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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30444 ***
+
+  THE
+
+  TURKISH BATH:
+
+  ITS
+
+  DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;
+
+  WITH
+
+  CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO
+  THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,
+  AND THE TRAINING STABLE.
+
+  BY
+
+  ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,
+
+  ARCHITECT.
+
+  ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS
+
+  _From Scale Drawings by the Author._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
+  NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
+  1890
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The present work originally appeared in the form of a series of
+illustrated articles in the columns of the _Building News_. It has been
+carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter. The
+object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to
+provide, in addition to a text-book for the architect, a treatise which
+shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative
+merits of the baths that compete for their patronage. The principles,
+herein enunciated, upon which good baths should be built, will be easily
+grasped by the ordinary reader; and the detailed plans and instructions
+will, it is hoped, supply such information as will enable the designer
+of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he
+may be confronted.
+
+  37, NORFOLK STREET,
+  STRAND, LONDON.
+  _March 1890._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+                                                           PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                                1
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH                   9
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS            17
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH  32
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+
+  HEATING AND VENTILATION                                    59
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+
+  WATER-FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES                              87
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+
+  LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING                      102
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH IN THE HOUSE                             118
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+
+  THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.         134
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES                               141
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FIG.                                                                PAGE
+
+  1. Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London                                21
+
+  2. Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London                             24
+
+  3. Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London                               28
+
+  4. A Plunge Bath                                                50, 51
+
+  5. Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room                     56
+
+  6. View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken
+  away to show the "Convoluted" Stove                                 65
+
+  7. An Air Filter                                                    67
+
+  8. Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the
+  ordinary Hot-air Principle                                          68
+
+  9. Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit                    72
+
+  10. A Fireclay Heating Apparatus                                    74
+
+  11. Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers                       84
+
+  12. A Shampooing Basin                                              90
+
+  13. Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water                       91
+
+  14. A Needle Bath                                                   94
+
+  15. Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths                                   95
+
+  16. Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.                       96
+
+  17. Bather's Shower Bath                                            99
+
+  18. Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling                  107
+
+  19. Plans of Plunge Baths                                          112
+
+  20. Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans    115
+
+  21. Furniture of a Turkish Bath                                    117
+
+  22. Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot
+  Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill                 119
+
+  23. Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses       124
+
+  24. A complete Private Turkish Bath                                126
+
+  25. Design for a Private Turkish Bath                         130, 131
+
+  26. Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth          135
+
+  27. Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath
+  for Horses                                                         142
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+TURKISH BATH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Since the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its introduction into
+this country under the name of the Turkish bath, this method of bathing
+has become very generally adopted; and although onward progress is
+rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread popular
+ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath, erroneous
+impressions are being gradually removed, and the continual building of
+new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on
+British soil.
+
+To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected
+with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and
+prejudice, or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and
+construction, and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before the
+public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that the latter cause has
+done much--very much--injury.
+
+I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of
+the bath in this country, is that little or nothing has been written or
+said about its proper design, construction, and working, and that no
+full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying
+heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we have had, and still have,
+placed before the public, and meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish
+baths" which are such only in name--unhealthy, ill-ventilated cellars,
+where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus,
+stagnates in the sudatory chambers, and becomes loaded with the
+exhalations and emanations of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged
+with a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that we so often
+hear persons remark that they have tried the bath, but neither enjoyed
+it nor did it agree with them! The damaging effect of "baths" of this
+type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.
+
+In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands, convinced of the
+value and benefit of the bathing, periodically attend these miserable
+substitutes for properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and
+effectively-ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
+shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the true principles of
+bath construction, and knowing little or nothing of the physiological
+action of the bath, they have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the
+power to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute. With
+the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily
+decorated, and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with
+striking semblance to the original type.
+
+So much has been written and said about the arrangement, design, and
+working of the baths of the ancient Romans, and of the Oriental nations
+of to-day, that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter
+upon the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested in the
+building of modern baths. An intelligent study of old plans, and of the
+writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of
+the special purposes to which the various apartments of the Roman
+_Thermæ_ were devoted, serves in no small degree to a complete
+understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in
+modern times. So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
+acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive. But to
+fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would
+require a volume of itself, since the many questions that present
+themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
+without considerable and lengthy description. Those desirous of studying
+the subject of the design of ancient and Oriental baths will find many
+works within easy reach. In his 'Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
+David Urquhart has given a most complete account of Eastern baths; and
+in Sir Erasmus Wilson's 'Eastern or Turkish Bath,' will be found a
+popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as
+an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse
+works, such as Wollaston's 'Thermæ Romano-Britannicæ,' Cameron's 'Baths
+of the Romans,' and particularly the careful description of the Pompeian
+_Balneæ_ in Sir William Gell's 'Pompeiana.' In the admirable works of
+Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be found interesting
+accounts of the remains of old Roman baths in this country; and in
+Daremberg and Saglio's 'Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et
+Romaines,' is a most capable essay on ancient _Balneæ_. In Eastern
+travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental bath will be
+found; and in Owen Jones's work on the Palace of the Alhambra, at
+Granada, plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that
+the Moorish builders erected therein.
+
+For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of brevity and
+convenience, I have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the
+old Roman vocabulary, to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
+respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms, the
+_Tepidarium_, _Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. Although the exact nature
+of the ancient Roman _laconicum_ is still a question in debate, I have
+chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot.
+The washing room I call the _Lavatorium_; the cooling room, the
+_Frigidarium_; and the separate dressing room, the _Apodyterium_.
+
+The modern "Turkish bath" is rather a revival of the Roman bath, than
+that of the East. Among the Orientals, the air of the sudorific chambers
+is charged more or less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
+the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And it has been decided
+by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school, that the air
+of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
+atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the dryness moreover
+is conducive to perspiration. This absolute need for a dry atmosphere
+in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr.
+W.B. Hunter, M.D., entitled 'The Turkish Bath: its Uses and Abuses.' But
+notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present
+day resembles, in point of dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome,
+the name of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart, has
+held good, and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation.
+
+Neither the term "Turkish," however, nor the designation "hot-air" bath,
+convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of "the bath,"
+as I shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
+"_heat_ bath"--a _thermal cure_. In the ordinary hot-air bath, the
+heated air is simply a medium; and, as I have endeavoured to explain in
+the body of this little work, the heat is best supplied to the body of
+the bather by direct radiation. By the "Turkish bath," therefore, I
+would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat--not
+necessarily hot air--to the surface of the human body for hygienic,
+remedial, and curative purposes.[1]
+
+In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect, treated of the
+subject from the broadest point of view, and have explained the method
+of designing the _hot-air bath_ pure and simple, looking upon the
+convected and radiating heat principles as both good of their kind, and
+perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame. I have
+adhered to this plan throughout, because, even supposing that it were
+shown conclusively to-morrow, that the principle of heating by
+convection is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to the
+slow march of improvement in this country, still be built and require to
+be planned. Moreover, it has been in the past, and still is, the
+generally accepted idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
+simple.
+
+Medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit
+to retain the term "hot air" in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In
+deference to their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
+_hot-air bath_. The arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat,
+with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in the sudorific chambers, are,
+for the most part, the result of my own experience and study.
+
+I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with public and private
+baths respectively. Chapters II. to VII. are devoted to the elucidation
+of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths, either
+for true public purposes or as commercial speculations. It is
+unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads:
+what is required of the one is required of the other. The only
+difference is that one is the property of the people, and may be
+required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds
+of baths; and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single
+individual as the case may be, and is generally an establishment
+complete in itself.
+
+It is not to the credit of the English nation that so little has been
+done in connection with Turkish bath building for the people. The
+attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is
+of the most meagre character. The provisions of the Public Baths and
+Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In these matters the German
+nation is far ahead of us. Fortunately for the general health, the
+Englishman is renowned for his morning "tub." But the cold tub is merely
+a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward
+man, besides constituting a most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the
+vast body of the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an
+ineffective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a high
+temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions. Used,
+as customary, without a tonic application of cold water, it is eminently
+conducive to cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average Englishman
+for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing, unless
+he sees the advantage of, and has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his
+own house. He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and
+attractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature, and he
+dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the
+so-called "Turkish baths" provided by enterprising business men. He can
+do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.
+
+In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII. to X., I have dealt
+with private baths, including the bath in the house and mansion, in
+institutions of one kind and another, and in connection with training
+stables. In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be found
+plans of baths of several types, from the smallest and least expensive
+to the most elaborate and costly.
+
+It is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being
+bestowed on the question of providing public Turkish baths worthy of the
+country; that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
+as commercial speculations; and that, from its pages, those desirous of
+experiencing the luxury of a model Turkish bath in their own homes, may
+learn the best methods of its design and construction.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than
+ourselves, term the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath,
+the "Roman-Irish bath"--the _Römisch-irische Bäder_. Both the ancient
+Roman bath and the old Irish "sweating-house," gave out radiant heat
+from the walls to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot
+air.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH.
+
+
+In order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management, a
+public Turkish bath should be convenient and _compact_ in plan. It
+should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation,
+in order to insure patronage; and, for the same reason, it should be
+made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, inconvenient, and
+ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the bather and the cause. It is its
+own enemy, and harmful also to all other baths; whereas every
+ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
+existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the
+process.
+
+A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one,
+but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest
+and most approved principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
+are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effective, and the
+cooling rooms ample, and supplied with an abundance of fresh air. This
+is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
+science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its attainment, as it
+is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive.
+
+By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean one in which the
+visitor will feel interest in the design; where pleasant objects are
+presented to his eye, both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling
+rooms. Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The bath
+requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the
+various apartments, and it is therefore highly desirable that his
+surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath,
+as in other architectural matters, this is not the result of a prodigal
+expenditure on costly decorations and fittings, but rather of a careful
+arrangement of necessary and desirable features, and a knowledge of the
+methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the
+plan.
+
+The arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the Ancients
+and Orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country, so
+that the order of the different processes through which the bather
+passes governs the disposition of the various apartments. The chief
+object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration
+by the application of heat. This heat is now generally applied through
+the medium of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by being
+passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various
+designs, or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick.
+Theoretically, the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the
+bather might be greatly improved, but practically it has been found the
+best. Into these questions, however, I shall enter when treating of the
+heating and ventilating of the bath. For the present, it will suffice to
+say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of
+an abundance of _pure hot air_ to the various sudorific chambers, and
+the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations.
+
+Since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the
+methods of bathing in vogue, it will be necessary to first give the
+reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather.
+The object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold--(1) To
+cleanse the blood of impurities; and (2) to loosen the dead scales of
+the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that spreads itself everywhere over the
+true skin or cuticle. Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that
+the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways, and
+is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and remedial agent.
+This latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures
+employed, as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively
+low degree of heat.
+
+The course of treatment to be undergone by the bather, as given by Sir
+Erasmus Wilson, is--(1) Exposure of the naked body to hot dry air. (2)
+Ablution with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and drying the skin. In
+addition to these, however, there should be added the process of
+"massage" or shampooing before washing.
+
+The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms--the _Tepidarium_,
+_Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. The nature of these apartments--which I
+shall hereinafter consider in detail--must be determined by the
+pretensions of the establishment.
+
+Perspiration having been induced, the bather submits to the kneading of
+the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer. For this operation,
+which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
+separate and distinct apartment should, in high class baths, be
+provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing.
+This detaches the dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
+generally practised in the _Lavatorium_--a washing room adjoining the
+shampooing room. In the same place the bather receives copious ablutions
+with warm water. The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
+douche, needle, spray, or shower bath, graduated from warm to cold; and
+the strong bather, by plunging into a bath of cold water, the object of
+which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin
+that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the
+calorific apartments. For these purposes a small room, with the various
+appliances named, and a large chamber containing a more or less ample
+plunge bath, must be provided. In small baths, provision for both these
+operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room, where the
+bather is "massed," rubbed down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower
+bath. The plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly in the
+cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in which case, the bather
+dives under a glazed partition of some sort, which, furnished with an
+india-rubber flap dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
+sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.
+
+The above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic
+processes, and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of
+the bath devoted to their attainment. I have named them first as being
+the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms, since
+the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old Irish
+"sweating-house," or a somewhat similar construction of the North
+American Indian; but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
+there can be no bath.
+
+The next important features to be considered are the dressing and
+cooling rooms. Before entering the bath rooms proper, the bather must
+divest himself of his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
+dressing room or _Apodyterium_, and the cooling room or _Frigidarium_,
+are generally made one and the same; but they may, with advantage, be
+designed as separate and distinct apartments, the provision for dressing
+and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes
+around it. The frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for
+the economical reception of the reposing couches, it being absolutely
+essential that the bather rest awhile, after the bath, to allow the body
+to gradually assume its normal temperature. Neglect of this precaution
+may cause a renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."
+
+If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted, it must be fitted
+with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons, or be
+divided into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space receiving a
+pair of couches. The divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate
+and ornamental wooden partitions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be
+observed. Each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing
+room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions.
+
+An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room
+fitted with a number of dressing-boxes, and then passes through the
+frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his
+bath. Where the establishment is on a large scale, the arrangement may
+lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes, then to the
+hot rooms, and finally, by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
+separate cooling room.
+
+Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the
+attendants, manager, and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist, or,
+at any rate, some sort of provision made for them. A pay office, with
+counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
+money, and other valuables, should be the first object that one meets on
+entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the
+street. In connection with this office may be the manager's room, and
+provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be the property of
+a company, a board room may be required. As on entering a bath the
+visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in order
+that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of
+that cleanliness which is next to godliness, a raised step must be
+provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod,
+or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided
+off by similar means. Provision for the boots and shoes must be in the
+form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also, racks for
+coats and hats must be placed.
+
+The hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist--if he does
+not practise his art at the couch of the bather--must adjoin the
+frigidarium, as also should the attendants' room. A lavatory must be
+placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room. Closet
+accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment, but should
+be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby. The
+greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
+becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the sense of smell is
+peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest odour is detected. The worst
+position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the
+lavatorium. Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath.
+If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors, the closets
+may be designed off a landing on the staircase. In the separate
+accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
+observed.
+
+Adjoining, under, or partly under, the laconicum must be placed the
+heating apparatus in its chamber, with stokery and provision for fuel,
+&c. The stokery should be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the
+attendants should be able easily to communicate with the stoker. Of the
+arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium I
+shall speak in another chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a
+drying room must be provided. They are important necessities, and should
+not be cramped in dimensions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS.
+
+
+Although the process of the bath determines the position of the various
+apartments in relation to one another, the exact disposition of the plan
+must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the nature of
+the site and surroundings, and--if the bath be constructed in an
+existing building--the amount of space allotted to it. The _relative_
+position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to
+the cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant; but the angle of
+connection with each other, their shape, proportions, and floor levels,
+must, together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments, be
+determined by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
+convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect will be called upon
+to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing
+building. He may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most
+of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably hampered. If the site
+includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house, he may
+arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor;
+and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms, in the basement.
+Where possible, the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall
+of the houses, and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
+often have to be in the actual basement. Where space is valuable a whole
+house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat
+proof. The basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
+the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and the first floor to
+cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again, can be arranged on the floors
+above, and both baths can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
+three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted to extra
+cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive sites the bath may be all on
+one level. This is the most convenient arrangement, but in large cities
+is generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths, in London, are,
+however, all on one level, the former being practically all above
+ground, and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing
+building.
+
+The London Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this
+country, and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late David
+Urquhart. It was erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
+Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the Eastern plan, and have
+quite an Oriental effect, with the stars of stained glass sparkling in
+the sombre domed tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
+old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the combined
+frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of wood, originally intended as
+a temporary building only. This is covered with an open-timbered roof,
+and divided into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by a
+clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the divans, which are
+separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an
+Eastern manner. Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
+hot rooms. The main room--a very moderately-heated tepidarium--is a
+square on plan, with splayed angles, over which rises a dome of
+brickwork. On either side of this square, and connected with it by the
+horseshoe arches supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
+as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing at the ends and
+joining on the one hand the frigidarium, and on the other a heated
+smoking saloon, which occupies a position corresponding to that of a
+Lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side of
+this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and laundry are arranged
+over the smoking saloon, and w.c.'s, &c., are placed at the end of the
+latter apartment. In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
+leading to four apartments--two used as hot rooms of different
+temperatures, and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's
+waiting room. Under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble
+slabs, beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short flight of
+steps. The plunge bath is placed, partly in the tepidarium, and partly
+in the frigidarium, with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of
+the hot air, such as I have herein before explained. In the centre of
+the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of the divans is
+partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist. A gallery is
+provided for the hairdresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn
+Street. The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few steps has to
+be made to reach the frigidarium from the street. A refreshment bar is
+placed in the frigidarium. The manager's room is on the second floor,
+adjoining the old building, and has a window overlooking the
+frigidarium.
+
+The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this country,
+and the Savoy (Fig. 1) is one of the latest and largest, and also on one
+level. It was designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the basement
+of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill, a short passage
+conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule, where are provided
+rails for hats and coats. The counter of the ticket-office is placed at
+the entrance to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
+room--the bath being the property of a private company. In vaults
+projecting under the street, provision is made for an engine and dynamo.
+The frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into
+divans by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a saloon for
+the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an attendants' room. A lavatory is
+provided in a recess. Access is gained to the hot rooms through double
+doors. The plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in
+the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature
+nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to
+the calidarium, adjoining which is the heating apparatus, fitted with
+two of Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stoves. Access to the stokery
+is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium. The shampooing
+room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium, dwarf walls
+separating it from the latter apartment, as also from the lavatorium.
+Here, there are six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
+slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is screened off the
+lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray. A passage leads from the
+douche room to the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
+passage, and approached by doors from two of the divans, are the w.c.'s,
+&c., for the bathers' use. Provision for the supply of refreshments is
+made at the back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
+style.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.
+
+--PLAN-OF THE-SAVOY-TURKISH-BATHS--
+
+Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London.]
+
+In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium forms also the
+apodyterium. This arrangement is economical of space, and has been
+found, in practice, the most convenient for bathers; but there is much
+to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room, such as
+that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths. Erected from the designs of Mr.
+H. H. Bridgman, F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
+their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath. Entering from the
+street, a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the
+office. Adjoining this is an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of
+dressing-boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor of the
+upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads to the door of the
+tepidarium, at right angles to which is the calidarium. Adjoining the
+tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
+opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite exceptional
+dimensions. A staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious
+cooling room. This is lighted from the top, and contains a fireplace, a
+feature usually omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
+adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter. From this
+frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby.
+Thus he makes a complete round, and does not meet the incoming bathers
+on the staircase to the tepidarium.
+
+The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London are those of
+Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue (Fig. 2). They were designed by
+Mr. Robert Walker, F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
+baths, though, as at the old Pompeian _Balneæ_, the former set are
+ungallantly cramped into a very small space. They occupy a corner site,
+and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle.
+In the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision for hats
+and coats. From the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is
+entered, after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar
+on the right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
+hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room. Off
+a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table.
+The staircase leads to the first floor--where are provided extra
+couches--and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor is
+practically a gallery. In the basement are three hot rooms, the
+tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles
+and rich faïence. A heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.
+There are in this bath three shampooing rooms--an arrangement conducing
+greatly to privacy. A douche room and plunge bath are provided in the
+angle of the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
+laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's shop, and as
+store-rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.
+
+Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.]
+
+The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and are partly
+separated by an area. They are entered from the side street. On the
+ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room. Additional couches are
+provided on the first floor, where is also an attendants' room. In the
+basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms. A washing room,
+shower bath, and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
+rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other.
+Each, however, has its separate and distinct furnace. A passage formed
+by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers.
+
+In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cooling rooms, &c., are
+in the basement, and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement.
+
+Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an excellent example of a
+compactly-arranged double set of baths. The various apartments are
+designed one above the other on different floors, the area of the
+building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual, are the pay
+office and a combined cooling and dressing room, and an attendant's
+room. In the basement are the bath rooms, arranged _en suite_--first a
+shampooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very compact manner,
+the plunge and shower baths; next is the tepidarium; then the smaller
+second hot room; and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
+temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining this. The principle
+of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under
+the late Mr. Bartholomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin
+iron flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of heat
+directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are divided from one another
+by glazed wood partitions, as distinct from the solid walls dividing
+baths like the Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two methods of
+dividing the hot rooms, does not, however, concern us here. A staircase
+from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and
+third floors, where also are manager's and other private rooms.
+
+Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two classes, viz. those in
+which the various apartments are arranged _en suite_, and those
+irregularly planned. Where possible the former arrangement is
+preferable, as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air is
+facilitated. Fig. 11 is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged _en
+suite_; and the baths at Figs. 24 and 25, in Chapter VIII., are planned
+on this principle.
+
+As I have said above, where a basement and ground floor are available,
+and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building,
+the office, cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
+floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level, but with light
+and air above. If the site be an ordinary narrow-fronted town house,
+and the bath an unassuming one, the plan may be arranged after the
+manner of Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
+London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into
+the service of the bath. The basement and ground floors are devoted to
+the baths, the upper floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
+gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering the former,
+we find a space on the ground floor, fronting the street, serving as an
+office. Adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes, and further on a
+cooling room, excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
+end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a marble staircase
+leads to the door of the tepidarium, formed at basement level at the
+back of the houses. This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
+constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with stained-glass stars
+set therein. A marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber. On one
+side of the staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other, the
+combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door from the latter forming
+an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath. At one end of the
+shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle
+bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the
+furnace-chamber. A laundry is provided at the head of these stairs. The
+furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
+baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan. The gentlemen's
+baths are among the earliest erected in this country, and still form a
+most compact and convenient institution. They were designed by Mr.
+James Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths. The ceilings
+of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.
+
+Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.]
+
+The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of
+private individuals or companies. The number of baths provided in this
+country under Act of Parliament or by civic corporations is so small,
+and their size and design so insignificant, that it would be waste of
+space to describe them here. They are unworthy of the nation. One of the
+best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public
+bath-house recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The fine
+new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major Davis, the city
+architect, do not include a Turkish bath. It must be admitted that some
+slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to
+bath-building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may possibly
+see a great advance in this direction. That this may indeed be so should
+be our sincere hope, since the lack of fine public baths is a standing
+disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.
+
+In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of
+the Turkish bath, many excellent baths having been built in the more
+complete bath-houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are to
+be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and Bremen, the latter
+planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of
+bath rooms. The plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this
+country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is handsomely planned, and
+has a spacious frigidarium. It is placed in a building comprising
+ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian
+bath. In many of the hydropathic establishments (_Kurbäder_) of Germany,
+will be found excellent Turkish baths. A sumptuous double set of bath
+rooms is provided in the _Friedrichsbad_ in Baden-Baden, which was
+erected at a cost of about 100,000_l._ The Turkish baths are placed on
+the ground floor, and in other floors are provided baths of every kind.
+Each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish baths
+comprises undressing room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
+shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath, and a separate
+chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and
+hot rooms of the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms is
+placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and adjoining, the
+_Wildbad_--a deep, full bath of warm mineral water.
+
+One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected, in modern times, is
+that on the Praterstern, at Vienna, which cost, in round numbers,
+125,000_l._ The building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
+Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those taking a
+course of baths. The whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous
+scale. The cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
+35.3 metres long, and 10.5 broad. There are both warm and cold plunge
+baths, besides a fine circular _piscina_, in a circular domed chamber.
+Similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
+plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the building internally is
+resplendent with tiles, marble, and ornamental woodwork.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH.
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary
+apartments of a Turkish bath. Such adjuncts as the entrance hall and
+vestibule, the pay office, refreshment department, laundry and
+drying-rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other minor
+provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring little or no
+detailed explanation. Sufficient has already been said about them to
+enable the architect, assisted by the drawings given, to design them
+with convenience and economy. The features peculiar to the bath are
+those requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of the hot
+rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms that the success or
+non-success of a new bathing establishment depends, and too much study
+cannot be given to these apartments.
+
+
+THE SUDORIFIC CHAMBERS.
+
+These are now generally required in a suite of three--"first, second,
+and third hot." The first is the tepidarium, and must be by far the
+largest of the three, since in it the greater number of bathers will
+assemble at one time. The last must be the hottest room--the
+laconicum--and need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use
+it, and that, generally, for a very short time. The second hot room
+should be about midway, in size and temperature, between the first and
+the third. Of a given area allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to
+two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
+one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering that it is well
+to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium. Of the
+space allowed for the smaller rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be
+given to the hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-room,
+or calidarium.
+
+The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly bath rooms, and
+must be treated as such; that is to say, the whole of the floors, walls,
+ceilings, partitions, and fittings, must be capable of being frequently
+cleansed with water. The choice of materials to be employed for lining
+the walls, &c., is therefore limited. And in two ways. For not only must
+they be of this washable nature, but they must be of a character to
+resist the influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of
+glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed and
+fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faïence, and pottery
+generally, are now so extensively manufactured that there is little
+excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once
+washable and unaffected by high temperatures. Still, in baths where
+rigid economy must be studied, and lowness of cost is the great object,
+_plaster_ may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms, and in its way
+will answer admirably, and be fairly washable. It has even one
+advantage--it does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
+bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly glazed surface the
+walls become burning hot, and need lining with a dado of felt or other
+non-conducting substance. And since this latter method overcomes the
+objection named, the best possible material for lining the walls is
+glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration is desired, they may be
+lined with marbles and faïence. With a judicious selection of colours,
+however, a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
+simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.
+
+The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile
+pavement over concrete. A slight roughness is very agreeable to the
+feet. Glazed tiles are inadmissible, as they become too hot for the
+naked feet; and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
+rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths, marble, and marble
+mosaics may be used, but the surface must not be too smooth. In
+providing floorings, the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
+liable to become slippery to the tread.
+
+Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is reliable, may be of 6
+in. of concrete, with mosaics or tiles laid in cement. The benches for
+reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
+risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs with rounded
+nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.
+
+The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which, when there are
+other apartments above, _must_ be provided over the hot rooms, may be of
+plaster. But the heat at the ceiling level is very great, and the
+plaster here rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
+anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of
+uncleanliness is nauseating. If employed (and this remark also applies
+to plaster on walls), it should be used in the simplest manner possible,
+without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface. Enamelled iron
+may be used, with effect, for ceilings. The little laconicum is best
+covered with a flat vault, the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the
+springing being brought down below the main ceiling level.
+
+Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also
+heat-proof. The main point is to have a sufficient thickness of
+concrete, and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein.
+Ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
+space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of
+slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists. The sawdust
+should be filled up to the top of the joists; over this a layer of thick
+felt, and the boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift when
+compared with a solid floor of concrete.
+
+When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open, they may be
+top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof
+construction. A sufficient air space, however, must be provided between
+the ceiling and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat--a remark that
+applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium. It
+must be double, or look into an area covered with pavement lights. In
+the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
+skylight.
+
+Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground, consideration
+must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation. This may
+be effected by providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
+usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air.
+
+Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent
+source of trouble to the builder of a Turkish bath, but is always the
+result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
+evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room,
+shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick
+concrete floor above, and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and
+completely insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
+apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be
+prevented from being transmitted, they may be rendered heat-proof by
+building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot.
+
+Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of
+the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious. To keep
+the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &c., should be the
+great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered quite repulsive by
+what I may perhaps term the "sudorific smell" that assails the nostrils
+of the visitor entering the vestibule.
+
+The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the
+various rooms, either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed
+partitions; or again, they may be formed by a combination of solid
+brickwork and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms must be of
+brickwork, iron columns being inadmissible. Masonry, too, must be
+discarded throughout, or used with caution. Some stones--such as red
+Mansfield--become black with exposure to the heat, and others fare still
+worse. The employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded
+against throughout this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered
+that effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly the germs
+of disease, are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers,
+and must be prevented from finding a lodgment.
+
+The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from
+essential oils. Mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose, and so,
+also, is teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal, when
+employed, should be perfectly seasoned, and may then give trouble from
+the exudation of turpentine.
+
+The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be so placed as to govern
+the flow of hot air. So long as the main divisions be planned with this
+end in view, the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
+architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the heated air from the
+inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered
+with by recesses, nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
+current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical advantage
+possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are _en suite_, and in a line
+with one axis. For here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the
+different chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in
+recesses far out of the main stream.
+
+The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty. They should not
+be hung with doors, as anything necessary in this way will be amply
+supplied by depending curtains.
+
+_Glazing_ in the hot rooms requires care. The glass will expand
+considerably with the heat, and, what is more, if the furnace fire die
+out rapidly at any time, will contract and fracture. This difficulty,
+however, is the result of bad management, and does not concern the
+architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper fixing. Even
+moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois
+leather with screwed beading, _putty_ being wholly inadmissible. The
+sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass will
+be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior qualities, where
+homogeneity of texture is wanting, will crack and split in all
+directions. Lead glazing should be altogether discarded.
+
+No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary, as they must, when
+in use, be kept free from moisture. The floor may, however, if thought
+desirable, be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
+swept when cleansing--viz. towards the lavatorium.
+
+As the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one
+approaching to the horizontal, a bath cannot be considered complete
+unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These
+should run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being formed
+of brickwork--glazed, faced with tiles, or plastered--and white marble
+slabs set thereon. These slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must
+be of the ordinary seat height--not lower. In the risers must be
+provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" ventilator gratings, the
+vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way
+designed, which may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
+into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building.
+
+The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly
+different temperatures, it follows that an arrangement might be designed
+whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
+ascending, the bather could select any temperature he might choose. Such
+an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient Romans,
+and has been tried in modern institutions; but it should be avoided. The
+expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the
+bathers _fall_, and it therefore follows that all below the first tier
+would be breathing air polluted by those above them. The system,
+therefore, stands condemned.
+
+As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty, or
+they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan, be heated with due economy.
+The vastness of the old Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable
+under this system; but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and
+the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better to have a
+comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air
+passing through it, than a lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to
+15 or 16 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public
+bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber
+be placed under it; for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few
+feet, so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
+of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct the furnace
+chamber.
+
+This latter, which I have more particularly described and illustrated in
+the chapter on heating and ventilation, should, if the system adopted be
+on the ordinary hot-air principle, be so placed that an abundant supply
+of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which, when
+heated, can be delivered into the hottest room above, not less than 5
+ft. from the level of the floor of that chamber, and, also, where a
+smoke flue of ample section can be constructed. The heated air may be
+delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum, or a shaft
+of glazed brickwork, of rectangular section, may be constructed against
+the end wall and coped at the required level--5 ft. or more above the
+floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace
+chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room, the heated air
+must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large
+shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have to be
+employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber, and at the mouth
+of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before
+it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.
+
+Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be
+carried from point to point on rolled iron joists having tooled York
+slabs set thereon, the flues being constructed of 4-1/2 in. brickwork
+with glazed face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
+Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective cleansing, by means
+of iron air-tight doors.
+
+
+THE LAVATORIUM AND SHAMPOOING ROOM.
+
+The lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention. In
+elaborate baths they may, for the sake of effect, be distinct
+apartments, while, where strict economy must be studied, they may be
+comprised in one room; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
+the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If the first
+arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room must be connected with the
+tepidarium, and the lavatorium placed next. Where the combination
+apartment is used, it will take the position of the shampooing room.
+Practically, the combination arrangement is the best. It is putting the
+bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from
+one apartment to another during the washing process.
+
+The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one
+of the following ways, according to the pretensions and requirements of
+the establishment:--(1) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche room,
+and a plunge bath chamber; (2) a combined shampooing and washing room,
+and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber; (3) several small
+combined shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a plunge bath
+chamber; (4) an apartment comprising shampooing slabs, washing basins,
+douche, &c., and a plunge bath.
+
+A single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to
+the designer. The chief object to be borne in mind is that the
+shampooers require "elbow-room," and their patient in a convenient
+position to allow of their practising their art. As this is no light
+task--if properly performed--it becomes of urgent moment that the
+apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific
+chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no shampooer can work well for a
+prolonged period, and, moreover, pure air is as necessary for the
+bathers when in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.
+
+The shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those
+in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft. is an ample provision, since the
+shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as
+possible. The benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those
+before described. They must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer
+has ample room, whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly
+wasted. The benches must be topped with white marble slabs. They may run
+round the wall, or be placed at right angles to them; or, again, if
+found more convenient, they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
+ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be
+provided. The vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level, as the
+temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired
+air.
+
+Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may be substituted for
+those of a permanent type; but the plan has nothing to recommend it
+except lowness of cost.
+
+The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing
+room, as here the bathers will not recline, but sit or stand before
+washing-basins, to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water,
+and branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins--which may be
+of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded--should be
+large and capacious. Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
+"Appliances."
+
+In a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be
+required together. The basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble
+slabs, or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst arranging
+the position of the benches with regard to the room, and the basins with
+regard to the benches, it will be as well to remember the postures that
+the bather assumes whilst being shampooed--viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd, on
+the back; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed with respect to the
+slab that the shampooer may, without altering his position, take water
+from the basin with his handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A
+shampooer cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
+and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at right angles to
+the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space
+between the two benches. Where the room is long and a row of benches are
+placed at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each their
+separate space to work in. Each one can then manage in 4 ft., and the
+slabs can be set out 6 ft. from centre to centre. Where the long sides
+of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the
+slabs, there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In the
+case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins are best placed
+between the slabs.
+
+It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the
+washing room, behind which the entering bather may, if he chooses, have
+a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.
+
+In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by
+means of partitions of sufficient height, which may be of wood and
+obscure glass. In this way any shampooing room may be rendered more
+private. Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the
+benches.
+
+The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may, so
+long as there be a dado of glazed ware, be lined in the same way as the
+hot rooms. But as regards flooring, still more care is required to
+prevent slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully spilt
+around, renders this precaution needful. Moreover, provision must be
+made for drainage.
+
+The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple tiles. Marble is too
+slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible. Marble mosaics,
+roughly set, may be employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must
+be determined by the position of the gullies.
+
+The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration.
+In a place where the occupants are, literally, _breathing at every
+pore_, it is obvious that too much care cannot be taken to prevent all
+possible odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious
+sewer gases. The traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the
+best possible design and material, and proof against the evil known as
+"siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the
+ventilators in the walls, at the floor level, as then a current of air
+sweeps over them and up the extraction flues. It is not always that an
+opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage;
+where the bath rooms are above ground, however, this should be done if
+practicable. Where possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
+under the basement floor. In this the whole of the pipes can be
+placed--the soil-pipes, the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes, &c., and
+access gained to them by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be
+effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The culvert itself
+could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue. This is
+all costly; but the builder of a Turkish bath will do well to be
+prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
+the establishment, and in the end, when the public have appreciated the
+attention bestowed, he will thank his architect for having impressed
+upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure.
+
+
+THE DOUCHE ROOM.
+
+The douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium, and
+fitted with a circular needle bath with shower or douche above, and any
+other kind of spray bath that may be required. It should not be a dark,
+cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also because a corner is
+admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath,
+it is better, often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But of
+these additions I shall have much to say anon, as one of the most
+important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings.
+Needle baths will be found indicated, on the plans given in these pages,
+by an incompleted circle.
+
+
+THE PLUNGE BATH.
+
+Though, according to medical authorities, this does not form a
+_necessary_ appendage to the hot-air bath, it is yet a feature that
+_must_ be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments.
+Ever since, and long before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother
+Quintus, "Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
+offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample
+plunge. But although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to
+take a dive, and for an expert to take a true "header," it is a vast
+mistake to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out of all
+proportion with the other features of the establishment. One does not
+look for such an adjunct: it is a great expense to keep up, requires a
+lot of space, and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
+purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim
+without touching the sides with his hands, and to dive along under
+water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he
+rises to the surface. Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft.
+in length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it may be as
+narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter; but in such a bath one can
+only flounder about, and healthy bathers will go elsewhere.
+
+In deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be
+strongly guarded against, and that is, that it be not stowed away in a
+damp, cold-looking, cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very
+well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water; but from every
+other point of view it is highly objectionable. The wise man will bring
+his bath forward into the lightest possible position, where its clear,
+limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling. For preference,
+it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally, _en route_
+to the frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, previously
+illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is convenient to place the
+bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium; but, to
+most persons, the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition
+and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge. If placed within the
+frigidarium, and approached by a door from the lavatorium, some sort of
+a screen should be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
+appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants of the
+cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.
+
+The demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect
+of a Turkish bath. If the bather, on leaving the plunge bath, finds
+himself in the frigidarium, he must ascend the steps under hanging
+towels. The arrangement that will be found the most convenient--a direct
+importation from the East--is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling, and
+from this hang cords attached to towels. The hoop can be swung by an
+attendant over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry himself
+and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch.
+
+Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber, in the
+lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium, its construction will remain
+essentially the same. If not in shape and size, in other respects it is
+a small swimming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must be
+remembered. A good foundation must be prepared for the bath, with a
+thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering
+the whole floor. The side walls should be built of concrete and lined
+with white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for the bath
+may be puddled with advantage, but if properly constructed, this should
+be unnecessary. The bottom of the bath need not be flat, as the most
+economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest
+part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather
+enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth from bottom to
+water-line. From this point the floor will slope towards either end,
+gradually towards the entering end, and more rapidly towards the exit.
+At either end, where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
+provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be not more than 6
+ft. wide, these should occupy the whole width, and be of marble or slabs
+of some cheaper material on brick bearers, or they may be built solid.
+A coping of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the
+side walls; and, if the bath be in the cooling room, this may
+advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing. On
+the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A
+water-supply pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe will
+be needed, all of which I have more particularly specified hereinafter.
+
+The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties--it may leak,
+and it may be below the level of drain. The first evil is the result of
+an error in design, or of bad workmanship; the latter is unavoidable.
+The following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with
+perfect success:--On the bed of concrete prepared for its floor, erect
+side walls of concrete, and on the floors and walls thus formed spread
+two distinct layers of asphalt, covering all and running up to the
+underside of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in cement,
+with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat. The general
+principles of this construction I show in the accompanying illustration.
+
+Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be done is to drain
+out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a "sump"
+provided in a suitable position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a
+few feet, the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept above the
+drain level; but steps must then be placed between it and the
+washing-room, and steps in such places are dangerous, being very liable
+to become slippery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.]
+
+[Illustration: A Plunge Bath.]
+
+
+THE FRIGIDARIUM OR COOLING ROOM, AND DRESSING ACCOMMODATION FOR BATHERS.
+
+Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in
+one of the following ways:--1. A separate frigidarium and distinct
+dressing room, arranged (_a_) in direct communication with one another,
+or (_b_) connected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room;--2. A combination
+apartment arranged (_a_) with dressing-boxes around the walls, and
+couches in the centre, or _vice versâ_; (_b_) with Oriental divans;
+(_c_) with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood
+screens; (_d_) with a few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a
+few lounges, and easy cushioned chairs; and (_e_) as a simple room with
+couches placed therein, by the side of which the bather will undress,
+and on which he will recline after his bath.
+
+The first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to
+unpretentious establishments, where, however, it is wished to employ
+separate rooms; the second (1, _b_) is only suitable for elaborate baths
+of the highest class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and with
+practical results. Of the combination arrangements (_a_) has little to
+recommend it; (_b_) is expensive and extravagant of space, though it may
+be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable;
+(_c_) is suitable for ladies' baths; (_d_) is very practicable, and
+gives the apartment a pleasant, homely look; and (_e_) is best for cheap
+baths, being the simplest arrangement possible, wholly unsuited,
+however, to establishments of any pretension.
+
+If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is nothing more than a
+spacious, cheerful apartment, designed with a view to the reception of
+couches, and the usual accessories designed in connection with it--the
+refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon. If this separate
+cooling room be provided, a distinct apodyterium, with little
+dressing-boxes, must be designed. If the bath be small and easily
+managed, curtains may be employed to screen those undressing; but if it
+be a large establishment, with a number of bathers constantly dressing
+and undressing, doors must be provided, and these must be under lock and
+key in charge of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with a
+seat, rack, and shelf; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables, and
+lavatories for general use must be placed in the room, which must be
+designed in direct connection with the frigidarium.
+
+This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly ventilated, the
+vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level, since the
+temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary
+one--_over_ that of the exterior air when the weather is cold, and
+_under_ when it is at all hot.
+
+Where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin, the
+means of communication should be carefully studied, so that it may be
+free from cross draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified
+and room-like--not a mere passage. It may have the air of an ante-room,
+but must not be crossed by entering bathers who have not divested
+themselves of their boots or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided,
+having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.
+
+In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate
+cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems
+to have found favour latterly.
+
+Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the
+combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is
+certainly not pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
+cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must return to couches
+whereon previous bathers may, as likely as not, have, however
+temporarily, deposited more or less of their underclothing or
+superimposed raiment. But economy of construction is nowadays a question
+that must be considered at every step, and the combination apartment
+saves both space and materials, and is also economical as regards
+attendance. Moreover, it must be confessed that a cooling room provided
+with elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses and
+undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable
+and convenient. The dressing-boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are
+not conducive to the general sense of comfort.
+
+In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is
+necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be
+furnished--viz. which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted.
+This is much a matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
+the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often well to provide
+a cooling room of what may be called the "picturesque" order, or the
+reverse of stiff formality. By this I mean such an arrangement as 2,
+_d_. The bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in
+the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair. With a handsome plunge
+bath and a pretty little fountain, such rooms may be rendered very
+attractive.
+
+Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat, be carefully thought
+out previously, and not left as an afterthought. The size of the
+reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature. This should
+be 6 ft. 6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft., according as
+luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this must be considered
+the space allowed for each bather to dress in, and also the routes for
+bathers and attendants. Four feet between the couches is a sufficient
+space where couches are screened off in pairs.
+
+Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. _Two pairs_ of couches
+screened off with only a small space between of 4 ft. or so is an
+objectional arrangement. It is difficult to explain why this is so; but
+the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
+will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four couches must
+expand into a spacious divan.
+
+At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging couches in the
+frigidarium. A shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of; B is the
+comfortable, spacious divan; C the method of placing couches in pairs;
+and D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.
+
+The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a bath where cost is
+subordinate to excellence, a parquetry floor may be provided, and mats
+employed, as cleaner than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
+treated in any manner that may be chosen--plastered, papered, or
+decorated with colour.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.
+
+Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.]
+
+Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium
+so long as it fulfils the essential points--i.e. that it be spacious,
+capable of easy and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
+and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than
+in any other apartment, and no pains should be spared to render it
+healthy, comfortable, and attractive. The hygienic points to be attended
+to are, that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
+effective withdrawal of vitiated air; for the _cold-air bath_ in the
+cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as the bath of hot air.
