to the end.
+
+                      Humbly now we bow before Thee,
+                      Grateful for Thine aid Divine;
+                       Everlasting power and glory,
+                Mighty Architect, be Thine.  So mote it be
+
+   The Procession will return in inverse order to the P.G. Lodge Room.
+
+This hall is a spacious and lofty building, well adapted for its purpose,
+and also (as it is frequently used) for theatricals, and other
+entertainments; having a permanent stage, dressing rooms, lavatories,
+&c., with a commodious kitchen attached, and every convenience for
+cooking, &c.  The cost of the whole was about 2,000 pounds, raised by
+public subscriptions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+HORNCASTLE WORTHIES, &c.
+
+
+MISS ANNIE DIXON.
+
+
+Miss Annie Dixon, the artist, was a native of Horncastle of whom the town
+may well be proud.  She was the eldest daughter of a corn chandler,
+living on the Spilsby Road, now called East Street; he had two sons and
+five daughters.  We know nothing of the sons, but Miss Annie early
+developed great taste in water-colour painting; and among her early
+productions was a miniature of a near relative of the present writer,
+done in 1855.  Another of Miss H. A. Palmer, eldest daughter of Captain
+Moffat Palmer, of Horncastle, and widow of the late George Storer, Esq.,
+of Thoroton Hall, Notts., late M.P. for S. Notts., was done about the
+same time.  She afterwards removed to London, and became the first
+miniature painter of her day; was a frequent exhibitor in the Royal
+Academy, and a favourite with Queen Victoria and the Royal family, of
+most of whom she painted miniatures.  She died unmarried Feb 15th, 1901,
+aged 83, and was buried in the Horncastle cemetery.
+
+Another daughter, Leonora, married a Mr. F. Stapleforth, of Holbeach.
+Two other sisters, Fanny and Emily, unmarried, carried on a ladies'
+school at Spalding; and another, Charlotte, married a former Under Master
+of the Horncastle Grammar School, Rev. W. Hutchinson, who in 1862 was
+appointed by the Lord Chancellor Vicar of Howden, in Yorkshire.  Of these
+Emily, died unmarried, May 28th, 1903, aged 80, and was also buried in
+the cemetery; as well as Charlotte (Mrs. Hutchinson), who died Oct. 19th,
+in the same year, aged 73.  Their graves are situated to the east of the
+chapel.
+
+
+
+LORD ALLERTON.
+
+
+Lord Allerton, formerly Mr. William Lawnes Jackson, is a member of a
+Horncastle family.  A near relative was a well-known object, a few years
+ago, in our streets as a cripple, going about on a donkey, lying flat on
+a large saddle or "pad," his only means of locomotion.  Lord Allerton's
+father, William Jackson, left Horncastle for Leeds, somewhere in the
+"thirties," or the "forties," going it is said, with only half a
+sovereign in his pocket, given by an aunt, and a spare shirt given by an
+uncle.  At Leeds he found employment in the tanyard of a Mr. Robert
+Barker, where he presently became foreman.  He afterwards returned to
+Horncastle and worked in the tanyard of the late Mr. Hawling; but went
+back to Leeds and commenced tanning on his own account, at Meanwood near
+Leeds, and afterwards on a still larger scale at Buslingthorpe.  He
+speedily began to prosper, and in due course was succeeded by his son;
+who made a large fortune in the same business.  He became a magistrate of
+Leeds, and was elected to the Mayoralty in 1895.  He represented North
+Leeds in Parliament for many years, as a conservative, being first
+elected in April, 1880, and re-elected five times, with ever increasing
+majorities.  He was for many years a Director and Chairman of G.N.R.
+Company, and held other public offices.  In 1896 he succeeded Mr. A. J.
+Balfour, under Lord Salisbury's administration, as Chief Secretary for
+Ireland, being also, for several years, Financial Secretary of the
+Treasury; and was raised to the peerage in June, 1902.  He was born in
+1840, married in 1860, Grace, the only daughter of George Tempest, Esq.
+He owns, as his country seat, Allerton Hall, Chapel Allerton, Leeds, and
+27, Cadogan Square, as his town residence.  His uncle, Mr. John Green,
+still lives in Horncastle, on the Edlington Road.
+
+
+
+EDWARD GILLIAT.
+
+
+Edward Gilliat was the eldest son of the late Mr. George Gilliat, of the
+Manor House (now called "Banovallum"), by his second wife.  He was
+educated partly at the Grammar School, being afterwards a pupil of Canon
+Sanderson, at Seaford, Sussex.  He entered at Pembroke College, Oxford,
+where he obtained a scholarship in 1861.  In 1862 he took a 1st class in
+Classical Moderations, and 1st Literae Humaniores, 1864.  In 1867 he was
+_Proxime accessit_ for the Latin essay.  He was appointed Assistant
+Master at Westminster School, Sept., 1867, holding the post to Dec.,
+1870.  He was ordained deacon in 1870 and priest in 1871, by the Bishop
+of London.  In Sep. 1871, he was appointed Assistant Master at Harrow,
+where he remained till 1900.  He has been a voluminous writer, publishing
+his first work, _Asylum Christi_, 3 vols., in 1875; _On the Wolds_, 1879;
+_Under the Downs_, 1882; _Forest Outlaws_, 1886; _John Standish_, 1889;
+_In Lincoln Green_, 1893; _Wolf Head_, 1898; _The King's Reeve_, 1899;
+_Romance of Modern Sieges_, 1907; and _God save King Alfred_, in the same
+year.  He also published, for the S.P.C.K., _Dorothy Dymoke_, and
+_Champion of the Right_.  He has now retired from scholastic work and
+resides at St. Catherine's Hill, Worcester.
+
+
+
+FREDERICK GROSVENOR.
+
+
+We have already in our notice of the Grammar School (p. 98) given an
+account of the Rev. Francis Grosvenor, son of an ironmonger in the town;
+there was also another son, Frederick, educated under Dr. J. Bainbridge
+Smith, at the school, who graduated at Oxford, and was ordained deacon in
+1860, and priest in 1861.  He held a curacy at Basford, Notts, 1860-62;
+was travelling Chaplain to the Bishop of Brisbane, 1862-65; Curate of
+Holy Trinity, Westminster, 1866-67; of St. Mary's, Hulme, Manchester,
+1867-69; of St. Gabriel's, Canning Town, London, 1869-73; at Dudley,
+1874-76; and at Hornsea, near Hull, 1876-85; when he, like his brother
+Francis, retired to Epsom, and succeeded him as Chaplain to the Union
+there, until his decease.
+
+
+
+WILLIAM BARTON CAPARN.
+
+
+Mr. John Caparn, Chemist, having a shop in the High Street (now occupied
+by Mr. Herbert Carlton), had a son, William Barton Caparn, who graduated
+at Brazenose College, Oxford, taking honours, in 1843.  He was ordained
+deacon in 1843, and priest in 1845, in the diocese of Ripon.  He became
+Vicar of East and West Torrington, near Wragby, in 1846, which he held
+till 1859.  He held the benefice, as Vicar, of Drayton, Somersetshire,
+from 1866 to 1875.  Having private means, he gave up that benefice, and
+became Curate of Angersleigh, in the same county, 1877-79; which he then
+gave up, and undertook the Chaplaincy of the Taunton Union, and local
+hospital.  These he resigned after a few years, and resided at Taunfield
+House, Taunton, until his death, April 10th, 1892.  He published various
+minor works; the first being a small volume on _Epitaphs_, later
+productions were _Meditations to be used in Church before Divine
+Service_; _Councils and warnings before and after Confirmation_, &c.
+
+George Gilliat, Esq., late of The Wharf, Horncastle, married, as his
+first wife, Miss Caparn, a sister.  Miss Helen Caparn, another sister,
+married Mr. William Sharples, Surgeon, a partner of the late Mr. T.
+Snaith, of Horncastle, and one of the first doctors at Woodhall Spa.  Mr.
+Sharples left Horncastle for Wisbech, being appointed by the trustees
+first resident physician at the hospital founded in that town by Miss
+Trafford Southwell.  Losing an only daughter while there, the shock was
+so great, that he resigned the post, and removed to Taunton, and took up
+there the practice of a deceased brother, which he carried on until his
+death, Feb. 8th, 1897.  At Horncastle he resided for some years in the
+old vicarage, south of the churchyard, afterwards moving to the house
+next the "Fighting Cocks" Inn, called "Westholme House."  For some years
+he was a very popular Secretary to the Southwold Hunt.
+
+
+
+W. H. BENSON BROWN.
+
+
+Among more recent natives of Horncastle, who have distinguished
+themselves, is the son of the late Mr. Robert Brown, of the Market Place.
+He graduated at University College, Durham, as Licentiate in Theology,
+1887, and was ordained deacon in 1890, priest in 1891, holding the curacy
+of North Ormsby, near Middlesborough; and was appointed Rector of
+Bucknall, near Horncastle, in 1898, by the patron his father-in-law, the
+late Mr. James Dunham, Merchant, of Horncastle.  He was appointed
+Inspector of Schools, 1899.  Mr. Benson Brown is an energetic worker, has
+restored his church, adding a carved reredos of oak, a handsome lectern,
+and filling the east window with good stained glass.  He has also
+introduced various reforms and improvements in the parish.
+
+
+
+WILLIAM HENEAGE SHARP.
+
+
+Another native of Horncastle, who has already done credit to the town is
+the son of Mr. Henry Sharp, Saddler, in the Bull Ring; of a very old
+firm, established in 1760, and doing an European business.  William
+Heneage Sharp was educated at the local Grammar School, 1885-9, where he
+gained the first scholarship granted by the Governors, under the reformed
+system.  He then went to the college at Framlingham, Suffolk, 1889-90, a
+county institution founded as a memorial of the late Prince Consort, and
+there gained several prizes.  He then became a Junior Master in a private
+school at Devizes; and during his stay there took the 2nd and 4th prizes
+at the College of Preceptors.  He next accepted a Mastership at John
+Ellis's endowed school in South London (Gospel Oak).  After which he
+studied at King's College, London, 1899-1901, where he gained the Jelf
+prize for Dogmatic Theology, the Senior Wordsworth prize for Latin, and
+the Barry Divinity Prize.  He was also appointed Precentor, and
+afterwards Dean, of the college, being senior student of his year, and
+taking a first-class in the final examination.  He was ordained by the
+Bishop of London, in St. Paul's Cathedral, in 1901, being appointed
+"Gospellor" on the occasion.  He was Curate of Staines, Middlesex,
+1901-3, removing afterwards to St. John the Evangelist, Holborn, 1903-8;
+and was then appointed Theological Tutor and Sub-Warden at the College of
+the Resurrection, Mirfield, in the Diocese of Ripon.
+
+
+
+ALFRED H. HEALEY.
+
+
+A youth of Horncastle who has distinguished himself, though chiefly in
+another line, is Alfred H. Healey, son of the late Mr. Alfred Healey,
+Brewer and Merchant, of Horncastle, Branston and Lincoln.  He was
+appointed to a Mastership of Ardingly College, Sussex, but removed to
+Alnwick College more recently.  A member of a family remarkable for their
+ability; a brother, though still young, being high up in the Civil
+Service; he is specially distinguished as an athlete.  Among his
+performances are the following:
+
+Olympic Games, at Athens, 1906, 2nd in 110 metres hurdle race.
+
+English Championship, 120 yards hurdle race, at Manchester, 1907, 2nd.
+
+Northern Counties' 100 yards Championship, hurdle race, Darlington, 1905,
+2nd.
+
+Northern Counties' Champion, 100 yards, at Batley, 1907, 1st.
+
+Northern Counties' Champion, 120 yards, at Batley, 1907, 1st.
+
+Northern Counties' Champion, 220 yards, at Darlington, 1907, 1st.
+
+Northern Counties' Champion, long jump, at Darlington, 1907, 1st.
+
+A record, no one before having won more than two events.  His "bests"
+have been: 100 yards in 10 seconds; 120 yards (hurdles) 16 and
+three-fifth seconds; 220 yards (hurdles) 23 seconds; high jump, 5-ft.
+8-in.; long jump, 22-ft. 4-in.  He was also selected to represent England
+in the foot races at the Franco-British Exhibition, at Shepherd's Bush,
+1908.
+
+
+
+WILLIAM MARWOOD.
+
+
+Horncastle had, for some years, the dubious honour of being the home of
+the public hangman.  William Marwood was born at Goulceby, about six
+miles from Horncastle, and afterwards lived some years in Old
+Bolingbroke, coming to Horncastle about 1860; where he was a shoemaker,
+having a small shop in Church Street, now occupied by Mr. Joseph Borrill,
+of the same trade.  Before being himself appointed hangman he assisted
+his predecessor in that office, Calcraft, and succeeded him in 1872;
+continuing the duties until his death, Sept. 4th, 1883; when he in turn
+was succeeded by Bartholomew Binns.  He was rather short in stature, with
+large square head and large hands, indicative of firmness of character.
+His first official act was to hang a man named Francis Horry, at Lincoln,
+who murdered his wife at Boston, in 1872; his last was to hang a man,
+James Burton, at Durham, who murdered his young wife, aged only 18, from
+jealousy.  On this occasion the man fainted on the scaffold, and got
+entangled with the rope under his arm, and Marwood had to lift him in his
+arms to get him disentangled, and then drop the unconscious man down--a
+painful scene. {155}  This was only about a fortnight before his own
+death.  Among his last executions was that of Charles Peace, a notorious
+burglar, who shot a man at Banner Cross, near Sheffield.  In May, 1882,
+he went to Dublin to execute the perpetrators of the Phoenix Park
+murders, three Fenians, who shot Lord E. Cavendish, and his secretary,
+Mr. Burke.  In his last illness, which was short, it was suspected that
+his health had been in some way injured through Fenian agency, and a post
+mortem examination was held by order of the Home Secretary, but a verdict
+was returned of "natural death."  Mr. Henry Sharp, Saddler, of the Bull
+Ring, was one of the jury on this occasion.
+
+Marwood's wife was, for some years, ignorant of her husband's official
+occupation, as he generally accounted for his absence by saying that he
+had to go away to settle some legal question.  Visiting the
+slaughter-house of a neighbouring butcher, he observed to him that he
+could "do" for men as the butcher did for cattle, because the men whom he
+had to deal with were themselves "beasts."
+
+Some of Marwood's official paraphernalia are still preserved at the
+Portland Arms Inn, Portland Street, Lincoln, where he generally stayed at
+an execution.  The late Mr. Charles Chicken, who resided in Foundry
+Street, Horncastle, had a rope 1.25-in. thick, given him by Marwood, with
+which he had hanged six or seven criminals.  Other ropes used by him are
+in Madam Tussaud's exhibition, in Baker Street, London, where there is
+also a bust of himself.  He used to exhibit his ropes to foreign
+horse-dealers, who attended the great August Fair at Horncastle, at a
+charge of 6d. each.  There was recently a portrait of Marwood, in
+crayons, in a barber's shop, 29, Bridge Street, drawn by J. S. Lill,
+postman, but this has now disappeared.  Marwood's favourite dog, Nero,
+and other effects were sold by auction, after his death in 1883, by Mr.
+W. B. Parish.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+Other Horncastrians whose lives, or circumstances, were more or less
+exceptional, may be here also briefly noticed.
+
+
+
+HENRY TURNER.
+
+
+Mr. Henry Turner, about the middle of the 19th century, was a corn and
+coal merchant, and also land agent for Sir Henry Dymoke, Bart., of
+Scrivelsby Court.  He occupied the house at the corner of South Street,
+next the water side, then a private residence, but now the shop of Mr. F.
+Stuchbery, Ironmonger.  He married the widow of Arthur Thistlewood, a
+native of Horsington, noted, in his later years, as the leader of the
+"Cato Street Conspiracy," which proposed to assassinate the ministers of
+the government, in London, when attending a dinner at Lord Harrowby's
+residence, in February, 1820.  The plot was discovered and frustrated,
+and Thistlewood, with others of his guilty confreres, was executed on May
+1st in that year.  Mrs. Turner was the daughter of a butcher, named
+Wilkinson, whose shop was situated in the High Street, where is now the
+shop of Mr. Uriah Spratt.
+
+
+
+MARTIN BROWN.
+
+
+Mr. Martin Brown, grandfather of Mr. W. H. Brown, Plumber and Glazier, of
+Church Lane, was in the early part of the 19th century captured by the
+press gang in Horncastle, and made to serve in H.M.S. Mars, in the war
+with Napoleon.  In one contest his ship was lashed to a French
+man-of-war, to fight it out, and his captain was killed.  He survived to
+tell the story till 90 years of age, with scarcely a day's illness, until
+his death, Nov. 9th, 1866.  He lies buried in Holy Trinity churchyard,
+his wife, who predeceased him by several years, being buried in St.
+Mary's churchyard, on the south-east side.
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SHEPHERD.
+
+
+Captain Shepherd, an old naval officer, lived many years, and died, in
+Union Street, now called Queen Street.  He had had many voyages and
+experiences, which he was fond of recounting to his many friends.  He had
+brought home many trophies and curiosities; among other things he gave an
+Indian bow, made of sugar cane, and poisoned arrows, to the present
+writer, when a boy.
+
+
+
+MISS FRANKLIN.
+
+
+In the next house to Captain Shepherd resided Miss Franklin, sister of
+the great arctic navigator, Sir John Franklin.  Much interest was taken
+in Horncastle in the fate of Sir John, when absent on his last polar
+voyage, and considerable sums were raised, more than once, among the
+residents in the town, to assist Lady Franklin in sending out vessels in
+search of her husband, under the command of Captain Leopold MacClintock
+and others.  We have mentioned elsewhere that a public dinner was given
+to Sir John, at the Bull Hotel, just before he sailed for the last time
+to the north.
+
+In connection with this it may be added that the son of another great
+arctic explorer, Sir John Ross, used to visit friends in Horncastle, and
+is still remembered.  Sir John Ross sailed in search of Sir John Franklin
+in 1848, but was unsuccessful.
+
+
+
+EDMUND KEANE.
+
+
+Edmund Keane, the Tragedian visited Horncastle with his company, in the
+first half of the 19th century, and acted in a large building, which is
+now the warehouse of Mr. Herbert Carlton, Chemist.  The mother of Mr.
+Henry Sharp, Saddler, and the late Mr. Henry Boulton, of St. Mary's
+Square, among others, witnessed these performances.  In connection with
+this, it may be added, that Mr. Charles Keane, Actor, son of the above,
+sent two nieces to be educated at a ladies' school, kept by Mrs.
+Nicholson, Bank Street, Horncastle, and on their leaving he made her a
+present of a valuable pianoforte.
+
+
+
+AMBROSE LANGLEY.
+
+
+About 30 years ago Robert Langley kept an inn in South Street, called the
+"Coach and Horses," on the premises now occupied by Mr. Crowson, Grocer.
+His son, Ambrose Langley, became a noted footballer, in Horncastle and
+neighbourhood.  He afterwards left the town and joined the Grimsby Town
+Football Club; subsequently he went to Middlesborough, Yorkshire, playing
+for the Ironopolis Football Club.  He afterwards joined the Sheffield
+Wednesday Football Club, which team he was with eight years, being
+captain three years; playing in the final for the English Cup, for that
+team, when they beat Wolverhampton Wanderers by two goals to one, in
+1896.  Leaving Sheffield Wednesday he became manager of the Hull City
+Football Club, which position he now (season 1907-8) holds.
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SURGEON SMITH.
+
+
+Captain Surgeon Smith, son of a draper, Mr. Walker Smith, who occupied,
+about 25 years ago, the shop near the Post Office, on the south side of
+the High Street, now occupied by Mr. Redmore, enlisted as a private in
+the Army Hospital Corps; and, afterwards, passing all examinations with
+credit, he rose from the ranks to become medical officer in the corps; an
+exceptional instance of such promotion.
+
+
+
+HENRY ALLENBY.
+
+
+Henry Allenby, son of a fellmonger, Mr. Richard Allenby, residing near
+the Wong, and having a tanyard on the Lincoln Road, became an assistant
+chemist at St. Albans.  Afterwards coming under notice, in a chemist's
+shop in London, he was selected to accompany the Duke of Edinburgh in his
+tour round the world, in H.M.S. Galatea, as dispenser to the expedition.
+This was in 1866; and in this capacity he visited India, Japan, China,
+Australia, &c.
+
+
+
+JOHN SCHOFIELD.
+
+
+Mr. Robert Schofield, Landlord (in the middle of the last century) of the
+Saracen's Head Inn, Bridge Street, Horncastle, had a son, John, who left
+Horncastle for London, and became a member of the Stock Exchange, where,
+from small beginnings, he became so successful in business, that he
+eventually married a daughter of Bishop Blomfield, of London.
+
+
+
+MISS ROBINSON.
+
+
+The Rev. W. Robinson, Vicar of Wood Enderby and Wilkesby, in the middle
+of the 19th century, like several other clergy, who at that time had no
+country residences, lived in Horncastle.  His daughter, happening to be
+of the same size and figure as Queen Victoria, was for several years
+engaged in the Queen's service, as a living model, on whom were "tried"
+all dresses intended for the Queen.  In return for this she received, as
+a perquisite, her Majesty's cast-off dresses, from the sale of which she
+realised an acceptable income.  It is said that, through her, on the
+marriage of a lady friend, the dresses of both bride and bridesmaids were
+all royal attire.  It was generally understood that this appointment was
+due to the representations, in her favour, of Miss Annie Dixon, the
+artist (herself a native of Horncastle, mentioned elsewhere), who was at
+that time a _grata persona_ with the royal family.
+
+
+
+JOHN CUSSONS.
+
+
+Mr. John Cussons, son of the late Mr. John Cussons, Baker, in the Bull
+Ring, and nephew of the late Mr. David Cussons, Printer and Bookseller,
+High Street, Horncastle, ran away before his apprenticeship had expired,
+and went to America, settling in the Confederate States.  He there
+espoused the Confederate cause against the Federals, and took a leading
+part in the civil war, commanding Confederate forces in several important
+engagements.  Since that time he has visited Horncastle, and has
+published a history of his military operations.  He now resides on his
+own property, at Forest Lodge, Glen Allen, Virginia.  His last
+publication, in 1908, is _Jack Sterry_, _the Jessie Scout_.  He is also
+the author of _A Glance at Current History_, _The Passage of the
+Thoroughfare Gap_, _Some Modern Pillars of State_, _Principles of
+Cryptiography_, _Assimilating the Indian_, &c.
+
+
+
+HENRY ALLISON.
+
+
+Henry Allison, son of Mr. Allison, Miller, formerly residing in West
+Street, married a daughter of Mr. David Cussons, and leaving the town
+about 1848, settled in Hull, where he established a large business as
+paper manufacturer.  He was elected Mayor of Hull; and died some years
+ago, leaving a widow, who resides in a large mansion, which he built on
+the outskirts of the town, Marlborough House, Anlaby Road.  The business,
+with several branches, is still carried on by members of his family.
+
+
+
+JOHN BROWN.
+
+
+John Brown, the "Poet Laureate" of Horncastle, has already been
+mentioned; he is chiefly known by the volume _Literae Laureatoe_,
+published in 1890, dedicated to Lord Tennyson, by permission, and
+containing most of his poetical productions.  These are remarkable for
+his knowledge of Lincolnshire dialect and local folk-lore.  The volume
+was published, after his death, on behalf of his widow.
+
+He was born in the first workhouse, adjoining St. Mary's churchyard, his
+parents being in charge of that institution.  Being first apprenticed to
+a cabinet maker, Mr. J. Williams, when only just "in his teens," he ran
+away to Hull, and took service on a vessel, the Margaret, bound for
+Cronstadt.  His first voyage, however, was sufficient to disgust him with
+marine life.  When about 15 he found employment with a theatrical scene
+painter from London, who settled in Horncastle.  He afterwards went to
+London to learn his trade as a house decorator.  He married in 1833 a
+Miss Gainsborough, of Alford.  In 1838 he went to Lincoln, and for some
+years carried on his trade there.  In 1848 he returned to Horncastle, and
+still carrying on his trade, became a member of a literary coterie, who
+used to hold meetings in the coffee room of the Bull Hotel.  In 1860 he
+bought a house on the Louth Road, which he opened as the Globe Inn, and
+which became the resort of his literary friends.  Literature, however,
+did not conduce to business.  In 1872 his health failing, and his savings
+having evaporated, he was granted a residence in the Whelpton Almshouses,
+where he continued to employ his pen, in comfort, until his death in
+1890. {159}
+
+
+
+THOMAS BAKER.
+
+
+The late Mr. Thomas Baker has already been referred to, but is worthy of
+a fuller account.  He was not a native of Horncastle, but lived in the
+town more than 60 years, and became so identified with its interests, in
+many ways, that he may well be regarded as one of its "worthies."  Born
+in 1814, at Braintree, in Essex, he was the son of a veterinary surgeon
+in that town, his family having previously there owned the once
+well-known coaching house, named The Horn Inn; although earlier members
+of his family had occupied a higher position; one of them, named
+Thorowgood, having founded the Grammar School at Oxford.
+
+Before coming to Horncastle, in 1841, Mr. Baker was known on more than
+one county cricket ground, and had distinguished himself on the
+University ground at Cambridge, "Parker's Piece."  On coming to
+Horncastle he immediately made his mark in cricket as a round-hand
+bowler; and the leading young men of the neighbourhood became his pupils.
+One of his feats was, in a match between an 11 of All England and 22
+gentlemen of the county; when he bowled out, with his first ball,
+Iddison, Captain of the All England team.  The great matches in which he
+took part for many years were too many to tell.  Among other things he
+had the distinction of being employed by Sir Evelyn Wood to train a
+village club in his parish.
+
+Besides his cricketing skill he was remarkable for his ventriloquial
+powers; and the story was told, that, while sitting in conversation with
+two strangers, at the Bull Hotel, he threw his voice under the table.
+The two sprang up to catch the supposed eavesdropper, when he at once
+calmed them by throwing his voice in another direction, and then letting
+them into the secret.  He was also, in his way, a fair actor; and, with
+the late Mr. John Brown, the Horncastle Laureate, and others, he helped
+to amuse considerable audiences, in town and neighbourhood.  In comedy he
+could take all the parts himself, rapidly changing his dress, and at one
+moment adopting the high falsetto tones of an old crone, and the next
+moment speaking in the deeper accents of a strong man.  It is greatly to
+his credit that, only having for many years a small shop, famed chiefly
+for his two specialites, "bull eyes" and "Grantham ginger-bread," he
+brought up a large family, who have taken good positions in various parts
+of the country.  He was a staunch conservative and churchman.
+
+In his later years he was often visited by strangers, who were
+entertained by his fund of anecdote and cricketing reminiscences.  Among
+these we may name the novelist, Miss Marie Corelli, who, while staying at
+Woodhall Spa, sought his acquaintance, as being one of the "characters"
+of the neighbourhood, and to his delight she gave him her autograph.  Mr.
+J. J. Hissey, the author of _A Driving Tour in Lincolnshire_, also
+visited him at his house in Horncastle, and says of him "although wearing
+a shabby garb, he struck me with his perfect self-possession, and
+superior manners. . . .  I have met many characters, but Mr. Baker struck
+me as being the most remarkable."  He died Feb. 12th, 1903, aged 88; and
+in his last illness letters poured in upon him from old friends and
+pupils, expressing their sympathy and their pleasant recollections of his
+company.
+
+
+
+ODDITIES.
+
+
+To these "worthies" of the town we here add two or three of its
+"oddities."  About 1844 Billy Boulton, who kept an inn in Millstone
+Street, now called North Street, named the Tom Cat, was noted for his
+great strength; for a wager he dragged a "dung cart" on the turnpike
+road, from Lincoln, to his own yard in Horncastle, a distance of over 21
+miles.  It is said, however, that he suffered from rupture for the rest
+of his life, as a consequence of the great and continued exertion
+involved in this feat.  The inn is now named The Cricketers' Arms, but it
+may be noticed that the figure of a cat is still engraven on a pane of
+the front window.
+
+The same man bought the wife of a man named Rogers, a boatman, who put
+her up for auction, standing on a tub, with a halter round her neck, in
+the public street; the price paid being 20 pounds.  She had a son and
+daughter by Boulton, who both lived to be married, but died early.  In
+after years, having lost her (so called) husband, Boulton, she removed to
+Lincoln, and there meeting her former husband, Rogers, she became
+reconciled to him, and both again lived together, as man and wife, until
+death. {160}
+
+A man, known as Aty Rushton (short for Horatio), who lived in Horncastle,
+on the West Ashby Road, about the same period, and let out horses on
+hire, being in Lincoln, laid a wager that he would set off from Lincoln,
+above hill, just after the moon rose, and ride to Horncastle, 21 miles,
+before the moon should rise there; which would be later, the town being
+in a hollow, with a steep hill in the west to hide the moon for some
+time; while Lincoln is on a hill, with a view to the west over low
+county, where the moon would be seen earlier.  He rode a swift animal of
+his own. and strained all its powers in the effort.  Unfortunately there
+was then a toll bar on the Lincoln road about a mile from Horncastle,
+where he found the gate closed, and was delayed two or three minutes
+before the keeper could pass him through.  He pressed on with all speed,
+galloping through the town, shouting in his excitement "Now me! now
+moon!"; but as he dashed into his own yard, he saw the moon shining in a
+bucket of water, standing by the stable door.  The delay at the toll-bar
+had lost him his wager.
+
+A son of the above, Thomas Rushton, was a great fisherman, and not always
+particular where he followed his sport.  Walking in the night to a
+certain lake in a park, about 6 miles from Horncastle, he fished it and
+landed two or three brace of good trout, and then about eight o'clock in
+the morning, he called at the hall, and sold them to the squire for his
+breakfast.  He used to tell this anecdote to his confidants, with his
+well-known chuckle of satisfaction, as a satisfactory stroke of business.
+Many other stories of his performances with "the angle" could be also
+related, but this may suffice.
+
+The following relates not to a native of Horncastle, but to one whom we
+may call an "intruder," although he was to play his part (not a very
+creditable one) in the town.  We avoid, for obvious reasons, giving names
+and dates.  There had occurred a number of petty thefts, which made,
+those who possessed anything of value, uneasy about their treasures, lest
+their turn for spoliation might come next.  The police arrangements for
+the town were still of a very primitive character, and quite inadequate
+for due protection of the householder.  The days of the "bobby" and
+"peeler" were not yet, at least in country districts; although Sir Robert
+Peel had done away with the old watchman, and established the present
+police system in the metropolis; and some other of our larger towns had
+followed suit.  But in Horncastle the constable, by way of setting a
+thief to catch a thief, had, it was said, himself in his earlier years
+been a great smuggler, while in his age he was a spindle-shanked old man,
+whom a boy could knock down.  Roused by the insecurity of property, the
+authorities decided to import a London detective, disguised in plain
+clothes.  He came, and for a while marauders, among whom the secret soon
+leaked out, carefully stayed their hands.  After a time, however,
+robberies began to recur; especially a corner shop near "the far bridge,"
+was the scene of considerable pilfering.  The detective was called in to
+investigate.  He took up the matter, but did not succeed in making any
+arrests.
+
+It was noticed by someone that a brass button was missing from the sort
+of gamekeeper's velveteen coat which he wore; and, strange to say, a
+button of the exact kind was found behind the counter of the shop where
+the thefts occurred.  No public action was taken in the matter, but it
+came to be strongly suspected that the professional thief-taker had
+himself been guilty of thieving.  Other suspicious circumstances
+occurred, but he was a clever man, and nothing was brought home against
+him.  It was believed, however, that something of the truth had become
+known at head quarters, as his appointment was a few months later
+cancelled, and he was not appointed elsewhere.  He continued to reside in
+Horncastle and, having no employment, he accepted the post of water
+bailiff to the local angling association, which he filled for some time,
+until he eventually disappeared from the scene of his labours, which were
+thought by not a few to be somewhat "fishy" in the unfavourable sense of
+being at least questionable in their nature.
+
+He had not left the town very long when it became known that certain
+parties had received from him some of the goods which had disappeared
+from the grocer's shop, which had been robbed.  Sundry hams were found
+concealed in a hay loft, and it was generally believed that the robbery
+of an inn in the town, not far from the shop in question, as well as
+other thefts in the country around, had been perpetrated by him.
+
+
+
+PUBLICHOUSES
+
+
+One of the remarkable features of Horncastle is the number of its
+publichouses, and these were far more numerous formerly than at the
+present day.  This was, of course, mainly due to the great number of
+dealers who attended the horse fairs, not only from all parts of England
+and Ireland, but from most countries on the continent; especially the
+great August fair, which formerly lasted no less than three weeks.  The
+present facilities for rapid travel, by rail, and quicker means of
+communication, which now enable dealers to hear of horses for sale, and
+to visit them in their owners stables, before they are brought to the
+fair, has altered all this, and the fairs now last only a few days at the
+most.
+
+These publichouses had also generally attached to them large yards, and
+extensive stabling (as may still be seen), where the best horses were
+shewn and tried, without appearing in the streets.  In consequence of the
+reduced need for such accommodation many of these publichouses have
+disappeared.  Among the names of those which have been lost, are the
+Royal Oak, the Peal of Bells, Cock and Breeches, Chequers, Hammer and
+Pincers, Dolphin, Pack Horse, Woolpack, Fox and Goose, Marquis of Granby,
+Blue Bell, Horseshoes, Axe and Cleaver, Three Maids' Heads, Queen's Head,
+the George, and others which are only traditionally remembered. {162}
+
+Several of these were almost contiguous.  For instance, on the west side
+of the market, on the site of No. 1, now (1908) occupied by Mr. R. W.
+Clitherow, formerly stood a good-sized publichouse, which was destroyed
+by fire.  Being rebuilt, it became the private residence of Mr. H.
