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diff --git a/old/30419.txt b/old/30419.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..318ab56 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/30419.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6510 @@ +Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. B. Wheatley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: How to Form a Library, 2nd ed + +Author: H. B. Wheatley + +Release Date: November 7, 2009 [EBook #30419] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY, 2ND ED *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Christine D. and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + + The Book-Lover's Library. + + Edited by + + Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. + + + + + HOW + TO FORM A LIBRARY + +BY + +H.B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. + + +_SECOND EDITION._ + + + NEW YORK + A.C. ARMSTRONG & SON, BROADWAY. + LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK. + 1886 + + + + +_PREFACE._ + + +_It will be generally allowed that a handy guide to the formation of +libraries is required, but it may be that the difficulty of doing justice +to so large a subject has prevented those who felt the want from +attempting to fill it. I hope therefore that it will not be considered +that I have shown temerity by stepping into the vacant place. I cannot +hope to have done full justice to so important a theme in the small space +at my disposal, but I think I can say that this little volume contains +much information which the librarian and the book lover require and cannot +easily obtain elsewhere. They are probably acquainted with most of this +information, but the memory will fail us at times and it is then +convenient to have a record at hand._ + +_A book of this character is peculiarly open to criticism, but I hope the +critics will give me credit for knowing more than I have set down. In +making a list of books of reference, I have had to make a selection, and +works have been before me that I have decided to omit, although some would +think them as important as many of those I have included._ + +_I need not extend this preface with any lengthy explanation of the +objects of the book, as these are stated in the Introduction, but before +concluding I may perhaps be allowed to allude to one personal +circumstance. I had hoped to dedicate this first volume of the Book +Lover's Library to HENRY BRADSHAW, one of the most original and most +learned bibliographers that ever lived, but before it was finished the +spirit of that great man had passed away to the inexpressible grief of all +who knew him. It is with no desire to shield myself under the shelter of a +great name, but with a reverent wish to express my own sense of our +irreparable loss that I dedicate this book (though all unworthy of the +honour) to his memory._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTION 1 + + CHAPTER I. HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES 23 + + II. HOW TO BUY 57 + + III. PUBLIC LIBRARIES 73 + + IV. PRIVATE LIBRARIES 89 + + V. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES 141 + + VI. SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES 160 + + VII. PUBLISHING SOCIETIES 184 + + VIII. CHILD'S LIBRARY 217 + + IX. ONE HUNDRED BOOKS 227 + + + + +HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +Although there can be little difference of opinion among book lovers as to +the need of a Handbook which shall answer satisfactorily the +question--"How to Form a Library"--it does not follow that there will be a +like agreement as to the best shape in which to put the answer. On the one +side a string of generalities can be of no use to any one, and on the +other a too great particularity of instruction may be resented by those +who only require hints on a few points, and feel that they know their own +business better than any author can tell them. + +One of the most important attempts to direct the would-be founder of a +Library in his way was made as long ago as 1824 by Dr. Dibdin, and the +result was entitled _The Library Companion_.[1] The book could never have +been a safe guide, and now it is hopelessly out of date. Tastes change, +and many books upon the necessity of possessing which Dibdin enlarges are +now little valued. Dr. Hill Burton writes of this book as follows in his +_Book-Hunter_: "This, it will be observed, is not intended as a manual of +rare or curious, or in any way peculiar books, but as the instruction of a +Nestor on the best books for study and use in all departments of +literature. Yet one will look in vain there for such names as Montaigne, +Shaftesbury, Benjamin Franklin, D'Alembert, Turgot, Adam Smith, +Malebranche, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Fenelon, Burke, Kant, Richter, +Spinoza, Flechier, and many others. Characteristically enough, if you turn +up Rousseau in the index, you will find Jean Baptiste, but not Jean +Jacques. You will search in vain for Dr. Thomas Reid the metaphysician, +but will readily find Isaac Reed the editor. If you look for Molinaeus, or +Du Moulin, it is not there, but alphabetical vicinity gives you the good +fortune to become acquainted with "Moule, Mr., his _Bibliotheca +Heraldica_." The name of Hooker will be found, not to guide the reader to +the _Ecclesiastical Polity_, but to Dr. Jackson Hooker's _Tour in +Iceland_. Lastly, if any one shall search for Hartley _on Man_, he will +find in the place it might occupy, or has reference to, the editorial +services of 'Hazlewood, Mr. Joseph.'" + +Although this criticism is to a great extent true, it does not do justice +to Dibdin's book, which contains much interesting and valuable matter, for +if the _Library Companion_ is used not as a Guide to be followed, but as a +book for reference, it will be found of considerable use. + +William Goodhugh's _English Gentleman's Library Manual, or a Guide to the +Formation of a Library of Select Literature_, was published in 1827. It +contains classified lists of library books, but these are not now of much +value, except for the notes which accompany the titles, and make this work +eminently readable. There are some literary anecdotes not to be found +elsewhere. + +A most valuable work of reference is Mr. Edward Edwards's Report on the +formation of the Manchester Free Library, which was printed in 1851. It is +entitled, "_Librarian's First Report to the Books Sub-Committee on the +Formation of the Library, June 30, 1851, with Lists of Books suggested for +purchase_." The Lists are arranged in the following order:-- + + 1. Works--collective and miscellaneous--of Standard British + authors; with a selection of those of the Standard authors + of America. + + 2. Works relative to the History, Topography, and Biography + of the United Kingdom, and of the United States of America. + + 3. Works relative to Political Economy, Finance, Trade, + Commerce, Agriculture, Mining, Manufactures, Inland + Communication, and Public Works. + + 4. Works relating to Physics, Mathematics, Mechanics, + Practical Engineering, Arts, and Trades, etc. + + 5. Voyages and Travels. + + 6. Works on Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, and Geology. + + 7. Periodical Publications and Transactions of Learned + Societies (not included in Lists 2, 3, or 6), Collections, + Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers, Atlases, Dictionaries, + Bibliographies, Indexes, etc. + +These draft lists include 4582 distinct works, extending to about 12,438 +volumes, including pamphlets, but exclusive of 553 Parliamentary Papers +and Reports, or _Blue Books_. Such a practically useful collection of +lists of books will not easily be found elsewhere. + +Mr. Edwards gives some rules for the formation of Libraries in the second +volume of his _Memoirs of Libraries_ (p. 629), where he writes, "No task +is more likely to strip a man of self-conceit than that of having to +frame, and to carry out in detail a plan for the formation of a large +Library. When he has once got beyond those departments of knowledge in +which his own pursuits and tastes have specially interested him, the duty +becomes a difficult one, and the certainty, that with his best efforts, it +will be very imperfectly performed is embarrassing and painful. If, on the +other hand, the task be imposed upon a 'Committee,' there ensues almost +the certainty that its execution will depend at least as much on chance as +on plan: that responsibility will be so attenuated as to pass off in +vapour; and that the collection so brought together will consist of parts +bearing but a chaotic sort of relation to the whole." + +Mr. Henry Stevens printed in 1853 his pretty little book entitled +_Catalogue of my English Library_, which contains a very useful selection +of Standard books. In his Introduction the author writes, "It was my +intention in the outset not to exceed 4000 volumes, but little by little +the list has increased to 5751 volumes. I have been considerably puzzled +to know what titles to strike out in my next impression, being well aware +that what is trash to one person is by no means such to another; also that +many books of more merit than those admitted have been omitted. You may +not think it difficult to strike out twenty authors, and to add twenty +better ones in their place, but let me relate to you a parable. I +requested twenty men, whose opinions on the Literary Exchange are as good +as those of the Barings or the Rothschilds on the Royal, each to expunge +twenty authors and to insert twenty others of better standing in their +places, promising to exclude in my next impression any author who should +receive more than five votes. The result was, as may be supposed, not a +single expulsion or addition." + +In 1855 Mons. Hector Bossange produced a companion volume, entitled _Ma +Bibliotheque Francaise_. It contains a select list of about 7000 volumes, +and is completed with Indexes of Subjects, Authors, and Persons. + +For helpful Bibliographical Guides we often have to look to the United +States, and we do not look in vain. A most useful Handbook, entitled _The +Best Reading_, was published in 1872 by George P. Putman, and the work +edited by F.B. Perkins is now in its fourth edition.[2] The books are +arranged in an alphabet of subjects, and the titles are short, usually +being well within a single line. A very useful system of appraisement of +the value of the books is adopted. Thus: _a_, means that the book so +marked is considered _the_ book, or as good as any, _at a moderate cost_; +_b_ means, in like manner, the best of the more elaborate or costly books +on the subject. In the department of FICTION, a more precise +classification has been attempted, in which a general idea of the +relative importance of the _authors_ is indicated by the use of the +letters _a_, _b_, and _c_, and of the relative value of their several +works by the asterisks * and **." + +Having noted a few of the Guides which are now at hand for the use of the +founders of a library, we may be allowed to go back somewhat in time, and +consider how our predecessors treated this same subject, and we can then +conclude the present Introduction with a consideration of the less +ambitious attempts to instruct the book collector which may be found in +papers and articles. + +One of the earliest works on the formation of a library was written by +Bishop Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 1587, in a thin volume +entitled _De regia S. Laurentii Bibliotheca. De Pontificia Vaticana_ +[etc.]. + +Justus Lipsius wrote his _De Bibliothecis Syntagma_ at the end of the +sixteenth century, and next in importance we come to Gabriel Naude, who +published one of the most famous of bibliographical essays. The first +edition was published at Paris in 1627, and the second edition in 1644. +This was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876--"_Advis pour dresser une +Bibliotheque, presente a Monseigneur le President de Mesme_, par G. Naude +P. Paris, chez Francois Farga, 1627." + +This essay was translated by John Evelyn, and dedicated to Lord Chancellor +Clarendon. "_Instructions concerning erecting of a Library_; Presented to +My Lord the President De Mesme. By Gabriel Naudeus P., and now interpreted +by Jo. Evelyn, Esquire, London, 1661." + +Naude enlarges on the value of Catalogues, and recommends the book-buyer +to make known his desires, so that others may help him in the search, or +supply his wants. He specially mentions two modes of forming a library; +one is to buy libraries entire, and the other is to hunt at book-stalls. +He advised the book-buyer not to spend too much upon bindings. + +Naude appears to have been a born librarian, for at the early age of +twenty the President De Mesme appointed him to take charge of his +library. He left his employer in 1626, in order to finish his medical +studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, and when Bagni died, Naude +became librarian to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled him to Paris in +1642, to act as his librarian, but the Minister dying soon afterwards, +Naude took the same office under Mazarin. During the troubles of the +Fronde, the librarian had the mortification of seeing the library which he +had collected dispersed; and in consequence he accepted the offer of Queen +Christina, to become her librarian at Stockholm. Naude was not happy +abroad, and when Mazarin appealed to him to reform his scattered library, +he returned at once, but died on the journey home at Abbeville, July 29, +1653. + +The Mazarin Library consisted of more than 40,000 volumes, arranged in +seven rooms filled from top to bottom. It was rich in all classes, but +more particularly in Law and Physic. Naude described it with enthusiasm as +"the most beautiful and best furnished of any library now in the world, +or that is likely (if affection does not much deceive me) ever to be +hereafter." Such should be a library in the formation of which the Kings +and Princes and Ambassadors of Europe were all helpers. Naude in another +place called it "the work of my hands and the miracle of my life." Great +therefore was his dejection when the library was dispersed. Of this he +said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the ruine of this Library will be more +carefully marked in all Histories and Calendars, than the taking and +sacking of Constantinople." Naude's letter on the destruction of the +Mazarin Library was published in London in 1652, and the pamphlet was +reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_. "_News from France, or a +Description of the Library of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly +ruined._ Sent in a letter from G. Naudaeus, Keeper of the Publick Library. +London, Printed for Timothy Garthwait, 1652." 4to. 4 leaves. + +In 1650 was published at London, by Samuel Hartlib, a little book +entitled, "_The Reformed Librarie Keeper, with a Supplement to the +Reformed School, as Subordinate to Colleges in Universities._ By John +Durie. London, William Du-Gard, 1650."[3] + +John Durie's ideas on the educational value of Libraries and the high +function of the Librarian are similar to those enunciated by Carlyle, when +he wrote, "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books." Of +this point, as elaborated in the proposal to establish Professorships of +Bibliography, we shall have something more to say further on. + +It is always interesting to see the views of great men exemplified in the +selection of books for a Library, and we may with advantage study the +lists prepared by George III. and Dr. Johnson. The King was a collector of +the first rank, as is evidenced by his fine library, now in the British +Museum, and he knew his books well. When he was about to visit Weymouth, +he wrote to his bookseller for the following books to be supplied to him +to form a closet library at that watering place. The list was written from +memory, and it was printed by Dibdin in his _Library Companion_, from the +original document in the King's own handwriting: + + The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge. + + New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo. + + The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo. + + The History of England, by Rapin. 21 vols. 8vo. 1757. + + Elemens de l'Histoire de France, par Millot. 3 vols. 12mo. + 1770. + + Siecle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire, 12mo. + + Siecle de Louis XV., par Voltaire, 12mo. + + Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William + Blackstone. 4 vols. 8vo. Newest Edition. + + The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, by R. Burn. 4 + vols. 8vo. + + An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo. + + Dictionnaire Francois et Anglois, par M.A. Boyer. 8vo. + + The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. Johnson. 68 vols. + 12mo. + + A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, and Mendez. 11 + vols. 12mo. + + A Select Collection of Poems, by J. Nichols. 8 vols. 12mo. + + Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens. + + OEuvres de Destouches. 5 vols. 12mo. + + The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8vo. + + The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 12mo. + +Dr. Johnson recommended the following list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle, +of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, as a good working collection:-- + + Rollin's Ancient History. + Universal History (Ancient). + Puffendorf's Introduction to History. + Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta. + Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal. + Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden. + Carte's History of England. + Present State of England. + Geographical Grammar. + Prideaux's Connection. + Nelson's Feasts and Fasts. + Duty of Man. + Gentleman's Religion. + Clarendon's History. + Watts's Improvement of the Mind. + Watts's Logick. + Nature Displayed. + Lowth's English Grammar. + Blackwall on the Classicks. + Sherlock's Sermons. + Burnet's Life of Hale. + Dupin's History of the Church. + Shuckford's Connection. + Law's Serious Call. + Walton's Complete Angler. + Sandys's Travels. + Sprat's History of the Royal Society. + England's Gazetteer. + Goldsmith's Roman History. + Some Commentaries on the Bible. + +It is curious to notice in both these lists how many of the books are now +quite superseded. + +In another place Boswell tells us what were Johnson's views on book +collecting. "When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library +sixty-three editions of my favourite _Thomas a Kempis_, amongst which it +was in eight languages, Latin, German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, +Arabick, and Armenian, he said he thought it unnecessary to collect many +editions of a book, which were all the same, except as to the paper and +print; he would have the original, and all the translations, and all the +editions which had any variations in the text. He approved of the famous +collection of editions of Horace by Douglas, mentioned by Pope, who is +said to have had a closet filled with them; and he said every man should +try to collect one book in that manner, and present it to a Publick +Library." + +Dr. Johnson's notion as to the collection of editions which are alike +except in the point of paper is scarcely sound, but it has been held by a +librarian of the present day, as I know to my cost. On one occasion I was +anxious to see several copies of the first folio of Shakespeare (1623), +and I visited a certain library which possessed more than one. The +librarian expressed the opinion that one was quite sufficient for me to +see, as "they were all alike." + +The possessor of a Private Library can act as a _censor morum_ and keep +out of his collection any books which offend against good morals, but this +_role_ is one which is unfit for the librarian of a Public Library. He may +put difficulties in the way of the ordinary reader seeing such books, but +nevertheless they should be in his library for the use of the student. A +most amusing instance of misapplied zeal occurred at the Advocates' +Library on the 27th June, 1754. The Minutes tell the tale in a way that +speaks for itself and requires no comment. "Mr. James Burnet [afterwards +Lord Monboddo], and Sir David Dalrymple [afterwards Lord Hailes], Curators +of the Library, having gone through some accounts of books lately bought, +and finding therein the three following French books: _Les Contes de La +Fontaine_, _L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules_ and _L'Ecumoire_, they +ordain that the said books be struck out of the Catalogue of the Library, +and removed from the shelves, as indecent books, unworthy of a place in a +learned Library." + +At a Conference of Representatives of Institutions in Union with the +Society of Arts held in July, 1855, the question of the compilation of a +Catalogue of Books fitted for the Libraries of Institutions was raised, +and shortly afterwards was published, under the sanction of the Council, +"_A Handbook of Mechanics' Institutions, with Priced Catalogue of Books +suitable for Libraries, and Periodicals for Reading Rooms_, by W.H.J. +Traice." A second edition of this book was published in 1863. The list, +however, is not now of much use, as many of the books have been +superseded. Theology and Politics are not included in the classification. + +In 1868 Mr. Mullins read a paper before a Meeting of the Social Science +Association at Birmingham, on the management of Free Libraries, and, in +its reprinted form, this has become a Handbook on the subject: "_Free +Libraries and News-rooms, their Formation and Management._ By J.D. +Mullins, Chief Librarian, Birmingham Free Libraries. Third edition. +London, Sotheran and Co., 1879." An appendix contains copies of the Free +Libraries Acts and Amendments, and a "Short List of Books for a Free +Lending Library, ranging in price from 1_s._ to 7_s._ 6_d._ per volume." + +Mr. Axon read a paper on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for the +Co-Operative Congress in 1869, which was reprinted as a pamphlet of eight +pages: "_Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries intended for Public +Use._ By Wm. E.A. Axon. London, N. Truebner and Co." + +Mr. A.R. Spofford has given a valuable list of books and articles in +periodicals, on the subject of Libraries in chapter 36 (Library +Bibliography), of the _Report on Public Libraries in the U.S._ (1876). + +The volume of _Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of +Librarians_, London, 1877, contains two papers on the Selection of Books, +one by Mr. Robert Harrison, Librarian of the London Library, and the +other by the late Mr. James M. Anderson, Assistant Librarian of the +University of St. Andrews. Mr. Harrison gives the following as the three +guiding principles of selection in forming a library: 1. Policy; 2. +Utility; 3. Special or Local Appropriateness; and he deals with each +successively. Mr. Anderson writes that "the selection of books should +invariably be made (1) in relation to the library itself, and (2) in +relation to those using it." + +We have chiefly to do with the formation of libraries, and therefore the +use made of them when they are formed cannot well be enlarged upon here, +but a passing note may be made on the proposal which has been much +discussed of late years, viz. that for Professorships of Books and +Reading. The United States Report on Public Libraries contains a chapter +on this subject by F.B. Perkins and William Matthews (pp. 230-251), and +Mr. Axon also contributed a paper at the First Annual Meeting of the +Library Association. The value of such chairs, if well filled, is +self-evident, for it takes a man a long time (without teaching) to learn +how best to use books, but very special men would be required as +Professors. America has done much to show what the duties of such a +Professor should be, and Harvard College is specially fortunate in +possessing an officer in Mr. Justin Winsor who is both a model librarian +and a practical teacher of the art of how best to use the books under his +charge. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] "_The Library Companion, or the Young Man's Guide and the Old Man's +Comfort in the Choice of a Library._ By the Rev. T.F. Dibdin, F.R.S., +A.S., London, 1824." + +[2] _The Best Reading_: Hints on the Selection of Books; on the Formation +of Libraries, Public and Private; on Courses of Reading, etc., with a +Classified Bibliography for every reference. Fourth revised and enlarged +edition, continued to August, 1876, with the addition of Select Lists of +the best French, German, Spanish, and Italian Literature. Edited by +Frederic Beecher Perkins; New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1881. Second +Series, 1876 to 1882, by Lynds E. Jones. + +[3] Dr. Richard Garnett read an interesting paper on this book under the +title of _Librarianship in the Seventeenth Century_, before the Library +Association. See _Library Chronicle_, vol. i. p. 1 (1884). + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +HOW MEN HAVE FORMED LIBRARIES. + + +As long as books have existed there have been book collectors. It is easy +now to collect, for books of interest are to be found on all sides; but in +old times this was not so, and we must therefore admire the more those men +who formed their libraries under the greatest difficulties. In a book +devoted to the formation of libraries it seems but fair to devote some +space to doing honour to those who have formed libraries, and perhaps some +practical lessons may be learned from a few historical facts. + +Englishmen may well be proud of Richard Aungerville de Bury, a man +occupying a busy and exalted station, who not only collected books with +ardour united with judgment, but has left for the benefit of later ages a +manual which specially endears his memory to all book lovers. + +He collected books, and often took them in place of corn for tithes and +dues, but he also produced books, for he kept copyists in his house. Many +of these books were carefully preserved in his palace at Durham, but it is +also pleasant to think of some of them being carefully preserved in the +noble mansion belonging to his see which stood by the side of the Thames, +and on the site of the present Adelphi. + +Petrarch was a book-loving poet, and he is said to have met the +book-loving ecclesiastic Richard de Bury at Rome. He gave his library to +the Church of St. Mark at Venice in 1362; but the guardians allowed the +books to decay, and few were rescued. Boccaccio bequeathed his library to +the Augustinians at Florence, but one cannot imagine the books of the +accomplished author of the _Decameron_ as very well suited for the needs +of a religious society, and it was probably weeded before Boccaccio's +death. The remains of the library are still shown to visitors in the +Laurentian Library, the famous building due to the genius of Michael +Angelo. + +Cardinal John Bessarion gave his fine collection (which included about 600 +Greek MSS.) to St. Mark's in 1468, and in the letter to the Doge which +accompanied his gift, he tells some interesting particulars of his early +life as a collector. He writes, "From my youth I have bestowed my pains +and exertion in the collection of books on various sciences. In former +days I copied many with my own hands, and I have employed on the purchase +of others such small means as a frugal and thrifty life permitted me to +devote to the purpose." + +The Rev. Joseph Hunter printed in 1831 a valuable Catalogue of the Library +of the Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire, and added to it some notices of the +Libraries belonging to other Religious Houses, in which he gives us a good +idea of the contents of these libraries. He writes, "On comparing the +Bretton Catalogue with that of other religious communities, we find the +libraries of the English monasteries composed of very similar materials. +They consisted of-- + + 1. The Scriptures; and these always in an English or the + Latin version. A Greek or Hebrew Manuscript of the + Scriptures is not found in Leland's notes, or, I believe, in + any of the catalogues. In Wetstein's Catalogue of MSS. of + the New Testament, only one (Codex 59) is traced into the + hands of an English community of religious. + + 2. The Commentators. + + 3. The Fathers. + + 4. Services and Rituals of the Church. + + 5. Writers in the Theological Controversies of the Middle + Ages. + + 6. Moral and Devotional Writings. + + 7. Canon Law. + + 8. The Schoolmen. + + 9. Grammatical Writers. + + 10. Writers in Mathematics and Physics. + + 11. Medical Writers. + + 12. Collections of Epistles. + + 13. The Middle Age Poets and Romance-Writers. + + 14. The Latin Classics. + + 15. The Chronicles. + + 16. The Historical Writings of doubtful authority, commonly + called Legends. + +Most of the manuscripts which composed the monastic libraries were +destroyed at the Reformation." + +Humphry Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, whose fame has been so lasting as +the 'good Duke Humphry,' was also a book-collector of renown; but most of +the old libraries we read about have left but little record of their +existence: thus the Common Library at Guildhall, founded by Dick +Whittington in 1420, and added to by John Carpenter, the Town Clerk of +London, has been entirely destroyed, the books having, in the first +instance, been carried away by Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset. + +Although, as we have seen from Mr. Hunter's remarks, there was a +considerable amount of variety in the subjects of these manuscript +collections, we must still bear in mind that in a large number of +instances the contents of the libraries consisted of little more than +Breviaries and Service Books. It has been pointed out that this fact is +illustrated by the union of the offices of Precentor and Armarius in one +person, who had charge of the Library (Armarium) and its great feeder, the +Writing-room (Scriptorium), as well as the duty of leading the singing in +the church. Many lists of old libraries have been preserved, and these +have been printed in various bibliographical works, thus giving us a +valuable insight into the reading of our forefathers. + +When we come to consider libraries of printed books in place of +manuscripts, we naturally find a greater variety of subjects collected by +the famous men who have formed collections. Montaigne, the friend of all +literary men, could not have been the man we know him to have been if he +had not lived among his books. Like many a later book-lover, he decorated +his library with mottoes, and burnt-in his inscriptions letter by letter +with his own hands. Grotius made his love of books do him a special +service, for he escaped from prison in a box which went backwards and +forwards with an exchange of books for his entertainment and instruction. + +Grolier and De Thou stand so pre-eminent among book collectors, and from +the beauty of the copies they possessed the relics of their libraries are +so frequently seen, that it seems merely necessary here to mention their +names. But as Frenchmen may well boast of these men, so Englishmen can +take pride in the possession of the living memory of Archbishop Parker, +who enriched Cambridge, and of Sir Thomas Bodley, who made the Library at +Oxford one of the chief glories of our land. + +Old Lists of Books are always of interest to us as telling what our +forefathers cared to have about them, but it is seldom that a list is so +tantalising as one described by Mr. Edward Edwards in his _Libraries and +Founders of Libraries_. Anne of Denmark presented her son Charles with a +splendid series of volumes, bound in crimson and purple velvet. Abraham +van der Dort, who was keeper of Charles's cabinet, made an inventory of +this cabinet; and having no notion of how to make a catalogue of books, he +has managed to leave out all the information we wish for. The inventory is +among the Harleian MSS. (4718), and the following are specimens of the +entries:-- + + "Im'pris 19 books in Crimson velvet, whereof 18 are bound + 4to. and y^e 19th in folio, adorn'd with some silver guilt + plate, and y^e 2 claspes wanting. Given to y^e King by Queen + Ann of famous memory. + + Item, more 15 books, 13 thereof being in long 4to. and y^e 2 + lesser cover'd over also with purple velvet. Given also to + y^e King by y^e said Queen Ann." + +Most of the famous private libraries of days gone by have left little +record of their existence, but Evelyn's collection is still carefully +preserved at Wotton, the house of the Diarist's later years, and Pepys's +books continue at Cambridge in the cases he had made for them, and in the +order he fixed for them. In a long letter to Pepys, dated from Sayes +Court, 12th August, 1689, Evelyn gives an account of such private +libraries as he knew of in England, and in London more particularly. He +first mentions Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom he dedicated his +translation of Naude's Advice, and who "furnished a very ample library." +Evelyn observes that England was peculiarly defective in good libraries: +"Paris alone, I am persuaded, being able to show more than all the three +nations of Great Britain." He describes Dr. Stillingfleet's, at +Twickenham, as the very best library.