+The freshness of the air is of equally vital importance, as much of the
+_invigorating_ effect of the bath--that effect which to the minds of the
+uninformed is _weakening_--results from submitting the heated skin to
+volumes of cold air.[2] In arranging any screens or screen walls in the
+cooling room, therefore, regard must be had to the method of
+ventilation, that there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
+of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its
+position. In most cases the air is best admitted through the windows,
+fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top, and extracted by a
+powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level. In some positions
+extraction flues will have to be built, and, in others, flues of large
+area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
+certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without
+the aid of a powerful blowing fan-wheel driven by a motor of some sort,
+and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not so
+much matter so long as the end be gained, and an ample supply of cool
+air obtained. A warm, close "cooling room" is worse than useless. In
+such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration, and lie
+perspiring for hours, and become greatly weakened thereby, with a good
+chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment.
+
+Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently _warm_ in all weathers if
+they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments; but in the
+height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
+simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air itself must be
+cooled, either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in
+inlet tubes, or through a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases,
+however, is it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to the
+teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice that the proper
+temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different
+states of the weather, and should not remain constant all the year
+round.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Not _draughts_. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note,
+would walk in the open air after the bath; and both the _Frigidarium_ of
+the Romans and the _Mustaby_ of the Turks were, and are, open to the
+heavens.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HEATING AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with
+the Turkish bath, all sink into insignificance by the side of that of
+the _heating_ and the _nature of the heat_ supplied in the sudatory
+chambers. Other things being equal, it is, after all, the _heating_ that
+distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence. The
+heating of the "bath" is the Alpha and Omega of the whole matter.
+
+There are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body--by direct
+radiation, as from the sun or an open fire; and by convection, as
+through a volume of air.
+
+The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them which rested upon
+_pilæ_, or little pillars of brick or tile, around which the flames and
+hot gases from the furnace played, and surrounded by heated, hollow
+walls, evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
+have been of a purely radiating character.
+
+So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who employ flues running
+beneath the floors, and the Moors, who adopt stoves visible to the
+bathers.
+
+Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which
+is transmitted to the body through the medium of the air. Its virtues
+have been extolled by David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on
+the bath. "There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart, "between radiating
+and transmitted caloric.... I cannot pretend to treat of this great
+secret of nature; to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
+can say, that such heat is more endurable than common heat. There is a
+liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks. You are conscious of
+an electrical action. It is to transmitted heat what champagne is to
+flat beer.... Let us drop, if you please, the word 'bath': it is 'heat.'
+Let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air': it is the application of heat
+to the human frame." Elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the
+terms _thermæ_, _sèjac_, and _hammâm_--the names given to the bath by
+the Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper--mean _heat_, and not "hot-air"
+or "hot-air bath."
+
+My own studies, observations, and experience lead me to the conclusion
+that the direction in which we shall improve the "Turkish bath" will be
+in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant
+heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible
+of a degree of heat, while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool
+air--air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been
+suddenly raised to an enormous temperature, but which has received its
+heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming. Under this system the
+heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or
+the biting eastern winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
+employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been removed and
+all fumes and odours have disappeared, we shall note the soft and balmy
+nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting.
+We are, to all practical intents and purposes, _in a Roman laconicum_.
+The thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing
+of the bricks or other articles. They have absorbed vast quantities of
+heat, and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to
+ourselves standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were charged
+with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of
+the laconicum, and covered with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases
+the nature of the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
+all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the
+worst type of _hot-air_ baths; no unpleasant fulness or aching of the
+head; and no panting or palpitating. Such is the "bath" of pure radiant
+heat, a thing totally distinct from, and altogether of a different genus
+to, the bath of heated air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
+which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this
+kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can
+be expected, and possibly that not until this great or
+partial--according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in
+existing baths--revolution has been effected, will the bath, at present
+used by the few, become the custom of the many. Some day, peradventure,
+this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered
+possible and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where we shall
+receive great heat whilst breathing a comparatively cool atmosphere,
+and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience
+when, in some sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to the
+fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh, cool,
+ozone-laden air.
+
+Till modern invention, however, has provided us with this desideratum in
+the heating of the bath, we must be satisfied with existing methods. And
+unless something really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely
+upon the system of heating by convection through the air--the principle,
+generally adopted, of continuously passing large quantities of
+freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers; exposing, however, the
+heating apparatus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained;
+and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its
+temperature. If only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this
+principle, one would have little cause for complaint, and might the more
+leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of
+heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our
+hopes for the future of the "Turkish" bath.
+
+For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of heating and
+ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained. This I shall
+now do, and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of
+heating and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of the heating
+surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into
+the hot-rooms.
+
+The necessary appliances, and arrangements for the heating and
+ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air principle comprise a
+furnace in its chamber, with flues or shafts supplying cold, and drawing
+off the heated air, and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing
+coke, &c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped, and the life
+of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant. Its design is a
+simple matter, and perhaps for this reason neglected. The arrangement
+and construction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the selection
+of a stove or furnace great judgment. As regards the latter feature, the
+most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or
+radiating surfaces. What will raise the air to the required temperature,
+without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising
+elements, and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from
+leakage, or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material
+employed in its construction?
+
+There is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary
+firebrick. From this material a soft heat is given off, differing in
+quality from that obtained from iron. An iron furnace, however, requires
+less thought in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
+economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an iron radiating
+surface, have been largely adopted in the past, in spite of the
+objection that, when super-heated, particles of metal are thrown into
+the air of the hot rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
+the public; but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary
+requirements, there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling
+the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a
+Turkish bath.
+
+These conditions may be summarised as follows:--
+
+1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of grate space.
+
+2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the
+hot-air chamber or conduit.
+
+3. Freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air.
+
+4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the
+heating surfaces.
+
+Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer
+of furnaces for the Turkish bath. Their importance must be obvious to
+all.
+
+Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stove has
+been adopted the most frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for
+the effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The appearance of this
+stove is familiar to all architects, and it will be unnecessary, in
+these pages, to minutely describe its construction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.
+
+View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to
+show the "Convoluted" Stove.]
+
+The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath
+is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The excavations for stokery and heating
+chamber being completed, and the position of the furnace determined a
+solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon which the brickwork
+to support the stove must be laid. At the same time, the foundations for
+walls of furnace chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for
+the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared. These latter
+must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face, and the
+furnace inclosed in similar work, as shown in perspective sketch. The
+flues must be covered with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within
+three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
+the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back one similarly,
+and the front one round the four projecting doors, which are,
+respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire door, and two doors for
+cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions. The
+furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of
+iron smoke flue, and then--if, as shown, the furnace be small--covered
+with a 4-in. York slab in one piece. If the furnace be large, a flat
+brick arch must form the covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch
+supports the flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the admission
+of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be
+either directly above, as shown in the last-named illustration, or in
+the side, as in Fig. 6, with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more
+economical, in heating on the principle now under consideration, to
+place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms; but if desirable to
+place both on one level, the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes
+the party wall of the laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the
+ceiling, and the air debouched over it.
+
+In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock
+brickwork; but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones. All hot
+and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In
+first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be
+of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes must be provided for
+cleaning when necessary. Every portion of furnace chamber, flues,
+shafts, and conduits for hot and cold air must be "get-at-able" either
+by means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors must be
+indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them.
+
+The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue,
+and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed.
+The walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than 4-1/2 in.
+thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.
+
+An Air Filter.]
+
+The cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be
+conducted to their respective inlets. If possible, at least two inlets
+should be provided, facing different ways: this with regard to the
+possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
+enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows, and, in cities,
+furnished with a solid frame and casement, fitted with louvres of plate
+glass with polished edges. Between the rebate and the casement it is a
+good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
+stretcher-frame holding several layers of "cheese-cloth" to filter the
+air. The construction of such an air filter is shown at Fig. 7. The
+glass louvres keep out the wet, and throw off coarse particles of
+falling soot; and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
+cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones--a very important point,
+though little heeded, if not, perhaps, wholly ignored.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.
+
+Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the ordinary
+Hot-air Principle.]
+
+The position of air intake is a matter of great importance, especially
+in large towns. It evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the
+bottom of an area. Even the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good: the
+shaft should be carried higher. The best places for the intakes are
+where there is always a current of pure air blowing, and away from smoky
+chimneys. Theoretically, it would seem that the higher the level of
+intake the better; but in cities, by going high we get among the
+belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stagnation below. Moreover,
+a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft
+might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath,
+and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
+"lobster-back" automatically turning _towards_ the wind, would in many
+cases prevent such a disastrous result. Even in low-level intakes, as I
+have said, trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
+remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only the one facing
+the current of air will be employed, the other being closed, which could
+be effected by fixing the glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and
+connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
+simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the
+louvres.
+
+The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most
+careful study, and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath
+must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
+Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is
+perhaps a bad job: the site only admits of ventilation at a back area,
+it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else, and the fresh air
+must be drawn from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling and
+dressing rooms; the bath rooms are in the basement and the furnace in a
+sub-basement, reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the
+bather. Two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault; three air-inlets are
+provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues, two in
+number, which, above, could join one another. Let us follow the air in
+its passage through the bath. Entering at the intakes, any coarse
+impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of
+finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
+cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible impurities, the air
+passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it
+reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls, along
+which it is rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and heating
+surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces, absorbs the
+radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft
+constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves.
+
+Questions of temperature I will omit for the present. The air, on
+passing through the laconicum, will be practically pure, as it is in
+such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this
+highly-heated chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
+provide ventilators. These should commence in the calidarium, and
+should, in the scheme of ventilation here considered, be so disposed
+that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room, the more
+frequent will they become. The object of this disposition of outlets for
+vitiated air is, that the cross currents thus created may not interfere
+with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium. Were too
+many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium,
+this stream would be diverted. Too much of the freshly-heated air would
+flow out at these points, and the onward movement of the air would be
+enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature
+in the tepidarium and lavatorium.
+
+In passing onward through the various rooms, two changes are wrought in
+the air: it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for
+every foot it travels, and it becomes laden with the exhalations from
+the lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown
+into the air, and as the normal temperature of the human body remains,
+in a healthy person, at about 98° Fahr., and rises but a few points even
+when submitted to the action of heat, these exhalations, in addition to
+being heavier than air, are very much below the average temperature of a
+sudatory chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted at the
+floor level.
+
+The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to
+the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh, hot
+air from the heating chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5
+superficial feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in. by 3
+in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms, say 4 in
+the calidarium, 7 in the tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing
+room and lavatorium.
+
+In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is the space
+comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms.
+At the end of the laconicum they enter flues, which I have shown as
+running side by side with the smoke flues.
+
+Other methods of heating the air, besides those mentioned, include coils
+of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber--a principle that has been
+frequently adopted in the past--and plain cylindrical iron radiating
+stoves, such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.
+
+Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.]
+
+In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created by the large
+number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning. An exposed stove
+in a hot room, has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
+the air in the bath, which should never on any account be done.
+
+If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace similar to the one
+shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and after an additional few feet of
+brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much
+as the flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be
+provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with
+expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in
+keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces
+on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
+radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess this advantage
+over a mere stove, that they warm the air more gradually. The furnace
+should be built adjoining the laconicum, the partition wall being of
+4-1/2-inch glazed brickwork, having a large number of small openings
+made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the
+fireclay heating apparatus. Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should
+be placed, turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
+half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue. The furnace
+itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed that its utmost heating
+power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air, which
+should pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
+partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue, if of wrought
+iron, should be rectangular in section, but if of cast-iron it should be
+round.
+
+The most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small,
+inexpensive, and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common
+laundry stove, with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the
+apartment. This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
+temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.
+
+A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.]
+
+To turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick, at
+Fig. 10 I have given the plan, elevation, and sections of a fireclay
+heating apparatus. It is constructed wholly of fireclay--fireclay
+bricks, quarries, and cement. In the main it consists of a long flue of
+firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and forwards over itself
+till the desired amount of radiating surface is gained. Between the
+coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing
+over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the air passing
+through by means of perforated bricks. The illustration shows a simple
+furnace; but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by
+providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues
+and air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat a small
+public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a compound apparatus could be
+constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one
+on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the lower one
+hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other, end to
+end, or might form the _sides_ of the laconicum; the last plan, however,
+being the least to be recommended, as in such positions they would not
+directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms.
+
+The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies
+radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind, besides a proportion of heated
+air, and from a fireclay surface, the employment of which renders it
+absolutely impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
+deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal.
+Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous
+attention than an iron stove. Its disadvantage is that, should the
+temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some
+time for the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, however, as fires
+at public baths must be kept banked up overnight, this is not a matter
+of importance. It is this very slowness of increase in temperature that
+constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
+which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so many baths. The
+difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature
+relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous
+fumes and carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the construction
+of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger, as the
+chances are that, unless the architect stands by and sees every joint
+made, the work will be done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must
+be employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must be literally of
+the very best and soundest description. Every single joint must be
+perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &c.,
+must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in
+the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness. Homogeneity of
+material must be obtained, having regard to expansion and contraction.
+The same material used for the bricks, &c., worked into a paste, must be
+employed for the joints.
+
+The design for a furnace on the principle shown at Fig. 10 must be
+prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating
+and cooling. Should this warning be disregarded, fractures will result.
+It will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block of flues
+and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any expansion, the
+connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe,
+which, being provided in considerable length before passing through the
+party-wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature permits any
+slight movement in a vertical direction. If an "expansion" joint were
+provided, there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed
+direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery. So
+much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with
+asbestos or some composition, or the heating will not be wholly by
+firebrick. The junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a
+cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
+the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces
+are fitted to retorts.
+
+This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum, but if thought
+desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks--9 in. and
+miss 4-1/2 in. The 4-1/2 by 3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond
+patterns. This screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of
+radiant heat.
+
+The first flue past the actual furnace--shown with ordinary dead-plate,
+raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door, and ashpit door for regulating
+draught--has walls 4-1/2 in. thick; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide;
+but in a larger apparatus, 9 in. and 4-1/2 in. respectively would be
+required. The quarries between flues and air spaces are 24 in. by 24 in.
+by 3 in., with rebated joints. Larger covers would be more liable to
+crack at any provocation.
+
+In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-heating may be
+employed, if found, as in many cases it would be, convenient and
+economical. The chief disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish
+baths, is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a pipe in
+the heating coil, which, by immediately filling the highly-heated
+atmosphere with vapour, might prove most disastrous to the occupants of
+the hot rooms, who would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the
+principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent
+Turkish baths in Germany.
+
+If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan, as in
+heating by means of furnaces. In the first method the fresh air is
+introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes, and passes
+thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
+heated by a stove. In the second method, steam radiators--compact
+batteries of pipes--must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh
+air being introduced over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
+the "small bore" type, about 5/8 inch internal diameter, and of wrought
+iron or copper. In order to ensure as far as possible against the danger
+of explosion, the system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by
+severe hydraulic pressure.
+
+It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease and economy, to be
+able to warm a building, drive machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian
+baths from one boiler, which can readily be done, very ordinary
+pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the
+requisite temperature. But the nature of the heating accomplished by
+means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
+surfaces of firebrick.
+
+The average temperatures of a public bath should range from about 110°
+in the shampooing rooms to 250°-260° in the hottest part of the
+laconicum, taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6
+in. above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated air and its
+point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms, the bather should be
+able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him, and as
+many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to
+themselves, it shows attention to the _habitués_ of the bath, if the hot
+rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures
+throughout the year. This may be 110°-120° in the shampooing rooms, 140°
+in the tepidarium, 180° in the calidarium, and 250° in the laconicum.
+These must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at 6
+ft. 6 in. above the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures
+are comfortable, but in a foul one they become insupportable.
+
+In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air, there
+will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say 4
+ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where
+the air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference. And here we
+may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection; for
+while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in
+comparatively cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
+reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its entirety, as
+where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so
+marked. And here, too, we may note the admirable nature of the Roman
+system of heating, where the floors radiated the majority of the heat,
+and the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under the ancient
+system must have entered through the cooler rooms, and being drawn
+towards the _calidarium_ found its exit through the ceilings, at times
+by way of the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus the ancient
+bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in
+the modern hot-air bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in
+a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body.
+
+The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the
+furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform
+heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove
+should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature
+should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the
+floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod
+adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures.
+
+The heating power of furnaces must be studied. Having calculated the
+cubical contents of the rooms to be heated, and given the heating power
+of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or
+superficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary size.
+
+Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to show the heating power
+of the "Convoluted" stove. The figures give the requisite size of stove
+to raise the air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
+before, and with ordinary firing.
+
+  Weight of    Sq. ft. of        Area capable
+   metal.    heating surface.     of heating.
+    ---            ---                ---
+    cwt.         sq. ft.           cub. ft.
+
+     14             35                                               500
+     20             55                1,200
+     22             69                2,000
+     34            119                3,500
+     36            139                5,000
+     45            180                8,000
+     50            231               12,000
+     56            296               16,000
+
+When different kinds of heating apparatus are employed, their heating
+power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into, or it
+may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process
+of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a
+larger one. This point is worth attention. Such mistakes are not
+unfrequently made.
+
+As regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms, an
+allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum, if
+purity of atmosphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance of
+perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated, as not only has
+the respired air from the lungs to be removed, but also the deleterious
+exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration.
+
+The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should not, if
+properly distributed, cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot
+rooms; for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
+a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold. The main thing
+to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the
+cold inlet be ample, and the passage from this intake to the point
+where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and
+unobstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided
+for the extraction of the foul air. With large horizontal flues, and a
+capacious and tall shaft, the so-called natural system of ventilation
+will be as effective as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
+gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the
+whole height. In many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed
+with the greatest benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of
+a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms, and
+running so as to exhaust, would do away with all the objectionable
+odours and nastiness of many baths.
+
+The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the
+difference between a good bath and a bad one, which latter is infinitely
+worse than no bath at all. There exist, at the present time, scores of
+baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating. Such
+foulness arises from stagnation of the air. There is no continuous flow,
+and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A
+system of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the wrong
+principle, and does not act. There is no change of air. The atmosphere
+of such places becomes pestilential.
+
+Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater volume of air
+enters the laconicum than the cold intake. This fact, however, does not
+practically affect the arrangements for ventilation, &c. Theoretically,
+however, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace
+to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the
+furnace from the intake--about one-third larger--and that the total area
+of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between
+the two.
+
+The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a Turkish
+bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact that we have to
+continually remove _the bottom layer of air_. The provision of the
+foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a
+suspended floor with a hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
+the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature, where we
+require to constantly remove the top layer, and often actually do so
+when we provide false ceilings to passages, &c.
+
+The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be
+actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above. Long, wide gratings 6 in.
+deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design. In theory,
+indeed, the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round
+with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted,
+into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges.
+
+There is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms
+that requires considerable attention, and that is the _back-flow_ along
+the floor. In any bath where hot air is supplied, if the bather will
+hold his linen "check" across the top of the doorway between the rooms
+he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the
+shampooing room. If, however, the sheet be held across the lower
+portion of the doorway, he will find that there is a current of air
+setting in an opposite direction--from the shampooing room to the
+laconicum. This is shown at Fig. 11.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.
+
+Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers.]
+
+It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this
+back-flow when he is standing between and in a line with the doors of
+the hot rooms. All the air appears to be travelling along the top of the
+bath, and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem
+to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath, round the
+shampooing rooms, and back along the floor. In reality, however, it is
+only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
+diagram, Fig. 11, there being a secondary circulating process in each
+room.
+
+This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern
+system--that is to say, where freshly-heated air is passed in in
+sufficient quantity. It is a natural result, and tends to distribute the
+heat more equally. The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
+opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment, as
+the plunge bath chamber. The bather standing in a line between the
+doorways may then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
+doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided to any means of
+communication with a cold chamber.
+
+A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in
+the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus. By
+reference to Fig. 11 the reader will understand that by the provision of
+a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end
+would be attained.
+
+The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour.
+"Perfect dryness of the air," says Mr. Urquhart, "is indispensable to
+the enduring of a high temperature.... This dryness is further requisite
+for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an atmosphere is
+created injurious to health and conducive to disease. It is the very
+condition in which low, putrid, and typhus fevers flourish. The
+electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet
+will lose its attractive power. We all know the difference of our own
+sensations on a dry and on a damp day."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.
+
+
+The water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler of some form for
+heating the water, a cold-water cistern, and a hot-water tank;
+supply-pipes, flow and return pipes, and branch pipes; lavatorium
+fittings, comprising bowls, basins, and cocks; douche room fittings, as
+the "needle" bath, shower, douche, spray, and "wave" baths; a warm
+shower-bath for bathers entering the bath, or desiring such a shower at
+intervals; and the fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this
+there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium, and an
+ornamental fountain in the frigidarium; lavatories in various positions;
+and, possibly, fittings and appliances for the laundry.
+
+Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be brought into the
+building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern, which should
+be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good "head." This cistern
+must be capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circulating
+principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of suitable boilers there
+are several in the market, of many and varied designs. Simplicity of
+construction should be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps
+its most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be separate
+furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms
+and of the water being out of the question. In small baths, however, the
+hot-water tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling in
+the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained, a water super-heater,
+with steam coil, may be employed with advantage; but in the majority of
+cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable.
+
+The supply-pipes must be of large section, and indeed, the whole scheme
+of water-fitting should be liberal. It must be remembered that, in
+addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge, &c.,
+there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes, if
+washing be done upon the premises.
+
+The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of the case, be kept down
+as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms, and be placed over some
+subsidiary apartment. This does not give much pressure of water. For all
+purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about 20
+ft. above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing
+appliances. This will ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
+formidable affair.
+
+The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all be of the best
+description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath.
+Ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place. Lead piping should be
+discarded for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its stead,
+with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees. Should there be
+sufficient means, _copper_ piping should be employed for anything under
+1 in. internal diameter, and gunmetal should be used for unions, &c.,
+and for cocks and valves.
+
+Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings conduce, in no small
+degree, to the effect of a bath. There should be no attempt at hiding
+away of pipes, &c. They should be made features of the bath, and be
+designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe, joint, and
+connection should be prearranged, and the means of fixing and supporting
+the same carefully designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
+and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mysterious plumbing has
+gone by. There is some beauty even in a pipe.
+
+To consider the fittings, we will commence with the lavatorium. Branches
+from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each
+shampooer's basin. These may be finished separately, with independent
+nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be connected with the valve
+shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in. above the basin, the outlet of the valve
+being fitted with a foot or 15 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter
+case the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the wall, and
+depend from the horizontal supply pipes, which in their turn could be
+carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron
+ties, as indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The _internal_
+diameter--the measurement given in all the figures--of these branch
+pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be 3/4 in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.
+
+A Shampooing Basin.]
+
+Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish bath are best of the
+"gland" pattern. They should have bold handles. Those of the screw-down
+type are useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be used, and,
+to insure freedom of running, the turning part should be equal to the
+inner diameter of the pipes. The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if
+the pipes to be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows the
+type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for
+shower baths, &c. To be useful, as well as bold and effective in
+appearance, the handles should be large.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.
+
+Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.]
+
+_In every case_, the cold water must be placed on the right hand, and
+the hot on the left.
+
+The earthenware basin is provided to hold water mixed to the required
+temperature. A waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration, but
+they should be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow--shallower
+than shown. There should be no overhanging ledge to catch the
+shampooer's hand-basin; for this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the
+basin sunk into the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
+ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take
+water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab, or
+over the bather. In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must be
+provided.
+
+Should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches, the horizontal
+supply-pipes must be continued along the wall, and branches dropped to
+each basin. The basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat
+higher than the benches. In the illustration given, I have shown how to
+arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins. In other cases the
+fixing of the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium purposes
+these basins, cocks, &c., are all the water-fittings to be considered;
+but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room--and perhaps a
+plunge bath chamber--as well as a washing and massage room, more or less
+of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated.
+
+The tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the
+shampooing, the soaping, and the cleansing, are various. The most useful
+is the simple shower bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied
+with water through a regulating valve. It is employed for thoroughly
+cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge, whose waters are for
+the common use of all. In many small baths its place is efficiently
+taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at Fig. 15.
+The shower proper is usually fixed above the "needle" bath, as at Fig.
+14, or formed by a continuation of the "backbone" of the needle. It is
+best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower, as at
+Fig. 16; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a branch from the pipe
+conducting to the needle, and with stop cocks. The needle-bath is a
+skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching
+ribs. The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into the ribs,
+squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences.
+The bather stands in the centre of the apparatus, with the ribs
+encircling him. The ribs should be of 1/2-in. copper piping, the
+backbone and lesser supports being of iron, 2-1/2 and 1-1/2 in. diameter
+respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant must be placed
+the regulating valve.
+
+A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which will include needle,
+shower, ascending shower, spinal douche, and back shower; but this
+should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
+these matters should be the great desideratum. The above-named
+additions, however, may be briefly described. At Fig. 14 I have
+indicated the position of ascending shower. It would be connected with
+the pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock. The spinal
+douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper, and should have
+similar connection with the supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal
+spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone, and be
+connected in the same manner. Avoid these complications in a bath for
+healthy persons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.
+
+A Needle Bath.]
+
+The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be enclosed in a metal
+shield if desired. This bath may be placed in one of three
+positions--(1) in the shampooing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in
+the plunge bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the bather
+passes it _en route_ from the washing room to the plunge. For this
+appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential, as with a low
+pressure it is very ineffective. The illustration shows the bath
+standing on iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
+secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.
+
+Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.]
+
+Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic bathing appliances
+may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any
+direction, a spray, or large rose, and a "wave." These three appliances
+may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They are connected to the pipes
+from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To
+this is secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gunmetal
+nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine, but must not be used
+upon the head or chest. With a good head of water this is a most
+powerful appliance, feeling more like a rod of some solid substance
+pressing against one than a stream of water. The "wave" is formed by a
+copper spreader. The spray is simply a large rose, 6 in. or 8 in.
+diameter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.
+
+Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.]
+
+It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the
+above-mentioned appliances together, as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and
+cold handles are here brought together. These handles should be long, so
+as to admit of easy regulating of the temperature of the water; they
+may well be 9 in. in length. The douche, wave, and spray should be kept
+as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.
+
+I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of
+complications in these water-fittings and appliances. Some of the more
+"fussy" contrivances--as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as
+above described--require so much regulating, and so many valves and
+stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set
+them going. Simplicity in design and construction should be observed in
+this work: the pipes as few as need be; the valves as simple as
+possible; and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of
+their being easily examined and repaired.
+
+I have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of
+provision whereby the bather may, on entering the bath, have a warm
+spray or shower, of any temperature that may be agreeable to him. In
+high class baths this feature should always be provided, as it is a
+great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions a necessity, thus
+to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms, or at
+such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired.
+The proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration.
+Were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided, it
+would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms; but
+as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such
+shower, it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
+convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the bath. A small
+chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium, and also from
+the tepidarium itself, would be convenient. At times it may be placed in
+a nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed, the apparatus
+provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by
+the bather himself, so as not to take up the time of the attendants; and
+for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and free from
+liability of scalding the user, unless through gross carelessness. A
+valve with one handle only must be employed, as, unless the bather has
+had some practice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
+of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such as that shown at
+Fig. 17 should be employed. This valve must be so designed as to supply
+cold, tepid, and hot water _in regular gradation_--not intermittently,
+as do some valves of this description. It must be so placed that any one
+taking the shower may, whilst beneath the rose, be able to easily reach
+the handle. The rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
+Fig. 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
+shower-bath.
+
+In hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small
+foot-bath, formed by a sinking of about 6 in. in the floor, and filled
+with hot water; for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to
+enter the hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and overflow
+would have to be provided for this bath, and a marble seat might be
+placed round it. A marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it
+pleasing in appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.
+
+Bather's Shower Bath.]
+
+I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections of a plunge
+bath, and shown its water-fittings. The overflow and waste run into
+cast-iron drainpipes, which should be employed till outside the
+building. On the end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose
+with leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of
+pipe. For the waste I have shown a "disc" valve of gunmetal. This is
+similarly screwed to flange of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve
+is opened and closed by a movable rod. If _fixed_, it might catch the
+toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set
+the valve itself back in a recess. Instead of this valve, an ordinary
+4-in., 5-in., or 6-in. "plug" waste could be employed, but it is rather
+clumsy on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve, with wheel
+and spindle outside the bath, is the best means of letting out the waste
+water. The supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just
+after the water meter. The valve should be of the "screw-down" pattern,
+either with a thumbscrew, wheel and spindle, or a key.
+
+In coast towns, where a _sea-water_ plunge may be employed, a little
+rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position, for
+cleansing the hair from salt water.
+
+Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of the "sanitary"
+water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak, except to say that, in a
+place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature
+should be as perfect as possible.
+
+A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath
+of any pretension. It should be placed at the coolest end of the room,
+affixed to a wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste, and tap of
+some sort. The bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware.
+
+If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium, it should be
+of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware, and must be provided with
+supply-pipe, waste, and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
+is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is restful to the
+ear, and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants
+arranged around and upon it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.
+
+
+Light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect, we may well
+consider first the methods of lighting the bath. As a rule, much
+artificial light will be required. The hot rooms, being often in a
+basement, are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
+Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital
+importance, the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such
+as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable,
+fumes. Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
+objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for
+the foul air, the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and
+envelop persons below the burners, though, of course, in a diluted
+state. Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory
+chamber, it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the
+burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room, and provision made
+for carrying off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is at
+last increasing with marked rapidity; and the incandescent light is
+admirably adapted for all purposes of the Turkish bath. Where it can
+possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath.
+
+For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable, except that it is
+heating, and assists in vitiating the atmosphere. But inasmuch as the
+fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air, the
+objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Nevertheless, the
+electric light is the illuminant to be coveted.
+
+The quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and
+softened. It is not a place for brilliant general illumination, but
+rather for a soft light pervading the whole, and auxiliary lights where
+required, such as near couches, &c.--a system, in fact, diametrically
+opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more objectionable of its
+kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a
+cooling room. It would be found intolerable.
+
+For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light required in any
+part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches, where it must
+be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading. One
+gas-burner, or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches is a
+fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of course, much in the
+distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil,
+and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be
+considered. The dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed
+lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it, depending from a
+chain over a fountain, throwing its rays downwards on to the falling
+waters, and _not_ in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon
+the couches.
+
+Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial lighting, by
+windows or lamps, it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the
+eyes of the bather--a principle of universal application, but especially
+to be regarded in a place where, more often than not, the occupants of
+the various apartments are reclining, _face upwards_, on benches or
+couches. In the hot rooms, as in the cooling room, little general
+illumination is required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
+especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore, may be provided
+in the sudatory chambers, should be as diffused as possible, the
+additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments
+being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers.
+The lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a
+very small compass.
+
+Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing
+rooms. In scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement, where daylight
+can only be obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
+arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this
+light.
+
+For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark
+laconicum, and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the
+shampooing room. The plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted, but not
+above the tone of the frigidarium, or the bather will feel to be going
+from cheerfulness to comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
+bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber, with
+perhaps an ornamental lamp over the bath itself; and if the
+intermediary staircase--should there be such a feature--be lighted on a
+lower scale, the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
+one.
+
+
+DECORATING.
+
+Under this heading, I would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a
+bath, of the materials to be employed, and of the design of features--of
+the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather than of
+anything implying the _laying on_ of so-called ornament.
+
+The architecture of a bath is _interior architecture_ as distinct from
+that involving external work. Much of this, moreover, can often only be
+seen by artificial light. These two restrictions point to the
+employment, for the most part, of surface decoration, rather than of
+modelling--of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings, cornices,
+and pilasters.
+
+There are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome
+designing, and they are the frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge
+bath. There is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
+are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time; and as
+for the plunge, it is in itself an object capable of giving a very
+pleasing effect. Over-elaboration--in respect to added ornament--in the
+hot rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity, with good
+proportions, seems here the most pleasing. The general effect of the hot
+rooms should be light, a statement which is wholly in harmony with what
+I have said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight appear
+to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light,
+the darkest portions being a dado. A generally dark and heavy tone of
+colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light:
+light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly decorated,
+large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled iron, for more expensive
+establishments; light walls of white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed
+bricks, without startling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really
+bold, contrast; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark
+pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone, but
+not too dark; and, in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is
+perhaps best to stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
+burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets affixed to
+plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks best dark and polished, affording
+an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials.
+
+Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in
+ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by coloured glass shades over
+lamps, &c.
+
+The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be
+recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a
+heavy-looking arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look very well
+if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns, and affixed
+with "buttons" with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig.
+18. Large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They
+may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made with screw-holes and
+affixed to ceiling joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.
+
+Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.]
+
+Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &c., should be specified to
+be executed with an extra neat joint, and should bond to less than 12
+in. to the foot; otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
+clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults. Work
+which may pass as fair in ordinary cases, looks coarse and rough in the
+glazed interior walls of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is
+some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints; much of the work
+produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring.
+
+One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms, admits of being
+rendered very attractive; and that is the flooring. Mosaic work is
+always pleasing, if it be designed with taste and executed artistically.
+Marble and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting of a
+richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of brilliant colouring.
+In designing marble-mosaic floors, however, one may well fight shy of
+including that senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
+often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer to the
+heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one
+another, and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an
+effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom--to be
+flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design is of antique
+origin, and has a real classical designation, I cannot but think that it
+is to be avoided, and that fillings-in should be made with tesseræ of
+one tint, or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.
+
+Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate,
+with faïence and modelled glazed ware, marbles and painted encaustic
+tiles, and many other suitable but expensive materials; but for my own
+part I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber,
+though by this I do not mean monastic severity of style.
+
+The general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration. It
+should have an effect of its own, quite distinct from anything else. It
+should have something of the conservatory in it. It should be richly
+carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and be pleasant with plants and
+laden with the murmur of falling waters. It should be light, certainly;
+cheerful, cool, and airy looking; and as lofty as possible within reason
+and common sense. The ceiling should be of a light tone. A lantern-light
+where the light may come in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated
+air may go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.
+
+Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to
+hot rooms--if a staircase be needed--the divans or screens for couches,
+and an ornamental fountain as above described. The staircase may be
+rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white marble treads to
+the stairs. The divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing
+ornamental, open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style or
+otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf partitions, enclosing a
+couple of couches, look handsome. As a rule, they are of a flimsy and
+gimcrack order of architecture. They should be made as solid as
+possible. For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
+divans.
+
+As regards style, I do not see why one method of design should be more
+suited than another for the bath. Having become popularly known as the
+"Turkish" bath, an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted in
+the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style
+of architecture, there is something to be said on this score. It is,
+moreover, a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than
+modelled work, or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
+is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design of a bath in
+an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a
+half-hearted manner; and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful
+use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent.[3]
+
+Considering that the old Romans brought the bath to a great pitch of
+excellence--far, very far, I should be inclined to say, in advance of
+our present knowledge of the subject--their style of architecture would
+seem fitted to its design at this day; and for large public baths,
+larger than any yet erected in this country, one can imagine that a very
+interesting design could be made in the Roman style, founded on a study
+of the old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to them,
+reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures, details, &c., of the
+public baths of the time of the Empire. In a like manner in the Moorish
+style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old
+baths in Eastern countries,[4] drawing, perhaps, some inspiration from
+the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their pleasant retired air,
+for the frigidarium. I have often thought, when looking at the late Owen
+Jones' splendid model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable
+frigidarium the Court of the Lions would make, with its spacious
+central area, and retired nooks suitable for couches, and its pretty
+sparkling fountain and green plants, its brilliant colouring, and
+general cheerfulness of effect. Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
+court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium, with
+its _cubicula_ for couches, and its central area and fountain.
+
+The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done
+should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate
+the provision of handsome public baths for the people. In everyday
+practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths.
+Although only the Roman and Eastern styles have been mentioned, there
+can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath
+in whatsoever style he may please.
+
+I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered
+a thing of beauty. This is in reference as much to its plan as to the
+materials of the sides and floor, &c. There is no reason why a plunge
+should always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any of the shapes
+indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers, especially in warm weather, like to
+stay some minutes in the plunge, and not go straight through; they may
+like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require room to turn, and a
+keyhole plan, such as at A, is suitable, and especially useful where the
+bather has to return to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is
+shown at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is
+allowable, as here the true dive seldom pertains. A delicate semi-oval
+plan, such as that at D, which is much after the pattern of the Roman
+bath recently discovered at Box, could be employed; or a plain, circular
+bath with steps around, such as that of the Pompeian _Balneum_, shown at
+C; or, again, such a plan as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor
+in Sussex. For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we cannot
+do better than refer direct to the old Roman remains, either in Italy
+itself, or in Great Britain and other provinces and colonial
+dependencies of the old Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the
+possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
+often produced baths of great beauty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.
+
+Plans of Plunge Baths.]
+
+The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint, and
+there should always be more or less pure white. Nothing really is better
+than plain white glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
+water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows contamination when
+it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesseræ,
+any simple patterns being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such
+as strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well through the water.
+The floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty. The sides are
+best of glazed brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
+steps of so-called white marble.
+
+
+FURNISHING.
+
+The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish bath comprises the
+complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches, lounges, ottomans,
+carpets, mats, and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
+the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the sudatory chambers may be
+required easy chairs of peculiar construction, with stretched canvas
+seats; in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
+marble-topped ones; and any carpeting, matting, felt for benches,
+curtains (if any), and Indian matting for dadoes. These are the
+principal requirements that need consideration, the remaining furnishing
+of subordinate apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordinary
+description. The refreshment department requires possibly a
+coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf fittings; but, as a
+general rule, no arrangements for actual cooking.
+
+The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by 2 ft.; but 6 ft. 6
+in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal allowance. They should be made of
+polished wood, strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered with
+a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans are adopted, on the
+Eastern model, the benches must be framed of wood, permanently fixed,
+and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet, as
+Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of
+Indian matting, affixed above to a moulded rail.
+
+The carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread.
+Nothing, of course, equals a Persian or Turkey carpet, and one or the
+other should be provided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
+adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where a polished wood
+floor is adopted and shown, soft durable matting or strips of carpet
+must be placed along any routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and
+the boot-room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables,
+&c.--anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to tread. Anything
+in the nature of fastenings likely, by any possibility, to injure the
+feet, must be carefully avoided.
+
+A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &c., should be provided in
+the cooling room. The provision of lounges, &c., must depend upon the
+design of the room, and whether nooks or angles are available for their
+accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by
+the heads of the couches (Fig. 21, B).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.
+
+Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.]
+
+The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at
+C and D, whereat are shown an iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen
+frames are best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
+fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few of these seats
+should always be provided in the hot rooms. Movable wooden _benches_ are
+constructed of beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
+head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-seasoned wood should be
+employed, for all joinery purposes, in the hot rooms.
+
+In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten, and a
+cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off boots and shoes. A shelf or
+shelves for linen checks is useful in this position.
+
+Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over, but _strips_
+of matting or carpet are better. The hot laconicum is best carpeted
+throughout. The tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the
+bathers must necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
+provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot rooms. For
+similar reasons to the carpeting--the non-conduction of heat--fine white
+felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches, as at
+Fig. 20. Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above the
+benches, I have already spoken.
+
+In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped as at E, Fig. 5,
+are required as head-rests. They should be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and
+hollowed to fit the head.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.
+
+Furniture of a Turkish Bath.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: I do not know of any building--bath or otherwise, civil or
+domestic--in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour
+decoration has been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to
+have been missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed
+in very small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the
+general effect.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely
+unstudied. Few architects visit the East, and none enter the baths
+there, either in Egypt, Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true
+Oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about
+these buildings.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+PRIVATE BATHS.
+
+
+The Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale, from a
+single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry
+stove, to an elaborate suite of apartments, providing all that is found
+in the public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an addition to an
+existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the
+house.
+
+There are, of course, many expedients for producing perspiration by
+heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of
+bath rooms; but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of
+baths, I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For although there
+is something to be said in their favour, in that the head is free and
+one can breathe cooler air, there are serious objections to their use,
+as the lamps employed _burn the air_, and there is also an absence of
+that rapid aërial circulation which is so much to be desired. Besides
+the actual objections to their use, more or less inconvenience attends
+the employment of the sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and
+there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
+extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient.
+
+The bath in the house may consist of one of the following
+arrangements:--(1) A single room used as a sudatory chamber and for
+washing; (2) a hot room and a washing room; (3) a combined hot room and
+washing room, and a cooling room; (4) a cooling room, washing room, and
+hot room; or (5) a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every
+possible luxury, such as even the old Roman gentlemen would have
+coveted. Where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room
+as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also in the cases where only
+a washing room and a hot room are provided.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.
+
+Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
+Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill.]
+
+For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing operations are also
+conducted, all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and
+heat-proof floor and ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
+smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank or _lavatrina_.
+Allowance must be made for a couch opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A)
+shows the simplest form of a bath room possible; it is that which Mr.
+Urquhart constructed, and has described in his 'Manual of the Turkish
+Bath.' It was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room
+might be built, the whole arrangement, with water fittings and building
+of three of its walls, only costing 37_l._
+
+The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a private house should be
+cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house, with
+carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end; and in the case of
+an elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors and heavy
+curtains, should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing
+rooms, as at Fig. 24. The air of the hot rooms should, of course, be
+perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house.
+
+The position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the
+bath and the house and its situation. In town houses, where the bath
+consists of only a washing and a hot room, the first floor will be the
+most convenient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground floor is
+as handy as anywhere; and this position allows of the easier
+construction of the heating apparatus. In the country, the bath is best
+built away from the house, connected by a short lobby, which may be
+utilised for boots, &c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
+overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-conduction of heat to
+places where it is not wanted.
+
+The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for the simplest, a
+common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A) and at Fig. 23; for bigger
+baths, a small convoluted stove, as at Fig. 24; or a furnace of
+firebrick with an iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22--a plan of the hot room
+(15 ft. by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson built at
+Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a small furnace wholly constructed
+of fireclay, such as that of which I have given complete plans in the
+chapter on "Heating and Ventilation," would be the best. A furnace of
+this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath,
+at Fig. 25. Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a firebrick
+furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces retain their heat a long
+time. It should be "banked" at night. A bath only required at times, and
+quickly, is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron stove
+and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature. The
+simple baths illustrated at Figs. 22 (A) and 23, are therefore very
+convenient and effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
+to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for
+private purposes, as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor,
+and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at
+Fig. 24. A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, _ante_, must
+be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot
+room. If the bath be on the ground floor, the construction of any form
+of heating apparatus is rendered easier.
+
+To prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house,
+the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed. Hollow walls
+must be provided round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on
+the external side, and the transmission of heat through internal walls.
+The floors above and below should--if not of solid fireproof
+construction--be formed as described in the section dealing with the
+design of the sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, asbestos,
+sawdust, or materials having similar properties. Windows should be
+double. Wherever possible, concrete floors should be provided to the hot
+rooms and washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
+mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It should be needless
+to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from
+fire by the stoves or furnaces.