+Sellwood, Solicitor, father-in-law of the late Poet Laureate, Lord
+Tennyson.  Separated from this, northward, by only two houses, was the
+Black Horse Inn, still existing, and next to this, on what is now part of
+the shop of Messrs. Lunn and Dodson, was the Peal of Bells, and not more
+than half-a-dozen yards distant, on the opposite side of the street, was
+the very old Saracen's Head, still existing.
+
+On the north side of the Market Place, next to what is now Mr. Cammack's
+cycle depot, was the Queen's Head Inn, now gone; and at the north-east
+corner of the Market Place, one door removed from St. Lawrence Street,
+was the Nelson Inn, still existing; while at the south-east corner stood
+the large George Inn, no longer existing; and near the churchyard, under
+the same roof with the old vicarage, was a much patronized dram shop,
+kept by a Mrs. Clayton, long since removed.
+
+Of some of these we are able to give particulars, not without interest.
+The Cock and Breeches was kept by Roland Oliver, a breeches maker, whose
+daughter migrated to London, and, as Mrs. Hibbert, kept an inn, the
+Elephant, in Fenchurch Street, City.  At the Queen's Head were, early
+last century, barracks for volunteers or soldiers, with their drill
+sergeants; who performed their drill and practiced with "Brown Bess" in a
+chalk pit, on the west side of the Edlington Road, now disused, but still
+represented by a deep depression in the field below the footpath to
+Thimbleby, and at the back of the gardens of Mr. Frank Heane, of the
+Garth House, and other adjoining residents.
+
+At this same inn, the Queen's Head, some 20 years or more ago, on
+removing the bricks of the kitchen floor, the workmen found a skeleton,
+probably that of a man who had been murdered for his money at the August
+fair, and in connection with this, it was remembered that a farmer living
+at Stourton, who used to frequent this inn, had some years before
+attended the fair, but never returned home, nor could enquiring friends
+find any trace of him.
+
+The Nelson Hotel, on the same side of the Market Place, was formerly kept
+by an old man named Vesey, who was said to have been, in his earlier
+years, a great smuggler on the coast, but coming to Horncastle, he
+reformed, and was appointed constable.  The sign of this inn is a
+portrait of the great hero of Trafalgar and the Nile, originally well
+painted by the artist, Northouse, but it has recently been repainted in
+the worst style, and almost "improved" out of recognition.
+
+The George stood on the sites now occupied by the Post Office, and the
+adjoining shop of Messrs. Salter, Shoemakers, the original archway of the
+inn yard still remaining between them.  This was formerly one of the
+principle inns of the town, equal in size to the Bull and the Red Lion;
+and from it, before the railway line was opened to Horncastle, the
+landlord, Mr. Hackford, ran a coach, to meet the train at Kirkstead.  An
+incident, in connection with the George may here be mentioned, which is
+not likely to occur again.  A wealthy lady, Miss Heald (who had also a
+house in London, where the writer, as a boy, visited her), occupied in
+those days the old hall (now demolished) in Edlington Park.  She was of
+the family of Chancellor Heald, to whose memory there is a marble tablet,
+on the north wall of the chancel of St. Mary's Church.  She had a nephew,
+who was an officer in the fashionable regiment of the Guards.  He became
+enamoured of the once famous courtesan, Lola Montez, who had been
+mistress to the King of Bavaria, attracted by her beauty, it was said, as
+she drove, and he rode, along Rotten Row, the resort of fashion, in Hyde
+Park, London.  She wished to make the most of the opportunity to regain a
+respectable position, and pressed her attentions of the young officer too
+persistently.  She was a woman of daring and reckless temperament; and
+his love and admiration gradually, on closer acquaintance, gave way to
+fear.  At length he did all he could to avoid her, which roused her
+bitter resentment, and at length he became in daily terror of her
+revengeful nature.  Coming down from London to Horncastle, to collect his
+rents, he put up at the George, and was there found, by a friend who
+called upon him, sitting at his luncheon, but with a brace of pistols
+lying on the table, fully expecting that she would follow him, and force
+him into matrimony.  It is said that she ended her days in an American
+prison, after perpetrating a murder in a railway carriage.
+
+               [Picture: Old Thatched Inn in the Bull Ring]
+
+Another inn worthy of mention here is the Fighting Cocks.  Here this once
+fashionable but cruel sport used to be practised, until it was made
+illegal by Act of Parliament, in 1849, and it is said to have been
+clandestinely continued for some time longer, although a penalty of 5
+pounds was imposed.  An old man working on the premises in 1902 could
+remember the last fight.  The "pit" was in the present garden, at the
+rear of the inn yard.
+
+In the Fighting Cocks yard were formerly the kennels of the South Wold
+hounds, and the writer can well remember going frequently, as a boy,
+while he attended the Grammar School, to see them fed, as well as
+occasionally being mounted by the whips on one of the horses of the hunt,
+when, after the hunting season, they went out for exercise.  Mr. "Jack"
+Musters, the whilom rival of Byron for the hand of Miss Chaworth, was at
+that time Master.
+
+In the yard of this inn there still remain two large scythe blades
+affixed to the wall of an outhouse.  The history of these is that they
+were formerly on the front of the inn, facing the street, because was
+annually held, on August 21st, what was called the Scythe Fair, when the
+county blacksmiths gathered to purchase scythes, to supply the Irish, and
+other reapers, for the coming harvest.  This was discontinued when the
+machinery for reaping came into use.
+
+The Three Maids' Inn was situated in the High Street, on part of the site
+now occupied by the Corn Exchange, and was demolished when that building
+was erected.  A small inn, on the east side of North Street, now called
+the Cricketer's Arms, was formerly named the Tom Cat, because here was
+sold the strong old gin of the well-known distillers, Swagne and Borde,
+whose trademark was a cat.  Hence gin took its name of "Old Tom."  There
+is still the figure of a cat engraven on the front window, with the words
+"Unrivalled Tom" beneath it.
+
+Opposite the Bull, the leading hotel in the town, replete with all modern
+requirements, stands the King's Head, an old "public," still remarkable
+for its low thatched roof; the reason for which is said to be, that by
+the forms of the will of a former owner, it was bequeathed to his
+successor, with the condition attached, that it should continue to be
+thatched: a condition which the advance of civilization may, in a few
+years' time, make it difficult to fulfil.
+
+And here we may make the concluding remark that 100 years ago most of the
+houses in Horncastle were thatched.  It is on record (Overton MS.) that
+the first slated house in the town was built for a Mr. Storr, a gardener,
+in what is now the back passage from the Bow Bridge to the Wong, near the
+Baptist Chapel.  This was afterwards occupied (1790-1800) by Mrs. L'Oste,
+widow of a former Rector of Langton.  The next house to be slated was
+that of Mr. Titus Overton, lately the residence of Mr. John Overton,
+Grocer.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+THIMBLEBY.
+
+
+This parish is contiguous to Horncastle, but the village and church are
+distant about 1.25 miles from the town, in a north-westerly direction.
+Letters arrive at 8.30 a.m., from Horncastle, where are the nearest money
+order and telegraph office and railway station.
+
+As to the name Thimbleby, given in _Domesday Book_ as Stimbelbi, it
+doubtless meant originally the Bye (scotice "Byre"), or farmstead, of a
+thane, or owner, in pre-Norman times named stimel. {165}  In the survey
+made by the Conqueror, A.D. 1085, there are two mentions of this parish,
+(1) It is included among the 1,442 lordships, or manors, of which King
+William took possession on his own behalf, ejecting the previous owners;
+none of whom, in this instance, are named.  Under him it was occupied by
+22 soc-men, or free tenants, and 18 villeins, or bondsmen, who cultivated
+4.5 carucates (540 acres), with 240 acres of meadow.  This, however, did
+not comprise the whole parish, for (2) another mention gives Thimbleby
+among the lands granted by the Conqueror to Odo, Bishop of Baieux, who
+was half brother to King William, on his mother's side, and was created
+by him Earl of Kent.  His brother was Earl of Moretaine, and his sister
+Adeliza was Countess of Albermarle.  He had been consecrated Bishop of
+Baieux before William's conquest of England, in 1049.  He was
+subsequently made Count Palatine and Justiciary of England.  The old
+historian, Ordericus Vitalis, says "he was reputed to be the wisest man
+in England, and 'totius Angliae Vice-comes sub Rege, et . . . Regi
+secundus'"; and this was hardly an exaggeration, since he was granted by
+William 76 manors in Lincolnshire, besides 363 in other counties.  But we
+have observed in several other instances how insecure was the tenure of
+property in those unsettled times, when might was deemed right, and this
+ambitious Prelate was no exception.  He aspired to the Papacy, the
+highest ecclesiastical office in Christendom, and was about to start for
+Rome, with the view of securing it through his wealth, when he was
+arrested and imprisoned by his royal kinsman, and his estates
+confiscated.
+
+The portion of Thimbleby granted to this Odo comprised 250 acres of
+cultivated land, with 12 acres of meadow and 30 acres of underwood.  This
+was worked for him by three free tenants and five bondmen. {166a}  On the
+attainder of Odo, this land passed again into the King's hands, to be
+bestowed doubtless upon some other favourite follower.  Accordingly we
+find that, shortly after this, the powerful Flemish noble, Drogo de
+Bevere, who had distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Hastings,
+along with many other manors in Lincolnshire, held that of Thimbleby.  He
+was, by Royal Charter, Lord of all Holderness, and took his title de
+Bevere from Beverley, the chief town in that division.  As is also
+related elsewhere, {166b} the Conqueror gave him his niece in marriage;
+but, being of a violent temperament, Drogo got rid of her by poison, and
+then, having thus incurred the anger of William, he fled the country.
+His estates, in turn, were probably confiscated, for we find that a few
+years later Stephen, Earl of Ambemarle, {166c} had five carucates (_i.e._
+600 acres) of land between Thimbleby, Langton and Coningsby.
+
+This noble was distinguished for his piety, as well as his other great
+qualities.  The chronicler describes him as "praeclarus comes, et eximius
+monasteriorum fundator," an illustrious earl and distinguished founder of
+monasteries.  Among other such institutions he founded, on the feast of
+St. Hilary, A.D. 1139, the Priory of Thornton, in North Lincolnshire.
+This Stephen also received the lordship of Holderness, which had been
+held by Drogo.  He was succeeded by his son William, who was surnamed
+Crassus, or "The Gross," from his unwieldy frame.  His
+great-granddaughter, Avelin, succeeding to the property in her turn,
+married Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, surnamed Gibbosus, or humpback.  But
+they had no issue, and so, as the "Book of Meux Abbey" says, "for want of
+heirs the Earldom of Albemarle and the Honour of Holderness were seized
+(once again) into the King's hands."  What became of the demesne of
+Thimbleby is not specified; but we find from the survey, already quoted,
+that in the same century Walter de Gaunt, son of Gilbert de Gaunt, {166d}
+held Thimbleby and other neighbouring parishes 24 carucates, or in all
+2,880 acres of land.  We have traced elsewhere {166e} the descent of the
+Willoughby family from the Gaunts, and about 100 years later (circa 1213,
+Survey, as before) William de Willoughby succeeded to these estates,
+including the demesne of Thimbleby.  He was ancestor of the present Earl
+of Ancaster, and Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who now represents this
+division in Parliament.  How long the estates, in whole or in part,
+remained with the Willoughbys is not clear; but we have evidence of their
+connection with Thimbleby nearly 100 years later, in a document dated
+1302, {167a} concerning a dispute as to lands in Thimbleby, Langton,
+Woodhall, and several other parishes, between John de Bec and Robert
+Wylgherby, the two families being related; in which the said Robert
+surrenders to the said John all property in dispute, for his lifetime, on
+condition that, after his decease, the whole shall revert to the said
+John Willoughby, and his heirs, for ever. {167b}
+
+From this time we find other names connected with the parish.  Indeed
+prior to this, in a charter of Bardney Abbey, dated "at the Chapter of
+the Convent, on Sunday next after the Ascension of our Lord" (22nd May)
+1281; we have among the witnesses, along with others belonging to
+Edlington, Wispington, and Baumber, "Master Bartholomew of Thimbleby,"
+and John Crayck of the same, the former being probably the Rector. {167c}
+This charter refers to certain lands and tenements, the gift to the abbey
+of "Walter, son of Gilbert, de Bolingbrog," _i.e._ Walter, the son of
+Gilbert de Gaunt, already named.  In another Bardney charter, dated four
+years later (30th Sept., 1285), we find again the same Thimbleby
+witnesses, with Alured of Woodhall, and others. {167d}
+
+Three years later than this, in an official inquiry, held at Lincoln, as
+to certain knights' fees, which belonged to Elyas de Rabayn and his wife
+Matilda (12th Nov., 1288), the jurors declare that "Robert de Rothwell
+holds in Thymelby and Horncastre," certain "rents of assize, to be paid
+at the Feast of St. Michael, the Nativity of the Lord, Easter, and St.
+Botulph" (June 17), amounting to 12s.
+
+A more interesting record is the following.  We may premise that the
+Norman noble, St. Quintin (so named from a town of France, in the
+department of Aisne, the Augusta Veromanduorum of the Romans), came over
+among the followers of William the Conqueror, and his name appears in the
+famous "Battle Roll" of 1066.  A Final Concord, of date A.D. 1293, states
+that on the Quindene of the purification of the Blessed Mary (_i.e._ the
+5th day after), a dispute having arisen between Herbert de St. Quintin on
+the one part, and Ascelina de Waterville and Matilda de Diva on the other
+part, the two latter being tenants of 3.5 carucates of land (_i.e._ 420
+acres) in Thymeleby; it was settled that the said Ascelina and Matilda
+should acknowledge the said land to be the right of Herbert; and for this
+Herbert granted them, as his tenants, all the said lands, except six
+oxgangs (_i.e._ 90 acres) which were occupied in separate parcels, by
+Baldrick, Hogge, Alfsi, Godric, Walfric, and others; and for this the
+said Ascelina and Matilda gave him, in acknowledgment, 40 marks.
+
+A few years after this date it would appear that the Bishop of Carlisle
+exercised a kind of ecclesiastical lordship over this parish.  Thimbleby
+was in the soke of Horncastle, and Ralph de Rhodes, the former Lord of
+the demesne of Horncastle, with its appurtenances, West Ashby, High
+Toynton, &c., had granted these (by charter confirmed by Henry III., A.D.
+1230) to Walter Mauclerk, Bishop of Carlisle, and his successors.
+
+Accordingly in an old document of the early 14th century, we find that
+John de Halghton, Bishop of Carlisle, gave consent for William de Foletby
+to convey certain lands in Thimelby, Langton, and Horncastle, to the
+Abbot and Convent of Kirkstead, to provide two monks, to celebrate daily
+services for the souls of the faithful deceased.  The witnesses were
+Richard de Wodehall, William de Polam (Poolham), and others.  "Dated at
+Horncastre, on this day of St. Barnabas, 5 Ed. II., 11 June, A.D. 1312"
+{168a}  This shows a connection with the monastery of Kirkstead, to which
+we shall refer hereafter.
+
+We next come to a record of special interest, of rather later date.  The
+family of Thimbleby, Thymelby, Thimoldby, &c., doubtless took their name
+from this parish, at a period lost in hoar antiquity.  They acquired in
+course of time extensive property in various parts of the county.  The
+chief branch of the family resided at Irnham Park, near Grantham, which
+was acquired (about 1510) by Richard Thimbleby, through his marriage with
+the heiress of Godfrey Hilton, whose ancestor, Sir Geoffrey Hilton,
+Knight, had obtained it by marriage with the heiress of the Luterels, a
+very ancient family, several members of which were summoned to Parliament
+as Barons, in the 12th century.
+
+The earlier members of the Thimbleby family are called, expressly, Thomas
+de Thymelby, Nicholas de Thymbylby, and so forth, shewing their
+connection with this parish.  The family name of Thimelby still survives
+in the neighbourhood of Spilsby.
+
+The first mention of a Thimbleby, as an owner in Thimbleby, occurs in a
+Post Mortem Inquisition, held at Holtham (Haltham), on Friday next after
+the Feast of St. Matthew (Sept. 21), A.D. 1333; where the jurors say that
+Nicholas de Thymelby held, with certain other lands in the neighbourhood,
+two messuages and four acres of land in Thymelby, of the Bishop of
+Carlisle, and that the said Nicholas died on the Feast of the
+Purification (Feb. 2nd); and that his son Thomas, aged 19, was heir.
+{168b}
+
+Then follow a grant of land and other privileges, by the Bishop of
+Carlisle, in Horncastle and Upper Toynton, to Thomas, son of Nicholas de
+Thymelby.  Thomas presented to the Benefice of Ruckland in 1381.  His son
+John married Joan, daughter of Sir Walter Taillebois; whose mother was
+daughter and heir of Gilbert Burdon (or Barradon), whose wife was sister
+and heir of Gilbert Umfraville, Earl of Angus.  Thus the family kept
+growing in importance. {168c}
+
+Our last mention of this family, in connection with Thimbleby, shows a
+still greater expansion.  An Inquisition taken 12th August, 4 Ed. VI.
+(1550), after the death of Matthew Thimbleby, of Polam, Esq., shows that
+he married Anne, daughter of Sir John Hussey, and that he was seised of
+six manors besides that of Thimelby; also of lands in eight other
+parishes, with the advowsons of the churches of Tetforde, Farrafford,
+Ruckland, and Somersby. {168d}  His widow married Sir Robert Savile, Knt.
+
+Soon after the first mention of a Thymelby of Thimbleby, we find another
+family of some note connected with this parish.  In an agreement made at
+"Langton near Horncaster, 8 August, A.D. 1370, Peter Skynner of Ely, and
+Alice his wife, for some consideration not named, surrender to William de
+Atherby and his heirs, all their rights in certain lands and tenements in
+Woodhall, Langton, Thymelby, Horncastre, Thornton," &c. {169a}  These
+lands had evidently been held by the said Peter Skynner and his wife.
+
+The Skynners were a family of wealth and position.  In 1315 Robert and
+Richard Skynner held the manor of Pinchbeck, near Spalding. {169b}  They
+were also land owners in Hareby and Bolingbroke.  Henry Skynner, by will,
+dated 29th May, 1612, leaves to his daughter Judith, all his copyhold in
+Harebie, to his brother, Sir Vincent Skynner, Knight, lands in Hareby and
+other places, with the advowson of the Benefice.  Sir Vincent Skynner was
+Lord of the Manor of Thornton Curtis; he was in 1604 appointed by the
+crown Keeper of East Kirkby Park, as part of the Royal manor, or
+"Honour," of Bolingbroke.  His son William married a daughter of Sir
+Edward Coke, Knight, and was buried at Thornton Curtis, August 17th, A.D.
+1626.
+
+We find mention of another owner of land in Thimbleby, in the 15th
+century, whose apparent love of pelf would seem to have tempted him to
+defraud the king of his dues.  A certain Thomas Knyght, of the City of
+Lincoln, Esquire, died in the 10th year of the reign of Henry VII. (A D
+1495), seized of lands and tenements "in Thembleby," and other places.
+At the Inquisition then held, the jurors found that he had alienated
+certain parts of the property, "the Royal license therefor not being
+obtained, to the prejudice and deception of the lord the King," and the
+property passed to his son and heir William, who took possession, with "a
+like evasion of dues, to the King's prejudice."  What penalty was imposed
+is not stated; but it was a somewhat remarkable coincidence, that, as
+shewn in another Inquisition made the following year (A.D. 1496), certain
+witnesses deposed that on the 20th day of June, A.D. 1476 (_i.e._ 19
+years before his decease), the said Thomas Knyght, and his servants,
+about the middle of the night "broke and dug the soil of the parlour of
+his house, and found 1,000 pounds, and more, of the coinage of the
+Treasury . . . there placed and hidden," which as "tresour-trove, by
+reason of the prerogative of the lord the King, ought to come to his use,
+&c."  This has all a very suspicious look, Knyght would not have ordered
+this search for the money if he had not himself known of its being there.
+It looks like a previous attempt at concealment, in some way to defraud
+the revenue, which Knyght himself afterwards felt was a failure, and that
+it was safer to exhume the hoard himself, rather than that public
+officials should do it.  Altogether it would seem that "Thomas Knyght, of
+the City of Lincoln, Esquire," was somewhat of a sordid character, and
+not a proprietor for Thimbleby to be proud of.
+
+We now proceed to records more ecclesiastical.  We have already noted
+that, with the consent of the Bishop of Carlisle, William de Foletby, in
+the 14th century conveyed lands in Thimbleby to the Abbot of Kirkstead.
+This would seem to imply a previous connection of this parish with that
+monastery, to attract the Thimbleby proprietor to it.  Accordingly we
+find that, among the various properties of the Abbey, granted by Hugh
+Brito, its founder (A.D. 1139), and other benefactors, were 90 acres of
+land in Thimbleby, with the advowson of the Benefice.  In those days
+there was only a very limited number of resident clergy in the country
+parishes, {170a} the churches being served largely by the monks of the
+monasteries.  In some cases these were "itinerant clerks," in other cases
+there was a "grange," or dependency, of the monastery in the parish,
+having a "cell," or "hermitage," for a priest.
+
+Thimbleby was not among the number of parishes which had a church before
+the conquest, as Edlington and several other neighbouring parishes had;
+but there is no doubt that a church was erected here soon after that
+period, which, like the neighbouring Woodhall, was connected with
+Kirkstead, and here, as at Woodhall, there are traces of a moated
+enclosure eastward of the church, which doubtless was the site of the
+grange.
+
+The Abbot of Kirkstead exercised the powers of a superior lord here in a
+somewhat arbitrary fashion; it being complained against him before Royal
+Commissioners as early as the reign of Edward I., that he had erected
+here "furcoe," or a gallows, on which various criminals had been
+executed; and that he had appropriated to himself the assize of bread and
+beer here, and at Horncastle. {170b}  But "blessed are the peacemakers,"
+and the abbots, with wholesome influence, were able, when occasion
+served, to produce harmony out of discordant elements; as the following
+records show (quoted from Final Concords): "In three weeks from the day
+of the Nativity of the Blessed Mary, 10 Henry III. (28th Sept., A.D.
+1226)," a dispute arising between Reginald, Rector of Thymelby, and
+Peter, son of John, tenant of a certain messuage and toft in Thymelby.
+Peter was induced to give up his claim, in favour of Reginald and his
+successors; and for this the said Reginald gave him one mark, in
+recognition of the concession.  Which agreement was made in the presence
+of Henry, Abbot of Kirkstead, who himself gave to the church of Thymelby
+all right which he had in rent, which he was wont to receive; not however
+without an equivalent, which--being wise in his generation--he was
+careful to secure; for Reginald, in return, gave him a certain sum "to
+buy a rent in another place."
+
+The worldly wisdom of the same abbot appears again in the following
+Concord: On the morrow of St. Michael, 10 Henry III. (30th Sept. A.D.
+1226); a dispute between Sarah, the wife of Alan de Tymelby, and Henry,
+Abbot of Kirkstead, about a certain meadow in Tymelby, was happily
+settled (it being to the soul's peril to incur an abbot's anathema!) by
+the said Sarah giving up all claim to the meadow in favour of the said
+Abbot, and his successors; in recognition of which he gave her one mark.
+
+A gap now occurs in our history, which can only be filled in, for a time,
+by conjecture.  On the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII., the
+possessions of Kirkstead Abbey were granted by him to Charles Brandon,
+Duke of Suffolk; on whose death without issue, they reverted to the
+sovereign, and were re-granted to the Earl of Lincoln, of the Fiennes
+Clinton family, subsequently Dukes of Newcastle.  The Abbey lands in
+Thimbleby are not, so far as we know, specially named in this grant, and
+therefore we are unable to say positively whether that family acquired
+property in Thimbleby or not; but they had undoubtedly property in
+Horncastle and neighbourhood.  For instance the manor of Baumber remained
+in their hands, and Baumber Church continued to be the family burial
+place, until the 3rd Duke of Newcastle, late in the 18th century, sold
+that estate to T. Livesey, Esq.
+
+A few years later, however, we have official evidence that the manor and
+advowson of Thimbleby were vested in the sovereign.  By a deed (a copy of
+which is in the Rector's possession) dated 10th April, 7 Edward VI. (A.D.
+1553), of the Court of Augmentations, a toft and messuage in Thimbleby
+were granted by the King to John Welcome; also "the lordship and manor of
+Thimblebye, with all its rights, &c., lately belonging to the monastery
+of Kirkstead;" also "the advowson and right of patronage of the Rectory
+and Church of Thymmelbie, aforesaid."  In the next reign, of Mary, the
+benefice was presented, by the Queen herself, to William Brantinghame,
+being admitted on her nomination 19th Sept., 1554. {171a}
+
+A deed of that reign, dated 6th Feb., 1 and 2 Philip and Mary (1554),
+grants certain lands belonging to the manor of Thimblebie, to Anthony
+Kyme, for 21 years, at 10s. per annum
+
+               [Picture: St. Margaret's Church, Thimbleby]
+
+Next, in the reign of Elizabeth, a deed dated 9th March, 4 Elizabeth
+(1562), grants certain tofts and lands to John Porter, for 21 years, at a
+rent of 18s. per annum; and finally, by deed dated June 30th, 1564,
+Elizabeth in consideration of the sum of 609 pounds 5s. 2d., confirms the
+above grants and leases to William Conyers and William Haber, both of the
+Middle Temple, the patronage of the Rectory, "to be held with the manor
+of Est Grenwich, in the countie of Kent, free of all duty or military
+service."
+
+After a further hiatus in the parish history, we find another link in the
+records.  The former property of the Thimblebys, of Poolham, and
+elsewhere, had been sold to a member of the Bolles family, in 1600; and
+Mr. Weir {171b} tells us that in the reign of Charles II. the manor of
+Thimbleby belonged to Sir Robert Bolles, of Scampton.  From Liber Regis
+we find that Sir John Bolles presented to the benefice of Thimbleby in
+1697, and doubtless was Lord of the Manor.  This Sir John sold his
+property, and according to the antiquarian, Browne Willis (Ecton's
+Thesaurus), in the reign of Queen Anne, the patronage of the benefice
+belonged to "Mr. Kercheval"
+
+In 1719 and 1725 John Hockin, Clerk, presented.
+
+In 1720 the manor and advowson were bought by John Hotchkin, Esq., of
+Tixover; and a Thimbleby record, preserved with the registers, shows that
+the Hotchkins have presented from about that time till recently.  In 1767
+(Sept. 10th), Allen Corrance was admitted on the cession of John
+Kercheval, by Thomas Hotchkin, Esq., of Alexton, Co. Leicester.  In 1778
+William Holmes, M.A., was admitted to the rectory by John Hotchkin, Esq.,
+of South Luffenham, on the death of Allen Corrance.  In 1831 (Sept. 21st)
+Robert Charles Herbert Hotchkin, B.A., was instituted at the rectory, on
+the death of William Holmes, on the nomination of Thomas Hotchkin, Esq.,
+of Tixover.  The late T. J. Stafford Hotchkin, Esq., of Woodhall Manor,
+sold his property in Thimbleby and some other parishes in 1872; and the
+advowson of this benefice, then in his gift, was subsequently sold to the
+father of the present Rector, the Rev. C. A. Potter.
+
+There is another name on record, connected with Thimbleby, which we have
+not yet mentioned.  Among a list of the gentry of Lincolnshire, made on
+the Royal Herald's Visitation of the County, in 1634, which is still
+preserved at the Heralds' office, is the name of "Robert Frieston, of
+Thimbleby."  What position he held, or whether he was a land owner, in
+the parish, is not stated, but he ranked with Thomas Cressy (of a very
+old family), of Kirkby-on-Bain; the Dymokes of Scrivelsby, Haltham, and
+Kime; Heneage of Hainton, &c. {172a}
+
+There is a smaller manor in this parish called the Hall-garth, the
+residence attached to which is a picturesque old thatched mansion, with
+an old-time garden, enclosed within high and thick hedges of yew, trimmed
+in Dutch fashion.  It has also a large "stew," or fish-pond, from which,
+doubtless, in Roman Catholic times, the owners drew their supply of carp
+and tench, for the numerous fast-days then observed.  Old title deeds
+show that this was at one time crown property. {172b}  At a later date it
+was owned by a family named Boulton, who also held land in Stixwould,
+where there is still the slab of a Boulton tomb in the pavement of the
+aisle of the church.
+
+A slab, on the south side of Thimbleby Church, bears the inscription:
+"Here lyeth the body of Michael, the son of Mr. Michael and Elizabeth
+Boulton, buried the 7th of Septemr, 1692, aetatis suae 7.  His mother the
+28th of May, Anno Dom. 1725, aetat suae 61."  The Register has the
+following entries, "1725, Mrs. Boulton, ye wife of Mr. Mich. Boulton,
+buried May 28th."  "1738, Michael Boulton buried May 8th."  The last
+entry connected with this family is that of "Michael, son of Michael and
+Mary Boulton," who was baptized in 1726 and buried in 1767.
+
+These were the ancestors of the late Mr. Henry Boulton, of St. Mary's
+Square, Horncastle.  Michael Boulton, in 1719, left 40s. a year, from the
+Hall estate, at Bransby near Stow, for the education of poor children at
+Thimbleby; leaving also a bequest for the poor at Bransby.
+
+At the beginning of the 19th century this manor was held jointly by
+Richard Elmhirst, Esq., of Usselby, and Mr. Thomas Kemp, the latter of
+whom resided at the Old Hall. {173a}  There is a field at the west end of
+the village, now the property of H. N. Coates, Esq., traversed by mounds
+and ditches, which was formerly divided into three separate plots,
+belonging to Elmhirst, Kemp, and Hotchkin.  The Kemps were of an old
+stock.  In the Thimbleby Registers the first mention of them is in 1723,
+{173b} but their name implies a much greater antiquity.  One theory has
+been that they were a Huguenot family, who came over to England at the
+time of the French massacre of Protestants, on St. Bartholomew's day,
+1572.  Those refugees, in their enforced poverty, prosecuted various
+kinds of useful industries; and the Kemps, it is suggested, acquired
+their name from being kempsters, or comb makers.
+
+But it is probable that the name had a much earlier origin.  Kemp (Saxon
+Cempa) meant a soldier {173c} being connected with the Norman-French and
+modern English "Champion;" and although we might look back with pride to
+forefathers who suffered for their religion, it is pleasanter, if only in
+imagination, to regard them as having been a race of doughty warriors,
+sufficiently distinguished to win a name by their deeds. {173d}
+
+Mr. Thomas Kemp, in the first half of the 19th century, was a wealthy
+bachelor, and added to the Hall-garth estate by the purchase, from time
+to time, of adjacent property.  He lived in some style, with two maiden
+sisters to keep house for him.  By his will the land at Thimbleby passed
+into the possession of his great nephew, Robert Edwin Kemp; another
+nephew, Samuel Harrison Kemp, inheriting most of the personal estate.
+But alas! liveried servants, crests and arms, and other emblems of wealth
+have become things of the past; for when this Robert died the property
+passed to his son, Thomas Kemp, in whose hands the patrimony speedily
+evaporated; and other members of the family are now dispersed, "their
+places knowing them no more," save as a lingering memory, which will soon
+be gone.
+
+The interesting old hall and the manor were then bought by Reuben
+Roberts, Esq., of Linden House, Horncastle, who resides there in the
+summer.  He also owns other land in the parish.  Other owners are E.
+Hassard, Esq., of Edlington Park; H. N. Coates, Esq., of Langton Manor;
+the trustees of the late Mr. Samuel Goe, and several smaller proprietors.
+Mrs. Tebbutt, of Horncastle, a relict of an old Thimbleby family, whose
+name appears frequently in the parish books, is now Lady of the Manor.
+
+Some 200 yards east of the church and on the south side of the main road
+is a large field, the property of Mr. Henry N. Coates of Langton, which
+is known as "The Butts."  It has some fine trees, apparently the remains
+of an extensive avenue, which have been more numerous even within living
+memory.  It has been sometimes called "The Park Close," but the title
+"The Butts" is interesting, as probably indicating that it was formerly
+the site on which (in the words of a rhymer, it may be said):
+
+    England's archers of old,
+    Village wights true and bold,
+    Unerring in hand and in eye,
+    Learned skill in their craft
+    With yew-bow and shaft,
+    Wand to splinter, or pierce the bull's-eye.
+
+    And while the youth gay,
+    Rough rivals, essay
+    To rive and riddle each butt,
+    Sage sires stand by,
+    And coy maidens cry,
+    To welcome the winning shot.
+
+    Full many such scene
+    Has been witnessed, I ween,
+    In that whilome time-honoured spot,
+    'Neath the wide-spreading shade
+    Of the green wood glade
+    Which is still named the "Thimbleby Butt."
+
+In this "Butts" field rises a spring, which is the source of a small
+runnel, called "Daubeny's Beck."  This bearing westward, for some
+distance forms the boundary between the parishes of Thimbleby and
+Langton, then flowing through Woodhall falls into the "Monk's Beck," at
+Poolham.  The name "Daubeny" is doubtless a corruption of D' Albini.  The
+D' Albinis held the Barony, and built the castle of Belvoir, and had
+other large possessions in this county and elsewhere; the name is not
+uncommon as a field name, &c.  There is a field in Langton called
+"Daubeny's (_i.e._ D' Albini's) Walk."
+
+In the grounds of Mr. W. A. Crowder, further to the east, near the
+Lincoln "Ramper," as the highway is locally called, there was found, a
+few years ago, a so-called "Roman" tomb, somewhat rudely constructed of
+blocks of Spilsby sandstone.  Within it was a human skeleton, with bones
+of a dog, a sword, and the head of a spear.  In connection with this, we
+may also mention, that in the Rectory grounds there is an ancient well,
+of great depth, lined also with Spilsby sandstone, and said to be Roman;
+which in the immediate proximity of the Cornucastrum, or Roman fort of
+Banovallum, would not seem to be at all improbable.