[4] He did not think much either of +the Earl of Bristol's or of Sir Kenelm Digby's books, but he says Lord +Maitland's "was certainly the noblest, most substantial and accomplished +library that ever passed under the spear." + +In a useful little volume published at London in 1739, and entitled, _A +Critical and Historical Account of all the Celebrated Libraries in Foreign +Countries, as well ancient as modern_, which is stated to be written by "a +Gentleman of the Temple," are some "General Reflections upon the Choice of +Books and the Method of furnishing Libraries and Cabinets." As these +reflections are interesting in themselves, and curious as the views of a +writer of the middle of the eighteenth century on this important subject, +I will transfer them bodily to these pages. + +"Nothing can be more laudable than forming Libraries, when the founders +have no other view than to improve themselves and men of letters: but it +will be necessary, in the first place, to give some directions, which will +be of great importance towards effecting the design, as well with regard +to the choice of books as the manner of placing to advantage: nor is it +sufficient in this case, to be learned, since he who would have a +collection worthy of the name of a library must of all things have a +thorough knowledge of books, that he may distinguish such as are valuable +from the trifling. He must likewise understand the price of Books, +otherwise he may purchase some at too high a rate, and undervalue others: +all which requires no small judgment and experience. + +"Let us suppose, then, the founder possessed of all those qualifications, +three things fall next under consideration. + +"First, the number of books; secondly, their quality; and, lastly, the +order in which they ought to be ranged. + +"As to the quantity, regard must be had, as well to places as to persons; +for should a man of moderate fortune propose to have a Library for his own +use only, it would be imprudent in him to embarrass his affairs in order +to effect it. Under such circumstances he must rather consider the +usefulness than the number of books, for which we have the authority of +Seneca, who tells us that a multitude of books is more burthensome than +instructive to the understanding. + +"But if a private person has riches enough for founding a Library, as well +for his own use as for the public, he ought to furnish it with the most +useful volumes in all arts and sciences, and procure such as are scarcest +and most valuable, from all parts, that the learned, of whom there are +many classes, may instruct themselves in what may be useful to them, and +may gratify their enquiries. But as the condition and abilities of such as +would form Libraries are to be distinguished, so regard must likewise be +had to places, for it is very difficult to procure, or collect books in +some countries, without incredible expense; a design of that kind would be +impracticable in America, Africa, and some parts of Asia; so that nothing +can be determined as to the number of books, that depending entirely upon +a variety of circumstances, and the means of procuring them, as has been +observ'd before. + +"As to the second topic, special care must be taken in the choice of +books, for upon that alone depends the value of a Library. We must not +form a judgment of books either by their bulk or numbers, but by their +intrinsic merit and usefulness. Alexander Severus's Library consisted of +no more than four volumes, that is the works of Plato, Cicero, Virgil, and +Horace. Melanchthon seems to have imitated that Prince, for his collection +amounted to four books only, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy. + +"There is another necessary lesson for those who form designs of making +libraries, that is, that they must disengage themselves from all +prejudices with regard either to ancient or modern books, for such a wrong +step often precipitates the judgment, without scrutiny or examination, as +if truth and knowledge were confined to any particular times or places. +The ancients and moderns should be placed in collections, indifferently, +provided they have those characters we hinted before. + +"Let us now proceed to the third head, the manner of placing books in such +order, as that they may be resorted to upon any emergency, without +difficulty, otherwise they can produce but little advantage either to the +owners or others. + +"The natural method of placing books and manuscripts is to range them in +separate classes or apartments, according to the science, art, or subject, +of which they treat. + +"Here it will be necessary to observe, that as several authors have +treated of various subjects, it may be difficult to place them under any +particular class; Plutarch, for instance, who was an historian, a +political writer, and a philosopher. The most advisable method then is to +range them under the head of Miscellaneous Authors, with proper references +to each subject, but this will be more intelligible by an example. + +"Suppose, then, we would know the names of the celebrated Historians of +the ancients; nothing more is necessary than to inspect the class under +which the historians are placed, and so of other Faculties. By this +management, one set of miscellaneous authors will be sufficient, and may +be resorted to with as much ease and expedition as those who have +confined themselves to one subject. In choice of books regard must be had +to the edition, character, paper and binding. As to the price, it is +difficult to give any positive directions; that of ordinary works is +easily known, but as to such as are very scarce and curious, we can only +observe that their price is as uncertain as that of medals and other +monuments of antiquity, and often depends more on the caprice of the buyer +than the intrinsic merit of the work, some piquing themselves upon the +possession of things from no other consideration than their exorbitant +price." + +Dr. Byrom's quaint library is still preserved at Manchester in its +entirety. Bishop Moore's fine collection finds a resting place in the +University Library at Cambridge, and the relics of the Library of Harley, +Earl of Oxford, a mine of manuscript treasure, still remain one of the +chief glories of the British Museum. How much cause for regret is there +that the library itself, which Osborne bought and Johnson described, did +not also find a settled home, instead of being dispersed over the land. + +It is greatly to the credit of the rich and busy man to spend his time and +riches in the collection of a fine library, but still greater honour is +due to the poor man who does not allow himself to be pulled down by his +sordid surroundings. The once-famous small-coalman, Thomas Britton, +furnishes a most remarkable instance of true greatness in a humble +station, and one, moreover, which was fully recognized in his own day. He +lived next door to St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and although he gained +his living by selling coals from door to door, many persons of the highest +station were in the habit of attending the musical meetings held at his +house. He was an excellent chemist as well as a good musician, and Thomas +Hearne tells us that he left behind him "a valuable collection of musick +mostly pricked by himself, which was sold upon his death for near an +hundred pounds," "a considerable collection of musical instruments which +was sold for fourscore pounds," "not to mention the excellent collection +of printed books that he also left behind him, both of chemistry and +musick. Besides these books that he left, he had some years before his +death (1714) sold by auction a noble collection of books, most of them in +the Rosicrucian faculty (of which he was a great admirer), whereof there +is a printed catalogue extant, as there is of those that were sold after +his death, which catalogue I have by me (by the gift of my very good +friend Mr. Bagford), and have often looked over with no small surprize and +wonder, and particularly for the great number of MSS. in the +before-mentioned faculties that are specified in it."[5] + +Dr. Johnson, although a great reader, was not a collector of books. He was +forced to possess many volumes while he was compiling his Dictionary, but +when that great labour was completed, he no longer felt the want of them. +Goldsmith, on the other hand, died possessed of a considerable number of +books which he required, or had at some time required, for his studies. +"The Select Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Valuable Books, in English, +Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and other Languages, late the Library of +Dr. Goldsmith, deceased," was sold on Tuesday, the 12th of July, 1774, and +the Catalogue will be found in the Appendix to Forster's Life. There were +30 lots in folio, 26 in quarto, and 106 in octavo and smaller sizes. Among +the books of interest in this list are Chaucer's Works, 1602; Davenant's +Works, 1673; Camoens, by Fanshawe, 1655; Cowley's Works, 1674; Shelton's +Don Quixote; Raleigh's History of the World, 1614; Bulwer's Artificial +Changeling, 1653; Verstegan's Antiquities, 1634; Hartlib's Legacie, 1651; +Sir K. Digby on the Nature of Bodies, 1645; Warton's History of English +Poetry, 1774; Encyclopedie, 25 vols., 1770; Fielding's Works, 12 vols., +1766; Bysshe's Art of Poetry; Hawkins's Origin of the English Drama, 3 +vols., 1773; Percy's Reliques, 3 vols., Dublin, 1766; Sir William +Temple's Works; and De Bure, Bibliographie Instructive. + +A catalogue such as this, made within a few weeks of the death of the +owner, cannot but have great interest for us. The library could not have +been a very choice one, for there is little notice of bindings and much +mention of odd volumes. It was evidently a working collection, containing +the works of the poets Goldsmith loved, and of the naturalists from whom +he stole his knowledge. + +Gibbon was a true collector, who loved his books, and he must have needed +them greatly, working as he did at Lausanne away from public libraries. +After his death the library was purchased by 'Vathek' Beckford, but he +kept it buried, and it was of no use to any one. Eventually it was sold by +auction, a portion being bought for the Canton, and another portion going +to America. There was little in the man Gibbon to be enthusiastic about, +but it is impossible for any true book lover not to delight in the +thoroughness of the author of one of the noblest books ever written. The +fine old house where the _Decline and Fall_ was written and the noble +library was stored still stands, and the traveller may stroll in the +garden so beautifully described by Gibbon when he walked to the historical +_berceau_ and felt that his herculean labour was completed. His heart must +be preternaturally dull which does not beat quicker as he walks on that +ground. The thought of a visit some years ago forms one of the most vivid +of the author's pleasures of memory. + +Charles Burney, the Greek scholar, is said to have expended nearly L25,000 +on his library, which consisted of more than 13,000 printed volumes and a +fine collection of MSS. The library was purchased for the British Museum +for the sum of L13,500. + +Charles Burney probably inherited his love of collecting from his father, +for Dr. Burney possessed some twenty thousand volumes. These were rather +an incumbrance to the Doctor, and when he moved to Chelsea Hospital, he +was in some difficulty respecting them. Mrs. Chapone, when she heard of +these troubles, proved herself no bibliophile, for she exclaimed, "Twenty +thousand volumes! bless me! why, how can he so encumber himself? Why does +he not burn half? for how much must be to spare that never can be worth +his looking at from such a store! and can he want to keep them all?" + +The love of books will often form a tie of connection between very +divergent characters, and in dealing with men who have formed libraries we +can bring together the names of those who had but little sympathy with +each other during life. + +George III. was a true book collector, and the magnificent library now +preserved in the British Museum owes its origin to his own judgment and +enthusiastic love for the pursuit. Louis XVI. cared but little for books +until his troubles came thick upon him, and then he sought solace from +their pages. During that life in the Temple we all know so well from the +sad reading of its incidents, books were not denied to the persecuted +royal family. There was a small library in the "little tower," and the +king drew up a list of books to be supplied to him from the library at the +Tuileries. The list included the works of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and +Terence; of Tacitus, Livy, Caesar, Marcus Aurelius, Eutropius, Cornelius +Nepos, Florus, Justin, Quintus Curtius, Sallust, Suetonius and Velleius +Paterculus; the _Vies des Saints_, the _Fables de la Fontaine_, +_Telemaque_, and Rollin's _Traite des Etudes_.[6] + +The more we know of Napoleon, and anecdotes of him are continually being +published in the ever-lengthening series of French memoirs, the less +heroic appears his figure, but he could not have been entirely bad, for he +truly loved books. He began life as an author, and would always have books +about him. He complained if the printing was bad or the binding poor, and +said, "I will have fine editions and handsome binding. I am rich enough +for that."[7] Thus spoke the true bibliophile. Mr. Edwards has collected +much interesting information respecting Napoleon and his libraries, and of +his labours I here freely avail myself. Bourrienne affirms that the +authors who chiefly attracted Napoleon in his school days were Polybius, +Plutarch, and Arrian. "Shortly before he left France for Egypt, Napoleon +drew up, with his own hand, the scheme of a travelling library, the charge +of collecting which was given to John Baptist Say, the Economist. It +comprised about three hundred and twenty volumes, more than half of which +are historical, and nearly all, as it seems, in French. The ancient +historians comprised in the list are Thucydides, Plutarch, Polybius, +Arrian, Tacitus, Livy, and Justin. The poets are Homer, Virgil, Tasso, +Ariosto, the _Telemaque_ of Fenelon, the _Henriade_ of Voltaire, with +Ossian and La Fontaine. Among the works of prose fiction are the English +novelists in forty volumes, of course in translations, and the +indispensable _Sorrows of Werter_, which, as he himself told Goethe, +Napoleon had read through seven times prior to October, 1808. In this list +the Bible, together with the _Koran_ and the _Vedas_, are whimsically, but +significantly, entered under the heading Politics and Ethics (Politique et +Morale).[8] + +Napoleon was not, however, satisfied with the camp libraries which were +provided for him; the good editions were too bulky and the small editions +too mean: so he arranged the plan of a library to be expressly printed for +him in a thousand duodecimo volumes without margins, bound in thin covers +and with loose backs. "In this new plan 'Religion' took its place as the +first class. The Bible was to be there in its best translation, with a +selection of the most important works of the Fathers of the Church, and a +series of the best dissertations on those leading religious sects--their +doctrines and their history--which have powerfully influenced the world. +This section was limited to forty volumes. The Koran was to be included, +together with a good book or two on mythology. One hundred and forty +volumes were allotted to poetry. The epics were to embrace Homer, Lucan, +Tasso, _Telemachus_, and the _Henriade_. In the dramatic portion Corneille +and Racine were of course to be included, but of Corneille, said Napoleon, +you shall print for me 'only what is vital' (ce qui est reste), and from +Racine you shall omit '_Les Freres ennemis_, the _Alexandre_, and _Les +Plaideurs_. Of Crebillon, he would have only _Rhadamiste_ and _Atree et +Thyeste_. Voltaire was to be subject to the same limitation as +Corneille.'"[9] In prose fiction Napoleon specifies the _Nouvelle Heloise_ +and Rousseau's _Confessions_, the masterpieces of Fielding, Richardson and +Le Sage, and Voltaire's tales. Soon after this Napoleon proposed a much +larger scheme for a camp library, in which history alone would occupy +three thousand volumes. History was to be divided into these sections--I. +Chronology and Universal History. II. Ancient History (_a._ by ancient +writers, _b._ by modern writers). III. History of the Lower Empire (in +like subdivisions). IV. History, both general and particular. V. The +Modern History of the different States of Europe. The celebrated +bibliographer Barbier drew up, according to the Emperor's orders, a +detailed catalogue of the works which should form such a library. "He +calculated that by employing a hundred and twenty compositors and +twenty-five editors, the three thousand volumes could be produced, in +satisfactory shape, and within six years, at a total cost of L163,200, +supposing fifty copies of each book to be printed."[10] The printing was +begun, but little was actually done, and in six years Napoleon was in St. +Helena. + +In his last island home Napoleon had a library, and he read largely, often +aloud, with good effect. It is an interesting fact that among Napoleon's +papers were found some notes on Geography written when a boy, and these +close with the words--"_Sainte-Helene--petite ile_."[11] + +In recapitulating here the names of a few of the famous men who have +formed libraries it will be necessary to divide them into two classes, 1, +those whose fame arises from their habit of collecting, and 2, those +authors in whose lives we are so much interested that the names of the +books they possessed are welcomed by us as indications of their +characters. What can be said of the libraries of the Duke of Roxburghe, +Earl Spencer, Thomas Grenville, and Richard Heber that has not been said +often before? Two of these have been dispersed over the world, and two +remain, one the glory of a noble family, and the other of the nation, or +perhaps it would be more proper to say both are the glory of the nation, +for every Englishman must be proud that the Spencer Library still remains +intact. + +Heber left behind him over 100,000 volumes, in eight houses, four in +England and four on the Continent, and no record remains of this immense +library but the volumes of the sale catalogues. Such wholesale collection +appears to be allied to madness, but Heber was no selfish collector, and +his practice was as liberal as Grolier's motto. His name is enshrined in +lasting verse by Scott:-- + + "Thy volumes, open as thy heart, + Delight, amusement, science, art, + To every ear and eye impart; + Yet who of all that thus employ them, + Can like the owner's self enjoy them?-- + But hark! I hear the distant drum: + The day of Flodden Field is come-- + Adieu, dear Heber! life and health, + And store of literary wealth." + + --MARMION, _Introduction to the Sixth Canto_. + +The Duke of Sussex was a worthy successor of his father, George III., in +the ranks of book-collectors, and his library is kept in memory by +Pettigrew's fine catalogue. + +Douce and Malone the critics, and Gough the antiquary, left their +libraries to the Bodleian, and thus many valuable books are available to +students in that much-loved resort of his at Oxford. Anthony Morris +Storer, who is said to have excelled in everything he set his heart on and +hand to, collected a beautiful library, which he bequeathed to Eton +College, where it still remains, a joy to look at from the elegance of the +bindings. His friend Lord Carlisle wrote of him-- + + "Whether I Storer sing in hours of joy, + When every look bespeaks the inward boy; + Or when no more mirth wantons in his breast, + And all the man in him appears confest; + In mirth, in sadness, sing him how I will, + Sense and good nature must attend him still." + +Jacob Bryant the antiquary left his library to King's College, Cambridge. +At one time he intended to have followed Storer's example, and have left +it to Eton College, but the Provost offended him, and he changed the +object of his bequest. It is said that when he was discussing the matter, +the Provost asked whether he would not arrange for the payment of the +carriage of the books from his house to Eton. He thought this grasping, +and King's gained the benefit of his change of mind. + +Among great authors two of the chief collectors were Scott and Southey. +Scott's library still remains at Abbotsford, and no one who has ever +entered that embodiment of the great man's soul can ever forget it. The +library, with the entire contents of the house, were restored to Scott in +1830 by his trustees and creditors, "As the best means the creditors have +of expressing their very high sense of his most honourable conduct, and in +grateful acknowledgment of the unparalleled and most successful exertions +he has made, and continues to make for them." The library is rich in the +subjects which the great author loved, such as Demonology and Witchcraft. +In a volume of a collection of Ballads and Chapbooks is this note written +by Scott in 1810: "This little collection of stall tracts and ballads was +formed by me, when a boy, from the baskets of the travelling pedlars. +Until put into its present decent binding, it had such charms for the +servants, that it was repeatedly, and with difficulty, recovered from +their clutches. It contains most of the pieces that were popular about +thirty years since, and I dare say many that could not now be procured for +any price." + +It is odd to contrast the book-loving tastes of celebrated authors. +Southey cared for his books, but Coleridge would cut the leaves of a book +with a butter knife, and De Quincey's extraordinary treatment of books is +well described by Mr. Burton in the _Book Hunter_. Charles Lamb's loving +appreciation of his books is known to all readers of the delightful Elia. + +Southey collected more than 14,000 volumes, which sold in 1844 for nearly +L3000. He began collecting as a boy, for his father had but few books. Mr. +Edwards enumerates these as follows: The _Spectator_, three or four +volumes of the _Oxford Magazine_, one volume of the _Freeholder's +Magazine_, and one of the _Town and Country Magazine_, Pomfret's _Poems_, +the _Death of Abel_, nine plays (including _Julius Caesar_, _The Indian +Queen_, and a translation of _Merope_), and a pamphlet.[12] + +Southey was probably one of the most representative of literary men. His +feelings in his library are those of all book-lovers, although he could +express these feelings in language which few of them have at command:-- + + My days among the dead are passed; + Around me I behold, + Where'er these casual eyes are cast, + The mighty minds of old: + My never-failing friends are they, + With whom I converse day by day. + + With them I take delight in weal, + And seek relief in woe; + And while I understand and feel + How much to them I owe, + My cheeks have often been bedewed + With tears of thoughtful gratitude. + + My thoughts are with the dead; with them + I live in long-past years; + Their virtues love, their faults condemn, + Partake their hopes and fears, + And from their lessons seek and find + Instruction with a humble mind. + + My hopes are with the dead; anon + My place with them will be + And I with them shall travel on + Through all futurity; + Yet leaving here a name, I trust, + That will not perish in the dust. + +Mr. Henry Stevens read a paper or rather delivered an address at the +meeting of the Library Association held at Liverpool in 1883, containing +his recollections of Mr. James Lenox, the great American book collector. I +had the pleasure of listening to that address, but I have read it in its +finished form with even greater delight. It is not often that he who +pleases you as a speaker also pleases you as writer, but Mr. Stevens +succeeds in both. If more bibliographers could write their reminiscences +with the same spirit that he does, we should hear less of the dullness of +bibliography. I strongly recommend my readers to take an early opportunity +of perusing this paper in the Liverpool volume of the Transactions of the +Library Association. + +Mr. Stevens, among his anecdotes of Mr. Lenox, records that he "often +bought duplicates for immediate use, or to lend, rather than grope for the +copies he knew to be in the stocks in some of his store rooms or chambers, +notably Stirling's _Artists of Spain_, a high-priced book." + +This is a common trouble to large book collectors, who cannot find the +books they know they possess. The late Mr. Crossley had his books stacked +away in heaps, and he was often unable to lay his hands upon books of +which he had several copies. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[4] Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Armagh, is said to have given L2500 for +Bishop Stillingfleet's Library. + +[5] _Reliquiae Hearnianae_, by Bliss, 2nd edition, 1869, vol. ii. p. 14. + +[6] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 115. + +[7] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 136. + +[8] _Correspondance de Napoleon I^er_, IV. pp. 37, 38, quoted by Edwards, +_Libraries and Founders_, p. 130. + +[9] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 133. + +[10] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 135. + +[11] Edwards, _Libraries and Founders_, p. 142. + +[12] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, p. 95. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +HOW TO BUY. + + +A discussion has arisen lately in bibliographical journals as to how best +to supply libraries with their books, the main principle agreed upon being +that it is the duty of the librarian to buy his books as cheaply as +possible. Some of these views are stated by Mr. H.R. Tedder in a letter +printed in the _Library Chronicle_ for July, 1884 (vol. i. p. 120). It +appears that Professor Dziatzko contends that the books should always be +bought as cheaply as possible, but that Dr. Julius Petzholdt holds the +opinion that the chief object of the librarian should be to get his books +as early as possible and not to wait until they can be had at second-hand. +Mr. Tedder thinks that the two plans of rapidity of supply and cheapness +of cost can in some respect be united. Of course there can be no +difference of opinion in respect to the duty of the librarian to get as +much for his money as he can, but there are other points which require to +be considered besides those brought forward before a satisfactory answer +to the question--How to Buy? can be obtained. There are three points which +seem to have been very much overlooked in the discussion, which may be +stated here. 1. Is the librarian's valuable time well occupied by looking +after cheap copies of books? 2. Will not the proposed action on the part +of librarians go far to abolish the intelligent second-hand bookseller in +the same way as the new bookseller has been well-nigh abolished in +consequence of large discounts? 3. Will not such action prevent the +publication of excellent books on subjects little likely to be popular? + +1. Most librarians find their time pretty well occupied by the ordinary +duties of buying, arranging, cataloguing, and finding the books under +their charge, and it will be generally allowed that the librarian's first +duty is to be in his library, ready to attend to those who wish to consult +him. Now the value of his time can be roughly estimated for this purpose +in money, and the value of the time spent in doing work which could be as +well or better done by a bookseller should fairly be added to the cost of +the books. + +2. It has hitherto been thought advisable to have one or more second-hand +booksellers attached to an important library, from whom the librarian may +naturally expect to obtain such books as he requires. Of course a man of +knowledge and experience must be paid for the exercise of these qualities, +but the price of books is so variable that it is quite possible that the +bookseller, from his knowledge, may buy the required books cheaper than +the librarian himself would pay for them. As far as it is possible to +judge from the information given us respecting the collection of +libraries, bookbuyers have little to complain of as to the price paid by +them to such respectable booksellers as have acted as their agents. +Perhaps too little stress has been laid upon that characteristic which is +happily so common among honest men, viz. that the agent is as pleased to +get wares cheap for a good customer as for himself. Mr. Tedder says in his +letter, "For rarer books I still consider it safer and cheaper in the long +run to cultivate business relations with one or more second-hand +booksellers, and pay them for their knowledge and experience." But is this +quite fair, and is it not likely that the rarer books will be supplied +cheaper if the bookseller is allowed to pay himself partly out of the sale +of the commoner books, which it is now proposed the librarian shall buy +himself? My contention is that it is for the advantage of libraries that +intelligent booksellers, ready to place their knowledge at the service of +the librarians, should exist, and it is unwise and uneconomic to do that +which may cause this class to cease to exist. Sellers of books must always +exist, but it is possible to drive out of the trade those who do it the +most honour. We see what has occurred in the new book trade, and there can +be little doubt that the book-buyer loses much more than he gains by the +present system of discount. When the bookseller could obtain sufficient +profit by the sale of new books to keep his shop open, it was worth his +while to take some trouble in finding the book required; but now that the +customer expects to buy a book at trade price, he cannot be surprised if +he does not give full particulars as to the publisher of the book he +requires if it is reported to him as "not known." Those only who, by +taking a large quantity of copies, obtain an extra discount, can make new +bookselling pay. + +3. There are a large number of books which, although real additions to +literature, can only be expected to obtain a small number of readers and +buyers. Some of these are not taken by the circulating libraries, and +publishers, in making their calculations, naturally count upon supplying +some of the chief libraries of the country. If these libraries wait till +the book is second-hand, the number of sales is likely to be so much +reduced that it is not worth while to publish the book at all, to the +evident damage of the cause of learning. + +It has been often suggested that an arrangement should be made by +libraries in close proximity, so that the same expensive book should not +be bought by more than one of the libraries. No doubt this is advantageous +in certain circumstances, but in the case of books with a limited sale it +would have the same consequence as stated above, and the book would not be +published at all, or be published at a loss. + +Selden wrote in his _Table Talk_: "The giving a bookseller his price for +his books has this advantage; he that will do so, shall have the refusal +of whatsoever comes to his hand, and so by that means get many things +which otherwise he never should have seen." And the dictum is as true now +as it was in his time. + +Many special points arise for consideration when we deal with the +question--How to buy at sales? and Mr. Edward Edwards gives the following +four rules for the guidance of the young book-buyer (_Memoirs of +Libraries_, vol. ii. p. 645): + +1. The examination of books before the sale, not during it. 2. A steady +unintermittent bidding up to his predetermined limit, for all the books +which he wants, from the first lot to the last; and--if there be any signs +of a "combination"--for a few others which he may _not_ want. 3. Careful +avoidance of all interruptions and conversation; with especial +watchfulness of the hammer immediately after the disposal of those +especially seductive lots, which may have excited a keen and spirited +competition. (There is usually on such occasions a sort of "lull," very +favourable to the acquisition of good bargains.) 4. The uniform +preservation and storing up of priced catalogues of all important sales +for future reference. + +A case of conscience arises as to whether it is fit and proper for two +buyers to agree not to oppose each other at a public sale. Mr. Edwards +says, "At the sales Lord Spencer was a liberal opponent as well as a +liberal bidder. When Mason's books were sold, for example, in 1798, Lord +Spencer agreed with the Duke of Roxburghe that they would not oppose each +other, in bidding for some books of excessive rarity, but when both were +very earnest in their longings, "toss up, after the book was bought, to +see who should win it." Thus it was that the Duke obtained his unique, but +imperfect, copy of Caxton's _Historye of Kynge Blanchardyn and Prince +Eglantyne_, which, however, came safely to Althorp fourteen years later, +at a cost of two hundred and fifteen pounds; the Duke having given but +twenty guineas."[13] + +It is easy to understand the inducement which made these two giants agree +not to oppose each other, but the agreement was dangerously like a +"knock-out." Mr. Henry Stevens (in his _Recollections of Mr. James +Lenox_) boldly deals with this question, and condemns any such agreement. +He writes, "Shortly after, in 1850, there occurred for sale at the same +auction rooms a copy of '_Aratus, Phaenomena_,' Paris, 1559, in 4^o, with +a few manuscript notes, and this autograph signature on the title, 'Jo. +Milton, Pre. 2_s._ 6_d._ 1631.' This I thought would be a desirable +acquisition for Mr. Lenox, and accordingly I ventured to bid for it as far +as L40, against my late opponent for the Drake Map, but he secured it at +L40 10_s._, remarking that 'Mr. Panizzi will not thank you for, thus +running the British Museum.' 'That remark,' I replied, 'is apparently one +of your gratuities. Mr. Panizzi is, I think, too much a man of the world +to grumble at a fair fight. He has won this time, though at considerable +cost, and I am sure Mr. Lenox will be the first to congratulate him on +securing such a prize for the British Museum.' 'I did not know you were +bidding for Mr. Lenox.' 'It was not necessary that you should.' 'Perhaps +at another time,' said he, 'we may arrange the matter beforehand, so as +not to oppose each other.' 