+
+The ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful
+attention as those for public use. The hollow external walls may often
+be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air, which
+must be let into the cavity at the floor level. If the bath be
+constructed on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system of
+carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits--recommended for
+public baths--should be employed, as in the accompanying design for a
+large private bath, where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one
+vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have said on
+the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on many matters in connection
+with the design of public baths, applies in the case of the private one,
+and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints
+as to its construction.
+
+In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to explain the
+arrangement and construction of private baths, from those formed by
+converting existing rooms into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete
+design. Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private bath, an
+apartment only measuring 11 ft. by 16 ft., yet forming an effective
+sudatory chamber, with simple iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or
+lavatrina. On this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
+adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23. One plan shows a
+hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed
+in the old external wall, and the new chamber constructed with hollow
+walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra room would, of course, be
+thus formed on the floor below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and
+the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room, which
+would become the lavatorium, and undressing room if necessary. A
+double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper
+bath used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating the
+adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by taking away the
+flue-pipe to a new chimney, and knocking a doorway through the old
+partition wall, thus making a complete set of bath rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.
+
+Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.]
+
+The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing room divided into a
+combined hot room and washing room, and a cooling room. Three of the
+walls being ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined with lath and
+plaster on quartering, leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of
+heat by absorption and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
+quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues, for the
+withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected below with the hot room,
+and above lead into the open air. A pugged partition and double-doored
+lobby separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for a
+full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which has a metal screen
+around to protect the more adjacent walls from the heat. A lavatrina is
+provided, as shown at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a
+shower. This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood,
+as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A couple of couches, lavatory,
+and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium.
+
+Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed, the fresh air
+should be admitted as near the stove as possible, and if the inlet be
+connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket,
+the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature. The
+temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates
+directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather, is not a
+matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is
+transmitted through the agency of the air itself.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.
+
+A complete Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+Cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every
+consideration, I have been led to give the above plans and descriptions
+of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other
+rooms. But plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required, and
+at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an
+appendage to, and at one and the same time as, the house. In this plan
+all necessaries are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
+outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It is arranged on the
+first floor of a projecting wing off the main building. The frigidarium
+is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
+provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels.
+Between the frigidarium and bath rooms is a double-doored lobby of a
+kind that is very useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
+heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it forms a perfect
+preventive against the entry of the air of the hot rooms into the
+cooling room. Between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the
+laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a curtain if
+necessary. The walls are 18 in.--9 in. and 4-1/2 in., with 4-1/2 in.
+cavity, used for ventilation. The bath rooms are lined with glazed
+brickwork. The floor is of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction.
+Enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
+rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is the stokery and
+furnace chamber, fitted with a small convoluted stove, a hot-air shaft
+leading to the bath room. Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal
+flues from either side of the building. The windows in the bath rooms
+are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches, as at
+Fig. 21 (E), _ante_, and a similar bench occupies one side of
+lavatorium, opposite which is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk
+into the floor and partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
+In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes, lavatory, and
+toilet tables, &c. This would be a very effective plan for a comfortable
+private bath.
+
+The ordinary "slipper," "length," or "shallow" bath is out of place in
+the rooms of a Turkish bath; but where the bath has to be adapted with
+economy to an existing bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where,
+say, some members of a family take the Turkish bath and others the
+ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-named figure, and serve
+the purposes of a lavatrina. The lavatrina, as designed in the plan of
+the large Turkish bath appended, however, is the most convenient
+apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and washing
+oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from the ordinary method
+of immersion in a large body of water; and as the former manner is the
+most economical of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
+in a house, to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and
+cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary
+slipper-bath.
+
+In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a
+tepidarium. This chamber should therefore be as large as possible. In it
+may be required a shampooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath,
+in addition to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water fittings
+are to be provided. All that will be required are hot and cold water
+taps over the edge of the lavatrina, which should also have a waste and
+overflow. Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
+arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, _ante_. This will serve
+all purposes, unless a douche and a needle are desired, when the
+regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within
+the bather's reach while standing in the bath.
+
+The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a bath-man, must look
+upon shampooing as a _luxury_ but not a _necessity_ of the bath. Dr. W.
+J. Fleming, in a lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
+before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years back, said that the
+accessories of shampooing, &c., are, despite the popular opinion to the
+contrary, non-essential. A shampooing slab--which must be of marble--is
+therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private
+baths.
+
+A complete private bath must contain the _piscina_, or plunge. Unless
+space and expense be no object, this cannot well be made capable of
+affording a vigorous dive; but endeavours should be made to secure a
+bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the
+whole body. It will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public
+plunge bath.
+
+The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant, cheerful, and
+comfortable as possible. It should be a cosy place where the bather may
+recline and cool, and smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his
+heart's content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an Eastern
+divan; or it might be a simple, homely room, fitted with one or two
+comfortable couches. A fireplace may here be a desirable feature, for
+appearance sake, during the winter months. The room should be _really_
+ventilated--viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and with effective
+means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere, since, as I have pointed
+out in the chapters on public baths, the cooling process is, in its way,
+as important as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
+expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.
+
+DESIGN FOR A PRIVATE TURKISH BATH
+
+LONGITUDINAL SECTION.]
+
+At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large private Turkish
+bath. It is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing
+addition to a country mansion; and considering the money prodigally
+lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
+indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of
+appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health, a cure for
+disease, and an untold luxury. The public bath may be a blessing, but
+for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
+bath.
+
+[Illustration: Design for a Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified and adapted to any
+style of design. The building could be connected to the house by a
+corridor, or by a glazed _xystos_, either abutting on to the main wall
+of house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the frigidarium are
+recesses for boots and for linen. The frigidarium--about 15 ft.
+square--has benches fitted up like one side of a divan, bay windows with
+space for plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
+ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment from the bath
+rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel closet, which latter could be
+supplied with hot air. The combined lavatorium and tepidarium--14 ft.
+square--is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses containing the
+plunge bath and lavatrina. A shampooing bench is shown. A marble dado
+surrounds the walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
+dome--which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete--and marble
+springers to horse-shoe arches. The shower is placed over the lavatrina.
+Plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining
+is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of that of
+which I have before given full detailed drawings. The vitiated air is
+drawn through flues in the floor, to a shaft on the opposite side to the
+chimney. The stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air
+would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
+description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there were no
+available supply of water from house, a boiler and tank could be placed
+in the stokery, and a cistern on the flat roof. The flat roof, if of
+iron and concrete, would form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable,
+the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and
+lavatorium. An air space should be left between the masonry of dome and
+covering of copper or other material. The lights should be double
+glazed. With the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness
+of the dome. This bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with
+pure heat of a most hygienic character.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.
+
+
+The bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in
+connection with, and--what is of greater moment--_in harmony with_,
+other baths, such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and the
+ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths, which, where the Turkish
+bath is included, may often be efficiently administered with the
+appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room.
+Moreover, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment, or
+system of pine-therapeutics, there will be required rooms or halls for
+the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the
+communication between these different baths, as the medicated, Russian,
+&c., and the Turkish bath, and their relative positions, must be
+carefully studied. It should be compact and the various passages and
+corridors as short as possible, these passages and corridors being
+provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and uniformly
+equable, temperature. This latter point we do not find so carefully
+studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant.
+The consequence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to and from
+the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid contracts a serious
+chill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.
+
+Plan of the Baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.]
+
+I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore,
+at Bournemouth, which, though not confessedly a hydropathic institution,
+has yet a fine bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
+as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure. These
+baths include a Turkish bath, with three hot rooms, a shampooing room,
+and cooling room, connected by an anteroom with the suite of
+miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The latter
+comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such as the needle, douche,
+sitz, hip, and wave; a room or "hall" for the inhalation of pine vapour,
+whilst in a bath of condensed steam; and a room for the administration
+of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of pulverised Mont
+Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose, or ear, as may be required, this
+room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are a
+range of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
+purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those of pine extract,
+sulphur, iodine, &c., &c., and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water
+and salt-water baths. In connection are arranged dressing and reposing
+rooms, besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat similar suite
+of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block. There is
+no separate Turkish bath, however; certain days of the week are set
+apart exclusively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply the
+steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths, and the water super
+heaters, as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery, are arranged
+in a basement under the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
+room.
+
+It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath, which was arranged
+under the direction of the late Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct
+communication with the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the
+hot rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath, or _vice
+versâ_. In designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the Mont
+Dore, this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to
+be most carefully studied. Direct communication is required between the
+Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and medicated baths, as
+some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity.
+
+In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable, and
+used in ordinary bath rooms, the Turkish bath being the only feature
+requiring special design.
+
+A true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two
+Turkish baths, one for ladies and one for gentlemen, as the power and
+efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and
+persistency with which it is carried out. Where there is only one bath,
+it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and
+gentlemen, and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may
+be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two
+suites of rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that they will
+be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side, so
+that they may have their furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.
+
+Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty of room, it is
+often convenient to arrange the Turkish and other baths on the ground
+floor adjoining the main building, a corridor of connection being
+placed, if necessary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
+have to be taken--often carried or wheeled in movable chairs--to the
+baths, and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a
+wheeled chair from the top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the
+baths.
+
+In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms should be provided
+for the Turkish bath--viz. three hot rooms, a washing and shampooing
+room, and a cooling room. They will, of course, be on a small scale; but
+the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath should also be added,
+but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether.
+
+For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have
+rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths. The needle bath
+should include the ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal
+douche--a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower. The
+regulating appliances for these various showers, sprays, &c., should be
+brought together, and conveniently placed for the attendant. A very
+ingenious appliance, suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer
+regulating valve, which indicates the temperature of the water being
+supplied to the bather. The waters mix in a ball, into which is inserted
+the bulb of a sensitive thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or
+cold handles are turned.
+
+If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish bath is to be used for
+the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides
+those taking the Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
+also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing room for other
+bathers, it must be made of large size.
+
+Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the
+treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital
+necessity, and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a
+hydropathic establishment.
+
+Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath appended to these
+institutions. Hot rooms beneath their proper temperature, and lukewarm
+water, are unpardonable delinquencies, either in the early morning, in
+the evening, or during the day. For this reason I would recommend a
+furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for a long time, and is not
+subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves.
+
+Much of that which I have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will
+apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes. Here,
+however, efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be but
+of the plainest description. The conditions and exigencies of each case
+must determine the size, position, and nature of the suite of bath
+rooms. All that has been said upon the subject of the design and
+construction of the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
+given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in regard to
+Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential blocks of buildings, and
+for clubs.
+
+There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath building, in the
+increased provision of baths in hospitals, asylums, and public and
+private institutions of one kind and another; and also in hotels,
+"flats," and clubs. The hydropathic establishments have long adopted
+the Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect
+harmony with the principles of the Water Cure. But it is only
+occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums;
+and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been
+made in this respect, the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected.
+Seeing, too, the immense extent to which co-operative living has
+developed, and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
+residential blocks, &c., I cannot but think that the builders of such
+tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of
+small Turkish baths for the visitors and residents.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.
+
+
+Animals of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows, sheep, and pigs,
+have been experimented upon with regard to the bath, and with much
+success. But for practical purposes all we need here consider is the
+design of the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
+be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a
+pig. It is, after all, only in connection with the training of horses
+that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this
+direction. Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected in this
+country in connection with hospitals for horses, attached to large
+businesses, and appended to training stables. In the development of
+race-horses the treatment has, according to the opinion of several
+authorities, been found eminently beneficial.
+
+The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct communication
+with the stables. It may consist, as Fig. 27--a plan of a bath built for
+the Great Northern Railway Company's hospital for horses--of a washing,
+and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place for the animals to
+cool, and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being
+turned out in the open. In the plan given it will be seen that the horse
+is led through the washing room into the first hot room. Without
+turning round, he may be led into the second hot room and thence into
+the washing room again. In the hot rooms, which are heated by a
+convoluted stove, are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be
+secured. A similar arrangement is made in the washing room, where, after
+undergoing the sweating process, the horse is groomed down, an operation
+that should be performed in part with an iron _strigil_, much after the
+pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient Romans.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.
+
+Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath for Horses.]
+
+These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply
+constructed, though, where it is desired to do the thing well, glazed
+bricks should, for the sake of cleanliness, be used for lining the
+walls. All that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
+draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a scraper, and
+wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory chamber, the horse should first be
+well scraped with the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if
+necessary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold water should
+then be thrown over him, and having been well rubbed down with the
+leather, he should then be covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs
+bandaged with cotton bands, the sheets, &c., being gradually removed
+after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the animal turned
+into a shed, or into the open, to cool.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+                             PAGE
+
+  Air, allowance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    backflow of, 83
+    circulation of, in hot rooms, 85
+    expansion in heating, 82
+    filters, 67
+    flues for vitiated, 92
+    inlets for cold, 67
+    intake, position of, 68
+      arrangement of, 69
+    its changes in the bath, 71
+    of bath, necessity for dryness of, 85
+    overheated, 76
+    passage of, through bath rooms, 70
+    rapidity of flow of, 82
+
+  Apodyterium, the, 4, 13
+    and frigidarium, combined, 13
+
+  B.
+
+  Bath, architecture of, 105
+    ascending shower, 93
+    back shower, 94
+    decoration of, 105
+    elaborate needle, 138
+    foot, 98
+    materials for, 105
+    Mr. Urquhart's cheap private, 120, 123
+    needle, 93, 94
+    position of private, 120
+    preliminary shower, 97
+    primary object of, 10
+    public, general requirements of, 9
+    shower, 92
+    style of design for, 109
+    subsidiary apartments of, 14
+    the, in asylums, 139
+    the, in hospitals, 139
+    the "slipper", 127
+    wave, 95
+
+  Baths, ancient and modern, difference between, 10
+      Roman and Oriental, 2
+        works on, 3
+    cheap, 66
+      private, 125
+    complete private, 125-127
+    construction of, in private houses, 123, 124
+    Eastern, 110
+    elaborate private, 129, 132, 133
+    importance of double sets of, 137
+    importance of intercommunication between various, 137
+    in crowded sites, 18
+    nature of private, 119
+    objections to extemporised hot air, 118
+    Old Roman, 110
+    on one level, 18
+    private, 118
+    public and commercial, 6
+    public, lack of, in England, 7
+    supply of water for private, 128
+    two classes of, 26
+    ventilation of private, 122
+
+  Bath-rooms arranged _en suite_, advantage of, 37
+    drainage of, 44
+
+  _Balneæ_, the Pompeian, 112
+    ancient, 4
+  Benches, felting for marble, 116
+
+  Bignor, Roman, bath at, 112
+
+  Boilers, 87
+
+  Boot-room, fittings for, 116
+
+  Box, Roman bath at, 112
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Calidarium, the, 4, 33
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ceilings of enamelled iron, 106
+
+  Checks, shelves for, 116
+
+  Cisterns, 87, 88
+
+  Cleansing process, ways of concluding, 12
+
+  Cold plunge, object of, 12
+
+  Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement, 54
+
+  Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and demerits, 54
+
+  Cooling room, carpets for, 114
+    couches in, 114
+    furniture of, 113
+    importance of ventilating, 57
+    method, 57
+    lighting of, 103
+    the separate, 53
+
+  Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    fireplaces in, 23
+    methods of arranging, 52
+    temperature of, 53, 58
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Divans, construction of, 114
+
+  Douche, horizontal, 95
+    room, the, 45
+    spinal, 93
+
+  Drainage, importance of perfect, 44
+
+  Dressing and cooling rooms, 13
+
+  Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath, 4
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Firing, evil of bad and forced, 80
+
+  Floorings for cheap baths, 34
+
+  Flues, hot and cold air, construction of, 40
+
+  Foul air conduits, 71
+
+  Frigidarium, design of, 108
+    divans in, 109
+    fountain in, 101
+    of private baths, 129
+    the, 4, 13
+    the old Roman, 57
+
+  Furnace, advantage of a fireclay, 75
+    fireclay, for private bath, 132
+      method of constructing, 74
+      expansion and contraction of, 76
+
+  Furnaces for private baths, 121
+    heating power of, 80
+    with iron flues, 72
+
+  Furnace chamber, position of, 40
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gas, objections to, in bath, 102
+
+  Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths, 33
+
+  Good and bad baths, difference between, 82
+
+  Good bath, what it is, and how gained, 9
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hair-dresser and chiropodist, 15
+
+  Hammam, the, Jermyn Street, 18
+
+  Hammam, the Oriental, 3
+
+  Heat, convected and radiant, 5, 59
+    methods of applying to bather, 10, 56
+    prevention of transmission of, 122
+
+  Heating apparatuses for private baths, 120
+    screen walls to, 77
+
+  Heating by fireclay furnaces, 73
+    iron flue-pipes, 72
+    ordinary stoves, 72
+    convection, objection to, 79
+    steam, 77
+      arrangements for, 78
+      dangers attendant upon, 77
+    of small baths, 73
+    of the bath, its importance, 59
+      by the ordinary method, 62
+    on the hot-air principle, 62
+    and ventilation, 59
+      theory of, 69
+
+  High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease, 11
+    necessity for, 11
+
+  Horses, bathing of, 142
+
+  "Hot-air bath," a misleading term, 5
+
+  Hot-air bath, the, 6
+    appliances and arrangements for, 63
+
+  Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum, 40
+    manner, 40
+    principle, objections to, 61
+
+  Hot rooms, benches in, 38
+    brickwork in, 107
+    ceilings of, 34
+    chairs and benches in, 116
+    decoration of, 105
+    doorways in, 38
+    fireproof floors over, 35
+    glazing in, 38
+    height of, 39
+    Indian matting in, 106
+    joinery in, 37
+    lighting of, 102
+    materials for, 38
+    objection to stepped benches in, 39
+    proportional area of, 33
+    position of partitions in, 37
+    radiation of heat from, 35
+
+  Hot rooms, windows in, 35
+    treatment of woodwork in, 106
+
+  Hydropathy and the Turkish bath, 140
+
+  Hydropathic establishments, the bath in, 134
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Invalids, consideration for, in bathing establishments, 138
+
+  Irish "sweating houses," old, 5, 13
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Laconicum, the, 4, 32
+    ceiling of, 35
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ladies' baths, 14, 44, 111
+
+  Laundry, 16
+
+  Lavatorium, the, 4, 43
+    and shampooing room, 41
+    the hydropathic, 138
+    of private bath, 128
+    washing basins in, 43
+    water fittings of, 89
+
+  Lavatrina, the, 119, 127
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mont Dore, baths at the Hotel, 135
+    cure, the, 136
+
+  Moorish bath, heating of the, 59
+
+  _Mustaby_, the Turkish, 57
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Obstacles to the progress of the bath, 1
+
+  Oriental colour decoration, 110
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Pay office, the, 14
+
+  Perspiration, object of, 11
+
+  Plumbing, 88, 100
+
+  Plunge bath, the, 46
+    between hot rooms and frigidarium, 12
+    chamber, lighting of, 104
+    construction of, 48
+    decoration of, 113
+    depth of, 48
+    for private baths, 129
+    in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    water fittings of, 99
+
+  Popular ignorance and the bath, 1
+
+  Processes of the bath, 11
+
+  Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of, 7
+
+  Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation, 29
+    general disposition of plan of, 17
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rest after bath, necessity for, 13
+
+  Roman baths, method of heating the old, 59
+    nature of heat in old, 79
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sanitary accommodation, necessity for care in providing, 15
+
+  Shampooer, space required by each, 43
+
+  Shampooing and the private bath, 128
+    benches, 34, 42
+    positions of bather during, 43
+    value of, 12
+    and washing room combined, arrangement of, 43
+    room, 42
+      ventilation of, 42
+      lighting of, 104
+
+  Shower for head, 100
+    preliminary warm, 44
+
+  So-called Turkish baths, their harmfulness, 2
+
+  Stokery, the, 15
+
+  Stoves, attributes of good, 64
+    Convolute, 264
+      heating power of 80
+      method, of constructing, furnace chamber for, 64
+    iron, 63
+    objections to exposing in hot rooms, 72
+    plain iron radiating 125
+    radiating surfaces of, 63
+
+  Subsidiary apartments of the bath, 32
+
+  Sudatorium, best position for bathers in 38
+
+  Sudatory chamber, a simple, 119
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Tank, hot water, 87
+
+  Temperature, importance of maintaining 79
+    of bath rooms 78
+    regulating, 80
+    variations in 79
+
+  Tepidarium, the 4, 32
+    drinking fountain in, 100
+    mosaic floors in, 108
+    of private bath, 128
+    old Roman, 39
+
+  _Thermæ_, old Roman, 3
+
+  Tonic baths 92
+
+  Transmission of heated air, prevention of, 36
+    heat, 36
+
+  Treatment, course of, in the bath, 11
+
+  Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with
+      the, 134
+    building, field for activity in 139
+    for animals 141
+    for horses 141
+      Great Northern Railway Company's 141
+    heating of the true 59
+    the, a misnomer 5
+       what it is, 4
+    direction in which improvement may be made in the, 60
+
+  Turkish baths, Baden-Baden, 30
+    Bartholomew's, Leicester Square, 25
+    Bremen, 29
+    Burton's, Euston Road, 27
+    Camden Town, 22
+    foul atmosphere of some so-called, 2, 82
+    in Germany, 29
+    lukewarm, 139
+    Nevill's, London Bridge, 25
+      Northumberland Avenue, 23
+    Nuremberg, 30
+    Savoy Hill, 20
+    Vienna, 30
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Valve, thermometer regulating, 138
+
+  Valves and cocks, 90
+    regulating, for shower bath, &c., 96
+
+  Ventilation, 139
+    importance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    in cramped sites, 69
+    mechanical, 82
+
+  Ventilator gratings, 83
+
+  Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms, 70
+    number and size of, 71
+    position of, 71
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Washing and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging, 41
+
+  Water, pressure of, 88
+
+  Water fittings, 87
+    of private bath, 128
+    value of simplicity in, 97
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30444 ***
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30444 ***</div>
+
+  <h3>THE</h3>
+
+  <h1>TURKISH BATH:</h1>
+
+  <h3>ITS</h3>
+
+  <h2>DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;</h2>
+
+  <h4>WITH<br /><br />
+
+  CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO<br />
+  THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,<br />
+  AND THE TRAINING STABLE.</h4>
+
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+
+  <h2>ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,</h2>
+
+  <h4>ARCHITECT.<br /><br />
+
+  ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS</h4>
+
+  <p class="center"><i>From Scale Drawings by the Author.</i><br /><br />
+
+
+
+
+  E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.<br />
+  NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.<br />
+  1890</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The present work originally appeared in the form of a series of
+illustrated articles in the columns of the <i>Building News</i>. It has been
+carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter. The
+object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to
+provide, in addition to a text-book for the architect, a treatise which
+shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative
+merits of the baths that compete for their patronage. The principles,
+herein enunciated, upon which good baths should be built, will be easily
+grasped by the ordinary reader; and the detailed plans and instructions
+will, it is hoped, supply such information as will enable the designer
+of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he
+may be confronted.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">37, Norfolk Street,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Strand, London.</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>March 1890.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER I.</th><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER II.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The General Requirements of a Public Bath</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER III.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The General Disposition of Plan of Public Baths</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER IV.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Detailed Consideration of Features peculiar to the Bath</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER V.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Heating and Ventilation</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VI.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Water-fittings and Appliances</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VII.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lighting, Decorating, and Furnishing</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_102'>102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VIII.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Turkish Bath in the House</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER IX.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Bath in Public and Private Institutions, Etc.</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER X.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Turkish Bath for Horses</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS">
+<tr><td align="right">FIG.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_24'>24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_28'>28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">A Plunge Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_56'>56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to show the "Convoluted" Stove</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_65'>65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">An Air Filter</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_67'>67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &amp;c., for a Bath on the ordinary Hot-air Principle</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_68'>68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">A Fireclay Heating Apparatus</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_74'>74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_84'>84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">A Shampooing Basin</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_90'>90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_91'>91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">A Needle Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_94'>94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_95'>95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &amp;c.</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_96'>96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Bather's Shower Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_99'>99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_107'>107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Plans of Plunge Baths</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_112'>112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_115'>115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Furniture of a Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_117'>117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_119'>119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left">Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_124'>124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left">A complete Private Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_126'>126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left">Design for a Private Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left">Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_135'>135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath for Horses</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_142'>142</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><br /><a name="THE" id="THE"></a>THE TURKISH BATH.<br /></h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Since the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its introduction into
+this country under the name of the Turkish bath, this method of bathing
+has become very generally adopted; and although onward progress is
+rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread popular
+ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath, erroneous
+impressions are being gradually removed, and the continual building of
+new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on
+British soil.</p>
+
+<p>To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected
+with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and
+prejudice, or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and
+construction, and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before the
+public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that the latter cause has
+done much&mdash;very much&mdash;injury.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of
+the bath in this country, is that little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> or nothing has been written or
+said about its proper design, construction, and working, and that no
+full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying
+heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we have had, and still have,
+placed before the public, and meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish
+baths" which are such only in name&mdash;unhealthy, ill-ventilated cellars,
+where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus,
+stagnates in the sudatory chambers, and becomes loaded with the
+exhalations and emanations of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged
+with a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that we so often
+hear persons remark that they have tried the bath, but neither enjoyed
+it nor did it agree with them! The damaging effect of "baths" of this
+type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands, convinced of the
+value and benefit of the bathing, periodically attend these miserable
+substitutes for properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and
+effectively-ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
+shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the true principles of
+bath construction, and knowing little or nothing of the physiological
+action of the bath, they have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the
+power to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute. With
+the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily
+decorated, and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with
+striking semblance to the original type.</p>
+
+<p>So much has been written and said about the arrange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>ment, design, and
+working of the baths of the ancient Romans, and of the Oriental nations
+of to-day, that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter
+upon the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested in the
+building of modern baths. An intelligent study of old plans, and of the
+writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of
+the special purposes to which the various apartments of the Roman
+<i>Thermæ</i> were devoted, serves in no small degree to a complete
+understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in
+modern times. So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
+acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive. But to
+fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would
+require a volume of itself, since the many questions that present
+themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
+without considerable and lengthy description. Those desirous of studying
+the subject of the design of ancient and Oriental baths will find many
+works within easy reach. In his 'Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
+David Urquhart has given a most complete account of Eastern baths; and
+in Sir Erasmus Wilson's 'Eastern or Turkish Bath,' will be found a
+popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as
+an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse
+works, such as Wollaston's 'Thermæ Romano-Britannicæ,' Cameron's 'Baths
+of the Romans,' and particularly the careful description of the Pompeian
+<i>Balneæ</i> in Sir William Gell's 'Pompeiana.' In the admirable works of
+Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> found interesting
+accounts of the remains of old Roman baths in this country; and in
+Daremberg and Saglio's 'Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et
+Romaines,' is a most capable essay on ancient <i>Balneæ</i>. In Eastern
+travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental bath will be
+found; and in Owen Jones's work on the Palace of the Alhambra, at
+Granada, plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that
+the Moorish builders erected therein.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of brevity and
+convenience, I have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the
+old Roman vocabulary, to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
+respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms, the
+<i>Tepidarium</i>, <i>Calidarium</i>, and <i>Laconicum</i>. Although the exact nature
+of the ancient Roman <i>laconicum</i> is still a question in debate, I have
+chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot.
+The washing room I call the <i>Lavatorium</i>; the cooling room, the
+<i>Frigidarium</i>; and the separate dressing room, the <i>Apodyterium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The modern "Turkish bath" is rather a revival of the Roman bath, than
+that of the East. Among the Orientals, the air of the sudorific chambers
+is charged more or less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
+the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And it has been decided
+by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school, that the air
+of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
+atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the dryness moreover
+is conducive to perspiration. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> absolute need for a dry atmosphere
+in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr.
+W.B. Hunter, M.D., entitled 'The Turkish Bath: its Uses and Abuses.' But
+notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present
+day resembles, in point of dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome,
+the name of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart, has
+held good, and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation.</p>
+
+<p>Neither the term "Turkish," however, nor the designation "hot-air" bath,
+convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of "the bath,"
+as I shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
+"<i>heat</i> bath"&mdash;a <i>thermal cure</i>. In the ordinary hot-air bath, the
+heated air is simply a medium; and, as I have endeavoured to explain in
+the body of this little work, the heat is best supplied to the body of
+the bather by direct radiation. By the "Turkish bath," therefore, I
+would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat&mdash;not
+necessarily hot air&mdash;to the surface of the human body for hygienic,
+remedial, and curative purposes.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect, treated of the
+subject from the broadest point of view, and have explained the method
+of designing the <i>hot-air bath</i> pure and simple, looking upon the
+convected and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> radiating heat principles as both good of their kind, and
+perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame. I have
+adhered to this plan throughout, because, even supposing that it were
+shown conclusively to-morrow, that the principle of heating by
+convection is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to the
+slow march of improvement in this country, still be built and require to
+be planned. Moreover, it has been in the past, and still is, the
+generally accepted idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
+simple.</p>
+
+<p>Medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit
+to retain the term "hot air" in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In
+deference to their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
+<i>hot-air bath</i>. The arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat,
+with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in the sudorific chambers, are,
+for the most part, the result of my own experience and study.</p>
+
+<p>I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with public and private
+baths respectively. Chapters II. to VII. are devoted to the elucidation
+of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths, either
+for true public purposes or as commercial speculations. It is
+unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads:
+what is required of the one is required of the other. The only
+difference is that one is the property of the people, and may be
+required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds
+of baths; and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single
+individual as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> case may be, and is generally an establishment
+complete in itself.</p>
+
+<p>It is not to the credit of the English nation that so little has been
+done in connection with Turkish bath building for the people. The
+attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is
+of the most meagre character. The provisions of the Public Baths and
+Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In these matters the German
+nation is far ahead of us. Fortunately for the general health, the
+Englishman is renowned for his morning "tub." But the cold tub is merely
+a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward
+man, besides constituting a most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the
+vast body of the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an
+ineffective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a high
+temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions. Used,
+as customary, without a tonic application of cold water, it is eminently
+conducive to cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average Englishman
+for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing, unless
+he sees the advantage of, and has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his
+own house. He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and
+attractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature, and he
+dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the
+so-called "Turkish baths" provided by enterprising business men. He can
+do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.</p>
+
+<p>In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII. to X., I have dealt
+with private baths, including the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> bath in the house and mansion, in
+institutions of one kind and another, and in connection with training
+stables. In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be found
+plans of baths of several types, from the smallest and least expensive
+to the most elaborate and costly.</p>
+
+<p>It is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being
+bestowed on the question of providing public Turkish baths worthy of the
+country; that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
+as commercial speculations; and that, from its pages, those desirous of
+experiencing the luxury of a model Turkish bath in their own homes, may
+learn the best methods of its design and construction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management, a
+public Turkish bath should be convenient and <i>compact</i> in plan. It
+should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation,
+in order to insure patronage; and, for the same reason, it should be
+made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, inconvenient, and
+ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the bather and the cause. It is its
+own enemy, and harmful also to all other baths; whereas every
+ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
+existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the
+process.</p>
+
+<p>A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one,
+but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest
+and most approved principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
+are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effective, and the
+cooling rooms ample, and supplied with an abundance of fresh air. This
+is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
+science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> attainment, as it
+is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive.</p>
+
+<p>By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean one in which the
+visitor will feel interest in the design; where pleasant objects are
+presented to his eye, both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling
+rooms. Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The bath
+requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the
+various apartments, and it is therefore highly desirable that his
+surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath,
+as in other architectural matters, this is not the result of a prodigal
+expenditure on costly decorations and fittings, but rather of a careful
+arrangement of necessary and desirable features, and a knowledge of the
+methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the
+plan.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the Ancients
+and Orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country, so
+that the order of the different processes through which the bather
+passes governs the disposition of the various apartments. The chief
+object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration
+by the application of heat. This heat is now generally applied through
+the medium of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by being
+passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various
+designs, or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick.
+Theoretically, the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the
+bather might be greatly improved, but practically it has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> found the
+best. Into these questions, however, I shall enter when treating of the
+heating and ventilating of the bath. For the present, it will suffice to
+say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of
+an abundance of <i>pure hot air</i> to the various sudorific chambers, and
+the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations.</p>
+
+<p>Since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the
+methods of bathing in vogue, it will be necessary to first give the
+reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather.
+The object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold&mdash;(1) To
+cleanse the blood of impurities; and (2) to loosen the dead scales of
+the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that spreads itself everywhere over the
+true skin or cuticle. Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that
+the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways, and
+is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and remedial agent.
+This latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures
+employed, as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively
+low degree of heat.</p>
+
+<p>The course of treatment to be undergone by the bather, as given by Sir
+Erasmus Wilson, is&mdash;(1) Exposure of the naked body to hot dry air. (2)
+Ablution with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and drying the skin. In
+addition to these, however, there should be added the process of
+"massage" or shampooing before washing.</p>
+
+<p>The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms&mdash;the <i>Tepidarium</i>,
+<i>Calidarium</i>, and <i>Laconicum</i>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> nature of these apartments&mdash;which I
+shall hereinafter consider in detail&mdash;must be determined by the
+pretensions of the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Perspiration having been induced, the bather submits to the kneading of
+the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer. For this operation,
+which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
+separate and distinct apartment should, in high class baths, be
+provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing.
+This detaches the dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
+generally practised in the <i>Lavatorium</i>&mdash;a washing room adjoining the
+shampooing room. In the same place the bather receives copious ablutions
+with warm water. The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
+douche, needle, spray, or shower bath, graduated from warm to cold; and
+the strong bather, by plunging into a bath of cold water, the object of
+which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin
+that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the
+calorific apartments. For these purposes a small room, with the various
+appliances named, and a large chamber containing a more or less ample
+plunge bath, must be provided. In small baths, provision for both these
+operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room, where the
+bather is "massed," rubbed down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower
+bath. The plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly in the
+cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in which case, the bather
+dives under a glazed partition of some sort, which, furnished with an
+india-rubber flap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
+sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic
+processes, and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of
+the bath devoted to their attainment. I have named them first as being
+the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms, since
+the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old Irish
+"sweating-house," or a somewhat similar construction of the North
+American Indian; but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
+there can be no bath.</p>
+
+<p>The next important features to be considered are the dressing and
+cooling rooms. Before entering the bath rooms proper, the bather must
+divest himself of his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
+dressing room or <i>Apodyterium</i>, and the cooling room or <i>Frigidarium</i>,
+are generally made one and the same; but they may, with advantage, be
+designed as separate and distinct apartments, the provision for dressing
+and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes
+around it. The frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for
+the economical reception of the reposing couches, it being absolutely
+essential that the bather rest awhile, after the bath, to allow the body
+to gradually assume its normal temperature. Neglect of this precaution
+may cause a renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."</p>
+
+<p>If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted, it must be fitted
+with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons, or be
+divided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space receiving a
+pair of couches. The divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate
+and ornamental wooden partitions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be
+observed. Each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing
+room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions.</p>
+
+<p>An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room
+fitted with a number of dressing-boxes, and then passes through the
+frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his
+bath. Where the establishment is on a large scale, the arrangement may
+lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes, then to the
+hot rooms, and finally, by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
+separate cooling room.</p>
+
+<p>Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the
+attendants, manager, and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist, or,
+at any rate, some sort of provision made for them. A pay office, with
+counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
+money, and other valuables, should be the first object that one meets on
+entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the
+street. In connection with this office may be the manager's room, and
+provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be the property of
+a company, a board room may be required. As on entering a bath the
+visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in order
+that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of
+that cleanliness which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> next to godliness, a raised step must be
+provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod,
+or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided
+off by similar means. Provision for the boots and shoes must be in the
+form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also, racks for
+coats and hats must be placed.</p>
+
+<p>The hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist&mdash;if he does
+not practise his art at the couch of the bather&mdash;must adjoin the
+frigidarium, as also should the attendants' room. A lavatory must be
+placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room. Closet
+accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment, but should
+be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby. The
+greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
+becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the sense of smell is
+peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest odour is detected. The worst
+position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the
+lavatorium. Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath.
+If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors, the closets
+may be designed off a landing on the staircase. In the separate
+accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
+observed.</p>
+
+<p>Adjoining, under, or partly under, the laconicum must be placed the
+heating apparatus in its chamber, with stokery and provision for fuel,
+&amp;c. The stokery should be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the
+attendants should be able easily to communicate with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> stoker. Of the
+arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium I
+shall speak in another chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a
+drying room must be provided. They are important necessities, and should
+not be cramped in dimensions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Although the process of the bath determines the position of the various
+apartments in relation to one another, the exact disposition of the plan
+must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the nature of
+the site and surroundings, and&mdash;if the bath be constructed in an
+existing building&mdash;the amount of space allotted to it. The <i>relative</i>
+position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to
+the cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant; but the angle of
+connection with each other, their shape, proportions, and floor levels,
+must, together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments, be
+determined by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
+convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect will be called upon
+to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing
+building. He may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most
+of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably hampered. If the site
+includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house, he may
+arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor;
+and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> in the basement.
+Where possible, the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall
+of the houses, and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
+often have to be in the actual basement. Where space is valuable a whole
+house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat
+proof. The basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
+the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and the first floor to
+cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again, can be arranged on the floors
+above, and both baths can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
+three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted to extra
+cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive sites the bath may be all on
+one level. This is the most convenient arrangement, but in large cities
+is generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths, in London, are,
+however, all on one level, the former being practically all above
+ground, and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing
+building.</p>
+
+<p>The London Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this
+country, and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late David
+Urquhart. It was erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
+Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the Eastern plan, and have
+quite an Oriental effect, with the stars of stained glass sparkling in
+the sombre domed tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
+old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the combined
+frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of wood, originally intended as
+a temporary building only. This is covered with an open-timbered roof,
+and divided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by a
+clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the divans, which are
+separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an
+Eastern manner. Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
+hot rooms. The main room&mdash;a very moderately-heated tepidarium&mdash;is a
+square on plan, with splayed angles, over which rises a dome of
+brickwork. On either side of this square, and connected with it by the
+horseshoe arches supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
+as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing at the ends and
+joining on the one hand the frigidarium, and on the other a heated
+smoking saloon, which occupies a position corresponding to that of a
+Lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side of
+this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and laundry are arranged
+over the smoking saloon, and w.c.'s, &amp;c., are placed at the end of the
+latter apartment. In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
+leading to four apartments&mdash;two used as hot rooms of different
+temperatures, and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's
+waiting room. Under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble
+slabs, beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short flight of
+steps. The plunge bath is placed, partly in the tepidarium, and partly
+in the frigidarium, with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of
+the hot air, such as I have herein before explained. In the centre of
+the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of the divans is
+partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist. A gallery is
+provided for the hair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>dresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn
+Street. The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few steps has to
+be made to reach the frigidarium from the street. A refreshment bar is
+placed in the frigidarium. The manager's room is on the second floor,
+adjoining the old building, and has a window overlooking the
+frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this country,
+and the Savoy (Fig. 1) is one of the latest and largest, and also on one
+level. It was designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the basement
+of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill, a short passage
+conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule, where are provided
+rails for hats and coats. The counter of the ticket-office is placed at
+the entrance to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
+room&mdash;the bath being the property of a private company. In vaults
+projecting under the street, provision is made for an engine and dynamo.
+The frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into
+divans by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a saloon for
+the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an attendants' room. A lavatory is
+provided in a recess. Access is gained to the hot rooms through double
+doors. The plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in
+the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature
+nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to
+the calidarium, adjoining which is the heating apparatus, fitted with
+two of Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stoves. Access to the stokery
+is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> The shampooing
+room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium, dwarf walls
+separating it from the latter apartment, as also from the lavatorium.
+Here, there are six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
+slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is screened off the
+lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray. A passage leads from the
+douche room to the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
+passage, and approached by doors from two of the divans, are the w.c.'s,
+&amp;c., for the bathers' use. Provision for the supply of refreshments is
+made at the back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
+style.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="650" height="231" alt="Fig. 1." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1.<br />
+
+&mdash;Plan-of the-Savoy-Turkish-Baths&mdash;<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_030full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium forms also the
+apodyterium. This arrangement is economical of space, and has been
+found, in practice, the most convenient for bathers; but there is much
+to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room, such as
+that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths. Erected from the designs of Mr.
+H. H. Bridgman, F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
+their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath. Entering from the
+street, a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the
+office. Adjoining this is an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of
+dressing-boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor of the
+upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads to the door of the
+tepidarium, at right angles to which is the calidarium. Adjoining the
+tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
+opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> exceptional
+dimensions. A staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious
+cooling room. This is lighted from the top, and contains a fireplace, a
+feature usually omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
+adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter. From this
+frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby.
+Thus he makes a complete round, and does not meet the incoming bathers
+on the staircase to the tepidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London are those of
+Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue (Fig. 2). They were designed by
+Mr. Robert Walker, F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
+baths, though, as at the old Pompeian <i>Balneæ</i>, the former set are
+ungallantly cramped into a very small space. They occupy a corner site,
+and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle.
+In the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision for hats
+and coats. From the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is
+entered, after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar
+on the right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
+hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room. Off
+a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table.
+The staircase leads to the first floor&mdash;where are provided extra
+couches&mdash;and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor is
+practically a gallery. In the basement are three hot rooms, the
+tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles
+and rich faïence. A heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+There are in this bath three shampooing rooms&mdash;an arrangement conducing
+greatly to privacy. A douche room and plunge bath are provided in the
+angle of the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
+laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's shop, and as
+store-rooms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 354px;">
+<img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="354" height="650" alt="Fig. 2." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2.<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_033full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and are partly
+separated by an area. They are entered from the side street. On the
+ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room. Additional couches are
+provided on the first floor, where is also an attendants' room. In the
+basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms. A washing room,
+shower bath, and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
+rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other.
+Each, however, has its separate and distinct furnace. A passage formed
+by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers.</p>
+
+<p>In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cooling rooms, &amp;c., are
+in the basement, and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement.</p>
+
+<p>Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an excellent example of a
+compactly-arranged double set of baths. The various apartments are
+designed one above the other on different floors, the area of the
+building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual, are the pay
+office and a combined cooling and dressing room, and an attendant's
+room. In the basement are the bath rooms, arranged <i>en suite</i>&mdash;first a
+shampooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very compact manner,
+the plunge and shower baths; next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> is the tepidarium; then the smaller
+second hot room; and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
+temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining this. The principle
+of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under
+the late Mr. Bartholomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin
+iron flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of heat
+directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are divided from one another
+by glazed wood partitions, as distinct from the solid walls dividing
+baths like the Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two methods of
+dividing the hot rooms, does not, however, concern us here. A staircase
+from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and
+third floors, where also are manager's and other private rooms.</p>
+
+<p>Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two classes, viz. those in
+which the various apartments are arranged <i>en suite</i>, and those
+irregularly planned. Where possible the former arrangement is
+preferable, as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air is
+facilitated. Fig. 11 is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged <i>en
+suite</i>; and the baths at Figs. 24 and 25, in Chapter VIII., are planned
+on this principle.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said above, where a basement and ground floor are available,
+and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building,
+the office, cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
+floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level, but with light
+and air above. If the site be an ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> narrow-fronted town house,
+and the bath an unassuming one, the plan may be arranged after the
+manner of Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
+London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into
+the service of the bath. The basement and ground floors are devoted to
+the baths, the upper floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
+gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering the former,
+we find a space on the ground floor, fronting the street, serving as an
+office. Adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes, and further on a
+cooling room, excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
+end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a marble staircase
+leads to the door of the tepidarium, formed at basement level at the
+back of the houses. This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
+constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with stained-glass stars
+set therein. A marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber. On one
+side of the staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other, the
+combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door from the latter forming
+an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath. At one end of the
+shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle
+bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the
+furnace-chamber. A laundry is provided at the head of these stairs. The
+furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
+baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan. The gentlemen's
+baths are among the earliest erected in this country, and still form a
+most compact and con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>venient institution. They were designed by Mr.