+
+An old parish book of Thimbleby, recently shown to the writer, proves the
+care which was taken by the parish officials, before the present poor law
+system was established, to secure the comfort and maintenance of poorer
+parishioners.
+
+At a parish meeting, Nov. 1st, 1819, Thomas Kemp, Churchwarden, in the
+chair, it was ordered that John Sharp's daughter was to have a gown and
+pettycoat, worsted for two pairs of stockings, and one blue apron.  Four
+boys were to have two smocks each, and eight old people a strike of coals
+each per week.  At another meeting Margaret Day was to have worsted for
+two pairs of socks for her two boys, herself to spin it; and one pair of
+shoes for her daughter.  Robert Kemp, and his son Richard, in order to
+find them work were to be paid 2s. per day, to "gether" stones for the
+parish.
+
+Again, Maria Day's shoes were to be mended; Mary Atkin to have a pair of
+blankets, and her chamber window put in and thatched.  Benj. Benton one
+pair of shoes, Willm. Adkin a waistcoat.  Mary King's family four shirts,
+two pairs of shoes, three frocks, three petticoats, and three dabs
+(_i.e._ pinafores).  A pair of breeches for George Skipworth; Willm.
+Skipworth to have a spade.
+
+Again, Mr. Thos. Kemp was "to be allowed 20 pounds for the use of the
+poor-house, to be insured for 200 pounds by the parish, and, when given
+up to be left in the same state."
+
+At a meeting on 7th August, 1820, Robert Dixon in the chair, it was
+ordered that all paupers receiving assistance should regularly attend
+Divine Service, and on their non-attendance the assistance should be
+stopped.  Mary Todd was to receive her money (which had been stopped)
+having given satisfaction to the vestry for not attending the church.
+Mary Hobbins' boy to be put to school.  "To get the Lord's Prayer, and
+the 'I believe,' put in the church at the parish expense."
+
+At a meeting held 27th August, 1830, Thomas Kemp in the chair, it was
+agreed that 75 pounds be borrowed of Mr. Thos. Kemp, to pay Mrs. Farmer's
+expenses to America, to be repaid by the parish, 30s. weekly, with legal
+interest.  Church rates are now among the "has beens," but in 1843 a rate
+was passed of "1d. in the pound for the support of the church, and 10d.
+in the pound for the highway repairs."
+
+In the churchyard, along the south side of the church, are a group of
+gravestones of the Kemp family.  Eastward are several of the Marshall
+family, formerly numerous here, and in the neighbourhood, holding a
+respectable position, but now extinct. {175}  There are also a number of
+tombs of the Todd family, respectable small farmers, resident in the
+parish, from the first notice of a burial, June 24th, 1738, down to
+recent years.  The Tebbuts and Dixons were also resident, as tenants or
+small owners, for many years.
+
+Among the marriage registers, which date from 1695, is the following
+note: "March 23, 1779, a marriage was attempted to be solemnized; but the
+intended bridegroom, to the great surprise of the congregation assembled,
+remaining away, the ceremony, &c. . . ."  The rest is illegible.
+
+We have now to speak of the church.  The present edifice stands on the
+site of a former 14th century church, which, judging by the remains that
+have been found, must have been of much larger dimensions, and consisted
+of nave, two aisles, chancel, and bell tower; the total breadth having
+been 52-ft.  Several fragments of stained glass have, at various times,
+been found in digging graves, showing that this early church, like
+several others in the neighbourhood, had good coloured windows.  This was
+taken down in 1744, and from the materials remaining a small fabric was
+erected in its place, consisting of nave and apsed chancel, with no
+pretensions whatever to architectural beauty.  This (as has been
+generally the case with badly constructed edifices of that period) became
+also, in turn, so decayed that the present Rector, on entering on the
+benefice, decided to rebuild the church once more; and in 1879 the
+present structure was completed at a cost of over 1,000 pounds, in the
+best early Decorated style.
+
+It consists of nave, chancel, organ chamber on the south, and an
+octagonal bell turret, designed by the late Mr. James Fowler, the
+Architect, and containing one small modern bell, graven with the date and
+initials of W. Carey, Churchwarden in 1744, {176a} who demolished the old
+church.  The nave has three two-light windows, of the decorated style, in
+the north and south walls; there is a square-headed two-light window in
+the organ chamber; the chancel has a single-light window in the north and
+south walls, with a good east window of three lights, trefoiled, and with
+a triangle of trefoils above.  In the north wall is a credence recess,
+and in the south wall are two stone sedilia.  The tiles within the
+chancel rails are copied from ancient tiles, which were found some years
+ago, at Revesby Abbey.  In the west front, over the door, is a large
+two-light window, and above it a clock, the only village church clock in
+the neighbourhood, by Smith of Derby.  Within the west doorway, let into
+the north wall of the tower basement, is a fragment of an old battlement,
+having a shield in the centre, probably a relic from the original church.
+The font is modern, having a plain octagonal bowl, shaft, and pediment.
+The roof is of pitch pine, the timbers being supported by plain corbels.
+The lectern, chancel stalls, and communion table are of good modern oak
+
+Used as a stile in the south fence of the churchyard is a large slab, on
+which, above ground, is the matrix of a former brass, representing one
+figure, with a broad transverse bar for an inscription, and connecting it
+with other figures, which are now below the ground. {176b}
+
+The church plate includes an interesting paten, presented to the church
+in 1837, by the mother of the late Rector, but bearing hall-marks of
+1727-8, with the letter M and a five-pointed star below.  The chalice is
+still more interesting, as it bears an old Lincoln hall-mark, of date
+about 1570; there are only eight other known examples of this period in
+the county.
+
+The rectory is a commodious house, built in 1839, doubtless on the site
+of the former monastic grange; it stands in an extensive garden,
+embowered among trees of goodly growth.  A fine oil painting at the
+present time adorns the entrance hall.  It is reputed to be by
+Spagnoletto, and was formerly in the monastery of St. Jerome, in Lisbon.
+Its size is 5-ft. by 4-ft., the subject being St. Jerome translating the
+Vulgate scriptures.
+
+
+
+WEST ASHBY.
+
+
+This parish, like High Toynton, Mareham-on-the-Hill and Wood Enderby, was
+formerly a hamlet of Horncastle, of which it adjoins the northern
+boundary.  We find them all coupled together in an extract from the Testa
+de Nevill [folio 348 (556), quoted _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iii, p.
+215] as follows: "The church of Horncastre, and of Askeby, and of Upper
+Thinton, and of Meringes, and of Hinderby, are of the gift of the Lord,"
+_i.e._ the Lord of the Manor.  In _Domesday Book_ it is called Aschebi.
+Queen Editha, wife of Edward the Confessor, who owned various lands in
+this neighbourhood, was Lady of this Manor, as well as that of
+Horncastle.  She held here six carucates of land (or about 720 acres),
+besides which there were 45 soc-men, 5 villeins, and 13 bordars, with
+eight carucates (or about 960 acres), and 500 acres of meadow and
+pasture.  (_Domesday_, "Soke of Horncastle.")
+
+                  [Picture: The Manor House, West Ashby]
+
+_Domesday_ also mentions that the Saxon thane, Chetelburn, who had
+property in Coningsby, Keal, Candlesby, Friskney, and other places in the
+county, had at Ashby "a mill worth 12s. yearly," a very considerable sum
+in those days.  The manor was afterwards held by the Conqueror himself
+(_Domesday_, "Property of the King"); and it would seem, although there
+is no direct evidence of it, that he bestowed the manor on one of his
+chief favourites, Ranulph de Paganall, who received from his sovereign
+extensive grants in the counties of Somerset, Devon, York, Northampton,
+and Lincoln, {177} including all the lands formerly held by the Saxon
+Merleswain, in this county and elsewhere.  Ranulph Paganall founded (A.D.
+1089) the Priory of the Holy Trinity in York, said to have been built on
+the site of a former Roman heathen temple; one of his family, Helias
+Pagnall, being subsequently Prior of this institution, and Canon of
+Selby.  When the present Church of the Holy Trinity was restored in 1904,
+among other ancient monuments, was found the slab of the tomb of Ralph
+Ranulph, which is still preserved in the church, along with sculptures
+commemorative of St. Benedict, St. Martin of Tours, Prior Helias, and
+others. {178a}
+
+Ranulph, by charter of that date, endowed the abbey with two-thirds of
+the tithes of Ashby; which was further confirmed by charters of 1100,
+1125, and 1179.  This Ranulph Paganall was Sheriff of Yorkshire.  The
+last known representative of his family was William Paganall, summoned to
+Parliament as a Baron in the reign of Edward III.  Dugdale states {178b}
+that the Priory of the Holy Trinity was made, by its founder, a
+dependency or cell of the greater monastery (marmonstier) of the above,
+St. Martin in Touraine; and by the Inquisition, taken at York, 34 Ed. I.,
+it was found that he claimed no portion of the temporalities of the
+Priory, beyond the right to place an official there, during the vacancy
+of the priorate, as temporary custodian.  The name Paganall became in
+later times softened into Paynell; they were at one time Lords of
+Bampton.
+
+At a later period the manor of Ashby, probably with that of Horncastle,
+belonged to Gerard de Rhodes and his descendant, Ralph; since in a
+Charter Roll of 14 Henry III. (pt. i, M. 12), we find that King's
+confirmation of a grant, made by the said Ralph, to Walter, Bishop of
+Carlisle, of "the manor of Horncastle, with the soke, and the advowsons
+of the churches, and all other things pertaining to the same in all
+places," evidently including the churches of the hamlets as well as that
+of the town.  Among the witnesses to this are Gervase, Archdeacon of
+Carlisle; and Henry de Capella; the latter name being noticeable because,
+as will be seen below, Ashby was called "Capella." {178c}
+
+The Abbey of Kirkstead had a grange in Ashby, which after the dissolution
+of the monasteries, was granted in the 5th year of Edward VI., to William
+Cecil, Lord Burghley, Lord High Treasurer of England; this is now part of
+the Ashby Thorpe estate. {178d}  In 1820 this was the property of Mr.
+Joseph Rinder.  It is now partly owned by the Booth family, and partly by
+the Smedley trustees.
+
+The parish is still divided into Far Thorpe, Church Thorpe, and Middle
+Thorpe.  Far Thorpe included the farms held by the late Mr. Griffin and
+Mr. Addison.  Mr. Wattam's house, which is moated, was the old Midthorpe
+Hall.  As being a hamlet of Horncastle, the benefice was formerly called
+Ashby "Capella," or the Ashby Chapelry; and like Horncastle, Wood
+Enderby, High Toynton, and Mareham is given in "Liber Regis" as in the
+patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle.  Until recently it was a perpetual
+curacy, in value about 50 pounds a year; but about 30 years ago, on the
+enfranchisement of certain episcopal lands, the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners endowed it to the extent of 300 pounds a year, and built a
+substantial vicarage.  The patronage is now with the Lord Chancellor by
+exchange with Kirk Oswald, Cumberland.
+
+The church, All Saints, is of considerable size, being one of the largest
+village churches in the neighbourhood, mainly in the Perpendicular style,
+and substantially built, consisting of tower, nave, and chancel, the two
+latter of the same elevation throughout.  The tower has three old bells,
+and a peal of eight tubular bells.  Gervase Holles gives the inscriptions
+on the bells as being:
+
+1.  Sit nomen Domini benedictum.
+
+2.  Intonat e caelis vox campana Michaelis.
+
+3.  Sum rosa pulsata Mundi Maria vocata.
+
+One of these was, some years ago, re-cast; and now bears the inscription
+"voco ad templum, date 1759."
+
+The main features of the church are as follows: the porch arch is
+semi-circular, Norman, the west window in the tower is unusually high,
+12-ft. by 4-ft. in width, of three lights.  The north aisle has four
+bays.  The nave, in the south wall, has two three-light windows, the
+western one perpendicular and having pointed arch, the eastern square
+headed.  In the north wall there is a three-light debased decorated
+window.  In the west wall of the north aisle is a two-light window of
+coloured glass, in memory of Augustus Elmhirst; and in its eastern wall
+is a three-light memorial window to his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Ruck
+Keene.  In the south wall of the chancel are two late four-centre
+two-light windows; and in the north wall a three-light flamboyant window.
+Gervase Holles mentions a north chancel window having "sa. a crosse
+between 4 cinquefoyles arg. . . .," {179} but this has disappeared.  The
+east window is modern, with three lights.  A new window was erected, in
+1907, in the north aisle (corresponding to a window inserted in 1905, in
+memory of General and Mrs. Elmhirst), by Mr. H. R. Elmhirst, to the
+memory of his late wife, Lilian Frances, nee Hatfeild; the artists were
+Powell and Sons; the subject Faith, Hope and Love represented by three
+figures.
+
+                [Picture: All Saints' Church, West Ashby]
+
+The communion table has a very handsome cover, with red frontal,
+elaborately embroidered with old Roman work.  A carved wooden reredos has
+recently been presented by Col. and Mrs. Stack.  On a tablet on the north
+wall is an elaborate inscription, in memory of Lieutenant Richard
+Calthrop, who was killed at the siege of Algiers; erected by his mother
+and 10 surviving brothers and sisters; who are said to have lived to the
+remarkable average age of 85 years.  There are various tablets
+commemorative of the families of Rockliffe, Drewry, Pierce and Elmhirst.
+There is a north door, as well as south, to the nave.  The font is a
+plain octagonal one, perpendicular in style.
+
+The church was restored and reseated in 1873; the tower being renovated
+in memory of Mrs. Barnard, otherwise known as "Claribel," a well-known
+musical composer, connected with the Elmhirst family.  It is lofty and
+massive, surmounted by four high pinnacles and large gurgoyles at the
+angles.
+
+The register dates from 1561. {180a}  The communion plate consists of a
+cup, with inscription "Ashby Chappell, 1758;" a paten presented by
+"Elizabeth Pierce, Christmas Day, 1841," and flagon, given by the same,
+in 1859.  She was the wife of the Vicar of that day, the Rev. W. M.
+Pierce, and an authoress.  In the churchyard are the tombstones of John
+Thistlewood and his wife; he was brother of the Cato Street conspirator,
+and died at Louth, having formerly resided at Ashby and Wispington.
+
+The late William Elmhirst, Esq., bought the lands here formerly belonging
+to the Bishops of Carlisle, and erected a handsome and substantial
+residence, in well-wooded grounds; which in later years passed by
+purchase to the Booth family, by whom it, and the estates attached, are
+now owned.  It is at present occupied by Dr. and Mrs. Newstead.  The
+Elmhirsts are at present represented by H. R. Elmhirst, Esq., son of the
+late General Charles Elmhirst, C.B., who resides at The Grove.
+
+
+
+HIGH TOYNTON.
+
+
+High Toynton is situated about 1.5 miles from Horncastle, in an easterly
+direction, on the road to Partney and Spilsby.  It would seem to have
+been formerly, like West Ashby, an appendage to the Manor of Horncastle.
+The old record {180b} says (as already quoted under West Ashby) "The
+church of Horncastre, and of Askeby, and of Upper Thinton, and of
+Maringes (Mareham), and of Hinderby, are of the gift of the lord," _i.e._
+the Lord of the Manor.  As thus not being a separate manor, it is barely
+more than mentioned in _Domesday Book_, where it is called Todintune, and
+Tedingtone.  Queen Editha, wife of Edward the Confessor, would be Lady of
+the Manor; but William the Conqueror took possession and held lands here,
+in demesne, with tenants and dependants.
+
+That the manor afterwards, along with that of Horncastle, became the
+property of Gerard de Rhodes, is shewn by the following peculiar
+circumstances.  In a Feet of Fines, at Lincoln, 9 Henry III., No. 52, it
+is recorded that an agreement was arranged in the King's Court at
+Westminster, (3 Feb., A.D. 1224-5), between Henry del Ortiay and Sabina
+his wife, plaintiffs, and Ralph de Rhodes, a descendant of Gerard,
+defendant, whereby certain lands in Upper Tynton, Mareham, and other
+places, were recognized by the plaintiffs as the property of Ralph de
+Rhodes; they receiving, in lieu thereof, 100.5 acres of land, and 11
+acres of meadow, with appurtenances, all in Upper Tynton.  These lands
+are further specified by name, as 24 acres next Graham (_i.e._ Greetham),
+12 acres in culture called "Hethoten acre" (_i.e._ Heath of ten acres), 9
+acres of land in "Pesewang" (_i.e._ Peas-field), 5.5 acres in "Sex acre,"
+7 acres in Leir-mewang (or low mead-field), 4 acres in culture of Lange
+landes, 6 acres in Whetewang (_i.e._ wheat-field), and 10 acres in
+Kruncewang (_qy._ crown's-field?); and further plots not specially named.
+The peculiar feature however of their tenure was, that they and their
+heirs were "to have and to hold the said lands for ever . . . rendering
+therefor by the year one pair of gilt spurs, or 6d., at Easter, for all
+service and exaction."
+
+          [Picture: St. John the Baptist's Church, High Toynton]
+
+A Pipe Roll (14 Henry III., Lincoln) states that "Walter, Bishop of
+Carlisle, holds certain lands hereditarily of the aforesaid Ralph de
+Rhodes;" and in a Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 34 Edward III., 2nd
+Nrs., No. 29 (1360), mention is made of "Thomas, son of Nicholas de
+Thymelby, and John his younger brother, and their heirs," as tenants of
+the Manor of Horncastle, "and of lands in Over Tynton," which they "hold
+of the said Bishop."  These were scions of the wealthy family of the
+Thimblebyies, Lords of Poolham, and other estates.  One of them married a
+daughter and co-heir of Sir William Fflete, Knt.; another married a
+daughter of Sir Walter Tailboys; this Sir Walter being the son of Henry
+Tailboys and his wife, Alianora, daughter and heir of Gilbert Burdon and
+his wife, Elizabeth, sister and heir of Gilbert Umfraville, Earl of
+Angus.
+
+By a Close Roll, 20 Henry VII. (part 2 [No. 367] No. 33), it appears that
+Sir Thomas Dymmok, Knight, had recently purchased lands in Over Tynton,
+Nether Tynton, Maring next Horncastle, and other parishes; which he
+granted to his son Leo, and his heirs for ever.
+
+Further, by a Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 24 Henry VII., No. 61, it
+is found that Humphrey Conyngesby, Sergeant at Law, and others instituted
+a suit on behalf of William Stavely, and others, by which he recovered to
+them the Manor of (apparently Upper) Taunton, the advowson of the church
+of Nether Taunton, about 2,700 acres of various land, and the rent of 4.5
+quarters of salt in Over Taunton, Nether Taunton, Tetford, and other
+parishes.
+
+The Manor, with that of Horncastle, continued for a long period in the
+hands of the Bishops of Carlisle; who were patrons of the benefice until
+the creation of a bishopric of Manchester, in 1848, when their patronage
+in this neighbourhood was transferred to that See.  The Manor, however,
+with that of Horncastle, had previously passed to Sir Joseph Banks, and
+came eventually to his successors, the Stanhopes.  The benefice, until
+late years, was a very poor one, being a perpetual curacy, annexed to
+Mareham-on-the-Hill; their joint annual value being 160 pounds, without a
+residence.  But when the episcopal property (the Bishop being Rector) was
+transferred to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, they, with the aid of
+Queen Anne's Bounty, raised the joint benefices to 300 pounds a year; and
+in 1869 erected a good residence at Toynton, now occupied by the Vicar,
+the Rev. W. Shaw.
+
+The church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, was formerly a very mean
+structure, dating from the 18th century (1772), in the worst of styles,
+with wooden-framed windows, of large square panes of glass, and having a
+flat whitewashed ceiling.  The timbers of this had become so decayed that
+a former curate-in-charge, mounting to the false roof, to examine them,
+fell through, among the square pews below.  This incident led, not too
+soon, to the rebuilding of the fabric, at a cost of more than 1,200
+pounds in 1872, on the site of the previous building, as also of an
+original 13th century edifice.  The present church is a substantial and
+neat structure in the early English style, thoroughly well kept, and with
+several pleasing features.  It consists of nave, chancel, and porch, with
+tower and low spire.  The nave has, in the north wall, two single-light
+narrow pointed windows, and at its eastern end a two-light window, having
+a quatrefoil above.  In the south wall there is one single-light and one
+two-light window, corresponding to the above; the porch, taking place of
+a window at its western end.
+
+The two-light window in the north wall has coloured glass, with various
+devices, one being a small copy of the famous Descent from the Cross, by
+Rubens, in Antwerp Cathedral; another the Royal Arms, with the initials
+V.R. below, and date 1848.  The corresponding two-light window in the
+south wall has coloured glass "In memory of Eliza, wife of the Rev. T.
+Snead Hughes, late Vicar, she died March 9, 1872, aged 57."  The subjects
+in the two lights are the Ascension of our Lord, and the three women at
+the sepulchre, with an angel pointing upward.  In the west wall of the
+nave are two pointed windows beneath a cusped circlet, all filled with
+coloured glass; the lower subjects being John the Baptist preaching in
+the wilderness, and the baptism of our Lord by John in the Jordan; the
+upper subject is the angel appearing to Zachariah; all three having
+reference to the patron saint of the church.  An inscription states that
+these are a memorial to the late Mark Harrison and his wife Ann, erected
+by their family.
+
+The font is of stone, octagonal, having four different kinds of crosses
+on the alternate faces, a circular shaft ending in octagon, and on
+octagonal pediment.  Within the south porch, over the outer and inner
+doorways are old fragments of massive zigzag pattern, all that remains of
+a whilom Norman structure.  The modern doorway arch, externally, has a
+dog-tooth moulding, with floriated finials.  The tower, over the porch,
+is square below, octagonal above, with small lancet windows in each face,
+and is surmounted by a low spire; it contains one bell.  The roof and
+sittings are of pitchpine.
+
+The chancel arch is of massive stone, plain, and of wide span.  In the
+east wall of the chancel are three narrow windows, the central higher
+than the other two; they have good coloured glass by Clayton and Bell.
+Beneath is a handsome reredos of Caen stone, erected in memory of the
+late Mr. Thomas Terrot Taylor.  It has one large central device, the
+Agnus Dei within a circle, and on each side four divisions, containing a
+dove with olive leaf, Fleur de Lys, ears of corn, a passion flower, vine
+leaves and grapes, a crown, a rose, and a conventional flower.  On each
+side are memorial tablets of the Ball family.  In the south wall is a
+brass tablet in memory of Mr. Taylor, and a small pointed window.  In the
+north wall is a doorway leading to the vestry.  Within the vestry,
+lighted by a similar small pointed window, are three more Ball tablets,
+and a priest's door.  In the centre of the nave floor, close to the
+chancel step, is a large slab "In memory of the Rev. William Robinson, 22
+years Incumbent, who died May 8, 1830, aged 56."  The register only dates
+from 1715, and contains no entries of special interest.
+
+In a List of Institutions to Benefices, preserved at Lincoln, it is shewn
+that in 1562, on the resignation of the then Vicar, one John Howsone,
+Michael West, Clerk, was appointed to this vicarage, along with that of
+Nether Toynton, by Richard Bertie, Esq., the ancestor of the present Earl
+of Ancaster.  This was probably by some private arrangement with the
+Bishop of Carlisle, as the Berties (as the Willoughbys are now) were
+patrons of Low Toynton, but not of Upper, or High, Toynton.  He was
+instituted to the two benefices on July 9th of that year.
+
+
+
+MAREHAM-ON-THE-HILL.
+
+
+Of this parish, ecclesiastically annexed to High Toynton, little can be
+said.  The name was anciently written Maringes, {183a} or Marun {183b};
+the former probably from the low "marish," or marsh, "ings," _i.e._
+meadows, the suffix being the Saxon "ham," a homestead.  It lies about
+two miles south-east from Horncastle, connected with High Toynton by
+footpath, and bridle road, across the fields barely a mile in length, but
+for carriages a detour of more than double that distance has to be made.
+
+This parish, like High Toynton and West Ashby, is in the soke of
+Horncastle.  In _Domesday Book_ it is stated that the manor comprised 3
+carucates, or about 360 acres of land, with 21 soc-men and 11 bordars,
+{183c} who had four carucates, or about 480 acres; there were further 60
+acres of meadow, and, what no longer exists, 300 acres of underwood;
+which was a very large proportion, considering that in Scrivelsby, now a
+well wooded estate, closely adjoining, there were at that time only six
+acres of underwood.
+
+Sir Lionel Dymoke, a scion of the Scrivelsby family, once resided in this
+parish.  His will, dated 15th April, 1512, is a good specimen of the
+orthography of the period.  The following are portions of it: "I leon
+Dymoke of maryng of the hill in the Countie of lincolne knyght being of
+good and hoole mynde make and ordigne my testament and Last will in forme
+following | First I bequeathe my soule to almyghty god and to the blessid
+virgine his mother seint Mary and to all the holy Company of heven | And
+forasmoch as no man is certeine of the houre of dethe nor what place he
+shall die in and nothyng so certeine as dethe | and for as moch as I by
+the kyngl pleasure shall goo in hys warrys in the parties by yonde the
+see | Therefore my body to be buryed where it shall please almyghty god |
+Also that I will that my Executours for the helth of my soule in as hasty
+tyme as they may after my deceas paye or do to be paid all and singler my
+detts . . .  Also I bequethe and gyve to the Church warke of Maryng of al
+halowes vjs viijd and to the highe aulter there for tythes and oblacions
+forgoten xxd and to seint Jamys gild of maryng xxd . . .  Also I gyve and
+bequethe to the Convent of the black Freris of Boston for a trentall
+{184a} to be song for me and all Christen Soules xs," &c., &c.  On 17th
+August, 1519 (when he was apparently on his death bed), witnesses certify
+that he added a codicil to be annexed, "saying these words in his mother
+tongue.  I will that Sr John Heron knyght have my landes in nethertynton
+whether I lyve or dye . . . and if my wif or myne executos thynk there be
+any thyng expressed in my wille oute of goode ordre I will it be reformed
+by Anne my wif as she and they thynke most pleasure to god profytt for my
+soule." {184b}
+
+As to the owners of the demesne nothing further is told us; but since in
+Testa de Nevill, already quoted, it is stated that "the churches of
+Horncastre, Askeby, Upper Thinton, Maringes, &c., are of the gift of the
+Lord."  Gerard de Rhodes was, doubtless, at one time, the common Lord of
+all those manors, as well as his descendant Ralph de Rhodes.  Mr. Weir
+states that the manor at a later period belonged to Edward Marsh,
+Esquire, of Hundle House, in the county of Lincoln; by a descendant of
+whom it was sold to William Hudson, Esquire, of Gray's Inn.  In 1659 it
+was sold to one Duncombe, of whom it was purchased in 1688 by Sir Edmund
+Turnor, of Stoke Rochford, Knight; in whose family it still continues.
+Other proprietors are Richard Ward, Esq., and Dr. Parkinson.
+
+In _Domesday Book_ there is mention of "a church and priest," the latter,
+therefore, being doubtless resident in the parish; although for many
+years there has been no residence for an incumbent.  In 1830 the benefice
+was held, with High Toynton, by the Rev. E. R. H. G. Palmer, a relative
+of Viscount Halifax, who resided in Horncastle; in 1863 by the Rev. Isaac
+Hall, who did the same; and it was not till 1869 that a residence was
+erected at High Toynton for the united benefices.
+
+Of the church, All Saints, we can only say that it stands in a good
+position, on high ground; that its walls are substantial, but that its
+style is of the meanest; it having been rebuilt in the early part of the
+19th century (1813); and beyond a piscina, now in the north wall, it has
+no features of interest; having wooden-framed windows, square painted
+pews, walls whitewashed within and without, and a flat ceiling.  It
+greatly needs renovation, being now almost a solitary representative, in
+the neighbourhood, of that very worst period of architectural decadence.
+With fairly good sandstone in the present walls, and probably more in the
+foundations of an earlier church, to be exhumed, and an abundance _in
+situ_ not far away, restoration, or even re-erection, might be effected,
+at a moderate outlay.
+
+The one bell hangs in a shabby bell turret.  While repairs were being
+carried out in 1813 two nobles of Edward IV., two angels of Henry VII.,
+and several silver coins of different reigns, contained in a leathern
+purse, were found concealed in the wall. {185a}
+
+
+
+LOW TOYNTON.
+
+
+Low Toynton lies about a mile from Horncastle to the north-east.  It is
+approached through rich meadows, watered by the river Waring. {185b}  The
+Rector is the Rev. J. W. Bayldon, M.A., of Sidney Sussex College,
+Cambridge.  Overseers, G. E. Read and W. Scholey.  Letters _via_
+Horncastle arrive at 8.30.
+
+The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a small structure with no
+pretention to architectural beauty, and almost entirely covered with ivy.
+It was rebuilt in 1811, a period when architectural taste was at its
+lowest ebb, and barbarisms in stone, brick, and mortar were very
+generally perpetrated.  It was re-seated in 1863, during the incumbency
+of the Rev. E. M. Chapman.  It consists of chancel, nave, vestry, and
+open belfry containing one bell.  The chancel arch is the only remnant of
+a former Norman structure.  The font is apparently a 14th century one,
+almost a replica of that in Huttoft Church, which is engraved in _Lincs.
+Notes & Queries_, vol. iii, p. 225.  The bowl is octagonal, its faces
+filled with figures representing the Holy Trinity, the virgin and child,
+and the 12 apostles.  The bowl is joined to the shaft by angelic figures
+round the lower part of it.  The octagonal shaft has figures of St. Paul,
+Mary Magdalen, a bishop with chalice, another with scourge, and other
+subjects much mutilated, at the base are the winged lion, ox, man, and
+eagle, emblematical of the evangelists.  The walls of the church are
+relieved by some coloured designs, and borders of ecclesiastical
+patterns, running round the windows, &c., originally executed by that
+genuine artist the late Rev. C. P. Terrot, Vicar of Wispington.  These
+decorations have been recently (1898) renewed by Mr. C. Hensman, of
+Horncastle, when the church was thoroughly repaired, both inside and out;
+new panelling placed in the nave, and a new window in the vestry; and in
+the following year (1899) a new harmonium was purchased from Messrs.
+Chappell and Co., London.
+
+The east window is filled with modern coloured glass, the subjects being
+the Transfiguration, the Crucifixion, and the Ascension.  On the sill of
+the east window are placed, over the communion table, two handsomely
+carved old oak candlesticks, presented by the Rev. C. P. Terrot.  On the
+north wall of the nave there is a small oval brass tablet, which was
+found in 1888, face downwards in the vestry floor.  It bears the
+following inscription: "Here lyeth the body of Edward Rolleston, Esquir,
+who departed this life the 23rd of July, in the thirtey-fourth year of
+his age; interr'd underneath this place the 4th of August, A.D. 1687."
+As 12 days elapsed between death and burial it is probable that he died
+abroad.  The manor and whole parish, except the glebe, still belongs to
+the Rolleston family; the benefice being in the patronage of the Earl of
+Ancaster.
+
+In the floor of the chancel are two memorial slabs, one of the Rev. R.
+Spranger, D.C.L., late Rector of Low Toynton and Creeton, who enlarged
+the rectory house, and was a munificent benefactor to the neighbourhood.
+Among other good deeds he built the bridge over the river Waring, on the
+road from Low Toynton to Horncastle. {186}  He was a member of a family
+of some distinction; had a residence in London, as well as his rectory
+here; he was popularly said to drive the handsomest pair of horses in
+London; and there exists a portrait in oil of an ancestor, Chancellor
+Spranger, in one of the great galleries in Florence.  Dr. Spranger was an
+intimate friend of J. Keble, the author of _The Christian Year_, and his
+son the Rev. Robert J. Spranger, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, spent
+the greater part of his life in Mr. Keble's parish, Hursley, Hants, as a
+voluntary assistant in his clerical work.
+
+The companion slab marks the last resting place of another rector, the
+Rev. J. Hutchinson, who died in 1788.  His history is singular.  Although
+well educated, he enlisted as a private in the army for foreign service;
+a commission however was subsequently obtained for him by his friends.
+He presently became attached to a lady who refused to marry a soldier.
+He then determined to take holy orders.  Chance threw him in the way of a
+party of gentlemen at Manchester, one of them being the agent of Lord
+Willoughby.  The latter stated that he had it in power, at that moment,
+to bestow a benefice, and that he would give it to anyone who could solve
+for him a particular problem.  Mr. Hutchinson succeeded in doing this,
+and was eventually appointed Rector of Low Toynton.  He held it, however,
+only 18 months, dying at an early age.  Whether he married the lady is
+not stated.
+
+In the List of Institutions to Benefices, preserved at Lincoln, it is
+recorded that in 1562 Michael West, Clerk, was appointed Rector of Nether
+Toynton and Vicar of Upper Toynton, by Richard Bertie, Esq., ancestor of
+the Earl of Ancaster.  This must have been by some private arrangement
+with the Bishop of Carlisle, who was patron of High Toynton; the Berties
+(as the Willoughbies are now) being only patrons of Low Toynton.  From
+Liber Regis we learn that the Earl of Lindsey appointed to the benefice
+in 1692, the Duke of Ancaster in 1778, Sir Peter Burrell and Lady
+Willoughby d' Eresby in 1783.
+
+The register dates from 1585.  Under date 1717, Feb. 2nd, occurs the
+following entry: "Robert Willy, of Upper Toynton, did penance in the
+parish church of Lower Toynton, for the heinous and great sin of
+adultery."  A note in the baptismal register states that on July 18th,
+1818, Bishop George (Tomline) confirmed at Horncastle 683 candidates,
+among them being five from Low Toynton.  Confirmations were not held so
+frequently then as they now are.  In this parish Mr. Thomas Gibson, Vicar
+of Horncastle, when turned out of his preferment by the Puritans, lived
+for some "two years but poorly, teaching a few pupils."