'Very well,' I replied, 'if you will bring me a +note from Mr. Panizzi something to this effect: 'Mr. Stevens, please have +a knock-out with the bearer, the agent of the British Museum, on lot **, +and greatly oblige Mr. John Bull and your obdt. servant, A.P.,' I will +consider the proposition, and if Mr. Lenox, or any other of my interested +correspondents, is not unwilling to combine or conspire to rob or cheat +the proprietors, the 'thing' may possibly be done. Meanwhile, until this +arrangement is concluded, let us hold our tongues and pursue an honest +course.' That man never again suggested to me to join him in a +'knock-out.'" + +In another place Mr. Stevens relates his own experience as to holding two +commissions, and the necessity of buying the book above the amount of the +lowest of the two. The circumstance relates to a copy of the small octavo +Latin edition of the _Columbus Letter_, in eight leaves, at the first +Libri sale, Feb. 19, 1849. Mr. Stevens writes, "Mr. Brown ordered this lot +with a limit of 25 guineas, and Mr. Lenox of L25. Now as my chief +correspondents had been indulged with a good deal of liberty, scarcely +ever considering their orders completely executed till they had received +the books and decided whether or not they would keep them, I grew into the +habit of considering all purchases my own until accepted and paid for. +Consequently when positive orders were given, which was very seldom, I +grew likewise into the habit of buying the lot as cheaply as possible, and +then awarding it to the correspondent who gave the highest limit. This is +not always quite fair to the owner; but in my case it would have been +unfair to myself to make my clients compete, as not unfrequently the +awarded lot was declined and had to go to another. Well, in the case of +this Columbus Letter, though I had five or six orders, I purchased it for +L16 10_s._, and, accordingly, as had been done many times before within +the last five or six years without a grumble, I awarded it to the highest +limit, and sent the little book to Mr. John Carter Brown. Hitherto, in +cases of importance, Mr. Lenox had generally been successful, because he +usually gave the highest limit. But in this case he rebelled. He wrote +that the book had gone under his commission of L25, that he knew nobody +else in the transaction, and that he insisted on having it, or he should +at once transfer his orders to some one else. I endeavoured to vindicate +my conduct by stating our long-continued practice, with which he was +perfectly well acquainted, but without success. He grew more and more +peremptory, insisting on having the book solely on the ground that it went +under his limit. At length, after some months of negotiation, Mr. Brown, +on being made acquainted with the whole correspondence, very kindly, to +relieve me of the dilemma, sent the book to Mr. Lenox without a word of +comment or explanation, except that, though it went also below his higher +limit, he yielded it to Mr. Lenox for peace.... From that time I +resorted, in cases of duplicate orders from them, to the expedient of +always putting the lot in at one bid above the lower limit, which, after +all, I believe is the fairer way in the case of positive orders. This +sometimes cost one of them a good deal more money, but it abated the +chafing and generally gave satisfaction. Both thought the old method the +fairest when they got the prize. But I was obliged, on the new system of +bidding, to insist on the purchaser keeping the book without the option of +returning it." There can be no doubt that the latter plan was the most +satisfactory. + +Some persons appear to be under the impression that whatever a book +fetches at a public sale must be its true value, and that, as the +encounter is open and public, too much is not likely to be paid by the +buyer; but this is a great mistake, and prices are often realized at a +good sale which are greatly in advance of those at which the same books +are standing unsold in second-hand booksellers' shops. + +Much knowledge is required by those who wish to buy with success at +sales. Books vary greatly in price at different periods, and it is a +mistake to suppose, from the high prices realized at celebrated sales, +which are quoted in all the papers, that books are constantly advancing in +price. Although many have gone up, many others have gone down, and at no +time probably were good and useful books to be bought so cheap as now. If +we look at old sale catalogues we shall find early printed books, +specimens of old English poetry and the drama, fetching merely a fraction +of what would have to be given for them now; but, on the other hand, we +shall find pounds then given for standard books which would not now +realize the same number of shillings; this is specially the case with +classics. + +The following passage from Hearne's _Diaries_ on the fluctuations in +prices is of interest in this connection:--"The editions of Classicks of +the first print (commonly called _editones principes_) that used to go at +prodigious prices are now strangely lowered; occasioned in good measure +by Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, my friend, being forced to sell many of his +books, in whose auction these books went cheap, tho' English history and +antiquities went dear: and yet this gentleman was the chief man that +raised many curious and classical books so high, by his generous and +courageous way of bidding."[14] + +These first editions, however, realize large prices at the present time, +as has been seen at the sale of the Sunderland Library. It is experience +only that will give the necessary knowledge to the book buyer, and no +rules laid down in books can be of any real practical value in this case. +Persons who know nothing of books are too apt to suppose that what they +are inclined to consider exorbitant prices are matters of caprice, but +this is not so. There is generally a very good reason for the high price. + +We must remember that year by year old and curious books become scarcer, +and the number of libraries where they are locked up increase; thus while +the demand is greater, the supply diminishes, and the price naturally +becomes higher. A unique first edition of a great author is surely a +possession to be proud of, and it is no ignoble ambition to wish to obtain +it. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[13] _Libraries and Founders of Libraries_, 1864, p. 404. + +[14] _Reliquiae Hearnianae_, 1869, vol. ii. p. 158. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +PUBLIC LIBRARIES. + + +Libraries may broadly be divided into Public and Private, and as private +libraries will vary according to the special idiosyncrasies of their +owners, so still more will public libraries vary in character according to +the public they are intended for. The answer therefore to the +question--How to form a Public Library?--must depend upon the character of +the library which it is proposed to form. Up to the period when free town +libraries were first formed, collections of books were usually intended +for students; but when the Public Libraries' Acts were passed, a great +change took place, and libraries being formed for general readers, and +largely with the object of fostering the habit of reading, an entirely +new idea of libraries came into existence. The old idea of a library was +that of a place where books that were wanted could be found, but the new +idea is that of an educational establishment, where persons who know +little or nothing of books can go to learn what to read. The new idea has +naturally caused a number of points to be discussed which were never +thought of before. + +But even in Town Libraries there will be great differences. Thus in such +places as Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, the Free Libraries should +be smaller British Museums, and in this spirit their founders have worked; +but in smaller and less important towns a more modest object has to be +kept in view, and the wants of readers, more than those of consulters of +books, have to be considered. + +Mr. Beriah Botfield has given a very full account of the contents of the +libraries spread about the country and associated with the different +Cathedrals in his _Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of England_, 1849. +These libraries have mostly been formed upon the same plan, and consist +very largely of the works of the Fathers, and of old Divinity. Some +contain also old editions of the classics, and others fine early editions +of English authors. In former times these libraries were much neglected, +and many of the books were lost; but the worst instance of injury to a +library occurred at Lincoln at the beginning of the present century, when +a large number of Caxtons, Pynsons, Wynkyn de Wordes, etc., were sold to +Dr. Dibdin, and modern books purchased for the library with the proceeds. +Dibdin printed a list of his treasures under the title of "The Lincolne +Nosegay." Mr. Botfield has reprinted this catalogue in his book. + +The first chapter of the _United States Report on Public Libraries_ is +devoted to Public Libraries a hundred years ago. Mr. H.E. Scudder there +describes some American libraries which were founded in the last century. +One of these was the Loganian Library of Philadelphia. Here is an extract +from the will of James Logan, the founder-- + +"In my library, which I have left to the city of Philadelphia for the +advancement and facilitating of classical learning, are above one hundred +volumes of authors, in folio, all in Greek, with mostly their versions. +All the Roman classics without exception. All the Greek mathematicians, +viz. Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his Geography and Almagest, which I +had in Greek (with Theon's Commentary, in folio, above 700 pages) from my +learned friend Fabricius, who published fourteen volumes of his +_Bibliotheque Grecque_, in quarto, in which, after he had finished his +account of Ptolemy, on my inquiring of him at Hamburgh, how I should find +it, having long sought for it in vain in England, he sent it to me out of +his own library, telling me it was so scarce that neither prayers nor +price could purchase it; besides, there are many of the most valuable +Latin authors, and a great number of modern mathematicians, with all the +three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts, Halley, etc." The inscription on the +house of the Philadelphia Library is well worthy of repetition here. It +was prepared by Franklin, with the exception of the reference to himself, +which was inserted by the Committee. + + Be it remembered, + in honor of the Philadelphia youth + (then chiefly artificers), + that in MDCCXXXI + they cheerfully, + at the instance of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, + one of their number, + instituted the Philadelphia Library, + which, though small at first, + is become highly valuable and extensively useful, + and which the walls of this edifice + are now destined to contain and preserve: + the first stone of whose foundation + was here placed + the thirty-first day of August, 1789. + +Mr. F.B. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library, contributed to the _Report +on Public Libraries in the United States_ a useful chapter on "How to make +Town Libraries successful" (pp. 419-430). The two chief points upon which +he lays particular stress, and which may be said to form the texts for his +practical remarks, are: (1) that a Public Library for popular use must be +managed not only as a literary institution, but also as a business +concern; and (2) that it is a mistake to choose books of too thoughtful or +solid a character. He says, "It is vain to go on the principle of +collecting books that people ought to read, and afterwards trying to coax +them to read them. The only practical method is to begin by supplying +books that people already want to read, and afterwards to do whatever +shall be found possible to elevate their reading tastes and habits." + +A series of articles on "How to Start Libraries in Small Towns" was +published in the _Library Journal_ (vol. i. pp. 161, 213, 249, 313, 355, +421), and Mr. Axon's _Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries_ has +already been mentioned. We must not be too rigid in the use of the term +Public Libraries, and we should certainly include under this description +those institutional Libraries which, although primarily intended for the +use of the Members of the Societies to which they belong, can usually be +consulted by students who are properly introduced. + +Of Public Libraries first in order come the great libraries of a nation, +such as the British Museum. These are supplied by means of the Copyright +Law, but the librarians are not from this cause exonerated from the +troubles attendant on the formation of a library. There are old books and +privately printed and foreign books to be bought, and it is necessary that +the most catholic spirit should be displayed by the librarians. The same +may be said in a lesser degree of the great libraries of the more +important towns. + +In England the Universities have noble libraries, more especially those of +Oxford and Cambridge, but although some colleges possess fine collections +of books, college libraries are not as a rule kept up to a very high +standard. The United States Report contains a full account of the college +libraries in America (pp. 60-126). + +The libraries of societies are to a large extent special ones, and my +brother, the late Mr. B.R. Wheatley, in a paper read before the Conference +of Librarians, 1877, entitled "Hints on Library Management, so far as +relates to the Circulation of Books," particularly alluded to this fact. +He wrote, "Our library is really a medical and surgical section of a great +Public Library. Taking the five great classes of literature, I suppose +medicine and its allied sciences may be considered as forming a thirtieth +of the whole, and, as our books number 30,000, we are, as it were, a +complete section of a Public Library of nearly a million volumes in +extent." + +The United States Report contains several chapters on special libraries, +thus chapter 2 is devoted to those of Schools and Asylums; 4, to +Theological Libraries; 5, to Law; 6, to Medical; and 7, to Scientific +Libraries. For the formation of special libraries, special bibliographies +will be required, and for information on this subject reference should be +made to Chapter VI. of the present work. + +When we come to deal with the Free Public Libraries, several ethical +questions arise, which do not occur in respect to other libraries. One of +the most pressing of these questions refers to the amount of Fiction read +by the ordinary frequenters of these libraries. + +This point is alluded to in the United States Report on Public Libraries. +Mr. J.P. Quincy, in the chapter on Free Libraries (p. 389), writes, +"Surely a state which lays heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that +children may be taught to read is bound to take some interest in what they +read; and its representatives may well take cognizance of the fact that an +increased facility for obtaining works of sensational fiction is not the +special need of our country at the close of the first century of its +independence." He mentions a free library in Germanstown, Pa., sustained +by the liberality of a religious body, and frequented by artisans and +working people of both sexes. It had been in existence six years in 1876, +and then contained 7000 volumes. No novels are admitted into the library. +The following is a passage from the librarian's report of 1874: "In +watching the use of our library as it is more and more resorted to by the +younger readers of our community, I have been much interested in its +influence in weaning them from a desire for works of fiction. On first +joining the library, the new comers often ask for such books, but failing +to procure them, and having their attention turned to works of interest +and instruction, in almost every instance they settle down to good reading +and cease asking for novels. I am persuaded that much of this vitiated +taste is cultivated by the purveyors to the reading classes, and that they +are responsible for an appetite they often profess to deplore, but +continue to cater to, under the plausible excuse that the public will have +such works." + +Mr. Justin Winsor in chapter 20 (Reading in Popular Libraries) expresses a +somewhat different view. He writes, "Every year many young readers begin +their experiences with the library. They find all the instructive reading +they ought to have in their school books, and frequent the library for +story books. These swell the issues of fiction, but they prevent the +statistics of that better reading into which you have allured the older +ones, from telling as they should in the average." + +At the London Conference of Librarians (1877), Mr. P. Cowell, Librarian of +the Liverpool Public Library, read a paper on the admission of Fiction in +Free Public Libraries, where he discussed the subject in a very fair +manner, and deplored the high percentage of novel reading in these +libraries. At the Second Annual Meeting of the Library Association (1879) +Mr. J. Taylor Kay, Librarian of Owens College, Manchester, in his paper on +the Provision of Novels in Rate-supported Libraries, more completely +condemned this provision. He concluded his paper with these words: +"Clearly a hard and fast line must be drawn. A distinct refusal by the +library committees to purchase a single novel or tale would be appreciated +by the rate-payers. The suggestion of a sub-committee to read this +literature would not be tolerated, and no man whose time is of value would +undergo the infliction. The libraries would attain their true position, +and the donations would certainly be of a higher class, if the aims of the +committees were known to be higher. Manchester has already curtailed its +issues of novels. It has been in the vanguard on the education question: +and let us hope it will be true to its traditions, to its noble impulses, +and lead the van in directing the educational influence of the free +libraries, and striking out altogether any expenditure in the +dissemination of this literature." + +This question probably would not have come to the front if it were not +that the educational value of Free Libraries, as the complement of Board +Schools, has been very properly put forward by their promoters. With this +aim in view, it does startle one somewhat to see the completely +disproportionate supply of novels in the Free Libraries. This often rises +to 75 per cent. of the total supply, and in some libraries even a higher +percentage has been reached. There are, however, exceptions. At the +Baltimore Peabody Institute Fiction did not rise to more than one-tenth of +the total reading. The following are some figures of subjects circulated +at that library above 1000:-- + + Belles Lettres 4598 + Fiction 3999 + Biography 2003 + Greek and Latin Classics 1265 + History (American) 1137 + Law 1051 + Natural History 1738 + Theology 1168 + Periodicals (Literary) 4728 + Periodicals (Scientific) 1466 + +Mr. Cowell says that during the year ending 31st August, 1877, 453,585 +volumes were issued at the reference library alone (Liverpool Free Public +Library); of these 170,531 were strictly novels. The high-percentage of +novel reading is not confined to Free Public Libraries, for we find that +in the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco, in 1874, 64,509 volumes of +Prose Fiction were lent out of a total of 78,219. The other high figures +being Essays, 2280; History, 1823; Biography and Travels, 1664. In the +College of the City of New York, of the books taken out by students +between Nov. 1876, and Nov. 1877, 1043 volumes were Novels, the next +highest numbers were Science, 153; Poetry, 133; History, 130.[15] + +In considering this question one naturally asks if the masterpieces of our +great authors, which every one should read, are to be mixed up with the +worthless novels constantly being published in the condemnation of +Fiction; but, to some extent, both Mr. Cowell and Mr. Kay answer this. The +first of these gentlemen writes: "As to the better class novels, which are +so graphic in their description of places, costumes, pageantry, men, and +events, I regret to say that they are not the most popular with those who +stand in need of their instructive descriptions. I could generally find +upon the library shelves 'Harold,' 'The Last of the Barons,' 'Westward +Ho!' 'Hypatia,' 'Ivanhoe,' 'Waverley,' 'Lorna Doone,' etc., when not a +copy of the least popular of the works of Mrs. Henry Wood, 'Ouida,' Miss +Braddon, or Rhoda Broughton were to be had." Mr. Kay corroborates this +opinion in his paper. + +Most of us recognize the value of honest fiction for children and the +overwrought brains of busy men, but the reading of novels of any kind can +only be justified as a relaxation, and it is a sad fact that there is a +large class of persons who will read nothing but novels and who call all +other books dry reading. Upon the minds of this class fiction has a most +enervating effect, and it is not to be expected that ratepayers will +desire to increase this class by the indiscriminate supply of novels to +the Free Libraries. Some persons are so sanguine as to believe that +readers will be gradually led from the lower species of reading to the +higher; but there is little confirmation of this hope to be found in the +case of the confirmed novel readers we see around us. + +The librarian who, with ample funds for the purpose, has the duty before +him of forming a Public Library, sets forward on a pleasant task. He has +the catalogues of all kinds of libraries to guide him, and he will be able +to purchase the groundwork of his library at a very cheap rate, for +probably at no time could sets of standard books be bought at so low a +price as now. Many books that are not wanted by private persons are +indispensable for a Public Library, and there being little demand for them +they can be obtained cheap. When the groundwork has been carefully laid, +then come some of the difficulties of collecting. Books specially required +will not easily be obtained, and when they are found, the price will +probably be a high one. Books of reference will be expensive, and as these +soon get out of date, they will frequently need renewal. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[15] _Library Journal_, vol. ii. p. 70. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +PRIVATE LIBRARIES. + + +Treating of private libraries, it will be necessary to consider their +constitution under two heads, according as they are required in town or +country. In London, for instance, where libraries of all kinds are easily +accessible, a man need only possess books on his own particular hobby, and +a good collection of books of reference; but in the country, away from +public libraries, a well-selected collection of standard books will be +necessary. + + +1. _Town._ + +Every one who loves books will be sure to have some favourite authors on +special subjects of study respecting which he needs no instruction +farther than that which is ready to his hand. Books on these subjects he +will need, both in town and country, if he possesses two houses. Some +collectors make their town house a sort of gathering-place for the +accessions to their country libraries. Here a class is completed, bound, +and put in order, and then sent to the country to find its proper place in +the family library. + +This is an age of books of reference, and as knowledge increases, and the +books which impart it to readers become unwieldy from their multitude, +there are sure to be forthcoming those who will reduce the facts into a +handy form. I have gathered in the following pages the titles of some of +the best books of reference which are to be obtained. Many, if not all of +these, are to be found in that magnificent library of reference--the +Reading Room of the British Museum. In some cases where the books are +constantly being reprinted, dates have been omitted. There are, doubtless, +many valuable works which I have overlooked, and some Text-books I have +had to leave out owing to the exigencies of space, but I trust that the +present list will be found useful. + + _Abbreviations._--Dictionnaire des Abreviations Latines et + Francaises usitees dans les inscriptions lapidaires et + metalliques, les manuscrits et les chartes du Moyen Age. Par + L. Alph. Chassant. Quatrieme edition. Paris, 1876. Sm. 8vo. + + _Anthropology._--Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the + use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands. Drawn + up by a Committee appointed by the British Association. + London, 1874. Sm. 8vo. + + _Antiquities._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. + Edited by Dr. William Smith. Roy. 8vo. + + ---- Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et + Romaines d'apres les textes et les Monuments ... Ouvrage + redige ... sous la direction de Ch. Daremberg et Edm. + Saglio. Paris, 1873. 4to. + + ---- The Life of the Greeks and Romans described from + Antique Monuments, by E. Guhl and W. Koner, translated from + the third German edition by F. Hueffer. London, 1875. 8vo. + + ---- Gallus or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus. By W.A. + Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe. London. + + ---- Charicles: Illustrations of the Private Life of the + Ancient Greeks. By W.A. Becker, translated by F. Metcalfe. + London. + + _Antiquities._--Archaeological Index to remains of antiquity + of the Celtic, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By + John Yonge Akerman. London, 1847. 8vo. + + ---- Introduction to English Antiquities. By James + Eccleston. London, 1847. 8vo. + + ---- The English Archaeologist's Handbook. By Henry Godwin. + Oxford, 1867. 8vo. + + _Architecture._--A Dictionary of the Architecture and + Archaeology of the Middle Ages.... By John Britton. London, + 1838. + + ---- History of Architecture in all countries, from the + earliest times to the present day. By James Fergusson. + London, 1865-76. 4 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Nicholson's Dictionary of the Science and Practice of + Architecture, Building, Carpentry, etc. New edition, edited + by Edward Lomax and Thomas Gunyon. London. 2 vols. 4to. + + ---- An Encyclopaedia of Architecture, historical, + theoretical, and practical. By Joseph Gwilt, revised by + Wyatt Papworth. New edition. London, 1876. 8vo. + + ---- The Dictionary of Architecture, issued by the + Architectural Publication Society. A to Oz. 4 vols. Roy. + 4to. (In progress.) + + ---- A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, + and Gothic Architecture. Fifth edition, enlarged. Oxford, + 1850. 3 vols. 8vo. + + ---- An Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa + Architecture and Furniture.... By J.C. Loudon. London, 1833. + 8vo. + + _Arts, Manufactures_, etc.--Ure's Dictionary of Arts, + Manufactures, and Mines, containing a clear exposition of + their Principles and Practice. By Robert Hunt, assisted by + F.W. Rudler. Seventh edition. London, 1875. 3 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Spons' Encyclopaedia of the Industrial Arts, + Manufactures, and Commercial Products. London, 1879. 8 vols. + Roy. 8vo. + + ---- History of Physical Astronomy. By Robert Grant. London + [1852]. A most valuable book, but now out of print and + scarce. + + ---- An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients. + By G. Cornewall Lewis. London, 1862. 8vo. + + _Bible._--Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its + Antiquities, Biography, Mythology, and Geography. By Dr. + William Smith. Roy. 8vo. + + ---- A Biblical Cyclopaedia or Dictionary of Eastern + Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, Sacred Annals and + Biography, Theology and Biblical Literature, illustrative of + the Old and New Testaments. Edited by John Eadie, D.D., + LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, 1870. 8vo. + + ---- The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans to illustrate the + Geography and Topography of the Old and New Testaments and + the Apocrypha, with Explanatory Notes by Samuel Clark, M.A. + Also a complete Index of the Geographical Names ... by + George Grove. London, 1868. 4to. + + _Bible._ See _Concordances_. + + _Bibliography._--See Chapters V. and VI. + + _Biography._--Mr. Chancellor Christie contributed a very + interesting article to the _Quarterly Review_ (April, 1884) + on Biographical Dictionaries, in which he details the + history of the struggle between the publishers of the + _Biographie Universelle_ and Messrs. Didot, whose Dictionary + was eventually entitled _Nouvelle Biographie Generale_. The + new edition of the _Biographie Universelle_ (45 vols. Imp. + 8vo. Paris, 1854) is an invaluable work. Chalmers's + Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 8vo. 1812-17) is a mine of + literary wealth, from which compilers have freely dug. + Rose's (12 vols. 8vo. 1848) was commenced upon a very + comprehensive plan, but the lives were considerably + contracted before the work was completed. It is, however, a + very useful work. L.B. Phillips's "Dictionary of + Biographical Reference" contains 100,000 names, and gives + the dates of birth and death, which in many instances is all + the information the consulter requires, and should more be + required, he is referred to the authority. This book is + quite indispensable for every library. There are several + national Biographical Dictionaries, and at last a thoroughly + satisfactory Biographia Britannica is in course of + publication by Messrs. Smith & Elder. The "Dictionary of + National Biography, edited by Leslie Stephen," has reached + the fifth volume, and extends to Bottisham. + + ---- Robert Chambers's Biographical Dictionary of Eminent + Scotsmen (Glasgow, 1835-56. 5 vols. 8vo.) will be found + useful. + + _Biography._--Dr. William Allen's "American Biographical + Dictionary" was published at Boston in 1857. + + ---- Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains ... Par A.V. + Arnault [etc.]. Paris, 1820-25. 20 vols. 8vo. Mr. Edward + Smith points this book out to me as specially valuable for + information respecting actors in the French Revolution. + + ---- Handbook of Contemporary Biography. By Frederick + Martin. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo. + + ---- Men of the Time: a Dictionary of Contemporaries. + Eleventh edition. Revised by Thompson Cooper. London, 1884. + Sm. 8vo. A volume of 1168 pages should contain a fair + representation of the men of the day, and yet it is + ludicrously incomplete. The literary side is as much + overdone as the scientific side is neglected. This is not + the place to make a list of shortcomings, but it will + probably astonish most of our readers to learn that such + eminent Men of the Time as Sir Frederick Abel, Sir Frederick + Bramwell, and the late Dr. W.B. Carpenter are not mentioned. + As this book has as a high reputation, the editor should + thoroughly revise it for a new edition. + + ---- Men of the Reign. A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent + Characters of both Sexes, who have died during the reign of + Queen Victoria. Edited by T. Humphry Ward. (Uniform with + "Men of the Time.") London, 1885. + + _Biography._--Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains.... + Par G. Vapereau. Cinquieme edition. Paris, 1880. 8vo. + + ---- Supplement. Oct. 1881. + + ---- Biographie Nationale des Contemporains, redigee par une + Societe de Gens de Lettres sous la direction de M. Ernest + Glaeser. Paris, 1878. Royal 8vo. + + ---- Dictionnaire General de Biographie Contemporaine + Francaise et Etrangere. Par Ad. Bitard. Paris, 1878. 8vo. + + ---- To this list of Contemporary Biography may be added the + Indexes of Obituary Notices published by the Index Society. + + (_Bishops._)--Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, or a Calendar of the + principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England and Wales, + and of the chief officers in the Universities of Oxford and + Cambridge, from the earliest time to the year 1715. Compiled + by John Le Neve. Corrected and continued from 1715 to the + present time by T. Duffus Hardy. Oxford, 1854. 3 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae. The Succession of the + Prelates and Members of Cathedral Bodies in Ireland. By + Henry Cotton, D.C.L. Dublin, 1847-60. 5 vols. 8vo. + + (_Lawyers._)--Lives of the Chief Justices of England. By + John Lord Campbell. Second edition. London, 1858. 3 vols. + 8vo. + + ---- Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great + Seal of England. By John Lord Campbell. Fourth edition. + London, 1856. 10 vols. Sm. 8vo. + + (_Scientific Men._)--Poggendorff (J.C.). + Biographisch-Literarisches Handwoerterbuch zur Geschichte der + exacten Wissenschaften, enthaltend Nachweisungen ueber + Lebensverhaeltnisse und Leistungen von Mathematikern, + Astronomen, Physikern, Chemikern, Mineralogen, Geologen + u.s.w. aller Voelker und Zeiten. Leipzig, 1863. Roy. 8vo. + + * * * * * + + (_Cambridge._)--Athenae Cantabrigienses. By Charles Henry + Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper. Cambridge, 1858-61. + Vol. I. 1500-1585. Vol. II. 1586-1609. 8vo. + + ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1760-1856. Cura Josephi + Romilly, A.M. Cantabrigiae, 1856. + + ---- Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1800-1884. Cura Henrici + Richardo Luard, S.T.P. Cantabrigiae, 1884. + + (_Oxford._)--Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses. By Ant. a Wood. + New edition, with Notes, Additions, and Continuation by the + Rev. Dr. P. Bliss. 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20. + + ---- Catalogue of all Graduates in the University of Oxford, + 1659-1850. Oxford, 1851. 8vo. + + (_Dublin._)--A Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to + degrees in the University of Dublin from the earliest + recorded Commencements to July, 1866, with Supplement to + December 16, 1868. Dublin, 1869. 8vo. Vol. II. 1868-1883. + Dublin, 1884. 8vo. + + (_Eton._)--Alumni Etonenses, or a Catalogue of the Provosts + and Fellows of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, + from the Foundation in 1443 to the Year 1797. By Thomas + Harwood. Birmingham, 1797. 4to. + + (_Westminster._)--The List of the Queen's Scholars of St. + Peter's College, Westminster, admitted on that Foundation + since 1663, and of such as have been thence elected to + Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from + the Foundation by Queen Elizabeth, 1561, to the present + time. Collected by Joseph Welch. A new edition ... by an old + King's Scholar. London, 1852. Roy. 8vo. + + * * * * * + + _Botany._--An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs; being the + Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged.... By J.C. + Loudon. London, 1842. 8vo. + + ---- Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants ... New edition + corrected to the present time. Edited by Mrs. Loudon. + London, 1855. 8vo. + + ---- The Vegetable Kingdom; or the structure, classification + and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. By + John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. Third edition. London, 1853. + 8vo. + + ---- International Dictionary of Plants in Latin, German, + English and French, for Botanists, and especially + Horticulturists, Agriculturists, Students of Forestry and + Pharmaceutists, by Dr. William Ulrich. Leipzig, 1872. 8vo. + + _Botany._--Topographical Botany: being Local and Personal + Records towards shewing the distribution of British Plants + traced through 112 counties and vice-counties of England, + Wales and Scotland. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Second + edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1883. 8vo. + + The need of an authoritative list of Botanical names must be + frequently felt by a large number of writers, those who have + but little knowledge of the science even more than Botanists + themselves. The following work will be found useful for this + purpose, but there is reason to hope that a much larger and + more exhaustive list will shortly be published, as Mr. + Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, is, we + believe, now engaged upon such a work. "Nomenclator + Botanicus seu Synonymia Plantarum Universalis.... Autore + Ernesto Theoph. Steudel; editio secunda, Stuttgartiae et + Tubingae, 1841." Royal 8vo. + + _Cards._--Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History + of Playing Cards. By William Andrew Chatto. London, 1848. + 8vo. + + ---- A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and other Cards in + the British Museum, accompanied by a Concise General History + of the Subject, and Remarks on Cards of Divination and of a + Politico-Historical Character. By William Hughes Willshire, + M.D. Printed by order of the Trustees, 1876. Royal 8vo. + + _Chemistry._--A Dictionary of Chemistry and the allied + Branches of other Sciences, founded on that of the late Dr. + Ure. By Henry Watts. 1863-68. 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1872. + Second Supplement, 1879. Third Supplement, 1879-81. 2 vols. + + ---- Handbook of Modern Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic, + for the use of Students. By Charles Meymott Tidy, M.B., + F.C.S. London, 1878. 8vo. + + ---- Handbook of Chemistry. By L. Gmelin. Trans. by H. + Watts. London, 1848-67. 17 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Industrial Chemistry, based upon the German edition of + Payen's "Precis de Chimie Industrielle," edited by B.H. + Paul. London, 1878. + + ---- A Treatise on Chemistry. By [Sir] H.E. Roscoe and C. + Schorlemmer. London. 