+James Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths. The ceilings
+of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;">
+<img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="491" height="650" alt="Fig. 3.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 3.<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_037full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of
+private individuals or companies. The number of baths provided in this
+country under Act of Parliament or by civic corporations is so small,
+and their size and design so insignificant, that it would be waste of
+space to describe them here. They are unworthy of the nation. One of the
+best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public
+bath-house recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The fine
+new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major Davis, the city
+architect, do not include a Turkish bath. It must be admitted that some
+slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to
+bath-building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may possibly
+see a great advance in this direction. That this may indeed be so should
+be our sincere hope, since the lack of fine public baths is a standing
+disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of
+the Turkish bath, many excellent baths having been built in the more
+complete bath-houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are to
+be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and Bremen, the latter
+planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of
+bath rooms. The plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is handsomely planned, and
+has a spacious frigidarium. It is placed in a building comprising
+ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian
+bath. In many of the hydropathic establishments (<i>Kurbäder</i>) of Germany,
+will be found excellent Turkish baths. A sumptuous double set of bath
+rooms is provided in the <i>Friedrichsbad</i> in Baden-Baden, which was
+erected at a cost of about 100,000<i>l.</i> The Turkish baths are placed on
+the ground floor, and in other floors are provided baths of every kind.
+Each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish baths
+comprises undressing room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
+shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath, and a separate
+chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and
+hot rooms of the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms is
+placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and adjoining, the
+<i>Wildbad</i>&mdash;a deep, full bath of warm mineral water.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected, in modern times, is
+that on the Praterstern, at Vienna, which cost, in round numbers,
+125,000<i>l.</i> The building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
+Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those taking a
+course of baths. The whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous
+scale. The cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
+35.3 metres long, and 10.5 broad. There are both warm and cold plunge
+baths, besides a fine circular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> <i>piscina</i>, in a circular domed chamber.
+Similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
+plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the building internally is
+resplendent with tiles, marble, and ornamental woodwork.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>It is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary
+apartments of a Turkish bath. Such adjuncts as the entrance hall and
+vestibule, the pay office, refreshment department, laundry and
+drying-rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other minor
+provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring little or no
+detailed explanation. Sufficient has already been said about them to
+enable the architect, assisted by the drawings given, to design them
+with convenience and economy. The features peculiar to the bath are
+those requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of the hot
+rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms that the success or
+non-success of a new bathing establishment depends, and too much study
+cannot be given to these apartments.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sudorific Chambers.</span></p>
+
+<p>These are now generally required in a suite of three&mdash;"first, second,
+and third hot." The first is the tepidarium, and must be by far the
+largest of the three, since in it the greater number of bathers will
+assemble at one time. The last must be the hottest room&mdash;the
+laconicum&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use
+it, and that, generally, for a very short time. The second hot room
+should be about midway, in size and temperature, between the first and
+the third. Of a given area allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to
+two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
+one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering that it is well
+to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium. Of the
+space allowed for the smaller rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be
+given to the hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-room,
+or calidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly bath rooms, and
+must be treated as such; that is to say, the whole of the floors, walls,
+ceilings, partitions, and fittings, must be capable of being frequently
+cleansed with water. The choice of materials to be employed for lining
+the walls, &amp;c., is therefore limited. And in two ways. For not only must
+they be of this washable nature, but they must be of a character to
+resist the influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of
+glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed and
+fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faïence, and pottery
+generally, are now so extensively manufactured that there is little
+excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once
+washable and unaffected by high temperatures. Still, in baths where
+rigid economy must be studied, and lowness of cost is the great object,
+<i>plaster</i> may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms, and in its way
+will answer admirably, and be fairly washable. It has even one
+advantage&mdash;it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
+bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly glazed surface the
+walls become burning hot, and need lining with a dado of felt or other
+non-conducting substance. And since this latter method overcomes the
+objection named, the best possible material for lining the walls is
+glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration is desired, they may be
+lined with marbles and faïence. With a judicious selection of colours,
+however, a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
+simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.</p>
+
+<p>The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile
+pavement over concrete. A slight roughness is very agreeable to the
+feet. Glazed tiles are inadmissible, as they become too hot for the
+naked feet; and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
+rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths, marble, and marble
+mosaics may be used, but the surface must not be too smooth. In
+providing floorings, the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
+liable to become slippery to the tread.</p>
+
+<p>Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is reliable, may be of 6
+in. of concrete, with mosaics or tiles laid in cement. The benches for
+reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
+risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs with rounded
+nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.</p>
+
+<p>The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which, when there are
+other apartments above, <i>must</i> be provided over the hot rooms, may be of
+plaster. But the heat at the ceiling level is very great, and the
+plaster here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
+anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of
+uncleanliness is nauseating. If employed (and this remark also applies
+to plaster on walls), it should be used in the simplest manner possible,
+without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface. Enamelled iron
+may be used, with effect, for ceilings. The little laconicum is best
+covered with a flat vault, the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the
+springing being brought down below the main ceiling level.</p>
+
+<p>Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also
+heat-proof. The main point is to have a sufficient thickness of
+concrete, and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein.
+Ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
+space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of
+slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists. The sawdust
+should be filled up to the top of the joists; over this a layer of thick
+felt, and the boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift when
+compared with a solid floor of concrete.</p>
+
+<p>When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open, they may be
+top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof
+construction. A sufficient air space, however, must be provided between
+the ceiling and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat&mdash;a remark that
+applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium. It
+must be double, or look into an area covered with pavement lights. In
+the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
+skylight.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground, consideration
+must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation. This may
+be effected by providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
+usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air.</p>
+
+<p>Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent
+source of trouble to the builder of a Turkish bath, but is always the
+result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
+evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room,
+shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick
+concrete floor above, and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and
+completely insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
+apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be
+prevented from being transmitted, they may be rendered heat-proof by
+building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot.</p>
+
+<p>Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of
+the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious. To keep
+the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &amp;c., should be the
+great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered quite repulsive by
+what I may perhaps term the "sudorific smell" that assails the nostrils
+of the visitor entering the vestibule.</p>
+
+<p>The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the
+various rooms, either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed
+partitions; or again, they may be formed by a combination of solid
+brick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>work and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms must be of
+brickwork, iron columns being inadmissible. Masonry, too, must be
+discarded throughout, or used with caution. Some stones&mdash;such as red
+Mansfield&mdash;become black with exposure to the heat, and others fare still
+worse. The employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded
+against throughout this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered
+that effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly the germs
+of disease, are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers,
+and must be prevented from finding a lodgment.</p>
+
+<p>The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from
+essential oils. Mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose, and so,
+also, is teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal, when
+employed, should be perfectly seasoned, and may then give trouble from
+the exudation of turpentine.</p>
+
+<p>The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be so placed as to govern
+the flow of hot air. So long as the main divisions be planned with this
+end in view, the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
+architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the heated air from the
+inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered
+with by recesses, nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
+current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical advantage
+possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are <i>en suite</i>, and in a line
+with one axis. For here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the
+different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in
+recesses far out of the main stream.</p>
+
+<p>The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty. They should not
+be hung with doors, as anything necessary in this way will be amply
+supplied by depending curtains.</p>
+
+<p><i>Glazing</i> in the hot rooms requires care. The glass will expand
+considerably with the heat, and, what is more, if the furnace fire die
+out rapidly at any time, will contract and fracture. This difficulty,
+however, is the result of bad management, and does not concern the
+architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper fixing. Even
+moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois
+leather with screwed beading, <i>putty</i> being wholly inadmissible. The
+sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass will
+be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior qualities, where
+homogeneity of texture is wanting, will crack and split in all
+directions. Lead glazing should be altogether discarded.</p>
+
+<p>No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary, as they must, when
+in use, be kept free from moisture. The floor may, however, if thought
+desirable, be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
+swept when cleansing&mdash;viz. towards the lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>As the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one
+approaching to the horizontal, a bath cannot be considered complete
+unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These
+should run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being formed
+of brickwork&mdash;glazed, faced with tiles, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> plastered&mdash;and white marble
+slabs set thereon. These slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must
+be of the ordinary seat height&mdash;not lower. In the risers must be
+provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" ventilator gratings, the
+vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way
+designed, which may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
+into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building.</p>
+
+<p>The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly
+different temperatures, it follows that an arrangement might be designed
+whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
+ascending, the bather could select any temperature he might choose. Such
+an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient Romans,
+and has been tried in modern institutions; but it should be avoided. The
+expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the
+bathers <i>fall</i>, and it therefore follows that all below the first tier
+would be breathing air polluted by those above them. The system,
+therefore, stands condemned.</p>
+
+<p>As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty, or
+they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan, be heated with due economy.
+The vastness of the old Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable
+under this system; but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and
+the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better to have a
+comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air
+passing through it, than a lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to
+15 or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> 16 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public
+bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber
+be placed under it; for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few
+feet, so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
+of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct the furnace
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>This latter, which I have more particularly described and illustrated in
+the chapter on heating and ventilation, should, if the system adopted be
+on the ordinary hot-air principle, be so placed that an abundant supply
+of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which, when
+heated, can be delivered into the hottest room above, not less than 5
+ft. from the level of the floor of that chamber, and, also, where a
+smoke flue of ample section can be constructed. The heated air may be
+delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum, or a shaft
+of glazed brickwork, of rectangular section, may be constructed against
+the end wall and coped at the required level&mdash;5 ft. or more above the
+floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace
+chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room, the heated air
+must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large
+shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have to be
+employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber, and at the mouth
+of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before
+it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.</p>
+
+<p>Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be
+carried from point to point on rolled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> iron joists having tooled York
+slabs set thereon, the flues being constructed of 4&frac12; in. brickwork
+with glazed face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
+Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective cleansing, by means
+of iron air-tight doors.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lavatorium and Shampooing Room.</span></p>
+
+<p>The lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention. In
+elaborate baths they may, for the sake of effect, be distinct
+apartments, while, where strict economy must be studied, they may be
+comprised in one room; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
+the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If the first
+arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room must be connected with the
+tepidarium, and the lavatorium placed next. Where the combination
+apartment is used, it will take the position of the shampooing room.
+Practically, the combination arrangement is the best. It is putting the
+bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from
+one apartment to another during the washing process.</p>
+
+<p>The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one
+of the following ways, according to the pretensions and requirements of
+the establishment:&mdash;(1) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche room,
+and a plunge bath chamber; (2) a combined shampooing and washing room,
+and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber; (3) several small
+combined shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a plunge bath
+chamber; (4) an apartment comprising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> shampooing slabs, washing basins,
+douche, &amp;c., and a plunge bath.</p>
+
+<p>A single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to
+the designer. The chief object to be borne in mind is that the
+shampooers require "elbow-room," and their patient in a convenient
+position to allow of their practising their art. As this is no light
+task&mdash;if properly performed&mdash;it becomes of urgent moment that the
+apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific
+chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no shampooer can work well for a
+prolonged period, and, moreover, pure air is as necessary for the
+bathers when in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those
+in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft. is an ample provision, since the
+shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as
+possible. The benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those
+before described. They must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer
+has ample room, whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly
+wasted. The benches must be topped with white marble slabs. They may run
+round the wall, or be placed at right angles to them; or, again, if
+found more convenient, they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
+ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be
+provided. The vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level, as the
+temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired
+air.</p>
+
+<p>Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> be substituted for
+those of a permanent type; but the plan has nothing to recommend it
+except lowness of cost.</p>
+
+<p>The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing
+room, as here the bathers will not recline, but sit or stand before
+washing-basins, to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water,
+and branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins&mdash;which may be
+of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded&mdash;should be
+large and capacious. Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
+"Appliances."</p>
+
+<p>In a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be
+required together. The basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble
+slabs, or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst arranging
+the position of the benches with regard to the room, and the basins with
+regard to the benches, it will be as well to remember the postures that
+the bather assumes whilst being shampooed&mdash;viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd, on
+the back; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed with respect to the
+slab that the shampooer may, without altering his position, take water
+from the basin with his handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A
+shampooer cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
+and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at right angles to
+the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space
+between the two benches. Where the room is long and a row of benches are
+placed at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each their
+separate space to work in. Each one can then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> manage in 4 ft., and the
+slabs can be set out 6 ft. from centre to centre. Where the long sides
+of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the
+slabs, there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In the
+case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins are best placed
+between the slabs.</p>
+
+<p>It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the
+washing room, behind which the entering bather may, if he chooses, have
+a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by
+means of partitions of sufficient height, which may be of wood and
+obscure glass. In this way any shampooing room may be rendered more
+private. Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the
+benches.</p>
+
+<p>The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may, so
+long as there be a dado of glazed ware, be lined in the same way as the
+hot rooms. But as regards flooring, still more care is required to
+prevent slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully spilt
+around, renders this precaution needful. Moreover, provision must be
+made for drainage.</p>
+
+<p>The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple tiles. Marble is too
+slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible. Marble mosaics,
+roughly set, may be employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must
+be determined by the position of the gullies.</p>
+
+<p>The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration.
+In a place where the occupants are, literally, <i>breathing at every
+pore</i>, it is obvious that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> too much care cannot be taken to prevent all
+possible odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious
+sewer gases. The traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the
+best possible design and material, and proof against the evil known as
+"siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the
+ventilators in the walls, at the floor level, as then a current of air
+sweeps over them and up the extraction flues. It is not always that an
+opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage;
+where the bath rooms are above ground, however, this should be done if
+practicable. Where possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
+under the basement floor. In this the whole of the pipes can be
+placed&mdash;the soil-pipes, the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes, &amp;c., and
+access gained to them by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be
+effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The culvert itself
+could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue. This is
+all costly; but the builder of a Turkish bath will do well to be
+prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
+the establishment, and in the end, when the public have appreciated the
+attention bestowed, he will thank his architect for having impressed
+upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Douche Room.</span></p>
+
+<p>The douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium, and
+fitted with a circular needle bath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> with shower or douche above, and any
+other kind of spray bath that may be required. It should not be a dark,
+cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also because a corner is
+admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath,
+it is better, often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But of
+these additions I shall have much to say anon, as one of the most
+important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings.
+Needle baths will be found indicated, on the plans given in these pages,
+by an incompleted circle.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Plunge Bath.</span></p>
+
+<p>Though, according to medical authorities, this does not form a
+<i>necessary</i> appendage to the hot-air bath, it is yet a feature that
+<i>must</i> be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments.
+Ever since, and long before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother
+Quintus, "Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
+offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample
+plunge. But although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to
+take a dive, and for an expert to take a true "header," it is a vast
+mistake to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out of all
+proportion with the other features of the establishment. One does not
+look for such an adjunct: it is a great expense to keep up, requires a
+lot of space, and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
+purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim
+without touching the sides with his hands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> and to dive along under
+water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he
+rises to the surface. Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft.
+in length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it may be as
+narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter; but in such a bath one can
+only flounder about, and healthy bathers will go elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>In deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be
+strongly guarded against, and that is, that it be not stowed away in a
+damp, cold-looking, cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very
+well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water; but from every
+other point of view it is highly objectionable. The wise man will bring
+his bath forward into the lightest possible position, where its clear,
+limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling. For preference,
+it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally, <i>en route</i>
+to the frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, previously
+illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is convenient to place the
+bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium; but, to
+most persons, the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition
+and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge. If placed within the
+frigidarium, and approached by a door from the lavatorium, some sort of
+a screen should be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
+appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants of the
+cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.</p>
+
+<p>The demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect
+of a Turkish bath. If the bather, on leaving the plunge bath, finds
+himself in the frigi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>darium, he must ascend the steps under hanging
+towels. The arrangement that will be found the most convenient&mdash;a direct
+importation from the East&mdash;is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling, and
+from this hang cords attached to towels. The hoop can be swung by an
+attendant over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry himself
+and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber, in the
+lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium, its construction will remain
+essentially the same. If not in shape and size, in other respects it is
+a small swimming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must be
+remembered. A good foundation must be prepared for the bath, with a
+thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering
+the whole floor. The side walls should be built of concrete and lined
+with white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for the bath
+may be puddled with advantage, but if properly constructed, this should
+be unnecessary. The bottom of the bath need not be flat, as the most
+economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest
+part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather
+enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth from bottom to
+water-line. From this point the floor will slope towards either end,
+gradually towards the entering end, and more rapidly towards the exit.
+At either end, where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
+provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be not more than 6
+ft. wide, these should occupy the whole width, and be of marble or slabs
+of some cheaper material<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> on brick bearers, or they may be built solid.
+A coping of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the
+side walls; and, if the bath be in the cooling room, this may
+advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing. On
+the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A
+water-supply pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe will
+be needed, all of which I have more particularly specified hereinafter.</p>
+
+<p>The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties&mdash;it may leak,
+and it may be below the level of drain. The first evil is the result of
+an error in design, or of bad workmanship; the latter is unavoidable.
+The following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with
+perfect success:&mdash;On the bed of concrete prepared for its floor, erect
+side walls of concrete, and on the floors and walls thus formed spread
+two distinct layers of asphalt, covering all and running up to the
+underside of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in cement,
+with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat. The general
+principles of this construction I show in the accompanying illustration.</p>
+
+<p>Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be done is to drain
+out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a "sump"
+provided in a suitable position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a
+few feet, the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept above the
+drain level; but steps must then be placed between it and the
+washing-room, and steps in such places are dangerous, being very liable
+to become slippery.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_059.jpg" width="650" height="382" alt="Fig. 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 4.<br />A Plunge Bath.<br /></span>
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_059full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_060.jpg" width="650" height="293" alt="" title="A Plunge Bath" />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_060full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Frigidarium or Cooling Room, and Dressing Accommodation for Bathers.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in
+one of the following ways:&mdash;1. A separate frigidarium and distinct
+dressing room, arranged (<i>a</i>) in direct communication with one another,
+or (<i>b</i>) connected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room;&mdash;2. A combination
+apartment arranged (<i>a</i>) with dressing-boxes around the walls, and
+couches in the centre, or <i>vice versâ</i>; (<i>b</i>) with Oriental divans;
+(<i>c</i>) with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood
+screens; (<i>d</i>) with a few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a
+few lounges, and easy cushioned chairs; and (<i>e</i>) as a simple room with
+couches placed therein, by the side of which the bather will undress,
+and on which he will recline after his bath.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to
+unpretentious establishments, where, however, it is wished to employ
+separate rooms; the second (1, <i>b</i>) is only suitable for elaborate baths
+of the highest class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and with
+practical results. Of the combination arrangements (<i>a</i>) has little to
+recommend it; (<i>b</i>) is expensive and extravagant of space, though it may
+be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable;
+(<i>c</i>) is suitable for ladies' baths; (<i>d</i>) is very practicable, and
+gives the apartment a pleasant, homely look; and (<i>e</i>) is best for cheap
+baths, being the simplest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> arrangement possible, wholly unsuited,
+however, to establishments of any pretension.</p>
+
+<p>If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is nothing more than a
+spacious, cheerful apartment, designed with a view to the reception of
+couches, and the usual accessories designed in connection with it&mdash;the
+refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon. If this separate
+cooling room be provided, a distinct apodyterium, with little
+dressing-boxes, must be designed. If the bath be small and easily
+managed, curtains may be employed to screen those undressing; but if it
+be a large establishment, with a number of bathers constantly dressing
+and undressing, doors must be provided, and these must be under lock and
+key in charge of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with a
+seat, rack, and shelf; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables, and
+lavatories for general use must be placed in the room, which must be
+designed in direct connection with the frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly ventilated, the
+vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level, since the
+temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary
+one&mdash;<i>over</i> that of the exterior air when the weather is cold, and
+<i>under</i> when it is at all hot.</p>
+
+<p>Where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin, the
+means of communication should be carefully studied, so that it may be
+free from cross draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified
+and room-like&mdash;not a mere passage. It may have the air of an ante-room,
+but must not be crossed by entering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> bathers who have not divested
+themselves of their boots or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided,
+having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate
+cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems
+to have found favour latterly.</p>
+
+<p>Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the
+combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is
+certainly not pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
+cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must return to couches
+whereon previous bathers may, as likely as not, have, however
+temporarily, deposited more or less of their underclothing or
+superimposed raiment. But economy of construction is nowadays a question
+that must be considered at every step, and the combination apartment
+saves both space and materials, and is also economical as regards
+attendance. Moreover, it must be confessed that a cooling room provided
+with elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses and
+undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable
+and convenient. The dressing-boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are
+not conducive to the general sense of comfort.</p>
+
+<p>In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is
+necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be
+furnished&mdash;viz. which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted.
+This is much a matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
+the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> well to provide
+a cooling room of what may be called the "picturesque" order, or the
+reverse of stiff formality. By this I mean such an arrangement as 2,
+<i>d</i>. The bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in
+the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair. With a handsome plunge
+bath and a pretty little fountain, such rooms may be rendered very
+attractive.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat, be carefully thought
+out previously, and not left as an afterthought. The size of the
+reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature. This should
+be 6 ft. 6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft., according as
+luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this must be considered
+the space allowed for each bather to dress in, and also the routes for
+bathers and attendants. Four feet between the couches is a sufficient
+space where couches are screened off in pairs.</p>
+
+<p>Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. <i>Two pairs</i> of couches
+screened off with only a small space between of 4 ft. or so is an
+objectional arrangement. It is difficult to explain why this is so; but
+the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
+will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four couches must
+expand into a spacious divan.</p>
+
+<p>At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging couches in the
+frigidarium. A shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of; B is the
+comfortable, spacious divan; C the method of placing couches in pairs;
+and D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.</p>
+
+<p>The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a bath where cost is
+subordinate to excellence, a parquetry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> floor may be provided, and mats
+employed, as cleaner than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
+treated in any manner that may be chosen&mdash;plastered, papered, or
+decorated with colour.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_065.jpg" width="650" height="631" alt="Fig. 5." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 5.<br />
+
+Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_065full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium
+so long as it fulfils the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> essential points&mdash;i.e. that it be spacious,
+capable of easy and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
+and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than
+in any other apartment, and no pains should be spared to render it
+healthy, comfortable, and attractive. The hygienic points to be attended
+to are, that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
+effective withdrawal of vitiated air; for the <i>cold-air bath</i> in the
+cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as the bath of hot air.
+The freshness of the air is of equally vital importance, as much of the
+<i>invigorating</i> effect of the bath&mdash;that effect which to the minds of the
+uninformed is <i>weakening</i>&mdash;results from submitting the heated skin to
+volumes of cold air.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In arranging any screens or screen walls in the
+cooling room, therefore, regard must be had to the method of
+ventilation, that there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
+of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its
+position. In most cases the air is best admitted through the windows,
+fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top, and extracted by a
+powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level. In some positions
+extraction flues will have to be built, and, in others, flues of large
+area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
+certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without
+the aid of a powerful blowing fan-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>wheel driven by a motor of some sort,
+and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not so
+much matter so long as the end be gained, and an ample supply of cool
+air obtained. A warm, close "cooling room" is worse than useless. In
+such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration, and lie
+perspiring for hours, and become greatly weakened thereby, with a good
+chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently <i>warm</i> in all weathers if
+they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments; but in the
+height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
+simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air itself must be
+cooled, either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in
+inlet tubes, or through a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases,
+however, is it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to the
+teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice that the proper
+temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different
+states of the weather, and should not remain constant all the year
+round.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>HEATING AND VENTILATION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with
+the Turkish bath, all sink into insignificance by the side of that of
+the <i>heating</i> and the <i>nature of the heat</i> supplied in the sudatory
+chambers. Other things being equal, it is, after all, the <i>heating</i> that
+distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence. The
+heating of the "bath" is the Alpha and Omega of the whole matter.</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body&mdash;by direct
+radiation, as from the sun or an open fire; and by convection, as
+through a volume of air.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them which rested upon
+<i>pilæ</i>, or little pillars of brick or tile, around which the flames and
+hot gases from the furnace played, and surrounded by heated, hollow
+walls, evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
+have been of a purely radiating character.</p>
+
+<p>So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who employ flues running
+beneath the floors, and the Moors, who adopt stoves visible to the
+bathers.</p>
+
+<p>Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which
+is transmitted to the body through the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> medium of the air. Its virtues
+have been extolled by David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on
+the bath. "There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart, "between radiating
+and transmitted caloric.... I cannot pretend to treat of this great
+secret of nature; to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
+can say, that such heat is more endurable than common heat. There is a
+liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks. You are conscious of
+an electrical action. It is to transmitted heat what champagne is to
+flat beer.... Let us drop, if you please, the word 'bath': it is 'heat.'
+Let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air': it is the application of heat
+to the human frame." Elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the
+terms <i>thermæ</i>, <i>sèjac</i>, and <i>hammâm</i>&mdash;the names given to the bath by
+the Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper&mdash;mean <i>heat</i>, and not "hot-air"
+or "hot-air bath."</p>
+
+<p>My own studies, observations, and experience lead me to the conclusion
+that the direction in which we shall improve the "Turkish bath" will be
+in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant
+heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible
+of a degree of heat, while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool
+air&mdash;air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been
+suddenly raised to an enormous temperature, but which has received its
+heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming. Under this system the
+heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or
+the biting eastern winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
+employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> removed and
+all fumes and odours have disappeared, we shall note the soft and balmy
+nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting.
+We are, to all practical intents and purposes, <i>in a Roman laconicum</i>.
+The thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing
+of the bricks or other articles. They have absorbed vast quantities of
+heat, and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to
+ourselves standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were charged
+with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of
+the laconicum, and covered with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases
+the nature of the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
+all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the
+worst type of <i>hot-air</i> baths; no unpleasant fulness or aching of the
+head; and no panting or palpitating. Such is the "bath" of pure radiant
+heat, a thing totally distinct from, and altogether of a different genus
+to, the bath of heated air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
+which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this
+kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can
+be expected, and possibly that not until this great or
+partial&mdash;according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in
+existing baths&mdash;revolution has been effected, will the bath, at present
+used by the few, become the custom of the many. Some day, peradventure,
+this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered
+possible and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where we shall
+receive great heat whilst breathing a compara<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>tively cool atmosphere,
+and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience
+when, in some sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to the
+fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh, cool,
+ozone-laden air.</p>
+
+<p>Till modern invention, however, has provided us with this desideratum in
+the heating of the bath, we must be satisfied with existing methods. And
+unless something really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely
+upon the system of heating by convection through the air&mdash;the principle,
+generally adopted, of continuously passing large quantities of
+freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers; exposing, however, the
+heating apparatus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained;
+and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its
+temperature. If only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this
+principle, one would have little cause for complaint, and might the more
+leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of
+heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our
+hopes for the future of the "Turkish" bath.</p>
+
+<p>For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of heating and
+ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained. This I shall
+now do, and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of
+heating and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of the heating
+surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into
+the hot-rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The necessary appliances, and arrangements for the heating and
+ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> principle comprise a
+furnace in its chamber, with flues or shafts supplying cold, and drawing
+off the heated air, and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing
+coke, &amp;c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped, and the life
+of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant. Its design is a
+simple matter, and perhaps for this reason neglected. The arrangement
+and construction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the selection
+of a stove or furnace great judgment. As regards the latter feature, the
+most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or
+radiating surfaces. What will raise the air to the required temperature,
+without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising
+elements, and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from
+leakage, or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material
+employed in its construction?</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary
+firebrick. From this material a soft heat is given off, differing in
+quality from that obtained from iron. An iron furnace, however, requires
+less thought in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
+economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an iron radiating
+surface, have been largely adopted in the past, in spite of the
+objection that, when super-heated, particles of metal are thrown into
+the air of the hot rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
+the public; but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary
+requirements, there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling
+the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a
+Turkish bath.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These conditions may be summarised as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of grate space.</p>
+
+<p>2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the
+hot-air chamber or conduit.</p>
+
+<p>3. Freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air.</p>
+
+<p>4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the
+heating surfaces.</p>
+
+<p>Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer
+of furnaces for the Turkish bath. Their importance must be obvious to
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stove has
+been adopted the most frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for
+the effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The appearance of this
+stove is familiar to all architects, and it will be unnecessary, in
+these pages, to minutely describe its construction.</p>
+
+
+<p>The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath
+is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The excavations for stokery and heating
+chamber being completed, and the position of the furnace determined a
+solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon which the brickwork
+to support the stove must be laid. At the same time, the foundations for
+walls of furnace chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for
+the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared. These latter
+must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face, and the
+furnace inclosed in similar work, as shown in perspective sketch. The
+flues must be covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within
+three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
+the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back one similarly,
+and the front one round the four projecting doors, which are,
+respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire door, and two doors for
+cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions. The
+furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of
+iron smoke flue, and then&mdash;if, as shown, the furnace be small&mdash;covered
+with a 4-in. York slab in one piece. If the furnace be large, a flat
+brick arch must form the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch
+supports the flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the admission
+of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be
+either directly above, as shown in the last-named illustration, or in
+the side, as in Fig. 6, with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more
+economical, in heating on the principle now under consideration, to
+place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms; but if desirable to
+place both on one level, the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes
+the party wall of the laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the
+ceiling, and the air debouched over it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="600" height="531" alt="Fig. 6.
+
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 6.<br />
+
+View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to
+show the &quot;Convoluted&quot; Stove.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock
+brickwork; but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones. All hot
+and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In
+first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be
+of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes must be provided for
+cleaning when necessary. Every portion of furnace chamber, flues,
+shafts, and conduits for hot and cold air must be "get-at-able" either
+by means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors must be
+indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them.</p>
+
+<p>The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue,
+and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed.
+The walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than 4&frac12; in.
+thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 479px;">
+<img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="479" height="600" alt="Fig. 7.
+
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 7.<br />
+
+An Air Filter.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be
+conducted to their respective inlets. If possible, at least two inlets
+should be provided, facing different ways: this with regard to the
+possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
+enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows, and, in cities,
+furnished with a solid frame and casement, fitted with louvres of plate
+glass with polished edges. Between the rebate and the casement it is a
+good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
+stretcher-frame holding several layers of "cheese-cloth" to filter the
+air. The construction of such an air filter is shown at Fig. 7. The
+glass louvres keep out the wet, and throw off coarse particles of
+falling soot; and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
+cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones&mdash;a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> important point,
+though little heeded, if not, perhaps, wholly ignored.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;">
+<img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="363" height="650" alt="Fig. 8." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 8.<br />
+
+Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &amp;c., for a Bath on the ordinary
+Hot-air Principle.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_077full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The position of air intake is a matter of great importance, especially
+in large towns. It evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the
+bottom of an area. Even the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good: the
+shaft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> should be carried higher. The best places for the intakes are
+where there is always a current of pure air blowing, and away from smoky
+chimneys. Theoretically, it would seem that the higher the level of
+intake the better; but in cities, by going high we get among the
+belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stagnation below. Moreover,
+a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft
+might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath,
+and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
+"lobster-back" automatically turning <i>towards</i> the wind, would in many
+cases prevent such a disastrous result. Even in low-level intakes, as I
+have said, trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
+remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only the one facing
+the current of air will be employed, the other being closed, which could
+be effected by fixing the glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and
+connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
+simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the
+louvres.</p>
+
+<p>The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most
+careful study, and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath
+must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
+Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is
+perhaps a bad job: the site only admits of ventilation at a back area,
+it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else, and the fresh air
+must be drawn from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling and
+dressing rooms; the bath rooms are in the basement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> and the furnace in a
+sub-basement, reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the
+bather. Two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault; three air-inlets are
+provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues, two in
+number, which, above, could join one another. Let us follow the air in
+its passage through the bath. Entering at the intakes, any coarse
+impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of
+finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
+cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible impurities, the air
+passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it
+reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls, along
+which it is rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and heating
+surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces, absorbs the
+radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft
+constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves.</p>
+
+<p>Questions of temperature I will omit for the present. The air, on
+passing through the laconicum, will be practically pure, as it is in
+such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this
+highly-heated chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
+provide ventilators. These should commence in the calidarium, and
+should, in the scheme of ventilation here considered, be so disposed
+that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room, the more
+frequent will they become. The object of this disposition of outlets for
+vitiated air is, that the cross currents thus created may not interfere
+with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Were too
+many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium,
+this stream would be diverted. Too much of the freshly-heated air would
+flow out at these points, and the onward movement of the air would be
+enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature
+in the tepidarium and lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>In passing onward through the various rooms, two changes are wrought in
+the air: it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for
+every foot it travels, and it becomes laden with the exhalations from
+the lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown
+into the air, and as the normal temperature of the human body remains,
+in a healthy person, at about 98° Fahr., and rises but a few points even
+when submitted to the action of heat, these exhalations, in addition to
+being heavier than air, are very much below the average temperature of a
+sudatory chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted at the
+floor level.</p>
+
+<p>The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to
+the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh, hot
+air from the heating chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5
+superficial feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in. by 3
+in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms, say 4 in
+the calidarium, 7 in the tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing
+room and lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is the space
+comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms.
+At the end of the laco<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>nicum they enter flues, which I have shown as
+running side by side with the smoke flues.</p>
+
+<p>Other methods of heating the air, besides those mentioned, include coils
+of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber&mdash;a principle that has been
+frequently adopted in the past&mdash;and plain cylindrical iron radiating
+stoves, such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_081.jpg" width="600" height="463" alt="Fig. 9." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 9.<br />
+
+Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created by the large
+number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning. An exposed stove
+in a hot room, has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
+the air in the bath, which should never on any account be done.</p>
+
+<p>If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace similar to the one
+shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and after an additional few feet of
+brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much
+as the flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with
+expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in
+keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces
+on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
+radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess this advantage
+over a mere stove, that they warm the air more gradually. The furnace
+should be built adjoining the laconicum, the partition wall being of
+4&frac12;-inch glazed brickwork, having a large number of small openings
+made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the
+fireclay heating apparatus. Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should
+be placed, turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
+half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue. The furnace
+itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed that its utmost heating
+power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air, which
+should pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
+partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue, if of wrought
+iron, should be rectangular in section, but if of cast-iron it should be
+round.</p>
+
+<p>The most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small,
+inexpensive, and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common
+laundry stove, with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the
+apartment. This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
+temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="581" height="650" alt="Fig. 10." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 10.<br />
+
+A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_083full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick, at
+Fig. 10 I have given the plan, elevation, and sections of a fireclay
+heating apparatus. It is constructed wholly of fireclay&mdash;fireclay
+bricks, quarries, and cement. In the main it consists of a long flue of
+firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and forwards over itself
+till the desired amount of radiating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> surface is gained. Between the
+coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing
+over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the air passing
+through by means of perforated bricks. The illustration shows a simple
+furnace; but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by
+providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues
+and air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat a small
+public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a compound apparatus could be
+constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one
+on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the lower one
+hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other, end to
+end, or might form the <i>sides</i> of the laconicum; the last plan, however,
+being the least to be recommended, as in such positions they would not
+directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies
+radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind, besides a proportion of heated
+air, and from a fireclay surface, the employment of which renders it
+absolutely impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
+deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal.
+Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous
+attention than an iron stove. Its disadvantage is that, should the
+temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some
+time for the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, however, as fires
+at public baths must be kept banked up overnight, this is not a matter
+of importance. It is this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> very slowness of increase in temperature that
+constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
+which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so many baths. The
+difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature
+relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous
+fumes and carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the construction
+of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger, as the
+chances are that, unless the architect stands by and sees every joint
+made, the work will be done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must
+be employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must be literally of
+the very best and soundest description. Every single joint must be
+perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &amp;c.,
+must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in
+the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness. Homogeneity of
+material must be obtained, having regard to expansion and contraction.
+The same material used for the bricks, &amp;c., worked into a paste, must be
+employed for the joints.</p>
+
+<p>The design for a furnace on the principle shown at Fig. 10 must be
+prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating
+and cooling. Should this warning be disregarded, fractures will result.
+It will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block of flues
+and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any expansion, the
+connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe,
+which, being provided in considerable length before passing through the
+party-wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> permits any
+slight movement in a vertical direction. If an "expansion" joint were
+provided, there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed
+direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery. So
+much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with
+asbestos or some composition, or the heating will not be wholly by
+firebrick. The junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a
+cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
+the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces
+are fitted to retorts.</p>
+
+<p>This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum, but if thought
+desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks&mdash;9 in. and
+miss 4&frac12; in. The 4&frac12; by 3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond
+patterns. This screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of
+radiant heat.</p>
+
+<p>The first flue past the actual furnace&mdash;shown with ordinary dead-plate,
+raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door, and ashpit door for regulating
+draught&mdash;has walls 4&frac12; in. thick; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide;
+but in a larger apparatus, 9 in. and 4&frac12; in. respectively would be
+required. The quarries between flues and air spaces are 24 in. by 24 in.
+by 3 in., with rebated joints. Larger covers would be more liable to
+crack at any provocation.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-heating may be
+employed, if found, as in many cases it would be, convenient and
+economical. The chief disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish
+baths, is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> pipe in
+the heating coil, which, by immediately filling the highly-heated
+atmosphere with vapour, might prove most disastrous to the occupants of
+the hot rooms, who would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the
+principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent
+Turkish baths in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan, as in
+heating by means of furnaces. In the first method the fresh air is
+introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes, and passes
+thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
+heated by a stove. In the second method, steam radiators&mdash;compact
+batteries of pipes&mdash;must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh
+air being introduced over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
+the "small bore" type, about 5/8 inch internal diameter, and of wrought
+iron or copper. In order to ensure as far as possible against the danger
+of explosion, the system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by
+severe hydraulic pressure.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease and economy, to be
+able to warm a building, drive machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian
+baths from one boiler, which can readily be done, very ordinary
+pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the
+requisite temperature. But the nature of the heating accomplished by
+means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
+surfaces of firebrick.</p>
+
+<p>The average temperatures of a public bath should range from about 110°
+in the shampooing rooms to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> 250°-260° in the hottest part of the
+laconicum, taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6
+in. above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated air and its
+point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms, the bather should be
+able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him, and as
+many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to
+themselves, it shows attention to the <i>habitués</i> of the bath, if the hot
+rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures
+throughout the year. This may be 110°-120° in the shampooing rooms, 140°
+in the tepidarium, 180° in the calidarium, and 250° in the laconicum.
+These must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at 6
+ft. 6 in. above the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures
+are comfortable, but in a foul one they become insupportable.</p>
+
+<p>In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air, there
+will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say 4
+ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where
+the air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference. And here we
+may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection; for
+while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in
+comparatively cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
+reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its entirety, as
+where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so
+marked. And here, too, we may note the admirable nature of the Roman
+system of heating, where the floors radiated the majority of the heat,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under the ancient
+system must have entered through the cooler rooms, and being drawn
+towards the <i>calidarium</i> found its exit through the ceilings, at times
+by way of the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus the ancient
+bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in
+the modern hot-air bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in
+a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body.</p>
+
+<p>The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the
+furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform
+heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove
+should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature
+should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the
+floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod
+adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures.</p>
+
+<p>The heating power of furnaces must be studied. Having calculated the
+cubical contents of the rooms to be heated, and given the heating power
+of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or
+superficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary size.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to show the heating power
+of the "Convoluted" stove. The figures give the requisite size of stove
+to raise the air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
+before, and with ordinary firing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Messrs. Constantine give the following tables">
+<tr><td align="right">Weight of metal.</td><td align="right">Sq. ft. of heating surface.</td><td align="right">Area capable of heating.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">cwt.</td><td align="right">sq. ft.</td><td align="right">cub. ft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="right">1,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="right">69</td><td align="right">2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">34</td><td align="right">119</td><td align="right">3,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">36</td><td align="right">139</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">180</td><td align="right">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">231</td><td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">56</td><td align="right">296</td><td align="right">16,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>When different kinds of heating apparatus are employed, their heating
+power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into, or it
+may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process
+of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a
+larger one. This point is worth attention. Such mistakes are not
+unfrequently made.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms, an
+allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum, if
+purity of atmosphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance of
+perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated, as not only has
+the respired air from the lungs to be removed, but also the deleterious
+exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration.</p>
+
+<p>The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should not, if
+properly distributed, cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot
+rooms; for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
+a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold. The main thing
+to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the
+cold inlet be ample, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> passage from this intake to the point
+where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and
+unobstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided
+for the extraction of the foul air. With large horizontal flues, and a
+capacious and tall shaft, the so-called natural system of ventilation
+will be as effective as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
+gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the
+whole height. In many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed
+with the greatest benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of
+a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms, and
+running so as to exhaust, would do away with all the objectionable
+odours and nastiness of many baths.</p>
+
+<p>The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the
+difference between a good bath and a bad one, which latter is infinitely
+worse than no bath at all. There exist, at the present time, scores of
+baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating. Such
+foulness arises from stagnation of the air. There is no continuous flow,
+and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A
+system of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the wrong
+principle, and does not act. There is no change of air. The atmosphere
+of such places becomes pestilential.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater volume of air
+enters the laconicum than the cold intake. This fact, however, does not
+practically affect the arrangements for ventilation, &amp;c. Theoretically,
+how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>ever, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace
+to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the
+furnace from the intake&mdash;about one-third larger&mdash;and that the total area
+of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between
+the two.</p>
+
+<p>The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a Turkish
+bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact that we have to
+continually remove <i>the bottom layer of air</i>. The provision of the
+foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a
+suspended floor with a hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
+the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature, where we
+require to constantly remove the top layer, and often actually do so
+when we provide false ceilings to passages, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be
+actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above. Long, wide gratings 6 in.
+deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design. In theory,
+indeed, the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round
+with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted,
+into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges.</p>
+
+<p>There is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms
+that requires considerable attention, and that is the <i>back-flow</i> along
+the floor. In any bath where hot air is supplied, if the bather will
+hold his linen "check" across the top of the doorway between the rooms
+he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the
+shampooing room. If, however, the sheet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> be held across the lower
+portion of the doorway, he will find that there is a current of air
+setting in an opposite direction&mdash;from the shampooing room to the
+laconicum. This is shown at Fig. 11.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_093small.jpg" width="600" height="267" alt="Fig. 11.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 11.<br />
+
+Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_093.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this
+back-flow when he is standing between and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> in a line with the doors of
+the hot rooms. All the air appears to be travelling along the top of the
+bath, and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem
+to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath, round the
+shampooing rooms, and back along the floor. In reality, however, it is
+only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
+diagram, Fig. 11, there being a secondary circulating process in each
+room.</p>
+
+<p>This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern
+system&mdash;that is to say, where freshly-heated air is passed in in
+sufficient quantity. It is a natural result, and tends to distribute the
+heat more equally. The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
+opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment, as
+the plunge bath chamber. The bather standing in a line between the
+doorways may then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
+doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided to any means of
+communication with a cold chamber.</p>
+
+<p>A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in
+the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus. By
+reference to Fig. 11 the reader will understand that by the provision of
+a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end
+would be attained.</p>
+
+<p>The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour.
+"Perfect dryness of the air," says Mr. Urquhart, "is indispensable to
+the enduring of a high temperature.... This dryness is further requisite
+for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> atmosphere is
+created injurious to health and conducive to disease. It is the very
+condition in which low, putrid, and typhus fevers flourish. The
+electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet
+will lose its attractive power. We all know the difference of our own
+sensations on a dry and on a damp day."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler of some form for
+heating the water, a cold-water cistern, and a hot-water tank;
+supply-pipes, flow and return pipes, and branch pipes; lavatorium
+fittings, comprising bowls, basins, and cocks; douche room fittings, as
+the "needle" bath, shower, douche, spray, and "wave" baths; a warm
+shower-bath for bathers entering the bath, or desiring such a shower at
+intervals; and the fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this
+there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium, and an
+ornamental fountain in the frigidarium; lavatories in various positions;
+and, possibly, fittings and appliances for the laundry.</p>
+
+<p>Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be brought into the
+building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern, which should
+be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good "head." This cistern
+must be capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circulating
+principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of suitable boilers there
+are several in the market, of many and varied designs. Simplicity of
+construction should be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps
+its most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> separate
+furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms
+and of the water being out of the question. In small baths, however, the
+hot-water tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling in
+the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained, a water super-heater,
+with steam coil, may be employed with advantage; but in the majority of
+cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable.</p>
+
+<p>The supply-pipes must be of large section, and indeed, the whole scheme
+of water-fitting should be liberal. It must be remembered that, in
+addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge, &amp;c.,
+there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes, if
+washing be done upon the premises.</p>
+
+<p>The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of the case, be kept down
+as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms, and be placed over some
+subsidiary apartment. This does not give much pressure of water. For all
+purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about 20
+ft. above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing
+appliances. This will ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
+formidable affair.</p>
+
+<p>The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all be of the best
+description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath.
+Ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place. Lead piping should be
+discarded for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its stead,
+with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Should there be
+sufficient means, <i>copper</i> piping should be employed for anything under
+1 in. internal diameter, and gunmetal should be used for unions, &amp;c.,
+and for cocks and valves.</p>
+
+<p>Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings conduce, in no small
+degree, to the effect of a bath. There should be no attempt at hiding
+away of pipes, &amp;c. They should be made features of the bath, and be
+designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe, joint, and
+connection should be prearranged, and the means of fixing and supporting
+the same carefully designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
+and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mysterious plumbing has
+gone by. There is some beauty even in a pipe.</p>
+
+<p>To consider the fittings, we will commence with the lavatorium. Branches
+from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each
+shampooer's basin. These may be finished separately, with independent
+nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be connected with the valve
+shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in. above the basin, the outlet of the valve
+being fitted with a foot or 15 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter
+case the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the wall, and
+depend from the horizontal supply pipes, which in their turn could be
+carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron
+ties, as indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The <i>internal</i>
+diameter&mdash;the measurement given in all the figures&mdash;of these branch
+pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be 3/4 in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_099.jpg" width="650" height="516" alt="Fig. 12." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 12.<br />
+
+A Shampooing Basin.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish bath are best of the
+"gland" pattern. They should have bold handles. Those of the screw-down
+type are useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be used, and,
+to insure freedom of running, the turning part should be equal to the
+inner diameter of the pipes. The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if
+the pipes to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows the
+type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for
+shower baths, &amp;c. To be useful, as well as bold and effective in
+appearance, the handles should be large.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 246px;">
+<img src="images/i_100.jpg" width="246" height="400" alt="Fig. 13.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 13.<br />
+
+Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>In every case</i>, the cold water must be placed on the right hand, and
+the hot on the left.</p>
+
+<p>The earthenware basin is provided to hold water<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> mixed to the required
+temperature. A waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration, but
+they should be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow&mdash;shallower
+than shown. There should be no overhanging ledge to catch the
+shampooer's hand-basin; for this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the
+basin sunk into the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
+ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take
+water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab, or
+over the bather. In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must be
+provided.</p>
+
+<p>Should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches, the horizontal
+supply-pipes must be continued along the wall, and branches dropped to
+each basin. The basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat
+higher than the benches. In the illustration given, I have shown how to
+arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins. In other cases the
+fixing of the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium purposes
+these basins, cocks, &amp;c., are all the water-fittings to be considered;
+but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room&mdash;and perhaps a
+plunge bath chamber&mdash;as well as a washing and massage room, more or less
+of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated.</p>
+
+<p>The tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the
+shampooing, the soaping, and the cleansing, are various. The most useful
+is the simple shower bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied
+with water through a regulating valve. It is employed for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> thoroughly
+cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge, whose waters are for
+the common use of all. In many small baths its place is efficiently
+taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at Fig. 15.
+The shower proper is usually fixed above the "needle" bath, as at Fig.
+14, or formed by a continuation of the "backbone" of the needle. It is
+best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower, as at
+Fig. 16; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a branch from the pipe
+conducting to the needle, and with stop cocks. The needle-bath is a
+skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching
+ribs. The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into the ribs,
+squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences.
+The bather stands in the centre of the apparatus, with the ribs
+encircling him. The ribs should be of 1/2-in. copper piping, the
+backbone and lesser supports being of iron, 2&frac12; and 1&frac12; in. diameter
+respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant must be placed
+the regulating valve.</p>
+
+<p>A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which will include needle,
+shower, ascending shower, spinal douche, and back shower; but this
+should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
+these matters should be the great desideratum. The above-named
+additions, however, may be briefly described. At Fig. 14 I have
+indicated the position of ascending shower. It would be connected with
+the pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock. The spinal
+douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper, and should have
+similar connection with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal
+spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone, and be
+connected in the same manner. Avoid these complications in a bath for
+healthy persons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/i_103.jpg" width="337" height="500" alt="Fig. 14." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 14.<br />
+
+A Needle Bath.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be enclosed in a metal
+shield if desired. This bath may be placed in one of three
+positions&mdash;(1) in the shampooing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in
+the plunge bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the bather
+passes it <i>en route</i> from the washing room to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> plunge. For this
+appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential, as with a low
+pressure it is very ineffective. The illustration shows the bath
+standing on iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
+secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_104.jpg" width="600" height="443" alt="Fig. 15." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 15.<br />
+
+Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic bathing appliances
+may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any
+direction, a spray, or large rose, and a "wave." These three appliances
+may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They are connected to the pipes
+from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To
+this is secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gunmetal
+nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine, but must not be used
+upon the head or chest. With a good head of water this is a most
+powerful appliance, feeling more like a rod of some solid substance
+pressing against one than a stream of water. The "wave"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> is formed by a
+copper spreader. The spray is simply a large rose, 6 in. or 8 in.
+diameter.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_105.jpg" width="650" height="489" alt="Fig. 16." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 16.<br />
+
+Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &amp;c.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the
+above-mentioned appliances together, as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and
+cold handles are here brought together. These handles should be long, so
+as to admit of easy regulating of the tempera<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>ture of the water; they
+may well be 9 in. in length. The douche, wave, and spray should be kept
+as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.</p>
+
+<p>I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of
+complications in these water-fittings and appliances. Some of the more
+"fussy" contrivances&mdash;as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as
+above described&mdash;require so much regulating, and so many valves and
+stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set
+them going. Simplicity in design and construction should be observed in
+this work: the pipes as few as need be; the valves as simple as
+possible; and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of
+their being easily examined and repaired.</p>
+
+<p>I have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of
+provision whereby the bather may, on entering the bath, have a warm
+spray or shower, of any temperature that may be agreeable to him. In
+high class baths this feature should always be provided, as it is a
+great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions a necessity, thus
+to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms, or at
+such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired.
+The proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration.
+Were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided, it
+would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms; but
+as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such
+shower, it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
+convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> bath. A small
+chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium, and also from
+the tepidarium itself, would be convenient. At times it may be placed in
+a nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed, the apparatus
+provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by
+the bather himself, so as not to take up the time of the attendants; and
+for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and free from
+liability of scalding the user, unless through gross carelessness. A
+valve with one handle only must be employed, as, unless the bather has
+had some practice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
+of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such as that shown at
+Fig. 17 should be employed. This valve must be so designed as to supply
+cold, tepid, and hot water <i>in regular gradation</i>&mdash;not intermittently,
+as do some valves of this description. It must be so placed that any one
+taking the shower may, whilst beneath the rose, be able to easily reach
+the handle. The rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
+Fig. 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
+shower-bath.</p>
+
+<p>In hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small
+foot-bath, formed by a sinking of about 6 in. in the floor, and filled
+with hot water; for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to
+enter the hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and overflow
+would have to be provided for this bath, and a marble seat might be
+placed round it. A marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it
+pleasing in appearance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 628px;">
+<img src="images/i_108.jpg" width="628" height="650" alt="Fig. 17." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 17.<br />
+
+Bather&#39;s Shower Bath.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections of a plunge
+bath, and shown its water-fittings. The overflow and waste run into
+cast-iron drainpipes, which should be employed till outside the
+building. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose
+with leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of
+pipe. For the waste I have shown a "disc" valve of gunmetal. This is
+similarly screwed to flange of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve
+is opened and closed by a movable rod. If <i>fixed</i>, it might catch the
+toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set
+the valve itself back in a recess. Instead of this valve, an ordinary
+4-in., 5-in., or 6-in. "plug" waste could be employed, but it is rather
+clumsy on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve, with wheel
+and spindle outside the bath, is the best means of letting out the waste
+water. The supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just
+after the water meter. The valve should be of the "screw-down" pattern,
+either with a thumbscrew, wheel and spindle, or a key.</p>
+
+<p>In coast towns, where a <i>sea-water</i> plunge may be employed, a little
+rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position, for
+cleansing the hair from salt water.</p>
+
+<p>Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of the "sanitary"
+water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak, except to say that, in a
+place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature
+should be as perfect as possible.</p>
+
+<p>A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath
+of any pretension. It should be placed at the coolest end of the room,
+affixed to a wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> and tap of
+some sort. The bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware.</p>
+
+<p>If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium, it should be
+of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware, and must be provided with
+supply-pipe, waste, and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
+is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is restful to the
+ear, and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants
+arranged around and upon it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect, we may well
+consider first the methods of lighting the bath. As a rule, much
+artificial light will be required. The hot rooms, being often in a
+basement, are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
+Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital
+importance, the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such
+as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable,
+fumes. Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
+objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for
+the foul air, the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and
+envelop persons below the burners, though, of course, in a diluted
+state. Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory
+chamber, it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the
+burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room, and provision made
+for carrying off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is at
+last increasing with marked rapidity; and the incandescent light is
+admirably adapted for all purposes of the Turkish bath. Where it can
+possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable, except that it is
+heating, and assists in vitiating the atmosphere. But inasmuch as the
+fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air, the
+objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Nevertheless, the
+electric light is the illuminant to be coveted.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and
+softened. It is not a place for brilliant general illumination, but
+rather for a soft light pervading the whole, and auxiliary lights where
+required, such as near couches, &amp;c.&mdash;a system, in fact, diametrically
+opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more objectionable of its
+kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a
+cooling room. It would be found intolerable.</p>
+
+<p>For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light required in any
+part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches, where it must
+be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading. One
+gas-burner, or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches is a
+fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of course, much in the
+distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil,
+and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be
+considered. The dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed
+lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it, depending from a
+chain over a fountain, throwing its rays downwards on to the falling
+waters, and <i>not</i> in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon
+the couches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial lighting, by
+windows or lamps, it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the
+eyes of the bather&mdash;a principle of universal application, but especially
+to be regarded in a place where, more often than not, the occupants of
+the various apartments are reclining, <i>face upwards</i>, on benches or
+couches. In the hot rooms, as in the cooling room, little general
+illumination is required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
+especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore, may be provided
+in the sudatory chambers, should be as diffused as possible, the
+additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments
+being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers.
+The lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a
+very small compass.</p>
+
+<p>Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing
+rooms. In scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement, where daylight
+can only be obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
+arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this
+light.</p>
+
+<p>For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark
+laconicum, and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the
+shampooing room. The plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted, but not
+above the tone of the frigidarium, or the bather will feel to be going
+from cheerfulness to comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
+bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber, with
+perhaps an ornamental lamp over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> bath itself; and if the
+intermediary staircase&mdash;should there be such a feature&mdash;be lighted on a
+lower scale, the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
+one.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Decorating.</span></p>
+
+<p>Under this heading, I would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a
+bath, of the materials to be employed, and of the design of features&mdash;of
+the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather than of
+anything implying the <i>laying on</i> of so-called ornament.</p>
+
+<p>The architecture of a bath is <i>interior architecture</i> as distinct from
+that involving external work. Much of this, moreover, can often only be
+seen by artificial light. These two restrictions point to the
+employment, for the most part, of surface decoration, rather than of
+modelling&mdash;of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings, cornices,
+and pilasters.</p>
+
+<p>There are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome
+designing, and they are the frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge
+bath. There is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
+are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time; and as
+for the plunge, it is in itself an object capable of giving a very
+pleasing effect. Over-elaboration&mdash;in respect to added ornament&mdash;in the
+hot rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity, with good
+proportions, seems here the most pleasing. The general effect of the hot
+rooms should be light, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> statement which is wholly in harmony with what
+I have said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight appear
+to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light,
+the darkest portions being a dado. A generally dark and heavy tone of
+colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light:
+light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly decorated,
+large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled iron, for more expensive
+establishments; light walls of white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed
+bricks, without startling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really
+bold, contrast; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark
+pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone, but
+not too dark; and, in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is
+perhaps best to stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
+burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets affixed to
+plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks best dark and polished, affording
+an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials.</p>
+
+<p>Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in
+ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by coloured glass shades over
+lamps, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be
+recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a
+heavy-looking arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look very well
+if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns, and affixed
+with "buttons" with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig.
+18. Large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made with screw-holes and
+affixed to ceiling joists.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 495px;">
+<img src="images/i_116.jpg" width="495" height="600" alt="Fig. 18." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 18.<br />
+
+Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &amp;c., should be specified to
+be executed with an extra neat joint, and should bond to less than 12
+in. to the foot; otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
+clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults. Work
+which may pass as fair in ordinary cases, looks coarse and rough in the
+glazed interior walls of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is
+some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints; much of the work
+produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms, admits of being
+rendered very attractive; and that is the flooring. Mosaic work is
+always pleasing, if it be designed with taste and executed artistically.
+Marble and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting of a
+richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of brilliant colouring.
+In designing marble-mosaic floors, however, one may well fight shy of
+including that senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
+often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer to the
+heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one
+another, and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an
+effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom&mdash;to be
+flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design is of antique
+origin, and has a real classical designation, I cannot but think that it
+is to be avoided, and that fillings-in should be made with tesseræ of
+one tint, or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.</p>
+
+<p>Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate,
+with faïence and modelled glazed ware, marbles and painted encaustic
+tiles, and many other suitable but expensive materials; but for my own
+part I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber,
+though by this I do not mean monastic severity of style.</p>
+
+<p>The general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration. It
+should have an effect of its own, quite distinct from anything else. It
+should have something of the conservatory in it. It should be richly
+carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> be pleasant with plants and
+laden with the murmur of falling waters. It should be light, certainly;
+cheerful, cool, and airy looking; and as lofty as possible within reason
+and common sense. The ceiling should be of a light tone. A lantern-light
+where the light may come in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated
+air may go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.</p>
+
+<p>Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to
+hot rooms&mdash;if a staircase be needed&mdash;the divans or screens for couches,
+and an ornamental fountain as above described. The staircase may be
+rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white marble treads to
+the stairs. The divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing
+ornamental, open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style or
+otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf partitions, enclosing a
+couple of couches, look handsome. As a rule, they are of a flimsy and
+gimcrack order of architecture. They should be made as solid as
+possible. For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
+divans.</p>
+
+<p>As regards style, I do not see why one method of design should be more
+suited than another for the bath. Having become popularly known as the
+"Turkish" bath, an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted in
+the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style
+of architecture, there is something to be said on this score. It is,
+moreover, a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than
+modelled work, or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
+is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> of a bath in
+an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a
+half-hearted manner; and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful
+use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Considering that the old Romans brought the bath to a great pitch of
+excellence&mdash;far, very far, I should be inclined to say, in advance of
+our present knowledge of the subject&mdash;their style of architecture would
+seem fitted to its design at this day; and for large public baths,
+larger than any yet erected in this country, one can imagine that a very
+interesting design could be made in the Roman style, founded on a study
+of the old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to them,
+reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures, details, &amp;c., of the
+public baths of the time of the Empire. In a like manner in the Moorish
+style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old
+baths in Eastern countries,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> drawing, perhaps, some inspiration from
+the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their pleasant retired air,
+for the frigidarium. I have often thought, when looking at the late Owen
+Jones' splendid model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable
+frigidarium the Court of the Lions would make, with its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> spacious
+central area, and retired nooks suitable for couches, and its pretty
+sparkling fountain and green plants, its brilliant colouring, and
+general cheerfulness of effect. Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
+court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium, with
+its <i>cubicula</i> for couches, and its central area and fountain.</p>
+
+<p>The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done
+should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate
+the provision of handsome public baths for the people. In everyday
+practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths.
+Although only the Roman and Eastern styles have been mentioned, there
+can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath
+in whatsoever style he may please.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered
+a thing of beauty. This is in reference as much to its plan as to the
+materials of the sides and floor, &amp;c. There is no reason why a plunge
+should always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any of the shapes
+indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers, especially in warm weather, like to
+stay some minutes in the plunge, and not go straight through; they may
+like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require room to turn, and a
+keyhole plan, such as at A, is suitable, and especially useful where the
+bather has to return to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is
+shown at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is
+allowable, as here the true dive seldom pertains. A delicate semi-oval
+plan, such as that at D,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> which is much after the pattern of the Roman
+bath recently discovered at Box, could be employed; or a plain, circular
+bath with steps around, such as that of the Pompeian <i>Balneum</i>, shown at
+C; or, again, such a plan as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor
+in Sussex. For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we cannot
+do better than refer direct to the old Roman remains, either in Italy
+itself, or in Great Britain and other provinces and colonial
+dependencies of the old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the
+possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
+often produced baths of great beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;">
+<img src="images/i_121.jpg" width="434" height="650" alt="Fig. 19." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 19.<br />
+
+Plans of Plunge Baths.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint, and
+there should always be more or less pure white. Nothing really is better
+than plain white glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
+water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows contamination when
+it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesseræ,
+any simple patterns being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such
+as strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well through the water.
+The floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty. The sides are
+best of glazed brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
+steps of so-called white marble.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Furnishing.</span></p>
+
+<p>The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish bath comprises the
+complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches, lounges, ottomans,
+carpets, mats, and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
+the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the sudatory chambers may be
+required easy chairs of peculiar construction, with stretched canvas
+seats; in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
+marble-topped ones; and any carpeting, matting, felt for benches,
+curtains (if any), and Indian matting for dadoes. These are the
+principal requirements that need consideration, the remaining furnishing
+of subordinate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordinary
+description. The refreshment department requires possibly a
+coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf fittings; but, as a
+general rule, no arrangements for actual cooking.</p>
+
+<p>The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by 2 ft.; but 6 ft. 6
+in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal allowance. They should be made of
+polished wood, strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered with
+a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans are adopted, on the
+Eastern model, the benches must be framed of wood, permanently fixed,
+and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet, as
+Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of
+Indian matting, affixed above to a moulded rail.</p>
+
+<p>The carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread.
+Nothing, of course, equals a Persian or Turkey carpet, and one or the
+other should be provided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
+adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where a polished wood
+floor is adopted and shown, soft durable matting or strips of carpet
+must be placed along any routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and
+the boot-room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables,
+&amp;c.&mdash;anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to tread. Anything
+in the nature of fastenings likely, by any possibility, to injure the
+feet, must be carefully avoided.</p>
+
+<p>A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &amp;c., should be provided in
+the cooling room. The provision<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> of lounges, &amp;c., must depend upon the
+design of the room, and whether nooks or angles are available for their
+accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by
+the heads of the couches (Fig. 21, B).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;">
+<img src="images/i_124.jpg" width="283" height="650" alt="Fig. 20." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 20.<br />
+
+Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at
+C and D, whereat are shown an iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen
+frames are best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
+fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few of these seats
+should always be provided in the hot rooms. Movable wooden <i>benches</i> are
+constructed of beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
+head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-seasoned wood should be
+employed, for all joinery purposes, in the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten, and a
+cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off boots and shoes. A shelf or
+shelves for linen checks is useful in this position.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over, but <i>strips</i>
+of matting or carpet are better. The hot laconicum is best carpeted
+throughout. The tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the
+bathers must necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
+provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot rooms. For
+similar reasons to the carpeting&mdash;the non-conduction of heat&mdash;fine white
+felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches, as at
+Fig. 20. Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above the
+benches, I have already spoken.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped as at E, Fig. 5,
+are required as head-rests. They should be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and
+hollowed to fit the head.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 468px;">
+<img src="images/i_126.jpg" width="468" height="650" alt="Fig. 21." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 21.<br />
+
+Furniture of a Turkish Bath.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRIVATE BATHS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale, from a
+single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry
+stove, to an elaborate suite of apartments, providing all that is found
+in the public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an addition to an
+existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>There are, of course, many expedients for producing perspiration by
+heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of
+bath rooms; but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of
+baths, I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For although there
+is something to be said in their favour, in that the head is free and
+one can breathe cooler air, there are serious objections to their use,
+as the lamps employed <i>burn the air</i>, and there is also an absence of
+that rapid aërial circulation which is so much to be desired. Besides
+the actual objections to their use, more or less inconvenience attends
+the employment of the sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and
+there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
+extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The bath in the house may consist of one of the following
+arrangements:&mdash;(1) A single room used as a sudatory chamber and for
+washing; (2) a hot room and a washing room; (3) a combined hot room and
+washing room, and a cooling room; (4) a cooling room, washing room, and
+hot room; or (5) a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every
+possible luxury, such as even the old Roman gentlemen would have
+coveted. Where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room
+as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also in the cases where only
+a washing room and a hot room are provided.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i_128.jpg" width="550" height="461" alt="Fig. 22." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 22.<br />
+
+Plan of Mr. Urquhart&#39;s Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
+Erasmus Wilson&#39;s Bath at Richmond Hill.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing operations are also
+conducted, all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and
+heat-proof floor and ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
+smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank or <i>lavatrina</i>.
+Allowance must be made for a couch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A)
+shows the simplest form of a bath room possible; it is that which Mr.
+Urquhart constructed, and has described in his 'Manual of the Turkish
+Bath.' It was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room
+might be built, the whole arrangement, with water fittings and building
+of three of its walls, only costing 37<i>l.</i></p>
+
+<p>The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a private house should be
+cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house, with
+carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end; and in the case of
+an elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors and heavy
+curtains, should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing
+rooms, as at Fig. 24. The air of the hot rooms should, of course, be
+perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the
+bath and the house and its situation. In town houses, where the bath
+consists of only a washing and a hot room, the first floor will be the
+most convenient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground floor is
+as handy as anywhere; and this position allows of the easier
+construction of the heating apparatus. In the country, the bath is best
+built away from the house, connected by a short lobby, which may be
+utilised for boots, &amp;c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
+overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-conduction of heat to
+places where it is not wanted.</p>
+
+<p>The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for the simplest, a
+common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A) and at Fig. 23; for bigger
+baths, a small convoluted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> stove, as at Fig. 24; or a furnace of
+firebrick with an iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22&mdash;a plan of the hot room
+(15 ft. by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson built at
+Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a small furnace wholly constructed
+of fireclay, such as that of which I have given complete plans in the
+chapter on "Heating and Ventilation," would be the best. A furnace of
+this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath,
+at Fig. 25. Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a firebrick
+furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces retain their heat a long
+time. It should be "banked" at night. A bath only required at times, and
+quickly, is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron stove
+and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature. The
+simple baths illustrated at Figs. 22 (A) and 23, are therefore very
+convenient and effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
+to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for
+private purposes, as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor,
+and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at
+Fig. 24. A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, <i>ante</i>, must
+be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot
+room. If the bath be on the ground floor, the construction of any form
+of heating apparatus is rendered easier.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house,
+the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed. Hollow walls
+must be provided round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+the external side, and the transmission of heat through internal walls.
+The floors above and below should&mdash;if not of solid fireproof
+construction&mdash;be formed as described in the section dealing with the
+design of the sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, asbestos,
+sawdust, or materials having similar properties. Windows should be
+double. Wherever possible, concrete floors should be provided to the hot
+rooms and washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
+mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It should be needless
+to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from
+fire by the stoves or furnaces.</p>
+
+<p>The ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful
+attention as those for public use. The hollow external walls may often
+be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air, which
+must be let into the cavity at the floor level. If the bath be
+constructed on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system of
+carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits&mdash;recommended for
+public baths&mdash;should be employed, as in the accompanying design for a
+large private bath, where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one
+vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have said on
+the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on many matters in connection
+with the design of public baths, applies in the case of the private one,
+and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints
+as to its construction.</p>
+
+<p>In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to explain the
+arrangement and construction of private<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> baths, from those formed by
+converting existing rooms into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete
+design. Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private bath, an
+apartment only measuring 11 ft. by 16 ft., yet forming an effective
+sudatory chamber, with simple iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or
+lavatrina. On this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
+adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23. One plan shows a
+hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed
+in the old external wall, and the new chamber constructed with hollow
+walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra room would, of course, be
+thus formed on the floor below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and
+the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room, which
+would become the lavatorium, and undressing room if necessary. A
+double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper
+bath used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating the
+adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by taking away the
+flue-pipe to a new chimney, and knocking a doorway through the old
+partition wall, thus making a complete set of bath rooms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 649px;">
+<img src="images/i_133.jpg" width="649" height="650" alt="Fig. 23." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 23.<br />
+
+Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_133full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing room divided into a
+combined hot room and washing room, and a cooling room. Three of the
+walls being ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined with lath and
+plaster on quartering, leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of
+heat by absorption and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
+quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> for the
+withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected below with the hot room,
+and above lead into the open air. A pugged partition and double-doored
+lobby separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for a
+full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which has a metal screen
+around to protect the more adjacent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> walls from the heat. A lavatrina is
+provided, as shown at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a
+shower. This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood,
+as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A couple of couches, lavatory,
+and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed, the fresh air
+should be admitted as near the stove as possible, and if the inlet be
+connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket,
+the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature. The
+temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates
+directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather, is not a
+matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is
+transmitted through the agency of the air itself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="581" height="650" alt="Fig. 24." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 24.<br />
+
+A complete Private Turkish Bath.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_135full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every
+consideration, I have been led to give the above plans and descriptions
+of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other
+rooms. But plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required, and
+at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an
+appendage to, and at one and the same time as, the house. In this plan
+all necessaries are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
+outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It is arranged on the
+first floor of a projecting wing off the main building. The frigidarium
+is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
+provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels.
+Between the frigidarium and bath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> rooms is a double-doored lobby of a
+kind that is very useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
+heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it forms a perfect
+preventive against the entry of the air<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> of the hot rooms into the
+cooling room. Between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the
+laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a curtain if
+necessary. The walls are 18 in.&mdash;9 in. and 4&frac12; in., with 4&frac12; in.
+cavity, used for ventilation. The bath rooms are lined with glazed
+brickwork. The floor is of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction.
+Enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
+rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is the stokery and
+furnace chamber, fitted with a small convoluted stove, a hot-air shaft
+leading to the bath room. Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal
+flues from either side of the building. The windows in the bath rooms
+are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches, as at
+Fig. 21 (E), <i>ante</i>, and a similar bench occupies one side of
+lavatorium, opposite which is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk
+into the floor and partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
+In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes, lavatory, and
+toilet tables, &amp;c. This would be a very effective plan for a comfortable
+private bath.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary "slipper," "length," or "shallow" bath is out of place in
+the rooms of a Turkish bath; but where the bath has to be adapted with
+economy to an existing bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where,
+say, some members of a family take the Turkish bath and others the
+ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-named figure, and serve
+the purposes of a lavatrina. The lavatrina, as designed in the plan of
+the large Turkish bath appended, however, is the most convenient
+apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> washing
+oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from the ordinary method
+of immersion in a large body of water; and as the former manner is the
+most economical of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
+in a house, to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and
+cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary
+slipper-bath.</p>
+
+<p>In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a
+tepidarium. This chamber should therefore be as large as possible. In it
+may be required a shampooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath,
+in addition to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water fittings
+are to be provided. All that will be required are hot and cold water
+taps over the edge of the lavatrina, which should also have a waste and
+overflow. Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
+arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, <i>ante</i>. This will serve
+all purposes, unless a douche and a needle are desired, when the
+regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within
+the bather's reach while standing in the bath.</p>
+
+<p>The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a bath-man, must look
+upon shampooing as a <i>luxury</i> but not a <i>necessity</i> of the bath. Dr. W.
+J. Fleming, in a lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
+before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years back, said that the
+accessories of shampooing, &amp;c., are, despite the popular opinion to the
+contrary, non-essential. A shampooing slab&mdash;which must be of marble&mdash;is
+therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private
+baths.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A complete private bath must contain the <i>piscina</i>, or plunge. Unless
+space and expense be no object, this cannot well be made capable of
+affording a vigorous dive; but endeavours should be made to secure a
+bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the
+whole body. It will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public
+plunge bath.</p>
+
+<p>The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant, cheerful, and
+comfortable as possible. It should be a cosy place where the bather may
+recline and cool, and smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his
+heart's content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an Eastern
+divan; or it might be a simple, homely room, fitted with one or two
+comfortable couches. A fireplace may here be a desirable feature, for
+appearance sake, during the winter months. The room should be <i>really</i>
+ventilated&mdash;viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and with effective
+means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere, since, as I have pointed
+out in the chapters on public baths, the cooling process is, in its way,
+as important as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
+expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_139.jpg" width="650" height="280" alt="Fig. 25." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 25.<br />
+
+Design for a Private Turkish Bath<br />
+
+Longitudinal Section.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_140.jpg" width="650" height="400" alt="Fig 25." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Design for a Private Turkish Bath.</span>
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_140full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large private Turkish
+bath. It is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing
+addition to a country mansion; and considering the money prodigally
+lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
+indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of
+appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health, a cure for
+disease, and an untold luxury. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> public bath may be a blessing, but
+for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
+bath.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified and adapted to any
+style of design. The building could be connected to the house by a
+corridor, or by a glazed <i>xystos</i>, either abutting on to the main wall
+of house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the frigidarium are
+recesses for boots and for linen. The frigidarium&mdash;about 15 ft.
+square&mdash;has benches fitted up like one side of a divan, bay windows with
+space for plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
+ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment from the bath
+rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel closet, which latter could be
+supplied with hot air. The combined lavatorium and tepidarium&mdash;14 ft.
+square&mdash;is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses containing the
+plunge bath and lavatrina. A shampooing bench is shown. A marble dado
+surrounds the walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
+dome&mdash;which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete&mdash;and marble
+springers to horse-shoe arches. The shower is placed over the lavatrina.
+Plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining
+is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of that of
+which I have before given full detailed drawings. The vitiated air is
+drawn through flues in the floor, to a shaft on the opposite side to the
+chimney. The stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air
+would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
+description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> were no
+available supply of water from house, a boiler and tank could be placed
+in the stokery, and a cistern on the flat roof. The flat roof, if of
+iron and concrete, would form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable,
+the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and
+lavatorium. An air space should be left between the masonry of dome and
+covering of copper or other material. The lights should be double
+glazed. With the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness
+of the dome. This bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with
+pure heat of a most hygienic character.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in
+connection with, and&mdash;what is of greater moment&mdash;<i>in harmony with</i>,
+other baths, such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and the
+ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths, which, where the Turkish
+bath is included, may often be efficiently administered with the
+appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room.
+Moreover, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment, or
+system of pine-therapeutics, there will be required rooms or halls for
+the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the
+communication between these different baths, as the medicated, Russian,
+&amp;c., and the Turkish bath, and their relative positions, must be
+carefully studied. It should be compact and the various passages and
+corridors as short as possible, these passages and corridors being
+provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and uniformly
+equable, temperature. This latter point we do not find so carefully
+studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant.
+The consequence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and from
+the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid contracts a serious
+chill.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 658px;">
+<img src="images/i_144.jpg" width="658" height="650" alt="Fig. 26." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 26.<br />
+
+Plan of the Baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_144full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore,
+at Bournemouth, which, though not confessedly a hydropathic institution,
+has yet a fine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
+as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure. These
+baths include a Turkish bath, with three hot rooms, a shampooing room,
+and cooling room, connected by an anteroom with the suite of
+miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The latter
+comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such as the needle, douche,
+sitz, hip, and wave; a room or "hall" for the inhalation of pine vapour,
+whilst in a bath of condensed steam; and a room for the administration
+of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of pulverised Mont
+Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose, or ear, as may be required, this
+room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are a
+range of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
+purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those of pine extract,
+sulphur, iodine, &amp;c., &amp;c., and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water
+and salt-water baths. In connection are arranged dressing and reposing
+rooms, besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat similar suite
+of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block. There is
+no separate Turkish bath, however; certain days of the week are set
+apart exclusively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply the
+steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths, and the water super
+heaters, as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery, are arranged
+in a basement under the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
+room.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath, which was arranged
+under the direction of the late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct
+communication with the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the
+hot rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath, or <i>vice
+versâ</i>. In designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the Mont
+Dore, this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to
+be most carefully studied. Direct communication is required between the
+Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and medicated baths, as
+some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity.</p>
+
+<p>In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable, and
+used in ordinary bath rooms, the Turkish bath being the only feature
+requiring special design.</p>
+
+<p>A true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two
+Turkish baths, one for ladies and one for gentlemen, as the power and
+efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and
+persistency with which it is carried out. Where there is only one bath,
+it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and
+gentlemen, and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may
+be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two
+suites of rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that they will
+be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side, so
+that they may have their furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.</p>
+
+<p>Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty of room, it is
+often convenient to arrange the Turkish and other baths on the ground
+floor adjoining the main building, a corridor of connection being
+placed, if neces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>sary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
+have to be taken&mdash;often carried or wheeled in movable chairs&mdash;to the
+baths, and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a
+wheeled chair from the top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the
+baths.</p>
+
+<p>In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms should be provided
+for the Turkish bath&mdash;viz. three hot rooms, a washing and shampooing
+room, and a cooling room. They will, of course, be on a small scale; but
+the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath should also be added,
+but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether.</p>
+
+<p>For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have
+rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths. The needle bath
+should include the ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal
+douche&mdash;a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower. The
+regulating appliances for these various showers, sprays, &amp;c., should be
+brought together, and conveniently placed for the attendant. A very
+ingenious appliance, suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer
+regulating valve, which indicates the temperature of the water being
+supplied to the bather. The waters mix in a ball, into which is inserted
+the bulb of a sensitive thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or
+cold handles are turned.</p>
+
+<p>If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish bath is to be used for
+the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides
+those taking the Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
+also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> room for other
+bathers, it must be made of large size.</p>
+
+<p>Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the
+treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital
+necessity, and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a
+hydropathic establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath appended to these
+institutions. Hot rooms beneath their proper temperature, and lukewarm
+water, are unpardonable delinquencies, either in the early morning, in
+the evening, or during the day. For this reason I would recommend a
+furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for a long time, and is not
+subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves.</p>
+
+<p>Much of that which I have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will
+apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes. Here,
+however, efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be but
+of the plainest description. The conditions and exigencies of each case
+must determine the size, position, and nature of the suite of bath
+rooms. All that has been said upon the subject of the design and
+construction of the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
+given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in regard to
+Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential blocks of buildings, and
+for clubs.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath building, in the
+increased provision of baths in hospitals, asylums, and public and
+private institutions of one kind and another; and also in hotels,
+"flats," and clubs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> The hydropathic establishments have long adopted
+the Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect
+harmony with the principles of the Water Cure. But it is only
+occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums;
+and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been
+made in this respect, the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected.
+Seeing, too, the immense extent to which co-operative living has
+developed, and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
+residential blocks, &amp;c., I cannot but think that the builders of such
+tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of
+small Turkish baths for the visitors and residents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Animals of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows, sheep, and pigs,
+have been experimented upon with regard to the bath, and with much
+success. But for practical purposes all we need here consider is the
+design of the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
+be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a
+pig. It is, after all, only in connection with the training of horses
+that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this
+direction. Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected in this
+country in connection with hospitals for horses, attached to large
+businesses, and appended to training stables. In the development of
+race-horses the treatment has, according to the opinion of several
+authorities, been found eminently beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct communication
+with the stables. It may consist, as Fig. 27&mdash;a plan of a bath built for
+the Great Northern Railway Company's hospital for horses&mdash;of a washing,
+and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place for the animals to
+cool, and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being
+turned out in the open. In the plan given it will be seen that the horse
+is led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> through the washing room into the first hot room. Without
+turning round, he may be led into the second hot room and thence into
+the washing room again. In the hot rooms, which are heated by a
+convoluted stove, are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be
+secured. A similar arrangement is made in the washing room, where, after
+undergoing the sweating process, the horse is groomed down, an operation
+that should be performed in part with an iron <i>strigil</i>, much after the
+pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient Romans.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_151.jpg" width="500" height="370" alt="Fig. 27.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 27.<br />
+
+Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company&#39;s Turkish Bath for Horses.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply
+constructed, though, where it is desired to do the thing well, glazed
+bricks should, for the sake of cleanliness, be used for lining the
+walls. All that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
+draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> scraper, and
+wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory chamber, the horse should first be
+well scraped with the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if
+necessary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold water should
+then be thrown over him, and having been well rubbed down with the
+leather, he should then be covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs
+bandaged with cotton bands, the sheets, &amp;c., being gradually removed
+after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the animal turned
+into a shed, or into the open, to cool.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE END.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Air, allowance of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">backflow of, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">circulation of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">expansion in heating, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">filters, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">flues for vitiated, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">inlets for cold, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">intake, position of, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">arrangement of, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">its changes in the bath, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of bath, necessity for dryness of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">overheated, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">passage of, through bath rooms, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">rapidity of flow of, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apodyterium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and frigidarium, combined, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bath, architecture of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ascending shower, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">back shower, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">elaborate needle, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">foot, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">materials for, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Urquhart's cheap private, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">needle, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of private, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">preliminary shower, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">primary object of, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public, general requirements of, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">shower, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">style of design for, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">subsidiary apartments of, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, in asylums, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, in hospitals, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the "slipper", <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">wave, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baths, ancient and modern, difference between, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roman and Oriental, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 4em;">works on, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">cheap, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">private, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">complete private, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>-<a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">construction of, in private houses, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Eastern, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">elaborate private, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of double sets of, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of intercommunication between various, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in crowded sites, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">nature of private, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objections to extemporised hot air, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Old Roman, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">on one level, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">private, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public and commercial, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public, lack of, in England, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">supply of water for private, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">two classes of, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ventilation of private, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bath-rooms arranged <i>en suite</i>, advantage of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">drainage of, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Balneæ</i>, the Pompeian, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ancient, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benches, felting for marble, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bignor, Roman, bath at, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boilers, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boot-room, fittings for, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Box, Roman bath at, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calidarium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">floor of, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ceilings of enamelled iron, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Checks, shelves for, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cisterns, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cleansing process, ways of concluding, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cold plunge, object of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and demerits, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling room, carpets for, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">couches in, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">furniture of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of ventilating, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">method,&nbsp; &nbsp;  <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the separate, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireplaces in, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">methods of arranging, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">temperature of, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Divans, construction of, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douche, horizontal, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">room, the, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">spinal, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drainage, importance of perfect, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dressing and cooling rooms, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">F.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firing, evil of bad and forced, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floorings for cheap baths, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flues, hot and cold air, construction of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foul air conduits, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frigidarium, design of, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">divans in, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fountain in, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private baths, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the old Roman, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnace, advantage of a fireclay, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireclay, for private bath, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">method of constructing, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">expansion and contraction of, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnaces for private baths, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating power of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">with iron flues, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnace chamber, position of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gas, objections to, in bath, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good and bad baths, difference between, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good bath, what it is, and how gained, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hair-dresser and chiropodist, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammam, the, Jermyn Street, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammam, the Oriental, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heat, convected and radiant, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">methods of applying to bather, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">prevention of transmission of, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heating apparatuses for private baths, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">screen walls to, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heating by fireclay furnaces, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">iron flue-pipes, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ordinary stoves, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">convection, objection to, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">steam, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">arrangements for, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">dangers attendant upon, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of small baths, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of the bath, its importance, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">by the ordinary method, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the hot-air principle, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and ventilation, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">theory of, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">necessity for, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horses, bathing of, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hot-air bath," a misleading term, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot-air bath, the, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">appliances and arrangements for, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">manner,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">principle, objections to, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot rooms, benches in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">brickwork in, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ceilings of, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">chairs and benches in, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">doorways in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireproof floors over, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">glazing in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">height of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian matting in, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">joinery in, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">materials for, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objection to stepped benches in, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">proportional area of, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of partitions in, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">radiation of heat from, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot rooms, windows in, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">treatment of woodwork in, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydropathy and the Turkish bath, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydropathic establishments, the bath in, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invalids, consideration for, in bathing establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irish "sweating houses," old, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laconicum, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ceiling of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">floor of, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ladies' baths, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laundry, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lavatorium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and shampooing room, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the hydropathic, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">washing basins in, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">water fittings of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lavatrina, the, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mont Dore, baths at the Hotel, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">cure, the, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moorish bath, heating of the, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Mustaby</i>, the Turkish, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obstacles to the progress of the bath, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oriental colour decoration, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pay office, the, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perspiration, object of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plumbing, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plunge bath, the, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">between hot rooms and frigidarium, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">chamber, lighting of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">construction of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">depth of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for private baths, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in hydropathic establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">water fittings of, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Popular ignorance and the bath, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Processes of the bath, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">general disposition of plan of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rest after bath, necessity for, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman baths, method of heating the old, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">nature of heat in old, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanitary accommodation, necessity for care in providing, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shampooer, space required by each, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shampooing and the private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">benches, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">positions of bather during, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">value of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and washing room combined, arrangement of, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">room, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">ventilation of, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shower for head, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">preliminary warm, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">So-called Turkish baths, their harmfulness, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stokery, the, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoves, attributes of good, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Convolute, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">heating power of <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">method, of constructing, furnace chamber for, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">iron, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objections to exposing in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">plain iron radiating <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">radiating surfaces of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subsidiary apartments of the bath, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sudatorium, best position for bathers in <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sudatory chamber, a simple, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tank, hot water, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temperature, importance of maintaining <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of bath rooms <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">regulating, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">variations in <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tepidarium, the <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">drinking fountain in, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">mosaic floors in, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">old Roman, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Thermæ</i>, old Roman, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonic baths <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Transmission of heated air, prevention of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heat, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment, course of, in the bath, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with the, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">building, field for activity in <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for animals <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for horses <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Great Northern Railway Company's <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating of the true <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, a misnomer <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">what it is, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">direction in which improvement may be made in the, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turkish baths, Baden-Baden, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bartholomew's, Leicester Square, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bremen, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burton's, Euston Road, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Camden Town, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">foul atmosphere of some so-called, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Germany, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lukewarm, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nevill's, London Bridge, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Northumberland Avenue, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nuremberg, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savoy Hill, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vienna, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valve, thermometer regulating, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valves and cocks, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">regulating, for shower bath, &amp;c., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilation, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in cramped sites, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">mechanical, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilator gratings, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">number and size of, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washing and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water, pressure of, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water fittings, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">value of simplicity in, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than
+ourselves, term the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath,
+the "Roman-Irish bath"&mdash;the <i>Römisch-irische Bäder</i>. Both the ancient
+Roman bath and the old Irish "sweating-house," gave out radiant heat
+from the walls to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot
+air.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>draughts</i>. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note,
+would walk in the open air after the bath; and both the <i>Frigidarium</i> of
+the Romans and the <i>Mustaby</i> of the Turks were, and are, open to the
+heavens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> I do not know of any building&mdash;bath or otherwise, civil or
+domestic&mdash;in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour
+decoration has been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to
+have been missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed
+in very small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the
+general effect.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely
+unstudied. Few architects visit the East, and none enter the baths
+there, either in Egypt, Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true
+Oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about
+these buildings.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.</p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30444 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #30444 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30444)
diff --git a/old/30444-8.txt b/old/30444-8.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Turkish Bath
+       Its Design and Construction
+
+Author: Robert Owen Allsop
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2009 [EBook #30444]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TURKISH BATH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+
+  TURKISH BATH:
+
+  ITS
+
+  DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;
+
+  WITH
+
+  CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO
+  THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,
+  AND THE TRAINING STABLE.