+
+Little is known of the early history of this parish or of its
+proprietors.  In a Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 11 Henry VII., No.
+123, taken at Partney, after the death of Isabella, wife of Richard
+Sapcote, Knight, the said Isabella is declared by the jurors to have died
+seized of the Manor of Nether Toynton, and of the advowson; and Joan,
+wife of William Nevill, of Rolleston, Notts., and others are declared to
+be daughters and heirs of the said Isabella; she herself being kinswoman
+and heir of William Plesington, son of Henry Plesington, Knight. {187a}
+
+In a list of Lincolnshire names contained in the visitation of 1665-6, by
+William Dugdale, Esq., are Agnes Goodrick, daughter of Robert Goodrick,
+of Toynton, and Bridget and Elizabeth Rolston, daughters of Edward
+Rolston, of Toynton. {187b}
+
+                [Picture: St. Peter's Church, Low Toynton]
+
+By a Chancery Inquisition of 38 Henry VIII. (1546), it was found that
+Thomas Dymoke, Esq., was seized of land in Over Toynton, Nether Toynton,
+Maring-upon the-Hill, and other parishes; and by an Inquisition of 36
+Elizabeth, it was found that Robert Dymock, Esq., was seized of the
+Manors of ffuletby and Belchforde, and lands in Horncastle, Nether
+Tointon and Upper Tointon, and several other parishes.  He died without
+issue 13th Sept., 1594, and his only sister, Anne, widow of Charles
+Bolle, of Haugh, succeeded to his property in Nether Toynton and
+elsewhere; and thus the connection of the Dymokes with Low Toynton
+ceased. {187c}
+
+There is rather a curious feature in the following record.  By a Chancery
+Inquisition post mortem, 24 Henry VII., No. 61, it is found that Humphrey
+Conyngsby, Sergeant at Law, and others, instituted a suit on behalf of
+William Stavely, and others, by which he recovered to them, among other
+properties, "the advowson of Nether Taunton, and the rent of 4.5 quarters
+of salt, in Nether Taunton, Over Taunton, and other parishes."
+
+We now find another ancient name connected with this parish.  The
+Newcomens (originally Le Newcomen, or the newcomer) of Saltfleetby, were
+one of our oldest Lincolnshire families.  They are named in Yorke's
+"Union of Honour," and their pedigrees given in four Lincolnshire
+Visitations.  The number of branches into which the race spread is
+remarkable. {188a}  Andrew Newcomen lived in the time of Richard I.,
+resident at Saltfleetby, where the headquarters of the family continued
+for many generations.  Robert Newcomen (1304) married Alice, daughter of
+Sir William Somercotes, Knight.  His son, also Robert, married Margaret,
+daughter of Sir William Hardingshall, Knight.  Another Robert (1452)
+married Joane, daughter of Robert Craycroft, of Craycroft Hall.  A
+daughter Katharine, of Brian Newcomen, married (1559) George Bolle, of
+Haugh, a family already mentioned as, a few years later, connected with
+Low Toynton.  In 1540 we find Richard Newcomen residing at Nether
+Toynton.  By his will, dated 3rd Sept., 1540, he requests that he may be
+buried in the church of St. Peter, Nether Toynton.  He appoints the right
+worshipful Edward Dymoke, supervisor.  His grandson, Samuel Newcomen, of
+Nether Toynton, married Frances, daughter of Thomas Massingberd, of
+Braytoft Hall, M.P. for Calais (1552).  This branch of the family seems
+to have died out in the person of Thomas Newcomen (1592); {188b} but
+other branches spread over the neighbourhood, and were established at Bag
+Enderby, East Kirkby, Withern, and other places, and flourished
+throughout the 17th century.  Another Newcomen early in the 18th century
+married a daughter of Sir Robert Barkham, Bart.
+
+A renewal of connection with Low Toynton was made when the widow of
+Nicholas Newcomen married, circa 1700, the Honble. Charles Bertie, son of
+Robert, 4th Earl of Lindsey, patron of the benefice of Nether Toynton.
+Arthur Bocher, Esq., of Low Toynton, was in the Lincolnshire Rebellion of
+1536, being brother-in-law of Thomas Moygne, one of the leaders in the
+movement.
+
+Thus the parish of Low Toynton has had residents, proprietors, and
+rectors, to whom its present inhabitants may look back with some degree
+of pride and pleasure, although "their place now knoweth them no more."
+
+
+
+ROUGHTON.
+
+
+This village stands on the west bank of the river Bain, about 4 miles to
+the south of Horncastle.  It is bounded on the north by Thornton and
+Martin, on the east by Haltham and Dalderby, on the south by
+Kirkby-on-Bain, and on the west by Kirkstead, Kirkby, and Woodhall.  The
+area is 1020 acres, rateable value 945 pounds, population 137, entirely
+agricultural.  The soil is loam, on kimeridge clay, with "Bain terrace"
+gravel deposits.
+
+The nearest railway stations are at Horncastle and Woodhall Spa, each
+about four miles distant.  There is an award and map of Haltham and
+Roughton in the parish, and a copy at the County Council office, Lincoln.
+Three roads meet in the middle of the village, one from Horncastle, one
+to Woodhall Spa and Kirkstead, one to Kirkby-on-Bain, Coningsby and
+Tattershall.
+
+Sir Henry Hawley, Bart., of Tumby Lawn, in the adjoining parish of
+Kirkby, is Lord of the Manor, but Lady Hartwell (daughter of the late Sir
+Henry Dymoke, the King's Champion), and the executors of the Clinton
+family (now Clinton Baker) and the Rector own most of the soil; there
+being a few small proprietors.  Roughton Hall, the property of Lady
+Hartwell, is occupied by F. G. Hayward, Esq.
+
+The register dates from 1564.  Peculiar entries are those of 43 burials
+for the years 1631-2, including those of the Rector and his two
+daughters, who died within a few days of each other; this was from the
+visitation called "The Plague," or the "Black Death."  For some years
+before 1657 only civil marriages were valid in law, and Judge Filkin is
+named in the register as marrying the Rector of Roughton, John Barcroft,
+to Ann Coulen.  In 1707 Mary Would is named as overseer of the parish, it
+being very unusual at that period for women to hold office.  Another
+entry, in the overseer's book, needs an explanation.  "Simon Grant, for 1
+day's work of bages, 2s. 6d.;" and again, "Simon flint, for 1 day's work
+of bages, 2s. 6d."  "Bage" was the turf, cut for burning; in this case
+being cut from the "church moor," for the church fire.  It was severe
+labour, often producing rupture of the labourer's body, hence the high
+pay.
+
+There is a charity named the "Chamerlayne Dole," of 10s., given yearly to
+the poor, left by Martha Chamerlayn in 1702.  It is a charge upon a
+cottage and garden owned by Mr. T. Jackson, of Horncastle.
+
+The National School was established about 1860, in a building erected in
+1834 as a Wesleyan Chapel.  It was enlarged in 1872 and 1879.  It is
+supported by a voluntary rate.
+
+The Church, St. Margaret's, is of no architectural beauty, being built of
+brick and sandstone.  It consists of nave and chancel, with castellated
+tower, having one bell, also castellated parapets at the north and south
+corners of the east chancel wall.  The font is Norman, circular, with
+circular pediment, having an old oak octagonal cover, cupola shaped,
+plain except slight carving round the rim.  The fabric was newly roofed
+in 1870, when it was fitted with good open benches, the chancel paved
+with encaustic tiles, and the windows partly filled with stained glass;
+there are fragments of a former carved rood screen, the pulpit being of
+plain old oak.
+
+In the chancel is a lengthy inscription, commemorative of Norreys Fynes;
+Esq., of Whitehall, in the adjoining parish of Martin.  He was grandson
+of Sir Henry Clinton, eldest son of Henry, Earl of Lincoln, by his second
+wife, daughter of Sir Richard Morrison, and mother of Francis, Lord
+Norreys, afterwards Earl of Berkshire.  He was a non-juror.  He died
+January 10th, 1735-6, aged 74.  There is a murial tablet to the memory of
+the Rev. Arthur Rockliffe, who died in 1798; another to Charles
+Pilkington, Esq., who died in 1798, and Abigail, his wife, who died in
+1817.
+
+The benefice is a discharged rectory, united to that of Haltham in 1741,
+and now held by the Rev. H. Spurrier, the patron being his son the Rev.
+H. C. M. Spurrier.  The two benefices together are valued at 450 pounds a
+year.  There is a good rectory house.  The church plate is modern.  The
+village feast was discontinued about 50 years ago.
+
+Peculiar field names are the Low Ings, Bottom Slabs, Carr Bottom, Church
+Moor, Honey Hole, Wong, Well-syke, Long Sand, Madam Clay, Sewer Close.
+{190a}
+
+As to the early history of Roughton, _Domesday Book_ gives it among the
+possessions of William the Conqueror, and also as belonging to Robert
+Despenser, his powerful steward, who probably held it under the king.  A
+Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 22 Richard II., No. 13, A.D. 1399,
+shows that Ralph de Cromwell, jointly with his wife Matilda, held the
+adjoining Manor of Tumby, with appurtenances in Roughton and elsewhere.
+While another Inquisition of 13 Henry VII., No. 34, shows that the said
+Matilda died, "seised in fee tail of the same lands." {190b}
+
+In the reign of Elizabeth a family of Eastwoods resided here, since the
+name of Andrew Eastwood, of Roughton, appears in the list (published by
+T. C. Noble) of those gentry who contributed 25 pounds to the Armada
+Fund.  Other documents shew that at different periods the hall has been
+occupied by members of various county families, as Fynes (already named),
+Wichcote, Heneage, Dymoke, Pilkington, and Beaumont.
+
+The register has the following entries, probably written by an illiterate
+parish clerk, "An the wife of Will. Hennag, was buered ye 9 of Feberery,
+1729."  "Madame Elizabeth fines was buered May ye 29, 1730."
+
+Gervase Holles gives the following arms as existing in the church in his
+day.
+
+              _Fenestra Australis Cancelli_.
+
+G. 3 lyons passant gardant, or . . .               England
+
+Verry a fesse G. fretty, or . . .                  Marmyon
+
+Argent, a plaine crosse B. . . .
+
+Or, a lyon rampant purpure. . . .                     Lacy
+
+Chequy or and G., a chiefe ermyne . . .          Tateshall
+
+                     _In Campanili_.
+
+Arg. a sword sheathed proper, a buckler appt., with
+girdle wrapped, hilte pomel, and neuf or. . . {190c}
+
+HALTHAM.
+
+
+This village is distant from Horncastle between four and five miles in a
+southerly direction, lying on the east side of the river Bain.  It is
+bounded on the north by Dalderby and Scrivelsby, on the south by Kirkby
+and its hamlet of Fulsby, on the east by Scrivelsby, Wood Enderby and
+Wilksby, and on the west by Roughton.  The area is 2380 acres, rateable
+value 1198 pounds.  The soil is loam, with kimeridge clay below, and
+gravel deposits.  Population 121, mainly agricultural.
+
+The main roads lead to Dalderby, Scrivelsby, and Horncastle, to Kirkby,
+Mareham-le-Fen, Coningsby, and Tattershall, and to Wood Enderby, Wilksby,
+and Revesby.  The nearest railway station is at Horncastle.
+
+The Lord of the Manor was formerly the Champion Dymoke of Scrivelsby
+Court, but the late Rev. John Dymoke sold his estate in this parish, and
+the manor is now the property of Sir H. M. Hawley, Bart., of Tumby Lawn,
+in the adjoining parish of Kirkby; W. H. Trafford, Esq., owning the
+remainder, except 150 acres of glebe.
+
+The benefice was united to that of Roughton in 1741, the two being now of
+the yearly value of 450 pounds, and held by the Rev. H. Spurrier.  The
+patron is the rector's eldest son, the Rev. H. C. M. Spurrier.  There is
+an award and map of Haltham and Roughton, of date 1775.  A village feast
+is held on St. Benedict's Day (March 21), he being the patron saint of
+the church.
+
+There are some peculiar field names; as the Far, Middle, and Near
+Redlands, arable; the Top and Lower Brock-holes (brock meaning a badger),
+arable; the Black Sands, pasture; the Top and Low Malingars, arable; the
+East, West, and South High Rimes, arable; the Pingle, meadow; the Croft,
+pasture; the Oaks, pasture; Wood Close Meadow, the Old Cow Pasture.
+
+The register dates from 1561, and contains an entry for the year 1684:
+"This yeare plague in Haltham." {191}  There is a charity, the interest
+of 5 pounds, left by John Dymoke, Esq., of Haltham, who in 1634 is named
+among the Heralds' List of Gentry, for yearly distribution by the
+overseers among the poor.  The children attend the school at Roughton.
+
+The church is one of the most interesting in the neighbourhood.  The
+chancel was restored and an open roof put up in 1881, at a cost of 250
+pounds.  The nave was restored in 1891, at a cost of 300 pounds.  The
+sanctuary was paved with Minton tiles by the late Lady Dymoke.  The most
+remarkable feature is a semi-circular tympanum over the door in the south
+porch, which is of early Norman, or possibly Saxon date.  It has
+sculptured on it in somewhat rude fashion a Maltese cross within a
+circle, a second circle running through the limbs of the cross, a square
+with three-quarter circles at its corners, and semicircles midway of each
+side, which form the extremities of another cross, and between the limbs
+are roundels.  Below is a figure resembling a fish, also four rows of
+triangles, and other complicated devices.  The east window is a very fine
+flamboyant one, of date about 1350.  Some of the sittings have very old
+rudely-carved poppy heads of oak.  There are very fine carved oak
+canopies over two long pews in the north aisle, for the Champion Dymokes
+and their servants.  There is a piscina with two fronts in the south wall
+of the chancel, and a series of three stone sedilia, in the north wall is
+an aumbrey.  There is an incised slab to one of the Dymokes.  The tower
+has three bells, and the bell chamber is closed by ancient boarding, on
+which are the ten commandments in old characters, and very curious Royal
+Arms of Charles I.  The church plate consists of pewter paten, silver
+flagon and chalice, with date 1764, given by Mr. John Dickinson.
+
+In the village there is an old hostel, partly of the Tudor style, with
+pointed gable ends, projecting upper storey, and constructed externally
+of brick and woodwork.
+
+As to the early history of this parish little is definitely known.
+According to _Domesday Book_ it was among the possessions of the
+Conqueror, and his steward, Robert Dispenser, held it under him.
+Probably like other parishes in the soke of Horncastle, the manor was
+held by Gerbald d' Escald, his grandson Gerard de Rhodes, his son Ralph
+de Rhodes, sold by him to the Bishop of Carlisle, &c.  Of the ownership
+of Ralph de Rhodes we have evidence in a Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 9 Henry
+III., No. 52, containing an agreement between Henry del Ortiary and
+Sabina his wife, on the one hand, and Ralph de Rhodes, on the other hand,
+in which the former parties recognise the right of the said Ralph to
+certain lands in Haltham, Wood Enderby, Moorby, and other parishes in the
+soke. {192a}
+
+Of other families of distinction once connected with this parish we have
+indications in the arms which Gervase Holles found in the church windows
+in his time (circa 1630, temp. Chas. I.), which we give here.
+
+                       _In Fenestris Cancelli_.
+
+Verry a fesse G. fretty, d'or . . .                            Marmyon
+
+G. a cross sarcely, arg.  . . .                                   Beke
+
+Sa. 2 lyons passant, arg. crowned, or . . .                     Dymoke
+
+Or, a lyon rampant, double queue, sa . . .                      Welles
+
+Sa. 3 flowres de lize betw. 6 crosse crosslets,
+fitchy, arg. . . .
+
+G. 3 bars ermyne . . .                                        Kirketon
+
+Barry of 6, or and sa. . . .
+
+                        _Fenestrae Boreales_.
+
+B. a lyon's head erased betw. 6 crosses, botony,               Touthby
+arg. . . .
+
+Arg. 2 bars G. a border, sa. . . .
+
+Dymoke, each lyon charged sur l' espale with an                 Dymoke
+annulet . . .
+
+Ermyne on a bend G. a cinquefoil, or . . .
+
+G. crosse crucilly fitchy, a lyon rampant, arg . .            La Warre
+.
+
+Or, a lyon rampant, double queue, sa. . . .                     Welles
+
+                        _Fenestrae Australes_.
+
+G. 3 water-bougets, arg. . . .                                     Ros
+
+Or on fesse G. 3 plates . . .                             Huntingfield
+
+Quarterly or and G. a border sa. bezanty . . .                Rochfort
+
+Rochfort with a garbe in the 2nd quarter, arg. . .            Rochfort
+.
+
+Rochfort with an annulet in the 2nd quarter, arg.             Rochfort
+. . .
+
+Or, a manche G. . . .                                         Hastings
+
+G. a bend ermyne . . .                                              Ry
+
+Rochfort with an eagle displayed in the 2nd                   Rochfort
+quarter, arg. . . .
+
+Arg. fretty of 6 pieces G. a canton ermyne . . .
+
+                    _In Fenestra Borealis Navis_.
+
+G. crosse crucilly fitchy, a lyon rampant, arg. .             La Warre
+. .
+
+Arg. on a bend, G. 3 gryphons heads erased, or . .
+.
+
+                           _In Campanili_.
+
+Joh'es Staines W. Jo. {192b}
+
+MAREHAM-LE-FEN.
+
+
+Mareham-le-Fen lies about six miles south from Horncastle, and five miles
+eastward of Tattershall station, with a population of more than 800.
+Letters _via_ Boston arrive by mail cart at 7.30 a.m.  This is the seat
+of a considerable industry, carried on by Mr. Titus Kime, as a grower of
+greatly improved varities of potatoes, agricultural seed, and, latterly
+on a large scale, of bulbs of different kinds, in which he seems likely
+to compete with the Dutch trade.
+
+The church, which is dedicated to St. Helen, is a fine structure of
+oolite stone, probably one of the largest in the neighbourhood, except
+the collegiate church of Tattershall.  It consists of tower, nave, north
+and south aisles, south porch and chancel.  The body of the church was
+restored in 1873, and re-opened on June 13th of that year, at a cost of
+more than 2,000 pounds, by J. Banks Stanhope, Esq., Lord of the Manor;
+the then rector, the Rev. W. Sharpe restoring the chancel, and the
+parishioners and other friends the tower.  The latter consists of three
+tiers, having a small square window in the south and north walls below,
+with a two-light floriated window on the west.  In the tier above are
+two-light windows on all four faces.  At the summit it has battlements
+and four tall pinnacles.  There are three bells, the date of the largest
+being 1627.  The body of the church is also battlemented, and has
+pinnacles, the westernmost of these having the figures, within a niche,
+of St. George and the dragon.
+
+The south porch has an early English doorway within, the outer one being
+modern.  In the moulding above the inner doorway is a curiously crowned
+head, probably representing the Empress Helena, the patron saint; other
+curious devices running down the moulding on each side.  To the right of
+the inner doorway are initials M.S., date 1681.  The font has a large
+octagonal bowl, with heads at the angles, and elaborate trefoil devices
+on the faces; the shaft is plain, octagonal, the pediment a stone cross.
+
+              [Picture: St. Helen's Church, Mareham-Le-Fen]
+
+Both aisles have four lofty bays, with early English columns.  In the
+north aisle is one three-light perpendicular trefoiled window, in its
+western wall; in the north wall, on each side of the north door, is a
+three-light perpendicular window, with mullions interlacing; and to the
+east a four-light round-headed trefoiled window.  Over the north door is
+a tablet, with a Latin inscription, commemorative of the Rev. H.
+Sheppard, a former rector, who died 24th Jan., 1764, aged 62.  Beneath it
+is a cherub with outspread wings.  In the wall, east of the north door,
+is a tablet bearing the inscription: "This church was relighted in memory
+of Francis Thorpe, who lost his life, by an accident, while working in
+the church near this spot, 22nd Sept., 1892."  The south aisle, at the
+west end, has a three-light broad interlaced window.  In the south wall,
+west of the porch, is a low doorway, now filled in, with step at its
+base, probably formerly leading to a parvis, or priest's chamber.  East
+of the porch are two round-headed three-light trefoiled perpendicular
+windows.  In the chancel the east window, of coloured glass, is lofty,
+with three lights, and six trefoils above.  The subjects are divided into
+upper and lower rows; the upper are the Ascension in the centre, with the
+Resurrection to the left, and to the right the disciples grouped round
+the virgin; the lower are the Crucifixion in the centre, Christ bearing
+His cross to the left, and the entombment to the right.  This window was
+by Lavers, Barrand and Westlake; it was given in memory of the late Mr.
+Joseph Corbett, by his son, C. J. Corbett, Architect, of Imber Court,
+Surrey.
+
+The reredos has three compartments; the central device is a cross, with
+rays of glory, and the monogram I.H.S.; on the right and left are doubly
+pointed, crocheted, arches; the device in the northernmost being a crown
+of thorns, with the three nails, surrounded by a circle; next to it three
+interlaced circles; on the south side interlaced triangles, and a plain
+cross.  The east wall, up to the height of the reredos, is faced with
+alabaster.
+
+In the south wall of the chancel is a wide stone seat, and above it a
+two-light trefoiled window.  In the north chancel wall is a trefoiled
+credence table.  There is a tablet to the memory of William Goodenough,
+formerly rector, Archdeacon of Carlisle (the benefice formerly being in
+the patronage of the Bishops of Carlisle), who died 13th Dec., 1854; and
+commemorating his wife Mary Anne, daughter of Dr. Samuel Goodenough,
+Bishop of Carlisle; she dying 3rd Jan., 1847, aged 75.  The memorial was
+erected by their only surviving child, Mrs. Hawkins.
+
+The choir sittings are of carved modern oak; the pulpit is also of the
+same, on a stone base, and the lectern.  The chancel arch is lofty, the
+modern side columns having richly carved capitals.  Some of the stones of
+the original arch were found built into the chimney of a cottage near at
+hand.  The sittings in the nave, and the roof timbers, are of pitch pine.
+The base of the tower forms a roomy vestry.
+
+In the churchyard is the lower part of the shaft of a cross, standing on
+an octagonal base.  Opposite the east end of the south aisle is a
+tombstone in memory of James Roberts, "who sailed round the world in
+company with Sir Joseph Banks, in the years 1768-71, on board H.M.S. the
+Endeavour, Lieut. James Cook, Commander," attending him "also on other
+voyages." {194a}  The tomb of Archdeacon Goodenough is on the north-east
+side of the church.  Within a few feet of the south buttress of the tower
+is a fragment of an old tombstone, shewing part of a foliated cross on
+both sides, and the monogram I.H.S., in old characters, probably Saxon;
+Mareham being one of the 222 parishes in the county which had a church in
+Saxon times {194b}
+
+Gervase Holles (temp. Chas. I.) gives the following arms and
+inscriptions, as existing in the church in his time.  In the east window:
+
+Empaled       Arg' a crosse sa.
+
+              Arg. on a crosse G. a bezant.
+
+              Arg, a crosse sa.
+
+Empaled       Quarterly arg. and G., on the 1st and 4th quarters a
+              popinjay vert. membred and beked G.
+
+In the western window on the left of the tower:
+
+    Orate pro a'ia Joh'is Tott, Agnet, et Helene, uxorum ejus, &
+    specialiter pro Andrea Tott, Artium Baccalaureo, qui istam fenestram
+    lapidari, necnon vitreari fecit.
+
+Over the buttress, on the east side:
+
+    Quarterly Ufford and Beke . . .                     Willoughby
+
+       3 crosses portate . . .
+
+       2 chevrons between 3 roses . . .
+
+       A crosse . . .
+
+       A lyon passant . . .
+
+    "Domus mea domus orationis vocabitur, 1591."
+    {195a}
+
+The register dates from 1558.  An entry records that on 22nd Nov., 1685,
+a "Briefe was read and published, for Saresden in Oxfordshire, for loss
+valued at 1,449 pounds.  Granted June 14th, 1686."  Another entry, under
+date 23rd Nov., 1685, is as follows: "Thomas Eresby of Revvesby maketh
+oath yt Theodosie, his daughter, who was buried in the churchyard upon
+Sunday last, was wound and wrapped up in woollen only, according to the
+late Act of Parliament, in yt case made."  In explanation of this it may
+be stated that in 1677 British and Irish woollens were prohibited in
+France, which injured the woollen trade very much; and in the next year
+(1678) in order to encourage the trade at home, it was enacted by 29
+Charles II., c. 3, that all persons, except those who died of the plague,
+should be buried in wool, under a penalty of 5 pounds. {195b}  Another
+entry states that a collection was made, the amount not known, to afford
+relief, after the great fire in London, Sept., 1666.
+
+The rectory, adjoining the church, stands in a large, well wooded garden.
+It is a good substantial residence, rebuilt by Archdeacon Goodenough in
+1818-19, and much improved in 1855.  In the entrance hall are two old
+prints of the church and rectory before their restoration, dated 1785.
+They were presented to the late rector, Rev. W. Sharpe, by Alfred
+Cobbett, Esq., and they are preserved as heirlooms by the rectors for the
+time being.  The Rev. F. J. Williamson is the present rector, late of
+Lydgate.  The Bishop of Manchester is patron of the benefice; the
+patronage of this, and several other benefices in this neighbourhood,
+formerly held by the Bishops of Carlisle, being transferred to the See of
+Manchester some years after its creation, in 1848.
+
+The national school, built in 1840, is endowed with nearly an acre of
+land, given by Archdeacon Goodenough; it was considerably enlarged by J.
+Banks Stanhope, Esq., in 1877.  Some of the inhabitants are entitled to
+the benefits of the almshouses at Revesby.  There is a navigable drain
+from the Witham, passing near the village, affording communication with
+New Bolingbroke and Boston.  A former part of the parish is now included
+in the district of Wildmoor Fen.
+
+In Liber Regis this parish is named "Marrow, alias Marym, alias Mareham
+in le Fen."  It is called in _Domesday Book_ Meringe (or the sea-ing,
+_i.e._ sea-meadow).  Another form was Marum; the Revesby Charters, Nos.
+47 and 48, mention a piece of land, near the boundary of Marum, called
+"Mare Furlong," and the grass (Psamma arenaria) which now grows on the
+sea banks is commonly called Marrum grass.  All these names probably
+refer to the marish (Latin, mariscum), or marsh, character of the
+locality, caused by its proximity to the sea (le mer), which then came
+much nearer than it does now, and frequently flooded the land.
+
+The manor was given by the Conqueror to the powerful Norman, Robert
+Despenser, who, as his name implies, was the King's High Steward.  He was
+the ancestor of the Despensers, Earls of Gloucester, and he held 15
+manors in Lincolnshire alone, besides 17 in Leicestershire, and several
+in other counties.  Much of the land of this parish was at a later period
+given to Revesby Abbey, and at the dissolution of the monasteries some of
+this was granted by Henry VIII, to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.
+{196a}  In later times it became, by purchase, the property of Mr. Joseph
+Banks, M.P. for Grimsby, born in 1681, and eventually came to his
+distinguished descendant, Sir Joseph Banks; and on his death some of the
+Mareham land passed to the ancestors of the present Sir Henry M. Hawley.
+Other proprietors are now Major Gape, Messrs. J. R. Chapman, Joseph Lake,
+and other smaller owners.
+
+Among the Lincolnshire gentry called upon (with the Massingberds,
+Heneages, and many others) to furnish "launces and light horse," in the
+16th century, when the Spanish armada was expected, was one "John May of
+Mairing," who failed to present himself at the muster in 1584, but in
+1586 supplied "one light horse." {196b}
+
+In Notes on Low Toynton mention is made of the old family of Newcomen,
+originally "of Salaby," _i.e._ Saltfleetby, where many generations of
+them were buried, from the time of Richard I.  They married into
+influential and titled families, in various parts of the county.  Charles
+Newcomen lived at Hagnaby in 1634, and bought land in Revesby.  A
+Newcomen lived in Mareham in the 17th century.  They were connected, by
+marriage, with the family of Sir Joseph Banks, as Mr. Banks, grandfather
+of Sir Joseph, had a house in Lincoln, the adjoining one being occupied
+by Newcomen Wallis, Esq., and Mr. Banks married Catherine the widow of
+Mr. Wallis (see the Banks monument in Revesby church, north aisle), whose
+mother was daughter and co-heir of Nicholas Newcomen, Esq. {196c}
+
+We here give a few old records in connection with this parish in the
+past.  The Court Roll of Mareham-le-Fen (preserved among the documents of
+the Listers of Burwell) for 2 Elizabeth, shows that, at that date (A.D.
+1559), Thomas Glenham, Esq. (variously written Glemham), had the Manor of
+Mareham.  In the 23rd Elizabeth it is recorded that Charles Glenham,
+Esq., by his lawful attorney, Francis Colby, of Glenham Parva, Esq.,
+granted leases for seven years to divers tenants in Mareham.  Thomas
+owned also the Manors of Calceby, Belchford, Oxcomb, and Burwell; these
+he sold to Sir Matthew Lister, afterwards of Burwell.  He married Amye,
+daughter of Sir Henry Parker. {196d}
+
+In a suit, instituted 29th May, 1239, between William de Bavent,
+plaintiff, and Walter, Bishop of Carlisle, defendant, regarding the
+advowson of the church of "Merum," the said William "quit claimed" all
+his right to the said advowson, to the bishop and his heirs for ever; and
+in return for this the bishop gave him 10 marks.  In the old record,
+Testa de Nevill, folio 556 (circa 1326), Walter de Bavent held certain
+lands in Marum, "by service of falconry," _i.e._ by providing yearly, in
+lieu of rent, one "gay goss-hawk," or more, for the use of the Lord of
+the Manor. {196e}
+
+Robert de Weston, Rector of Marum, by his will, dated 3rd March, 1389,
+requested that he might be buried in Marum Church.  He bequeathed to the
+Mendicant Friars of Boston 6s. 8d. "to remember me in their masses," to
+Lady Margaret Hawteyn, Nun of Ormsby, 10s.; to Trinity College,
+Cambridge, a book called "Johannes in Collectario," to every fellow there
+2s., and every scholar 1s.  Among other bequests are to Mgr. Eudo la
+Zouch "12 cocliaria nova de argento" (_i.e._ 12 new spoons of silver); to
+"John Geune my clerk a missal of the new use of sarum", and "masses for
+souls of Walter ffelsted, William Stel, and James de Medringham.
+Executors, Eudo la Zouch, John ffoston my chaplin, &c., the residue of my
+goods to be sold, as quickly as possible, communi pretio, so that the
+purchasers may be bound to pray for my soul."
+
+William Leych, parson of Mareham, by will dated 11th Aug, 1556, requests
+that he may be buried "in the quire of St. Helen."  "To my brother Robert
+Leych 12 silver spoons, to Sir John Richardson 6 great books, containing
+the holle course of the bybyll, and a repetorii, and a concordance"; to
+Sir John Morland "Opera Chrisostomi & Sancti Thomas, & Haymo super
+epistolas sauli"; to Mr. Lancelot Sawkeld "Deane of Carlyle 20s., praying
+him to cause a dirige and masses to be said for me . . . I make Mr.
+Arthur Dymok and Mr. Robert Dymok supervisors."
+
+                [Picture: Wesleyan Chapel, Mareham-le-Fen]
+
+Henry Ayscough, of Blyborough, by will dated 19 Oct., 1611, left lands in
+Mareham-le-Fen, and the Manor of Tumby, and other lands, to his
+grandsons.  In connection with this we may mention that the late Sir
+Henry James Hawley married, as his first wife, Elizabeth Askew, a
+descendant of the same family.  The Ayscoughs (or Askews) were a
+distinguished Lincolnshire and Yorkshire family, and have still numerous
+representatives. {198a}
+
+Here is another record of the same family.  By will, dated 15th April,
+1612, Walter Ayscoughe, of Mareham-le-Fen, left to his wife Bridget 20
+pounds annuity, and other property, for her life; then to his sons Henry
+and Walter, and two daughters Margaret and Elizabeth; also 12d. to the
+same; and 5s. to Nicholas Cressey, gent, supervisor, witness Clynton
+Ayscoughe; proved at Horncastle, 2nd May, 1613.  To this family belonged
+Anne Askew the martyr, who was the younger daughter of Sir William
+Ayscough, Bart., of Stallingborough.  Their property eventually came to
+the late Ascoghe Boucherett, of South Willingham.
+
+Next we find one of the old family of Newcomen, already referred to,
+"Edward Newcomen of Mareham-le-Fenne, by will, proved at Horncastle, 1st
+July, 1614," leaving to his daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, 10 pounds
+each, the same to his son Robert, and the residue to his wife; the
+personality being 120 pounds 3s. 8d., a vastly larger sum in those days
+than now.
+
+Another will is that of Annie Elie, widow, of Mareham-le-Fen, dated 13th
+July, 1616, in which she desires "to be buried in the church," so that
+she was probably some one of importance.  She leaves everything to her
+son-in-law John Wymberley, and her daughter Susan Wymberley. {198b}
+
+Among the deeds and charters of Revesby Abbey, privately printed by the
+Right Hon. E. Stanhope a few years ago, No. 24 gives, among the witnesses
+to a deed of gift, the name of Eda, wife of Richard, Priest of Mareham
+(temp. Henry II., or Richard I).  Hence it is evident that celibacy was
+not strictly enforced on the clergy at that period. {198c}  Among the
+witnesses to other deeds are Robert, Priest of Marum, and Richard, Priest
+of Marum, A.D. 1172.  The deed of gift of certain lands to Revesby Abbey
+(No. 29), by a certain John, is stamped with a round seal, having an
+equestrian figure, and the legend Sigillum Johannis de Maringe.  By
+another deed William, son of John of Maring, gives certain lands; the
+seal bearing a lion and dog, or fox "contourne regardant," {198d} the
+legend of this is Sigill. Will. de Marige.