8vo. + + _Coins._--A Numismatic Manual. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A. + London, 1840. 8vo. + + ---- The Silver Coins of England arranged and described by + E. Hawkins. London, 1841. 8vo. + + ---- The Gold Coins of England arranged and described, being + a sequel to Mr. Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, by his + grandson, Robert Lloyd Kenyon. London, 1880. 8vo. + + _Commerce._--A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and + Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. By the + late J.R. McCulloch. Latest edition by A.J. Wilson. London, + 1882. 8vo. + + ---- History of British Commerce, 1763-1870. By Leone Levi. + London, 1872. 8vo. + + _Concordances._ + + _Aristophanes._--A Complete Concordance to the Comedies and + Fragments of Aristophanes. By Henry Dunbar, M.D. Oxford, + 1883. 4to. + + _Bible._--A complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of + the Old and New Testaments. By Alexander Cruden, M.A. + London, 1737. 4to. Second edition 1761, third edition 1769; + this is the last corrected by the author. Most of the + Concordances published since are founded upon Cruden. + + ---- An Analytical Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, or + the Bible presented under distinct and classified heads of + topics. Edited by John Eadie, D.D., LL.D. London and + Glasgow, 1856. 8vo. + + _Homer._--A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of Homer. By + Guy Lushington Prendergast. London, 1875. 4to. + + ---- A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of + Homer, to which is added a Concordance to the parallel + passages in the Iliad, Odyssey and Hymns. By Henry Dunbar, + M.D. Oxford, 1880. 4to. + + _Milton._--A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of + Milton. By Guy Lushington Prendergast, Madras Civil Service. + Madras, 1857. 4to. Originally published in 12 parts. + + ---- A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of John + Milton. By Charles Dexter Cleveland, LL.D. London, 1867. Sm. + 8vo. + + The Rev. H.J. Todd compiled a verbal Index to the whole of + Milton's Poetry, which was appended to the second edition of + his life of the Poet (1809). + + _Pope._--A Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope. By + Edwin Abbott, with an Introduction by Edwin A. Abbott, D.D. + London, 1875. Royal 8vo. + + _Shakespeare._--The Complete Concordance to Shakspere: being + a verbal Index to all the passages in the dramatic works of + the Poet. By Mrs. Cowden Clarke. London, 1845. Royal 8vo. + + ---- Shakespeare-Lexicon: a Complete Dictionary of all the + English words, phrases and constructions in the works of the + poet. By Dr. Alexander Schmidt. (Berlin and London), 1874. 2 + vols. royal 8vo. + + ---- A Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems: an Index to every + word therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard Furness. + Philadelphia, 1874. + + ---- A Handbook Index to the Works of Shakespeare, including + references to the phrases, manners, customs, proverbs, + songs, particles, etc., which are used or alluded to by the + great Dramatist. By J.O. Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S. London, + 1866. 8vo. Only fifty copies printed. + + _Tennyson._--A Concordance of the entire works of Alfred + Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L., F.R.S. By D. Barron Brightwell. + London, 1869. 8vo. + + _Tennyson._--Concordance to the works of Alfred Tennyson, + Poet Laureate. London, 1870. "The Holy Grail," etc., is + indexed separately. + + ---- An Index to "In Memoriam." London, 1862. + + * * * * * + + _Costume._--A Cyclopaedia of Costume or Dictionary of Dress, + including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the + Continent.... By James Robinson Planche, Somerset Herald. + London, 1876-79. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I. Dictionary. Vol. II. + General History of Costume in Europe. + + _Councils._--Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating + to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited after Spelman and + Wilkins, by Arthur West Haddan, B.D., and William Stubbs, + M.A. Oxford, 1869. Vol. II. Part I. 1873. Vol. III. 1871. + 8vo. + + ---- England's Sacred Synods. A Constitutional History of + the Convocations of the Clergy from the earliest Records of + Christianity in Britain to the date of the promulgation of + the present Book of Common Prayer, including a List of all + Councils, Ecclesiastical as well as Civil, held in England + in which the Clergy have been concerned. By James Wayland + Joyce, M.A. London, 1855. 8vo. + + _Dates._--See _History_. + + _Dictionaries._ + + (_English._)--One of the most useful English Dictionaries is + the "Imperial Dictionary" by Ogilvie, which has been edited + with great care by Charles Annandale.[16] The vocabulary is + very full, the etymology is trustworthy, and the definitions + are clear and satisfactory. The engravings which are + interspersed with the text are excellent, and greatly add to + the utility of the Dictionary. + + For years preparations have been made for a Standard English + Dictionary, and at last the work has been commenced under + the able editorship of Dr. James A.H. Murray. In 1857, on + the suggestion of Archbishop Trench, the Philological + Society undertook the preparation of a Dictionary, "which by + the completeness of its vocabulary, and by the application + of the historical method to the life and use of words, might + be worthy of the English language and of English + scholarship." The late Mr. Herbert Coleridge and Dr. + Furnivall undertook the editorship, and a large number of + volunteers came forward to read books and extract + quotations. Mr. Coleridge died in the midst of his work, and + upon Dr. Furnivall devolved the entire editorship in + addition to his other onerous duties as Secretary of the + Philological Society. He projected the admirable system of + sub-editing, which proved so successful. As the work + proceeded several of the most energetic and most competent + workers undertook to sub-edit the materials already + collected, each one taking a separate letter of the + alphabet. Some two million quotations were amassed, but + still the man was wanting who would devote his life to + forming the Dictionary from these materials. In course of + time Dr. Murray came forward, and in 1878 he prepared some + specimens for submission to the Delegates of the Clarendon + Press, who agreed to publish the Dictionary. The first part + was published in 1884, and the second in 1885.[17] It is + hoped that in future it will be possible to issue a part + every six months. At present the alphabet is carried down to + Batten. This is one of the most magnificent pieces of work + that has ever been produced in any country, and it is an + honour to every one concerned. To the Philological Society + who conceived it, to Dr. Murray and his staff who have + devoted so much labour and intellect to its production, and + to the Clarendon Press who have published it to the world. + It is, moreover, an honour to the country which now + possesses a well-grounded hope of having, at no distant day, + the finest Historical Dictionary ever produced. + + In this connection the _Encyclopaedic Dictionary_, now in + course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, should be + mentioned as a valuable work. + + Up to a few years ago it was impossible to obtain any + satisfactory etymological information on English words from + our Dictionaries. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood partly removed this + reproach by the publication of his very valuable "Dictionary + of English Etymology" in 1859,[18] but in this work Mr. + Wedgwood only dealt with a portion of the vocabulary. + + Professor Skeat commenced the publication of his + indispensable "Etymological Dictionary of the English + Language" (Clarendon Press) in 1879, and in 1884 he produced + a second edition. In 1882 Professor Skeat published "A + Concise Etymological Dictionary," which is something more + than an abridgment, and a book which should find a place in + all libraries of reference. + + A Glossarial Index to the Printed English Literature of the + Thirteenth Century. By H. Coleridge. London, 1859. 8vo. This + was one of the earliest publications which grew out of the + preparations for the great Philological Society's + Dictionary. Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English + Language (third edition, Krefeld, 1878) is an indispensable + work. A new edition, prepared by Mr. H. Bradley, is about to + be issued by the Clarendon Press. + + Of single volume Dictionaries, Mr. Hyde Clarke's "New and + Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language as spoken + and written" in Weale's Educational Series (price 3_s._ + 6_d._) is one of the most valuable. I have time after time + found words there which I have searched for in vain in more + important looking Dictionaries. Mr. Clarke claims that he + was the first to raise the number of words registered in an + English Dictionary to 100,000. + + The Rev. James Stormonth's "Dictionary of the English + Language, Pronouncing, Etymological, and Explanatory," is a + work of great value. It is so well arranged and printed that + it becomes a pleasure to consult it. + + Those who are interested in Dialects will require all the + special Dictionaries which have been published, and these + may be found in the Bibliography now being compiled by the + English Dialect Society, but those who do not make this a + special study will be contented with "A Dictionary of + Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, + and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century, by J.O. + Halliwell" (fifth edition, London, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo.), + which is well-nigh indispensable to all. Nares's Glossary + (1822-46, new edition, by J.O. Halliwell and T. Wright, 2 + vols. 8vo. 1859) is also required by those who make a study + of Old English Literature. + + + The following is a short indication of some of the most + useful working Dictionaries: + + _Arabic._--Lane. + + _Greek._--Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, both in + 4to. and in abridged form in square 12mo. + + _Latin._--The Clarendon Press publish a Latin Dictionary + founded on Andrews's edition of Freund, and edited by C.T. + Lewis and C. Short, which is of great value. Smith's + Dictionary, both the large edition and the smaller one, and + that of Riddle are good. + + _French._--The Dictionaries of Fleming and Tibbins, and + Spiers, keep up their character, but for idioms the + International French and English Dictionary of Hamilton and + Legros is the best. For smaller Dictionaries Cassell's is + both cheap and good. Bellows's Pocket Dictionary has + obtained considerable fame, but those who use it need a good + eyesight on account of the smallness of the type. It is, + however, beautifully printed. The Standard French + Dictionaries of that language alone are the noble work of + Littre and the excellent Dictionary of Poitevin (2 vols. + 4to.). For early French Godefroy's elaborate work, which is + now in progress, must be consulted. + + _German._--Fluegel's German and English Dictionary still + holds its own, but Koehler's Dictionary is also excellent. + Hilpert's and Lucas's Dictionaries, both good ones, are now + out of print. Of Standard German Dictionaries Grimm's great + work is still in progress. Sanders's Dictionary is also of + great value. + + _Danish and Norwegian._--The Dictionary by Ferrall, Repp, + Rosing and Larsen is good. + + _Dutch._--Calisch (2 vols. 8vo. 1875). + + _Hebrew._--Fuerst, Gesenius. + + _Icelandic._--Vigfusson. + + _Italian._--Baretti's Dictionary still keeps up its + character, but Millhouse's work is also good. + + _Portuguese._--Vieyra. + + _Russian._--Alexandrow. + + _Sanscrit._--Monier Williams. Boehtlingk and Roth. + + _Pali._--Childers. + + _Spanish._--Neumann and Baretti, and also Velasquez. + + _Swedish._--Oman. + + * * * * * + + _Drama._--Biographia Dramatica; or a Companion to the + Playhouse ... originally compiled in the year 1764 by David + Erskine Baker, continued thence to 1782 by Isaac Reed, and + brought down to the end of November, 1811 ... by Stephen + Jones. London, 1812. 3 vols. 8vo. + + ---- A Dictionary of Old English Plays existing either in + print or in manuscript, from the earliest times to the close + of the seventeenth century; by James O. Halliwell, Esq., + F.R.S. London, 1860. 8vo. + + _Drugs._--Pharmacographia: a History of the Principal Drugs + of Vegetable Origin met with in Great Britain and British + India. By Friedrich A. Flueckiger, Ph.D., and Daniel Hanbury, + F.R.S. Second edition. London, 1879. 8vo. + + _Ecclesiology._--Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical + Theology. Edited by the Rev. J.H. Blunt, M.A. Second + edition. London, 1872. Imp. 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. By William Smith, + LL.D., and Professor S. Cheatham. London, 1876-80. 2 vols. + royal 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, + and Schools of Religious Thought. Edited by the Rev. John + Henry Blunt, M.A. London, 1874. Imp. 8vo. + + ---- Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume, + compiled from Ancient Authorities and Examples. By A. Welby + Pugin, Architect.... Enlarged and revised by the Rev. + Bernard Smith, M.A. Third edition. London, 1868. 4to. + + ---- A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms. + Compiled and arranged by the Rev. Frederick George Lee, + D.C.L. London, 1877. Sq. 8vo. + + ---- See _Ritual_. + + _Encyclopaedias._--The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or a + Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. Ninth + edition. Edinburgh, 1875. 4to. Now in course of publication. + + ---- Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, or Universal Dictionary of + Knowledge.... London, 1815-41. 26 vols. 4to. + + ---- Chambers's Encyclopaedia. 10 vols. royal 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. By W.T. + Brande. 1842. New edition, edited by the Rev. J.W. Cox. + London, 1866-67. 3 vols. 8vo. + + _Encyclopaedias._--Rees's Cyclopaedia (39 vols., plates 6 + vols. 1820, 4to.) can be bought excessively cheap, and is + well worth a place in a library where room can be found for + it, as many of its articles have never been superseded. + + ---- Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX^e Siecle Francais, + Historique, Geographique, Mythologique, Bibliographique, + Litteraire, Artistique, Scientifique, etc.... Par Pierre + Larousse. Paris, 1866-76. 15 vols. 4to. Supplement, tome 16, + 1878. + + ---- Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences, des Lettres et des + Arts ... redige avec la collaboration d'Auteurs speciaux par + M.N. Bouillet ... douzieme edition. Paris, 1877. 8vo. + + _Geography._--A General Dictionary of Geography, + descriptive, physical, statistical, historical, forming a + complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith Johnston. New + edition. London, 1877. 8vo. + + ---- The Library Cyclopaedia of Geography, descriptive, + physical, political and historical, forming a New Gazetteer + of the World. By James Bryce, M.A. and Keith Johnston. + London, 1880. Royal 8vo. + + ---- Index Geographicus, being a List alphabetically + arranged of the principal places on the Globe, with the + countries and sub-divisions of the countries in which they + are situated and their latitudes and longitudes. Compiled + specially with reference to Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas, + but applicable to all modern atlases and maps, Edinburgh, + 1864. Roy. 8vo. + + _Geography._--Etymologisch-Geographisches Lexikon. + Separat-Ausgabe des lexikalischen Theils der Nomina + Geographica von Dr. J.J. Egli. Leipzig, 1880. Royal 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by various + writers, edited by Dr. W. Smith. London, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo. + + (_Scotland._)--Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. A Survey of + Scottish Topography, statistical, biographical and + historical. Edited by Francis H. Groome. Edinburgh, 1884. + Vol. 1, roy. 8vo. + + (_France._)--Santini. Dictionnaire General ... des Communes + de France et des Colonies. Paris. 8vo. + + ---- Dictionnaire des Postes de la Republique Francaise. 6^e + edition. Rennes, 1881. Roy. 8vo. + + (_Italy._)--Il Libro de Comuni del Regno d'Italia. Compilato + sopra elementi officiali da Achille Moltedo. Napoli, 1873. + Roy. 8vo. + + (_United States._)--The National Gazetteer, a Geographical + Dictionary of the United States.... By L. de Colange, LL.D. + London, 1884. Roy. 8vo. + + (_India._)--Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern + Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific.... Edited by + Edward Balfour.... Second edition. Madras, 1871-73. 5 vols. + Roy. 8vo. Third edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. The first + edition was published in 1858, and two Supplements in 1862. + + _Geology._--A Catalogue of British Fossils: comprising the + Genera and Species hitherto described, with references to + their geological distribution.... By John Morris, F.G.S. + Second edition. London, 1854. 8vo. + + _Geology._--Principles of Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell. + 10th edition. London, 1867-8. 2 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Manual of Elementary Geology. By Sir Charles Lyell. + London, 1865. 8vo. + + _History._--Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables from + the Creation to the present times.... [Edited by Sir Henry + Ellis.] Imp. 8vo. London, 1844. + + ---- Atlas Universel d'Histoire et de Geographie contenant + 1^e la Chronologie.... 2^e la Geneologie.... 3^e la + Geographie.... Par M.N. Bouillet. Deuxieme edition. Paris, + 1872. 8vo. + + ---- Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de Geographie + contenant 1^e l'Histoire proprement dite.... 2^e la + Biographie Universelle.... 3^e la Mythologie.... 4^e la + Geographie ancienne et moderne. Par M.N. Bouillet ... + ouvrage revu et continue par A Chassang. Nouvelle edition + (vingt-cinquieme), avec un Supplement. Paris, 1876. 8vo. + + ---- The Map of Europe by Treaty, showing the various + political and territorial changes which have taken place + since the General Peace of 1814, with numerous maps and + notes. By Edward Hertslet, C.B. London, 1875. Vol. 1, + 1814-1827; vol. 2, 1828-1863; vol. 3, 1864-1875.--This work + shows the changes which have taken place in the Map of + Europe by Treaty or other International arrangements. It + contains a List of Treaties, etc., between Great Britain and + Foreign Powers for the maintenance of the Peace of Europe + and for the Settlement of European Questions, 1814-75. + + _History._--Moniteur des Dates, contenant un million des + renseignements biographiques, genealogiques et historiques. + Par Edouard Oettinger. Dresde, 1866-68. 6 thin vols. 4to. + Tomes 7, 8, 9, Supplement commence par E.M. Oettinger + considerablement augmente ... par Dr. Hugo Schramm. Leipzig, + 1873-1882. + + ---- Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information + relating to all Ages. 16th edition, by Benjamin Vincent. + London. + + ---- The Manual of Dates. A Dictionary of Reference of the + most important facts and events in the History of the World. + By George H. Townsend. Fifth edition entirely remodelled and + edited by Frederick Martin. London, 1877. 8vo. + + ---- Encyclopaedia of Chronology, Historical and + Biographical. By B.B. Woodward, B.A., and William L.R. + Gates. London, 1872. 8vo. + + ---- The Dictionary of Chronology, or Historical and + Statistical Register. Compiled and edited by William Henry + Overall, F.S.A. London, 1870. 8vo. + + ---- The Anniversary Calendar, Natal Book, and Universal + Mirror; embracing anniversaries of persons, events, + institutions, and festivals, of all denominations, + historical, sacred and domestic, in every period and state + of the world. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo. + + _History._--An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology + of Rome and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to + the death of Heraclius. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Edited + by the Rev. C.J. Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1853. 8vo. + + ---- Fasti Romani: the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome + and Constantinople, from the death of Augustus to the death + of Justin II. [to the death of Heraclius]. By Henry Fynes + Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1845-50. 2 vols. 4to. + + ---- Fasti Hellenici: the Civil and Literary Chronology of + Greece, from the earliest accounts to the death of Augustus. + By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1834-51. 3 vols. 4to. + + ---- Descriptive Catalogue of Materials relating to the + History of Great Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign + of Henry VII. By Thomas Duffus Hardy. London, 1862-71. Vol. + I. From the Roman Period to the Norman Invasion. Vol. II. + A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200. Vol. III. A.D. 1200 to A.D. 1327. + + ---- The Dictionary of English History. Edited by Sidney J. + Low, B.A., and F.S. Pulling, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo. + + ---- Introduction to the Study of English History. By Samuel + R. Gardiner, Hon. LL.D., and J. Bass Mullinger, M.A. + London, 1881. 8vo. The Second part by Mr. Mullinger is + devoted to Authorities, and is a model of what such a work + should be. + + _History._--Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying + Dates with the Christian Era ... with Regnal years of + English Sovereigns from the Norman Conquest to the present + time, A.D. 1066 to 1874. By John J. Bond. London, 1875. Sm. + 8vo. + + ---- The Annals of England: an Epitome of English History, + from contemporary writers, the Rolls of Parliament and other + Public Records. Library Edition. Oxford and London, 1876. + 8vo. Contains some valuable information as to the sources of + history in the Appendix. + + ---- The Representative History of Great Britain and + Ireland, being a History of the House of Commons and of the + Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of the United Kingdom from + the earliest period. By T.H.B. Oldfield. London, 1816. 6 + vols. 8vo. + + ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events + of the year 1862. [By J. Giddings.] London, 1863. 8vo. + + ---- An Index to "The Times," and to the topics and events + of the year 1863. By J. Giddings. London, 1864. 8vo. + + ---- Index to "The Times" Newspaper, 1864, to September, + 1885. London. 410. + + ---- Annals of our Time, from the accession of Queen + Victoria, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, 1871. By J. + Irving. London, 1871. 8vo. Supplement (Feb. 1871-July, + 1878). London, 1879. 8vo. + + (_France._)--Dictionnaire Historique de la France.... Par + Ludovic Lalanne. Paris, 1872. 8vo. + + * * * * * + + _Insurance._--The Insurance Cyclopaedia, being a Dictionary + of the definition of terms used in connexion with the theory + and practice of Insurance in all its branches; a + Biographical Summary ... a Bibliographical Reportery.... By + Cornelius Walford. London, vol. 1, 1871, to vol. 6. Royal + 8vo. + + _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_. + + _Law._--The Law-Dictionary, explaining the rise, progress, + and present state of the British Law.... By Sir Thomas + Edlyne Tomlins; fourth edition by Thomas Colpitts Granger. + London, 1835. 2 vols. 4to. + + ---- Wharton's Law-Lexicon, forming an Epitome of the Law of + England ... seventh edition by J.M. Lely, M.A. London, 1863. + Royal 8vo. + + ---- A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Constitution and Laws + of the United States of America and of the several States of + the American Union.... By John Bouvier. Fourteenth edition. + Philadelphia, 1870. + + ---- The Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law Books and + Citations. By Charles C. Soule. Boston, 1883. 8vo. + + ---- Ancient Law; its connection with the early history of + Society, and its relation to modern ideas. By H.S. Maine. + London, 1861. 8vo. + + _Law._--Lectures in Jurisprudence. By John Austin. Third + edition, revised and edited by R. Campbell. London, 1869. 3 + vols. 8vo. + + ---- Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. By R. Burn. + The 30th edition was published in 1869. The 13th edition of + Archbold's Justice of the Peace appeared in 1878. + + ---- Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. + Student's edition. + + _Literature._ + + (_English._)--Cyclopaedia of English Literature. Edited by + Robert Chambers. Edinburgh, 1843. New edition by Robert + Carruthers. Edinburgh. 2 vols. Royal 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of English Literature, being a Comprehensive + Guide to English Authors and their Works. By Davenport + Adams. London, n.d. Sq. 8vo. + + ---- Professor Henry Morley's _English Writers_, his _Tables + of English Literature_, and his volumes of Selections, + entitled _Library of English Literature_, will be found of + great value. + + (_American._)--Cyclopaedia of American Literature: embracing + personal and critical Notices of Authors, and selections + from their writings.... By Evert A. Duyckinck and George L. + Duyckinck. Edited to date by M. Laird Simons. Philadelphia, + 1877. 2 vols. Imp. 8vo. + + ---- The Poets and Poetry of Europe, with Introductions and + Biographical Notices, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. London, + 1855. Roy. 8vo. + + (_Polish._)--Bentkowskiego (F.). Historya Literatury + Polskiey. Warszawie, 1814. 2 vols. 8vo. + + (_Russian._)--Otto (Friedrich). History of Russian + Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. Translated + from the German by George Cox. Oxford, 1839. 8vo. + + (_Spanish._)--Ticknor (George). History of Spanish + Literature. New York, 1849. 3 vols. 8vo. + + (_Classical._)--A History of Latin Literature from Ennius to + Boethius. By George Augustus Simcox, M.A. London, 1883. 2 + vols. 8vo. + + ---- A History of Roman Classical Literature. By R.W. + Browne, M.A. London, 1884. 8vo. + + ---- A History of Roman Literature. By W.S. Teuffel, + translated by Wilhelm Wagner, Ph.D. London, 1873. 2 vols. + 8vo. + + ---- Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature. Edited after + Dr. E. Huebner, with large additions by the Rev. John E.B. + Mayor. London, 1875. 12mo. + + ---- Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. By Joseph B. + Mayor. Third edition, with Supplementary List. London, 1885. + + * * * * * + + _Manuscripts._--Guide to the Historian, the Biographer, the + Antiquary, the man of literary curiosity, and the collector + of autographs, towards the verification of Manuscripts, by + reference to engraved facsimiles of handwriting. [By Dawson + Turner.] Yarmouth, 1848. Roy. 8vo. A most valuable + alphabetical Index of the names of celebrated men, with + references to the books where specimens of their writing can + be found. + + _Mathematics._--Dictionnaire des Mathematiques appliques.... + Par H. Sonnet. Paris, 1867. Roy. 8vo. + + _Mechanics._--Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.... By + Edward H. Knight. London and New York, 1874-77. 3 vols. + royal 8vo. + + ---- Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and Chemical, + Manufactures, Mining and Engineering. Edited by Charles + Tomlinson. London, 1866. 3 vols. roy. 8vo. + + _Medical._--The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Edited + by Robert B. Todd, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1835-59. 5 vols, in + 6, royal 8vo. + + ---- A Dictionary of Practical Medicine.... By James + Copland. London, 1858. 3 vols. 8vo. + + ---- An Expository Lexicon of the terms, ancient and modern, + in Medical and General Science; including a complete + Medico-Legal Vocabulary.... By R.G. Mayne, M.D. London, + 1860. 8vo. + + ---- Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery and + Encyclopaedia of Surgical Science. New edition brought down + to the present time by Samuel A. Lane. London, 1872. 2 vols, + royal 8vo. + + ---- Medical Lexicon: a Dictionary of Medical Science ... + by Robley Dunglison, M.D., LL.D. A new edition enlarged and + thoroughly revised by Richard J. Dunglison, M.D. + Philadelphia, 1874. Roy. 8vo. + + _Monograms._--Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, marques + figurees, lettres initiales, noms abreges, etc., avec + lesquels les Peintres, Dessinateurs, Graveurs et Sculpteurs + ont designe leurs noms. Par Francois Brulliot. Nouvelle + edition. Munich, 1832-34. 3 parts. Imp. 8vo. + + _Music._--General History of the Science and Practice of + Music. By Sir John Hawkins. London, 1776. 5 vols. 4to. + + ---- History of Music from the earliest ages to the present + period. By Charles Burney. London, 1776-89. 4 vols. 4to. + + ---- Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et Bibliographie + generale de la musique. Par F.J. Fetis. Deuxieme edition. + Paris, 1860-65. 8 vols. roy. 8vo. + + ---- Supplement et Complement, publies sous la direction de + M. Arthur Pougin. Paris, 1878-80. 2 vols. roy. 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by [Sir] G. + Grove. London, 1878. 8vo. In progress. + + _Mythology._--Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and + Mythology, edited by Dr. W. Smith. 1845-48. 3 vols. 8vo. + + _Natural History._--Dictionary of Natural History Terms, + with their derivations, including the various orders, + genera, and species. By David H. McNicoll, M.D. London, + 1863. Sm. 8vo. + + _Natural History._--See _Botany_, _Zoology_. + + _Painters._--A General Dictionary of Painters.... By Matthew + Pilkington, A.M. A new edition, corrected and revised by R. + A. Davenport. London, 1852. 8vo. + + ---- A Catalague Raisonne of the Works of the most eminent + Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters, ... to which is added a + Brief Notice of the Scholars and Imitators of the Great + Masters of the above schools. By John Smith. London, + 1829-42. 9 parts. Roy. 8vo. + + ---- The Picture Collector's Manual, adapted to the + Professional Man and the Amateur; being a Dictionary of + Painters ... together with an alphabetical arrangement of + the Scholars, Imitators, and Copyists of the various + masters, and a Classification of Subjects. By James R. + Hobbes. London, 1849. 2 vols. 8vo. + + _Peerage._--Courthope's "Historical Peerage," founded on Sir + Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "Synopsis of the Peerage," is an + indispensable work, but it only refers to English Titles. + Mr. Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour" contains + the Peerage and Baronetage of England, Scotland, and + Ireland. + + ---- The Official Baronage of England, 1066 to 1885, by + James E. Doyle (vols. 1-3. 4to.), has just appeared. + + _Peerage._--Of the current peerages, Burke's, Dod's, + Debrett's, and Foster's, all have their points of merit. + + _Periodicals._--Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all + countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies + in the Natural, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, + 1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Library of Harvard + University, 1879. 8vo.--In this valuable list of + periodicals, which is arranged geographically according to + countries with an alphabet under each country, transactions + and journals are joined together in the same arrangement. At + the end there are an Index of Towns, an Index of Titles, and + an Index of Minor Subjects. + + ---- An Index to Periodical Literature. By Wm. Fred. Poole. + New York. Roy. 8vo. 1st ed. 1843; 2nd ed. 1848; 3rd ed. + 1882. + + ---- Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863). Compiled + and published by the Royal Society of London. London, + 1867-72. 6 vols. 4to. (1864-73.) Vol. 7, 1877; Vol. 8, + 1879.--Vol. 1, A-Clu; Vol. 2, Coa-Gra; Vol. 3, Gre-Lez; Vol. + 4, Lhe-Poz; Vol. 5, Pra-Tiz; Vol. 6, Tka-Zyl; Vol. 7, A-Hyr; + Vol. 8, I-Zwi. + + ---- The celebrated Dr. Thomas Young published in the second + volume of his _Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and + the Mechanical Arts_ (1807) a most valuable Catalogue of + books and papers relating to the subject of his Lectures, + which is classified minutely, and occupies 514 quarto pages + in double columns. In Kelland's new edition (1845) the + references are abridged and inserted after the several + lectures to which they refer. + + _Philology._--Max Mueller's "Lectures on the Science of + Language"; Marsh's "Lectures" and "Origin and History of the + English Language"; Abp. Trench's "English. Past and + Present"; "Select Glossary." + + _Physics._--Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy. By A. + P. Deschanel. 8vo. + + ---- Elementary Treatise on Physics. By A. Ganot, edited by + E. Atkinson. Sm. 8vo. + + _Plate._--Old English Plate, ecclesiastical, decorative, and + domestic, its makers and marks. By Wilfred Joseph Cripps, + M.A., F.S.A. Second edition. London, 1881. 8vo. + + _Plays._--See _Drama_. + + _Pottery._--Marks and Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain of + the Renaissance and Modern periods, with historical notices + of each Manufactory.... By William Chaffers. Fourth edition. + London, 1874. Roy. 8vo. + + _Prices._--History of Prices from 1793 to 1856. By Thomas + Tooke and William Newmarch. London, 1838-57. 6 vols. 8vo. + + _Prints._--An Introduction to the Study and Collection of + Ancient Prints. By William Hughes Willshire, M.D. Edin. + Second edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1877. 2 vols. + 8vo. + + ---- The Print Collector, an Introduction to the Knowledge + necessary for forming a Collection of Ancient Prints. By J. + Maberly, ... Edited with Notes, an Account of Contemporary + Etching and Etchers, and a Bibliography of Engraving. By + Robert Hoe, jun. New York, 1880. Sq. 8vo. + + ---- Etching and Etchers. By P.G. Hamerton. New edition. + London, 1876. 8vo. + + _Printing._--Typographia or the Printers' Instructor: + including an Account of the Origin of Printing.... By J. + Johnson, Printer. London, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. + + ---- A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. By William Savage. + London, 1841. 8vo. + + _Proverbs._--A Hand-Book of Proverbs, comprising an entire + republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs ... + and a complete alphabetical Index ... in which are + introduced large additions collected by Henry G. Bohn, 1857. + London, 1872. + + ---- A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, comprising French, + Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish, + with English translations and a general Index. By Henry G. + Bohn. London, 1867. + + ---- English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases collected from + the most authentic sources, alphabetically arranged and + annotated. By W. Carew Hazlitt. London, 1869. 8vo. Second + edition. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo. + + _Quotations._--Many Thoughts of Many Minds: being a Treasury + of References, consisting of Selections from the Writings + of the most celebrated Authors. Compiled and analytically + arranged by Henry Southgate. Third edition. London, 1862. + 8vo. Second Series. London, 1871. 8vo. + + _Quotations._--Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a + Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose and + Verse, from the writings of the known good and the great + unknown. Edited by Henry Southgate. London. 8vo. + + ---- Prose Quotations from Socrates to Macaulay, with + Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1876. Roy. + 8vo. + + ---- Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson, with + copious Indexes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia, 1875. + Roy. 8vo. + + ---- A Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets. By + Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867. Sq. 8vo. Second edition. + London. Sm. 8vo. + + ---- An Index to Familiar Quotations, selected principally + from British Authors, with parallel passages from various + writers, ancient and modern. By J.C. Grocott. Liverpool, + 1863. Sm. 8vo. + + ---- Familiar Quotations: being an attempt to trace to their + source passages and phrases in common use. By John Bartlett. + Author's edition. London, Sm. 8vo. + + ---- Words, Facts and Phrases, a Dictionary of Curious, + Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By Eliezer Edwards. + London, 1882. Sm. 8vo. + + _Quotations._--The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, + References, Plots and Stories, with their appendices. By the + Rev. E. Brewer, LL.D.... Third edition. London, 1882. Sm. + 8vo. + + ---- Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.... By the Rev. E. + Cobham Brewer, LL.D. Twelfth edition. London, no date. + + ---- A Dictionary of Latin and Greek Quotations, Proverbs, + Maxims and Mottos, Classical and Mediaeval, including Law + Terms and Phrases. Edited by H.T. Riley, B.A. London, 1880. + Sm. 8vo. + + _Receipts._--Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts and + Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures, + Professions and Trades ... designed as a comprehensive + Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.... Sixth edition, revised + and greatly enlarged by Richard V. Tuson. London, 1880. 2 + vols. 8vo. + + _Records._--Handbook of the Public Record Office. By F.S. + Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record Office. London, 1853. + Roy. 8vo. + + ---- Index to the Printed Reports of Sir Francis Palgrave, + K.H., the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, 1840-1861. + London, 1865. By John Edwards and Edward James Tabrum. In + one alphabet. + + _Ritual._--Hierurgia; or, Transubstantiation, Invocation of + Saints, Relics and Purgatory, besides those other articles + of Doctrine set forth in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass + expounded; and the use of Holy Water, Incense, and Images + [etc.] Illustrated. By D. Rock, D.D. Second edition. London, + 1851. 8vo. + + _Ritual._--Hierurgia Anglicana; or, Documents and Extracts + illustrative of the Ritual of the Church in England after + the Reformation. Edited by Members of the Ecclesiological, + late Cambridge Camden Society. London, 1848. 8vo. + + _Sports._--An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, or complete + account (historical, practical, and descriptive) of Hunting, + Shooting, Fishing, Racing, etc., etc. By Delabere P. Blaine. + A new edition. London, 1840. 8vo. + + _Taxes._--A Sketch of the History of Taxes in England from + the earliest times to the present day. By Stephen Dowell. + London, 1876. 8vo. Vol. 1 to the Civil War 1642. + + _Theology._--See _Ecclesiology_. + + _Topography._--A Topographical Dictionary of England.... By + Samuel Lewis. Seventh edition. London, 1849. + + ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.... By Samuel + Lewis. Fourth edition. London, 1849. 2 vols. 4to. + + ---- A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland.... By Samuel + Lewis. Second edition. London, 1842. 2 vols. 4to. + + ---- See _Geography_. + + _Wills._--An Index to Wills proved in the Court of the + Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and to such of the + records and other instruments and papers of that Court as + relate to matters or causes testamentary. By the Rev. John + Griffiths, M.A., Keeper of the Archives. Oxford, 1862. Roy. + 8vo. In one alphabet, with a chronological list appended. + + _Zoology._--Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina + Systematica Generum Animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, + secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis + auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, + etymologia et familiis, ad quas pertinent, in singulis + classibus. Auctore L. Agassiz.... Soliduri, 1842-46. 4to. + + ---- Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina Systematica + generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum + ordinem alphabeticum disposita sub auspicis et sumptibus + C.R. Societatis Zoologico-Botanicae conscriptus a Comite + Augusto de Marschall [1846-1868]. Vindobonae, 1873. 8vo. + + +2. _Country._ + +A library in a large country house should contain a representative +collection of English literature, and also a selection of books of +reference from the previous list. Standard Authors, in their best +editions, County Histories, Books of Travel, Books on Art, and a +representative collection of good novels, will of course find a place +upon the shelves. A book such as Stevens's _My English Library_ will be a +good guide to the foundation of the library, but each collector will have +his special tastes, and he will need guidance from the more particular +bibliographies which are ready to his hand, and a note of which will be +found in Chapter V. Room will also be found for sets of Magazines, such as +the _Gentleman's_, the _Edinburgh_, and the _Quarterly_, and for the +Transactions of such Societies as the owner may be member of. The issues +of Publishing Societies form quite a library of themselves, and an account +of these will be found in Chapter VII. + +We have seen on a previous page how Napoleon wished to form a convenient +travelling library, in which everything necessary could be presented in a +comparatively small number of handy volumes. Few men are like Napoleon in +the wish to carry such a library about with them; but where space is +scarce there are many who find it necessary to exercise a wise spirit of +selection. This, however, each man must do for himself, as tastes differ +so widely. + +Auguste Comte succeeded in selecting a library in which all that it is +necessary for a Positivist to know is included in 150 volumes, but this +result is obtained by putting two or more books together to form one +volume. + + + POSITIVIST LIBRARY FOR THE 19TH CENTURY. + + 150 Volumes. + + I. _Poetry._ (Thirty Volumes.) + + The Iliad and the Odyssey, in 1 vol. without notes. + + AEschylus, the King OEdipus of Sophocles, and Aristophanes, + in 1 vol. without notes. + + Pindar and Theocritus, with Daphnis and Chloe, in 1 vol. + without notes. + + Plautus and Terence, in 1 vol. without notes. + + Virgil complete, Selections from Horace, and Lucan, in 1 + vol. without notes. + + Ovid, Tibullus, Juvenal, in 1 vol. without notes. + + Fabliaux du Moyen Age, recueillies par Legrand D'Aussy. + + Dante, Ariosto, Tasso, and Petrarch, in 1 vol. in Italian. + + Select Plays of Metastasio and Alfieri, also in Italian. + + I Promessi Sposi, by Manzoni, in 1 vol. in Italian. + + Don Quixote, and the Exemplary Novels of Cervantes, in + Spanish, in 1 vol. + + Select Spanish Dramas, a collection edited by Don Jose + Segundo Florez, in 1 vol. in Spanish. + + The Romancero Espagnol, a selection, with the poem of the + Cid, 1 vol. in Spanish. + + Select Plays of P. Corneille. + + Moliere, complete. + + Select Plays of Racine and Voltaire, in 1 vol. + + La Fontaine's Fables, with some from Lamotte and Florian. + + Gil Blas, by Lesage. + + The Princess of Cleves, Paul and Virginia, and the Last of + the Abencerrages, to be collected in 1 vol. + + Les Martyres, par Chateaubriand. + + Select Plays of Shakespeare. + + Paradise Lost and Lyrical Poems of Milton. + + Robinson Crusoe and the Vicar of Wakefield, in 1 vol. + + Tom Jones, by Fielding, in English, or translated by Cheron. + + The seven masterpieces of Walter Scott--Ivanhoe, Waverley, + the Fair Maid of Perth, Quentin Durward, Woodstock (Les + Puritains), the Heart of Midlothian, the Antiquary. + + Select Works of Byron, Don Juan in particular to be + suppressed. + + Select Works of Goethe. + + The Arabian Nights. + + II. _Science._ (Thirty Volumes.) + + Arithmetic of Condorcet, Algebra, and Geometry of Clairaut, + the Trigonometry of Lacroix or Legendre, to form 1 vol. + + Analytical Geometry of Auguste Comte, preceded by the + Geometry of Descartes. + + Statics, by Poinsot, with all his Memoirs on Mechanics. + + Course of Analysis given by Navier at the Ecole + Polytechnique, preceded by the Reflections on the + Infinitesimal Calculus by Carnot. + + Course of Mechanics given by Navier at the Ecole + Polytechnique, followed by the Essay of Carnot on Equilibrum + and Motion. + + Theory of Functions, by Lagrange. + + Popular Astronomy of Auguste Comte, followed by the + Plurality of Worlds of Fontenelle. + + Mechanical Physics of Fischer, translated and annotated by + Biot. + + Alphabetical Manual of Practical Philosophy, by John Carr. + + The Chemistry of Lavoisier. + + Chemical Statics, by Berthollet. + + Elements of Chemistry, by James Graham. + + Manual of Anatomy, by Meckel. + + General Anatomy of Bichat, preceded by his Treatise on Life + and Death. + + The first volume of Blainville on the Organization of + Animals. + + Physiology of Richerand, with notes by Berard. + + Systematic Essay on Biology, by Segond, and his Treatise on + General Anatomy. + + Nouveaux Elements de la Science de l'Homme, par Barthez (2nd + edition, 1806). + + La Philosophie Zoologique, par Lamarck. + + Dumeril's Natural History. + + The Treatise of Guglielmini on the Nature of Rivers (in + Italian). + + Discourses on the Nature of Animals, by Buffon. + + The Art of Prolonging Human Life, by Hufeland, preceded by + Hippocrates on Air, Water, and Situation, and followed by + Cornaro's book on a Sober and Temperate Life, to form 1 vol. + + L'Histoire des Phlegmasies Chroniques, par Broussais, + preceded by his Propositions de Medecine, and the Aphorisms + of Hippocrates (in Latin), without commentary. + + Les Eloges des Savans, par Fontenelle et Condorcet. + + III. _History._ (Sixty Volumes.) + + L'Abrege de Geographie Universelle, par Malte Brun. + + Geographical Dictionary of Rienzi. + + Cook's Voyages, and those of Chardin. + + History of the French Revolution, by Mignet. + + Manual of Modern History, by Heeren. + + Le Siecle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire. + + Memoirs of Madame de Motteville. + + The Political Testament of Richelieu, and the Life of + Cromwell, to form 1 vol. + + History of the Civil Wars of France, by Davila (in Italian). + + Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini (in Italian). + + Memoirs of Commines. + + L'Abrege de l'Histoire de France, par Bossuet. + + The Revolutions of Italy, by Denina. + + The History of Spain, by Ascargorta. + + History of Charles V., by Robertson. + + History of England, by Hume. + + Europe in the Middle Ages, by Hallam. + + Ecclesiastical History, by Fleury. + + Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Gibbon. + + Manual of Ancient History, by Heeren. + + Tacitus (Complete), the Translation of Dureau de la Malle. + + Herodotus and Thucydides, in 1 vol. + + Plutarch's Lives, translation of Dacier. + + Caesar's Commentaries, and Arrian's Alexander, in 1 vol. + + Voyage of Anacharsis, by Barthelemy. + + History of Art among the Ancients, by Winckelmann. + + Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci (in Italian). + + Memoirs on Music, by Gretry. + + IV. _Synthesis._ (Thirty Volumes.) + + Aristotle's Politics and Ethics, in 1 vol. + + The Bible. + + The Koran. + + The City of God, by St. Augustine. + + The Confessions of St. Augustine, followed by St. Bernard on + the Love of God. + + The Imitation of Jesus Christ, the original, and the + translation into verse, by Corneille. + + The Catechism of Montpellier, preceded by the Exposition of + Catholic Doctrine, by Bossuet, and followed by St. + Augustine's Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount. + + L'Histoire des Variations Protestantes, par Bossuet. + + Discourse on Method, by Descartes, preceded by the Novum + Organum of Bacon, and followed by the Interpretation of + Nature, by Diderot. + + Selected Thoughts of Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, + Pascal, and Vauvenargues, followed by Conseils d'une Mere, + by Madame de Lambert, and Considerations sur les Moeurs, par + Duclos. + + Discourse on Universal History, by Bossuet, followed by the + Esquisse Historique, by Condorcet. + + Treatise on the Pope, by De Maistre, preceded by the + Politique Sacree, by Bousset. + + Hume's Philosophical Essays, preceded by the two + Dissertations on the Deaf, and the Blind, by Diderot, and + followed by Adam Smith's Essay on the History of Astronomy. + + Theory of the Beautiful, by Barthez, preceded by the Essay + on the Beautiful, by Diderot. + + Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, par + Cabanis. + + Treatise on the Functions of the Brain, by Gall, preceded by + Letters on Animals, by Georges Leroy. + + Le Traite sur l'Irritation et la Folie, par Broussais (first + edition). + + The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (condensed by Miss + Martineau), his Positive Politics, his Positivist Catechism, + and his Subjective Synthesis. + + Paris, 3 Dante 66 (Tuesday, 18th July, 1854). + AUGUSTE COMTE, + (10 rue Monsieur le Prince). + + + +This is an interesting list as having been compiled with special thought +by a celebrated man, but in many of its details it is little likely to +find acceptance with the general reader. It seems rather odd to an +Englishman to find the _Princess of Cleves_ included, while Shakespeare is +only to be found in a selection of his plays. It is not Comte's fault that +science has not stood still since 1854, and that his selection of books is +rather out of date. + +A list of a hundred good novels is likely to be useful to many, but few +lists would be open to more criticism, for readers differ more as to what +constitutes a good novel than upon any other branch of literature. The +following list was contributed by Mr. F.B. Perkins to the _Library +Journal_ (vol. i. p. 166). The titles are very short, and they are put down +in no particular order. Most of us will miss some favourite book, but two +people, Mr. Perkins says, have agreed on this list within four or five +items. He says he was tempted to add a few alternatives, as Amadis de +Gaul, Morte d'Arthur, Paul and Virginia, Frankenstein, Rasselas, etc. + + Don Quixote. + Gil Blas. + Pilgrim's Progress. + Tale of a Tub. + Gulliver. + Vicar of Wakefield. + Robinson Crusoe. + Arabian Nights. + Decameron. + Wilhelm Meister. + Vathek. + Corinne. + Minister's Wooing. + Undine. + Sintram. + Thisdolf. + Peter Schlemihl. + Sense and Sensibility. + Pride and Prejudice. + Anastasius. + Amber Witch. + Mary Powell. + Household of Sir T. More. + Cruise of the Midge. + Guy Mannering. + Antiquary. + Bride of Lammermoor. + Legend of Montrose. + Rob Roy. + Woodstock. + Ivanhoe. + Talisman. + Fortunes of Nigel. + Old Mortality. + Quentin Durward. + Heart of Midlothian. + Kenilworth. + Fair Maid of Perth. + Vanity Fair. + Pendennis. + Newcomes. + Esmond. + Adam Bede. + Mill on the Floss. + Romola. + Middlemarch. + Pickwick. + Chuzzlewit. + Nickleby. + Copperfield. + Tale of Two Cities. + Dombey. + Oliver Twist. + Tom Cringle's Log. + Japhet in Search of a Father. + Peter Simple. + Midshipman Easy. + Scarlet Letter. + House with the Seven Gables. + Wandering Jew. + Mysteries of Paris. + Humphry Clinker. + Eugenie Grandet. + Knickerbocker's New York. + Charles O'Malley. + Harry Lorrequer. + Handy Andy. + Elsie Venner. + Challenge of Barletta. + Betrothed (Manzoni's). + Jane Eyre. + Counterparts. + Charles Auchester. + Tom Brown's Schooldays. + Tom Brown at Oxford. + Lady Lee's Widowhood. + Horseshoe Robinson. + Pilot. + Spy. + Last of the Mohicans. + My Novel. + On the Heights. + Bleak House. + Tom Jones. + Three Guardsmen. + Monte Christo. + Les Miserables. + Notre Dame. + Consuelo. + Fadette (Fanchon). + Uncle Tom's Cabin. + Woman in White. + Love me little love me long. + Two Years Ago. + Yeast. + Coningsby. + Young Duke. + Hyperion. + Kavanagh. + Bachelor of the Albany. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[16] The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language: a Complete +Encyclopaedic Lexicon, Literary, Scientific, and Technological. By John +Ogilvie, LL.D. New edition. Carefully revised and greatly augmented, +edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. London, 1882-83. 4 vols. Imp. 8vo. + +[17] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on +the materials collected by the Philological Society. Edited by James A.H. +Murray, LL.D., with the assistance of many Scholars and Men of Science. +Oxford, Clarendon Press. Royal 4to. + +[18] A second edition appeared in 1871-72. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES. + + +A good collection of bibliographies is indispensable for a public library, +and will also be of great use in a private library when its possessor is a +true lover of books. One of the most valuable catalogues of this class of +books is the "Hand-List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and +Indexes placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference" +(1881). It is not intended to give in this chapter anything like a +complete account of these books, as a separate volume would be required to +do justice to them. Here it will be sufficient to indicate some of the +foremost works in the class. The catalogues of some of our chief libraries +are amongst the most valuable of bibliographies for reference. The +Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution is one of the +handsomest ever produced.[19] Unfortunately the cost of production was too +great for the funds of the Institution, and the elaborate Catalogue of +Tracts was discontinued after the letter F. + +The London Library being a specially well-selected one, the catalogue +(which is a good example of a short-titled catalogue) is particularly +useful for ready reference.[20] + +The Royal Institution Library is very rich in British Topography, and the +catalogue forms a convenient handbook.[21] + +The Catalogue of the Patent Office Library is by no means a model, but the +second volume forms a good book of reference.[22] Many other catalogues +might be mentioned, but these will be sufficient for our present purpose. +There is great want of a good Handbook of Literature, with the prices of +the different books. Until this want is supplied good booksellers' +catalogues will be found the most trustworthy guides. Pre-eminent among +these are the catalogues of Mr. Quaritch, and the "Catalogue of upwards +of fifty thousand volumes of ancient and modern books," published by +Messrs. Willis and Sotheran in 1862. Mr. Quaritch's catalogues are +classified with an index of subjects and authors.[23] A previous General +Catalogue was issued in 1874, and a Supplement 1875-77 (pp. iv. 1672). Now +Mr. Quaritch is issuing in sections a new Catalogue on a still larger +scale, which is of the greatest value. + +For the study of early printed books, Hain,[24] Panzer,[25] and +Maittaire's[26] books are indispensable. + +For general literature Brunet's Manual[27] stands pre-eminent in its +popularity. It has held its own since 1810, when it was first published in +three volumes, demy octavo. Graesse's Tresor[28] is less known out of +Germany, but it also is a work of very great value. Ebert's work[29] is +somewhat out of date now, but it still has its use. Watt's Bibliotheca[30] +is one of the most valuable bibliographies ever published, chiefly on +account of the index of subjects which gives information that cannot be +found elsewhere. The titles were largely taken from second-hand sources, +and are in many instances marred by misprints. Every one who uses it must +wish that it was brought down to date, but it is scarcely likely that any +one will sacrifice a life to such labour as would be necessary. Moreover, +the popular feeling is somewhat adverse to universal bibliographies, and +it is thought that the literature of his own country is sufficiently large +a subject for the bibliographer to devote his time to. + +English literature has not been neglected by English bibliographers, +although a full bibliography of our authors is still a crying want. +Complete lists of the works of some of our greatest authors have still to +be made, and it is to be hoped that all those who have the cause of +bibliography at heart will join to remedy the great evil. It would be +quite possible to compile a really national work by a system of +co-operation such as was found workable in the case of the Philological +Society's Dictionary of the English Language. Sub-editors of the different +letters might be appointed, and to them all titles could be sent. When the +question of printing arose, it would be well to commence with the chief +authors. These bibliographies might be circulated, by which means many +additions would be made to them, and then they could be incorporated in +the general alphabet. In such a bibliography books in manuscript ought to +be included, as well as printed books. Although there is little doubt that +many books still remain unregistered, we are well supplied with catalogues +of books made for trade purposes. Maunsell[31] was the first to publish +such a list, and in 1631 was published a catalogue of books issued between +1626 and 1631.[32] William London[33] published his Catalogue in 1658, +and Clavell's his in 1696.[34] Bent's Catalogue, published in 1786, went +back to 1700,[35] and this was continued annually as the London Catalogue. +The British and English Catalogues[36] followed, and the latter is also +published annually.[37] + +For early printed books, Ames and Herbert's great work[38] is of much +value, but information respecting our old literature has increased so much +of late that a new history of typographical antiquities is sadly needed. +Mr. Blades has done the necessary work for Caxton, but the first English +printer's successors require similar treatment. + +William Thomas Lowndes, the son of an eminent bookseller and publisher, +and himself a bookseller, published in 1834 his _Bibliographer's +Manual_[39] which has remained the great authority for English Literature. +It had become very scarce when Henry Bohn, in 1857, brought out a new +edition with additions in a series of handy volumes, which is an +indispensable book of reference, although it is far from being the +complete work that is required. + +Allibone's _Dictionary_[40] contains much that is omitted in Lowndes's +Manual, but it is more literary than bibliographical in its scope. The +well-selected criticisms appended to the titles of the several books are +of considerable interest and value to the reader. Mr. W.C. Hazlitt's +Handbooks[41] are exceedingly valuable as containing information +respecting a class of books which has been much neglected in +bibliographical works. The compiler has been indefatigable for some years +past in registering the titles of rare books as they occurred at public +sales. + +Mr. Collier's account of rare books,[42] founded on his Bridgewater +Catalogue (1837), is of great use for information respecting +out-of-the-way literature, as also is Mr. Corser's descriptive Catalogue +of Old English Poetry.[43] + +Accounts of books published in Gaelic,[44] in Welsh,[45] and in Irish,[46] +have been published. The works of American authors are included in +Allibone's _Dictionary_, referred to under English literature, but special +books have also been prepared, such as Truebner's Guide,[47] Stevens's +American Books in the British Museum,[48] and Leypoldt's great book, the +American Catalogue.[49] Catalogues of Books on America, such as those of +Obadiah Rich, have also been compiled, but these are more properly special +bibliographies. France has always stood in a foremost position in respect +to bibliography, and she alone has a national work on her literature, +which stands in the very first rank--this is due to the enthusiastic +bibliographer Querard.[50] A better model as to what a national +bibliography should be could not well be found. The catalogue of current +literature, which bears the name of O. Lorenz, is also an excellent +work.[51] + +German literature has been, and is, well registered. Heyse,[52] +Maltzahn,[53] Heinsius,[54] and Kayser,[55] have all produced valuable +works. Heinsius published his original Lexicon in 1812, and Kayser his in +1834, and Supplements to both of these have been published about every ten +years. A more condensed work was commenced by A. Kirchhoff in 1856, +containing the catalogue of works published from 1851 to 1855; a second +volume of the next five years appeared in 1861, and since Kirchhoff's +death Hinrichs has published a volume every five years. The Leipzig +Book-fairs have had their catalogues ever since 1594, and the half-yearly +volumes now bearing the name of Hinrichs,[56] which have been published +regularly since 1798, and to which the Fair catalogues succumbed in 1855, +may be considered as their legitimate successors. + +The Literature of Holland is well recorded by Campbell[57] and +Abkoude,[58] and for Belgium there is the _Bibliographie de Belgique_.[59] +Italy can boast of a Gamba[60] and a Bertocci,[61] and a public office +publishes the _Bibliografia Italiana_.[62] + +Spain is fortunate in possessing a splendid piece of bibliography in the +great works of Antonio.[63] Some years ago, when I was occupied in +cataloguing one of the chief collections of Spanish books in this country, +I was in the daily habit of consulting these _Bibliothecas_, and while +comparing the books themselves with the printed titles, I seldom found a +mistake. Hidalgo's[64] work and the Boletin[65] show that at the present +time bibliography is not neglected in that country. + +The works of Barbosa Machado[66] and Silva[67] show that Portugal is not +behind the sister kingdom in the love for bibliography. + +Bibliographies of other countries might be mentioned here, but space will +not permit. There is one branch of general bibliography to which special +attention has been paid for a long period of years. O. Placcius published +his _Theatrum Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at Hamburgh in 1674 (2nd ed. +1708). Villani continued the record of pseudonymous literature by +publishing at Parma, in 1689, a small volume entitled _La Visiera alzata_. +J.C. Mylius published his _Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum_ at +Hamburgh in 1740. + +Barbier's great work on the Anonymous in French Literature was first +published in 1806-8, the second edition appeared in 1822-27, and the third +in 1872-78, as a continuation to the second edition of Querard's _Les +Supercheries Litteraires_. Querard's work is more curious than useful, +because the author has entered into minute questions of authorship which +do not really belong to the domain of bibliography. Manne's volume (1834) +is not of much value. Lancetti published an octavo volume on Pseudonyms in +Italian (1836), but Barbier's work was not worthily imitated in any other +country until Mr. Paterson commenced the publication of the very valuable +work of the late Mr. Halkett.[68] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[19] A Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, systematically +classed. [London] 1835. 5 vols. royal 8vo. Vol. 1 (1835), General Library; +vol. 2 (1840), Tracts and Pamphlets arranged in alphabetical order as far +as the letter F. (never completed); vol. 3 (1843), General Library, +Additions; vol. 4 (1852), Additions from 1843 to 1852. + +[20] Catalogue of the London Library, 12, St. James's Square, S.W. With +Preface, Laws and Regulations, List of Members and Classified Index of +Subjects. By Robert Harrison. Fourth edition. Sold at the Library, 1875, +royal 8vo. pp. 1022. + +---- Supplemental Volume, 1875-1880, sold at the Library, 1881, royal 8vo. +pp. 219. + +[21] A New Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution of +Great Britain with Indexes of Authors and Subjects, and a list of +Historical Pamphlets, Chronologically arranged. By Benjamin Vincent. +London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 1857, 8vo. pp. xvii.-928. + +---- Vol. II., including the Additions from 1857 to 1882. London. Sold at +the Royal Institution. 1882. 8vo. pp. xvii.-388. + +[22] Catalogue of the Library of the Patent Office, arranged +alphabetically. In two volumes: vol. 1, Authors; vol. 2, Subjects. London. +Published and Sold at the Commissioners of Patents Sale Department. +1881-83. Royal 8vo. + +[23] A General Catalogue of Books, offered for sale to the public at the +affixed prices. By Bernard Quaritch London, 15, Piccadilly, 1880. 8vo. pp. +x.-2395. + +[24] 1457-1500. HAIN (L.). Repertorium Bibliographicum in quo libri omnes +ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi, ordine +alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur. +Stuttgartiae, 1826-38. 2 vols. 8vo. + +[25] 1457-1536. PANZER (G.W.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventae +origine ad annum 1536. Norimbergae, 1793-1803. 11 vols. 4to. + +[26] 1457-1664. MAITTAIRE (M.). Annales Typographici ab artis inventae +origine ad annum 1664, cum Supplemento Michaelis Denisii. Hag. Com. et +Viennae, 1719-89. 7 vols in 11 parts. + +[27] BRUNET (J.C.). Manuel du Libraire, cinquieme edition. Paris, 1860-65. +6 vols. 8vo. Supplement par P. Deschamps et G. Brunet. Paris, 1878-80, 2 +vols. Royal 8vo. + +[28] GRAESSE (J.G.T.). Tresor de Livres rares et precieux ou Nouveau +Dictionnaire Bibliographique. Dresde, 1859-69. 7 vols. 4to. + +[29] EBERT (F.A.). Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon. Leipzig, +1821-30. 2 vols. 4to. + +---- A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from the German [by A. Brown]. +Oxford, 1837. 4 vols. 8vo. + +[30] WATT (R.). Bibliotheca Britannica: a General Index to British and +Foreign Literature. In two parts, Authors and Subjects. Edinburgh, 1824. 4 +vols. 4to. + +[31] Before 1595. MAUNSELL (A.). Catalogue of English printed Books. +London, 1595. 4to. Part 1, Divinitie. Part 2, Sciences Mathematicall. + +[32] 1626-1631. A Catalogue of certaine Bookes which have been published +and (by authoritie) printed in England both in Latine and English, since +the year 1626 until November, 1631. London, 1631. 4to. + +[33] Before 1658. LONDON (WILLIAM). A Catalogue of the most vendible Books +in England, orderly and alphabetically digested. With a Supplement. +1658-60. 4to. + +[34] 1666-1695. CLAVELL (R.). General Catalogue of Books printed in +England since the dreadful Fire of London, 1666. Fourth edition. London, +1696. Folio. + +[35] 1700-1786. A General Catalogue of Books in all Languages, Arts, and +Sciences, printed in Great Britain and published in London. London (W. +Bent), 1786. 8vo. + +1811. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1811. 8vo. + +1810-1831. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. Bent), 1831. 8vo. + +1816-1851. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1851. 8vo. +Classified Index. London (Hodgson), 1853. + +1831-1855. London Catalogue of Books. London (Hodgson), 1855. + +[36] 1837-52. The British Catalogue. Sampson Low, 1853. And Index. 2 vols. +8vo. + +[37] 1835-1880. The English Catalogue of Books. Sampson Low. And Indexes. +8vo. _Continued annually._ + +[38] 1471-1600. AMES (JOSEPH). Typographical Antiquities: being an +Historical Account of Printing in England, with some Memoirs of our +Antient Printers, and a Register of the Books printed by them ... with an +Appendix concerning Printing in Scotland, Ireland to the same time. +London, 1749. 4to. 1 vol. Considerably augmented by W. Herbert. London, +1785-90. 3 vols. 4to. Enlarged by T.F. Dibdin. London, 1810-19. 4 vols. +4to. + +[39] LOWNDES (W.T.), The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature. +London, 1834. 4 vols. 8vo. New Edition, by H.G. Bohn. London, 1857-64. 6 +vols. Sm. 8vo. + +[40] ALLIBONE (S.A.). Dictionary of English Literature, and British and +American Authors. Philadelphia, 1859-71. 3 vols. Royal 8vo. + +[41] HAZLITT (W. CAREW). Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic +Literature of Great Britain, from the Invention of Printing to the +Restoration. London (J. Russell Smith), 1867. 8vo. + +---- Collections and Notes, 1867-1876. London (Reeves & Turner), 1876. +8vo. + +---- Second Series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes on Early +English Literature, 1474-1700. London (Bernard Quaritch), 1882. + +[42] COLLIER (J.P.). A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the rarest +books in the English language, alphabetically arranged. London, 1865. 2 +vols. 8vo. + +[43] CORSER (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; or a bibliographical and +descriptive Catalogue of a portion of a Collection of Early English +Poetry. Manchester (Chetham Society), 1860-79. 9 vols. Sm. 4to. + +[44] _Gaelic._ Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an account of all the books +which have been published in the Gaelic Language. By John Reid. Glasgow, +1832. 8vo. + +[45] _Welsh._ Cambrian Bibliography: containing an account of the books +printed in the Welsh Language; or relating to Wales, from the year 1546 to +the end of the 18th century. By W. Rowlands. Llanidloes, 1869. 8vo. + +[46] _Irish._ Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society for 1820. +Containing a chronological account of nearly four hundred Irish writers +... carried down to the year 1750, with a descriptive Catalogue of such of +their works as are still extant. By E. O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820. 4to. + +[47] Truebner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature: a classed +list of books published in the United States of America during the last +forty years. London, 1859. 8vo. + +[48] Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the British Museum. +Christmas, 1856. By H. Stevens. London, 1866. 8vo. + +[49] The American Catalogue under the direction of F. Leypoldt. New York, +1880. 2 vols. 4to. Suppl. 1876-84. Compiled under the editorial direction +of R.R. Bowker by Miss Appleton. New York, 1885. + +[50] QUERARD (J.M.). La France Litteraire, ou Dictionnaire Bibliographique +des Savants qui ont ecrit en francais, plus particulierement pendant les +XVIII^e et XIX^e siecles. Paris, 1827-64. 12 vols. 8vo. + +---- Litterature Francaise contemporaine (1826-49). Continuation de la +France Litteraire. Paris, 1842-57. 6 vols. 8vo. + +[51] LORENZ (O.). Catalogue de la Librairie Francaise 1840-1865. 4 vols. +1866-1875. 