+
+  BY
+
+  ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,
+
+  ARCHITECT.
+
+  ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS
+
+  _From Scale Drawings by the Author._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
+  NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
+  1890
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The present work originally appeared in the form of a series of
+illustrated articles in the columns of the _Building News_. It has been
+carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter. The
+object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to
+provide, in addition to a text-book for the architect, a treatise which
+shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative
+merits of the baths that compete for their patronage. The principles,
+herein enunciated, upon which good baths should be built, will be easily
+grasped by the ordinary reader; and the detailed plans and instructions
+will, it is hoped, supply such information as will enable the designer
+of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he
+may be confronted.
+
+  37, NORFOLK STREET,
+  STRAND, LONDON.
+  _March 1890._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+                                                           PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                                1
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH                   9
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS            17
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH  32
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+
+  HEATING AND VENTILATION                                    59
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+
+  WATER-FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES                              87
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+
+  LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING                      102
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH IN THE HOUSE                             118
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+
+  THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.         134
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES                               141
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FIG.                                                                PAGE
+
+  1. Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London                                21
+
+  2. Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London                             24
+
+  3. Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London                               28
+
+  4. A Plunge Bath                                                50, 51
+
+  5. Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room                     56
+
+  6. View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken
+  away to show the "Convoluted" Stove                                 65
+
+  7. An Air Filter                                                    67
+
+  8. Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the
+  ordinary Hot-air Principle                                          68
+
+  9. Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit                    72
+
+  10. A Fireclay Heating Apparatus                                    74
+
+  11. Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers                       84
+
+  12. A Shampooing Basin                                              90
+
+  13. Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water                       91
+
+  14. A Needle Bath                                                   94
+
+  15. Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths                                   95
+
+  16. Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.                       96
+
+  17. Bather's Shower Bath                                            99
+
+  18. Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling                  107
+
+  19. Plans of Plunge Baths                                          112
+
+  20. Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans    115
+
+  21. Furniture of a Turkish Bath                                    117
+
+  22. Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot
+  Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill                 119
+
+  23. Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses       124
+
+  24. A complete Private Turkish Bath                                126
+
+  25. Design for a Private Turkish Bath                         130, 131
+
+  26. Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth          135
+
+  27. Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath
+  for Horses                                                         142
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+TURKISH BATH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Since the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its introduction into
+this country under the name of the Turkish bath, this method of bathing
+has become very generally adopted; and although onward progress is
+rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread popular
+ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath, erroneous
+impressions are being gradually removed, and the continual building of
+new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on
+British soil.
+
+To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected
+with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and
+prejudice, or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and
+construction, and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before the
+public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that the latter cause has
+done much--very much--injury.
+
+I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of
+the bath in this country, is that little or nothing has been written or
+said about its proper design, construction, and working, and that no
+full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying
+heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we have had, and still have,
+placed before the public, and meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish
+baths" which are such only in name--unhealthy, ill-ventilated cellars,
+where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus,
+stagnates in the sudatory chambers, and becomes loaded with the
+exhalations and emanations of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged
+with a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that we so often
+hear persons remark that they have tried the bath, but neither enjoyed
+it nor did it agree with them! The damaging effect of "baths" of this
+type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.
+
+In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands, convinced of the
+value and benefit of the bathing, periodically attend these miserable
+substitutes for properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and
+effectively-ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
+shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the true principles of
+bath construction, and knowing little or nothing of the physiological
+action of the bath, they have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the
+power to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute. With
+the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily
+decorated, and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with
+striking semblance to the original type.
+
+So much has been written and said about the arrangement, design, and
+working of the baths of the ancient Romans, and of the Oriental nations
+of to-day, that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter
+upon the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested in the
+building of modern baths. An intelligent study of old plans, and of the
+writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of
+the special purposes to which the various apartments of the Roman
+_Thermæ_ were devoted, serves in no small degree to a complete
+understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in
+modern times. So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
+acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive. But to
+fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would
+require a volume of itself, since the many questions that present
+themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
+without considerable and lengthy description. Those desirous of studying
+the subject of the design of ancient and Oriental baths will find many
+works within easy reach. In his 'Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
+David Urquhart has given a most complete account of Eastern baths; and
+in Sir Erasmus Wilson's 'Eastern or Turkish Bath,' will be found a
+popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as
+an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse
+works, such as Wollaston's 'Thermæ Romano-Britannicæ,' Cameron's 'Baths
+of the Romans,' and particularly the careful description of the Pompeian
+_Balneæ_ in Sir William Gell's 'Pompeiana.' In the admirable works of
+Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be found interesting
+accounts of the remains of old Roman baths in this country; and in
+Daremberg and Saglio's 'Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et
+Romaines,' is a most capable essay on ancient _Balneæ_. In Eastern
+travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental bath will be
+found; and in Owen Jones's work on the Palace of the Alhambra, at
+Granada, plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that
+the Moorish builders erected therein.
+
+For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of brevity and
+convenience, I have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the
+old Roman vocabulary, to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
+respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms, the
+_Tepidarium_, _Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. Although the exact nature
+of the ancient Roman _laconicum_ is still a question in debate, I have
+chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot.
+The washing room I call the _Lavatorium_; the cooling room, the
+_Frigidarium_; and the separate dressing room, the _Apodyterium_.
+
+The modern "Turkish bath" is rather a revival of the Roman bath, than
+that of the East. Among the Orientals, the air of the sudorific chambers
+is charged more or less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
+the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And it has been decided
+by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school, that the air
+of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
+atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the dryness moreover
+is conducive to perspiration. This absolute need for a dry atmosphere
+in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr.
+W.B. Hunter, M.D., entitled 'The Turkish Bath: its Uses and Abuses.' But
+notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present
+day resembles, in point of dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome,
+the name of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart, has
+held good, and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation.
+
+Neither the term "Turkish," however, nor the designation "hot-air" bath,
+convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of "the bath,"
+as I shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
+"_heat_ bath"--a _thermal cure_. In the ordinary hot-air bath, the
+heated air is simply a medium; and, as I have endeavoured to explain in
+the body of this little work, the heat is best supplied to the body of
+the bather by direct radiation. By the "Turkish bath," therefore, I
+would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat--not
+necessarily hot air--to the surface of the human body for hygienic,
+remedial, and curative purposes.[1]
+
+In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect, treated of the
+subject from the broadest point of view, and have explained the method
+of designing the _hot-air bath_ pure and simple, looking upon the
+convected and radiating heat principles as both good of their kind, and
+perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame. I have
+adhered to this plan throughout, because, even supposing that it were
+shown conclusively to-morrow, that the principle of heating by
+convection is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to the
+slow march of improvement in this country, still be built and require to
+be planned. Moreover, it has been in the past, and still is, the
+generally accepted idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
+simple.
+
+Medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit
+to retain the term "hot air" in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In
+deference to their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
+_hot-air bath_. The arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat,
+with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in the sudorific chambers, are,
+for the most part, the result of my own experience and study.
+
+I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with public and private
+baths respectively. Chapters II. to VII. are devoted to the elucidation
+of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths, either
+for true public purposes or as commercial speculations. It is
+unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads:
+what is required of the one is required of the other. The only
+difference is that one is the property of the people, and may be
+required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds
+of baths; and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single
+individual as the case may be, and is generally an establishment
+complete in itself.
+
+It is not to the credit of the English nation that so little has been
+done in connection with Turkish bath building for the people. The
+attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is
+of the most meagre character. The provisions of the Public Baths and
+Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In these matters the German
+nation is far ahead of us. Fortunately for the general health, the
+Englishman is renowned for his morning "tub." But the cold tub is merely
+a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward
+man, besides constituting a most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the
+vast body of the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an
+ineffective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a high
+temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions. Used,
+as customary, without a tonic application of cold water, it is eminently
+conducive to cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average Englishman
+for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing, unless
+he sees the advantage of, and has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his
+own house. He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and
+attractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature, and he
+dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the
+so-called "Turkish baths" provided by enterprising business men. He can
+do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.
+
+In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII. to X., I have dealt
+with private baths, including the bath in the house and mansion, in
+institutions of one kind and another, and in connection with training
+stables. In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be found
+plans of baths of several types, from the smallest and least expensive
+to the most elaborate and costly.
+
+It is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being
+bestowed on the question of providing public Turkish baths worthy of the
+country; that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
+as commercial speculations; and that, from its pages, those desirous of
+experiencing the luxury of a model Turkish bath in their own homes, may
+learn the best methods of its design and construction.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than
+ourselves, term the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath,
+the "Roman-Irish bath"--the _Römisch-irische Bäder_. Both the ancient
+Roman bath and the old Irish "sweating-house," gave out radiant heat
+from the walls to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot
+air.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH.
+
+
+In order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management, a
+public Turkish bath should be convenient and _compact_ in plan. It
+should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation,
+in order to insure patronage; and, for the same reason, it should be
+made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, inconvenient, and
+ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the bather and the cause. It is its
+own enemy, and harmful also to all other baths; whereas every
+ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
+existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the
+process.
+
+A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one,
+but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest
+and most approved principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
+are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effective, and the
+cooling rooms ample, and supplied with an abundance of fresh air. This
+is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
+science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its attainment, as it
+is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive.
+
+By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean one in which the
+visitor will feel interest in the design; where pleasant objects are
+presented to his eye, both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling
+rooms. Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The bath
+requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the
+various apartments, and it is therefore highly desirable that his
+surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath,
+as in other architectural matters, this is not the result of a prodigal
+expenditure on costly decorations and fittings, but rather of a careful
+arrangement of necessary and desirable features, and a knowledge of the
+methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the
+plan.
+
+The arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the Ancients
+and Orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country, so
+that the order of the different processes through which the bather
+passes governs the disposition of the various apartments. The chief
+object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration
+by the application of heat. This heat is now generally applied through
+the medium of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by being
+passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various
+designs, or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick.
+Theoretically, the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the
+bather might be greatly improved, but practically it has been found the
+best. Into these questions, however, I shall enter when treating of the
+heating and ventilating of the bath. For the present, it will suffice to
+say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of
+an abundance of _pure hot air_ to the various sudorific chambers, and
+the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations.
+
+Since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the
+methods of bathing in vogue, it will be necessary to first give the
+reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather.
+The object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold--(1) To
+cleanse the blood of impurities; and (2) to loosen the dead scales of
+the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that spreads itself everywhere over the
+true skin or cuticle. Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that
+the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways, and
+is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and remedial agent.
+This latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures
+employed, as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively
+low degree of heat.
+
+The course of treatment to be undergone by the bather, as given by Sir
+Erasmus Wilson, is--(1) Exposure of the naked body to hot dry air. (2)
+Ablution with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and drying the skin. In
+addition to these, however, there should be added the process of
+"massage" or shampooing before washing.
+
+The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms--the _Tepidarium_,
+_Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. The nature of these apartments--which I
+shall hereinafter consider in detail--must be determined by the
+pretensions of the establishment.
+
+Perspiration having been induced, the bather submits to the kneading of
+the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer. For this operation,
+which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
+separate and distinct apartment should, in high class baths, be
+provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing.
+This detaches the dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
+generally practised in the _Lavatorium_--a washing room adjoining the
+shampooing room. In the same place the bather receives copious ablutions
+with warm water. The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
+douche, needle, spray, or shower bath, graduated from warm to cold; and
+the strong bather, by plunging into a bath of cold water, the object of
+which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin
+that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the
+calorific apartments. For these purposes a small room, with the various
+appliances named, and a large chamber containing a more or less ample
+plunge bath, must be provided. In small baths, provision for both these
+operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room, where the
+bather is "massed," rubbed down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower
+bath. The plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly in the
+cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in which case, the bather
+dives under a glazed partition of some sort, which, furnished with an
+india-rubber flap dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
+sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.
+
+The above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic
+processes, and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of
+the bath devoted to their attainment. I have named them first as being
+the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms, since
+the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old Irish
+"sweating-house," or a somewhat similar construction of the North
+American Indian; but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
+there can be no bath.
+
+The next important features to be considered are the dressing and
+cooling rooms. Before entering the bath rooms proper, the bather must
+divest himself of his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
+dressing room or _Apodyterium_, and the cooling room or _Frigidarium_,
+are generally made one and the same; but they may, with advantage, be
+designed as separate and distinct apartments, the provision for dressing
+and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes
+around it. The frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for
+the economical reception of the reposing couches, it being absolutely
+essential that the bather rest awhile, after the bath, to allow the body
+to gradually assume its normal temperature. Neglect of this precaution
+may cause a renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."
+
+If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted, it must be fitted
+with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons, or be
+divided into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space receiving a
+pair of couches. The divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate
+and ornamental wooden partitions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be
+observed. Each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing
+room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions.
+
+An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room
+fitted with a number of dressing-boxes, and then passes through the
+frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his
+bath. Where the establishment is on a large scale, the arrangement may
+lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes, then to the
+hot rooms, and finally, by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
+separate cooling room.
+
+Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the
+attendants, manager, and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist, or,
+at any rate, some sort of provision made for them. A pay office, with
+counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
+money, and other valuables, should be the first object that one meets on
+entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the
+street. In connection with this office may be the manager's room, and
+provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be the property of
+a company, a board room may be required. As on entering a bath the
+visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in order
+that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of
+that cleanliness which is next to godliness, a raised step must be
+provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod,
+or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided
+off by similar means. Provision for the boots and shoes must be in the
+form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also, racks for
+coats and hats must be placed.
+
+The hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist--if he does
+not practise his art at the couch of the bather--must adjoin the
+frigidarium, as also should the attendants' room. A lavatory must be
+placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room. Closet
+accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment, but should
+be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby. The
+greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
+becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the sense of smell is
+peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest odour is detected. The worst
+position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the
+lavatorium. Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath.
+If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors, the closets
+may be designed off a landing on the staircase. In the separate
+accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
+observed.
+
+Adjoining, under, or partly under, the laconicum must be placed the
+heating apparatus in its chamber, with stokery and provision for fuel,
+&c. The stokery should be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the
+attendants should be able easily to communicate with the stoker. Of the
+arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium I
+shall speak in another chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a
+drying room must be provided. They are important necessities, and should
+not be cramped in dimensions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS.
+
+
+Although the process of the bath determines the position of the various
+apartments in relation to one another, the exact disposition of the plan
+must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the nature of
+the site and surroundings, and--if the bath be constructed in an
+existing building--the amount of space allotted to it. The _relative_
+position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to
+the cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant; but the angle of
+connection with each other, their shape, proportions, and floor levels,
+must, together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments, be
+determined by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
+convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect will be called upon
+to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing
+building. He may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most
+of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably hampered. If the site
+includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house, he may
+arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor;
+and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms, in the basement.
+Where possible, the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall
+of the houses, and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
+often have to be in the actual basement. Where space is valuable a whole
+house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat
+proof. The basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
+the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and the first floor to
+cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again, can be arranged on the floors
+above, and both baths can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
+three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted to extra
+cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive sites the bath may be all on
+one level. This is the most convenient arrangement, but in large cities
+is generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths, in London, are,
+however, all on one level, the former being practically all above
+ground, and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing
+building.
+
+The London Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this
+country, and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late David
+Urquhart. It was erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
+Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the Eastern plan, and have
+quite an Oriental effect, with the stars of stained glass sparkling in
+the sombre domed tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
+old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the combined
+frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of wood, originally intended as
+a temporary building only. This is covered with an open-timbered roof,
+and divided into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by a
+clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the divans, which are
+separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an
+Eastern manner. Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
+hot rooms. The main room--a very moderately-heated tepidarium--is a
+square on plan, with splayed angles, over which rises a dome of
+brickwork. On either side of this square, and connected with it by the
+horseshoe arches supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
+as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing at the ends and
+joining on the one hand the frigidarium, and on the other a heated
+smoking saloon, which occupies a position corresponding to that of a
+Lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side of
+this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and laundry are arranged
+over the smoking saloon, and w.c.'s, &c., are placed at the end of the
+latter apartment. In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
+leading to four apartments--two used as hot rooms of different
+temperatures, and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's
+waiting room. Under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble
+slabs, beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short flight of
+steps. The plunge bath is placed, partly in the tepidarium, and partly
+in the frigidarium, with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of
+the hot air, such as I have herein before explained. In the centre of
+the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of the divans is
+partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist. A gallery is
+provided for the hairdresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn
+Street. The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few steps has to
+be made to reach the frigidarium from the street. A refreshment bar is
+placed in the frigidarium. The manager's room is on the second floor,
+adjoining the old building, and has a window overlooking the
+frigidarium.
+
+The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this country,
+and the Savoy (Fig. 1) is one of the latest and largest, and also on one
+level. It was designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the basement
+of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill, a short passage
+conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule, where are provided
+rails for hats and coats. The counter of the ticket-office is placed at
+the entrance to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
+room--the bath being the property of a private company. In vaults
+projecting under the street, provision is made for an engine and dynamo.
+The frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into
+divans by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a saloon for
+the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an attendants' room. A lavatory is
+provided in a recess. Access is gained to the hot rooms through double
+doors. The plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in
+the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature
+nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to
+the calidarium, adjoining which is the heating apparatus, fitted with
+two of Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stoves. Access to the stokery
+is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium. The shampooing
+room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium, dwarf walls
+separating it from the latter apartment, as also from the lavatorium.
+Here, there are six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
+slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is screened off the
+lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray. A passage leads from the
+douche room to the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
+passage, and approached by doors from two of the divans, are the w.c.'s,
+&c., for the bathers' use. Provision for the supply of refreshments is
+made at the back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
+style.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.
+
+--PLAN-OF THE-SAVOY-TURKISH-BATHS--
+
+Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London.]
+
+In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium forms also the
+apodyterium. This arrangement is economical of space, and has been
+found, in practice, the most convenient for bathers; but there is much
+to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room, such as
+that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths. Erected from the designs of Mr.
+H. H. Bridgman, F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
+their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath. Entering from the
+street, a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the
+office. Adjoining this is an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of
+dressing-boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor of the
+upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads to the door of the
+tepidarium, at right angles to which is the calidarium. Adjoining the
+tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
+opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite exceptional
+dimensions. A staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious
+cooling room. This is lighted from the top, and contains a fireplace, a
+feature usually omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
+adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter. From this
+frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby.
+Thus he makes a complete round, and does not meet the incoming bathers
+on the staircase to the tepidarium.
+
+The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London are those of
+Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue (Fig. 2). They were designed by
+Mr. Robert Walker, F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
+baths, though, as at the old Pompeian _Balneæ_, the former set are
+ungallantly cramped into a very small space. They occupy a corner site,
+and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle.
+In the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision for hats
+and coats. From the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is
+entered, after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar
+on the right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
+hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room. Off
+a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table.
+The staircase leads to the first floor--where are provided extra
+couches--and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor is
+practically a gallery. In the basement are three hot rooms, the
+tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles
+and rich faïence. A heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.
+There are in this bath three shampooing rooms--an arrangement conducing
+greatly to privacy. A douche room and plunge bath are provided in the
+angle of the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
+laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's shop, and as
+store-rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.
+
+Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.]
+
+The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and are partly
+separated by an area. They are entered from the side street. On the
+ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room. Additional couches are
+provided on the first floor, where is also an attendants' room. In the
+basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms. A washing room,
+shower bath, and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
+rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other.
+Each, however, has its separate and distinct furnace. A passage formed
+by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers.
+
+In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cooling rooms, &c., are
+in the basement, and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement.
+
+Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an excellent example of a
+compactly-arranged double set of baths. The various apartments are
+designed one above the other on different floors, the area of the
+building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual, are the pay
+office and a combined cooling and dressing room, and an attendant's
+room. In the basement are the bath rooms, arranged _en suite_--first a
+shampooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very compact manner,
+the plunge and shower baths; next is the tepidarium; then the smaller
+second hot room; and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
+temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining this. The principle
+of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under
+the late Mr. Bartholomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin
+iron flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of heat
+directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are divided from one another
+by glazed wood partitions, as distinct from the solid walls dividing
+baths like the Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two methods of
+dividing the hot rooms, does not, however, concern us here. A staircase
+from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and
+third floors, where also are manager's and other private rooms.
+
+Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two classes, viz. those in
+which the various apartments are arranged _en suite_, and those
+irregularly planned. Where possible the former arrangement is
+preferable, as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air is
+facilitated. Fig. 11 is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged _en
+suite_; and the baths at Figs. 24 and 25, in Chapter VIII., are planned
+on this principle.
+
+As I have said above, where a basement and ground floor are available,
+and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building,
+the office, cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
+floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level, but with light
+and air above. If the site be an ordinary narrow-fronted town house,
+and the bath an unassuming one, the plan may be arranged after the
+manner of Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
+London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into
+the service of the bath. The basement and ground floors are devoted to
+the baths, the upper floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
+gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering the former,
+we find a space on the ground floor, fronting the street, serving as an
+office. Adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes, and further on a
+cooling room, excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
+end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a marble staircase
+leads to the door of the tepidarium, formed at basement level at the
+back of the houses. This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
+constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with stained-glass stars
+set therein. A marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber. On one
+side of the staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other, the
+combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door from the latter forming
+an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath. At one end of the
+shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle
+bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the
+furnace-chamber. A laundry is provided at the head of these stairs. The
+furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
+baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan. The gentlemen's
+baths are among the earliest erected in this country, and still form a
+most compact and convenient institution. They were designed by Mr.
+James Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths. The ceilings
+of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.
+
+Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.]
+
+The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of
+private individuals or companies. The number of baths provided in this
+country under Act of Parliament or by civic corporations is so small,
+and their size and design so insignificant, that it would be waste of
+space to describe them here. They are unworthy of the nation. One of the
+best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public
+bath-house recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The fine
+new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major Davis, the city
+architect, do not include a Turkish bath. It must be admitted that some
+slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to
+bath-building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may possibly
+see a great advance in this direction. That this may indeed be so should
+be our sincere hope, since the lack of fine public baths is a standing
+disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.
+
+In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of
+the Turkish bath, many excellent baths having been built in the more
+complete bath-houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are to
+be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and Bremen, the latter
+planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of
+bath rooms. The plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this
+country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is handsomely planned, and
+has a spacious frigidarium. It is placed in a building comprising
+ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian
+bath. In many of the hydropathic establishments (_Kurbäder_) of Germany,
+will be found excellent Turkish baths. A sumptuous double set of bath
+rooms is provided in the _Friedrichsbad_ in Baden-Baden, which was
+erected at a cost of about 100,000_l._ The Turkish baths are placed on
+the ground floor, and in other floors are provided baths of every kind.
+Each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish baths
+comprises undressing room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
+shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath, and a separate
+chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and
+hot rooms of the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms is
+placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and adjoining, the
+_Wildbad_--a deep, full bath of warm mineral water.
+
+One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected, in modern times, is
+that on the Praterstern, at Vienna, which cost, in round numbers,
+125,000_l._ The building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
+Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those taking a
+course of baths. The whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous
+scale. The cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
+35.3 metres long, and 10.5 broad. There are both warm and cold plunge
+baths, besides a fine circular _piscina_, in a circular domed chamber.
+Similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
+plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the building internally is
+resplendent with tiles, marble, and ornamental woodwork.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH.
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary
+apartments of a Turkish bath. Such adjuncts as the entrance hall and
+vestibule, the pay office, refreshment department, laundry and
+drying-rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other minor
+provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring little or no
+detailed explanation. Sufficient has already been said about them to
+enable the architect, assisted by the drawings given, to design them
+with convenience and economy. The features peculiar to the bath are
+those requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of the hot
+rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms that the success or
+non-success of a new bathing establishment depends, and too much study
+cannot be given to these apartments.
+
+
+THE SUDORIFIC CHAMBERS.
+
+These are now generally required in a suite of three--"first, second,
+and third hot." The first is the tepidarium, and must be by far the
+largest of the three, since in it the greater number of bathers will
+assemble at one time. The last must be the hottest room--the
+laconicum--and need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use
+it, and that, generally, for a very short time. The second hot room
+should be about midway, in size and temperature, between the first and
+the third. Of a given area allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to
+two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
+one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering that it is well
+to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium. Of the
+space allowed for the smaller rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be
+given to the hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-room,
+or calidarium.
+
+The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly bath rooms, and
+must be treated as such; that is to say, the whole of the floors, walls,
+ceilings, partitions, and fittings, must be capable of being frequently
+cleansed with water. The choice of materials to be employed for lining
+the walls, &c., is therefore limited. And in two ways. For not only must
+they be of this washable nature, but they must be of a character to
+resist the influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of
+glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed and
+fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faïence, and pottery
+generally, are now so extensively manufactured that there is little
+excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once
+washable and unaffected by high temperatures. Still, in baths where
+rigid economy must be studied, and lowness of cost is the great object,
+_plaster_ may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms, and in its way
+will answer admirably, and be fairly washable. It has even one
+advantage--it does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
+bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly glazed surface the
+walls become burning hot, and need lining with a dado of felt or other
+non-conducting substance. And since this latter method overcomes the
+objection named, the best possible material for lining the walls is
+glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration is desired, they may be
+lined with marbles and faïence. With a judicious selection of colours,
+however, a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
+simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.
+
+The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile
+pavement over concrete. A slight roughness is very agreeable to the
+feet. Glazed tiles are inadmissible, as they become too hot for the
+naked feet; and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
+rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths, marble, and marble
+mosaics may be used, but the surface must not be too smooth. In
+providing floorings, the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
+liable to become slippery to the tread.
+
+Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is reliable, may be of 6
+in. of concrete, with mosaics or tiles laid in cement. The benches for
+reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
+risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs with rounded
+nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.
+
+The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which, when there are
+other apartments above, _must_ be provided over the hot rooms, may be of
+plaster. But the heat at the ceiling level is very great, and the
+plaster here rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
+anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of
+uncleanliness is nauseating. If employed (and this remark also applies
+to plaster on walls), it should be used in the simplest manner possible,
+without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface. Enamelled iron
+may be used, with effect, for ceilings. The little laconicum is best
+covered with a flat vault, the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the
+springing being brought down below the main ceiling level.
+
+Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also
+heat-proof. The main point is to have a sufficient thickness of
+concrete, and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein.
+Ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
+space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of
+slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists. The sawdust
+should be filled up to the top of the joists; over this a layer of thick
+felt, and the boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift when
+compared with a solid floor of concrete.
+
+When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open, they may be
+top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof
+construction. A sufficient air space, however, must be provided between
+the ceiling and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat--a remark that
+applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium. It
+must be double, or look into an area covered with pavement lights. In
+the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
+skylight.
+
+Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground, consideration
+must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation. This may
+be effected by providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
+usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air.
+
+Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent
+source of trouble to the builder of a Turkish bath, but is always the
+result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
+evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room,
+shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick
+concrete floor above, and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and
+completely insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
+apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be
+prevented from being transmitted, they may be rendered heat-proof by
+building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot.
+
+Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of
+the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious. To keep
+the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &c., should be the
+great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered quite repulsive by
+what I may perhaps term the "sudorific smell" that assails the nostrils
+of the visitor entering the vestibule.
+
+The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the
+various rooms, either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed
+partitions; or again, they may be formed by a combination of solid
+brickwork and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms must be of
+brickwork, iron columns being inadmissible. Masonry, too, must be
+discarded throughout, or used with caution. Some stones--such as red
+Mansfield--become black with exposure to the heat, and others fare still
+worse. The employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded
+against throughout this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered
+that effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly the germs
+of disease, are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers,
+and must be prevented from finding a lodgment.
+
+The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from
+essential oils. Mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose, and so,
+also, is teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal, when
+employed, should be perfectly seasoned, and may then give trouble from
+the exudation of turpentine.
+
+The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be so placed as to govern
+the flow of hot air. So long as the main divisions be planned with this
+end in view, the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
+architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the heated air from the
+inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered
+with by recesses, nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
+current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical advantage
+possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are _en suite_, and in a line
+with one axis. For here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the
+different chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in
+recesses far out of the main stream.
+
+The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty. They should not
+be hung with doors, as anything necessary in this way will be amply
+supplied by depending curtains.
+
+_Glazing_ in the hot rooms requires care. The glass will expand
+considerably with the heat, and, what is more, if the furnace fire die
+out rapidly at any time, will contract and fracture. This difficulty,
+however, is the result of bad management, and does not concern the
+architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper fixing. Even
+moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois
+leather with screwed beading, _putty_ being wholly inadmissible. The
+sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass will
+be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior qualities, where
+homogeneity of texture is wanting, will crack and split in all
+directions. Lead glazing should be altogether discarded.
+
+No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary, as they must, when
+in use, be kept free from moisture. The floor may, however, if thought
+desirable, be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
+swept when cleansing--viz. towards the lavatorium.
+
+As the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one
+approaching to the horizontal, a bath cannot be considered complete
+unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These
+should run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being formed
+of brickwork--glazed, faced with tiles, or plastered--and white marble
+slabs set thereon. These slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must
+be of the ordinary seat height--not lower. In the risers must be
+provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" ventilator gratings, the
+vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way
+designed, which may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
+into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building.
+
+The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly
+different temperatures, it follows that an arrangement might be designed
+whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
+ascending, the bather could select any temperature he might choose. Such
+an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient Romans,
+and has been tried in modern institutions; but it should be avoided. The
+expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the
+bathers _fall_, and it therefore follows that all below the first tier
+would be breathing air polluted by those above them. The system,
+therefore, stands condemned.
+
+As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty, or
+they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan, be heated with due economy.
+The vastness of the old Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable
+under this system; but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and
+the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better to have a
+comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air
+passing through it, than a lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to
+15 or 16 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public
+bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber
+be placed under it; for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few
+feet, so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
+of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct the furnace
+chamber.
+
+This latter, which I have more particularly described and illustrated in
+the chapter on heating and ventilation, should, if the system adopted be
+on the ordinary hot-air principle, be so placed that an abundant supply
+of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which, when
+heated, can be delivered into the hottest room above, not less than 5
+ft. from the level of the floor of that chamber, and, also, where a
+smoke flue of ample section can be constructed. The heated air may be
+delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum, or a shaft
+of glazed brickwork, of rectangular section, may be constructed against
+the end wall and coped at the required level--5 ft. or more above the
+floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace
+chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room, the heated air
+must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large
+shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have to be
+employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber, and at the mouth
+of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before
+it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.
+
+Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be
+carried from point to point on rolled iron joists having tooled York
+slabs set thereon, the flues being constructed of 4-1/2 in. brickwork
+with glazed face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
+Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective cleansing, by means
+of iron air-tight doors.
+
+
+THE LAVATORIUM AND SHAMPOOING ROOM.
+
+The lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention. In
+elaborate baths they may, for the sake of effect, be distinct
+apartments, while, where strict economy must be studied, they may be
+comprised in one room; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
+the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If the first
+arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room must be connected with the
+tepidarium, and the lavatorium placed next. Where the combination
+apartment is used, it will take the position of the shampooing room.
+Practically, the combination arrangement is the best. It is putting the
+bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from
+one apartment to another during the washing process.
+
+The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one
+of the following ways, according to the pretensions and requirements of
+the establishment:--(1) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche room,
+and a plunge bath chamber; (2) a combined shampooing and washing room,
+and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber; (3) several small
+combined shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a plunge bath
+chamber; (4) an apartment comprising shampooing slabs, washing basins,
+douche, &c., and a plunge bath.
+
+A single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to
+the designer. The chief object to be borne in mind is that the
+shampooers require "elbow-room," and their patient in a convenient
+position to allow of their practising their art. As this is no light
+task--if properly performed--it becomes of urgent moment that the
+apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific
+chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no shampooer can work well for a
+prolonged period, and, moreover, pure air is as necessary for the
+bathers when in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.
+
+The shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those
+in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft. is an ample provision, since the
+shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as
+possible. The benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those
+before described. They must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer
+has ample room, whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly
+wasted. The benches must be topped with white marble slabs. They may run
+round the wall, or be placed at right angles to them; or, again, if
+found more convenient, they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
+ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be
+provided. The vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level, as the
+temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired
+air.
+
+Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may be substituted for
+those of a permanent type; but the plan has nothing to recommend it
+except lowness of cost.
+
+The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing
+room, as here the bathers will not recline, but sit or stand before
+washing-basins, to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water,
+and branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins--which may be
+of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded--should be
+large and capacious. Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
+"Appliances."
+
+In a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be
+required together. The basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble
+slabs, or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst arranging
+the position of the benches with regard to the room, and the basins with
+regard to the benches, it will be as well to remember the postures that
+the bather assumes whilst being shampooed--viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd, on
+the back; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed with respect to the
+slab that the shampooer may, without altering his position, take water
+from the basin with his handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A
+shampooer cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
+and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at right angles to
+the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space
+between the two benches. Where the room is long and a row of benches are
+placed at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each their
+separate space to work in. Each one can then manage in 4 ft., and the
+slabs can be set out 6 ft. from centre to centre. Where the long sides
+of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the
+slabs, there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In the
+case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins are best placed
+between the slabs.
+
+It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the
+washing room, behind which the entering bather may, if he chooses, have
+a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.
+
+In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by
+means of partitions of sufficient height, which may be of wood and
+obscure glass. In this way any shampooing room may be rendered more
+private. Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the
+benches.
+
+The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may, so
+long as there be a dado of glazed ware, be lined in the same way as the
+hot rooms. But as regards flooring, still more care is required to
+prevent slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully spilt
+around, renders this precaution needful. Moreover, provision must be
+made for drainage.
+
+The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple tiles. Marble is too
+slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible. Marble mosaics,
+roughly set, may be employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must
+be determined by the position of the gullies.
+
+The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration.
+In a place where the occupants are, literally, _breathing at every
+pore_, it is obvious that too much care cannot be taken to prevent all
+possible odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious
+sewer gases. The traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the
+best possible design and material, and proof against the evil known as
+"siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the
+ventilators in the walls, at the floor level, as then a current of air
+sweeps over them and up the extraction flues. It is not always that an
+opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage;
+where the bath rooms are above ground, however, this should be done if
+practicable. Where possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
+under the basement floor. In this the whole of the pipes can be
+placed--the soil-pipes, the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes, &c., and
+access gained to them by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be
+effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The culvert itself
+could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue. This is
+all costly; but the builder of a Turkish bath will do well to be
+prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
+the establishment, and in the end, when the public have appreciated the
+attention bestowed, he will thank his architect for having impressed
+upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure.
+
+
+THE DOUCHE ROOM.
+
+The douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium, and
+fitted with a circular needle bath with shower or douche above, and any
+other kind of spray bath that may be required. It should not be a dark,
+cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also because a corner is
+admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath,
+it is better, often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But of
+these additions I shall have much to say anon, as one of the most
+important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings.
+Needle baths will be found indicated, on the plans given in these pages,
+by an incompleted circle.
+
+
+THE PLUNGE BATH.
+
+Though, according to medical authorities, this does not form a
+_necessary_ appendage to the hot-air bath, it is yet a feature that
+_must_ be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments.
+Ever since, and long before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother
+Quintus, "Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
+offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample
+plunge. But although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to
+take a dive, and for an expert to take a true "header," it is a vast
+mistake to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out of all
+proportion with the other features of the establishment. One does not
+look for such an adjunct: it is a great expense to keep up, requires a
+lot of space, and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
+purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim
+without touching the sides with his hands, and to dive along under
+water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he
+rises to the surface. Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft.
+in length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it may be as
+narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter; but in such a bath one can
+only flounder about, and healthy bathers will go elsewhere.
+
+In deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be
+strongly guarded against, and that is, that it be not stowed away in a
+damp, cold-looking, cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very
+well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water; but from every
+other point of view it is highly objectionable. The wise man will bring
+his bath forward into the lightest possible position, where its clear,
+limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling. For preference,
+it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally, _en route_
+to the frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, previously
+illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is convenient to place the
+bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium; but, to
+most persons, the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition
+and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge. If placed within the
+frigidarium, and approached by a door from the lavatorium, some sort of
+a screen should be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
+appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants of the
+cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.
+
+The demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect
+of a Turkish bath. If the bather, on leaving the plunge bath, finds
+himself in the frigidarium, he must ascend the steps under hanging
+towels. The arrangement that will be found the most convenient--a direct
+importation from the East--is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling, and
+from this hang cords attached to towels. The hoop can be swung by an
+attendant over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry himself
+and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch.
+
+Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber, in the
+lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium, its construction will remain
+essentially the same. If not in shape and size, in other respects it is
+a small swimming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must be
+remembered. A good foundation must be prepared for the bath, with a
+thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering
+the whole floor. The side walls should be built of concrete and lined
+with white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for the bath
+may be puddled with advantage, but if properly constructed, this should
+be unnecessary. The bottom of the bath need not be flat, as the most
+economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest
+part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather
+enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth from bottom to
+water-line. From this point the floor will slope towards either end,
+gradually towards the entering end, and more rapidly towards the exit.
+At either end, where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
+provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be not more than 6
+ft. wide, these should occupy the whole width, and be of marble or slabs
+of some cheaper material on brick bearers, or they may be built solid.
+A coping of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the
+side walls; and, if the bath be in the cooling room, this may
+advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing. On
+the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A
+water-supply pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe will
+be needed, all of which I have more particularly specified hereinafter.
+
+The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties--it may leak,
+and it may be below the level of drain. The first evil is the result of
+an error in design, or of bad workmanship; the latter is unavoidable.
+The following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with
+perfect success:--On the bed of concrete prepared for its floor, erect
+side walls of concrete, and on the floors and walls thus formed spread
+two distinct layers of asphalt, covering all and running up to the
+underside of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in cement,
+with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat. The general
+principles of this construction I show in the accompanying illustration.
+
+Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be done is to drain
+out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a "sump"
+provided in a suitable position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a
+few feet, the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept above the
+drain level; but steps must then be placed between it and the
+washing-room, and steps in such places are dangerous, being very liable
+to become slippery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.]
+
+[Illustration: A Plunge Bath.]
+
+
+THE FRIGIDARIUM OR COOLING ROOM, AND DRESSING ACCOMMODATION FOR BATHERS.
+
+Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in
+one of the following ways:--1. A separate frigidarium and distinct
+dressing room, arranged (_a_) in direct communication with one another,
+or (_b_) connected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room;--2. A combination
+apartment arranged (_a_) with dressing-boxes around the walls, and
+couches in the centre, or _vice versâ_; (_b_) with Oriental divans;
+(_c_) with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood
+screens; (_d_) with a few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a
+few lounges, and easy cushioned chairs; and (_e_) as a simple room with
+couches placed therein, by the side of which the bather will undress,
+and on which he will recline after his bath.
+
+The first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to
+unpretentious establishments, where, however, it is wished to employ
+separate rooms; the second (1, _b_) is only suitable for elaborate baths
+of the highest class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and with
+practical results. Of the combination arrangements (_a_) has little to
+recommend it; (_b_) is expensive and extravagant of space, though it may
+be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable;
+(_c_) is suitable for ladies' baths; (_d_) is very practicable, and
+gives the apartment a pleasant, homely look; and (_e_) is best for cheap
+baths, being the simplest arrangement possible, wholly unsuited,
+however, to establishments of any pretension.
+
+If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is nothing more than a
+spacious, cheerful apartment, designed with a view to the reception of
+couches, and the usual accessories designed in connection with it--the
+refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon. If this separate
+cooling room be provided, a distinct apodyterium, with little
+dressing-boxes, must be designed. If the bath be small and easily
+managed, curtains may be employed to screen those undressing; but if it
+be a large establishment, with a number of bathers constantly dressing
+and undressing, doors must be provided, and these must be under lock and
+key in charge of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with a
+seat, rack, and shelf; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables, and
+lavatories for general use must be placed in the room, which must be
+designed in direct connection with the frigidarium.