+
+With these records and associations with the past, the parish of Mareham
+may surely be said to have a history on which its people may well look
+back with interest and satisfaction.
+
+
+
+MOORBY.
+
+
+Moorby lies about 4.5 miles from Horncastle, and about 1.5 miles beyond
+Scrivelsby, in a south-easterly direction.  Letters _via_ Boston arrive
+at 9.30.
+
+The registers date from 1561, but contain no entries of any particular
+interest.  The church, dedicated to All Saints, has undergone several
+transformations.  This was one of the 222 parishes which possessed a
+church before the Norman conquest, and it still contains a fragment (to
+be noticed later on) which is apparently of Saxon origin.  Both Weir in
+his History (1828), and Saunders (1834) agree in stating that in the
+early part of the 19th century the church was "totally destitute of
+interest."  _The Gazetteer_ of 1863 describes it vaguely as a "Gothic
+structure."  It was rebuilt in 1864, from designs by Mr. James Fowler,
+Architect, of Louth, at a cost of 1,100 pounds, defrayed by J. Banks
+Stanhope, Esq., Lord of the Manor; and was further repaired in 1891, by
+public subscription.  It consists of nave, chancel, vestry, north porch,
+and small square tower at the north-west angle, with low spire containing
+one bell.  It is built chiefly of brick with facings of Ancaster stone.
+
+In the north wall of the nave are a couple of two-light windows, in the
+Perpendicular style; in the south wall are three two-light windows; all
+these having bands of red and black brick alternately.  In the west wall
+are two single-light lancet windows, with an ox-eye window above.  In the
+chancel there is a small lancet window in the north wall, and a square
+aumbrey.  The east end has a three-light plain lancet window; beneath
+which is a stone reredos, having three compartments filled with encaustic
+tiles, having, as their designs, in the centre a cross in gilt, and Alpha
+and Omega, within ox-eyes, on either side.  In the south wall in front of
+the vestry is a lancet-shaped doorway, and, west of it, an arcade of two
+lancet apertures, supported by four columns of serpentine.  Within the
+vestry is a two-light lancet window; and let into the eastern wall is a
+small slab, having four grotesque figures, one blowing a kind of bagpipe,
+the others dancing.  This is said to have been a portion of a "minstrel
+pillar," it is apparently Saxon, and is probably a relic from the
+original fabric.  The chancel arch is of red and black bricks, in
+alternate bands, the capitals nicely carved in stone, supported by small
+serpentine columns.  The pulpit is of Caen stone, having a cross within a
+circle on the front panel, and one serpentine column.  The chancel choir
+stalls are of good modern oak; the sittings in the nave and the roof
+being of pitch pine.
+
+The font is the most remarkable feature of the church.  It has a large
+square bowl; the device on the east side is a skeleton being drawn from
+the tomb by two angels, doubtless emblematic of the "death unto sin and
+new birth unto righteousness," accomplished in baptism.  On the north
+face is the virgin and child, with the sun and moon in the corners above.
+On the south side is a figure in long vestment, apparently sitting on an
+altar, much defaced.  On the west are six figures, much defaced, in the
+attitude of prayer.  At the four angles are quatrefoiled niches, having
+at their bases, alternately, a crowned head and a mitre.  This may have
+been of the 14th century.  The shaft is square and modern, with columns
+at the angles.
+
+The communion plate is modern, except the paten, which bears the
+inscription "Matthew Sympson, M.A., instituted Rector of Moorby, Feb. 28,
+1705, collated Prebendary of Lincoln, June 25, 1718, Rector of Wenington,
+May 29, 1728."  The present Rector is the Rev. R. C. Oake, late Vicar of
+Broughton, Manchester.  The rectory of Moorby is consolidated with the
+vicarage of Wood Enderby.
+
+By deed dated Nov. 24th, 1855, the guardians of the poor, by consent of
+the ratepayers, gave certain land in Moorby for the site of a parish
+school to the minister, churchwardens, and overseers, and their
+successors; and more recently a school district has been formed for the
+parishes of Moorby, Wood Enderby, Claxby, and Wilksby; the school, which
+was built in 1855, being enlarged in 1872, to provide the accommodation
+required by this union.
+
+Moorby was one of the "thousand four hundred and forty-two manors" which
+William the Conqueror took as his own portion, when he divided the lands
+of England among his Norman followers.  Being in the Soke of Horncastle,
+it was doubtless granted, along with that manor, and those of West Ashby,
+High Toynton, and several others, to Adelias or Alice de Cundi, daughter
+of William de Cheney, Lord of Caenby ann Glentham, and wife of Roger de
+Cundi.  As she took part against King Stephen, in favour of the Empress
+Maud, he took the property from her; but eventually restored it to her,
+on condition that she should demolish her castle at Horncastle; this
+however was only for life, the estates again reverting to the crown.
+Henry II. made a grant of them to Gerbald le Escald, a Fleming noble, who
+was succeeded by his grandson and heir, Gerard de Rhodes.  His son, Ralph
+de Rhodes, in the reign of Henry III., sold the manors to Walter
+Mauclerke, Bishop of Carlisle, and until recently the patronage of Moorby
+benefice belonged to the Bishops of Carlisle.  After the creation of the
+See of Manchester, the patronage, with that of High Toynton,
+Mareham-le-Fen, &c., was transferred to the Bishops of Manchester.
+
+_Domesday Book_, describing the soke of the Manor of Horncastle, says "In
+Morebi there are 3 carucates of land (or about 360 acres).  There are 6
+soc-men, and 10 bordars, who have 4 carucates (or 480 acres).  There is a
+church and a priest (evidently a resident; of whom, according to Sir
+Henry Ellis, there were only 130 in the country), and 240 acres of meadow
+and 6 acres of underwood."  In the old record, Testa de Nevill (circa
+1326-1328), the benefice of "Morby" is said to be "of the gift of the
+lord the king," _i.e._ Edward II. or III.  The original charters of Henry
+III., granting these manors to the Bishops of Carlisle, were confirmed by
+Henry VI.; but in course of time they passed to the Brandons, and to
+various other proprietors, until the ancestor of Sir Joseph Banks became
+lessee of the Manor of Horncastle, and also acquired the Manor of Moorby;
+to which James Banks Stanhope, Esq., and the late Right Hon. Edward
+Stanhope succeeded; although T. Elsey, the Artindale family, and the
+trustees of Bardney school, own portions of the parish.
+
+In the year 1554 (Aug. 6th) Thomas Bewley, Clerk, was admitted to this
+benefice by Robert, Bishop of Carlisle, it being "vacant by deprivation."
+This was the 2nd year of the reign of Queen Mary, of ill memory.
+Doubtless the offence of the ejected predecessor was that he was married,
+which was contrary to the papistic ideas, revived in that brief reign.
+Numbers of beneficed clergy were deprived at that time for this offence.
+
+A few old records of some interest are preserved connected with Moorby,
+of which we give two or three samples here.  First we have a family of
+the name of Moreby, of whom more than one mention is made.  Roger Moreby,
+by will dated Saturday after the Feast of St. Botolph, 1394, commends his
+soul to St. Mary and all the saints; he requests that his body may be
+buried in Croyland parish church; he leaves 40s. to be given to the poor
+on the day of his burial, and money to provide torches and wax for the
+church, and the altars of St. Katharine, St. John the Baptist, and Holy
+Trinity; he bequeaths 10 pounds of silver to his wife, and other items.
+Again, by will dated the Feast of St. Thomas the apostle, 1368, Gervase
+de Wylleford bequeaths 100s. to John Moreby his cousin.
+
+The family of Ayscough, formerly so widely represented in the county,
+were connected with Moorby.  By will, dated 16th Nov., 1601, Henry
+Ascoughe, Gent., desires to be buried in the parish church of "Morebie,"
+leaving to his sister "Elizabeth Aiscoughe (his) hereditaments in Morebie
+for life, then to go to his brother Matthew."  His sister is also to have
+lands which he had leased to Sir Henry Glenham, Knight. {201a}  He
+further leaves to her, as executrix, "10 pounds to be good and to my poor
+sister Margarette."  To his brother Simon he bequeaths "the best
+apparrell of my bodie, with riding furniture, and my baie gelding,
+rapier, dagger, and pistol," and further bequests.  The testator was son
+of Christopher Ayscough, of Bliborough, and married, apparently without
+issue, Margaret, daughter of Symon Battell, of Denham, Suffolk.
+
+Like the not very distant Wildmore Fen, in which it now has a modern
+allotment of 14 acres of glebe land.  The name of Moorby tells of its
+condition at the time when it acquired that designation, which means the
+"by," _i.e._ "byre," or farmstead on the moor. {201b}  The moorland has
+now entirely disappeared under the plough, and only young plantations
+represent its former wild, woodland character.
+
+
+
+WOOD ENDERBY.
+
+
+Wood Enderby lies about four miles south by east from Horncastle.
+Letters _via_ Boston arrive at 10.30 a.m.
+
+The church, dedicated to St. Benedict, consists of nave, north aisle, and
+chancel, a low tower, with graceful broach spire, containing one bell,
+and small vestry.  It is built of a warm-tinted green sandstone, with
+free stone dressings; the style of its architecture is a combination of
+the early English and Decorated periods.  It was almost entirely rebuilt
+in 1860, at a cost of about 1,000 pounds.  The south door, which is in
+the tower, has an Early English arch of five mouldings.  There is a plain
+trefoiled window above in the tower; the lower part of the spire having
+two lancet windows, with a circle above them, and a small single-light
+window on each side, half way up.  In the west wall of the tower is a
+three-light window, with two trefoils and a quatrefoil above.  This is
+filled with coloured glass, having the texts "I am the way, the truth,
+and the life," "Where two or three are gathered together in My name,
+there am I in the midst of them," and "No man cometh unto the Father but
+by Me."  There are similar windows, but without coloured glass, in all
+four faces of the tower.  At the north-west angle of the tower is a
+staircase turret.  Within the south door, against the west wall, is an
+old stone coffin, with broken lid, ornamented with an incised floriated
+cross; this was discovered at the time of the restoration.
+
+The arcade of the north aisle is of three bays, being part of the old
+church, in Early English style, with plain arches, supported on one
+octagonal pier and one shafted pier, with dog-tooth ornament, the former
+having foliage on the capital.  In the north wall of the nave are three
+square-headed windows of three lights, with trefoils above, the glass
+being plain, except a border of red, purple, and yellow.  In the south
+wall are three two-light windows, with trefoil and circle above; the
+glass being modern, with various coloured scripture texts.
+
+The sittings are of deal, with plain poppy-heads.  The pulpit is of
+modern oak, of five panels, each panel being divided into two trefoiled
+arched partitions; the central panel having a trefoil above, and below it
+a square piece of carved old oak, representing Elijah blessing the cruse
+of oil for the widow of Zarephath.  The vestry, at the east end of the
+north aisle, has one small trefoiled window.  The tower and the spire
+were added at the restoration.  The chancel has a decorated east window
+of three lights, with three quatrefoils above.  It is filled with modern
+coloured glass, the subjects being, in the centre the Saviour risen from
+the tomb, on the left an angel seated at the tomb, and on the right the
+Magdalen.  There is an inscription, "Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not,
+for I am not yet ascended to my Father; but go to my brethren, and say
+unto them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father, and to my God and
+your God.  John xx, 17."
+
+The north and south chancel walls have each one two-light trefoiled
+window, with quatrefoil above; plain glass, except the coloured band.  In
+the south wall is a curious square projecting Norman piscina, with fluted
+basin, and fluted sides.  In the north wall is an arched sepulchral
+recess.  The chancel arch is plain Early English.  The roof, like the
+sittings, is of pitch pine.  The font has a plain octagonal large bowl of
+Barnack stone, its upper rim being modern, the shaft plain quadrilateral,
+with plain square columns at the angles; base and pediment octagonal.
+
+The register dates from 1561.  It begins with the note "The Register
+booke of Woodenderbye, containing herein ye names of all such as have
+been married, burried, and christened, from Michaelmas 1561, to
+Michaelmas 1562."  The first five or six entries are illegible, and the
+others contain nothing of special interest.  The benefice, a vicarage, is
+consolidated with the rectory of Moorby, and is now held by the Rev. R.
+C. Oake.
+
+As the name of Moorby indicated the character of the locality in former
+times, when that name was first acquired, so Wood Enderby means the
+"bye," _i.e._ "byre," or farmstead "at the end of the wood," as it
+borders on what was once the forest tract of "Tumby Chase"; Haltham wood,
+near at hand, being a relic of that former wild region. {202}
+
+W. H. Trafford, Esq., is Lord of the Manor.  The Hon. Mr. Stanhope owns a
+large part of the land; and portions belong to the Rev. G. Ward, and
+other smaller owners.  The late Miss Trafford Southwell founded an infant
+school in the village; the older children attending the Moorby school.
+The poor parishioners receive 6d. each at Christmas, left by an unknown
+donor, out of the farm now owned by Rev. G. Ward, of Mavis Enderby.
+
+The ancient history of Wood Enderby is much the same as that of Moorby.
+It was one of the minor demesnes, within the Soke of Horncastle, and
+attached to that manor; as were also West Ashby, High Toynton,
+Mareham-on-the-Hill, and other parishes.  It would thus also be among the
+estates of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and when his main line
+became extinct, and the property was divided among collateral branches,
+Wood Enderby, with Wilksby and Revesby, fell to the share of Mr. John
+Carsey, or Kersey; his wife, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lovell, Knight,
+being grand-daughter of Margaret, sister and co-heir of the Duke of
+Suffolk.  He owned the property from 1552 to 1575, and he and his son
+Francis jointly sold it to Thomas Cecil, Lord Treasurer Burleigh.  He
+held it from 1575 to 1598, when it passed in succession to the 1st and
+2nd Earls of Exeter, and to Elizabeth, Lady Howard, wife of the Earl of
+Berkshire, in 1640, and so in 1658 to Henry Howard; in 1663 to his cousin
+Craven Howard, who built the former residence at Revesby; and, after his
+death, the property was sold by the daughters of Henry Howard to the
+Banks family; whence the manor has descended to the present proprietors
+of Revesby.
+
+The manor, like that of Moorby and other parishes already named, would at
+one time belong to the Bishops of Carlisle, and they were till recently
+patrons of the benefice; the patronage, within late years, being
+transferred to the Bishops of Manchester, after the creation of that See
+in 1848.
+
+At an earlier date, being an appendage to the Manor of Horncastle, this
+demesne would be owned at one period by Gerard and Ralph de Rhodes; and
+this is shewn by the following records among the Final Concords, date 3rd
+Feb., 1224-5, whereby an agreement was arrived at between Henry del
+Ortiay and Sabina his wife, on the one part, and Ralph de Rhodes on the
+other part, as to certain lands in Moorby, Enderby, Horncastle, and other
+parishes, that the said Henry and Sabina should recognise the said lands
+as belonging to the said Ralph; he, on his part, granting to them other
+lands there, specially designated, they rendering to him "therefor by the
+year, one pair of gilt spurs, at Easter, for all service and exaction."
+{203a}  This agreement was settled "at the court of the Lord the King at
+Westminster on the morrow of the purification of the blessed Mary, in the
+9th year of King Henry III. {203b}
+
+In the old records, Testa de Nevill (circa 1326-28), it is stated that
+"the churches of Horncastre, Askeby (West Ashby), Upper Thinton (High
+Toynton), of Meringes (Mareham-on-the-Hill), and of Hinderby (Wood
+Enderby), are of the gift of the lord; and Osbert, the parson, holds them
+of King Richard."
+
+In _Domesday Book_ it is stated that at the time of the Conqueror, there
+were "400 acres of wood pasturage" in the parish, a sufficient reason for
+its designation.  Like Moorby, it was among the manors seized by the
+Conqueror, for his portion of the plunder taken from our Saxon
+forefathers.  In Saxon times the Thane, Siward, had land here; which was
+given by the Conqueror to his steward, Robert Despenser, brother of the
+Earl Montgomery. {203c}
+
+
+
+CONINGSBY.
+
+
+This is a large village, about 8 miles from Horncastle, in a southerly
+direction.  It is bounded on the north by Tattershall Thorpe, on the west
+by Tattershall, on the south by Wildmore, and on the east by Tumby and
+Mareham-le-Fen.  Its area is 3,442 acres, including the hamlet of
+Hawthorn Hill; rateable value 5,160 pounds; population 1,192.  Apart from
+a limited number of shops and three inns, the people are engaged mainly
+in agriculture.  The soil is mostly a light sand, with a subsoil of
+gravel deposits and clay.  The nearest railway station is at Tattershall,
+distant about 1.5 miles.
+
+The owners of over 50 acres are Lord Willoughby de Eresby, M.P., Lord of
+the Manor; Sir H. M. Hawley, Bart., J.P.; F. Sherwin; J. Rodgers; J.
+Burcham Rogers, J.P.; Mrs. Evison; the rector, Rev. Canon A. Wright,
+M.A., J.P., Rural Dean and Canon of Lincoln.  Smaller owners, about 50.
+The only gentleman's seat now existing is the hall, the residence of J.
+B. Rogers, Esq., J.P.
+
+The old custom of ringing the pancake bell on Shrove Tuesday is still
+kept up.  The annual feast is held in the week after St. Michael's Day,
+the patron saint.  The "Ignitegium," or curfew, was rung within the last
+35 years, but has been discontinued, the parish being now lighted by gas.
+
+There are a few field names, indicating the former "woodland and waste"
+{204} character of the locality.  The Ings, or meadows, so common
+throughout the district; Oatlands; Scrub Hill, scrub being an old
+Lincolnshire word for a small wood; Reedham, referring to the morass;
+Toothill, probably a "look-out" over the waste; Langworth, probably a
+corruption of lang-wath, the long ford; Troy Wood, may be British,
+corresponding to the Welsh caertroi, a labyrinth or fort of mounds.  The
+hamlets are Dogdyke, a corruption of Dock-dyke (the sea having once
+extended to these parts); Hawthorn Hill, Scrub Hill.  There is an
+enclosure award in the possession of the clerk of the Parish Council.
+
+The parish register dates from 1561.  The church plate is modern, chalice
+and paten dated 1870; the flagon is older and more massive, but has no
+date.  The Earl of Ancaster is patron of the benefice, a rectory, with
+good house, enlarged about 30 years ago, and 500 acres of glebe.
+
+The National School was built by subscription and government grant in
+1836, at a cost of about 230 pounds, exclusive of the site, which was
+given by the late Sir Gilbert Heathcote.  It was enlarged in 1875 at cost
+of 300 pounds.  The master has 3 pound per annum, left by the Rev. R.
+Kelham in 1719, also the dividend of 100 pounds 3.5 per cent. reduced
+consols, bought by the bequest of the Rev. Mr. Boawre, Rector, in 1784.
+
+The charities are Banks, _viz._ 2 pounds a year from land in Haltham, for
+bread for the poor; Metham's, for poor widows, from houses and land in
+Wisbech, left by Geo. Metham in 1685; Lawrence's, for coats for poor men,
+from land in Leake, left by Robt. Lawrence in 1721.
+
+The Horncastle canal traverses the parish, but is now a derelict.
+
+There was formerly a castle in this parish, the residence of a family of
+the name of Coningsby, but no traces of it remain, unless it be in an
+ancient dovecote, placed among some fine trees to the east of the
+village.
+
+The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a large, and originally a fine,
+church, consisting of nave, with north and south aisles, an apsidal
+modern chancel, and a massive western tower.  This latter is of
+Perpendicular date, very plain, but of excellent ashlar work; it has a
+clock and six bells.  The ground stage has open arches to the north and
+south, with a groined roof above, and a thoroughfare through it.  In the
+eastern wall of the south porch is a stoup, which was formerly open, both
+within the porch and outside it.  Over the porch is a parvis or priest's
+chamber.  Outside the church, near the top of the wall of a cupola-shaped
+finial of the rood loft turret is an old sun dial.  The interior of the
+nave has a massive heavy roof of beams somewhat rudely cut, with traces
+of former colouring.
+
+The four western bays of the arcade are Early English, with low arches,
+the easternmost bay seems to have been added at a later date, the arch
+higher and wider.  The moulding between two of the north arches
+terminates in a head, on each side of which an evil spirit is whispering.
+Another terminal is the head of a woman wearing the "branks," or "scold's
+bridle."  On the south side of the chancel arch is a rood loft staircase
+turret, of which both the lower and upper door remain.
+
+At the restoration in 1872 the clerestory windows were spoilt by being
+reduced in height; externally their original design remains.  In the
+centre of the nave are two large sepulchral slabs, once bearing brasses,
+which are now gone, representing two civilians and their wives.  The
+apsidal chancel is quite out of keeping with the rest of the fabric.
+There are some remains of the old carved oak screen, and south of the
+communion table is an Early English capital, with piscina behind it.
+
+                [Picture: St. Michaels Church, Coningsby]
+
+The Notes on Churches, by Gervase Holles, shew that in his time (circa
+1630) the windows of this church abounded in coloured glass, of which not
+a vestige remains.  He gives, among the devices, the arms of Marmyon,
+Dymoke, Hillary, Welles, Hattecliffe, Umfraville, Willoughby, Ros,
+Tateshale, Bernake, Crumwell, Huntingfield, Rochfort, Beke, Boucher,
+Waterton, Hebden, Deyncourt, France and England, &c. {205}
+
+Among the rectors of this parish have been two poets, one the laureate of
+his day (1718), the Rev. Laurence Eusden, who died 1730.  The other, John
+Dyer, was born 1700, appointed to the benefice in 1752, by Sir John
+Heathcote, was the author of _Grongar Hill_, _The Fleece_, and _The Ruins
+of Rome_; he was honoured with a sonnet by Wordsworth.
+
+A congregation of Baptists was formed here under the Commonwealth, with
+an endowment for a minister.  The society still exists, their present
+chapel being erected in 1862; they have also a day school, built by Mr.
+John Overy in 1845.  The Wesleyans have a chapel, built in 1825, and
+others at Hawthorn Hill, Haven Bank, Moorside, and Meer Booth.  The
+Primitive Methodists have a chapel, built in 1854, and others at Reedham
+Corner and Scrub Hill.
+
+Of the early history of this parish we have scattered notices in various
+documents.  In _Domesday Book_ we find that Sortibrand, son of Ulf the
+Saxon, who was one of the lagmen of Lincoln, held a Berewick in
+Coningsby.  Land here is mentioned among the Conqueror's possessions.
+The powerful favourite of the Conqueror, Robert Despenser, laid claim to
+a fishery and lands in Coningsby; and the juryman of the wapentake of
+Horncastle decided that his claim was good, because Achi, his Saxon
+predecessor, had held the same in the time of Edward the Confessor.  From
+the same source we find that two other powerful Normans held land here,
+_viz._ Hugo d' Abrincis, surnamed "Lupus," or "The Wolf," from his fierce
+character; and Drogo de Bruere, who had the Conqueror's niece to wife.
+
+As with other parishes in this soke, we find from a Feet of Fines, 9
+Henry III., No. 52, that Ralph de Rhodes then held lands here.
+Subsequently the Marmyons, Dymokes, and Taillebois, all connected in the
+blazonry of the former memorial windows (as before mentioned), held
+property in the parish. {206a}  By a Chancery Inquisition post mortem,
+taken 31st May, 10 Henry VII., No. 72 (A.D. 1495), it was found that
+Robert Taillebois, Knt., with John Gygour, Warden of the college of
+Tateshale, was seized of the manor; while, further, in a Feet of Fines,
+19 Henry VII. (1503), John Mordaunt is acknowledged by Sir Edward
+Poynings, Sir Thomas Fynes, and others, to be the owner of lands in
+Coningsby, and elsewhere in the soke.  He held at least four other
+manors, and lands in many other parishes.  Also a Feet of Fines, 21 Henry
+VII. (1505), it was agreed before Humphrey Coningsby, Sergeant at Law,
+Sir Giles Daubeney, and others, that the Bishop of Winchester held
+certain property here.
+
+The Dymokes were patrons of the benefice; Sir Charles Dymoke presenting
+in 1682, after which the patronage passed to the Heathcote family (Liber
+Regis and Ecton's Thesaurus).  But an earlier connection with the Dymokes
+is shewn by a tombstone commemorative of "Anna, daughter of Thomas
+Dymoke, and his wife Margaret, que obijt . . .  Ao Dni 1462."
+
+In connection with the Humphrey Coningsby, named above, we have already
+mentioned that a castellated residence in this parish belonged to a
+family of that name.  This Humphrey was Judge of the King's Bench, and
+bought Hampton Court, co. Hereford, of Sir Thomas Cornwall, about 1510;
+where was preserved a painting of the old mansion at Coningsby. {206b}
+Thomas Coningsby was knighted by Elizabeth in 1591.  Sir Fitz-William
+Coningsby was Sheriff of the county, 1627; and for his loyalty to Charles
+I. his estates were confiscated by the Puritans.  His son was rewarded
+with a peerage by Charles II.; and saved the life of King William at the
+battle of the Boyne; but his two sons dying early, and he having no
+further issue, the title became extinct.
+
+In the List of Gentry of Lincolnshire, made at the Herald's Visitation in
+1634, we find the name of Clinton Whichcote, of Coningsby, a member of an
+old county family, still occupying a good position. {207a}
+
+
+
+WILKSBY.
+
+
+Wilksby lies about halfway between the parishes of Wood Enderby and
+Moorby, at a distance of about five miles from Horncastle, in a
+south-easterly direction.  Letters from Boston _via_ Revesby, arrive
+about 10.30 a.m.
+
+The ancient history of this parish is much the same as that of the
+adjoining parish of Moorby on the east, and Wood Enderby on the west.  It
+is called in _Domesday Book_ Wilchesbi, and Wilgesbi.  At the date of
+that survey (1086) there were four soc-men and five bordars, who had one
+carucate (or 120 acres) of land, and 20 acres of woodland; while the lord
+of the manor had one carucate in demesne, and five villeins, with two
+oxen in another carucate; with 20 acres of meadow and 40 acres of
+underwood; so that, like the neighbouring Moor-by and Wood Ender-by, this
+parish also was largely of a forest character.
+
+In this parish there was also "a Berewick of 1.5 carucates" (or 180
+acres); a Berewick meaning an outlying farm (from "bere" barley, and
+"wick" a village) belonging to another manor.
+
+The parish was one of the estates taken by the Conqueror for himself,
+probably then forming part of the great Tumby Chase.  He afterwards
+granted the manor to his steward, Robert Despenser, a powerful Norman
+noble, the ancestor of the Earls of Gloucester, brother of the Earl
+Montgomery, and of Urso de Abetot, hereditary sheriff of Worcestershire.
+He held 15 manors in Lincolnshire, and 17 in Leicestershire, beside
+others elsewhere.
+
+Being in the Soke of Horncastle, it would be connected with that manor,
+as were so many other neighbouring parishes; and doubtless by a similar
+process, to the cases of Moorby and Wood Enderby, it belonged
+successively to the Brandons, Dukes of Suffolk; the Cecils, Earls of
+Exeter; the Howards, Earls of Berkshire; and finally, by purchase, passed
+to the Banks family, and through them to the Stanhopes.
+
+Among the Assize Rolls (No. 319, m. 9 d) is a plea, made at Hertford,
+10th May, 1247, in which "Joan de Leweline (with another) offered herself
+against Silvester, Bishop of Karlisle," in a suit concerning "20 pounds
+of rent in Enderby, Moreby, Wilkesby and Cuningby, and the advowson of
+the church Moreby," in which the bishop failed to appear.  But in a Feet
+of Fines, Lincoln, 32 Henry III., No. 131, an agreement was made (21st
+July, A.D. 1248) by which the said Joan de Lewelyn (and others) did
+homage to the bishop, for these lands in Enderby, "Welkeby," &c., and the
+advowson of "Moresby," the bishop in turn granting to them "the homage
+and whole service of Ivo, son of Odo de Tymelby"; and they holding the
+land, &c., "in chief of the aforesaid bishop; and doing therefor the
+fourth part of the service of one knight." {207b}
+
+In another document, a Final Concord, dated 27th May, 1240, between Alan
+de Dauderby and Alice de Lysurs, it was agreed that Alice should "acquit
+him of the service which Robert de Theleby exacts . . . of half a
+knight's fee, for which she is mesne."  She further agrees that Alan and
+his heirs shall hold certain tenements of Alice and her heirs; to wit, 12
+oxgangs and 80 acres of land, two messuages, with a rent of 12s. 8d., and
+two parts of a mill in Theleby, Wilkeby, Burton; and a meadow called
+Utemyng, for the service a fourth part of a knight's fee; and for this
+Alan gave her 10 marks.
+
+The former of these records shews that, like the other parishes connected
+with the Manor of Horncastle, the Bishops of Carlisle were at one period
+patrons of the benefice (and probably owners of the manor) of Wilkesby;
+but, while in the case of several other parishes, this patronage
+continues (only transferred to the Bishops of Manchester) to the present
+day, the patronage of Wilksby passed to others.  According to Liber Regis
+in 1711 and 1720 Lewis Dymoke presented to the benefice.  In 1764, by
+some arrangement, George Willows, Gent., presented; but again, in 1833,
+it was in the patronage of the Hon. the Champion, H. Dymoke, who
+appointed to the rectory a relative, the Rev. J. Bradshaw Tyrwhitt, one
+of a very old, knightly, Lincolnshire family, the Tyrwhitts of
+Stainfield, Kettleby, &c.  A tablet to his memory is erected in the
+church at Scrivelsby. {208a}  The patronage was subsequently acquired by
+J. Banks Stanhope, Esq., and is annexed to the chaplaincy of Revesby,
+which has no permanent endowment.
+
+Among the List of Gentry of Lincolnshire, made at the Herald's Visitation
+in 1634, and preserved at the Heralds' College, along with the Dymocks of
+Scrivelsby, Haltham, Kyme and Lincoln, is Paganell Hartgrave of Wilksby.
+{208b}
+
+The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a mean structure, erected in the
+18th century, of brick and Spilsby sandstone, standing on the site of an
+earlier church, of which nothing seems to remain except the font.  It
+consists of nave and chancel, both on a very small scale, and a wooden
+bell-turret, with one small bell.  The north and west walls are of
+sandstone, the former covered with a thick coating of tar to keep out the
+moisture; the east wall has alternate layers of brick and sandstone.
+Some improvements have been made in recent years, much needed to make it
+even a decent place of worship.  The two two-light trefoiled windows in
+the south wall of the nave have been framed in stone instead of wood, and
+filled with green glass.  The east window of the chancel has wooden
+mullions interlaced, and it has been adorned with paper representations
+of, in the centre the Ascension, to the left the Saviour holding an
+infant in his arms, to the right the child Jesus sitting among the
+doctors in the temple.
+
+The roof of the chancel is apsidal, externally, as well as the nave,
+covered with modern house tiles.  Internally the nave has a flat ceiling
+of deal boards.  The pulpit and seats are painted wainscot; there is a
+small modern oak reading desk, and a lectern to match it.  The chancel
+arch is a plain semicircle, but on its eastern side has a pointed Early
+English arch.  The chancel rails are of modern oak, slightly carved; and
+there is a deal credence table.  The 14th century font has a massive
+octagonal bowl, with large trefoils in each face, and grotesquely carved
+heads at the angles; the shaft being plain octagonal.  The improvements
+were made in 1896, at the cost of the late Mrs. Stanhope.
+
+The register dates from 1562.  In recent years the incumbency of Claxby
+Pluckacre, where the church had gone to ruins, has been annexed to the
+rectory of Wilksby, the joint value of the two being about 300 pounds a
+year.  They are held by the Rev. P. O. Ashby, Chaplain of Revesby.
+
+
+
+LANGRIVILLE & THORNTON-LE-FEN.
+
+
+These are modern accretions to the Soke of Horncastle, made in the early
+years of the 19th century.  They are distant southward from Horncastle
+about 13 miles; situated in a tract of land called Wildmore Fen, lying
+about midway between Coningsby to the north, and Boston to the south.  At
+various periods inundated by the sea, this continued, to the end of the
+18th century, more or less a region of morass; available in the summer
+for grazing, but generally during the winter under water; when all cattle
+had to be removed for safety to the lands under cultivation at the
+homesteads of the farmers; and if by chance the farmer was behindhand in
+removing them, and the floods became frozen, it was a common thing for
+his cattle, while slipping about on the ice, to be split up, or, as it
+was locally termed, "screeved," and so become helpless, and fit only for
+slaughter. {209}
+
+An Act of Parliament was passed in 1787 or 1788, and commissioners were
+appointed, for the drainage of this and adjoining similar tracts; but
+little was done until 1800, when the able engineer, Mr. John Rennie,
+submitted his plans for the drainage to the commissioners.  His first
+report, dated April 7th, 1800, estimated the cost of draining Wildmore
+Fen alone at 29,702 pounds; the total outlay, for that and adjoining
+fens, being put at nearly 215,000 pounds.  By 1812 these operations were
+completed; and in that year an Act was passed making these lands
+parochial, and assigning the two portions above named to the Soke of
+Horncastle.
+
+
+
+LANGRIVILLE.
+
+
+Langriville, so called because it is near Langrick (or Long Creek) on the
+Witham, has an area of 2,514 acres, including Langrick Ferry; rateable
+value 3,300 pounds.  The population is entirely engaged in agriculture.
+The nearest railway station is at Langrick, in the parish.
+
+It consists of the southern portion of Wildmore Fen, which at the
+enclosure was allotted to the Earl of Stamford and Warrington, in lieu of
+his manorial rights over Armtree and Wildmore; with other lands sold by
+the Drainage Commissioners, early in the 19th century.  The Earl's
+estates afterwards passed, by purchase, to the late J. Fretwell Bramley
+and others.  The present Lord of the Manor is Lord Malcolm, of
+Poltallock; and he, the Rector of Coningsby, the executors of Lady Ingram
+Watkin, J. Linton, Esq., of Stirtcoe, Buckden, Herts., Harrison Hayter,
+Esq., W. Goodenough Hayter, Esq., Mr. Jonathan Fox, of Boston, E.