2 vols. 8vo. The Catalogue of Books from 1876 to 1885 is in +preparation. + +---- Tables des Matieres, 1840-1875. Paris, 1879-80. 2 vols. 8vo. + +[52] [HEYSE (C.W.).] Buecherschatz der deutschen National-Litteratur des +XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. Systematisch geordnetes Verzeichniss einer +reichhaltigen Sammlung deutschen Buechen. Berlin, 1854. 8vo. + +[53] MALTZAHN (W. VON). Deutschen Buecherschatz des sechszehnten, +siebenzehnten und achtzehnten bis um die Mitte des neunzehnten +Jahrhunderts. Jena, 1875. 8vo. + +[54] HEINSIUS (W.). Allgemeines Buecher Lexicon, 1700-1815. Leipzig, +1812-56. 14 vols. 4to. 7th Supplement. + +[55] KAYSER (C.G.). Index Librorum. Vollstaendiges Buecher-Lexicon, +enthaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres (-1876) in Deutschland ... +gedruckten Buecher. Leipzig, 1834-77. 4to. + +[56] HINRICHS (J.C.). Verzeichniss der Buecher ... welche in Deutschland +vom Januar, 1877, bis zum (December, 1885) neu erschienen oder neu +aufgelegt worden sind. Leipzig, 1876-80. 12mo. _In progress._ + +---- Repertorium ueber die nach den ... Verzeichnissen, 1871-75, +erschienenen Buecher. Von E. Baldamus. (1876-80.) Leipzig, 1877-82. 12mo. + +[57] CAMPBELL (M.F.A.G.). Annales de la Typographie Neerlandaise au XV^e +Siecle. La Haye, 1874. 8vo. + +---- 1^{er} Supplement. La Haye, 1878. 8vo. + +[58] ABKOUDE (J. VAN). Naamregister van de bekendste ... Nederduitsche +Boeken ... 1600 tot 1761. Nu overzien en tot het jaar 1787 vermeerderd +door R. Arrenberg. Rotterdam, 1788. 4to. + +---- Alphabetische Naamlijst van Boeken 1790 tot 1832, Amsterdam, 1835. +4to. 1833-1875. Amsterdam, 1858-78. 3 vols. 4to. + +---- Wetenschappelijk Register behoorende bij Brinkman's Alphabetische +Naamlijsten van Boeken ... 1850-75 ... bewerkt door R. van der Meulen. +Amsterdam, 1878. 4to. + +[59] Bibliographie de Belgique. Journal Officiel de la Librairie. Annee 1. +Bruxelles, 1876. 8vo. + +[60] GAMBA (B.). Serie dei testi di Lingua Italiana e di altri opere +importanti nella Italiana letteratura del Secolo XV al XIX. Quarta +edizione. Venezia, 1839. 8vo. + +[61] BERTOCCI (D.G.). Repertorio bibliografico delle opere stampate in +Italia nel Secolo XIX. Vol. I. Roma, 1876. 8vo. + +[62] Bibliografia Italiana: Giornale compilato sui documenti communicati +dal Ministero dell'Istruzione Pubblica. Anno 1-14. 1867-80. Firenze, +1868-81. 8vo. In progress. + +[63] ANTONIO (N.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus sive Hispani Scriptores ... +ad annum Christi 1500 floruerunt. Matriti, 1788. 2 vols. Folia. + +---- Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum qui ab anno 1500 +ad 1684 floruere notitia. Matriti, 1783-1788. 2 vols. Folio. + +[64] HIDALGO (D.). Diccionario general de Bibliografia Espanola. Madrid, +1862-79. 6 vols. 8vo. + +[65] Boletin de la Libreria. Ano 1. 1873. Madrid, 1874. 8vo. In progress. + +[66] BARBOSA MACHADO (D.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, historica, critica e +cronologica. Na qual se comprehende a noticia dos authores Portuguezes, e +das obras que compuserao. Lisboa, 1741-59. 4 vols. Folio. + +[67] SILVA (J.F. DA). Diccionario bibliographico Portuguez. Lisboa, +1858-70. Tom. 1-9. 8vo. + +[68] A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great +Britain, including the works of Foreigners written in or translated into +the English Language. By the late Samuel Halkett, and the late Rev. John +Laing. Edinburgh (William Paterson), 1882-85. Vols. 1, 2, 3 (to 'Tis). + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES. + + +Bibliographies of special subjects are more useful than any other books in +the formation of a library. The articles in the new edition of the +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ will be found valuable for this purpose, but +those who wish for fuller information must refer to Dr. Julius Petzholdt's +elaborate _Bibliotheca Bibliographica_ (Leipzig, 1866), or to the +_Bibliographie des Bibliographies_ of M. Leon Vallee (Paris, 1885). The +late Mr. Cornelius Walford contributed a paper "On Special Collections of +Books" to the Transactions of the Conference of Librarians, 1877 (pp. +45-49), in which he specially referred to the subject of Insurance. + +In the present chapter I propose to refer to some of the most useful +bibliographies, but to save space the full titles will not be given, and +this is the less necessary as they can mostly be found in the above books +or in that useful little volume we owe to the authorities of the British +Museum--"Hand-list of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes +placed in the Reading-room," 1881. + + _Agriculture._--Weston's Tracts on Practical Agriculture and + Gardening (1773), contains a Chronological Catalogue of + English Authors, and Donaldson's Agricultural Biography + (1854) brings the subject down to a later date. Victor + Donatien de Musset-Pathay published a _Bibliographie + Agronomique_ in 1810, and Loudon's _Encyclopaedia of + Agriculture_ contains the Literature and Bibliography of + Agriculture, British, French, German, and American. + + _Ana._--In Peignot's _Repertoire de Bibliographies + Speciales_ (1810) will be found at pp. 211-268, a list of + books of Ana, and Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hecart published at + Valenciennes, 1821, under the name of J.G. Phitakaer, a + bibliography entitled "Anagrapheana." Namur's _Bibliographie + des Ouvrages publies sous le nom d'Ana_ was published at + Bruxelles in 1839. The late Sir William Stirling Maxwell + made a collection of books of Ana, a privately printed + catalogue of which he issued in 1860. + + _Angling._--Sir Henry Ellis printed privately in 1811 a + small octavo pamphlet of 21 pages which he entitled "A + Catalogue of Books on Angling, with some brief notices of + several of their authors," which was an extract from the + _British Bibliographer_. In 1836, Pickering printed a + _Bibliotheca Piscatoria_, which was formed upon Sir Henry + Ellis's corrected copy of the above Catalogue. Mr. J. + Russell Smith published in 1856 "A Bibliographical Catalogue + of English writers on Angling and Ichthyology," which was + soon superceded by the following work by Mr. T. Westwood. "A + new Bibliotheca Piscatoria, or a general Catalogue of + Angling and Fishing Literature." London, 1861 (another + edition, edited conjointly with T. Satchell, 1883). Mr. R. + Blakey published in 1855, "Angling Literature of all + Nations." London, 1855. 12mo. Mr. J.J. Manley, M.A., + published in 1883, "Literature of Sea and River Fishing," as + one of the Handbooks of the International Fisheries + Exhibition. + + _Architecture._--LACROIX (E.). Bibliographie des Ingenieurs, + des Architectes, des Chefs d'Usines industrielles, des + Eleves des Ecoles polytechniques et professionnelles et des + Agriculteurs. Premiere (--Troisieme) Serie. Paris, 1864-67. + 4to. + + _Assurance_ (_Life_).--Lewis Pocock published "A + Chronological List of Books and Single Papers" relating to + this subject in 1836, a second edition of which was + published in 1842. + + _Astronomy._--Lalande published his valuable "Bibliographie + Astronomique" at Paris, 1803. Otto Struve's Catalogue of the + Library of the Pulkova Observatory, published at St. + Petersburg in 1860, is highly esteemed by astronomers. The + first part of the Catalogue of the United States Naval + Observatory at Washington, by Prof. E.S. Holden, is devoted + to Astronomical Bibliography. + + ---- HOUZEAU (J.C.) and LANCASTER (A.), Bibliographie + generale de l'Astronomie. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. In progress. + + ---- Mr. E.B. Knobel, Secretary of the Royal Astronomical + Society, printed in the _Monthly Notices_ of that Society + for November, 1876 (pp. 365-392), a very useful short + Reference Catalogue of Astronomical Papers and Researches, + referring more especially to (1) Double Stars; (2) Variable + Stars; (3) Red Stars; (4) Nebulae and Clusters; (5) Proper + Motions of Stars; (6) Parallax and Distance of Stars; (7) + Star Spectra. Mr. E.S. Holden's "Index Catalogue of Books + and Memoirs relating to Nebulae and Clusters of Stars" was + printed in the _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_ in + 1877. + + _Bible._--The famous Le Long published at Paris, in 1713, + his "Discours historiques sur les principales editions des + Bibles polyglottes," and in 1723, in two volumes, folio, his + great work "Bibliotheca Sacra." This was edited and + continued by A.G. Masch, and published at Halae Magd. in five + volumes, quarto. 1774-97. T. Llewelyn published in 1768 + "Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and + editions of the Bible." A privately printed "List of various + editions of the Bible" was issued in 1778, which has been + attributed to Dr. Ducarel. John Lewis's "Complete History of + the several Translations of the Holy Bible and New Testament + into English" was published in 1818, and Dr. Henry Cotton's + "List of Editions" (Oxford, 1821, 2nd edition, 1852) was + intended as an Appendix to that work. Orme's _Bibliotheca + Biblica_ was published at Edinburgh in 1824, and Hartwell + Horne's _Manual of Biblical Bibliography_ at London in 1839. + Bagster's _Bible in Every Land_ (1848), although not + strictly bibliographical, must be mentioned here, because it + gives under each language a notice of all versions published + in that language. Lowndes' British Librarian or Book + Collector's Guide. Class I. Religion and its History. + London, 1839. 8vo. Parts 1, 2, 3 are devoted to Holy + Scriptures, Biblical Commentaries, Biblical Disquisitions, + Scripture Biography, Scripture Geography, etc. The work + itself was left incomplete Dr. H. Cotton published at + Oxford, in 1855, a work entitled "Rhemes and Doway. An + Attempt to show what has been done by Roman Catholics for + the diffusion of the Holy Scriptures in English." In 1859 + J.G. Shea published at New York a "Bibliographical Account + of Catholic Bibles, Testaments, and other portions of + Scripture translated from the Latin Vulgate, and printed in + the United States," and in 1861 E.B. O'Callaghan published + at Albany a "List of editions of the Holy Scriptures and + parts thereof, printed in America previous to 1860." E. + Reuss published at Brunswick, in 1872, a Bibliography of the + Greek New Testament. Dr. Isaac Hall printed a Critical + Bibliography of American Greek Testaments at Philadelphia in + 1883. Mr. Henry Stevens, the eminent bibliographer, is a + special authority on Bibles, and his work, entitled "The + Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 1877, or a bibliographical + description of nearly one thousand representative Bibles in + various languages, chronologically arranged" (London, 1878), + contains some of the information he possesses. + + _Biography._--Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique + Universelle_ (1854) is a most useful work, although it is + now unfortunately somewhat out of date. + + _Book-keeping._--B.F. Foster's _Origin and Progress of + Book-keeping_ (1852) contains an account of books published + on this subject from 1543 to 1852. + + _Botany._--Pritzel's _Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae_ (1851, + another edition 1872-77) is _the_ Bibliography of the + subject, and this work is supplemented by Mr. Daydon + Jackson's Index of Botany, published by the Index Society. + Trimen's Botanical Bibliography of the British counties, + London, 1874. 8vo. + + _Chemistry._--R. Ruprecht, Bibliotheca Chemica et + Pharmaceutica, 1858-70. _Goettingen_, 1872. + + _Classics._--Dr. Edward Harwood published his "View of the + various editions of the Greek and Roman Classics" in 1790. + He was followed in 1802 by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, whose + work was much enlarged, and reappeared in several editions; + the fourth and best being published in 1827 (2 vols. 8vo.). + J.W. Moss published his "Manual of Classical Bibliography" + in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Henry G. Bohn's General Catalogue, + Part II. Section I. 1850, contains a valuable list of Greek + and Latin Classics. Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum + Classicorum et Graecorum et Latinorum (1858) is an elaborate + work on the subject, and Professor John E.B. Mayor's + translation and adaptation of Dr. Huebner's Bibliographical + Clue to Latin Literature will be found to be a very useful + handbook. + + _Commerce._--See _Trade_. + + _Dialects._--Mr. J. Russell Smith published, in 1839, a + useful "Bibliographical List of the Works that have been + published towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of + England" (24 pages). When the Rev. Professor Skeat started + the English Dialect Society, he at once laid the foundation + of an extensive Bibliographical List to include MSS. as well + as printed works. This Bibliography is being published by + the Society in parts. + + _Dictionaries._--William Marsden printed privately, in 1796, + a valuable "Catalogue of Dictionaries, Vocabularies, + Grammars, and Alphabets." + + _Dictionaries._--Truebner's Catalogue of Dictionaries and + Grammars (1872, second edition 1882) is a very useful work. + H.B. Wheatley's account of English Dictionaries was + published in the Transactions of the Philological Society + for 1865. + + _Drama._--A notice of some books in the English Drama will + be found in Chapter IV. The _Bibliotheque Dramatique de + Mons. de Soleinne_ (1843-44, 5 vols.), with its continuation + to 1861, is a splendid Catalogue, in which the books are + fully described, with valuable notes and preface. + + _Earthquakes._--Mr. Robert Mallet's Bibliography of + Earthquakes will be found in the British Association Report + for 1858, and Mons. Alexis Perrey's Bibliographie Seismique + in the Dijon _Memoires_ for 1855, 1856, and 1861. + + _Electricity._--Sir Francis Ronalds' Catalogue of Books and + Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism, and the Electric + Telegraph (1880) contains a large number of titles. O. + Salle's Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism, 1860 to + 1883, was published in 1884. + + _Entomology._--Dr. Hagen's Bibliotheca Entomologica + (Leipzig, 1862-63) is a carefully compiled and useful book. + + _Epigrams._--There is a list of books connected with + Epigrammatic Literature appended to _The Epigrammatists_, by + the Rev. Philip Dodd. 8vo. London, 1870. + + _Fine Art._--The First Proofs of the Universal Catalogue of + Books in Art, compiled for the use of the National Art + Library and the Schools of Art in the United Kingdom. + London, 1870. 2 vols. Sm. 4to. Supplement. London, 1877. + + ---- Essai d'une Bibliographie de l'Histoire speciale de la + Peinture et de la Gravure en Hollande et en Belgique + (1500-1875), par J.F. van Someren, Amsterdam, 1882. 8vo. + + _Freemasonry._--GOWANS (W.). Catalogue of Books on + Freemasonry and kindred subjects. New York, 1858. 8vo. + + ---- HEMSWORTH (H.W.). Catalogue of Books in the Library at + Freemasons' Hall, London. Privately printed. + + There is a list of books on Freemasonry in Petzholdt's + Bibliotheca Bibliographica, pp. 468-474. Mr. Folkard printed + privately a Catalogue of Works on Freemasonry in the Wigan + Free Library in 1882, and in the Annals of the Grand Lodge + of Iowa, Vol. IX. Part I. (1883) is a Catalogue of Works on + this subject in the Library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa. + + _Future Life._--Catalogue of Works relating to the Nature, + Origin, and Destiny of the Soul, by Ezra Abbot. Appended to + W.R. Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future + Life. Philadelphia, 1864. 8vo. Reprinted, New York, 1871. + + _Geography._--See _Voyages and Travels_. + + _Health._--Catalogue of the International Health Exhibition + Library. Division I. Health. Division II. Education. London, + 1884. 8vo. + + _Heraldry._--Thomas Moule's valuable _Bibliotheca Heraldica + Magnae Britanniae_ was published in 1822. There is a "List of + the principal English and Foreign Text-Books on Heraldry" at + the end of _The Handbook of Heraldry_, by J.E. Cussans, + London, 1869. + + _History_ (_General_).--BRUNET (J.C.). Table Methodique en + forme de Catalogue raisonne, Histoire. Paris, 1865. 8vo. + + ---- OETTINGER (E.M.). Historisches Archiv. Archives + historiques, contenant une classification de 17,000 ouvrages + pour servir a l'etude de l'histoire de tous les siecles et + de toutes les nations. Carlsruhe, 1841. 4to. + + (_Great Britain and Ireland._)--Bishop Nicholson's English, + Scotch, and Irish Historical Libraries, 1776, will still be + found useful. Mr. Mullinger's portion of the Introduction to + the Study of English History (1881) gives the latest + information on the subject. Sir Duffus Hardy's "Descriptive + Catalogue of Materials relating to the History of Great + Britain and Ireland to the end of the reign of Henry VIII." + is an invaluable book, but is unfortunately incomplete. + + (_France._)--LELONG (J.). Bibliotheque Historique (1768-78, + 5 vols, folio). "Les Sources de l'Histoire de France," by A. + Franklin, was published in 1877. + + _History_ (_Germany._)--Bibliographical Essay on the + Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, by A. Asher, was published in + 1843. + + (_Holland._)--NIJHOFF. Bibliotheca Historico-Neerlandica. La + Haye, 1871. + + (_Italy._)--LICHTENTHAL (P.). Manuale Bibliografico del + Viaggiatore in Italia. Milano, 1844. A Catalogue of Sir + Richard Colt Hoare's Collection of Books relating to the + History and Topography of Italy was printed in 1812. The + Collection was presented to the British Museum by Hoare in + 1825. + + (_Portugal._)--FIGANIERE. Bibliographia Historica + Portugueza. Lisboa, 1850. + + (_Spain._)--MUNOZ Y ROMERO. Diccionario + bibliografico-historico ... de Espana. Madrid, 1858. + + _Language._--See _Dictionaries_, _Philology_. + + _Law._--Mr. Stephen R. Griswold contributed an article on + Law Libraries to the U.S. Report on Libraries (pp. 161-170). + He writes, "Law books may be classified generally as + follows: Reports, Treatises, Statute Law. The practice of + reporting the decisions of the Judges began in the reign of + Edward I., and from that time we have a series of judicial + reports of those decisions. In the time of Lord Bacon, these + reports extended to fifty or sixty volumes. During the two + hundred and fifty years that have passed since then, nothing + has been done by way of revision or expurgation; but these + publications have been constantly increasing, so that at + the close of the year 1874 the published volumes of reports + were as follows: English, 1350 volumes; Irish, 175 volumes; + Scotch, 225 volumes; Canadian, 135 volumes; American, 2400 + volumes. With respect to treatises (including law + periodicals and digests), and without including more than + one edition of the same work, it is safe to say that a fair + collection would embrace at least 2000 volumes. The statute + law of the United States, if confined to the general or + revised statutes and codes, may be brought within 100 + volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, the + collection would amount to over 1500 volumes. It is thus + seen that a fairly complete law library would embrace more + than 7000 volumes, which could not be placed upon its + shelves for less than $50,000." + + _Law._--There is a useful list of legal bibliographies in + the "Hand-list of Bibliographies in the Reading-room of the + British Museum" (pp. 40-44). Clarke's _Bibliotheca Legum_, + which was compiled by Hartwell Horne (1819), is a valuable + work. Marvin's _Legal Bibliography_, which was published at + Philadelphia in 1847, contains 800 pages. The Catalogue of + the Law Library in the New York State Library (1856), forms + a useful guide to the subject, and Herbert G. Sweet's + "Complete Catalogue of Modern Law Books" is one of the + latest catalogues of authority. + + _Mathematics._--A really good bibliography of Mathematics is + still wanting. The following books, however, all from + Germany, are useful. + + _Mathematics._--MURHARD (F.W.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. + Lipsiae, 1797-1804. 4 vols. + + ---- ROGG (J.). Handbuch der Mathematischen Literatur. + Tuebingen, 1830. + + ---- SOHNCKE (L.A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. 1830-54. + Leipsic, 1854. + + ---- ERLECKE (A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. Halle-a.-S., + 1873. + + ---- Professor De Morgan's Arithmetical Books (1847) is a + model of what a good bibliography ought to be. + + _Medical._--Dr. Billings contributed a chapter on "Medical + Libraries in the United States" to the U.S. Report on Public + Libraries (pp. 171-182), in which he wrote--"The record of + the researches, experiences, and speculations relating to + Medical Science during the last four hundred years is + contained in between two and three hundred thousand volumes + and pamphlets; and while the immense majority of these have + little or nothing of what we call 'practical value,' yet + there is no one of them which would not be called for by + some inquirer if he knew of its existence." The writer added + a list of works of reference which should be in every + Medical Library. + + There have been a specially large number of Medical + Bibliographies, from Haller's works downwards. James + Atkinson's Medical Bibliography (1834, A and B only), is an + amusing book, but of little or no utility. The most useful + books are Dr. Billings's Index Catalogue of the Library of + the Surgeon-General's Office (Washington, 1880) and the + Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and + Chirurgical Society (3 vols. 1879), by B.R. Wheatley. + Neale's Medical Digest (1877) forms a convenient guide to + the medical periodicals. The two great French + dictionaries--Raige-Delorme and A. Dechambre, Dictionnaire + Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales (4 series, commenced + in 1854, and still in progress); Jaccoud, Nouveau + Dictionnaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques (1864, + and still in progress)--contain very valuable references to + the literature of the various subjects. Of special subjects + may be mentioned H. Haeser's Bibliotheca Epidemiographica + (1843), John S. Billings's Bibliography of Cholera in the + Report of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States + (1875, pp. 707-1025), Beer's Bibliotheca Ophthalmica (1799), + Dr. E.J. Waring's Bibliotheca Therapeutica (1878-79, 2 vols. + 8vo.), and Bibliography of Embryology, in Balfour's + Embryology, vol. ii. + + _Meteorology._--A full bibliography of books and papers upon + Meteorology is being prepared at the United States Signal + Office, and it is reported that 48,000 titles are now in the + office. There have been several articles on this subject in + _Symons's Meteorological Magazine_, the last being in the + number for December, 1885. + + _Mineralogy._--DANA (J.D.). Bibliography of Mineralogy. + 1881. 8vo. + + _Mining._--Wigan Free Public Library Index Catalogue of + Books and Papers relating to Mining, Metallurgy, and + Manufactures. By Henry Tennyson Folkard, Librarian. + Southport, 1880. Roy. 8vo. + + _Motion (Perpetual)._--Perpetuum Mobile; or, search for + Self-Motive Power during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, + illustrated from various authentic sources in papers, + essays, letters, paragraphs, and numerous Patent + Specifications, with an Introductory Essay. By Henry Dircks, + C.E. London, 1861. Sm. 8vo. Second Series. London, 1870. Sm. + 8vo. + + _Music._--ENGEL (C.). The Literature of National Music. + London, 1879. 8vo. + + ---- Catalogue of the Library of the Sacred Harmonic + Society. A new edition [by W.H. Husk]. London, 1872. 8vo. + + ---- RIMBAULT (F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana, a + Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works + published in England during the 16th and 17th centuries, + under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets, + etc. London, 1847. 8vo. + + There are bibliographies of the subject in F.L. Kilter's + History of Music, London, 1876, and F. Clement, Histoire + generale de la Musique Religieuse. Paris, 1861. + + _Natural History._--Dryander's Catalogue of Sir Joseph + Banks's Library, now in the British Museum, is the most + famous bibliography of this subject, although made so many + years ago. It consists of 5 vols. 8vo. (1798-1800). Vol. 1, + General Writers; Vol. 2, Zoology; Vol. 3, Botany; Vol. 4, + Mineralogy; Vol. 5, Supplement. + + _Natural History._--ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca + Historico-Naturalis. Leipzig, 1846. + + ---- ZUCKOLD (E.A.). Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis, + Physico-Chemica et Mathematica. Goettingen, 1852. + + ---- See _Zoology_. + + _Philology._--MARSDEN (W.) Bibliotheca Marsdenia, + Philologica et Orientalis. London, 1827. 4to. + + ---- ENGELMANN (W.). Bibliotheca Philologica. Leipzig, 1853. + + ---- See _Dictionaries_. + + _Political Economy._--MCCULLOCH (J.R.) The Literature of + Political Economy, London, 1845.--This is a very valuable + work up to the date of publication, but a good bibliography + of the subject is still a desideratum. The late Professor + Stanley Jevons proposed to draw up a Handy Book of the + Literature for the Index Society, but, to the great loss of + bibliography, was prevented by other work from undertaking + it. He contributed a list of Selected Books in Political + Economy to the _Monthly Notes_ of the Library Association + (Vol. 3, No. 7). + + _Poor._--A Catalogue of Publications in the English Language + on subjects relative to the Poor will be found in Eden's + _State of the Poor_, vol. iii. pp. ccclxvii--ccclxxxvi. + + _Printing._--BIGMORE (E.C.), and WYMAN (C.W.H.). A + Bibliography of Printing, with Notes and Illustrations. + London, 1880. 4to. + + ---- The Literature of Printing. A Catalogue of the Library + illustrative of the History and Art of Typography, + Chalcography, and Lithography, by R.M. Hoe. London, 1877. + 8vo. + +The following is a list of some of the bibliographies of the productions +of the chief printers: + + _Aldus._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Alde ou Histoire des + trois Manuce et de leurs editions. Par Ant. Aug. Renouard. + Paris, an XII. Seconde edition. Paris, 1825. 8vo. 3 vols. + + _Caxton._--The Life and Typography of William Caxton, + England's first Printer, with evidence of his typographical + connection with Colard Mansion, the Printer at Bruges. + Compiled from original sources by William Blades. London, + 1861-63. 2 vols. 4to. A condensed edition was published + under the following title: The Biography and Typography of + William Caxton, England's first Printer. By William Blades. + Second edition. London, 1882. 8vo. + + _Elzevirs._--Willems (A.). Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales + Typographiques. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. + + ---- C. Pieters. Annales de l'Imprimerie des Elsevier. Gand, + 1858. 8vo. + + _Plantin._--La Maison Plantin a Anvers. Par L. Degeorge. + Deuxieme edition, augmentee d'une liste chronologique des + ouvrages imprimes par Plantin a Anvers de 1555 a 1589. + Bruxelles, 1878. 8vo. + + _Stephens._--Annales de l'Imprimerie des Estienne, ou + Histoire de la Famille, des Estienne et de ses editions. Par + A.A. Renouard. Paris, 1837-38. 8vo. 2 parts. + + _Privately Printed Books._--The second edition of John + Martin's Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately Printed + Books was published in 1854, and a newer work on this + important subject is much required. Mr. W.P. Courtney has + been engaged in the production of such a work for some + years, and the labour could not be in better hands. + + _Proverbs._--The _Bibliographie Paremiologique_ of Pierre + Alexandre Gratet-Duplessis (1847), is one of the most + elaborate and carefully compiled bibliographies ever + published. Sir William Stirling Maxwell printed privately a + catalogue of his collection of books of proverbs, in which + were specially marked those unknown to Duplessis, or those + published since the issue of his catalogue. + + _Science._--An article on the Scientific Libraries in the + United States was contributed by Dr. Theodore Gill to the + U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 183-217). It contains + an account of the various periodical records of work in the + various departments of science. + + _Shorthand._--Thomas Anderson's History of Shorthand, London + (1882), contains Lists of Writers on Shorthand in different + languages. + + _Theology._--There is an article on Theological Libraries in + the United States, in the U.S. Report on Public Libraries + (pp. 127-160). The following extract contains some + particulars respecting these.--"There are reported + twenty-four libraries, which contain from 10,000 to 34,000 + volumes; and these twenty-four libraries belong to ten + different denominations. Three Baptist, two Catholic, two + Congregational, three Episcopal, one Lutheran, two + Methodist, seven Presbyterian, one Reformed (Dutch), one + Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And, if we include + those libraries which contain less than 10,000 volumes, the + list of different denominations to which they belong is + extended to fifteen or sixteen." + + A considerable number of Bibliographies of Theology will be + found in the British Museum Hand-list. Darling's Cyclopaedia + Bibliographica (1854-59), Malcom's Theological Index + (Boston, 1868), and Zuchold's Bibliotheca Theologica + (Goettingen, 1864), may be specially mentioned. + + _Topography._--Gough's British Topography (2 vols. 4to. + 1780) is an interesting and useful book, and Upcott's + Bibliographical Account of the principal works relating to + British Topography, 3 vols. 8vo. (1818), forms one of the + best specimens of English bibliography extant. + + _Topography._--Mr. J.P. Anderson's Book of British + Topography (1881) is an indispensable book. Mr. Robert + Harrison has prepared for the Index Society an Index of + Books on Topography, arranged in one alphabet of places, + which has not yet been published. Mr. W.H.K. Wright + contributed a paper on "Special Collections of Local Books + in Provincial Libraries" to the Transactions of the First + Annual Meeting of the Library Association, 1878 (pp. 44-50). + Another paper on the same subject, by Mr. J.H. Nodal, + appears in the Transactions of the Second Annual Meeting of + the Library Association, 1879 (pp. 54-60), entitled "Special + Collections of Books in Lancashire and Cheshire," and in the + Appendix (pp. 139-148) is a full account of these + collections in Public Libraries and private hands. + +An indication of some of the chief bibliographies of particular counties +and places is here added-- + + Cornwall: Boase & Courtney, 1874-82. 3 vols. A model + bibliography. + + Devonshire: J. Davidson, 1852. + + " Plymouth (Three Towns' Bibliotheca), R.N. Worth, 1872-73. + + Dorsetshire: C.H. Mayo, privately printed, 1885. + + Gloucestershire: Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, J. Washbourn, + 1823-25. + + Gloucestershire: Collectanea Glocestriensia, J.D. Phelps, + 1842. + + Hampshire: Bibliotheca Hantoniensis, H.M. Gilbert, 1872? + + " List of Books, Sir W.H. Cope, 1879. + + Herefordshire: J. Allen, jun., 1821. + + Kent: J. Russell Smith, 1837. + + Lancashire: H. Fishwick, 1875. + + Man (Isle of): W. Harrison, 1876. + + Norfolk: S. Woodward and W.C. Ewing, 1842. + + Nottinghamshire: S.F. Creswell, 1863. + + Sussex: G.S. Butler, 1866. + + Yorkshire: Rt. Hon. John Smythe, Pontefract, 1809. + + " E. Hailstone, 1858. + + " W. Boyne, 1869. + + _Trade and Finance._--Catalogue of Books, comprising the + Library of William Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England, + in vol. iii. of the Collection of his "Writings, edited by + Saxe Bannister," (3 vols. 8vo. London, 1859). + + ---- Enslin und Engelmann. Bibliothek der + Handlungswissenschaft 1750-1845. Leipzig, 1856. + + _Trials._--The Catalogue of the Library of the Philosophical + Institution of Edinburgh (1857) contains (pp. 297-319) a + very useful list of trials in an alphabet of the persons + tried. The table is arranged under name, charge, date of + trial, and reference. + + _Voyages and Travels._--Locke's Catalogue and character of + most books of Voyages and Travels is interesting on account + of Locke's notes. (Locke's Works, 1812, 10 vols. 8vo., vol. + x. pp. 513-564.) + + There are catalogues of books of travels in Pinkerton's + collection (1814), and Kerr's collection (1822). + + ---- Boucher de la Richaderie, Bibliotheque Universelle des + Voyages, Paris, 1808. 6 vols. 8vo. + + ---- Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Geographica. Leipzig, 1858. + + _Zoology._--Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologicae et Geologicae, + published by the Ray Society, 1848-54, was a useful book in + its day, but it is of no value bibliographically, and the + titles being mostly taken at second-hand, the work is full + of blunders. + + ---- Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Leipzig + 1861, forms a Supplement to the Bibliotheca + Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann. + + * * * * * + +A large number of bibliographies of particular authors have been published +in this country and abroad, and it may be useful here to make a note of +some of these. + + Ariosto, Orlando Furioso: Ulisse Guidi, _Bologna_, 1861, + 1868. G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1881. + + Boccaccio: M. Landau, _Napoli_, 1881. + + Burns: J. Mackie, _Kilmar_, 1866. + + Calderon: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881. + + Camoens: Adamson's Life of Camoens, vol. 2, 1820. + + Cervantes: E. Dorer, _Leipzig_, 1881. + + Corneille: E. Picot, _Paris_, 1876. + + Dante: Bibliografia Dantesca, _Prato_, 1845-46. C.U.J. + Chevalier, 1877. G.A. Scartazzini, Dante in Germania, 1881. + J. Petzholdt, _Dresden_, 1880. + + Goethe: S. Hirzel, 1878. + + Luther: E.G. Vogel, _Halle_, 1851. J. Edmands, + _Philadelphia_, 1883. + + Manzoni: A. Vosmara, _Milano_, 1875. + + Moliere: P. Lacroix, _Paris_, 1875. + + Montaigne: J.F. Payer, _Paris_, 1837. + + Persius: J. Tarlier, _Bruxelles_, 1848. + + Petrarch: Marsand, _Milano_, 1826. + + " A. Hortis, _Trieste_, 1874. + + " G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1877. C.U.J. Chevalier, + Montpeliard, 1880. + + Rabelais: J.C. Brunet, _Paris_, 1852. + + Schiller: L. Unflad, _Muenchen_, 1878. + + Tasso: G.J. Ferrazzi, _Bassano_, 1880. + + Voltaire: G. Bengesco, _Paris_, 1882. + + * * * * * + + Browning: F.J. Furnivall, Browning Society, 1881-2. + + Carlyle: R.H. Shepherd, 1882. + + Defoe: M. Stace, 1829; Wilson, 1830; Lee, 1862. + + Dickens: R.H. Shepherd, 1881. + + " J. Cook, Paisley, 1879. + + Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb: A. Ireland, 1868. + + Ruskin: R.H. Shepherd, 1882. + + Shakespeare: J. Wilson, 1827; J.O. Halliwell, 1841; Moulin, + 1845; Sillig and Ulrici, 1854; H.G. Bohn, 1864; F. Thimm, + 1865-72; K. Knortz, 1876; Unflad, 1880; Justin Winsor + (Poems); Birmingham Memorial Library Catalogue (J.D. + Mullens). + + Shelley: H.B. Forman, 1886. + + Tennyson: R.H. Shepherd, 1879. + + Thackeray: R.H. Shepherd, 1881. + + Wycliffe: J. Edmands, 1884. + +Dr. Garnett commenced a MS. list of such special bibliographies as he came +across in Treatises on the different subjects. This list is added to and +kept in the Reading Room for use by the Librarians. I was allowed the +privilege of referring to this very useful list. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +PUBLISHING SOCIETIES. + + +A large amount of important information is to be found in the publications +of the numerous Societies formed for the purpose of supplying to their +subscribers valuable works which are but little likely to find publishers. +These publications have in a large number of instances added to our +knowledge of history and literature considerably. The Societies have much +increased of late years, but no record of the publications is easily to be +obtained, since the full account given in Bohn's Supplement to Lowndes's +_Bibliographer's Manual_. + + The earliest of Publishing Societies was the _Dilettanti + Society_, instituted in London in 1734, which issued some + fine illustrated volumes of classical travel. A long period + of time elapsed without any societies of a similar character + being formed. + + _The Roxburghe Club_ formed in the year 1812 in + commemoration of the sale of the magnificent library of John + third Duke of Roxburghe (died March 19, 1804). It was + chiefly intended as a Social Club, and a long list of + bibliographical toasts was run through at the banquets. The + publications were not at first of any great literary value, + although some of them were curious and interesting. After a + time competent editors were employed, and some important + works produced. Sir Frederick Madden's editions of "Havelok + the Dane" was issued in 1828, of the Romance of "William and + the Werwolf" in 1832, and of the old English version of + "Gesta Romanorum" in 1838. The valuable "Manners and + Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and + Fifteenth Centuries," edited by T. Hudson Turner, was + presented to the Club by Beriah Botfield in 1841; Payne + Collier's edition of the "Household Books of John Duke of + Norfolk, and Thomas Earl of Surrey, 1481-1490," was issued + in 1844, and his "Five Old Plays illustrative of the Early + Progress of the English Drama" in 1851; the Rev. Joseph + Stevenson's edition of "The Owl and the Nightingale, a Poem + of the Twelfth Century," was issued in 1838, and his edition + of "The Ayenbite of Inwyt" in 1855; John Gough Nichols's + edition of the "Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth" + appeared in 1857 and 1858 (2 vols.), and Dr. Furnivall's + edition of Henry Lonelich's "Seynt Graal" in 1863-1864. + + Several years elapsed before the second great Printing Club + was founded. In 1823 _The Bannatyne Club_ was started in + Edinburgh, chiefly by Sir Walter Scott, for the purpose of + printing works illustrative of the History, Antiquities and + Literature of Scotland. It derives its names from George + Bannatyne (born Feb. 22, 1545, died 1607). A long series of + books have been issued by the Club to its members, many of + which are of great interest. The Catalogue of the Abbotsford + Library was presented in 1839 to the members "by Major Sir + Walter Scott, Bart., as a slight return for their liberality + and kindness in agreeing to continue to that Library the + various valuable works printed under their superintendence." + In the same year appeared Sir Frederick Madden's edition of + _Sir Gawayne_. Bishop Gawin Douglas's "Palace of Honour" was + printed in 1827, and his translation of Virgil's "AEneid" in + 1839 (2 vols.). The Club was closed in 1867. + + _The Maitland Club_, which derived its name from Sir Richard + Maitland of Lethington (born in 1496, died March 20, 1586), + was instituted in Glasgow in 1828. A volume containing "The + Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow, 1573 to 1581," was + presented to the Club in 1832-34; the Poems of Drummond of + Hawthornden in 1832; Robert Wodrow's "Collection upon the + Lives of the Reformers and most eminent Ministers of the + Church of Scotland" in 1834-45 (2 vols.). Dauncey's Ancient + Scottish Melodies in 1838. Sir Bevis of Hamtoun in the same + year, the Metrical Romance of Lancelot du Lak in 1839; + Wodrow's Analecta, or Materials for a History of Remarkable + Providences, in 1842-3 (4 vols.). Henry Laing's Descriptive + Catalogue of Ancient Seals, in 1850. The Club was closed in + 1859. + + _The Abbotsford Club_ was founded in honour of Sir Walter + Scott in 1834, by Mr. W.B.D.D. Turnbull. The first book + (issued in 1835) was a volume of "Ancient Mysteries from the + Digby MS."; "Arthur and Merlin, a Metrical Romance," was + printed in 1838; "Romances of Sir Guy of Warwick and Rembrun + his Son," in 1840; "The Legend of St. Katherine of + Alexandra," in 1841; "Sir Degaree, a Metrical Romance of the + end of the nineteenth century," in 1849. The Club was closed + in 1866. + + These Printing Clubs were select in their constitution, and + the books being printed for the members in small numbers, + they are difficult to obtain and their price is high. + + With the foundation of the Camden Society an entirely new + system was adopted, and the general body of book lovers, + poor as well as rich, were appealed to with great success, + and valuable books were supplied to the subscribers at a + price which would have been impossible without such means. + The Camden Society is entitled to this honour on account of + the general interest of its publications, but the Surtees + Society was actually the first to inaugurate the new system. + The subscription fixed was double that which the founders of + the Camden Society adopted, but it was, perhaps, a bolder + step to start a Society, appealing to a somewhat restricted + public with a two guinea subscription, than to appeal to the + whole reading public with a subscription of one pound. + Before saying more of the Surtees and Camden Societies, it + will be necessary to mention some other printing clubs which + preceded them. + + _The Oriental Translation Fund_ was established in 1828, + with the object of publishing Translations from Eastern MSS. + into the languages of Europe. When the issue of books was + discontinued, the stock of such books as remained was sold + off, and many of these can still be obtained at a cheap + rate. + + _The Iona Club_ was instituted in 1833, for the purpose of + investigating the History, Antiquities, and early Literature + of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, but little has + been done in the way of publication. The first book was + "Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis," and the second, + "Transactions of the Club," vol. i. in 4 parts. A second + volume was announced, but never appeared. + + _The Surtees Society_ was founded at Durham in 1834 for the + publication of inedited Manuscripts, illustrative of the + moral, the intellectual, the religious, and the social + condition of those parts of England and Scotland included on + the East, between the Humber and the Frith of Forth, and on + the west, between the Mersey and the Clyde, a region which + constituted the ancient kingdom of Northumberland. The + Society is named after Robert Surtees, of Mainforth, author + of the "History of the County Palatine of Durham." Although + founded more than fifty years ago, the Society is still + flourishing, and carried on with the same vigour as of old. + The series of publications is a long one, and contains a + large number of most important works. The second book issued + was "Wills and Inventories, illustrative of the History, + Manners, Language, Statistics, etc., of the Northern + Counties of England, from the Eleventh Century downwards" + (Part 2 was issued in 1860); the third, "The Towneley + Mysteries or Miracle Plays"; the fourth, "Testamenta + Eboracensia: Wills illustrative of the History, Manners, + Language, Statistics, etc., of the Province of York, from + 1300" (vol. 1). The second volume of this series was issued + in 1855. "Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter" was issued + in 1843-44 (2 vols.); "The Durham Household Book; or, the + Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from 1530 + to 1534," in 1844. + + _The Camden Society_, instituted in 1838, has issued to its + subscribers a large number of books of the greatest interest + on historical and literary subjects. The set of publications + is so well known that it is not necessary to enumerate + titles here. Among the most valuable are the several volumes + devoted to the correspondence of certain old families, such + as the "Plumpton Correspondence" (1839), "Egerton Papers" + (1840), "Rutland Papers" (1842), and "Savile Correspondence" + (1858). The Romances and Chronicles must also be mentioned, + and the remarkable edition of the oldest English Dictionary, + "Promptorium Parvulorum," which was fully and learnedly + edited by the late Mr. Albert Way. A second series was + commenced in 1871, which is still continued. + + The same year which saw the foundation of the Camden Society + also gave birth to _The English Historical Society_. Sixteen + works of considerable value were issued, but the greatest of + these is the grand "Codex Diplomaticus AEvi Saxonici" of the + late J. Mitchell Kemble (1845-48). + + _The Spalding Club_, named after John Spalding, Commissary + Clerk of Aberdeen, and founded at Aberdeen in 1839 for the + printing of the Historical, Ecclesiastical, Genealogical, + Topographical, and Literary Remains of the North-Eastern + Counties of Scotland, was formed on the model of the + exclusive clubs; but being affected by the more democratic + constitution of the later printing societies, its + subscription was fixed at one guinea. Amongst the most + interesting of the Club's publications are the "Sculptured + Stones of Scotland" (1856), "Barbour's Brus" (1856), and + the "Fasti Aberdonensis: Selections from the Records of the + University and King's College of Aberdeen from 1494 to 1854" + (1854). + + The year 1840 saw the foundation of three very important + Societies, viz. the Parker, the Percy, and the Shakespeare. + + _The Parker Society_ took its name from the famous + Archbishop of Canterbury, Martin Parker, and its objects + were (1) the reprinting, without abridgment, alteration or + omission, of the best works of the Fathers and early Writers + of the Reformed English Church published in the period + between the accession of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth; (2) + the printing of such works of other writers of the Sixteenth + Century as may appear desirable (including under both + classes some of the early English Translations of the + Foreign Reformers), and (3) the printing of some MSS. of the + same authors hitherto unpublished. The Society was an + enormous success, and at one time the list contained seven + thousand members; but owing to the multitude of copies + printed, and the somewhat dry character of the books + themselves, many of them can now be obtained at a + ridiculously small sum, the price of a complete set usually + averaging little more than a shilling a volume. When the + series was completed, a valuable General Index to the whole + was compiled by Mr. Henry Gough, 1855. + + _The Percy Society_ took its name from Bishop Percy, author + of the "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" (born 1729, died + 1811), and was founded for the purpose of bringing to light + important but obscure specimens of Ballad Poetry, or Works + illustrative of that department of Literature. The Society + was dissolved in 1853, but during the thirteen years of its + existence it produced a singularly interesting series of + publications. The number of separate works registered in + Bohn's Appendix to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual is 94, + besides "Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen by + Stephen Gosson," which was suppressed, and "Rhyming Satire + on the Pride and Vices of Women Now-a-days, by Charles + Bansley," 1540, which was reprinted in 1841, but not issued. + The set is much sought after, and fetches a good price. + + _The Shakespeare Society_ was founded in 1840, to print + books illustrative of Shakespeare and of the literature of + his time, and a very valuable collection of works was issued + to the subscribers during the term of its existence. It was + dissolved in 1853, and the remaining stock was made up into + volumes and sold off. There was much for the Society still + to do; but the controversy arising out of the discovery of + the forgeries connected with John Payne Collier's name made + it difficult for the Shakespearians to work together with + harmony. + + In this same year the _Musical Antiquarian Society_ was + founded, and during the seven years of its existence it + issued books of Madrigals, Operas, Songs, Anthems, etc., by + early English composers. + + In the following year (1841), the _Motett Society_ was + founded for the publication of Ancient Church Music. Five + parts only, edited by Dr. Rimbault, were issued. + + In 1841 the _Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts_ + was founded, and a series of works in Syriac, Arabic, + Sanscrit, and Persian was distributed to the subscribers + until 1851, when the Society was dissolved. + + _The Wodrow Society_ was instituted in Edinburgh in 1841, + for the publication of the early writers of the Reformed + Church of Scotland, and named after the Rev. Robert Wodrow. + Among its publications are, "Autobiography and Diary of + James Melvill," "Correspondence of the Rev. R. Wodrow" (3 + vols.), "History of the Reformation in Scotland, by John + Knox" (2 vols.). The Society was dissolved in 1848. + + _The AElfric Society_ was founded in 1842 for the publication + of those Anglo-Saxon and other literary monuments, both + civil and ecclesiastical, tending to illustrate the early + state of England. The publications, which were not numerous, + were edited by Benjamin Thorpe and J.M. Kemble, and the + Society was discontinued in 1856. + + _The Chetham Society_, founded at Manchester in 1843, for + the publication of Historical and Literary remains connected + with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, was + named after Humphrey Chetham (born 1580, died 1653). The + Society, which still flourishes, has now produced a very + long series of important works, and the volumes, which are + not often met with, keep up their price well. + + _The Sydenham Society_ for reprinting Standard English Works + in Medical Literature, and for the Translation of Foreign + Authors, with notes, was founded in 1843. After printing a + number of important works, the Society was dissolved in + 1858, and was succeeded by _The New Sydenham Society_. + + _The Spottiswoode Society_ was founded at Edinburgh in 1843, + for the revival and publication of the acknowledged works of + the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Episcopal Church of + Scotland, and rare, authentic, and curious MSS., Pamphlets + and other Works illustrative of the Civil and Ecclesiastical + State of Scotland. It takes its name from John Spottiswoode, + the first duly consecrated Scottish Archbishop after the + Reformation (born 1566, died 1639.) The late Mr. Hill Burton + gives an amusing account of the foundation of this Society + in his delightful _Book-Hunter_. He writes: "When it was + proposed to establish an institution for reprinting the + works of the fathers of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, it + was naturally deemed that no more worthy or characteristic + name could be attached to it than that of the venerable + prelate, who by his learning and virtues had so long adorned + the Episcopal Chair of Moray and Ross [Robert Jolly], and + who had shown a special interest in the department of + literature to which the institution was to be devoted. Hence + it came to pass that, through a perfectly natural process, + the Association for the purpose of reprinting the works of + certain old divines was to be ushered into the world by the + style and title of the JOLLY CLUB. There happened to be + amongst those concerned, however, certain persons so + corrupted with the wisdom of this world, as to apprehend + that the miscellaneous public might fail to trace this + designation to its true origin, and might indeed totally + mistake the nature and object of the institution, + attributing to it aims neither consistent with the ascetic + life of the departed prelate, nor with the pious and + intellectual object of its founders. The counsels of these + worldly-minded persons prevailed. The Jolly Club was never + instituted,--at least as an association for the reprinting + of old books of divinity,--though I am not prepared to say + that institutions, more than one so designed may not exist + for other purposes. The object, however, was not entirely + abandoned. A body of gentlemen united themselves together + under the name of another Scottish prelate, whose fate had + been more distinguished, if not more fortunate, and the + Spottiswoode Society was established. Here, it will be + observed, there was a passing to the opposite extreme, and + so intense seems to have been the anxiety to escape from all + excuse for indecorous jokes or taint of joviality, that the + word Club, wisely adopted by other bodies of the same kind, + was abandoned, and this one called itself a Society." The + publications were discontinued about 1851. + + _The Calvin Translation Society_ was established at + Edinburgh in 1843, and its work was completed in 1855, by + the publication of twenty-two Commentaries, etc., of the + great reformer in fifty-two volumes. + + _The Ray Society_ was founded in 1844 for the publication of + works on Natural History (Zoology and Botany), and a large + number of valuable books, fully illustrated, have been + produced, many of them translations from foreign works. Many + of the later publications are more elaborately coloured than + the earlier ones. + + _The Wernerian Club_ was instituted in 1844 for the + republication of standard works of Scientific Authors of old + date. + + _The Handel Society_ was founded at London in 1844, for the + purpose of printing the Works of Handel in full score. + Sixteen volumes were issued, and in 1858 the Society was + dissolved, the German Handel Society resuming the + publication. + + _The Hanserd Knollys Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the + publication of the works of early English and other Baptist + writers, and one of these was an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim + Progress from the text of the first edition. The Society was + dissolved about 1851. + + _The Caxton Society_ was instituted in 1845 for the + publication of Chronicles and other writings hitherto + unpublished, illustrative of the history and miscellaneous + literature of the middle ages. This Society was formed on a + somewhat original basis. The members were to pay no annual + subscription, but they engaged to purchase one copy of all + books published by the Society. The expense of printing and + publishing to be defrayed out of the proceeds of the sale, + and the money remaining over to be paid to the editors. + + _The Cavendish Society_ was instituted in 1846 for the + promotion of Chemical Science by the translation and + publication of valuable works and papers on Chemistry not + likely to be undertaken by ordinary publishers. During its + last years the Society existed for the publication of + Gmelin's voluminous "Handbook of Chemistry," and when this + work was completed, with a general Index, the Society ceased + to exist. + + _The Ecclesiastical History Society_ was instituted in 1846, + and one of its early publications was the first volume of + Wood's "Athenae Oxoniensis," edited by Dr. Bliss, but this + only contained the life of Anthony Wood himself. The Society + was dissolved in 1854, after publishing the Book of Common + Prayer according to a MS. in the Rolls Office, Dublin (3 + vols.), and sundry other works. + + _The Hakluyt Society_, named after Richard Hakluyt (born + 1553, died 1616), was founded at the end of 1846 for the + purpose of printing the most rare and valuable Voyages, + Travels and Geographical Records, from an early period of + exploratory enterprise to the circumnavigation of Dampier. + The first two volumes ("Sir Richard Hawkins's Voyage into + the South Sea, 1593," and "Select Letters of Columbus") were + issued in 1847, and the Society still flourishes. Between + 1847 and 1885 the Society has presented to its members an + important series of books of travel, at the rate of about + two volumes a year for an annual subscription of one guinea. + + _The Palaeontographical Society_ was founded in 1847 for the + purpose of figuring and describing a stratigraphical series + of British Fossils. The annual volumes consist of portions + of works by the most eminent palaeontologists, and these + works are completed as soon as circumstances allow, but + several of them are still incomplete. + + _The Arundel Society_ is so important an institution that it + cannot be passed over in silence, although, as the + publications chiefly consist of engravings, + chromolithographs, etc., it scarcely comes within the scope + of this chapter. The Society takes its name from Thomas + Howard Earl of Arundel, in the reigns of James I. and + Charles I., who has been styled the "Father of _vertu_ in + England." It was founded in 1849, and its purpose is to + diffuse more widely, by means of suitable publications, a + knowledge both of the history and true principles of + Painting, Sculpture, and the higher forms of ornamental + design, to call attention to such masterpieces of the arts + as are unduly neglected, and to secure some transcript or + memorial of those which are perishing from ill-treatment or + decay. The publications of the Society have been very + successful, and many of them cannot now be obtained. + + Most of the societies above described have appealed to a + large public, and endeavoured to obtain a large amount of + public support; but in 1853 was formed an exclusive society, + with somewhat the same objects as the Roxburghe Club. _The + Philobiblon Society_ was instituted chiefly through the + endeavours of Mr. R. Monckton Milnes (the late Lord + Houghton) and the late Mons. Sylvain Van de Weyer. The + number of members was at first fixed at thirty-five, but was + raised in 1857 to forty, including the patron and honorary + secretaries. The publications consist chiefly of a series of + Bibliographical and Historical Miscellanies, contributed by + the members, which fill several volumes. Besides these there + are "The Expedition to the Isle of Rhe by Lord Herbert of + Cherbury," edited and presented to the members by the Earl + of Powis; "Inventaire de tous les meubles du Cardinal + Mazarin," edited and presented by H.R.H. the Duke d'Aumale; + "Memoires de la Cour d'Espagne sous la regne de Charles II., + 1678-82," edited and presented by William Stirling + (afterwards Sir William Stirling Maxwell); "The Biography + and Bibliography of Shakespeare," compiled and presented by + Henry G. Bohn; "Analyse des Travaux de la Societe des + Philobiblon de Londres," par Octave Delepierre. + + _The Ossianic Society_ was instituted at Dublin in 1853 for + the preservation and publication of manuscripts in the Irish + Language, illustrative of the Fenian period of Irish + history, etc., with literal translations and notes. + + _The Warton Club_ was instituted in 1854 and issued four + volumes, after which it was dissolved. + + _The Manx Society_ was instituted at Douglas, Isle of Man, + in 1858, for the publication of National Documents of the + Isle of Man. + +All the Societies mentioned above are registered in Henry Bohn's Appendix +to Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, and lists of the publications up to +1864 are there given. Most of them are also described in Hume's "Learned +Societies and Printing Clubs of the United Kingdom" (1853). Since, +however, the publication of these two books, a considerable number of +important Printing Societies have been formed, and of these a list is not +readily obtainable, except by direct application to the respective +Secretaries. + +The newly printed General Catalogue of the British Museum in the Reading +Room however contains a full list of the publications of the various +Societies under the heading of _Academies_. + + The foundation of the _Early English Text Society_ in 1864 + caused a renewed interest to be taken in the publications of + the Printing Clubs. The origin of the Society was in this + wise. When the Philological Society undertook the formation + of a great English Dictionary, the want of printed copies of + some of the chief monuments of the language was keenly + felt. Mr. F.J. Furnivall, with his usual energy, determined + to supply the want, and induced the Council of the + Philological Society to produce some valuable texts. It was + found, however, that these publications exhausted much of + the funds of the Society, which was required for the + printing of the papers read at the ordinary meetings, so + that it became necessary to discontinue them. Mr. Furnivall, + then, in conjunction with certain members of the + Philological Society, founded the Early English Text + Society. The Society possessed the inestimable advantage of + having among its founders Mr. Richard Morris (afterwards the + Rev. Dr. Morris), who entered with fervour into the scheme, + and produced a large amount of magnificent work for the + Society. Dr. Furnivall put the objects of the Society + forward very tersely when he said that none of us should + rest "till Englishmen shall be able to say of their early + literature what the Germans can now say with pride of + theirs--'every word of it is printed, and every word of it + is glossed.'" + + The Society prospered, and in 1867 an Extra Series was + started, in which were included books that had already been + printed, but were difficult to obtain from their rarity and + price. + + One hundred and twenty-six volumes have been issued between + 1864 and 1884, eighty-two volumes of the Original Series and + forty-four of the Extra Series, and there can be no doubt + that the publications of the Society have had an immense + influence in fostering the study of the English language. + The prefaces and glossaries given with each work contain an + amount of valuable information not elsewhere to be obtained. + + These books throw light upon the growth of the language, and + place within the reach of a large number of readers works of + great interest in the literature of the country. The + greatest work undertaken by the Society is the remarkable + edition of "William's Vision of Piers the Plowman," which + Prof. Skeat has produced with an expenditure of great labour + during nearly twenty years. The last part, containing + elaborate notes and glossary, was issued in 1884. + + The subjects treated of are very various. There is a fair + sprinkling of Romances, which will always be amongst the + most interesting of a Society's publications. Manners and + Customs are largely illustrated in a fair proportion of the + Texts, as also are questions of Social and Political + History. Perhaps the least interesting to the general reader + are the Theological Texts, which are numerous, but the + writers of these were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of + their times, and although they are apt to be prosy, they are + pretty sure to introduce some quaint bits which compensate + for a considerable amount of dulness. These books help us to + form a correct idea of the beliefs of our forefathers, and + to disabuse our minds of many mistaken views which we have + learnt from more popular but less accurate sources. + + _The Ballad Society_ grew out of the publication, by special + subscription, of Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, edited by + F.J. Furnivall and J.W. Hales. This was issued in connection + with the Early English Text Society (but not as one of its + Texts), through the energy of Mr. Furnivall, who had many + difficulties to overcome before he was able to get + permission to print the manuscript, which had been very + faithfully guarded from the eyes of critics. He had to pay + for the privilege, and in the end the old volume was sold to + the nation, and it now reposes among the treasures of the + British Museum. When this useful work was completed, Mr. + Furnivall was anxious to follow it by a reprint of all the + known collections of Ballads, such as the Roxburghe, + Bagford, Rawlinson, Douce, etc., and for this purpose he + started the Ballad Society in 1868. He himself edited some + particularly interesting "Ballads from Manuscripts," and an + elaborate account of Captain Cox's Ballads and Books in a + new edition of Robert Laneham's Letter on the Entertainment + at Kenilworth in 1575. The veteran Ballad illustrator, Mr. + William Chappell, undertook to edit the "Roxburghe Ballads," + and produced nine parts, when the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth took + the work off his hands. Mr. Ebsworth had previously + reproduced the "Bagford Ballads," and he is now the + editor-in-chief of the Society. The following is a short + list of the publications of the Society: Nos. 1, 2, 3, 10, + "Ballads from Manuscripts"; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, + 19. "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by Wm. Chappell; No. 7, + "Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books"; No. 11, "Love Poems + and Humourous Ones"; Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, "The Bagford + Ballads." No. 20, "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads;" + Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited + by the Rev. J.W. Ebsworth. No. 26 completes the fifth volume + of the "Roxburghe Ballads." There are two more volumes to + come, and then Mr. Ebsworth will undertake "The Civil War + and Protectorate Ballads." Much of the work on these volumes + is done, and they only await an increase in the subscription + list. It is to be hoped that when the good work done by the + Ballad Society is better known, the editor will not be kept + back in his useful course by the want of funds for printing. + Mr. Ebsworth's thorough work is too well known to need + praise here, but it may be noted that his volumes contain a + remarkable amount of illustration of the manners of the time + not to be obtained elsewhere. The value of this is the more + apparent by the system of arrangement in marked periods + which the editor has adopted. + + _The Chaucer Society_ was founded in 1868 by Mr. Furnivall, + "to do honour to Chaucer, and to let the lovers and students + of him see how far the best unprinted Manuscripts of his + Works differed from the printed texts." For the Canterbury + Tales, Mr. Furnivall has printed the six best unprinted MSS. + in two forms--(1) in large oblong parts, giving the parallel + texts; (2) in octavo, each text separately. The six + manuscripts chosen are--The Ellesmere; The Lansdowne (Brit. + Mus.); The Hengwrt; The Corpus, Oxford; The Cambridge + (University Library); The Petworth. Dr. Furnivall has now + added Harleian 7334 to complete the series. The Society's + publications are issued in two series, of which the first + contains the different Texts of Chaucer's Works, and the + second such originals of and essays on these as can be + procured, with other illustrative treatises and + Supplementary Tales. + + _The Spenser Society_ was founded at Manchester in 1867 for + the publication of well-printed editions of old English + authors in limited numbers. The chief publication issued to + subscribers was a reprint, in three volumes folio, of the + works of John Taylor, the Water-poet, from the original + folio. The other publications are in small quarto, and among + them are the works of John Taylor not included in the folio, + the works of Wither, etc. + + _The Roxburghe Library_ was a subscription series, commenced + by Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt in 1868, with the same objects as a + publishing society. It was discontinued in 1870. The + following is a list of the publications:--"Romance of Paris + and Vienne"; "William Browne's Complete Works," 2 vols.; + "Inedited Tracts of the 16th and 17th Centuries + (1579-1618)"; "The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor + and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664"; "George Gascoigne's Complete + Poems," 2 vols.; "Thomas Carew's Poems." + + _The Harleian Society_ was founded in 1869. Their chief + publication has been the late Colonel Chester's + magnificently edited Registers of Westminster Abbey. Other + Registers published are those of St. Peter's, Cornhill; St. + Dionis Backchurch; St. Mary Aldermary; St. Thomas the + Apostle; St. Michael, Cornhill; St. Antholin, Budge Lane; + and St. John the Baptist, on Wallbrook. Of the other + publications there are Visitations of Bedfordshire, + Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Devon, Essex, + Leicestershire, London 1568, 1633, Nottingham, Oxford, + Rutland, Somersetshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, and Le + Neve's Catalogue of Knights. + + _The Hunterian Club_ was founded at Glasgow in 1871, and + named after the Hunterian Library in the University. Among + the publications of the Club are a Series of Tracts by + Thomas Lodge and Samuel Rowlands; the Poetical Works of + Alexander Craig; Poetical Works of Patrick Hannay; Sir T. + Overburie's Vision by Richard Niccols, 1616. The printing of + the famous Bannatyne Manuscript, compiled by George + Bannatyne, 1568, was commenced by the Society in 1873, and + the seventh part, which completed this invaluable collection + of Scottish Poetry, was issued in 1881. + + _The Folk Lore Society_ was founded by the late Mr. W.J. + Thoms (inventor of the term Folk Lore) in 1878, and during + the seven years of its existence it has done much valuable + work, chiefly through the energetic direction of Mr. G.L. + Gomme, the Hon. Sec. (now Director). The object of the + Society is stated to be "the preservation and publication of + Popular Traditions, Legendary Ballads, Local Proverbial + Sayings, Superstitions and Old Customs (British and + Foreign), and all subjects relating to them." The principal + publication of the Society, the _Folk Lore Record_, now the + _Folk Lore Journal_, was at first issued in volumes, and + afterwards in monthly numbers. It is now a quarterly. The + other publications are:--Henderson's Folk-Lore of the + Northern Counties of England and the Borders, a new edition; + Aubrey's Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme; Gregor's Notes + on the Folk-Lore of the North-east of Scotland; Comparetti's + Book of Sindibad and Pedroso's Portuguese Folk Tales; + Black's Folk Medicine; Callaway's Religious System of the + Amazulu. + + The year 1873 saw the formation of several publishing + Societies. + + _The New Shakspere Society_ was founded by Dr. F.J. + Furnivall, for the reading of papers, which have been + published in a Series of Transactions, and also for the + publication of collations of the Quarto Plays, and works + illustrating the great Dramatist's times. Among the latter + works are Harrison's Description of England, Stubbes's + Anatomie of Abuses, Dr. Ingleby's Shakespeare's Centurie of + Prayse, etc. + + _The English Dialect Society_ was founded at Cambridge by + the Rev. Professor Skeat. Its objects are stated to be (1) + to bring together all those who have made a study of any of + the Provincial Dialects of England, or who are interested in + the subject of Provincial English; (2) to combine the + labours of collectors of Provincial English words by + providing a common centre to which they may be sent, so as + to gather material for a general record of all such words; + (3) to publish (subject to proper revision) such collections + of Provincial English words that exist at present only in + manuscript; as well as to reprint such Glossaries of + provincial words as are not generally accessible, or are + inserted in books of which the main part relates to other + subjects; and (4) to supply references to sources of + information which may be of material assistance to + word-collectors, students, and all who have a general or + particular interest in the subject. The publications are + arranged under the following Series: A, Bibliographical; B, + Reprinted Glossaries; C, Original Glossaries; D, + Miscellaneous. In 1875 the Society was transferred to + Manchester, and Mr. J.H. Nodal became Honorary Secretary. + + _The Palaeographical Society_ was formed for the purpose of + reproducing Specimens of Manuscripts, and it has produced a + Series of Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, edited by E.A. + Bond and E.M. Thompson, Part 1 being issued in 1873. + + At the end of the year 1877 _The Index Society_ was founded + for the purpose of producing (1) Indexes of Standard Works; + (2) Subject Indexes of Science, Literature and Art; and (3) + a General Reference Index. The publications were commenced + in 1878, and the First Annual Meeting was held in March, + 1879, the Earl of Carnarvon being the first President. The + first publication was "What is an Index?" by H.B. Wheatley. + Among the important books issued by the Society may be + mentioned Solly's "Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour"; + Daydon Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany" and + "Literature of Vegetable Technology," and Rye's "Index of + Norfolk Topography." + + The _Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies_ was + founded in 1879 for the following objects: (1) To advance + the study of the Greek language, literature, and art, and to + illustrate the history of the Greek race in the ancient, + Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic periods, by the publication of + memoirs and inedited documents or monuments in a Journal to + be issued periodically. (2) To collect drawings, facsimiles, + transcripts, plans, and photographs of Greek inscriptions, + MSS., works of art, ancient sites and remains, and with this + view to invite travellers to communicate to the Society + notes or sketches of archaeological and topographical + interest. (3) To organise means by which members of the + Society may have increased facilities for visiting ancient + sites and pursuing archaeological researches in countries + which, at any time, have been the sites of Hellenic + civilization. Five volumes of the _Journal_ have been + issued. + + _The Topographical Society of London_ was formed in 1880. + The Inaugural Meeting was held at the Mansion House, and the + first Annual Meeting at Drapers' Hall on Feb. 3, 1882, with + the Lord Mayor (Sir John Whitaker Ellis), President, in the + chair. The following reproductions have been issued to + subscribers:--Van der Wyngaerde's View of London, ab. 1550, + 7 sheets; Braun & Hogenberg's Plan of London, 1 sheet; + Visscher's View of London, 4 sheets. + + _The Browning Society_ was founded by Dr. Furnivall in + 1881, and besides papers read at the meetings, the Society + has issued Dr. Furnivall's "Bibliography of Browning." + + _The Wyclif Society_ was founded also by Dr. Furnivall in + 1882, for the publication of the complete works of the great + Reformer. + + _The Pipe Roll Society_ was established in 1883, and in 1885 + the first three volumes of its publications have been issued + to the members. These are--Vol. 1, Pipe Rolls, 5 Hen. II.; + Vol. 2, 6 Hen. II.; Vol. 3, Introduction. + + _The Oxford Historical Society_ was formed in 1884, and four + handsome volumes have been issued for that year and 1885. + These are--1, "Register of the University of Oxford" (vol. + 1, 1449-63, 1505-71), edited by the Rev. C.W. Boase; 2, + "Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne" (vol. 1, July 4, + 1705-March 19, 1707), edited by C.E. Doble, M.A. Both these + volumes are supplied with temporary Indexes. 