+
+This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly ventilated, the
+vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level, since the
+temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary
+one--_over_ that of the exterior air when the weather is cold, and
+_under_ when it is at all hot.
+
+Where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin, the
+means of communication should be carefully studied, so that it may be
+free from cross draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified
+and room-like--not a mere passage. It may have the air of an ante-room,
+but must not be crossed by entering bathers who have not divested
+themselves of their boots or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided,
+having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.
+
+In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate
+cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems
+to have found favour latterly.
+
+Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the
+combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is
+certainly not pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
+cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must return to couches
+whereon previous bathers may, as likely as not, have, however
+temporarily, deposited more or less of their underclothing or
+superimposed raiment. But economy of construction is nowadays a question
+that must be considered at every step, and the combination apartment
+saves both space and materials, and is also economical as regards
+attendance. Moreover, it must be confessed that a cooling room provided
+with elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses and
+undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable
+and convenient. The dressing-boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are
+not conducive to the general sense of comfort.
+
+In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is
+necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be
+furnished--viz. which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted.
+This is much a matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
+the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often well to provide
+a cooling room of what may be called the "picturesque" order, or the
+reverse of stiff formality. By this I mean such an arrangement as 2,
+_d_. The bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in
+the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair. With a handsome plunge
+bath and a pretty little fountain, such rooms may be rendered very
+attractive.
+
+Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat, be carefully thought
+out previously, and not left as an afterthought. The size of the
+reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature. This should
+be 6 ft. 6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft., according as
+luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this must be considered
+the space allowed for each bather to dress in, and also the routes for
+bathers and attendants. Four feet between the couches is a sufficient
+space where couches are screened off in pairs.
+
+Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. _Two pairs_ of couches
+screened off with only a small space between of 4 ft. or so is an
+objectional arrangement. It is difficult to explain why this is so; but
+the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
+will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four couches must
+expand into a spacious divan.
+
+At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging couches in the
+frigidarium. A shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of; B is the
+comfortable, spacious divan; C the method of placing couches in pairs;
+and D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.
+
+The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a bath where cost is
+subordinate to excellence, a parquetry floor may be provided, and mats
+employed, as cleaner than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
+treated in any manner that may be chosen--plastered, papered, or
+decorated with colour.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.
+
+Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.]
+
+Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium
+so long as it fulfils the essential points--i.e. that it be spacious,
+capable of easy and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
+and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than
+in any other apartment, and no pains should be spared to render it
+healthy, comfortable, and attractive. The hygienic points to be attended
+to are, that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
+effective withdrawal of vitiated air; for the _cold-air bath_ in the
+cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as the bath of hot air.
+The freshness of the air is of equally vital importance, as much of the
+_invigorating_ effect of the bath--that effect which to the minds of the
+uninformed is _weakening_--results from submitting the heated skin to
+volumes of cold air.[2] In arranging any screens or screen walls in the
+cooling room, therefore, regard must be had to the method of
+ventilation, that there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
+of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its
+position. In most cases the air is best admitted through the windows,
+fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top, and extracted by a
+powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level. In some positions
+extraction flues will have to be built, and, in others, flues of large
+area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
+certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without
+the aid of a powerful blowing fan-wheel driven by a motor of some sort,
+and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not so
+much matter so long as the end be gained, and an ample supply of cool
+air obtained. A warm, close "cooling room" is worse than useless. In
+such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration, and lie
+perspiring for hours, and become greatly weakened thereby, with a good
+chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment.
+
+Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently _warm_ in all weathers if
+they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments; but in the
+height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
+simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air itself must be
+cooled, either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in
+inlet tubes, or through a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases,
+however, is it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to the
+teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice that the proper
+temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different
+states of the weather, and should not remain constant all the year
+round.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Not _draughts_. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note,
+would walk in the open air after the bath; and both the _Frigidarium_ of
+the Romans and the _Mustaby_ of the Turks were, and are, open to the
+heavens.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HEATING AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with
+the Turkish bath, all sink into insignificance by the side of that of
+the _heating_ and the _nature of the heat_ supplied in the sudatory
+chambers. Other things being equal, it is, after all, the _heating_ that
+distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence. The
+heating of the "bath" is the Alpha and Omega of the whole matter.
+
+There are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body--by direct
+radiation, as from the sun or an open fire; and by convection, as
+through a volume of air.
+
+The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them which rested upon
+_pilæ_, or little pillars of brick or tile, around which the flames and
+hot gases from the furnace played, and surrounded by heated, hollow
+walls, evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
+have been of a purely radiating character.
+
+So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who employ flues running
+beneath the floors, and the Moors, who adopt stoves visible to the
+bathers.
+
+Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which
+is transmitted to the body through the medium of the air. Its virtues
+have been extolled by David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on
+the bath. "There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart, "between radiating
+and transmitted caloric.... I cannot pretend to treat of this great
+secret of nature; to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
+can say, that such heat is more endurable than common heat. There is a
+liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks. You are conscious of
+an electrical action. It is to transmitted heat what champagne is to
+flat beer.... Let us drop, if you please, the word 'bath': it is 'heat.'
+Let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air': it is the application of heat
+to the human frame." Elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the
+terms _thermæ_, _sèjac_, and _hammâm_--the names given to the bath by
+the Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper--mean _heat_, and not "hot-air"
+or "hot-air bath."
+
+My own studies, observations, and experience lead me to the conclusion
+that the direction in which we shall improve the "Turkish bath" will be
+in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant
+heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible
+of a degree of heat, while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool
+air--air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been
+suddenly raised to an enormous temperature, but which has received its
+heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming. Under this system the
+heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or
+the biting eastern winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
+employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been removed and
+all fumes and odours have disappeared, we shall note the soft and balmy
+nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting.
+We are, to all practical intents and purposes, _in a Roman laconicum_.
+The thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing
+of the bricks or other articles. They have absorbed vast quantities of
+heat, and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to
+ourselves standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were charged
+with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of
+the laconicum, and covered with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases
+the nature of the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
+all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the
+worst type of _hot-air_ baths; no unpleasant fulness or aching of the
+head; and no panting or palpitating. Such is the "bath" of pure radiant
+heat, a thing totally distinct from, and altogether of a different genus
+to, the bath of heated air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
+which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this
+kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can
+be expected, and possibly that not until this great or
+partial--according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in
+existing baths--revolution has been effected, will the bath, at present
+used by the few, become the custom of the many. Some day, peradventure,
+this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered
+possible and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where we shall
+receive great heat whilst breathing a comparatively cool atmosphere,
+and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience
+when, in some sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to the
+fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh, cool,
+ozone-laden air.
+
+Till modern invention, however, has provided us with this desideratum in
+the heating of the bath, we must be satisfied with existing methods. And
+unless something really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely
+upon the system of heating by convection through the air--the principle,
+generally adopted, of continuously passing large quantities of
+freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers; exposing, however, the
+heating apparatus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained;
+and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its
+temperature. If only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this
+principle, one would have little cause for complaint, and might the more
+leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of
+heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our
+hopes for the future of the "Turkish" bath.
+
+For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of heating and
+ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained. This I shall
+now do, and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of
+heating and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of the heating
+surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into
+the hot-rooms.
+
+The necessary appliances, and arrangements for the heating and
+ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air principle comprise a
+furnace in its chamber, with flues or shafts supplying cold, and drawing
+off the heated air, and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing
+coke, &c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped, and the life
+of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant. Its design is a
+simple matter, and perhaps for this reason neglected. The arrangement
+and construction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the selection
+of a stove or furnace great judgment. As regards the latter feature, the
+most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or
+radiating surfaces. What will raise the air to the required temperature,
+without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising
+elements, and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from
+leakage, or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material
+employed in its construction?
+
+There is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary
+firebrick. From this material a soft heat is given off, differing in
+quality from that obtained from iron. An iron furnace, however, requires
+less thought in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
+economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an iron radiating
+surface, have been largely adopted in the past, in spite of the
+objection that, when super-heated, particles of metal are thrown into
+the air of the hot rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
+the public; but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary
+requirements, there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling
+the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a
+Turkish bath.
+
+These conditions may be summarised as follows:--
+
+1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of grate space.
+
+2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the
+hot-air chamber or conduit.
+
+3. Freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air.
+
+4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the
+heating surfaces.
+
+Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer
+of furnaces for the Turkish bath. Their importance must be obvious to
+all.
+
+Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stove has
+been adopted the most frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for
+the effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The appearance of this
+stove is familiar to all architects, and it will be unnecessary, in
+these pages, to minutely describe its construction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.
+
+View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to
+show the "Convoluted" Stove.]
+
+The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath
+is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The excavations for stokery and heating
+chamber being completed, and the position of the furnace determined a
+solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon which the brickwork
+to support the stove must be laid. At the same time, the foundations for
+walls of furnace chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for
+the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared. These latter
+must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face, and the
+furnace inclosed in similar work, as shown in perspective sketch. The
+flues must be covered with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within
+three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
+the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back one similarly,
+and the front one round the four projecting doors, which are,
+respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire door, and two doors for
+cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions. The
+furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of
+iron smoke flue, and then--if, as shown, the furnace be small--covered
+with a 4-in. York slab in one piece. If the furnace be large, a flat
+brick arch must form the covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch
+supports the flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the admission
+of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be
+either directly above, as shown in the last-named illustration, or in
+the side, as in Fig. 6, with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more
+economical, in heating on the principle now under consideration, to
+place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms; but if desirable to
+place both on one level, the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes
+the party wall of the laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the
+ceiling, and the air debouched over it.
+
+In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock
+brickwork; but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones. All hot
+and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In
+first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be
+of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes must be provided for
+cleaning when necessary. Every portion of furnace chamber, flues,
+shafts, and conduits for hot and cold air must be "get-at-able" either
+by means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors must be
+indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them.
+
+The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue,
+and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed.
+The walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than 4-1/2 in.
+thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.
+
+An Air Filter.]
+
+The cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be
+conducted to their respective inlets. If possible, at least two inlets
+should be provided, facing different ways: this with regard to the
+possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
+enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows, and, in cities,
+furnished with a solid frame and casement, fitted with louvres of plate
+glass with polished edges. Between the rebate and the casement it is a
+good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
+stretcher-frame holding several layers of "cheese-cloth" to filter the
+air. The construction of such an air filter is shown at Fig. 7. The
+glass louvres keep out the wet, and throw off coarse particles of
+falling soot; and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
+cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones--a very important point,
+though little heeded, if not, perhaps, wholly ignored.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.
+
+Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the ordinary
+Hot-air Principle.]
+
+The position of air intake is a matter of great importance, especially
+in large towns. It evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the
+bottom of an area. Even the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good: the
+shaft should be carried higher. The best places for the intakes are
+where there is always a current of pure air blowing, and away from smoky
+chimneys. Theoretically, it would seem that the higher the level of
+intake the better; but in cities, by going high we get among the
+belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stagnation below. Moreover,
+a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft
+might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath,
+and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
+"lobster-back" automatically turning _towards_ the wind, would in many
+cases prevent such a disastrous result. Even in low-level intakes, as I
+have said, trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
+remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only the one facing
+the current of air will be employed, the other being closed, which could
+be effected by fixing the glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and
+connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
+simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the
+louvres.
+
+The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most
+careful study, and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath
+must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
+Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is
+perhaps a bad job: the site only admits of ventilation at a back area,
+it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else, and the fresh air
+must be drawn from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling and
+dressing rooms; the bath rooms are in the basement and the furnace in a
+sub-basement, reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the
+bather. Two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault; three air-inlets are
+provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues, two in
+number, which, above, could join one another. Let us follow the air in
+its passage through the bath. Entering at the intakes, any coarse
+impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of
+finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
+cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible impurities, the air
+passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it
+reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls, along
+which it is rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and heating
+surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces, absorbs the
+radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft
+constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves.
+
+Questions of temperature I will omit for the present. The air, on
+passing through the laconicum, will be practically pure, as it is in
+such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this
+highly-heated chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
+provide ventilators. These should commence in the calidarium, and
+should, in the scheme of ventilation here considered, be so disposed
+that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room, the more
+frequent will they become. The object of this disposition of outlets for
+vitiated air is, that the cross currents thus created may not interfere
+with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium. Were too
+many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium,
+this stream would be diverted. Too much of the freshly-heated air would
+flow out at these points, and the onward movement of the air would be
+enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature
+in the tepidarium and lavatorium.
+
+In passing onward through the various rooms, two changes are wrought in
+the air: it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for
+every foot it travels, and it becomes laden with the exhalations from
+the lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown
+into the air, and as the normal temperature of the human body remains,
+in a healthy person, at about 98° Fahr., and rises but a few points even
+when submitted to the action of heat, these exhalations, in addition to
+being heavier than air, are very much below the average temperature of a
+sudatory chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted at the
+floor level.
+
+The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to
+the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh, hot
+air from the heating chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5
+superficial feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in. by 3
+in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms, say 4 in
+the calidarium, 7 in the tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing
+room and lavatorium.
+
+In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is the space
+comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms.
+At the end of the laconicum they enter flues, which I have shown as
+running side by side with the smoke flues.
+
+Other methods of heating the air, besides those mentioned, include coils
+of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber--a principle that has been
+frequently adopted in the past--and plain cylindrical iron radiating
+stoves, such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.
+
+Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.]
+
+In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created by the large
+number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning. An exposed stove
+in a hot room, has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
+the air in the bath, which should never on any account be done.
+
+If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace similar to the one
+shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and after an additional few feet of
+brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much
+as the flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be
+provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with
+expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in
+keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces
+on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
+radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess this advantage
+over a mere stove, that they warm the air more gradually. The furnace
+should be built adjoining the laconicum, the partition wall being of
+4-1/2-inch glazed brickwork, having a large number of small openings
+made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the
+fireclay heating apparatus. Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should
+be placed, turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
+half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue. The furnace
+itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed that its utmost heating
+power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air, which
+should pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
+partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue, if of wrought
+iron, should be rectangular in section, but if of cast-iron it should be
+round.
+
+The most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small,
+inexpensive, and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common
+laundry stove, with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the
+apartment. This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
+temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.
+
+A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.]
+
+To turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick, at
+Fig. 10 I have given the plan, elevation, and sections of a fireclay
+heating apparatus. It is constructed wholly of fireclay--fireclay
+bricks, quarries, and cement. In the main it consists of a long flue of
+firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and forwards over itself
+till the desired amount of radiating surface is gained. Between the
+coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing
+over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the air passing
+through by means of perforated bricks. The illustration shows a simple
+furnace; but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by
+providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues
+and air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat a small
+public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a compound apparatus could be
+constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one
+on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the lower one
+hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other, end to
+end, or might form the _sides_ of the laconicum; the last plan, however,
+being the least to be recommended, as in such positions they would not
+directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms.
+
+The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies
+radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind, besides a proportion of heated
+air, and from a fireclay surface, the employment of which renders it
+absolutely impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
+deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal.
+Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous
+attention than an iron stove. Its disadvantage is that, should the
+temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some
+time for the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, however, as fires
+at public baths must be kept banked up overnight, this is not a matter
+of importance. It is this very slowness of increase in temperature that
+constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
+which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so many baths. The
+difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature
+relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous
+fumes and carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the construction
+of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger, as the
+chances are that, unless the architect stands by and sees every joint
+made, the work will be done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must
+be employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must be literally of
+the very best and soundest description. Every single joint must be
+perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &c.,
+must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in
+the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness. Homogeneity of
+material must be obtained, having regard to expansion and contraction.
+The same material used for the bricks, &c., worked into a paste, must be
+employed for the joints.
+
+The design for a furnace on the principle shown at Fig. 10 must be
+prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating
+and cooling. Should this warning be disregarded, fractures will result.
+It will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block of flues
+and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any expansion, the
+connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe,
+which, being provided in considerable length before passing through the
+party-wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature permits any
+slight movement in a vertical direction. If an "expansion" joint were
+provided, there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed
+direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery. So
+much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with
+asbestos or some composition, or the heating will not be wholly by
+firebrick. The junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a
+cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
+the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces
+are fitted to retorts.
+
+This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum, but if thought
+desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks--9 in. and
+miss 4-1/2 in. The 4-1/2 by 3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond
+patterns. This screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of
+radiant heat.
+
+The first flue past the actual furnace--shown with ordinary dead-plate,
+raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door, and ashpit door for regulating
+draught--has walls 4-1/2 in. thick; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide;
+but in a larger apparatus, 9 in. and 4-1/2 in. respectively would be
+required. The quarries between flues and air spaces are 24 in. by 24 in.
+by 3 in., with rebated joints. Larger covers would be more liable to
+crack at any provocation.
+
+In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-heating may be
+employed, if found, as in many cases it would be, convenient and
+economical. The chief disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish
+baths, is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a pipe in
+the heating coil, which, by immediately filling the highly-heated
+atmosphere with vapour, might prove most disastrous to the occupants of
+the hot rooms, who would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the
+principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent
+Turkish baths in Germany.
+
+If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan, as in
+heating by means of furnaces. In the first method the fresh air is
+introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes, and passes
+thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
+heated by a stove. In the second method, steam radiators--compact
+batteries of pipes--must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh
+air being introduced over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
+the "small bore" type, about 5/8 inch internal diameter, and of wrought
+iron or copper. In order to ensure as far as possible against the danger
+of explosion, the system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by
+severe hydraulic pressure.
+
+It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease and economy, to be
+able to warm a building, drive machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian
+baths from one boiler, which can readily be done, very ordinary
+pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the
+requisite temperature. But the nature of the heating accomplished by
+means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
+surfaces of firebrick.
+
+The average temperatures of a public bath should range from about 110°
+in the shampooing rooms to 250°-260° in the hottest part of the
+laconicum, taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6
+in. above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated air and its
+point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms, the bather should be
+able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him, and as
+many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to
+themselves, it shows attention to the _habitués_ of the bath, if the hot
+rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures
+throughout the year. This may be 110°-120° in the shampooing rooms, 140°
+in the tepidarium, 180° in the calidarium, and 250° in the laconicum.
+These must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at 6
+ft. 6 in. above the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures
+are comfortable, but in a foul one they become insupportable.
+
+In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air, there
+will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say 4
+ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where
+the air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference. And here we
+may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection; for
+while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in
+comparatively cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
+reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its entirety, as
+where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so
+marked. And here, too, we may note the admirable nature of the Roman
+system of heating, where the floors radiated the majority of the heat,
+and the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under the ancient
+system must have entered through the cooler rooms, and being drawn
+towards the _calidarium_ found its exit through the ceilings, at times
+by way of the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus the ancient
+bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in
+the modern hot-air bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in
+a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body.
+
+The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the
+furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform
+heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove
+should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature
+should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the
+floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod
+adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures.
+
+The heating power of furnaces must be studied. Having calculated the
+cubical contents of the rooms to be heated, and given the heating power
+of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or
+superficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary size.
+
+Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to show the heating power
+of the "Convoluted" stove. The figures give the requisite size of stove
+to raise the air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
+before, and with ordinary firing.
+
+  Weight of    Sq. ft. of        Area capable
+   metal.    heating surface.     of heating.
+    ---            ---                ---
+    cwt.         sq. ft.           cub. ft.
+
+     14             35                                               500
+     20             55                1,200
+     22             69                2,000
+     34            119                3,500
+     36            139                5,000
+     45            180                8,000
+     50            231               12,000
+     56            296               16,000
+
+When different kinds of heating apparatus are employed, their heating
+power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into, or it
+may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process
+of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a
+larger one. This point is worth attention. Such mistakes are not
+unfrequently made.
+
+As regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms, an
+allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum, if
+purity of atmosphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance of
+perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated, as not only has
+the respired air from the lungs to be removed, but also the deleterious
+exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration.
+
+The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should not, if
+properly distributed, cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot
+rooms; for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
+a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold. The main thing
+to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the
+cold inlet be ample, and the passage from this intake to the point
+where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and
+unobstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided
+for the extraction of the foul air. With large horizontal flues, and a
+capacious and tall shaft, the so-called natural system of ventilation
+will be as effective as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
+gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the
+whole height. In many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed
+with the greatest benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of
+a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms, and
+running so as to exhaust, would do away with all the objectionable
+odours and nastiness of many baths.
+
+The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the
+difference between a good bath and a bad one, which latter is infinitely
+worse than no bath at all. There exist, at the present time, scores of
+baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating. Such
+foulness arises from stagnation of the air. There is no continuous flow,
+and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A
+system of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the wrong
+principle, and does not act. There is no change of air. The atmosphere
+of such places becomes pestilential.
+
+Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater volume of air
+enters the laconicum than the cold intake. This fact, however, does not
+practically affect the arrangements for ventilation, &c. Theoretically,
+however, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace
+to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the
+furnace from the intake--about one-third larger--and that the total area
+of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between
+the two.
+
+The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a Turkish
+bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact that we have to
+continually remove _the bottom layer of air_. The provision of the
+foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a
+suspended floor with a hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
+the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature, where we
+require to constantly remove the top layer, and often actually do so
+when we provide false ceilings to passages, &c.
+
+The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be
+actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above. Long, wide gratings 6 in.
+deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design. In theory,
+indeed, the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round
+with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted,
+into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges.
+
+There is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms
+that requires considerable attention, and that is the _back-flow_ along
+the floor. In any bath where hot air is supplied, if the bather will
+hold his linen "check" across the top of the doorway between the rooms
+he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the
+shampooing room. If, however, the sheet be held across the lower
+portion of the doorway, he will find that there is a current of air
+setting in an opposite direction--from the shampooing room to the
+laconicum. This is shown at Fig. 11.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.
+
+Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers.]
+
+It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this
+back-flow when he is standing between and in a line with the doors of
+the hot rooms. All the air appears to be travelling along the top of the
+bath, and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem
+to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath, round the
+shampooing rooms, and back along the floor. In reality, however, it is
+only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
+diagram, Fig. 11, there being a secondary circulating process in each
+room.
+
+This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern
+system--that is to say, where freshly-heated air is passed in in
+sufficient quantity. It is a natural result, and tends to distribute the
+heat more equally. The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
+opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment, as
+the plunge bath chamber. The bather standing in a line between the
+doorways may then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
+doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided to any means of
+communication with a cold chamber.
+
+A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in
+the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus. By
+reference to Fig. 11 the reader will understand that by the provision of
+a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end
+would be attained.
+
+The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour.
+"Perfect dryness of the air," says Mr. Urquhart, "is indispensable to
+the enduring of a high temperature.... This dryness is further requisite
+for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an atmosphere is
+created injurious to health and conducive to disease. It is the very
+condition in which low, putrid, and typhus fevers flourish. The
+electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet
+will lose its attractive power. We all know the difference of our own
+sensations on a dry and on a damp day."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.
+
+
+The water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler of some form for
+heating the water, a cold-water cistern, and a hot-water tank;
+supply-pipes, flow and return pipes, and branch pipes; lavatorium
+fittings, comprising bowls, basins, and cocks; douche room fittings, as
+the "needle" bath, shower, douche, spray, and "wave" baths; a warm
+shower-bath for bathers entering the bath, or desiring such a shower at
+intervals; and the fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this
+there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium, and an
+ornamental fountain in the frigidarium; lavatories in various positions;
+and, possibly, fittings and appliances for the laundry.
+
+Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be brought into the
+building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern, which should
+be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good "head." This cistern
+must be capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circulating
+principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of suitable boilers there
+are several in the market, of many and varied designs. Simplicity of
+construction should be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps
+its most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be separate
+furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms
+and of the water being out of the question. In small baths, however, the
+hot-water tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling in
+the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained, a water super-heater,
+with steam coil, may be employed with advantage; but in the majority of
+cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable.
+
+The supply-pipes must be of large section, and indeed, the whole scheme
+of water-fitting should be liberal. It must be remembered that, in
+addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge, &c.,
+there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes, if
+washing be done upon the premises.
+
+The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of the case, be kept down
+as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms, and be placed over some
+subsidiary apartment. This does not give much pressure of water. For all
+purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about 20
+ft. above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing
+appliances. This will ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
+formidable affair.
+
+The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all be of the best
+description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath.
+Ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place. Lead piping should be
+discarded for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its stead,
+with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees. Should there be
+sufficient means, _copper_ piping should be employed for anything under
+1 in. internal diameter, and gunmetal should be used for unions, &c.,
+and for cocks and valves.
+
+Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings conduce, in no small
+degree, to the effect of a bath. There should be no attempt at hiding
+away of pipes, &c. They should be made features of the bath, and be
+designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe, joint, and
+connection should be prearranged, and the means of fixing and supporting
+the same carefully designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
+and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mysterious plumbing has
+gone by. There is some beauty even in a pipe.
+
+To consider the fittings, we will commence with the lavatorium. Branches
+from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each
+shampooer's basin. These may be finished separately, with independent
+nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be connected with the valve
+shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in. above the basin, the outlet of the valve
+being fitted with a foot or 15 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter
+case the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the wall, and
+depend from the horizontal supply pipes, which in their turn could be
+carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron
+ties, as indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The _internal_
+diameter--the measurement given in all the figures--of these branch
+pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be 3/4 in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.
+
+A Shampooing Basin.]
+
+Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish bath are best of the
+"gland" pattern. They should have bold handles. Those of the screw-down
+type are useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be used, and,
+to insure freedom of running, the turning part should be equal to the
+inner diameter of the pipes. The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if
+the pipes to be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows the
+type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for
+shower baths, &c. To be useful, as well as bold and effective in
+appearance, the handles should be large.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.
+
+Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.]
+
+_In every case_, the cold water must be placed on the right hand, and
+the hot on the left.
+
+The earthenware basin is provided to hold water mixed to the required
+temperature. A waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration, but
+they should be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow--shallower
+than shown. There should be no overhanging ledge to catch the
+shampooer's hand-basin; for this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the
+basin sunk into the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
+ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take
+water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab, or
+over the bather. In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must be
+provided.
+
+Should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches, the horizontal
+supply-pipes must be continued along the wall, and branches dropped to
+each basin. The basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat
+higher than the benches. In the illustration given, I have shown how to
+arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins. In other cases the
+fixing of the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium purposes
+these basins, cocks, &c., are all the water-fittings to be considered;
+but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room--and perhaps a
+plunge bath chamber--as well as a washing and massage room, more or less
+of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated.
+
+The tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the
+shampooing, the soaping, and the cleansing, are various. The most useful
+is the simple shower bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied
+with water through a regulating valve. It is employed for thoroughly
+cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge, whose waters are for
+the common use of all. In many small baths its place is efficiently
+taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at Fig. 15.
+The shower proper is usually fixed above the "needle" bath, as at Fig.
+14, or formed by a continuation of the "backbone" of the needle. It is
+best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower, as at
+Fig. 16; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a branch from the pipe
+conducting to the needle, and with stop cocks. The needle-bath is a
+skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching
+ribs. The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into the ribs,
+squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences.
+The bather stands in the centre of the apparatus, with the ribs
+encircling him. The ribs should be of 1/2-in. copper piping, the
+backbone and lesser supports being of iron, 2-1/2 and 1-1/2 in. diameter
+respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant must be placed
+the regulating valve.
+
+A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which will include needle,
+shower, ascending shower, spinal douche, and back shower; but this
+should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
+these matters should be the great desideratum. The above-named
+additions, however, may be briefly described. At Fig. 14 I have
+indicated the position of ascending shower. It would be connected with
+the pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock. The spinal
+douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper, and should have
+similar connection with the supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal
+spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone, and be
+connected in the same manner. Avoid these complications in a bath for
+healthy persons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.
+
+A Needle Bath.]
+
+The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be enclosed in a metal
+shield if desired. This bath may be placed in one of three
+positions--(1) in the shampooing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in
+the plunge bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the bather
+passes it _en route_ from the washing room to the plunge. For this
+appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential, as with a low
+pressure it is very ineffective. The illustration shows the bath
+standing on iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
+secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.
+
+Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.]
+
+Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic bathing appliances
+may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any
+direction, a spray, or large rose, and a "wave." These three appliances
+may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They are connected to the pipes
+from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To
+this is secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gunmetal
+nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine, but must not be used
+upon the head or chest. With a good head of water this is a most
+powerful appliance, feeling more like a rod of some solid substance
+pressing against one than a stream of water. The "wave" is formed by a
+copper spreader. The spray is simply a large rose, 6 in. or 8 in.
+diameter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.
+
+Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.]
+
+It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the
+above-mentioned appliances together, as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and
+cold handles are here brought together. These handles should be long, so
+as to admit of easy regulating of the temperature of the water; they
+may well be 9 in. in length. The douche, wave, and spray should be kept
+as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.
+
+I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of
+complications in these water-fittings and appliances. Some of the more
+"fussy" contrivances--as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as
+above described--require so much regulating, and so many valves and
+stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set
+them going. Simplicity in design and construction should be observed in
+this work: the pipes as few as need be; the valves as simple as
+possible; and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of
+their being easily examined and repaired.
+
+I have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of
+provision whereby the bather may, on entering the bath, have a warm
+spray or shower, of any temperature that may be agreeable to him. In
+high class baths this feature should always be provided, as it is a
+great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions a necessity, thus
+to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms, or at
+such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired.
+The proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration.
+Were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided, it
+would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms; but
+as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such
+shower, it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
+convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the bath. A small
+chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium, and also from
+the tepidarium itself, would be convenient. At times it may be placed in
+a nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed, the apparatus
+provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by
+the bather himself, so as not to take up the time of the attendants; and
+for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and free from
+liability of scalding the user, unless through gross carelessness. A
+valve with one handle only must be employed, as, unless the bather has
+had some practice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
+of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such as that shown at
+Fig. 17 should be employed. This valve must be so designed as to supply
+cold, tepid, and hot water _in regular gradation_--not intermittently,
+as do some valves of this description. It must be so placed that any one
+taking the shower may, whilst beneath the rose, be able to easily reach
+the handle. The rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
+Fig. 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
+shower-bath.
+
+In hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small
+foot-bath, formed by a sinking of about 6 in. in the floor, and filled
+with hot water; for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to
+enter the hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and overflow
+would have to be provided for this bath, and a marble seat might be
+placed round it. A marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it
+pleasing in appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.
+
+Bather's Shower Bath.]
+
+I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections of a plunge
+bath, and shown its water-fittings. The overflow and waste run into
+cast-iron drainpipes, which should be employed till outside the
+building. On the end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose
+with leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of
+pipe. For the waste I have shown a "disc" valve of gunmetal. This is
+similarly screwed to flange of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve
+is opened and closed by a movable rod. If _fixed_, it might catch the
+toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set
+the valve itself back in a recess. Instead of this valve, an ordinary
+4-in., 5-in., or 6-in. "plug" waste could be employed, but it is rather
+clumsy on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve, with wheel
+and spindle outside the bath, is the best means of letting out the waste
+water. The supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just
+after the water meter. The valve should be of the "screw-down" pattern,
+either with a thumbscrew, wheel and spindle, or a key.
+
+In coast towns, where a _sea-water_ plunge may be employed, a little
+rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position, for
+cleansing the hair from salt water.
+
+Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of the "sanitary"
+water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak, except to say that, in a
+place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature
+should be as perfect as possible.
+
+A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath
+of any pretension. It should be placed at the coolest end of the room,
+affixed to a wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste, and tap of
+some sort. The bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware.
+
+If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium, it should be
+of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware, and must be provided with
+supply-pipe, waste, and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
+is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is restful to the
+ear, and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants
+arranged around and upon it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.
+
+
+Light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect, we may well
+consider first the methods of lighting the bath. As a rule, much
+artificial light will be required. The hot rooms, being often in a
+basement, are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
+Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital
+importance, the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such
+as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable,
+fumes. Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
+objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for
+the foul air, the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and
+envelop persons below the burners, though, of course, in a diluted
+state. Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory
+chamber, it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the
+burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room, and provision made
+for carrying off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is at
+last increasing with marked rapidity; and the incandescent light is
+admirably adapted for all purposes of the Turkish bath. Where it can
+possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath.
+
+For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable, except that it is
+heating, and assists in vitiating the atmosphere. But inasmuch as the
+fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air, the
+objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Nevertheless, the
+electric light is the illuminant to be coveted.
+
+The quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and
+softened. It is not a place for brilliant general illumination, but
+rather for a soft light pervading the whole, and auxiliary lights where
+required, such as near couches, &c.--a system, in fact, diametrically
+opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more objectionable of its
+kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a
+cooling room. It would be found intolerable.
+
+For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light required in any
+part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches, where it must
+be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading. One
+gas-burner, or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches is a
+fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of course, much in the
+distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil,
+and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be
+considered. The dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed
+lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it, depending from a
+chain over a fountain, throwing its rays downwards on to the falling
+waters, and _not_ in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon
+the couches.
+
+Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial lighting, by
+windows or lamps, it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the
+eyes of the bather--a principle of universal application, but especially
+to be regarded in a place where, more often than not, the occupants of
+the various apartments are reclining, _face upwards_, on benches or
+couches. In the hot rooms, as in the cooling room, little general
+illumination is required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
+especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore, may be provided
+in the sudatory chambers, should be as diffused as possible, the
+additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments
+being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers.
+The lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a
+very small compass.
+
+Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing
+rooms. In scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement, where daylight
+can only be obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
+arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this
+light.
+
+For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark
+laconicum, and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the
+shampooing room. The plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted, but not
+above the tone of the frigidarium, or the bather will feel to be going
+from cheerfulness to comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
+bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber, with
+perhaps an ornamental lamp over the bath itself; and if the
+intermediary staircase--should there be such a feature--be lighted on a
+lower scale, the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
+one.
+
+
+DECORATING.
+
+Under this heading, I would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a
+bath, of the materials to be employed, and of the design of features--of
+the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather than of
+anything implying the _laying on_ of so-called ornament.
+
+The architecture of a bath is _interior architecture_ as distinct from
+that involving external work. Much of this, moreover, can often only be
+seen by artificial light. These two restrictions point to the
+employment, for the most part, of surface decoration, rather than of
+modelling--of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings, cornices,
+and pilasters.
+
+There are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome
+designing, and they are the frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge
+bath. There is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
+are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time; and as
+for the plunge, it is in itself an object capable of giving a very
+pleasing effect. Over-elaboration--in respect to added ornament--in the
+hot rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity, with good
+proportions, seems here the most pleasing. The general effect of the hot
+rooms should be light, a statement which is wholly in harmony with what
+I have said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight appear
+to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light,
+the darkest portions being a dado. A generally dark and heavy tone of
+colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light:
+light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly decorated,
+large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled iron, for more expensive
+establishments; light walls of white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed
+bricks, without startling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really
+bold, contrast; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark
+pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone, but
+not too dark; and, in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is
+perhaps best to stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
+burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets affixed to
+plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks best dark and polished, affording
+an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials.
+
+Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in
+ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by coloured glass shades over
+lamps, &c.
+
+The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be
+recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a
+heavy-looking arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look very well
+if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns, and affixed
+with "buttons" with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig.
+18. Large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They
+may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made with screw-holes and
+affixed to ceiling joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.
+
+Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.]
+
+Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &c., should be specified to
+be executed with an extra neat joint, and should bond to less than 12
+in. to the foot; otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
+clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults. Work
+which may pass as fair in ordinary cases, looks coarse and rough in the
+glazed interior walls of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is
+some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints; much of the work
+produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring.
+
+One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms, admits of being
+rendered very attractive; and that is the flooring. Mosaic work is
+always pleasing, if it be designed with taste and executed artistically.
+Marble and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting of a
+richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of brilliant colouring.
+In designing marble-mosaic floors, however, one may well fight shy of
+including that senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
+often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer to the
+heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one
+another, and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an
+effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom--to be
+flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design is of antique
+origin, and has a real classical designation, I cannot but think that it
+is to be avoided, and that fillings-in should be made with tesseræ of
+one tint, or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.
+
+Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate,
+with faïence and modelled glazed ware, marbles and painted encaustic
+tiles, and many other suitable but expensive materials; but for my own
+part I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber,
+though by this I do not mean monastic severity of style.
+
+The general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration. It
+should have an effect of its own, quite distinct from anything else. It
+should have something of the conservatory in it. It should be richly
+carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and be pleasant with plants and
+laden with the murmur of falling waters. It should be light, certainly;
+cheerful, cool, and airy looking; and as lofty as possible within reason
+and common sense. The ceiling should be of a light tone. A lantern-light
+where the light may come in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated
+air may go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.
+
+Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to
+hot rooms--if a staircase be needed--the divans or screens for couches,
+and an ornamental fountain as above described. The staircase may be
+rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white marble treads to
+the stairs. The divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing
+ornamental, open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style or
+otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf partitions, enclosing a
+couple of couches, look handsome. As a rule, they are of a flimsy and
+gimcrack order of architecture. They should be made as solid as
+possible. For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
+divans.
+
+As regards style, I do not see why one method of design should be more
+suited than another for the bath. Having become popularly known as the
+"Turkish" bath, an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted in
+the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style
+of architecture, there is something to be said on this score. It is,
+moreover, a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than
+modelled work, or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
+is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design of a bath in
+an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a
+half-hearted manner; and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful
+use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent.[3]
+
+Considering that the old Romans brought the bath to a great pitch of
+excellence--far, very far, I should be inclined to say, in advance of
+our present knowledge of the subject--their style of architecture would
+seem fitted to its design at this day; and for large public baths,
+larger than any yet erected in this country, one can imagine that a very
+interesting design could be made in the Roman style, founded on a study
+of the old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to them,
+reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures, details, &c., of the
+public baths of the time of the Empire. In a like manner in the Moorish
+style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old
+baths in Eastern countries,[4] drawing, perhaps, some inspiration from
+the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their pleasant retired air,
+for the frigidarium. I have often thought, when looking at the late Owen
+Jones' splendid model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable
+frigidarium the Court of the Lions would make, with its spacious
+central area, and retired nooks suitable for couches, and its pretty
+sparkling fountain and green plants, its brilliant colouring, and
+general cheerfulness of effect. Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
+court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium, with
+its _cubicula_ for couches, and its central area and fountain.
+
+The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done
+should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate
+the provision of handsome public baths for the people. In everyday
+practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths.
+Although only the Roman and Eastern styles have been mentioned, there
+can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath
+in whatsoever style he may please.
+
+I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered
+a thing of beauty. This is in reference as much to its plan as to the
+materials of the sides and floor, &c. There is no reason why a plunge
+should always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any of the shapes
+indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers, especially in warm weather, like to
+stay some minutes in the plunge, and not go straight through; they may
+like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require room to turn, and a
+keyhole plan, such as at A, is suitable, and especially useful where the
+bather has to return to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is
+shown at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is
+allowable, as here the true dive seldom pertains. A delicate semi-oval
+plan, such as that at D, which is much after the pattern of the Roman
+bath recently discovered at Box, could be employed; or a plain, circular
+bath with steps around, such as that of the Pompeian _Balneum_, shown at
+C; or, again, such a plan as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor
+in Sussex. For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we cannot
+do better than refer direct to the old Roman remains, either in Italy
+itself, or in Great Britain and other provinces and colonial
+dependencies of the old Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the
+possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
+often produced baths of great beauty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.
+
+Plans of Plunge Baths.]
+
+The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint, and
+there should always be more or less pure white. Nothing really is better
+than plain white glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
+water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows contamination when
+it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesseræ,
+any simple patterns being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such
+as strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well through the water.
+The floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty. The sides are
+best of glazed brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
+steps of so-called white marble.
+
+
+FURNISHING.
+
+The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish bath comprises the
+complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches, lounges, ottomans,
+carpets, mats, and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
+the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the sudatory chambers may be
+required easy chairs of peculiar construction, with stretched canvas
+seats; in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
+marble-topped ones; and any carpeting, matting, felt for benches,
+curtains (if any), and Indian matting for dadoes. These are the
+principal requirements that need consideration, the remaining furnishing
+of subordinate apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordinary
+description. The refreshment department requires possibly a
+coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf fittings; but, as a
+general rule, no arrangements for actual cooking.
+
+The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by 2 ft.; but 6 ft. 6
+in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal allowance. They should be made of
+polished wood, strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered with
+a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans are adopted, on the
+Eastern model, the benches must be framed of wood, permanently fixed,
+and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet, as
+Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of
+Indian matting, affixed above to a moulded rail.
+
+The carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread.
+Nothing, of course, equals a Persian or Turkey carpet, and one or the
+other should be provided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
+adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where a polished wood
+floor is adopted and shown, soft durable matting or strips of carpet
+must be placed along any routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and
+the boot-room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables,
+&c.--anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to tread. Anything
+in the nature of fastenings likely, by any possibility, to injure the
+feet, must be carefully avoided.
+
+A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &c., should be provided in
+the cooling room. The provision of lounges, &c., must depend upon the
+design of the room, and whether nooks or angles are available for their
+accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by
+the heads of the couches (Fig. 21, B).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.
+
+Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.]
+
+The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at
+C and D, whereat are shown an iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen
+frames are best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
+fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few of these seats
+should always be provided in the hot rooms. Movable wooden _benches_ are
+constructed of beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
+head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-seasoned wood should be
+employed, for all joinery purposes, in the hot rooms.
+
+In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten, and a
+cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off boots and shoes. A shelf or
+shelves for linen checks is useful in this position.
+
+Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over, but _strips_
+of matting or carpet are better. The hot laconicum is best carpeted
+throughout. The tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the
+bathers must necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
+provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot rooms. For
+similar reasons to the carpeting--the non-conduction of heat--fine white
+felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches, as at
+Fig. 20. Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above the
+benches, I have already spoken.
+
+In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped as at E, Fig. 5,
+are required as head-rests. They should be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and
+hollowed to fit the head.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.
+
+Furniture of a Turkish Bath.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: I do not know of any building--bath or otherwise, civil or
+domestic--in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour
+decoration has been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to
+have been missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed
+in very small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the
+general effect.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely
+unstudied. Few architects visit the East, and none enter the baths
+there, either in Egypt, Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true
+Oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about
+these buildings.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+PRIVATE BATHS.
+
+
+The Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale, from a
+single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry
+stove, to an elaborate suite of apartments, providing all that is found
+in the public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an addition to an
+existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the
+house.
+
+There are, of course, many expedients for producing perspiration by
+heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of
+bath rooms; but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of
+baths, I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For although there
+is something to be said in their favour, in that the head is free and
+one can breathe cooler air, there are serious objections to their use,
+as the lamps employed _burn the air_, and there is also an absence of
+that rapid aërial circulation which is so much to be desired. Besides
+the actual objections to their use, more or less inconvenience attends
+the employment of the sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and
+there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
+extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient.