+Harrison, Esq., and Mr. William Pepper are the largest land owners.
+
+A small brick church was erected in 1831, consisting of nave, chancel and
+bell turret; and repaired and improved in 1885, by the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners.  The Bishop of Lincoln is patron; and the Rev. W.
+Fitz-Harry Curtis is the incumbent, who has here a residence, with an
+income of 320 pounds a year.
+
+The Wesleyans have a chapel at Langrick Ferry, also in Armtree Road.  By
+an order in council, dated 26th August, 1881, Langriville and
+Thornton-le-Fen were united, under the title of "The Consolidated
+Chapelry of Wildmore."  There is a church at each place.  At the time of
+the enclosure fen allotments were assigned to various of the older
+parishes, and these are many of them now included in this modern
+district, comprising parts of Fishtoft Fen, of Coningsby, of Kirkstead,
+Scrivelsby, Woodhall, Dalderby, and Martin.  The entire area is now
+10,500 acres, and population 1,470.
+
+The National School, erected in 1857, is at Gipsy Bridge, now under a
+School Board.
+
+
+
+THORNTON-LE-FEN.
+
+
+Thornton-le-Fen adjoins Langriville, lying to the east of it, about three
+miles from Langrick railway station.  The area was originally about 1,425
+acres, including Bunkers Hill, part of Gipsy Bridge, and other scattered
+farms, which were sold by the Drainage Commissioners early in the 19th
+century, when it was made, by Act of Parliament, a parochial township.
+Rateable value 1,979 pounds.  It has its name from the former chief
+proprietors, the Thornton family; but the chief land owners now are Lord
+Malcolm of Poltalloch, the Pepper, Ireland, Creasey, Ward, and Wilcock
+families.  The soil is clay, and very fertile.
+
+The church, which was built on the Fen Chapel Estates in 1816, is a small
+brick building, containing 200 sittings; the benefice, valued at 100
+pounds a year, is in the gift of the Bishop of Lincoln, and by order in
+council, dated 26th August, 1881, was consolidated with the chapelry of
+Langriville; the two being of the united yearly value of 320 pounds, and
+held by the Rev. W. Fitz-Harry Curtis, who resides at the latter place.
+
+A good school and master's house were erected in 1880, by the School
+Board of Wildmore Fen, at a cost of about 1,200 pounds, to accommodate
+168 children.  The Wesleyans have a chapel at New York and Bunkers' Hill.
+The Primitive Methodists have also a chapel.
+
+The Ecclesiastical Commissioners, to whom the Fen Chapel Estates were
+transferred in 1876, pay 120 pounds a year for a curate, who now is the
+Rev. Harold E. Curtis.  The total area is now 10,500 acres, and
+population 1,470.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+NOTE.--Other parishes have once been in the Soke of Horncastle, which no
+longer belong to it.  _Domesday Book_ gives Scrivelsby, "Langton and
+(its) Thorpe" (from which I write; "Thorpe" being doubtless the outlying
+district recently known as Langton St. Andrew), and also Edlington.  How
+these became separated is not known.  As suggested by the author of
+_Scrivelsby_, _the home of the Champions_, Scrivelsby, as a barony of the
+Marmyon and Dymoke families, would probably be separated by payment of a
+fine; such powerful families preferring not to be sub-ordinated to
+another manor.  Several Dymokes, however, were buried at Horncastle,
+where are their monuments.
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abrincis, Hugo de, "The Wolf," 206.
+
+Accident, remarkable, of Dr. J. B. Smith, 94.
+
+Adelias de Cundi, 1, 16, 17, 200.
+
+Albemarle, Earl of, 166.
+
+Aldrich, Bishop of Carlisle, 30 and note.
+
+Allison, Henry, wealthy, in Hull, 158.
+
+Allenby, Henry, Chemist to H.M.S., 157.
+
+Allerton, Lord, Horncastrian, 152.
+
+Ancaster, Earl of, 204.
+
+Angevine, family of, 27, 28.
+
+Angus, Earl of, 168, 181.
+
+Arms of Charles I., 191.
+,, temp. Charles I., 192.
+,, of Marmyon, Dymoke, Umfraville, Willoughby, &c., in Coningsby Church,
+205.
+
+Ashby, West, 176-180.
+,, Church described, 181, 182.
+
+Ayscough, Clynton, 198.
+,, Elizabeth, 201.
+,, Henry, 201.
+,, Walter, 198.
+,, William, 197.
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Babington, Miss, window to, 59.
+
+Bage, _i.e._ sod, 189.
+
+Baieux, Bishop of, 165, 166.
+
+Bain, river name, meaning of, 2.
+
+Baker, Thomas, cricketer, ventriloquist, &c., 159.
+
+Banks, Sir Joseph, 31, 181, 194 and note, 196, 209.
+
+Baptists, sect of, 84-86.
+,, Chapel, 84.
+
+Barkham, Sir Robert, 187.
+
+Barracks at Queen's Head Inn, 162.
+
+Bavent, Eudo de, 27, 196.
+,, Close, field name, 27.
+
+Beaumont, family of, 190.
+
+Bell and Lancastrian Schools, 111, 112.
+
+Berewick in Coningsby, held by Sortibrand, 206.
+,, in Wilksby, 207.
+
+Bertie, Hon. Charles, 187.
+,, Richard, 182, 186.
+
+Bevere, Drogo de, 166.
+
+Bishop of Carlisle, 12, 30 and note.
+
+"Black Death" at Horncastle, 51, 189.
+
+Bocher, Arthur, Esq., 188.
+
+Bolle, Charles, 187.
+,, George, 187.
+
+Bolles, Sir Robert, 171.
+
+Boucherett, Ascoghe, 198.
+
+Boulton, Dr. Barnard, window to, 37.
+,, Henry, window to first wife, 38.
+,, "Billy," anecdote of, 160.
+
+Bourne, The Venerable Hugh, 73-76.
+,, College, 77.
+
+Brackenbury, Mr. Carr, Wesley's friend, 66, 68, and note.
+
+"Branks," or "scold's bridle," 205.
+
+Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, 196, 200, 202, 207.
+
+British words still used, 3.
+
+Britons, Caesar's description of, 2, 3 and notes.
+,, good workmen, 3.
+
+Britons, Tacitus account of, 5.
+
+Brown, Rev. Benson, 153.
+,, John, "Laureate," 158, 159.
+,, Martin, and press gang, 156.
+
+Brownists, sect of, 78.
+
+Bunyon, John, 84.
+
+"Butts," field name, meaning of, 174.
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Calthrop Lieut. Richard, window to, 180.
+
+Camville, Gerard de, 26.
+
+Canal, Horncastle, history of, 126-129.
+,, opening ceremony, 127-128.
+
+Canals recognised by Magna Charta, 128.
+
+Caparn, Rev. W. B., 153.
+
+Capella, Henry de, 178.
+
+Carlisle, Bishops of, 46, 167, 168, 181, 196, 200, 203, 207.
+
+Carsey (or Kersey), John, 202.
+
+Catherine, St., altar of, 200.
+,, ,, chantry of, 36, 37.
+
+Cecil, Sir Thomas, 29, 30, 203.
+
+Chamerlayn dole, 189.
+
+Chapel, St. Laurence's, 33, 34.
+
+Charles I., arms of, 191.
+
+Charters of markets and fairs, 18.
+
+Chattels of felons granted to bishop, 19, 45.
+
+Cheney, family of, 16, 17.
+
+Church, St. Mary's, 33-45.
+,, not original, 33.
+,, plate, 55, 56.
+,, restored, 56.
+,, Holy Trinity, 57-59.
+,, ,, architect of, 57.
+,, Lads' Brigade, 63.
+,, Schools, National, 63.
+,, service, absence from, fined, 48.
+
+Clarke, Rev. T. J., Vicar, account, 60.
+
+Claribel, Mrs. Barnard, 180.
+
+Clerical Club, 63, 137, 138.
+
+Clinton, Lord, and family, 12, 20, 21, 92 and note, 188.
+
+Clinton, Lord, engraving of, 97.
+,, Sir Edward, 12.
+
+Clitherow, Mr. Robert, window to, 38.
+
+Clowes, William, 75, 76.
+
+Cock and Breeches Inn, 162.
+
+Cock-fighting, 164.
+
+Coins found at Mareham-on-the-Hill, 184.
+
+Coningsby, 203-207.
+,, Church, 204-7.
+,, land owners of, 204.
+,, Rector of, Poet Laureate, 205, 206.
+,, Sir Fitz-William, Sheriff, 206.
+,, ,, at battle of the Boyne saved the king's life, 206.
+
+Coningsby, mansion of, 206.
+
+Conyngsby, Humphrey 187, 206.
+
+Constable, an old smuggler, 162.
+
+Coppuldyke, Thomas and wife, guild of, 42 and note.
+
+Corn Exchange, 140-142.
+
+Court House, account of, 135, 136.
+
+Craycroft of Craycroft, 187.
+
+Cressey, Nicholas, gent., 198.
+
+Crispus and Crispinianus, window, 37 and note, 42 and note.
+
+Cromwell visits Horncastle, 32.
+
+Cromwell, Ralph de, 190.
+
+Cussons, John, Confederate General, &c., 158.
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Danish Conquerors, 10.
+
+Despenser, Robert, 191, 195, 205, 206, 207.
+
+Despensers, Earls of Gloucester, 195.
+
+Destructive storms at Horncastle, 51.
+
+Dispensary, history of, 119-125.
+,, balls, 124.
+,, dispensers, 124.
+,, legacies, 125.
+,, present building, 124, 125.
+,, presidents, 123, 124.
+,, sermons, 122, 123.
+,, vice-presidents, 124.
+
+Dixon, Miss Annie, artist, 151.
+
+Dogdyke, _i.e._ Dock-dyke, 204.
+
+Dole, Chamerlayn, at Roughton, 188.
+
+Drill Hall, 148-150.
+
+Drogo de Bruere, 206.
+
+Dymoke, Edward, 188.
+,, John, of Haltham, 191.
+,, John, Rev., 190.
+,, Lionel, curious will of, 183-184.
+,, Robert, 187.
+,, Sir Henry, 189.
+,, Sir Lionel, monument to, 41.
+,, ,, engraving, 42.
+,, Thomas, 187.
+
+Dymokes, 205, 206, 208, 210.
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Eastwood, family of, 190.
+
+Editha, Queen, 180.
+
+Elmhirst, General Charles, window to, 179.
+,, William, Esq., 180.
+
+Enderby, Wood, 201-203.
+
+Escald, Gerald de, 11, 17, 200.
+
+Eusden, Rev. Laurence, Poet Laureate, Rector of Coningsby, 205.
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+Fast, solemn, at Horncastle, 51.
+
+Felons, right to try, of Bishop of Carlisle, 45.
+
+Fighting Cocks Inn, 164.
+,, foxhounds kept at, 164.
+,, scythe fair at, 164.
+
+Fitz-William, family of, 28, 29.
+
+Forests, extensive, 2, 3 and note, 18 and note, 202 and note, 207.
+
+Fox, Mrs. Salome, window to, 38.
+
+Foxe's Book of Martyrs, in church, 44.
+
+Franklin, Sir John, 156.
+
+Freshville, Peter, Frances, daughter of, 42 and note.
+
+Fynes, Norreys, Esq., 189.
+,, Thomas, 206.
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gairmaro, Geoffrey, chronicler, 16 and note.
+
+Gallows of Bishop of Carlisle, 19.
+,, at Thimbleby, of Abbot, 170.
+
+Gaunt, Walter, 166 and note, 167.
+
+George, Dr. Hugh, window to, 59.
+,, Inn, 162.
+,, ,, incident at, 163.
+
+Gibson, Thomas, Vicar, 39, 40 and note, 51, 52.
+
+Giles, Prebendary, window to, 39.
+
+Gilliat, Rev. Edward, author, &c., 152.
+
+Glenham family, 196, 201.
+
+Goldie, Rev. C. D., Curate, account of, 62.
+
+Goodrich, Robert, 187.
+
+Grace, Pilgrimage of, 47, 48.
+
+Grammar School, history of, 91-107.
+,, distinctions of old boys, 105.
+,, distinguished boys, 95, 96.
+,, games and customs, 99-104.
+,, Governors, 92.
+,, Madge, Dr., late Master, 105.
+,, Masters, former under, 97-99.
+,, modern, 105.
+,, new buildings, future, 107.
+,, origin of, early, 91, 92, 106.
+,, property of, 92.
+,, White, Rev. T., 99.
+,, Worman, Mr. A. N., 105.
+
+Grosvenor, Rev. Francis, 98, 99.
+,, F., 152, 153.
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Hallgarth, interesting old house in Thimbleby, 172.
+
+Haltham, 190-192.
+,, church, interesting, 191.
+
+Hamerton, John, Churchwarden, 39.
+,, family, 52, 53.
+
+Hangman's Corner, 19, 46.
+
+Hardingshall, Sir William, 187.
+
+Hartgrave, Paganell, of Wilksby, 208.
+
+Hartwell, Lady, 188.
+
+Harwood, Mr. F., window to, 38.
+
+Hawley, Sir Henry M., 189.
+
+Heald, George, Chancellor, 163.
+,, and Lola Montez, incident, 163.
+
+Healey, A. H., athlete, 154.
+
+Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, 204.
+,, Sir John, 205.
+
+Heneage family, 190.
+
+Henry IV., visits Horncastle, 32.
+
+"Hoblers" for the army, 14.
+
+Holles, Gervase, description of church windows, 42 and note.
+
+Holles, Gervase, wife buried at Horncastle, 37 and note.
+
+Holme, _i.e._ island, Danish, 2.
+
+Hopton, Sir Ingram, 40, 41.
+
+Horncastle, British settlement, 1.
+,, Manor, owners of, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 22, 24.
+,, market tolls, 13, 14.
+,, Benefice, King appoints to, 46.
+,, Rector murdered, 46.
+,, Rector changed to Vicar, 47.
+,, Peter de Galicia appointed to, 47.
+,, Rectors and Vicars, list of, 50, 51.
+,, rectory house, former, 55.
+
+Hotchkin, family of, connected with Thimbleby, 172.
+
+Hounds kept at Fighting Cocks, 164.
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+Independents, sect of and chapel, 77-83.
+
+Islep, Simon de, Rector, 19, 46.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+"Jack" Musters kept hounds at Fighting Cocks, 164.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Keane, Charles, and Horncastle, 156.
+,, Edmund, 156.
+
+Kemp family and Thimbleby, 173, 175.
+,, meaning of name, 173 and note.
+
+Kent, John, owner of Horncastle Manor, 24.
+
+King's Head Inn, thatched, 164.
+
+Kirkstead, Thimbleby belonged to Abbot of, 169, 170.
+,, Abbot of, arbitrary action of, 170.
+
+Knyght, questionable action of, 169.
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Lancastrian and Bell Schools, 111, 112.
+
+Langley, Ambrose, footballer, 157.
+
+Langton, John de, Rector of Horncastle, Bishop of Chichester, 46.
+
+Langrick, meaning of, 209.
+
+Langriville, 209.
+,, Church, 209, 210.
+,, School, 210.
+
+Langworth, meaning of, 204.
+
+Leweline, Joan de, 207.
+
+Leych, William, curious will of, 197.
+
+Lincolnshire Rising, 47, 48, 187.
+,, William Leche, "begynner" of, 47.
+
+Lindsey, Earl of, 187.
+
+Literary Society, 138.
+
+Lizures, William de, 26, 27.
+
+Lodge, Canon S., lectern given by, 39 and note.
+,, ,, Master of Grammar School, 99.
+
+Lola Montez, incident, 163.
+
+Lord, Rev. Thomas, centenarian, 82, 89-90.
+
+L'Oste, Rev. S., Rector of Langton, 93.
+
+Lovell, Sir Thomas, Knt., 202.
+
+Lysurs, Alice de, 207.
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+Madely, Dr. Clement, tablet to, in St. Mary's, 44 and note.
+
+Malcolm, Lord, of Poltallock, Lord of Langriville Manor, 209, 210.
+
+Malingars, field name, 191.
+
+Mareham-le-Fen, 192-198.
+,, church described, 192-194.
+
+Mareham-on-the-Hill, 183, 184.
+,, Church, 184.
+
+Marwood, hangman, 154, 155.
+
+Massingbird, Thomas, 187.
+
+Mechanics' Institute, 139, 140.
+
+Milner, Canon, W. H., Vicar, 61.
+
+Moorby, 198-200.
+,, church described, 198.
+,, communion plate, 199.
+,, minstrel column, 199.
+
+Mordaunt, John, owner in Coningsby, 206.
+
+Moyne, Thomas, rebel, 188.
+
+Murder at Queen's Head Inn, 162.
+
+Musters, "Jack," kept hounds, 164.
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+Newcomen, family, 187, 190, 198.
+
+New Jerusalem, sect of, 86-89.
+,, Chapel, 88.
+,, first resident minister, 89.
+
+Ninian, St., in window of St. Mary's, 37, 42 and note.
+
+Nonconformist places of worship, 64-90.
+
+Norman Conquerors, 11, 13.
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+Oddities of Horncastle, 160, 161.
+
+Organ, fine, of parish church, 36.
+
+Ortiay, Henry del, tenure by spurs, 180, 181, 203.
+
+Ouseley, Sir F. Gore, of Wesley family, 64 and note.
+
+Oven, public, 134 and note.
+
+Overseer, a woman appointed, 188.
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paganell, Ranulph de, 177.
+
+Palfreyman, of Horncastle, 52.
+
+Palmer, Rev. E. R. H. G., 184.
+
+Pancake bell, 34.
+
+Paynell, 178.
+
+Penance done in church, 186.
+
+Pilgrimage of Grace, 47, 48.
+
+Pingle, field name, 191.
+
+Plague, 188, 191.
+
+Plesington, Henry, Knt., 187.
+
+Primitive Methodists, sect of, 71, 77.
+,, chapel described, 72.
+
+Publichouses, 161-164.
+,, now gone, 162, 163, 164.
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quarrington, Canon E. F., late Vicar, window to, 37.
+
+Queen's Head Inn, murder at, 162.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+Raengeires, British leader, 9.
+
+Railway, 130-132.
+,, opening ceremony of, 131, 132.
+
+Ravennas, Geographer, 5 and note.
+
+Rayne, Bishop's Chancellor, slain, 48.
+
+Rennie, Mr. John, Engineer, 209.
+
+Rhodes, Gerard de, 184, 203.
+,, Ralph de, 12, 17, 18, 19, 180, 184, 191, 192, 200, 203, 206.
+
+Rinder, Mr. Joseph, 178.
+
+River names, celtic, 1.
+
+Rivett, Mr. John, 70.
+
+Robber taking refuge in church, 45.
+
+Robinson, Miss, and Queen's dresses, 157, 158.
+,, Rev. John, 78-80.
+
+Rolleston, Edward, Esq., 186.
+,, family, 186.
+
+Rolston, Edward, 187.
+
+Roman coffins, 7, 8.
+,, coins, 4.
+,, commanders, 3, 5.
+,, milestone, 5.
+,, pipes, 8.
+,, pottery, 6, 7, 134 and note.
+,, roads, 5, 6.
+,, tomb at Thimbleby, 174.
+,, urns, 6.
+,, walls, 6.
+,, wells, 6.
+
+Rose, Rev. W., 82, 83.
+
+Ross, Sir John, 156.
+
+Round House, the (prison), 135.
+
+Roughton, 188.
+,, church described, 188.
+,, plague at, 188.
+
+Rushton, "Aty," 160.
+,, Thomas, fisherman, 160.
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Salt, a property, 182.
+
+Sanctuary in church, right of, 45.
+
+Sapcote, Sir Richard, 186.
+
+Savile, 22, 25, 26.
+
+Saxon conquerors, 9.
+,, minstrel pillar, 199.
+
+Schofield, John, marries bishop's daughter, 157.
+
+Science and Art School, 112.
+,, great efficiency of, 114.
+,, lectures on special subjects, 115-118.
+,, origin of, 112.
+,, teachers of, 114, 115.
+
+Scrope family, 20.
+
+Scott, Sir Gilbert, at Horncastle, 134.
+
+Scythes in church, probable history of, 41 and note.
+,, engraving of, 48.
+
+Scythe fair, 164.
+
+Sessions House, former, 135.
+
+Sewer, common for drain, 190 and note.
+
+Sharp, Rev. W. Heneage, 154.
+
+Shepherd, Capt., "old salt," 156.
+
+Ship-money, complaint of, temp. Charles I, 14.
+
+Skynner, family of, 169.
+
+Slated house, first in Horncastle, 164.
+
+Smith, Captain, Surgeon, 157.
+,, Dr. J. Bainbridge of Grammar School, 93, 95, 99, 101.
+
+Snowden, Bishop of Carlisle, 30.
+,, Rutland, "delinquent," 54.
+,, ,, benefactor to Horncastle, 54.
+,, ,, among Lincolnshire gentry, 55.
+
+Socmen, bordars, and villeins, 183 and note.
+
+Somercotes, Sir William, 187.
+
+Southey, Rev. T. C., Curate, 62.
+
+Southwell, Miss Trafford, 202.
+
+Spinning School, 134 and note.
+
+Spranger, Dr. R., 186.
+,, Chancellor, 186.
+
+Spurrier, Rev. H., 189.
+,, H. C. M., 189.
+
+Spurs, tenure by, 181, 203.
+
+Stanhope family, 31.
+,, J. Banks, Esq., 192.
+,, Memorial, 136, 137.
+
+Swedenborg, Emanuel, 86.
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tailboys, Sir Walter, 181.
+
+Taillebois, family of, 206.
+
+Tanning formerly chief trade of Horncastle, 53.
+
+Tennyson, A., and brother married in Horncastle, 44, 162.
+
+Thatched publichouse, by will, 164.
+
+Theft from St. Mary's Church, 42 and note, 47, 48.
+
+Theleby, 208.
+
+Thief to catch thieves, 161.
+
+Thimbleby, 165-176.
+,, church described, 175, 176.
+,, engraving of, 171.
+
+Thornton-le-Fen, 210.
+,, Church, 210.
+,, School, 210.
+
+Thornton family, 210.
+
+Three Maids' Inn, 164.
+
+Thymelby family, 24, 25, 168, 181.
+
+Tibetot, Robert, 12, 19, 20.
+
+Tom Cat Inn, 164.
+
+Toynton, High, 180-184.
+,, ,, Church, 181, 182.
+,, Low, 184-188.
+,, ,, Church, 184-186.
+,, ,, ,, engraving of, 185.
+
+Trafford, W. H., Esq., 191, 202.
+
+Train-bands, arms of, 14.
+
+Trinity Church Horncastle, 57-60.
+,, engraving of, 59.
+
+Trunyan's, light of, our Lady's light, &c., 44, 45.
+
+Tumby Chase, 202.
+
+Turner and Cato Street Conspiracy, 155, 156.
+,, Sir Edmund, 184.
+
+Tymelby, Ivo de, 207.
+
+Tyrwhitt, Douglas, a lady, 52.
+,, old county family, 29, 208.
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+Umfraville, Earl of Angus, 168, 181.
+
+Union, the, or workhouse, 133-135.
+
+Union, early laws concerning paupers, 133, 134.
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Volunteers, history of, 145-148.
+,, Drill Hall, 148-150.
+,, practiced on Edlington Road, 162.
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Walter, Rev. H., B.D., _History of England_, 64.
+
+Waring, river name, meaning "rough," 2.
+
+Watson's Free School, 108-111.
+,, property of, 110.
+,, Governors, original, 110 and note.
+
+Well-syke, field and wood name, 190 and note.
+
+Wesley, John, 65-67.
+,, Charles, 65.
+
+Wesleyan, sect of, 64-71.
+,, Chapel, 70.
+,, ,, engraving of, 65.
+,, circuits, 66.
+,, centenary, 71.
+
+Whelpton Almshouses, 142-144.
+
+Whichcote, Clinton, of Coningsby, 207.
+
+Wildmore Fen added to Horncastle, 209.
+
+Wilksby, 207.
+,, Church, 208.
+
+Williams, Thomas, missionary, 69, 70.
+
+Willoughby, William de, and family, 167.
+,, de Eresby, Lord, 204.
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, held land in Coningsby, 206.
+
+Wood Enderby, 201-203.
+,, Church, 201, 202.
+
+Workhouse, before Union, 134.
+,, village, 134.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Young Churchmen's Union, 63.
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zouch, Eudo la, bequest to, 197.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+    Printed by W. K. Morton & Sons, Ltd., 27, High Street, Horncastle.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{0}  His father, for about 12 months, occupied the house in North Street,
+of late years known as the "Red House," distinguished, it is said, as
+being the only house in the town having a front door of mahogany.
+
+{1a}  Mr. Jeans, in his _Handbook for Lincolnshire_, p. 142, says "the
+Roman station (here) probably utilized an existing British settlement."
+
+{1b}  _Words and Places_, p. 13, note.  Ed. 1873.
+
+{1c}  There are probably traces of British hill-forts in the
+neighbourhood, as on Hoe hill, near Holbeck, distant 4 miles, also
+probably at Somersby, Ormsby, and several other places.
+
+{1d}  In the name of the near village of Edlington we have probably a
+trace of the mystic Druid, _i.e._ British, deity Eideleg, while in
+Horsington we may have the Druid sacred animal.  Olivers' _Religious
+Houses_, Appendix, p. 167.
+
+{2a}  _Words and Places_, p. 130.
+
+{2b}  The meadow which now lies in the angle formed by the junction of
+the Bain and Waring at Horncastle is still called "The Holms," which is
+Danish for "islands."
+
+{2c}  The name Bain, slightly varied, is not uncommon.  There is the
+Bannon, or Ban-avon ("avon" also meaning "river"), in Pembrokeshire; the
+Ban in Co. Wexford, Bana in Co. Down, Banney (_i.e._ Ban-ea, "ea" also
+meaning water) in Yorkshire, Bain in Herefordshire; Banavie (avon) is a
+place on the brightly running river Lochy in Argyleshire; and, as meaning
+"white," a fair-haired boy or girl is called in Gaelic "Bhana."
+
+{2d}  The name Waring (G commonly representing the modern W) is found in
+the Yarrow, and Garry in Scotland, the Geirw, a rough mountain stream, at
+Pont-y-glyn, in North Wales, and in the Garonne in France.
+
+{2e}  _Ars Poetica_, l 59.
+
+{2f}  An account of this urn is given by the late Bishop Trollope, with
+an engraving of it, in the _Architectural Society's Journal_, vol. iv, p.
+200.
+
+{2g}  _De Bella Gallico_, bk. v, ch. 12-14.
+
+{2h}  Some idea of the extent of these forests, even in later times, may
+be formed from the account given by De la Prime (_Philosophical
+Transactions_, No. 75, p. 980) who says "round about the skirts of the
+wolds are found infinite millions of the roots and bodies of trees of
+great size."  Pliney tells us that the Britons had "powerful mastiffs"
+for hunting the wild boar, and Manwood in an old _Treatise on Forest
+Laws_ (circa 1680) states (p. 60) that the finest mastiffs were bred in
+Lincolnshire.  Fuller, in his _Worthies of England_ (p. 150) mentions
+that a Dutchman (circa 1660) coming to England for sport, spent a whole
+season in pursuit of wild game "in Lincolniensi montium tractu," by which
+doubtless were intended the wolds.  A writer in the _Archaeological
+Journal_ (June, 1846) says "the whole country of the Coritani (_i.e._
+Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, &c.) was then, and long after, a dense
+forest."  The name "Coritani," or more properly Coitani, is the Roman
+adaptation of the British "Coed," a wood, which still survives in Wales
+in such place-names as "Coed Coch," the red wood, "Bettws y Coed," the
+chapel in the wood, &c.  This was their distinguishing characteristic to
+the Roman, they were wood-men.
+
+{3}  To the skill and bravery in war of the Britons Caesar bears
+testimony.  He says, "They drive their chariots in all directions,
+throwing their spears, and by the fear of their horses and the noise of
+their wheels they disturb the ranks of their enemies; when they have
+forced their way among the troops they leap down and fight on foot.  By
+constant practice they acquire such skill that they can stop, turn, and
+guide their horses when at full speed and in the most difficult ground.
+They can run along the chariot pole, sit on the collar and return with
+rapidity into the chariot, by which novel mode (he says) his men were
+much disturbed."  ("Novitate pugnae perturbati.")  _De Bella Gallico_,
+lib. iv, c, 33, 34.
+
+{5a}  An account of this milestone is given by the late Precentor
+Venables, in his _Walks through the Streets of Lincoln_, two Lectures,
+published by J. W. Ruddock, 253, High Street, Lincoln.
+
+{5b}  Stukeley, _Itinerarium curiosum_, p. 28; Weir's _History of
+Horncastle_, p. 4, ed. 1820; Saunders' _History_, vol. ii, p. 90, ed.
+1834; Bishop Trollope, _Architectural Society's Journal_, vol. iv, p.
+199, &c.
+
+{5c}  Ravennas, whose personal name is not known (that term merely
+meaning a native of Ravenna), was an anonymous geographer, who wrote a
+_Chorography of Britian_, as well as of several other countries, about
+A.D. 650.  These were confessedly compilations from older authorities,
+and were, two centuries later, revised by Guido of Ravenna, and doubtless
+by others at a later period still, since the work, in its existent form
+describes the Saxons and Danes, as well, in Britain.  As Gallio, also of
+Ravenna, was the last Roman general in command in these parts, it has
+been suggested that he was virtually the original author (Horsley's
+_Britannia_, 1732, chap. iv., p. 489; also _The Dawn of Modern
+Geography_, by C. Raymond Beazley, M.A., F.R.G.S., 1897, J. Murray).
+Messrs. Pinder and Parthey published an edition of _Ravennas_, _or the
+Ravennese Geographer_, as did also Dr. Gale.
+
+{5e}  _Life of Agricola_ c. xxxi.
+
+{6a}  This is a thoroughly provincial word for highway or turnpike.  It
+is of course a corruption of "Rampart," a fortified passage.  In the
+marsh districts the main roads are called "rampires."  See Brogden's
+_Provincial Words_.
+
+{6b}  The name Baumber, again, also written Bam-burgh, means a "burgh,"
+or fortress on the Bain, which runs through that parish.
+
+{7a}  These urns are fully described with an engraving of them in vol.
+iv, pt. ii, of the _Architectural Society's Journal_, by the late Bishop
+Dr. E. Trollope.
+
+{7b}  _Architect. S. Journal_, iv, ii, p. 201.
+
+{8}  Gough, _Sepulchral Monuments_, Introduction, p. 59, says "coffins of
+lead and wood are believed to have been used by the Romans in Britain."
+
+{9}  The first Danish incursions into England were in A.D. 786 and 787,
+specially in Lincolnshire in 838.  In 869 was fought the decisive battle
+of Threckingham in this county, which made the Danes paramount.  The name
+Threckingham is said to be derived from the fact that 3 kings were slain
+in this battle, but we believe this to be an error, and that the place
+was the residence, the "ham" of the Threcginghas.
+
+{10}  The prefix "Horn" is also found in Holbeach Hurn, an angular
+headland on the south coast of Lincolnshire.  In the monkish Latin of old
+title deeds, we also find the patronymic Hurne, Hearne, &c., represented
+by its equivalent "de angulo," _i.e._ "of the corner."
+
+{11a}  Dr. Mansell Creighton, late Bishop of London.  _Essays_, edited by
+Louisa Creighton, 1904, pp. 278-9.
+
+{11b}  The palace of the Bishop was on the site of the present Manor
+House.
+
+{11c}  Dugdale, vol. ii, p. 336.  _Monast. Angl._, vol. ii, p. 646.
+
+{12a}  Hundred Rolls, Lincoln, No. 14, m. 1.
+
+{12b}  Hundred Rolls, Lincoln, No 14, m. 1, 3 Edward I., 1274-5.
+
+{12c}  This sale was confirmed by the King, as shewn by a Charter Roll,
+14 Henry III., pt. i, m. 12 3 Ed. I., 1274-5.
+
+{12d}  Patent Roll, 14 Richard II., pt. i, m. 3.  A.D. 1390.
+
+{12e}  Patent Roll, 6 Edward VI., pt. iii, m. 1.
+
+{12f}  Patent Roll, 1 Mary, pt. 8, m 2, (44) 28 Nov., 1553.
+
+{12g}  Memoirs of Sir Henry Fynes Clinton.  _Annual Register_, 1772, p.
+2.
+
+{12h}  Coram Rege Roll, Portsmouth, April 20, 14 Chas. II.
+
+{13a}  Exchequer Bills and Answers, 11 Charles V., Lincoln, No. 185.
+
+{13b}  The carucate varied in different parts of the country, in
+Lincolnshire it was 120 acres.  Gelt was a land tax, first imposed by the
+Danes in the reign of Ethelred, about A.D. 991, being 2s. on the
+carucate.  Villeins and bordars were under-tenants of two different
+classes, bordars being superior to villeins.  (Introd. _Domesday Book_,
+by C. Gowen Smith, 1870).
+
+{13c}  Barristers are said to have been first appointed by Edward I.,
+A.D. 1291.
+
+{16a}  Among the Lincoln Cathedral Charters is an imperfect one, which
+mentions her "Castle of Tornegat (can this be a corruption for
+Horncastle?), her land at Wicham in Chent (Kent?), at Carlton and Torleby
+(Thurlby) in Lincolnshire," _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1901, p.
+22.  There is a notice of her in the _Dictionary of National Biography_,
+vol. I.