3, "The Early + History of Oxford, 727-1100," by James Parker; 4, "Memories + of Merton College," by the Hon. George C. Brodrick; 5, + "Collectanea." First Series. Edited by C.R.L. Fletcher. + + _The Middlesex County Record Society_ was formed in 1885 + "for the purpose of publishing the more interesting portions + of the old County Records of Middlesex, which have lately + been arranged and calendared by order of the Justices." + Nothing has been published as yet, but Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson + is engaged upon the first two volumes, one of which will be + issued shortly. + + The Rev. Dr. A.B. Grosart has himself printed by + subscription more works of our Old Writers than many a + Society, and therefore it is necessary to mention his + labours here, although a complete list of them cannot be + given. The chief series are: "The Fuller Worthies Library," + 39 volumes; "The Chertsey Worthies Library," 14 vols. 4to., + and "The Huth Library." + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +CHILD'S LIBRARY. + + +The idea of a Child's Library is to a great extent modern, and it is not +altogether clear that it is a good one, except in the case of those +children who have no books of their own. It is far better that each child +should have his own good books, which he can read over and over again, +thus thoroughly mastering their contents. + +It is a rather wide-spread notion that there is some sort of virtue in +reading for reading's sake, although really a reading boy may be an idle +boy. When a book is read, it should be well thought over before another is +begun, for reading without thought generates no ideas. + +One advantage of a Child's Library should be that the reader is +necessarily forced to be careful, so as to return the books uninjured. +This is a very important point, for children should be taught from their +earliest years to treat books well, and not to destroy them as they often +do. We might go farther than this and say that children should be taught +at school how to handle a book. It is really astonishing to see how few +persons (not necessarily children) among those who have not grown up among +books know how to handle them. It is positive torture to a man who loves +books to see the way they are ordinarily treated. Of course it is not +necessary to mention the crimes of wetting the fingers to turn over the +leaves, or turning down pages to mark the place; but those who ought to +know better will turn a book over on its face at the place where they have +left off reading, or will turn over pages so carelessly that they give a +crease to each which will never come out. + +For a healthy education it is probably best that a child should have the +run of a library for adults (always provided that dangerous books are +carefully excluded). A boy is much more likely to enjoy and find benefit +from the books he selects himself than from those selected for him. + +The circumstances of the child should be considered in the selection of +books; thus it is scarcely fair when children are working hard at school +all day that they should be made to read so-called instructive books in +the evening. They have earned the right to relaxation and should be +allowed good novels. To some boys books of Travels and History are more +acceptable than novels, but all children require some Fiction, and, save +in a few exceptional cases, their imaginations require to be cultivated. + +It will soon be seen whether children have healthy or unhealthy tastes. If +healthy, they are best left to themselves; if unhealthy, they must be +directed. + +It is easy for the seniors to neglect the children they have under them, +and it is easy to direct them overmuch, but it is difficult to watch and +yet let the children go their own way. We are apt, in arranging for +others, to be too instructive; nothing is less acceptable to children or +less likely to do them good than to be preached at. Moral reflections in +books are usually skipped by children, and unless somewhat out of the +common, probably by grown-up persons as well. Instruction should grow +naturally out of the theme itself, and form an integral part of it, so +that high aims and noble thoughts may naturally present themselves to the +readers. + +One of the chapters in the United States Libraries' Report is on "School +and Asylum Libraries" (pp. 38-59), in which we are informed that New York +was the pioneer in founding school libraries. "In 1827 Governor De Witt +Clinton, in his message to the legislature, recommended their formation; +but it was not till 1835 that the friends of free schools saw their hopes +realized in the passage of a law which permitted the voters in any school +district to levy a tax of $20 to begin a library, and a tax of $10 each +succeeding year to provide for its increase." + +Another chapter in the same Report is on "Public Libraries and the Young" +(pp. 412-418), in which Mr. Wm. J. Fletcher advocates the use of the +library as an addition to the school course. He writes, "It only remains +now to say that, as we have before intimated, the public library should be +viewed as an adjunct of the public school system, and to suggest that in +one or two ways the school may work together with the library in directing +the reading of the young. There is the matter of themes for the writing of +compositions; by selecting subjects on which information can be had at the +library, the teacher can send the pupil to the library as a student, and +readily put him in communication with, and excite his interest in, classes +of books to which he has been a stranger and indifferent." + +A very interesting book on this subject is entitled "Libraries and +Schools. Papers selected by Samuel S. Green. New York (F. Leypoldt), +1883." It contains the following subjects: "The Public Library and the +Public Schools;" "The Relation of the Public Library to the Public +Schools"; "Libraries as Educational Institutions"; "The Public Library as +an Auxiliary to the Public Schools"; "The Relation of Libraries to the +School System"; and "A Plan of Systematic Training in Reading at School." + +"_Books for the Young, a Guide for Parents and Children._ Compiled by C. +M. Hewins. New York (F. Leypoldt), 1882," is an extremely useful little +book. It contains a valuable list of books arranged in classes. Certain +marks are used to indicate the character of the books, thus the letter +(_c_) indicates that the book is especially suitable for children under +ten, (_b_) that it is especially suitable for boys, and (_g_) that it is +especially suitable for girls. + +Prefixed are eight sensible rules as to how to teach the right use of +books. + +Perkins's "Best Reading" contains a good list of books for children (pp. +299-303). + +The children's books of the present day are so beautifully produced that +the elders are naturally induced to exclaim, "We never had such books as +these," but probably we enjoyed our books as well as our children do +theirs. What a thrill of pleasure the middle-aged man feels when a book +which amused his childhood comes in his way: this, however, is seldom, for +time has laid his decaying hand upon them-- + + "All, all are gone, the old familiar faces." + +The children for whom Miss Kate Greenaway and Mr. Caldecott draw and Mrs. +Gatty and Mrs. Ewing wrote are indeed fortunate, but we must not forget +that Charles and Mary Lamb wrote delightful books for the young, that Miss +Edgeworth's stories are ever fresh, and that one of the most charming +children's stories ever written is Mrs. Sherwood's _Little Woodman_. + +A short list of a Child's Library is quoted in the _Library Journal_ (vol. +viii. p. 57) from the _Woman's Journal_. The family for whom it was chosen +consisted of children from three to twelve, the two eldest being girls. +The books are mostly American, and but little known in this country-- + + Snow-bound. Illustrated. Whittier. + Life of Longfellow. Kennedy. + A Summer in the Azores. Baker. + Among the Isles of Shoals. Celia Thaxter. + The boys of '76. Coffin. + The boys of '61. Coffin. + Story of our Country. Higginson. + Sir Walter Raleigh. Towle. + Child's History of England. Dickens. + Tales from Shakespear. Lamb. + Tales from Homer. Church. + The Wonder-book. Illustrated. Hawthorne. + Young folks' book of poetry. Campbell. + Poetry for childhood. Eliot. + Bits of talk about home matters. H.H. + The Seven Little Sisters. Andrews. + Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. Dodge. + Room for one more. Mary T. Higginson. + King Arthur for boys. Lanier. + Doings of the Bodley family. Scudder. + Mother-play and Nursery-rhymes. + Children's Robinson Crusoe. + The four-footed lovers. + Mammy Tittleback and her family. H.H. + The Little Prudy books. Six volumes. + +The editor of the _Library Journal_ remarks on the list, "Guest's Lectures +on English History is better than Dickens's, and the 'Prudy' children are +so mischievous, so full of young Americanisms, and so far from being +'wells of English undefiled,' that they are not always good companions for +boys and girls. I have known a child's English spoiled by reading the +Prudy books." + +Some of the old-fashioned children's books have been reprinted, and these +will generally be found very acceptable to healthy-minded children, but +some of the old books are not easily met with. No Child's Library should +be without a good collection of Fairy Tales, a careful selection of the +Arabian Nights, or Robinson Crusoe. Gulliver's Travels is very unsuited for +children, although often treated as a child's book. Berquin's _Children's +Friend_, Edgeworth's _Parent's Assistant_ and the Aikins's _Evenings at +Home_, will surely still amuse children, although some may think their +teaching too didactic. It is only by practical experience that we can tell +what children will like. _Sandford and Merton_ is, I believe, usually +considered as hopelessly out of date, but I have found young hearers +follow my reading of it with the greatest interest. _The Pilgrim's +Progress_ will always have as great a fascination for the young as it must +have for their elders; but there is much preaching in it which must be +skipped, or the attention of the hearers will flag. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +ONE HUNDRED BOOKS. + + +In the Fourth Chapter of this Volume two lists of selected books are +given, viz. The Comtist's Library, and a list of one hundred good novels. +Since that chapter was written and printed, much public attention has been +drawn to this branch of our subject by the publication of Sir John +Lubbock's list of books which he recommended to the members of the Working +Men's College, when he lectured at that place on "Books." The comments by +eminent men, which have appeared in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, have also +attracted attention, and it seems desirable that some note on this list +should appear in these pages. + +The list issued by the _Pall Mall Gazette_ is as follows: + +NON-CHRISTIAN MORALISTS. + + Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_. + Epictetus, _Encheiridion_. + Confucius, _Analects_. + Aristotle, _Ethics_. + Mahomet, _Koran_. + +THEOLOGY AND DEVOTION. + + Apostolic Fathers, _Wake's Collection_. + St. Augustine, _Confessions_. + Thomas a Kempis, _Imitation_ + Pascal, _Pensees_. + Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_. + Butler, _Analogy_. + Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_. + Keble, _Christian Year_. + Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_. + +CLASSICS. + + Aristotle, _Politics_. + Plato, _Phaedo_ and _Republic_. + AEsop, _Fables_. + Demosthenes, _De Corona_. + Lucretius. + Plutarch. + Horace. + Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitia_, and _De Senectute_. + +EPIC POETRY. + + Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_. + Hesiod. + Virgil. + Niebelungenlied. + Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_. + +EASTERN POETRY. + + _Mahabharata_ and _Ramayana_ (epitomised by Talboys Wheeler). + Firdausi, _Shah-nameh_ (translated by Atkinson). + _She-king_ (Chinese Odes). + +GREEK DRAMATISTS. + + AEschylus, _Prometheus_, _The House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persae_. + Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy. + Euripides, _Medea_. + Aristophanes, _The Knights_. + +HISTORY. + + Herodotus. + Thucydides. + Xenophon, _Anabasis_. + Tacitus, _Germania_. + Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_. + Voltaire, _Charles XII._ or _Louis XIV._ + Hume, _England_. + Grote, _Greece_. + +PHILOSOPHY. + + Bacon, _Novum Organum_. + Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_. + Darwin, _Origin of Species_. + Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (selection). + Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_. + Descartes, _Discourse sur la Methode_. + Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_. + Lewes, _History of Philosophy_. + +TRAVELS. + + Cook, _Voyages_. + Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_. + +POETRY AND GENERAL LITERATURE. + + Shakspeare. + Milton. + Dante. + Spenser. + Scott. + Wordsworth. + Pope. + Southey. + Longfellow. + Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_. + Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_. + Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_. + _The Arabian Nights._ + _Don Quixote._ + Boswell, _Johnson_. + Burke, _Select Works_. + Essayists--Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson. + Moliere. + Sheridan. + Carlyle, _Past and Present_ and _French Revolution_. + Goethe, _Faust_ and _Wilhelm Meister_. + Marivaux, _La Vie de Marianne_. + +MODERN FICTION. + + Selections from--Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, Kingsley, Scott, + Bulwer-Lytton. + +It must be borne in mind by the reader that this list, although the one +sent round for criticism by the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, is not +really Sir John Lubbock's. This will be found on p. 240. Sir John +Lubbock's address was not given in full, and the list drawn up by the +_Pall Mall_, from the reports in the daily papers, contained in fact only +about 85 books. + +It seems necessary to allude particularly to this imperfect list, because +it is the only one upon which the critics were asked to give an opinion, +and their criticisms are peculiarly interesting, as they give us an +important insight into the tastes and opinions of our teachers. In itself +it is almost impossible to make a list that will be practically useful, +because tastes and needs differ so widely, that a course of reading +suitable for one man may be quite unsuitable for another. It is also very +doubtful whether a conscientious passage through a "cut-and-dried" list of +books will feed the mind as a more original selection by each reader +himself would do. It is probably best to start the student well on his way +and then leave him to pursue it according to his own tastes. Each book +will help him to another, and consultation with some of the many manuals +of English literature will guide him towards a good choice. This is in +effect what Mr. Bond, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, says in +his reply, to the circular of the editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. He +writes "The result of several persons putting down the titles of books +they considered 'best reading' would be an interesting but very imperfect +bibliography of as many sections of literature;" and, again, "The beginner +should be advised to read histories of the literature of his own and +other countries--as Hallam's 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe,' +Joseph Warton's 'History of English Poetry,' Craik's 'History of English +Literature,' Paine's History, and others of the same class. These would +give him a survey of the field, and would quicken his taste for what was +naturally most congenial to him." + +There probably is no better course of reading than that which will +naturally occur to one who makes an honest attempt to master our own noble +literature. This is sufficient for the lifetime of most men without +incursions into foreign literature. All cultivated persons will wish to +become acquainted with the masterpieces of other nations, but this +diversion will not be advisable if it takes the reader away from the study +of the masterpieces of his own literature. + +Turning to the comments on the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, we may note one +or two of the most important criticisms. The Prince of Wales very justly +suggested that Dryden should not be omitted from such a list. Mr. +Chamberlain asked whether the Bible was excluded by accident or design, +and Mr. Irving suggested that the Bible and Shakespeare form together a +very comprehensive library. + +Mr. Ruskin's reply is particularly interesting, for he adds but little, +contenting himself with the work of destruction. He writes, "Putting my +pen lightly through the needless--and blottesquely through the rubbish and +poison of Sir John's list--I leave enough for a life's liberal +reading--and choice for any true worker's loyal reading. I have added one +quite vital and essential book--Livy (the two first books), and three +plays of Aristophanes (_Clouds_, _Birds_, and _Plutus_). Of travels, I +read myself all old ones I can get hold of; of modern, Humboldt is the +central model. Forbes (James Forbes in Alps) is essential to the modern +Swiss tourist--of sense." Mr. Ruskin puts the word _all_ to Plato, +_everything_ to Carlyle, and _every word_ to Scott. Pindar's name he adds +in the list of the classics, and after Bacon's name he writes "chiefly the +_New Atlantis_." + +The work of destruction is marked by the striking out of all the +_Non-Christian Moralists_, of all the Theology and Devotion, with the +exception of Jeremy Taylor and the _Pilgrim's Progress_. The +Nibelungenlied and Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_ (which, by the way, is in +prose) go out, as do Sophocles and Euripides among the Greek Dramatists. +_The Knights_ is struck out to make way for the three plays of +Aristophanes mentioned above. Gibbon, Voltaire, Hume, and Grote all go, as +do all the philosophers but Bacon. Cook's Voyages and Darwin's Naturalist +in the _Beagle_ share a similar fate. Southey, Longfellow, Swift, Hume, +Macaulay, and Emerson, Goethe and Marivaux, all are so unfortunate as to +have Mr. Ruskin's pen driven through their names. Among the novelists +Dickens and Scott only are left. The names of Thackeray, George Eliot, +Kingsley, and Bulwer-Lytton are all erased. + +Mr. Ruskin sent a second letter full of wisdom till he came to his reasons +for striking out Grote's "History of Greece," "Confessions of St. +Augustine," John Stuart Mill, Charles Kingsley, Darwin, Gibbon, and +Voltaire. With these reasons it is to be hoped that few readers will +agree. + +Mr. Swinburne makes a new list of his own which is very characteristic. +No. 3 consists of "Selections from the Bible: comprising Job, the Psalms, +Ecclesiastes, the Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel; the Gospels of +St. Matthew and St. Luke, the Gospel and the First Epistle of St. John and +Epistle of St. James." No. 12 is Villon, and Nos. 45 to 49 consist of the +plays of Ford, Dekker, Tourneur, Marston, and Middleton; names very dear +to the lover of our old Drama, but I venture to think names somewhat +inappropriate in a list of books for a reader who does not make the drama +a speciality. Lamb's Selections would be sufficient for most readers. + +Mr. William Morris supplies a full list with explanations, which are of +considerable interest as coming from that distinguished poet. + +Archdeacon Farrar gives, perhaps, the best test for a favourite author, +that is, the selection of his works in the event of all others being +destroyed. He writes, "But if all the books in the world were in a blaze, +the first twelve which I should snatch out of the flames would be the +Bible, _Imitatio Christi_, Homer, AEschylus, Thucydides, Tacitus, Virgil, +Marcus Aurelius, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. Of living authors +I would save first the works of Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin." + +Another excellent test is that set up by travellers and soldiers. A book +must be good when one of either of these classes decides to place it among +his restricted baggage. Mr. H.M. Stanley writes, "You ask me what books I +carried with me to take across Africa. I carried a great many--three +loads, or about 180 lbs. weight; but as my men lessened in numbers, +stricken by famine, fighting and sickness, they were one by one +reluctantly thrown away, until finally, when less than 300 miles from the +Atlantic, I possessed only the Bible, Shakespeare, Carlyle's Sartor +Resartus, Norie's Navigation, and Nautical Almanac for 1877. Poor +Shakspeare was afterwards burned by demand of the foolish people of Zinga. +At Bonea, Carlyle and Norie and Nautical Almanac were pitched away, and I +had only the old Bible left." He then proceeds to give a list of books +which he allowed himself when "setting out with a tidy battalion of men." + +Lord Wolseley writes, "During the mutiny and China war I carried a +Testament, two volumes of Shakespeare that contained his best plays, and +since then, when in the field, I have always carried: Book of Common +Prayer, Thomas a Kempis, Soldier's Pocket Book.... The book that I like +reading at odd moments is 'The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.'" He then +adds, for any distant expedition, a few books of History (Creasy's +"Decisive Battles," Plutarch's "Lives," Voltaire's "Charles XII.," +"Caesar," by Froude, and Hume's "England"). His Fiction is confined to +Macaulay's "History of England" and the "Essays." + +Mr. Quaritch remarks that "Sir John's 'working man' is an ideal creature. +I have known many working men, but none of them could have suggested such +a feast as he has prepared for them." He adds, "In my younger days I had +no books whatever beyond my school books. Arrived in London in 1842, I +joined a literary institution, and read all their historical works. To +read fiction I had no time. A friend of mine read novels all night long, +and was one morning found dead in his bed." If Mr. Quaritch intends this +as a warning, he should present the fact for the consideration of those +readers who swell the numbers of novels in the statistics of the Free +Libraries. + +Looking at the _Pall Mall Gazette's_ list, it naturally occurs to us that +it would be a great error for an Englishman to arrange his reading so that +he excluded Chaucer while he included Confucius. Among the names of modern +novelists it is strange that Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte should have +been omitted. In Sir John Lubbock's own list it will be seen that the +names of Chaucer and Miss Austen occur. Among Essayists one would like to +have seen at least the names of Charles Lamb, De Quincey, and Landor, and +many will regret to find such delightful writers as Walton and Thomas +Fuller omitted. We ought, however, to be grateful to Sir John Lubbock for +raising a valuable discussion which is likely to draw the attention of +many readers to books which might otherwise have been most unjustly +neglected by them.[69] + +The following is Sir John Lubbock's list. It will be seen that several of +the books, whose absence is remarked on, do really form part of the list, +and that the objections of the critics are so far met. + + _The Bible._ + + * * * * * + + Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_. + Epictetus. + Confucius, _Analects_. + _Le Bouddha et sa Religion_ (St.-Hilaire). + Aristotle, _Ethics_. + Mahomet, _Koran_ (parts of). + + * * * * * + + _Apostolic Fathers_, Wake's collection. + St. Augustine, _Confessions_. + Thomas a Kempis, _Imitation_. + Pascal, _Pensees_. + Spinoza, _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_. + Comte, _Cat. of Positive Philosophy_ (Congreve). + Butler, _Analogy_. + Jeremy Taylor, _Holy Living and Holy Dying_. + Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_. + Keble, _Christian Year_. + + * * * * * + + Aristotle, _Politics_. + Plato's Dialogues--at any rate the _Phaedo_ and _Republic_. + Demosthenes, _De Corona_. + Lucretius. + Plutarch. + Horace. + Cicero, _De Officiis_, _De Amicitia_, _De Senectute_. + + * * * * * + + Homer, _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_. + Hesiod. + Virgil. + Niebelungenlied. + Malory, _Morte d'Arthur_. + + * * * * * + + Maha-Bharata, _Ramayana_, epitomized by Talboys + Wheeler in the first two vols. of his _History of India_. + Firdusi, _Shah-nameh_. Translated by Atkinson. + _She-king_ (Chinese Odes). + + * * * * * + + AEschylus, _Prometheus_, _House of Atreus_, Trilogy, or _Persae_. + Sophocles, _OEdipus_, Trilogy. + Euripides, _Medea_, + Aristophanes, _The Knights_. + + * * * * * + + Herodotus. + Xenophon, _Anabasis_. + Thucydides. + Tacitus, _Germania_. + Livy. + Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_. + Hume, _England_. + Grote, _Greece_. + Carlyle, _French Revolution_. + Green, _Short History of England_. + Bacon, _Novum Organum_. + Mill, _Logic_ and _Political Economy_. + Darwin, _Origin of Species_. + Smith, _Wealth of Nations_ (part of). + Berkeley, _Human Knowledge_. + Descartes, _Discours sur la Methode_. + Locke, _Conduct of the Understanding_. + Lewes, _History of Philosophy_. + + * * * * * + + Cook, _Voyages_. + Humboldt, _Travels_. + Darwin, _Naturalist in the Beagle_. + + * * * * * + + Shakespeare. + Milton, _Paradise Lost_, and the shorter poems. + Dante, _Divina Commedia_. + Spenser, _Faerie Queen_. + Dryden's Poems. + Chaucer, Morris's (or, if expurgated, Clarke's or Mrs. Haweis's) edition. + Gray. + Burns. + Scott's Poems. + Wordsworth, Mr. Arnold's selection. + Heine. + Pope. + Southey. + + * * * * * + + Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_. + Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_. + Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_. + _The Arabian Nights._ + Cervantes, _Don Quixote_. + Boswell, _Johnson_. + Burke, _Select Works_ (Payne). + Essayists:--Bacon, Addison, Hume, Montaigne, Macaulay, Emerson. + Moliere. + Sheridan. + + Voltaire, _Zadig_. + Carlyle, _Past and Present_. + Goethe, _Faust_, _Wilhelm Meister_. + White, _Natural History of Selborne_. + Smiles, _Self Help_. + + * * * * * + + Miss Austen, either _Emma_ or _Pride and Prejudice_. + Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ and _Pendennis_. + Dickens, _Pickwick_ and _David Copperfield_. + George Eliot, _Adam Bede_. + Kingsley, _Westward Ho_! + Bulwer-Lytton, _Last Days of Pompeii_. + Scott's Novels. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[69] The whole of the correspondence has been reissued as a _Pall Mall +"Extra"_ No. 24, and threepence will be well laid out by the purchaser of +this very interesting pamphlet. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Abbotsford Club, 187. + + Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, Indecent books turned out, 18. + + AElfric Society, 195. + + Arundel Society, 200. + + Authors, Bibliographies of particular, 181. + + + Ballad Society, 206. + + Bannatyne Club, 186. + + Bibliographies (General), 141-159. + + ---- (Special), 160-183. + + Bindings in Charles I.'s Cabinet, 29. + + Book Collectors, 23. + + Books, One Hundred, 227-244. + + Booksellers, Use of, 58. + + Bossange (Hector), Ma Bibliotheque Francaise, 7. + + Burton's Book Hunter, 2, 53, 196. + + Buy, How to, 57-72. + + + Calvin Translation Society, 197. + + Camden Society, 190. + + Catalogues of Public Libraries, 141. + + Cavendish Society, 199. + + Caxton Society, 198. + + Chaucer Society, 28.[TN 208] + + Chetham Society, 195. + + Child's Library, 217-226. + + Comte's Positivist Library, 131. + + + Dibdin's Library Companion, 2. + + Dilettanti Society, 184. + + Durie's Reformed Librarie Keeper, 13. + + + Early English Text Society, 203. + + Ecclesiastical History Society, 199. + + Edwards (Edward), Report on Formation of Manchester Free Library, 4. + ---- Memoirs of Libraries, 5, 63. + ---- Libraries and Founders of Libraries, 29, 44. + + English Dialect Society, 212. + + English Historical Society, 191. + + + Fiction in Public Libraries, 81. + + Folk Lore Society, 210. + + Franklin's foundation of the Philadelphia Library, 77. + + + George III.'s list of books, 14. + + Goodhugh's Library Manual, 3. + + + Hakluyt Society, 200. + + Handel Society, 198. + + Hanserd Knollys Society, 198. + + Harleian Society, 209. + + Hellenic Studies, Society for the promotion of, 213. + + Hunterian Club, 210. + + + Index Society, 213. + + Iona Club, 189. + + + Johnson's (Dr.) List of Books, 15. + + + Libraries, How men have Formed them, 23-56. + + ---- (Cathedral), 75. + + ---- (Monastic), 25. + + ---- (Private), 89-140. + + ---- (Public), 73-88. + + ---- United States Report on, 20, 75, 220. + + Louis XVI., his books during his captivity, 43. + + Lubbock's (Sir John), List of Books, 227-244. + + + Maitland Club, 187. + + Manx Society, 202. + + Middlesex County Record Society, 215. + + Motett Society, 194. + + Musical Antiquarian Society, 194. + + + Napoleon's Libraries, 44. + + Naude, Gilbert [TN Gabriel], 9. + + Novels, One Hundred Good, 138. + + ---- in Public Libraries, 81. + + + Oriental Texts, Society for the Publication of, 194. + + Oriental Translation Fund, 189. + + Ossianic Society, 202. + + Oxford Historical Society, 215. + + + Palaeographical Society, 213. + + Palaeontographical Society, 200. + + Parker Society, 192. + + Percy Society, 193. + + Perkins's Best Reading, 8. + + Philobiblon Society, 201. + + Pipe Roll Society, 215. + + Positivist Library, 131. + + Printers, Bibliographies of celebrated, 176. + + + Ray Society, 198. + + Reference, Books of, 91-129. + + Roxburghe Club, 185. + + Roxburghe Library, 209. + + + Sales, How to Buy at, 63. + + Shakespeare Society, 193. + + Shakspere (New) Society, 211. + + Societies (Publishing), 184-216. + + Spalding Club, 191. + + Spenser Society, 209. + + Spottiswoode Society, 195. + + Stevens (Henry), "My English Library," 6. + ---- his paper on Mr. James Lenox, 55, 64. + + Surtees Society, 189. + + Sydenham Society, 195. + + + Topographical Bibliographies, 179. + + Topographical Society of London, 214. + + + Warton Club, 202. + + Wernerian Club, 198. + + Wodrow Society, 194. + + Wyclif Society, 215 + +[Illustration] + + +Transcriber's Note +Inconsistent spelling retained. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's How to Form a Library, 2nd ed, by H. 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