+
+{16b}  This Geoffrey Gairmar is himself rather an interesting figure in
+local history.  He is mentioned in the Rolls Series, 91, i, ii (Ed. Hardy
+and Martin, 1888-9), as the author of _L'estorie des Engles_, a rhyming
+chronicle, based chiefly on the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, and Geoffrey of
+Monmouth (between A.D. 1135 and 1147).  He undertook his work at the
+request of Custance, wife of Ralph Fitz Gilbert; the latter held the
+manor of Scampton near Lincoln, and Geoffrey was probably a Norman who
+lived in that parish.  He quotes _The Book of Washingborough_ and _The
+Lay of Haveloc the Dane_, relating to Grimsby.  He does not directly
+mention Horncastle, but shews acquaintance with the neighbourhood by
+celebrating the burial of King Ethelred at Bardney.
+
+{16c}  Camden's _Britannia_, pp. 45, 288, 529.
+
+{16d}  _History of Lincoln_, 1816, p. 138.
+
+{16e}  Camden, p. 88.  A Lincoln Chancery Inquisition (Oct. 31, 1503)
+shows that on the death of Anne, daughter and heir of Edmund Cheney,
+owning the manors of Tothill, Gayton, Riston, and Theddlethorpe, Robert
+Willoughby, Lord Broke, was declared to be her kinsman and heir.
+
+{16f}  Dugdale, vol. ii, p. 336.  D. Mon, ii, p. 646.  (_Architectural
+Society's Journal_, 1895, p. 23).
+
+{17a}  Dugdale _Baronage_, p. 39.
+
+{17b}  Hundred Rolls, Lincoln, No 14, m. 1, 3 Ed. I., A.D., 1274-5.  A
+Pipe Roll also, 1 Richard I., A.D. 1189-90, mentions "Gerbod de Escalt as
+paying a tale of 80 pounds in Horncastre."
+
+{17c}  Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 37 Henry III., No. 36 (3 Nov. 1252), and
+ditto, No. 38, same date.  Gerard de Rhodes is also named in a
+Chancellor's Roll, 3 John, A.D. 1201-1, as paying certain fees for
+Horncastle.  He is also named in the document above quoted (Hundred
+Rolls, Lincoln, 14, m. 1) as succeeding to the manor on the demise of
+Gerbald de Escald.
+
+{17d}  Feet of Fines, 9 Henry III., No. 52, Lincoln.
+
+{18a}  Quo Warranto Roll, 9 Ed. I., 15 June, 1281, quoted _Lincolnshire
+Notes & Queries_, vol. v, p. 216.
+
+{18b}  Coram Rege Roll, 13 Ed. I., m. 10, 12 May, 1285.  _Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, pp. 219-20.
+
+{18c}  The transfer of the manor to the bishop is further proved by a
+Carlisle document, a chancery inquisition post mortem, dated Dec. 11,
+1395, which states that a certain John Amery, owner of a messuage in the
+parish "by fealty and the service of 16d. of rent, by the year, holds of
+the Bishop of Carlisle, and the said Bishop holds of the King."
+
+{18d}  The bishops of those days were sportsmen.  It is recorded of a
+Bishop of Ely that he rode to the Cathedral "with hawk on wrist," and
+left it in the cloister while doing "God's service."  There it was stolen
+and he solemnly excommunicated the thief.  Aukenleck MS., temp. Ed. II.,
+British Museum.  The extensive woods in the soke of Horncastle abounded
+in game, as we have already shown by the tolls charged on roebuck, hares,
+&c., brought into the town.  The punishment for killing a wild boar,
+without the king's licence, was the loss of both eyes.  These ferae
+naturae became extinct about A.D. 1620.
+
+{18e}  These and other privileges granted to the Bishop are first
+specified in a Cartulary Roll, 14-15 Henry III.; they are renewed in a
+Memoranda Roll of 4 Ed. III.; again in the 25th year of Henry VI., and
+further in a Roll attested by Charles II., in his court at Westminster,
+Feb. 26, 1676.  The August Fair was, in late years, altered by the Urban
+Council to begin on the 2nd Monday in the month, and to end on the
+following Thursday, it really however begins on the previous Thursday.
+
+{19a}  Roll 104, Hilary Term, 24 Ed. III. (1350).  County Placita,
+Lincoln, No. 46.
+
+{19b}  De Banco Roll, Michaelmas, 41 Ed. III., m. 621, Aug. 3, 1368,
+Lincoln.
+
+{19c}  Coram Rege Roll, Trinity, 13 Ed. I., m. 10, Westminster, 12 May,
+1285.  Given in _Lincolnshire Notes & Queries_, vol. v., p. 220.
+
+{20a}  Patent Roll, 14 Richard II., pt. 2, m. 47, 8 Dec., 1390.  _Lincs.
+Notes & Queries_, vol. v., p. 221.
+
+{20b}  Fuller's _Church History of Britain_, vol. i, pp. 240, 242.
+
+{20c}  Camden's _Britannia_, p. 484.
+
+{20d}  Camden's _Britannia_, p. 522.
+
+{20e}  _Ibid_, p. 978.  The name of Tibetot may possibly still survive in
+the family of Tibbot, who till quite recently held the manor of Thimbleby
+in the soke of Horncastle.
+
+{20f}  _Ibidem_, p. 489.
+
+{20g}  _Ibidem_, p. 88.
+
+{20h}  _Ibidem_, p. 760.  This castle was built by Richard, Baron le
+Scrope, Chancellor of England under Richard II.
+
+{20i}  _Ibidem_, p. 99.
+
+{20j}  _Ibidem_, p. 722.
+
+{20k}  Patent Roll 6 Ed. VI., pt. 3, m. 1, 21 Nov., 1552, witnessed by
+the king at Westminster.
+
+{21a}  Patent Roll, 1 Mary, pt. 8, m. 2 (44), 28 Nov., 1553.
+
+{21b}  Historical MS. Commission.  Calendar of MS. of the most Honble.
+the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., &c., p. 179.
+
+{21c}  This Earl of Lincoln would seem to have been of a particularly hot
+temperament.  I have mentioned in another volume (_Records of Woodhall
+Spa_, pp. 14.0, &c.) several of his actions of gross violence against the
+Saviles of Poolham Hall, in this neighbourhood, about the same date
+(1578).  I will merely state here that he, with a party of followers,
+attacked Sir Robert Savile, when on a hunting excursion, seized several
+of his hounds and hanged them, as Sir Robert says, "upon my own tree
+within my own ground."  He forced his way into the parlour at Poolham and
+challenged Sir Robert to fight "six to six" of their dependents.  After
+an entertainment at Horncastle his followers, at his instigation, got
+hold of an unfortunate tailor, "drew their swords and sore wounded him,"
+saying he should "have that and more, for his master's sake," Sir Robert
+Savile's son.  One Robert Fullshaw, of Waddingworth, prayed the justices
+for protection against his "horrible outrages," and it was said that his
+conduct "savoured of insanity."  (_Illustrations of English History_ by
+Lodge.  Lansdown MS., Brit. Mus., 27, art. 41.)
+
+{21d}  Patent Roll, 6 Ed. VI., pt. i, m. 11.  Date 8 Dec., 1554.
+
+{22a}  Esch. Inquis. post mortem, 3-4 Henry VIII., No. 14.
+
+{22b}  It does not appear where this "Parish-fee" was situated, doubtless
+it was subordinate to the main manor of Horncastle, such "fees" were
+generally named after the owners once "enfeoffed" of them, as we have at
+Spalding Ayscough-fee Hall, once owned by the Ayscoughs, Beaumont-fee at
+Lincoln, owned by the Beaumonts, Panell-fee by the Paganels, Nevill-fee
+by the Nevills in Middle Rasen, &c.  _Architectural Society's Journal_,
+1895, p. 19.  There is a family named Parish at Horncastle but they are a
+modern importation.
+
+{22c}  Inquis. post mortem, 6 Edward III., held at Haltham, Sep. 21,
+1333.
+
+{22d}  Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 32 Henry III., 21 July, A.D. 1248.
+_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv. p. 120.  This is repeated in a Final
+Concord of the same date between Silvester, Bishop of Carlisle, and other
+parties.  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. vii., p. 114.
+
+{22e}  Cottonian Charter, v., 61, quoted _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol.
+iii, p. 245.
+
+{22f}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1896, pp. 254-257.
+
+{22g}  Court of Wards Inquis. post mortem, 3, 4 and 5 Ed. VI., vol. v.,
+p. 91.  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1896, p. 258.
+
+{22h}  Chancery Inquis. post mortem, 20 Henry VI., No. 25.
+_Architectural Society's Journal_, 1899, p. 257.
+
+{22i}  _Ibidem_.
+
+{22j}  _Ibidem_, p. 258.
+
+{24a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queues_, vols. i., p. 183, and ii., p. 219.
+
+{24b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. i, p. 47.
+
+{24c}  Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 27 Edward III., No. 158.
+
+{24d}  Originalia Roll, 34 Edward III., m. 35, A.D. 1360-1.
+
+{24e}  Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 41 Edward III., No. 94.
+
+{24f}  Inquis. post mortem, 10 James I., pt. i., No. 11.
+
+{25a}  Chancery B. and A., James I., R., r, 10, 1, 8 October, 1623.
+
+{25b}  These details are all taken from Camden's _Britannia_, Gibson's
+Edition, 1695.
+
+{26a}  Chancellor's Roll, A.D. 1201-2.
+
+{26b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iii., pp. 244-5.
+
+{27a}  _Ibidem_.
+
+{27b}  Camden's _Britannia_, p. 712.
+
+{27c}  Pipe Roll, 1160-1.
+
+{27d}  Pipe Roll, 1161-2.
+
+{27e}  Testa de Nevill, folio 348.  He also held the advowson of Mareham,
+which was transferred to the Bishop of Carlisle, as Lord of Horncastle,
+in 1239 (Final Concords, p. 304) by his successor, William de Bavent.
+
+{27f}  Cathedral Charters (Calcewaith), folio 106 (a), quoted
+_Architectural Society's Journal_, No. xxvii, p. 14.
+
+{27g}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 18 Ed. I., No. 34.
+
+{27h}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 12 Ed. II., No. 22.
+
+{27i}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 44 Ed. III., No. 32.  These
+trustees were John Amery of Horncastle; Simon, Parson of Wilksby; John of
+Claxby Pluckacre; and others.
+
+{27j}  De Banco Roll, 5 Henry VII., Hilary, M., A.D. 1490.
+
+{28a}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1894, p. 190.  _Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, vol. iii., p. 204, vol. vii., p. 3.
+
+{28b}  Maddison's _Wills_, 1st series, p. 360, No. 96.
+
+{28c}  Lansdown MS., British Museum, 54, 62, &c., quoted in _Old
+Lincolnshire_, vol. i., p. 118.  In All Saint's Church at Theddlethorpe
+is a fine brass of an Angevin and his wife of the 16th century.
+
+{28d}  De Banco Roll, 5 Henry VII., Hilary, M., A.D. 1490.
+
+{28e}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem, taken at Alford, April 28, 14
+Henry VIII., A.D. 1522.
+
+{28f}  Bridge's _History of Northamptonshire_, quoted _Architectural
+Society's Journal_, 1879, p. 45, note.
+
+{28g}  Patent I Ed. IV., pt. 2, m. 59, quoted _Old Lincolnshire_, vol.
+i., p. 124.
+
+{29a}  Chancery Inquisition, 18 Henry VII., No. 34., taken at East Rasen,
+26 Oct., 1502.
+
+{29b}  Commission of Peace, 13 July, 1510, quoted _Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, Jan. 1896, p. 15.
+
+{29c}  Inquisition post mortem, 6 Henry VIII., 20 Jan., A.D. 1515.  _Old
+Lincolnshire_, vol. i, p. 221.
+
+{29d}  Circa A.D. 1536.  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1895, p. 14.
+
+{29e}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1894, p. 192.
+
+{29f}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1894, p. 215.
+
+{29g}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1894, p. 221.
+
+{29h}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1879.  _Pedigree of
+Fitz-Williams_, p. 44, &c.  A Douglas Tyrwhitt of this family, daughter
+of George Tyrwhitt, Esq., in 1703 left a dole of 10/-, charged on land at
+Belchford, to the poor of Horncastle.
+
+{29i}  Patent Roll, 19 Elizabeth, pt. iv, m. 13, 2 May, 1577.
+
+{30a}  Privately printed, from Burghley Papers, by Right Hon. Edward
+Stanhope of Revesby Abbey, 1892.
+
+{30b}  Works of Thomas Becon, Parker Society, p. 480, note.
+
+{30c}  Bishop Aldrich died at Horncastle in March, 1555, he was a
+distinguished graduate of King's College, Cambridge, Provost of Eton, a
+correspondent of the great Dutch scholar Erasmus; afterwards made
+Archdeacon of Colchester, Canon of Windsor, Registrar of the Order of the
+Garter, and consecrated to the See of Carlisle 18 July, 1537.
+
+{31a}  Exchequer Bills and Answers, Chas. I., Lincoln, No. 36.  Among the
+charges brought against Rutland Snowden (as already stated elsewhere) one
+was, that, besides having aided the forces of the Parliament, he had more
+than one wife.  The Snowden Arms are given in "Yorks. Union of Honour,"
+_Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv., p. 16.
+
+{31b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. i., p. 106.
+
+{31c}  The valuable collections of Sir Joseph Banks are still carefully
+preserved at Revesby Abbey, and form in themselves almost a museum.
+
+{32a}  Leland's _Collectanea_, 66, p. 300.
+
+{32b}  The stables of John of Gaunt's House still exist adjoining the
+High Street.
+
+{33a}  Quoted Weir's _History of Horncastle_, note p. 29, ed. 1820.
+
+{33b}  On Saturday, next the Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, 21
+Jan., 1384-5, held by John de Feriby, Escheator of the King, in the
+County of Lincoln.
+
+{34}  Most of these fragments were removed by Mr. Stanhope to Revesby
+Abbey.  Two of them are preserved in the garden of Langton Rectory, near
+Horncastle.
+
+{36}  The origin of this Chantry is shewn by the following documents:--In
+the archives of Carlisle Cathedral is a copy, in Latin, of a Privy Seal
+State Paper, Domestic, vol. i, 5039, of date 5 May, 6 Henry VIII. (A.D.
+1514), slightly imperfect, but running thus: "The King to all . . .
+greeting.  Know that we, of our special grace . . . by these presents do
+grant . . . for us, our heirs and successors . . . to the devout woman,
+the Lady Margaret Copuldyke, widow, and Richard Clarke, tanner, of
+Horncastle, that they found a fraternity, or guild, to the honour of St.
+Katharine, and for the extending of divine teaching, in the Parish Church
+of the blessed Virgin of Horncastell, and mortain licence to acquire land
+of the annual value of 25 marks" (16 pounds 15s. 4d.).  Another document,
+a Chantry Certificate, Lincoln, No. 33 (55), Ed. VI. (1552), states that
+"the Guild of St. Katharine, in Horncastell, was founded by _Joan_
+Copuldyke, widow, and others, with the intention that one Chaplain for
+ever, should celebrate divine services in the church, for the souls of
+the founder, and others; the profits of the land and possessions are
+received by the Alderman of the Guild."  They are described as "worth
+yearly 13 pounds 8s. 8d., with fees, wages, rents and other reprises, 7
+pounds 15s. 3d.  The clear value, reprises deducted, yearly, 5 pounds
+13s. 10d.," with "goods, chattels and ornaments worth 1 pounds 10s."  It
+is to be observed that Gervase Holles says, that at the time of his
+visit, she was named "Margaret," in a window then existing in the church.
+A Patent Roll, 3 Ed. VI., pt. 5, m. 4, gives various lands and tenements,
+with which this chantry was endowed, in Horncastle, Spilsby, Thornton and
+Roughton, occupied by about 100 tenants; and states that all these were
+granted "by the King to Robert Carr, gent., of Sleaford, and John Almond,
+their heirs and assigns."  Witness, the King, at Westminster, 15 July,
+1549.  This is further confirmed by an Inquisition post mortem, 5 Eliz.,
+pt. 1, No. 67.  [This was 'in return for a payment by them of 1,238
+pounds 11s. 10d.']  Among the signatories to a declaration of the Royal
+supremacy (Lincoln Chapter Housebook, B. 3, 14, p. 39) are the names of
+Robt. James, Vicar of Horncastle Michel Whithed, Curate of Horncastle
+Hugh Doddington, "Cantuarista" of Horncastle (probably Chaplain of this
+Chantry).  It was also served by Robert Geffrey in 1552.  Chantry
+Certificates, Lincoln 33 (55).
+
+{37a}  Harleian MS. No. 6829, p. 241.  In a window in the north aisle was
+the inscription "Orate pro ai'a Thomae Coppuldike armig., et D'nae
+Margaretae, Consortis suae, fundatoria gildae cantar . . . fenestram
+fieri fecit.  Ano D'ni 1526."  In the eastern window of the south aisle
+was the inscription "Orate pro benefactoribus artis sutorum, qui istim
+fenestram fieri fecerunt. sc'ae Nemanae cum sera et catena.  Item S'ci
+Crispinus et Crispinianus cum instrumentis calceariis."  Here it is
+distinctly stated that a Guild of Shoemakers gave the window, and that
+Crispinus and Crispinianus the patron saints of shoemakers, were there
+represented.  A note in the same MS. states that Frances, wife of Gervase
+Holles, died at Horncastle and was buried there.  (These passages are
+quoted in Weir's _History of Horncastle_, pp. 30, 31, note, edition of
+1820).
+
+{38}  Mr. Dee had formerly been a Clerk in Mr. Clitherow's office, as
+Solicitor.
+
+{39a}  This was formerly the altar-piece below the east window of the
+chancel, before the present reredos was placed there, and dedicated at
+the Harvest Festival, 22 Sept., 1870.
+
+{39b}  It may here be stated, that the former font was quite as good as
+the present one, octagonal in form, and of perpendicular design, in
+harmony with older portions of the church.  It was, however, discarded at
+the restoration, and, for some time, hidden away among rubbish, but
+eventually presented to the restored church of the neighbouring parish of
+Belchford.  The bowl of the present font is too small to answer the
+requirements of the Rubric, and is not in keeping with the architecture
+of the church.
+
+{39c}  A Lectern, consisting of a large eagle, of cast iron, bronzed, on
+the model of one in St. Margaret's Church, Lynn, was presented by the
+late Prebendary Samuel Lodge, Rector of Scrivelsby.  This is still
+preserved in the south chancel chapel.
+
+{40a}  Walker in his _Sufferings of the Clergy_ (1714) gives an account
+of Thomas Gibson, which we here abridge.  Born at Keswick (in the diocese
+of Carlisle), he went to Queen's College, Oxford, was appointed Master of
+the Free School at Carlisle, there promoted to the similar post at
+Newcastle, and finally preferred by the Bishop of Carlisle to the
+Vicarage of Horncastle in 1634.  In consequence of a sermon preached by
+him, at the Election for Convocation, he was seized, in 1643, and carried
+as a prisoner to Hull.  Being released after four month's detention, and
+returning to Horncastle, he was charged with teaching "ormanism"
+(arminianism), and committed to the "County Jail" at Lincoln, a
+Presbyterian minister being appointed in his stead at Horncastle.  In
+1644 Colonel King, the Governor of Boston under the Parliament, ordered a
+party of horse to seize him (apparently having been released from
+Lincoln) and to plunder his house, but an old pupil, Lieut. Col. John
+Lillburn, interceded for him with his superior officer, Col. King, and
+the order was revoked.  In the subsequent absence, however, of Lillburn
+in London, the order was repeated, and Mr. Gibson was made prisoner, his
+house plundered, and his saddle horse, draught horses, and oxen carried
+off.  He was imprisoned at Boston, Lincoln and "Tattors-Hall Castle,"
+where he had "very ill-usage for 17 weeks."  He was sequestrated from his
+benefice and an "intruder," named Obadiah How, put in charge.  He was now
+accused of defending episcopacy, "refusing the covenant," &c.  He retired
+to a "mean house," about a mile from Horncastle, supposed to be at
+"Nether (Low) Toynton," where he and his family "lived but poorly for two
+years, teaching a few pupils."  He was then appointed Master of the Free
+School at Newark, two years later removed to the school at Sleaford,
+being presented by Lady Carr.  There he lived until the Restoration, and
+then resumed his Vicarage at Horncastle, until he died in 1678, aged 84.
+"He was a grave and venerable person (says Walker), of a sober and
+regular conversation, and so studious of peace, that when any differences
+arose in his parish, he never rested till he had composed them.  He had
+likewise so well principled his parish that, of 250 families in it, he
+left but one of them Dissenters at his death."  (Walker's _Sufferings of
+the Clergy_, pt. ii, p. 252, Ed. 1714).
+
+{40b}  There is an error in the date, which should be Oct. 11.  Further,
+the term "arch rebel" is inappropriate, as Cromwell was, at that time,
+only a Colonel, far from having attained his later distinction; the term
+"skirmish" is also inadequate, as the Winceby battle was a decisive
+engagement, with important consequences.
+
+{41a}  The origin of these scythes has of late years been a _vexata
+questio_.  It has been suggested that they are not, as generally
+supposed, relics of the Parliamentary War, but of the earlier so-called
+"Pilgrimage of Grace," or "Lincolnshire Rising," a movement intended as a
+protest against certain abuses attending the Reformation, in the reign of
+Henry VIII.  The evidence, however, gathered from various directions,
+would seem to be strongly corroborative of the old and more general
+opinion.  History shows that, for many years, about the period of the
+Commonwealth, scythes were among the commonest, rude weapons of war.  The
+artist Edgar Bundy, in his painting "The morning of Edgemoor," recently
+(1905) purchased for the National Gallery by the Chantry Trustees,
+represents a soldier armed with a straight wooden-handled scythe.  The
+battle of Edgemoor was fought Oct. 23, 1642, one year before that of
+Winceby.  We have also contemporary testimony in the _Memoirs of the
+Verney Family_ (vol. i, pp. 109-118 and 315), members of which took part
+in the civil war of that period, that King Charles' forces consisted
+largely of untrained peasants, "ill-fed and clothed . . . having neither
+colours, nor halberts . . . many only rude pikes . . . few a musket."  To
+such the scythes used in their farm labour would be handy weapons in
+emergency.  As a parallel to these cases Sir Walter Scott, in his preface
+to _Rob Roy_, states that "many of the followers of MacGregor, at the
+battle of Prestonpans (Sep. 21, 1745), were armed with scythe blades, set
+straight upon their handles, for want of guns and swords."  It is not
+without interest to note, that about 60 years ago there were exhumed, on
+the farm above Langton Hill, in Horncastle, the remains of 6 bodies,
+lying buried in a row, with scythe blades beside them.  It is known that
+skirmishes between Royalists and Roundheads took place in this locality,
+and it can hardly be doubted that these also were relics of the Winceby
+fight.  The then tenant of the farm, Mr. Dobson (as the writer has been
+informed by his granddaughter, Mrs. H. Boulton of St. Mary's Square,
+Horncastle), carted these remains to the town and they were re-buried in
+the south side of St. Mary's Churchyard, while the scythes were added to
+those already in the church.  An incident, which further confirms their
+connection with the Winceby fight, is that the present writer has in his
+possession a pair of spurs, which were found on the field of Winceby,
+remarkable for the long spikes of their rowels; and he himself once found
+the rowel of a spur, with similarly long spikes, within a few yards of
+where the bodies were discovered; and in the year 1905 he also examined
+several bones, pronounced by a doctor to be human, which were found near
+the same spot, while workmen were digging for the foundations of a house
+since erected there.  On the other hand, as against the theory of the
+scythes having been used in the earlier "Pilgrimage of Grace," we are
+distinctly told that the mobs concerned in that movement were deprived of
+all weapons before they could use them.  In the Lincoln Chapter House
+books (c. i, 20, f 193) is a letter from Richard Cromwell, dated Oct. 29,
+1586, which says that he, and Admiral Sir John Russell, went to Louth,
+where "all the harness and weapons were seized, and conveyed to Lincoln,"
+and that for the same purpose Mr. Bryan had been sent to Horncastle, and
+Mr. Brown to Market Rasen.  On the whole, therefore, the preponderance of
+evidence is strongly in favour of the connection of all these scythes
+with the neighbouring Battle of Winceby--the original tradition.
+
+{41b}  Weir, in his _History of Horncastle_ gives the quarterings of
+these shields as follows:--
+
+(1)  Sable, 2 lions passant in pale, ducally crowned, or, Dymoke impaling
+Barry of 6 ermines, and gules, 3 crescents, sable, Waterton; a crescent
+for difference.
+
+(2)  Dymoke impaling Vaire, on a fess, gules frette, or.  Marmyon, in
+chief, ermine, 5 fusils in fess, Hebden, a crescent for difference.
+
+(3)  Argent, a sword erect, azure, hilt and pomel gules.
+
+(4)  Dymoke impaling quarterly, gules and argent, a cross engrailed.
+Countercharged, Haydon, a crescent for difference.
+
+{42a}  The only other theft from the church of which we have record, was
+when the vestry was broken into in December, 1812, and the money
+collected for parish purposes was stolen.  A reward of 50 pounds was
+offered for information of the thief, but without result.  (MS. notes by
+Mr. T. Overton in possession of Mr. John Overton, of Horncastle.)
+
+{42b}  Details of these are given by Holles as follows:--
+
+                                   _In fenestra Insulae Borealis_.
+
+    "Orate pro a'ia Thomae Coppuldike Armig. & D'nae Margaretae Consortis suae fundatoris Gildae
+    Cantar . . . Fenestram fieri fecit Ano Dni 1526."
+
+                              _In superiori fenestra Borealis Cancelli_.
+
+    'Gules a lion passant guardant.  Arg. . . .
+
+    Sable, 3 flowres de lize betw: 6 crosses botony fitchy Arg. . . .
+
+    Gules, a cross sarcelly Arg." . . .                                                                           Bec.
+
+                              _In fenestra Orientali Insulae Australis_.
+
+    "Orate pro benefactoribus artis sutorum, qui istam fenestram fieri fecerunt stae Ninianae cum
+    cera et catena.  Item sti Crispinus et Crispianus cum instrumentis calceariis."  (N.B.  The
+    feminine is an error of Holles, as St. Ninian was a man.  Collier's _History_, vol. i. p. 100).
+
+                                    _Fenestra Borealis superior_.
+
+Empaled: Sa, 2 lions passant arg. crowned or.                                                                   Dymoke
+
+Empaled: Or, a lion rampant double queue sa.                                                                    Welles
+
+Empaled: Quarterly: Arg. a chevron betw: 3 bulls passant sa.                                                   Tourney
+
+Empaled: Quarterly: B. a fesse betw: 3 goats' heads erased arg.
+
+Empaled: Quarterly: Arg. a chevron gobony sa.
+
+Empaled: Quarterly: Arg. on a bend g. 3 roses arg.
+
+Quarterly: Arg. chevron betw: 3 griphons' heads erased, g.                                                      Tilney
+
+Quarterly: Arg. 3 bars g. over all a bend engrailed, sa.                                                           Ros
+
+Quarterly: Quarterly or and g. a border sa bezanty.                                                           Rockford
+
+Quarterly: Arg. 3 crosses botony fitchy B. semy of flowres de lize
+
+Quarterly ermine and chequey or. and g.                                                                      Gipthorpe
+
+Arg. a chevron betw: 3 roses, g.
+
+Taylboys &c
+
+                                    _Fenestra Australis superior_.
+
+G. a fesse betw. 3 water bougets ermine                                                                          Meres
+
+Empaled.: Marchants Mark.
+
+Empaled.: Arg. on a Bend, G.  3 ferniers of the first
+
+    Hic jacet Francisca filia primogenita Petri Fressheville de Stavely,
+    in com. Derb. arm [ex priore uxore sua Ehzabetha filia Gervasii
+    Clifton de Clifton, in com.  Nott. Militis] et quondam uxor Gervasii
+    Holles de Burgh in cum. Lincoln.  Militis, cui peperit Freschvillum
+    Holles, et Margaretam, gemellos, et Franciscum Holles filium
+    juniorem.  Obijt Horncastell.  Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 241.
+
+{42c}  Mr. Sellwood lived in a house on the west side of the Market
+Place, now occupied by R. W. Clitherow, Esq., of a family long
+established in Horncastle.
+
+{44a}  Mr. Fretwell was Curate of Horncastle and Rector of Winceby,
+(_Directory of Horncastle_, 1791-2).  He would appear to have been, for a
+time, in sole charge of Horncastle, as we find that on one occasion (Feb.
+23, 1790) "sensible of the distresses of the sick poor, he gave 1.5 g.
+from the communion money to be laid out in Salop sago and Bowen's sago
+powder, to be distributed at the discretion of the Faculty."  (See
+account of the Dispensary.)
+
+{44b}  The vault of Dr. Madeley is within the chancel rails, beneath the
+tablet.  His son was an officer in the 68th Regiment of Foot, in which
+also a Horncastle man, named Walker, was sergeant.
+
+{46}  There is still, in Westminster Abbey, a chantry named "The Islip
+Chapel," which is used as a Robing room, at the consecration of the
+Bishops.
+
+{50}  A List of Institutions given in _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. v,
+p. 236 has the date of C. Monke's appointment, 24 Oct., 1558, and gives
+his predecessor as Henry Henshaw.  In a previous notice (_Ibidem_, p.
+201) the latter is given as Henry Henshoo.
+
+{57a}  The patronage and manorial rights (as already stated) were
+transferred to the Bishop of Lincoln, on the death of the Bishop of
+Carlisle in 1856.
+
+{57b}  We may add that Dr. Madely also left a bequest of 50 pounds
+towards a much needed church at Woodhall Spa; where through the energy of
+the Rev. H. Walter, Vicar of the parent parish of Woodhall St. Margaret,
+and Rector of Langton, the Church of St. Andrew was built before that of
+Holy Trinity, Horncastle, the foundation stone being laid by Sir H.
+Dymoke, April 2, 1846, and the consecration by Bishop Kaye taking place
+Sep. 14, 1847; the architect in this case also being Mr. Stephen Lewin,
+of Boston, a vicarage being built at the same time.
+
+{59}  All the coloured windows are by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+{60}  The sister of the present writer, who was a brilliant pianist,
+frequently went to play to Mr. Clarke, and, as she touched the piano, he
+would rouse himself and take his flute and try to accompany her.  It is
+not a little remarkable, that Mr. Clarke's widow, after a few years
+married again, a Medical Practitioner, near Windsor, and committed
+suicide by placing herself on the railway line, near that place, her
+mangled remains being afterwards found on the line.  Whether her mind had
+been affected by her first husband's tragic death, who can say?
+
+{61}  To show Mr. White's energy of character the writer may mention that
+he frequently, as a healthy diversion from his professional work, walked
+up to Langton Rectory before breakfast, and plied his spade in the
+garden, and then enjoyed a hearty breakfast with the Rector, returning to
+Horncastle in time for the daily service at 11 a.m.  As an instance of
+his kindly nature we may give the following: At Horncastle a poor girl
+was suffering from a "white swelling" in the knee.  The doctor declared
+that her life could only be saved by the leg being amputated above the
+knee.  She dreaded the operation, but consented, if Mr. White would
+support her in his arms during the process.  He was greatly averse to
+painful scenes, but reluctantly consented.  Those were not the days of
+anaesthetics, when such operations can be performed without the patients
+feeling it; but he said to her "Let us pray," and while the doctors were
+at work they prayed so fervently that she was too much absorbed to notice
+what was done.  At length she said, "Dear Mr. White will they never
+begin?"  His reply was "My good girl, your leg is off, and the Lord has
+spared you all the pain."  She lived to be a strong healthy woman and
+always blessed the curate.
+
+{62}  The writer had the privilege of visiting Mr. White at Jedburgh, and
+retaining his valued friendship through life, visiting him a short time
+before his death, and receiving many kindnesses from him.
+
+{64}  The _Morning Post_ of April 8, 1889, referring to the death of Sir
+F. Gore Ouseley, says "He was a member of an ancient Irish family . . .
+which gave to the world the Wellesleys, the Wesleys, and the Ouseleys,
+all springing from the same stock;" all three names being only varied
+forms of the same.  A clergyman, Rev. L. H. Wellesley Wesley, now of
+Folkestone, combines the two names.
+
+{65}  Samuel Wesley, the father, was himself originally a dissenter, but
+afterwards conformed to the established church.  He was appointed to the
+benefice of South Ormsby in 1699 and afterwards held the Rectory of
+Epworth, and that of Wroot.  His eldest son, Samuel, born about 1692, was
+an Under Master in Westminster School for several years, and later became
+Head Master of the Grammar School at Tiverton, in Devonshire.
+
+{66a}  This has been re-issued by Mr. A. C. Fifield, as No. 16 of "The
+Simple Series," 6d., 1905.
+
+{66b}  As a proof of his regard for the church we may quote his remark
+(given in _Christian Sects of the_ 19_th century_, W. Pickering, 1850)
+"The Church of England is the purest in Christendom."
+
+{66c}  The first Conference was held in London at "The Foundry," June 25,
+1744.  It consisted of only 10 persons, viz., the two brothers, John and
+Charles Wesley, three beneficed clergymen, John Hodges, Rector of Wenvo,
+Henry Piers, Vicar of Bexley, Samuel Taylor, Vicar of Quinton, and John
+Meriton, with four Methodist preachers, viz., John Downes, John Bennett,
+Thomas Richards and Thomas Maxfield.  At this gathering "The Rules of a
+Helper" were adopted, which form to this day a part of the "discipline"
+enjoined on Wesleyan Ministers.
+
+{68a}  Mr. Carr Brackenbury died August 11, 1818, aged 65, and the
+_Stamford Mercury_ of the time says of him, "He powerfully and eloquently
+preached the glad tidings of the gospel during many years, in numerous
+Wesleyan Chapels, in various parts of the kingdom.  He had previously to
+his intimacy with Wesley been a celebrated character on the turf."
+
+{68b}  The aged son of the last named is still (1905) living at Alford,
+and several grandsons are dispersed about the country.
+
+{70a}  _Horncastle News_, August 31, 1907.
+
+{70b}  The first Sunday School was held in the British School (later the
+Drill Hall) east of the Wong, from 1812 to 1848.
+
+{71a}  We may add that at the time of writing (1905) a Wesleyan Church
+House is about to be erected in Westminster, a fine building in the
+Renaissance style of architecture, which is to cost 140,000 pounds, the
+firm of Lanchester & Richards being contractors for the work.
+
+{71b}  In addition to the authorities already named, we are indebted for
+much of the information here given to an account by Mr. Watson Joll, in
+the _Methodist Recorder_ of Aug. 27, 1903, and to an article by the late
+Mr. W. Pacy, in the _Lincoln Gazette_ of Aug. 20, 1898.
+
+{71c}  _Religious Worship in England and Wales_, by H. Mann, from the
+census of 1851.
+
+{72}  Within comparatively recent times a Primitive Chapel at Thimbleby
+was commonly called "The Ranters" Chapel.
+
+{73}  _Life of the Venerable Hugh Bourne_, by Rev. Jesse Ashworth, 1888;
+also _History of the Primitive Methodist Connexion_, by Rev. H. B.
+Kendall, B.A.
+
+{74}  _The Venerable William Clowes_, a sketch, by Thomas Guttery.
+
+{78}  In connection with Robert Brown's writings it may be of interest to
+note, that in the year 1907, an American scholar, Mr. Champlin Burrage,
+of the Newton Theological Institution, of Massachusetts, discovered in
+the Library of Lambeth Palace, London, a hitherto unpublished work, in
+MS., entitled _The Retraction of Robert Brown_; which the author himself
+describes as "A reproofe of certeine schismatical persons and their
+doctrine touching the hearing and preaching of the Word of God."  This
+was written about the year 1588.  It has now been published by permission
+of the Archbishop of Canterbury (Oxford University Press, 2/6 net), and
+is described by the editor as "a sane and broad-minded" production.
+[_Guardian Newspaper_, June 19, 1907.]
+
+{80a}  These particulars are gathered from the volume _Christian Sects of
+the_ 19_th century_, published by W. Pickering, 1850.
+
+{80b}  Mann's _Religious Worship in England and Wales_, from the census
+of 1851.
+
+{80c}  Only two copies of this pamphlet are known to exist; one in the
+Library at Revesby Abbey; the other is in the possession of Mr. C. M.
+Hodgett, of Horncastle, an officer of the chapel, having been given to
+him by Miss Frances Robinson, a relative, presumably, of the author
+"W.R.," otherwise William Robinson.
+
+{80d}  Letter of Rev. J. G. Crippen, of The Congregational Library
+Memorial Hall, London, Dec., 1858.
+
+{82}  A fuller notice of Rev. T. Lord appears on page 89.
+
+{84a}  Written in prison, A.D. 1675.
+
+{84b}  Under what was called "The Five Mile Act."
+
+{84c}  The chapel generally regarded as the oldest in the kingdom is that
+at Highthorne, in Kent, which dates from 1650.
+
+{84d}  There is a tradition that there was a chapel near the watermill,
+but this was probably only a room retained for the convenience of those
+who were "dipped" in the pit.  Under date, Aug. 7, 1889, it is recorded,
+as though a novel event, that at a special service in the evening, the
+Lay Pastor, Mr. W. P. Milns, performed the ceremony of baptism, by
+immersion, in the chapel, the baptized being an adult, _Horncastle News_,
+August 10, 1889.
+
+{85a}  In 1876 the Horncastle Baptists joined the "Notts., Derby and
+Lincoln Union," which proved a great help to them.
+
+{85b}  Among those present were Rev. M. C. Mason from Tura, Assam,
+British India, a member of the American Missionary Union; Pasteur
+Saillens, of the French Baptist community; Dr. B. D. Gray of Georgia,
+U.S.A.; as well as delegates from Russia and Japan.
+
+{91}  For further information as to the origin of the school see
+_addendum_ at the end of this chapter.
+
+{92a}  "Comorants," this is the Latin "Commorantes," meaning "temporarily
+resident."
+
+{92b}  Lord Clinton was 9th in descent from John de Clinton, of Armington
+and Maxlock, Co. Warwick.  He was born in 1512; married Elizabeth,
+daughter of Sir John Blount, and widow of Gilbert, Lord Tailbois.  He was
+made Lord Lieutenant of the County of Lincoln, Governor of the Tower of
+London, had been already granted the Manor and Castle of Tattershall by
+Ed. VI. and was created Earl of Lincoln by Elizabeth in 1572, a title
+still held by his descendants, now Dukes of Newcastle.  He died January
+16, 1584, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor.
+
+{92c}  It has already been stated that lands were given by John Neale in
+1575; and by will dated Feb. 7, 1692, Mr. Nicholas Shipley bequeathed 100
+pounds to assist poor scholars, but this was lost by the Treasurer, in
+1703.
+
+{92d}  By an apparently irregular proceeding, the land in Thornton was in
+1704, transferred to the Hon. Lewis Dymoke of Scrivelsby, Champion of
+England.  In 1811 the Governors decided to have their rights in this
+matter investigated.  Application was made to the Champion for an
+explanation of the transaction.  The case was submitted to the Charity
+Commissioners, no reply however was ever received from the Champion, and
+after a delay of 25 years, the matter was allowed to drop.  The 12 pounds
+a year paid in lieu of the former land does not seem to be an equivalent
+for the original gift.
+
+{93}  The present writer has a copy of this work.
+
+{94}  This grant amounted in 1903 to 60 pounds 19s.  The income for that
+year, apart from the grant, was 256 pounds 11s. 4d.; fees of pupils
+amounting to 263 pounds 10s.; school expenses 473 pounds 3s. 8d.
+
+{95a}  Among those, formerly connected with the school, who contributed
+to this Magazine, were the late Head Master, Canon S. Lodge; the Senior
+Governor, Dr. R. Jalland; A. C. Clapin, a whilome French pupil in the
+days of Dr. Smith, who was son of an officer in the army of Napoleon I.;
+and the present writer, who wrote School Reminiscences.
+
+{95b}  To the credit and honour of Dr. Smith, he brought his aged father
+and mother, the former being blind, to Horncastle, and provided for them
+in their old age.  They resided in a small cottage, close to his own
+house, now adjoining the Great Northern Hotel.
+
+{99a}  The writer possesses a copy of this, given to him by the author.
+He has also a 1st class prize, a book, signed by J. B. Smith and F.
+Grosvenor as 1st and 2nd masters.
+
+{99b}  His practice was always to close the school with these words.
+When the boys were let out for 10 minutes, to freshen up in the school
+yard, as was done at 11.30 every morning, the expression was varied to
+"exire licet."
+
+{99c}  Among the tasks set us to do by ourselves between Saturday morning
+and Monday, were theses on various subjects, or original verses, on some
+chosen theme; the writer still possesses several of these, of varied
+merit.  They taught us, however, the careful use of words.
+
+{100a}  The ringing of this bell was given up a few years ago, as the
+Governors decided not to pay for it.
+
+{100b}  The veteran, Mr. Thomas Baker, the friend of the champion
+cricketer, Dr. W. G. Grace, and the trainer of Sir Evelyn Wood, had not
+yet arrived at Horncastle, which he did a few years later, to put life
+and energy into our cricketers.
+
+{106a}  By Rev. T. P. Brocklehurst, Vicar of that parish, 1901.
+
+{106b}  As a similar instance to that named in the text, the school at
+Kingston on Thames is now called "Queen Elizabeth's," but it was founded
+by Bishop Edington, in 1364.  It may here be mentioned that the grammar
+school of Bruton, Somerset, which was originally founded in 1519, was
+re-established by Edward VI., "by letters patent, dated June 20, 1549,
+Corpus Christi day," on which day the Governors, Masters, and Scholars
+still attend a special commemoration service in the Parish Church.
+(_Guardian_, August 2, 1905, p. 1,287.)
+
+{106c}  Full details of these appointments are given in a Paper, by Mr.
+A. F. Leach, author of _English Schools at the Reformation_, for the
+_Gazette of the Old Bostonian Club_, which is reprinted in the Journal of
+the Lincolnshire Architectural Society, vol. xxvi, pt. ii, pp. 398 et
+seq, 1902.
+
+{108a}  The firm of Handley were Solicitors, of Sleaford.  Their recent
+representative was a member of the Banking Company of Peacock, Handley &
+Co. Henry Handley, Esq., represented South Lincolnshire in Parliament
+during 9 years, after the passing of the Reform Bill, dying in 1846, much
+regretted, after a long illness.  As a memorial of his public services a
+statue of him was erected in the main street of Sleaford in 1851, costing
+upward of 1,000 pounds.
+
+{108b}  The Swallows were a well-to-do family in Horncastle, living in
+the same part of the town as Mr. Watson, and the Coningtons.  Members of
+it, within memory, have been farmers, nurserymen, victuallers, &c.
+
+{110a}  This particular plot of ground, sometimes called "fool thing," is
+named in various other ancient documents connected with Horncastle.
+
+{110b}  The Governors at this date were John Thorold, M.D., Horncastle;
+Rev. Arthur Rockliffe, Roughton; Rev. William Boawre Coningsby; Robert
+Cole, Horncastle, gent; Benjamin Stephenson, Mareham-le-Fen, gent;
+Richard Heald, Horncastle, gent; Rev. John Wheeler, Mareham-le-Fen; Simon
+Draper and William Hirst Simpson, Horncastle; Francis Conington,
+Residuary Devisee; and Joseph Mowbound, Horncastle, clerk.
+
+{111}  Weir's _History of Horncastle_, 1820, pp. 41, 42.
+
+{112a}  Professor Walter's _History of England_, vol. vii., pp. 454-6.
+
+{112b}  This date is definitely fixed by the fact that the fittings of
+the school were sold by auction early in the following year (1877), among
+them being a desk, still in use, to the present writer's knowledge, in a
+neighbouring village school.  The premises were afterwards purchased by
+the late Mr. Alfred Healy, for a corn store, and they are now the
+warehouse of Messrs. Carlton & Sons, Chemists, of High Street.
+
+{112c}  The efficiency of the present church schools is testified to by
+the Report of the Government Inspector, in July, 1905, as follows: "Staff
+adequate, teaching energetic, boys and girls.  The new library should be
+a great benefit.  Infants, brisk and kind discipline; teaching bright and
+thorough."
+
+{113a}  The Right Hon. George Joachim Goschen, afterwards Viscount
+Goschen.
+
+{113b}  53 and 54 Victoria, chap. 60.
+
+{114a}  Mr. Mallet was afterwards assisted by Mr. Sydney N. Hawling,
+clerk to Mr. H. W. Kemp, Chemist, and also by Miss M. E. Edgar.
+
+{114b}  _Horncastle News_, Sept. 19, 1896.
+
+{115}  Miss Foster was an enthusiast in all her work, and being a cyclist
+she explored the country for many miles round Horncastle to collect
+fossils, besides making excursions into other counties, thus obtaining a
+valuable collection of specimens.  The writer possesses a copy of these
+lectures, which are remarkable for their fulness and precision.
+
+{120a}  The Rev. John Fretwell was Rector of Winceby, and began his
+ministry in Horncastle, June 24th, 1782, and was Curate under the Vicars,
+Revs. James Fowler and Joseph Robinson.  He would appear to have
+possessed a private income beyond his official stipend.  He was probably,
+for some time, in sole charge of the cure, as we find him disposing of
+some of the "communion money," for the benefit of the Dispensary, as
+recorded in a subsequent page of this chapter.  There is a tablet of
+black marble on the north wall of the chancel, in St. Mary's Church, in
+memory of Elizabeth, his first wife, who died Dec. 4th, 1784, and also of
+his infant son by his second wife), Matthew Harold, who died Sept. 19th,
+1786.
+
+{120b}  This was the house now occupied by Dr. H. A. Howes, 30, West
+Street; and the writer may add, that, within his own memory, while the
+house was occupied by a later tenant, Mr. Jason Alison, a poor lunatic,
+probably a survival of Dr. Harrison's asylum, was kept chained to the
+kitchen fireplace.  Such treatment would now be impossible, but parallel
+cases are on record in the neighbourhood.
+
+{122}  Dr. E. Jenner made his first experiment in 1796, announced his
+success in 1798, and the practice became general in 1799.
+
+{124}  Mr. Macarthur was the most indefatigable and efficient dispenser
+up to that time; the Governors more than once passing a vote of thanks
+for his services, raising his salary, or presenting him with a cheque.
+
+{127}  Weir, in his _History of Horncastle_, says that lime, manure, and
+road material were charged half rates.  This was in 1828.
+
+{128}  We refer to an admirable Paper, read before the Society of Arts,
+London, by Mr. Buckley, C.S.I., Feb. 15th, 1906.
+
+{129a}  See a very interesting volume, _Our Waterways_, by Urquhart A.
+Forbes and W. H. R. Ashford.  Murray, London, 1906.
+
+{133}  Garnier's _Annals of British Peasantry_, 1895.
+
+{134a}  As an instance of this the Horncastle Union comprises 69
+parishes.
+
+{134b}  These books were inspected by the present writer a few years ago,
+although now (1906) supposed to be lost.  In the account of Thimbleby,
+given in the appendix to this volume, instances are given of various
+forms of relief to paupers, in coals, shoes, petticoats, &c., but always
+on condition that they attended the church services regularly, otherwise
+such relief was forfeited.
+
+{134c}  In some parts of the country "black bread," made of oatmeal, was
+in use, among the humbler classes, as late as in 1850.
+
+{134d}  This had been forestalled as early as in the reign of Edward I.;
+a Pipe Roll dated 12 Edward I. (A.D. 1284) shows that a payment of 60
+shillings was made for a common oven, rented of the Bishop of Carlisle,
+as Lord of the Manor.  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, p. 237.
+
+{134e}  The older ones among us will remember that in the days of our
+grandmothers the spinning wheel was usually to be seen in the boudoir, or
+drawing room.  A common shrub of our hedgerows and copses is the spindle
+tree (euonymus europeus), so named because of its compact, yet light,
+wood was made the spindle of the spinster.  An old MS., kept by Sarah
+Cleveland, shows how not only the poor but ladies of all ranks, like the
+Homeric Penelope and her maidens, practised spinning; the younger with a
+view to providing a marriage portion for themselves; whence, until
+marriage, they were called "spinsters," a term still in use.  [Berenden
+Letters of William Ward and his family, of Berenden, Kent, 1758-1821,
+edited by C. F. Hardy.  Dent & Co., 1901.]  It may be here mentioned that
+the ancient building in Boston named Shodfriars' Hall, was formerly a
+spinning school.  In the Parish Register of Wispington, in this
+neighbourhood, not only is the female mentioned as "spinster," but the
+male is called "weaver," and in the adjoining parish of Woodhall there is
+a "weavers' close," part of which is named "tailors' garth," in the same
+connection, and the present parish clerk's grandmother, a Mrs. Oldfield,
+had herself a hand loom; and in the parish of Minting weaving is known to
+have been carried on extensively, an informant telling the present writer
+that his grandmother had a hand loom, see _Records of Woodhall Spa_, &c.,
+under Minting, by the author.  In Horncastle a weaver, named Keeling,
+formerly occupied the premises now the bookseller's shop of Mr. Hugh
+Wilson; another lived in the house, 3, North Street, now occupied by Mr.
+G. Walkley.
+
+{134f}  The members of this committee are given as Rev. Jas.  Fowler
+(Vicar), Joshua Towne (a well-known clock maker, whose clocks are still
+valued), Geo. Heald (gent), James Watson, William Maddison, Robert
+Boulton, John Spraggings, Francis Rockliffe, and Joshua Vickers (hatter).
+
+{134g}  In digging to lay the foundations of the building, a considerable
+number of ancient jars were exhumed, which passed subsequently into the
+possession of the Chaplain, the late Rev. E. M. Chapman, Rector of Low
+Toynton.  After disappearing for some years, several of these were sold
+in 1905.  They are supposed to be Cyprus ware.  The present writer has
+three of them, others have been presented to different museums, &c.
+
+{135}  The only town constable at that time was a feeble old man (it was
+said) a former smuggler.  He afterwards retired from this post, for which
+he was unfitted, and became host of the Lord Nelson Inn, close by the
+former scene of his duties.  We may add that the sign of this inn, a good
+portrait of Nelson, was the work of the artist Northouse.
+
+{140}  300 pounds was borrowed Nov. 19th, 1901.
+
+{142a}  Robert Whelpton, the father of George, who was also a shoemaker,
+used to relate that he made shoes for Sir John Franklin, before he went
+out as Governor of Tasmania.  Sir John, a native of Spilsby, was
+brother-in-law of Mr. Henry Selwood, who lived in the house on the west
+side of the Market Place, now occupied by Mr. R. W. Clitherow, which
+would be opposite Whelpton's shop.  Sir John was Governor of Tasmania
+1836-1842.
+
+{142b}  William Thomas Whelpton took as a residence 69, Gloucester
+Crescent, Regent's Park, London; and Henry Robert Whelpton resided in
+Upton Park, Slough.
+
+{142c}  While at Derby he revisited Horncastle, driving over in a hired
+carriage, with pair of horses, and it is said that a local wag, seeing
+his carriage in the Bull Hotel yard, wrote upon it with chalk:
+
+    "Who would have thought it,
+    That pills could have bought it?"
+
+{143a}  His wife's maiden name was Barber.  She was, by profession, a
+lady's stay maker, and occupied a house standing on the site of the
+present Church National School.
+
+{143b}  The inscription on the houses states that they were erected by
+George Whelpton, of 1, Albeit Road, Regent's Park, London, in 1861, in
+memory of his wife Elizabeth, who died Dec. 11, 1859.
+
+{145}  The present writer still has in his possession, as a cherished
+heirloom, the sword and sash of his grandfather, the owner of Tanshelf
+House, Pontefract, as well as of residences at Lofthouse and Methley.
+
+{146}  Similarly the present writer has a photograph of an uncle, who was
+an officer of yeomanry in 1804, and lived to join the modern yeomanry in
+1860.
+
+{155}  _Illustrated Police News_, Aug. 18th, 1883,
+
+{159}  The _Boston Guardian_ in an obituary notice said "all who knew him
+esteemed him," and the _Horncastle News_ said "There is gone from among
+us one of nature's true gentlemen."
+
+{160}  This ready mode of disolving the bond of wedlock was not uncommon
+in former times, but a similar case is recorded as having occurred in or
+near Scarborough in recent years, and in November 1898 a case came before
+Mr. Justice Kekewich, in the Chancery Court, of a man, before leaving for
+Australia, having sold his wife for 250 pounds.
+
+{162}  For these details, as well as many others, I am indebted to family
+records in the possession of the late Mr. John Overton, which I have had
+the privilege of consulting on many occasions.  J.C.W.
+
+{165}  Mr. Isaac Taylor in his _Words and Places_ (p. 201, ed. 1873),
+says "I cannot discover any indication of the place where the
+Lincolnshire 'Thing' (the Saxon 'County Council') assembled, unless it
+was at Thimbleby or Legbourne."  There are, however, several parishes
+containing the element "thing" in their field names; for instance there
+is one in Welton near Lincoln; there is a Candlesby Thyng, a Norcotes
+Thyng, and Ravenworth Thyng, named in a Chancery Inquisition, 20 Henry
+VII., No. 133, &c.  (_Architectural Society's Journal_, 1895, p. 38.)
+These were probably the localities where smaller parish meetings were
+held.
+
+{166a}  A superior tenant, holding under Bishop Odo, was a rather
+important man in the county, frequently mentioned in documents of the
+period, as Alan of Lincoln.  He also held lands in Langton and other
+parishes in the neighbourhood.  (Survey of Lindsey, Cotton MS., British
+Museum.  Claudius, c. 5.  A.D. 1114-1118.)
+
+{166b}  Notices of Hagworthingham.
+
+{166c}  Albemarle, or Aumarle, was a town in Normandy, now called Aumale,
+whence the Duc d' Aumale, of the Royal family of France, takes his title.
+Probably the Earl put in a claim for this demesne indirectly, because (as
+already stated) Adeliza, Countess of Albemarle, was sister of Bishop Odo,
+the former Lord of Thimbleby.
+
+{166d}  The Gaunts took their name from Gande, now Ghent, in Flanders.
+Gilbert was the son of Baldwyn, Earl of Flanders, whose sister was
+married to William the Conqueror.  He was thus nephew to the Conqueror's
+consort.  He held 113 manors in Lincolnshire besides many others
+elsewhere.  Both he and his son Walter largely endowed Bardney Abbey.
+The name of Gaunt still survives in our neighbourhood.
+
+{166e}  Notes on Bolingbroke, &c.
+
+{167a}  Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 31 Edward I.
+
+{167b}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1897, p. 52.
+
+{167c}  It may be nothing more than an accidental coincidence that the
+name of Bartholomew occurs in the Thimbleby Register in modern times.
+
+{167d}  These charters belong to the Rev. J. A. Penny, Vicar of
+Wispington, by whom they were communicated to _Lincs. Notes & Queries_,
+vol. v, No. 38, April, 1897.
+
+{168a}  Harleian Charter, British Museum, 43 G, 52, B.M.  _Lincs. Notes &
+Queries_, Oct., 1898, p. 244.
+
+{168b}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem 6 Ed. III.
+
+{168c}  Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 34 Ed. III., and notes thereon,
+_Architectural Society's Journal_, 1896, p. 257.
+
+{168d}  Court of Wards Inquisition, 3, 4, 5 Ed. VI., vol. 5, p. 91.
+
+{169a}  Harleian Charter, British Museum, 56 B, 49 B.M.
+
+{169b}  Myntlyng MS. of Spalding Priory, folio 7 b.
+
+{170a}  At the time of the Norman Conquest, according to Sir Henry Ellis,
+there were 222 parish churches in the county, and only 131 resident
+priests.  Sharon Turner gives 226 churches, about half without a resident
+minister.
+
+{170b}  Hundred Rolls, p. 299.  Oliver's _Religious Houses_, p. 78.
+
+{171a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, 1898, p. 135.
+
+{171b}  _History of Lincolnshire_, p. 334.
+
+{172a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queues_, vol. ii, p. 38.
+
+{172b}  I have been informed of this by the Rev. Edwin Richard Kemp, of
+St. Anne's Lodge, Lincoln, who is a scion of a collateral branch of the
+family, to be named next amongst the successive owners of the Hall-garth.
+
+{173a}  Weir's _History of Lincolnshire_, p. 334.
+
+{173b}  Henry Kemp and "Elinor" Panton were married in 1723.  They had a
+numerous family, including Michael, baptized May 2nd, 1731; Thomas,
+baptized 1737, married 1768; and Robert, baptized 1740, married 1766.
+Thomas and Robert were family names, which occurred in successive
+generations.  There were other branches of the family, whose
+representatives still survive; including the Rev. Edwin R. Kemp, already
+referred to, whose grandfather was first cousin of the last Thomas Kemp
+residing at the Hall-garth.  When the Kemp property was sold, a portion,
+at one time belonging to William Barker, was bought by the Rev. R. E.
+Kemp of Lincoln.
+
+{173c}  N. Bailey's _Dictionary_ 1740.
+
+{173d}  The Saxon word "caemban" meant "to comb," whence our words
+"kempt" and "unkempt," applied to a tidy, neatly trimmed, or combed,
+person, and the reverse; or used of other things, as Spenser, in his
+_Faery Queen_, says:
+
+    "I greatly lothe thy wordes,
+    Uncourteous and unkempt."--Book III, canto x, stanza xxix.
+
+On the other hand, more than 100 years before the days of the Huguenots,
+there was a Cardinal John Kemp, afterwards consecrated Archbishop of
+Canterbury, A.D. 1452, born at Wye, near Ashford in Kent.  In the old
+Rhyming Chronicle "Laweman's Brut," of date about A.D. 1205, we find
+"Kemp" used as a parallel to "Knight," or warrior; as
+
+    "Three hundred cnihtes were also Kempes,
+    The faireste men that evere come here."
+
+    ("Hengist and Horsa," Cottonian MS., Brit. Mus., "Otho," c. xiii.)
+    ("Morris's _Specimens of early English_," p. 65.)
+
+In Bedfordshire there is a village named Kempston, which, like Campton in
+the same county, is supposed to be derived from the Saxon "Kemp," meaning
+"battle."  Taylor's _Words and Places_, p. 206.
+
+{175}  One of these Marshalls began life as the owner of property,
+hunting in "pink," &c., but ended his days as the clerk of a neighbouring
+parish.  Another had a public-house and farm in another near parish; his
+descendant is a beneficed clergyman in the diocese of Exeter.
+
+{176a}  There were six bells in the original church.  These were sold by
+the said churchwarden, who would appear to have been a zealous
+iconoclast.  According to one tradition they went to Billinghay, but as
+the church there has only three bells, this is probably an error.
+Another version is that they were transferred to Tetford church; had the
+removal occurred in the time of the Thimblebys, this might not have been
+improbable, as they were patrons of that benefice; but several other
+churches claim this distinction, and, further, there are only three bells
+in that church, so that this again is doubtless a mistake.
+
+{176b}  Gervase Holles gives the following as the inscription existing in
+his time (circa 1640), "Hic jacet Gulielmus Brackenburg et Emmotta ejus
+uxor, qui quidem Gulielmus obiit 6 die Januarii, An'o D'ni 1476, quorum
+a'iabus p'pitietur Deus.  Amen."  There are, he adds, "figures of
+themselves upon the stone, and ten children, all in brasse."  Harleian
+MS., Brit. Mus., No. 6,829, p. 177.
+
+{177}  In _Magna Britannia_ it is stated that he held 15 manors in this
+county.  In connection with the Paganell family it may here be noted that
+a daughter, Maud, of Gilbert de Gaunt, married a Norman, Ralph Fitzooth;
+their son William Fitzooth married the daughter of Beauchamp Paganell;
+from whom sprung Robert Fitz Ooth, commonly known as Robin Hood.
+Stukeley, _Palaeol Brit._, vol. ii, p. 115.
+
+{178a}  _Guardian_, Jan. 18th, 1905.
+
+{178b}  _Monasticon_, vol. i, 564-565.
+
+{178c}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, pp. 16, 17.
+
+{178d}  Weir's _History of Lincolnshire_, vol. i, p. 335.  Ed. 1828.
+
+{179}  Harleian MSS., No. 6,829, p. 342.
+
+{180a}  It contains several entries of baptisms during the Commonwealth,
+a period when, frequently, only births were allowed to be registered.
+
+{180b}  Testa de Nevill, folio 248 (536).
+
+{183a}  Testa de Nevill, fol. 348 (556).
+
+{183b}  _Domesday Book_.
+
+{183c}  Soc-men were small tenants who held their lands under the lord,
+on the terms of doing certain agricultural service for him.  Bordars,
+from the Saxon "bord" a cottage, were a lower class of smaller tenants,
+who had a cottage and small allotment, supplying to the lord more
+continuous labour, and also eggs and poultry.  By statute of Queen
+Elizabeth (31 Eliz., c. 7), which probably only confirmed old usage, at
+that time liable to fall into abeyance, it was enacted that any
+proprietor electing a new cottage should be compelled to attach thereto
+four acres of land.  If something like this were done in these days we
+should probably hear less of the rural population migrating to the towns,
+to the increase of pauperage.  There was a third still lower class of
+dependents, not here mentioned, named villeins, who performed the meanest
+labours; these were attached either to the land, or to the person of the
+owner, and could be transferred from one to another owner, like goods or
+chattels.  Such a position of serfdom is unknown to the agricultural
+labourer of modern times; and their name, as having belonged to the
+lowest grade of society, now only survives as a synonym for a dishonest
+person, a scoundrel or villain.
+
+{184a}  A "trentall" was thirty masses for the dead to be celebrated on
+thirty several days.
+
+{184b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol iv, pp. 12-13.
+
+{185a}  Weir's _History_, ed. 1828, p. 335.
+
+{185b}  Mr. Taylor in his _Words and Places_, p. 130, says that "there is
+hardly a river named in England which is not celtic, _i.e._ British.  The
+name Waring is British; garw, or gwarw, is welsh, _i.e._ British, and
+appears in other river names, as the Yarrow and Garry in Scotland, and
+the Garonne in France.
+
+{186}  This bridge was taken down and a wider and more substantial one
+erected in 1899.
+
+{187a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iii. p. 218.
+
+{187b}  _Ibid._, pp. 87, 88.
+
+{187c}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv. pp. 212, 213.
+
+{188a}  Canon Maddison, _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1897, p. l62.
+
+{188b}  In the old Register Book of Burials, &c., of the parish of
+"Toynton Inferior," is an entry of the burial of "--- Newcomen ye 17th
+November, 1592."  The Christian name is undecipherable.
+
+{190a}  Sewer is a common local name for a drain, or even a clear running
+stream.  Such a stream, called the Sewer, rises at Well-syke Wood in this
+parish, and runs into the Witham river, nearly four miles distant,
+perfectly limpid throughout its course.  As to the name Well-syke, "sike"
+is an old term for a "beck," or small running stream.  "Sykes and meres"
+are frequently mentioned in old documents connected with land.  The word
+syke is doubtless connected with "soak," and this wood was so named
+because the "syke" welled up within a marshy part of it.
+
+{190b}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, vol. xxiii, pp. 122 and 132.
+
+{190c}  Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 244.
+
+{191}  It was at Roughton in 1631.
+
+{192a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iii, pp. 245-6.
+
+{192b}  Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 245.
+
+{194a}  Sir Jos. Banks was Lord of the Manor.
+
+{194b}  Archdeacn Churton's _English Church_; Introd. _Domesday Book_, by
+C. Gowen Smith, p. xxxii.
+
+{195a}  Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 218.
+
+{195b}  Burn's _Justice_, vol. v, pp. 823-4.
+
+{196a}  _Revesby Deeds & Charters_, published by Right Hon. E. Stanhope,
+No. 150.
+
+{196b}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1894, p. 214.
+
+{196c}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1891, p. 24, and 1897, pp.
+145-163.
+
+{196d}  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1897, pp. 75, 79.
+
+{196e}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iii, p. 215.
+
+{198a}  A pamphlet on _The Ayscough family and their connections_, by J.
+Conway Walter, 1896.
+
+{198b}  _Lincolnshire Wills_, by Canon Maddison.
+
+{198c}  At this early period, partly perhaps owing to laxity of morals,
+but partly because the papal supremacy was not fully recognised, celibacy
+of the clergy was not strictly enforced.  On the accession of Queen Mary
+great numbers of them were found to be married.  She issued "Injunctions"
+to the bishops in 1553-4, ordering them to deprive all such of their
+benefices; although some of them, on doing public penance, were restored
+to their position.  In the Lincoln Lists of Institutions to Benefices, at
+that period, many of the vacancies are stated to have occurred, owing to
+the deprivation of the previous incumbent; and in some cases, as at
+Knebworth, Herts., and at Haversham, Bucks, (both then in the Lincoln
+diocese), it is specified that the incumbent so deprived was married
+(sacerdos conjugatus).  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. v, p. 174.
+
+{198d}  One derivation of the name Revesby is from "reeve," a fox, or
+rover, and we still call the fox the "little red rover."
+
+{201a}  The Glenham family were at one time located at Miningsby; when
+the Revesby estates passed from the Duke of Suffolk, Thomas Glenham,
+Esq., with Sir Henry Sidney, and some others, succeeded to different
+portions.
+
+{201b}  _Words and Plans_, by J. Taylor.
+
+{202}  This tract of forest probably was very extensive.  We know that in
+the north-west of the county, and extending to near Doncaster, there was
+the forest of Celidon; south of that was Sherwood forest.  In Holland
+there was the forest of "Haut Huntre" (its Norman name); and there is a
+tradition, in our neighbourhood, of a church, not far from Old
+Bolingbroke, being called "St. Luke's in the Forest," now known as
+Stickney; this name itself probably meaning a "sticken," or staked,
+island; a kind of preserved oasis, or clearing, in a wilderness of wood
+and morass.  _Architectural Society's Journal_, 1858, p. 231.
+
+{203a}  This has also been quoted in the Notes on High Toynton; and
+another case of a similar tenure of land is mentioned in the Notes on
+Hameringham.
+
+{203b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queues_, vol. iii, pp. 245-6.
+
+{203c}  _Domesday Book_, "Land of Robert Despenser."
+
+{204}  In _Domesday Book_ the chief features are "the woodland" and
+"fisheries," no less than 10 of the latter are named as belonging to
+Robert Despenser.
+
+{205}  Harleyan MS., No. 6829, pp. 179-182, given in Weir's _History of
+Horncastle_, pp. 50-53.
+
+{206a}  In the reign of Mary Sir Edward Dymoke married Anne, daughter of
+Sir G. Taillebois.
+
+{206b}  _Gentleman's Magazine_, April, 1826.
+
+{207a}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. ii, p. 108.
+
+{207b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. iv, pp. 119-120.
+
+{208a}  Mr. Tyrwhitt, like many other clergy in his day, was
+non-resident; the duty being performed by a curate, the Rev. W. Robinson,
+who held also the rectory of Moorby, but resided in Horncastle.
+
+{208b}  _Lincs. Notes & Queries_, vol. ii, p. 39.
+
+{209}  The writer of these notes in his youth used to visit a farmer,
+living in the fen, whose father was among the first to erect his
+farmstead in that locality.  He had first to solidify the site of his
+dwelling by importing soil by boat; and, when that was effected, to
+import by boat all the materials for the buildings; the construction of
+roads followed; and thus in course of time a waste of morass became one
+of the most fertile tracts in the country.
+
+
+
+
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