+
+The bath in the house may consist of one of the following
+arrangements:--(1) A single room used as a sudatory chamber and for
+washing; (2) a hot room and a washing room; (3) a combined hot room and
+washing room, and a cooling room; (4) a cooling room, washing room, and
+hot room; or (5) a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every
+possible luxury, such as even the old Roman gentlemen would have
+coveted. Where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room
+as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also in the cases where only
+a washing room and a hot room are provided.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.
+
+Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
+Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill.]
+
+For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing operations are also
+conducted, all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and
+heat-proof floor and ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
+smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank or _lavatrina_.
+Allowance must be made for a couch opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A)
+shows the simplest form of a bath room possible; it is that which Mr.
+Urquhart constructed, and has described in his 'Manual of the Turkish
+Bath.' It was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room
+might be built, the whole arrangement, with water fittings and building
+of three of its walls, only costing 37_l._
+
+The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a private house should be
+cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house, with
+carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end; and in the case of
+an elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors and heavy
+curtains, should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing
+rooms, as at Fig. 24. The air of the hot rooms should, of course, be
+perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house.
+
+The position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the
+bath and the house and its situation. In town houses, where the bath
+consists of only a washing and a hot room, the first floor will be the
+most convenient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground floor is
+as handy as anywhere; and this position allows of the easier
+construction of the heating apparatus. In the country, the bath is best
+built away from the house, connected by a short lobby, which may be
+utilised for boots, &c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
+overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-conduction of heat to
+places where it is not wanted.
+
+The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for the simplest, a
+common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A) and at Fig. 23; for bigger
+baths, a small convoluted stove, as at Fig. 24; or a furnace of
+firebrick with an iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22--a plan of the hot room
+(15 ft. by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson built at
+Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a small furnace wholly constructed
+of fireclay, such as that of which I have given complete plans in the
+chapter on "Heating and Ventilation," would be the best. A furnace of
+this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath,
+at Fig. 25. Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a firebrick
+furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces retain their heat a long
+time. It should be "banked" at night. A bath only required at times, and
+quickly, is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron stove
+and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature. The
+simple baths illustrated at Figs. 22 (A) and 23, are therefore very
+convenient and effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
+to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for
+private purposes, as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor,
+and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at
+Fig. 24. A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, _ante_, must
+be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot
+room. If the bath be on the ground floor, the construction of any form
+of heating apparatus is rendered easier.
+
+To prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house,
+the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed. Hollow walls
+must be provided round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on
+the external side, and the transmission of heat through internal walls.
+The floors above and below should--if not of solid fireproof
+construction--be formed as described in the section dealing with the
+design of the sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, asbestos,
+sawdust, or materials having similar properties. Windows should be
+double. Wherever possible, concrete floors should be provided to the hot
+rooms and washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
+mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It should be needless
+to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from
+fire by the stoves or furnaces.
+
+The ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful
+attention as those for public use. The hollow external walls may often
+be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air, which
+must be let into the cavity at the floor level. If the bath be
+constructed on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system of
+carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits--recommended for
+public baths--should be employed, as in the accompanying design for a
+large private bath, where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one
+vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have said on
+the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on many matters in connection
+with the design of public baths, applies in the case of the private one,
+and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints
+as to its construction.
+
+In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to explain the
+arrangement and construction of private baths, from those formed by
+converting existing rooms into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete
+design. Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private bath, an
+apartment only measuring 11 ft. by 16 ft., yet forming an effective
+sudatory chamber, with simple iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or
+lavatrina. On this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
+adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23. One plan shows a
+hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed
+in the old external wall, and the new chamber constructed with hollow
+walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra room would, of course, be
+thus formed on the floor below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and
+the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room, which
+would become the lavatorium, and undressing room if necessary. A
+double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper
+bath used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating the
+adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by taking away the
+flue-pipe to a new chimney, and knocking a doorway through the old
+partition wall, thus making a complete set of bath rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.
+
+Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.]
+
+The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing room divided into a
+combined hot room and washing room, and a cooling room. Three of the
+walls being ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined with lath and
+plaster on quartering, leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of
+heat by absorption and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
+quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues, for the
+withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected below with the hot room,
+and above lead into the open air. A pugged partition and double-doored
+lobby separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for a
+full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which has a metal screen
+around to protect the more adjacent walls from the heat. A lavatrina is
+provided, as shown at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a
+shower. This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood,
+as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A couple of couches, lavatory,
+and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium.
+
+Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed, the fresh air
+should be admitted as near the stove as possible, and if the inlet be
+connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket,
+the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature. The
+temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates
+directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather, is not a
+matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is
+transmitted through the agency of the air itself.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.
+
+A complete Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+Cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every
+consideration, I have been led to give the above plans and descriptions
+of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other
+rooms. But plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required, and
+at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an
+appendage to, and at one and the same time as, the house. In this plan
+all necessaries are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
+outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It is arranged on the
+first floor of a projecting wing off the main building. The frigidarium
+is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
+provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels.
+Between the frigidarium and bath rooms is a double-doored lobby of a
+kind that is very useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
+heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it forms a perfect
+preventive against the entry of the air of the hot rooms into the
+cooling room. Between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the
+laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a curtain if
+necessary. The walls are 18 in.--9 in. and 4-1/2 in., with 4-1/2 in.
+cavity, used for ventilation. The bath rooms are lined with glazed
+brickwork. The floor is of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction.
+Enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
+rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is the stokery and
+furnace chamber, fitted with a small convoluted stove, a hot-air shaft
+leading to the bath room. Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal
+flues from either side of the building. The windows in the bath rooms
+are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches, as at
+Fig. 21 (E), _ante_, and a similar bench occupies one side of
+lavatorium, opposite which is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk
+into the floor and partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
+In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes, lavatory, and
+toilet tables, &c. This would be a very effective plan for a comfortable
+private bath.
+
+The ordinary "slipper," "length," or "shallow" bath is out of place in
+the rooms of a Turkish bath; but where the bath has to be adapted with
+economy to an existing bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where,
+say, some members of a family take the Turkish bath and others the
+ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-named figure, and serve
+the purposes of a lavatrina. The lavatrina, as designed in the plan of
+the large Turkish bath appended, however, is the most convenient
+apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and washing
+oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from the ordinary method
+of immersion in a large body of water; and as the former manner is the
+most economical of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
+in a house, to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and
+cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary
+slipper-bath.
+
+In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a
+tepidarium. This chamber should therefore be as large as possible. In it
+may be required a shampooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath,
+in addition to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water fittings
+are to be provided. All that will be required are hot and cold water
+taps over the edge of the lavatrina, which should also have a waste and
+overflow. Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
+arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, _ante_. This will serve
+all purposes, unless a douche and a needle are desired, when the
+regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within
+the bather's reach while standing in the bath.
+
+The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a bath-man, must look
+upon shampooing as a _luxury_ but not a _necessity_ of the bath. Dr. W.
+J. Fleming, in a lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
+before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years back, said that the
+accessories of shampooing, &c., are, despite the popular opinion to the
+contrary, non-essential. A shampooing slab--which must be of marble--is
+therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private
+baths.
+
+A complete private bath must contain the _piscina_, or plunge. Unless
+space and expense be no object, this cannot well be made capable of
+affording a vigorous dive; but endeavours should be made to secure a
+bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the
+whole body. It will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public
+plunge bath.
+
+The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant, cheerful, and
+comfortable as possible. It should be a cosy place where the bather may
+recline and cool, and smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his
+heart's content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an Eastern
+divan; or it might be a simple, homely room, fitted with one or two
+comfortable couches. A fireplace may here be a desirable feature, for
+appearance sake, during the winter months. The room should be _really_
+ventilated--viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and with effective
+means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere, since, as I have pointed
+out in the chapters on public baths, the cooling process is, in its way,
+as important as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
+expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.
+
+DESIGN FOR A PRIVATE TURKISH BATH
+
+LONGITUDINAL SECTION.]
+
+At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large private Turkish
+bath. It is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing
+addition to a country mansion; and considering the money prodigally
+lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
+indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of
+appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health, a cure for
+disease, and an untold luxury. The public bath may be a blessing, but
+for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
+bath.
+
+[Illustration: Design for a Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified and adapted to any
+style of design. The building could be connected to the house by a
+corridor, or by a glazed _xystos_, either abutting on to the main wall
+of house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the frigidarium are
+recesses for boots and for linen. The frigidarium--about 15 ft.
+square--has benches fitted up like one side of a divan, bay windows with
+space for plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
+ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment from the bath
+rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel closet, which latter could be
+supplied with hot air. The combined lavatorium and tepidarium--14 ft.
+square--is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses containing the
+plunge bath and lavatrina. A shampooing bench is shown. A marble dado
+surrounds the walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
+dome--which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete--and marble
+springers to horse-shoe arches. The shower is placed over the lavatrina.
+Plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining
+is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of that of
+which I have before given full detailed drawings. The vitiated air is
+drawn through flues in the floor, to a shaft on the opposite side to the
+chimney. The stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air
+would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
+description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there were no
+available supply of water from house, a boiler and tank could be placed
+in the stokery, and a cistern on the flat roof. The flat roof, if of
+iron and concrete, would form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable,
+the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and
+lavatorium. An air space should be left between the masonry of dome and
+covering of copper or other material. The lights should be double
+glazed. With the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness
+of the dome. This bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with
+pure heat of a most hygienic character.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.
+
+
+The bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in
+connection with, and--what is of greater moment--_in harmony with_,
+other baths, such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and the
+ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths, which, where the Turkish
+bath is included, may often be efficiently administered with the
+appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room.
+Moreover, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment, or
+system of pine-therapeutics, there will be required rooms or halls for
+the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the
+communication between these different baths, as the medicated, Russian,
+&c., and the Turkish bath, and their relative positions, must be
+carefully studied. It should be compact and the various passages and
+corridors as short as possible, these passages and corridors being
+provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and uniformly
+equable, temperature. This latter point we do not find so carefully
+studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant.
+The consequence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to and from
+the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid contracts a serious
+chill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.
+
+Plan of the Baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.]
+
+I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore,
+at Bournemouth, which, though not confessedly a hydropathic institution,
+has yet a fine bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
+as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure. These
+baths include a Turkish bath, with three hot rooms, a shampooing room,
+and cooling room, connected by an anteroom with the suite of
+miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The latter
+comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such as the needle, douche,
+sitz, hip, and wave; a room or "hall" for the inhalation of pine vapour,
+whilst in a bath of condensed steam; and a room for the administration
+of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of pulverised Mont
+Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose, or ear, as may be required, this
+room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are a
+range of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
+purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those of pine extract,
+sulphur, iodine, &c., &c., and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water
+and salt-water baths. In connection are arranged dressing and reposing
+rooms, besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat similar suite
+of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block. There is
+no separate Turkish bath, however; certain days of the week are set
+apart exclusively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply the
+steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths, and the water super
+heaters, as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery, are arranged
+in a basement under the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
+room.
+
+It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath, which was arranged
+under the direction of the late Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct
+communication with the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the
+hot rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath, or _vice
+versâ_. In designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the Mont
+Dore, this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to
+be most carefully studied. Direct communication is required between the
+Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and medicated baths, as
+some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity.
+
+In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable, and
+used in ordinary bath rooms, the Turkish bath being the only feature
+requiring special design.
+
+A true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two
+Turkish baths, one for ladies and one for gentlemen, as the power and
+efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and
+persistency with which it is carried out. Where there is only one bath,
+it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and
+gentlemen, and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may
+be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two
+suites of rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that they will
+be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side, so
+that they may have their furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.
+
+Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty of room, it is
+often convenient to arrange the Turkish and other baths on the ground
+floor adjoining the main building, a corridor of connection being
+placed, if necessary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
+have to be taken--often carried or wheeled in movable chairs--to the
+baths, and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a
+wheeled chair from the top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the
+baths.
+
+In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms should be provided
+for the Turkish bath--viz. three hot rooms, a washing and shampooing
+room, and a cooling room. They will, of course, be on a small scale; but
+the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath should also be added,
+but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether.
+
+For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have
+rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths. The needle bath
+should include the ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal
+douche--a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower. The
+regulating appliances for these various showers, sprays, &c., should be
+brought together, and conveniently placed for the attendant. A very
+ingenious appliance, suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer
+regulating valve, which indicates the temperature of the water being
+supplied to the bather. The waters mix in a ball, into which is inserted
+the bulb of a sensitive thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or
+cold handles are turned.
+
+If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish bath is to be used for
+the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides
+those taking the Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
+also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing room for other
+bathers, it must be made of large size.
+
+Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the
+treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital
+necessity, and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a
+hydropathic establishment.
+
+Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath appended to these
+institutions. Hot rooms beneath their proper temperature, and lukewarm
+water, are unpardonable delinquencies, either in the early morning, in
+the evening, or during the day. For this reason I would recommend a
+furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for a long time, and is not
+subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves.
+
+Much of that which I have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will
+apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes. Here,
+however, efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be but
+of the plainest description. The conditions and exigencies of each case
+must determine the size, position, and nature of the suite of bath
+rooms. All that has been said upon the subject of the design and
+construction of the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
+given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in regard to
+Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential blocks of buildings, and
+for clubs.
+
+There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath building, in the
+increased provision of baths in hospitals, asylums, and public and
+private institutions of one kind and another; and also in hotels,
+"flats," and clubs. The hydropathic establishments have long adopted
+the Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect
+harmony with the principles of the Water Cure. But it is only
+occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums;
+and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been
+made in this respect, the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected.
+Seeing, too, the immense extent to which co-operative living has
+developed, and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
+residential blocks, &c., I cannot but think that the builders of such
+tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of
+small Turkish baths for the visitors and residents.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.
+
+
+Animals of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows, sheep, and pigs,
+have been experimented upon with regard to the bath, and with much
+success. But for practical purposes all we need here consider is the
+design of the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
+be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a
+pig. It is, after all, only in connection with the training of horses
+that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this
+direction. Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected in this
+country in connection with hospitals for horses, attached to large
+businesses, and appended to training stables. In the development of
+race-horses the treatment has, according to the opinion of several
+authorities, been found eminently beneficial.
+
+The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct communication
+with the stables. It may consist, as Fig. 27--a plan of a bath built for
+the Great Northern Railway Company's hospital for horses--of a washing,
+and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place for the animals to
+cool, and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being
+turned out in the open. In the plan given it will be seen that the horse
+is led through the washing room into the first hot room. Without
+turning round, he may be led into the second hot room and thence into
+the washing room again. In the hot rooms, which are heated by a
+convoluted stove, are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be
+secured. A similar arrangement is made in the washing room, where, after
+undergoing the sweating process, the horse is groomed down, an operation
+that should be performed in part with an iron _strigil_, much after the
+pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient Romans.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.
+
+Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath for Horses.]
+
+These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply
+constructed, though, where it is desired to do the thing well, glazed
+bricks should, for the sake of cleanliness, be used for lining the
+walls. All that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
+draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a scraper, and
+wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory chamber, the horse should first be
+well scraped with the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if
+necessary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold water should
+then be thrown over him, and having been well rubbed down with the
+leather, he should then be covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs
+bandaged with cotton bands, the sheets, &c., being gradually removed
+after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the animal turned
+into a shed, or into the open, to cool.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+                             PAGE
+
+  Air, allowance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    backflow of, 83
+    circulation of, in hot rooms, 85
+    expansion in heating, 82
+    filters, 67
+    flues for vitiated, 92
+    inlets for cold, 67
+    intake, position of, 68
+      arrangement of, 69
+    its changes in the bath, 71
+    of bath, necessity for dryness of, 85
+    overheated, 76
+    passage of, through bath rooms, 70
+    rapidity of flow of, 82
+
+  Apodyterium, the, 4, 13
+    and frigidarium, combined, 13
+
+  B.
+
+  Bath, architecture of, 105
+    ascending shower, 93
+    back shower, 94
+    decoration of, 105
+    elaborate needle, 138
+    foot, 98
+    materials for, 105
+    Mr. Urquhart's cheap private, 120, 123
+    needle, 93, 94
+    position of private, 120
+    preliminary shower, 97
+    primary object of, 10
+    public, general requirements of, 9
+    shower, 92
+    style of design for, 109
+    subsidiary apartments of, 14
+    the, in asylums, 139
+    the, in hospitals, 139
+    the "slipper", 127
+    wave, 95
+
+  Baths, ancient and modern, difference between, 10
+      Roman and Oriental, 2
+        works on, 3
+    cheap, 66
+      private, 125
+    complete private, 125-127
+    construction of, in private houses, 123, 124
+    Eastern, 110
+    elaborate private, 129, 132, 133
+    importance of double sets of, 137
+    importance of intercommunication between various, 137
+    in crowded sites, 18
+    nature of private, 119
+    objections to extemporised hot air, 118
+    Old Roman, 110
+    on one level, 18
+    private, 118
+    public and commercial, 6
+    public, lack of, in England, 7
+    supply of water for private, 128
+    two classes of, 26
+    ventilation of private, 122
+
+  Bath-rooms arranged _en suite_, advantage of, 37
+    drainage of, 44
+
+  _Balneæ_, the Pompeian, 112
+    ancient, 4
+  Benches, felting for marble, 116
+
+  Bignor, Roman, bath at, 112
+
+  Boilers, 87
+
+  Boot-room, fittings for, 116
+
+  Box, Roman bath at, 112
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Calidarium, the, 4, 33
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ceilings of enamelled iron, 106
+
+  Checks, shelves for, 116
+
+  Cisterns, 87, 88
+
+  Cleansing process, ways of concluding, 12
+
+  Cold plunge, object of, 12
+
+  Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement, 54
+
+  Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and demerits, 54
+
+  Cooling room, carpets for, 114
+    couches in, 114
+    furniture of, 113
+    importance of ventilating, 57
+    method, 57
+    lighting of, 103
+    the separate, 53
+
+  Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    fireplaces in, 23
+    methods of arranging, 52
+    temperature of, 53, 58
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Divans, construction of, 114
+
+  Douche, horizontal, 95
+    room, the, 45
+    spinal, 93
+
+  Drainage, importance of perfect, 44
+
+  Dressing and cooling rooms, 13
+
+  Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath, 4
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Firing, evil of bad and forced, 80
+
+  Floorings for cheap baths, 34
+
+  Flues, hot and cold air, construction of, 40
+
+  Foul air conduits, 71
+
+  Frigidarium, design of, 108
+    divans in, 109
+    fountain in, 101
+    of private baths, 129
+    the, 4, 13
+    the old Roman, 57
+
+  Furnace, advantage of a fireclay, 75
+    fireclay, for private bath, 132
+      method of constructing, 74
+      expansion and contraction of, 76
+
+  Furnaces for private baths, 121
+    heating power of, 80
+    with iron flues, 72
+
+  Furnace chamber, position of, 40
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gas, objections to, in bath, 102
+
+  Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths, 33
+
+  Good and bad baths, difference between, 82
+
+  Good bath, what it is, and how gained, 9
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hair-dresser and chiropodist, 15
+
+  Hammam, the, Jermyn Street, 18
+
+  Hammam, the Oriental, 3
+
+  Heat, convected and radiant, 5, 59
+    methods of applying to bather, 10, 56
+    prevention of transmission of, 122
+
+  Heating apparatuses for private baths, 120
+    screen walls to, 77
+
+  Heating by fireclay furnaces, 73
+    iron flue-pipes, 72
+    ordinary stoves, 72
+    convection, objection to, 79
+    steam, 77
+      arrangements for, 78
+      dangers attendant upon, 77
+    of small baths, 73
+    of the bath, its importance, 59
+      by the ordinary method, 62
+    on the hot-air principle, 62
+    and ventilation, 59
+      theory of, 69
+
+  High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease, 11
+    necessity for, 11
+
+  Horses, bathing of, 142
+
+  "Hot-air bath," a misleading term, 5
+
+  Hot-air bath, the, 6
+    appliances and arrangements for, 63
+
+  Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum, 40
+    manner, 40
+    principle, objections to, 61
+
+  Hot rooms, benches in, 38
+    brickwork in, 107
+    ceilings of, 34
+    chairs and benches in, 116
+    decoration of, 105
+    doorways in, 38
+    fireproof floors over, 35
+    glazing in, 38
+    height of, 39
+    Indian matting in, 106
+    joinery in, 37
+    lighting of, 102
+    materials for, 38
+    objection to stepped benches in, 39
+    proportional area of, 33
+    position of partitions in, 37
+    radiation of heat from, 35
+
+  Hot rooms, windows in, 35
+    treatment of woodwork in, 106
+
+  Hydropathy and the Turkish bath, 140
+
+  Hydropathic establishments, the bath in, 134
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Invalids, consideration for, in bathing establishments, 138
+
+  Irish "sweating houses," old, 5, 13
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Laconicum, the, 4, 32
+    ceiling of, 35
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ladies' baths, 14, 44, 111
+
+  Laundry, 16
+
+  Lavatorium, the, 4, 43
+    and shampooing room, 41
+    the hydropathic, 138
+    of private bath, 128
+    washing basins in, 43
+    water fittings of, 89
+
+  Lavatrina, the, 119, 127
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mont Dore, baths at the Hotel, 135
+    cure, the, 136
+
+  Moorish bath, heating of the, 59
+
+  _Mustaby_, the Turkish, 57
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Obstacles to the progress of the bath, 1
+
+  Oriental colour decoration, 110
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Pay office, the, 14
+
+  Perspiration, object of, 11
+
+  Plumbing, 88, 100
+
+  Plunge bath, the, 46
+    between hot rooms and frigidarium, 12
+    chamber, lighting of, 104
+    construction of, 48
+    decoration of, 113
+    depth of, 48
+    for private baths, 129
+    in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    water fittings of, 99
+
+  Popular ignorance and the bath, 1
+
+  Processes of the bath, 11
+
+  Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of, 7
+
+  Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation, 29
+    general disposition of plan of, 17
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rest after bath, necessity for, 13
+
+  Roman baths, method of heating the old, 59
+    nature of heat in old, 79
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sanitary accommodation, necessity for care in providing, 15
+
+  Shampooer, space required by each, 43
+
+  Shampooing and the private bath, 128
+    benches, 34, 42
+    positions of bather during, 43
+    value of, 12
+    and washing room combined, arrangement of, 43
+    room, 42
+      ventilation of, 42
+      lighting of, 104
+
+  Shower for head, 100
+    preliminary warm, 44
+
+  So-called Turkish baths, their harmfulness, 2
+
+  Stokery, the, 15
+
+  Stoves, attributes of good, 64
+    Convolute, 264
+      heating power of 80
+      method, of constructing, furnace chamber for, 64
+    iron, 63
+    objections to exposing in hot rooms, 72
+    plain iron radiating 125
+    radiating surfaces of, 63
+
+  Subsidiary apartments of the bath, 32
+
+  Sudatorium, best position for bathers in 38
+
+  Sudatory chamber, a simple, 119
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Tank, hot water, 87
+
+  Temperature, importance of maintaining 79
+    of bath rooms 78
+    regulating, 80
+    variations in 79
+
+  Tepidarium, the 4, 32
+    drinking fountain in, 100
+    mosaic floors in, 108
+    of private bath, 128
+    old Roman, 39
+
+  _Thermæ_, old Roman, 3
+
+  Tonic baths 92
+
+  Transmission of heated air, prevention of, 36
+    heat, 36
+
+  Treatment, course of, in the bath, 11
+
+  Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with
+      the, 134
+    building, field for activity in 139
+    for animals 141
+    for horses 141
+      Great Northern Railway Company's 141
+    heating of the true 59
+    the, a misnomer 5
+       what it is, 4
+    direction in which improvement may be made in the, 60
+
+  Turkish baths, Baden-Baden, 30
+    Bartholomew's, Leicester Square, 25
+    Bremen, 29
+    Burton's, Euston Road, 27
+    Camden Town, 22
+    foul atmosphere of some so-called, 2, 82
+    in Germany, 29
+    lukewarm, 139
+    Nevill's, London Bridge, 25
+      Northumberland Avenue, 23
+    Nuremberg, 30
+    Savoy Hill, 20
+    Vienna, 30
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Valve, thermometer regulating, 138
+
+  Valves and cocks, 90
+    regulating, for shower bath, &c., 96
+
+  Ventilation, 139
+    importance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    in cramped sites, 69
+    mechanical, 82
+
+  Ventilator gratings, 83
+
+  Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms, 70
+    number and size of, 71
+    position of, 71
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Washing and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging, 41
+
+  Water, pressure of, 88
+
+  Water fittings, 87
+    of private bath, 128
+    value of simplicity in, 97
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Turkish Bath: Its Design and Construction, by Robert Owen Allsop.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Turkish Bath
+       Its Design and Construction
+
+Author: Robert Owen Allsop
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2009 [EBook #30444]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TURKISH BATH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  <h3>THE</h3>
+
+  <h1>TURKISH BATH:</h1>
+
+  <h3>ITS</h3>
+
+  <h2>DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;</h2>
+
+  <h4>WITH<br /><br />
+
+  CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO<br />
+  THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,<br />
+  AND THE TRAINING STABLE.</h4>
+
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+
+  <h2>ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,</h2>
+
+  <h4>ARCHITECT.<br /><br />
+
+  ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS</h4>
+
+  <p class="center"><i>From Scale Drawings by the Author.</i><br /><br />
+
+
+
+
+  E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.<br />
+  NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.<br />
+  1890</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The present work originally appeared in the form of a series of
+illustrated articles in the columns of the <i>Building News</i>. It has been
+carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter. The
+object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to
+provide, in addition to a text-book for the architect, a treatise which
+shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative
+merits of the baths that compete for their patronage. The principles,
+herein enunciated, upon which good baths should be built, will be easily
+grasped by the ordinary reader; and the detailed plans and instructions
+will, it is hoped, supply such information as will enable the designer
+of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he
+may be confronted.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">37, Norfolk Street,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Strand, London.</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>March 1890.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER I.</th><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER II.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The General Requirements of a Public Bath</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER III.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The General Disposition of Plan of Public Baths</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER IV.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Detailed Consideration of Features peculiar to the Bath</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER V.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Heating and Ventilation</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VI.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Water-fittings and Appliances</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VII.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lighting, Decorating, and Furnishing</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_102'>102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER VIII.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Turkish Bath in the House</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER IX.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Bath in Public and Private Institutions, Etc.</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">CHAPTER X.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Turkish Bath for Horses</span></td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS">
+<tr><td align="right">FIG.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_24'>24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_28'>28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">A Plunge Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_56'>56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to show the "Convoluted" Stove</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_65'>65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">An Air Filter</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_67'>67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &amp;c., for a Bath on the ordinary Hot-air Principle</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_68'>68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">A Fireclay Heating Apparatus</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_74'>74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_84'>84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">A Shampooing Basin</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_90'>90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_91'>91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">A Needle Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_94'>94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_95'>95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &amp;c.</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_96'>96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Bather's Shower Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_99'>99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_107'>107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Plans of Plunge Baths</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_112'>112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_115'>115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Furniture of a Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_117'>117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_119'>119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left">Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_124'>124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left">A complete Private Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_126'>126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left">Design for a Private Turkish Bath</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left">Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_135'>135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath for Horses</td><td align="right"><a href  ='#Page_142'>142</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><br /><a name="THE" id="THE"></a>THE TURKISH BATH.<br /></h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Since the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its introduction into
+this country under the name of the Turkish bath, this method of bathing
+has become very generally adopted; and although onward progress is
+rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread popular
+ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath, erroneous
+impressions are being gradually removed, and the continual building of
+new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on
+British soil.</p>
+
+<p>To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected
+with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and
+prejudice, or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and
+construction, and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before the
+public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that the latter cause has
+done much&mdash;very much&mdash;injury.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of
+the bath in this country, is that little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> or nothing has been written or
+said about its proper design, construction, and working, and that no
+full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying
+heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we have had, and still have,
+placed before the public, and meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish
+baths" which are such only in name&mdash;unhealthy, ill-ventilated cellars,
+where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus,
+stagnates in the sudatory chambers, and becomes loaded with the
+exhalations and emanations of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged
+with a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that we so often
+hear persons remark that they have tried the bath, but neither enjoyed
+it nor did it agree with them! The damaging effect of "baths" of this
+type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands, convinced of the
+value and benefit of the bathing, periodically attend these miserable
+substitutes for properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and
+effectively-ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
+shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the true principles of
+bath construction, and knowing little or nothing of the physiological
+action of the bath, they have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the
+power to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute. With
+the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily
+decorated, and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with
+striking semblance to the original type.</p>
+
+<p>So much has been written and said about the arrange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>ment, design, and
+working of the baths of the ancient Romans, and of the Oriental nations
+of to-day, that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter
+upon the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested in the
+building of modern baths. An intelligent study of old plans, and of the
+writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of
+the special purposes to which the various apartments of the Roman
+<i>Thermæ</i> were devoted, serves in no small degree to a complete
+understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in
+modern times. So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
+acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive. But to
+fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would
+require a volume of itself, since the many questions that present
+themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
+without considerable and lengthy description. Those desirous of studying
+the subject of the design of ancient and Oriental baths will find many
+works within easy reach. In his 'Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
+David Urquhart has given a most complete account of Eastern baths; and
+in Sir Erasmus Wilson's 'Eastern or Turkish Bath,' will be found a
+popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as
+an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse
+works, such as Wollaston's 'Thermæ Romano-Britannicæ,' Cameron's 'Baths
+of the Romans,' and particularly the careful description of the Pompeian
+<i>Balneæ</i> in Sir William Gell's 'Pompeiana.' In the admirable works of
+Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> found interesting
+accounts of the remains of old Roman baths in this country; and in
+Daremberg and Saglio's 'Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et
+Romaines,' is a most capable essay on ancient <i>Balneæ</i>. In Eastern
+travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental bath will be
+found; and in Owen Jones's work on the Palace of the Alhambra, at
+Granada, plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that
+the Moorish builders erected therein.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of brevity and
+convenience, I have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the
+old Roman vocabulary, to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
+respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms, the
+<i>Tepidarium</i>, <i>Calidarium</i>, and <i>Laconicum</i>. Although the exact nature
+of the ancient Roman <i>laconicum</i> is still a question in debate, I have
+chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot.
+The washing room I call the <i>Lavatorium</i>; the cooling room, the
+<i>Frigidarium</i>; and the separate dressing room, the <i>Apodyterium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The modern "Turkish bath" is rather a revival of the Roman bath, than
+that of the East. Among the Orientals, the air of the sudorific chambers
+is charged more or less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
+the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And it has been decided
+by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school, that the air
+of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
+atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the dryness moreover
+is conducive to perspiration. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> absolute need for a dry atmosphere
+in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr.
+W.B. Hunter, M.D., entitled 'The Turkish Bath: its Uses and Abuses.' But
+notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present
+day resembles, in point of dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome,
+the name of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart, has
+held good, and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation.</p>
+
+<p>Neither the term "Turkish," however, nor the designation "hot-air" bath,
+convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of "the bath,"
+as I shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
+"<i>heat</i> bath"&mdash;a <i>thermal cure</i>. In the ordinary hot-air bath, the
+heated air is simply a medium; and, as I have endeavoured to explain in
+the body of this little work, the heat is best supplied to the body of
+the bather by direct radiation. By the "Turkish bath," therefore, I
+would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat&mdash;not
+necessarily hot air&mdash;to the surface of the human body for hygienic,
+remedial, and curative purposes.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect, treated of the
+subject from the broadest point of view, and have explained the method
+of designing the <i>hot-air bath</i> pure and simple, looking upon the
+convected and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> radiating heat principles as both good of their kind, and
+perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame. I have
+adhered to this plan throughout, because, even supposing that it were
+shown conclusively to-morrow, that the principle of heating by
+convection is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to the
+slow march of improvement in this country, still be built and require to
+be planned. Moreover, it has been in the past, and still is, the
+generally accepted idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
+simple.</p>
+
+<p>Medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit
+to retain the term "hot air" in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In
+deference to their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
+<i>hot-air bath</i>. The arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat,
+with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in the sudorific chambers, are,
+for the most part, the result of my own experience and study.</p>
+
+<p>I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with public and private
+baths respectively. Chapters II. to VII. are devoted to the elucidation
+of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths, either
+for true public purposes or as commercial speculations. It is
+unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads:
+what is required of the one is required of the other. The only
+difference is that one is the property of the people, and may be
+required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds
+of baths; and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single
+individual as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> case may be, and is generally an establishment
+complete in itself.</p>
+
+<p>It is not to the credit of the English nation that so little has been
+done in connection with Turkish bath building for the people. The
+attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is
+of the most meagre character. The provisions of the Public Baths and
+Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In these matters the German
+nation is far ahead of us. Fortunately for the general health, the
+Englishman is renowned for his morning "tub." But the cold tub is merely
+a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward
+man, besides constituting a most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the
+vast body of the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an
+ineffective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a high
+temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions. Used,
+as customary, without a tonic application of cold water, it is eminently
+conducive to cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average Englishman
+for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing, unless
+he sees the advantage of, and has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his
+own house. He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and
+attractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature, and he
+dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the
+so-called "Turkish baths" provided by enterprising business men. He can
+do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.</p>
+
+<p>In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII. to X., I have dealt
+with private baths, including the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> bath in the house and mansion, in
+institutions of one kind and another, and in connection with training
+stables. In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be found
+plans of baths of several types, from the smallest and least expensive
+to the most elaborate and costly.</p>
+
+<p>It is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being
+bestowed on the question of providing public Turkish baths worthy of the
+country; that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
+as commercial speculations; and that, from its pages, those desirous of
+experiencing the luxury of a model Turkish bath in their own homes, may
+learn the best methods of its design and construction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management, a
+public Turkish bath should be convenient and <i>compact</i> in plan. It
+should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation,
+in order to insure patronage; and, for the same reason, it should be
+made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, inconvenient, and
+ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the bather and the cause. It is its
+own enemy, and harmful also to all other baths; whereas every
+ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
+existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the
+process.</p>
+
+<p>A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one,
+but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest
+and most approved principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
+are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effective, and the
+cooling rooms ample, and supplied with an abundance of fresh air. This
+is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
+science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> attainment, as it
+is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive.</p>
+
+<p>By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean one in which the
+visitor will feel interest in the design; where pleasant objects are
+presented to his eye, both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling
+rooms. Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The bath
+requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the
+various apartments, and it is therefore highly desirable that his
+surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath,
+as in other architectural matters, this is not the result of a prodigal
+expenditure on costly decorations and fittings, but rather of a careful
+arrangement of necessary and desirable features, and a knowledge of the
+methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the
+plan.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the Ancients
+and Orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country, so
+that the order of the different processes through which the bather
+passes governs the disposition of the various apartments. The chief
+object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration
+by the application of heat. This heat is now generally applied through
+the medium of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by being
+passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various
+designs, or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick.
+Theoretically, the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the
+bather might be greatly improved, but practically it has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> found the
+best. Into these questions, however, I shall enter when treating of the
+heating and ventilating of the bath. For the present, it will suffice to
+say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of
+an abundance of <i>pure hot air</i> to the various sudorific chambers, and
+the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations.</p>
+
+<p>Since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the
+methods of bathing in vogue, it will be necessary to first give the
+reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather.
+The object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold&mdash;(1) To
+cleanse the blood of impurities; and (2) to loosen the dead scales of
+the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that spreads itself everywhere over the
+true skin or cuticle. Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that
+the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways, and
+is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and remedial agent.
+This latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures
+employed, as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively
+low degree of heat.</p>
+
+<p>The course of treatment to be undergone by the bather, as given by Sir
+Erasmus Wilson, is&mdash;(1) Exposure of the naked body to hot dry air. (2)
+Ablution with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and drying the skin. In
+addition to these, however, there should be added the process of
+"massage" or shampooing before washing.</p>
+
+<p>The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms&mdash;the <i>Tepidarium</i>,
+<i>Calidarium</i>, and <i>Laconicum</i>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> nature of these apartments&mdash;which I
+shall hereinafter consider in detail&mdash;must be determined by the
+pretensions of the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Perspiration having been induced, the bather submits to the kneading of
+the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer. For this operation,
+which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
+separate and distinct apartment should, in high class baths, be
+provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing.
+This detaches the dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
+generally practised in the <i>Lavatorium</i>&mdash;a washing room adjoining the
+shampooing room. In the same place the bather receives copious ablutions
+with warm water. The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
+douche, needle, spray, or shower bath, graduated from warm to cold; and
+the strong bather, by plunging into a bath of cold water, the object of
+which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin
+that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the
+calorific apartments. For these purposes a small room, with the various
+appliances named, and a large chamber containing a more or less ample
+plunge bath, must be provided. In small baths, provision for both these
+operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room, where the
+bather is "massed," rubbed down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower
+bath. The plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly in the
+cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in which case, the bather
+dives under a glazed partition of some sort, which, furnished with an
+india-rubber flap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
+sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic
+processes, and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of
+the bath devoted to their attainment. I have named them first as being
+the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms, since
+the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old Irish
+"sweating-house," or a somewhat similar construction of the North
+American Indian; but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
+there can be no bath.</p>
+
+<p>The next important features to be considered are the dressing and
+cooling rooms. Before entering the bath rooms proper, the bather must
+divest himself of his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
+dressing room or <i>Apodyterium</i>, and the cooling room or <i>Frigidarium</i>,
+are generally made one and the same; but they may, with advantage, be
+designed as separate and distinct apartments, the provision for dressing
+and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes
+around it. The frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for
+the economical reception of the reposing couches, it being absolutely
+essential that the bather rest awhile, after the bath, to allow the body
+to gradually assume its normal temperature. Neglect of this precaution
+may cause a renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."</p>
+
+<p>If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted, it must be fitted
+with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons, or be
+divided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space receiving a
+pair of couches. The divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate
+and ornamental wooden partitions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be
+observed. Each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing
+room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions.</p>
+
+<p>An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room
+fitted with a number of dressing-boxes, and then passes through the
+frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his
+bath. Where the establishment is on a large scale, the arrangement may
+lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes, then to the
+hot rooms, and finally, by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
+separate cooling room.</p>
+
+<p>Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the
+attendants, manager, and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist, or,
+at any rate, some sort of provision made for them. A pay office, with
+counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
+money, and other valuables, should be the first object that one meets on
+entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the
+street. In connection with this office may be the manager's room, and
+provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be the property of
+a company, a board room may be required. As on entering a bath the
+visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in order
+that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of
+that cleanliness which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> next to godliness, a raised step must be
+provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod,
+or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided
+off by similar means. Provision for the boots and shoes must be in the
+form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also, racks for
+coats and hats must be placed.</p>
+
+<p>The hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist&mdash;if he does
+not practise his art at the couch of the bather&mdash;must adjoin the
+frigidarium, as also should the attendants' room. A lavatory must be
+placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room. Closet
+accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment, but should
+be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby. The
+greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
+becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the sense of smell is
+peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest odour is detected. The worst
+position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the
+lavatorium. Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath.
+If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors, the closets
+may be designed off a landing on the staircase. In the separate
+accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
+observed.</p>
+
+<p>Adjoining, under, or partly under, the laconicum must be placed the
+heating apparatus in its chamber, with stokery and provision for fuel,
+&amp;c. The stokery should be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the
+attendants should be able easily to communicate with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> stoker. Of the
+arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium I
+shall speak in another chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a
+drying room must be provided. They are important necessities, and should
+not be cramped in dimensions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Although the process of the bath determines the position of the various
+apartments in relation to one another, the exact disposition of the plan
+must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the nature of
+the site and surroundings, and&mdash;if the bath be constructed in an
+existing building&mdash;the amount of space allotted to it. The <i>relative</i>
+position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to
+the cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant; but the angle of
+connection with each other, their shape, proportions, and floor levels,
+must, together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments, be
+determined by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
+convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect will be called upon
+to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing
+building. He may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most
+of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably hampered. If the site
+includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house, he may
+arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor;
+and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> in the basement.
+Where possible, the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall
+of the houses, and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
+often have to be in the actual basement. Where space is valuable a whole
+house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat
+proof. The basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
+the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and the first floor to
+cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again, can be arranged on the floors
+above, and both baths can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
+three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted to extra
+cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive sites the bath may be all on
+one level. This is the most convenient arrangement, but in large cities
+is generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths, in London, are,
+however, all on one level, the former being practically all above
+ground, and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing
+building.</p>
+
+<p>The London Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this
+country, and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late David
+Urquhart. It was erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
+Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the Eastern plan, and have
+quite an Oriental effect, with the stars of stained glass sparkling in
+the sombre domed tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
+old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the combined
+frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of wood, originally intended as
+a temporary building only. This is covered with an open-timbered roof,
+and divided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by a
+clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the divans, which are
+separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an
+Eastern manner. Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
+hot rooms. The main room&mdash;a very moderately-heated tepidarium&mdash;is a
+square on plan, with splayed angles, over which rises a dome of
+brickwork. On either side of this square, and connected with it by the
+horseshoe arches supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
+as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing at the ends and
+joining on the one hand the frigidarium, and on the other a heated
+smoking saloon, which occupies a position corresponding to that of a
+Lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side of
+this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and laundry are arranged
+over the smoking saloon, and w.c.'s, &amp;c., are placed at the end of the
+latter apartment. In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
+leading to four apartments&mdash;two used as hot rooms of different
+temperatures, and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's
+waiting room. Under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble
+slabs, beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short flight of
+steps. The plunge bath is placed, partly in the tepidarium, and partly
+in the frigidarium, with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of
+the hot air, such as I have herein before explained. In the centre of
+the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of the divans is
+partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist. A gallery is
+provided for the hair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>dresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn
+Street. The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few steps has to
+be made to reach the frigidarium from the street. A refreshment bar is
+placed in the frigidarium. The manager's room is on the second floor,
+adjoining the old building, and has a window overlooking the
+frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this country,
+and the Savoy (Fig. 1) is one of the latest and largest, and also on one
+level. It was designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the basement
+of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill, a short passage
+conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule, where are provided
+rails for hats and coats. The counter of the ticket-office is placed at
+the entrance to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
+room&mdash;the bath being the property of a private company. In vaults
+projecting under the street, provision is made for an engine and dynamo.
+The frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into
+divans by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a saloon for
+the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an attendants' room. A lavatory is
+provided in a recess. Access is gained to the hot rooms through double
+doors. The plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in
+the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature
+nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to
+the calidarium, adjoining which is the heating apparatus, fitted with
+two of Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stoves. Access to the stokery
+is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> The shampooing
+room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium, dwarf walls
+separating it from the latter apartment, as also from the lavatorium.
+Here, there are six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
+slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is screened off the
+lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray. A passage leads from the
+douche room to the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
+passage, and approached by doors from two of the divans, are the w.c.'s,
+&amp;c., for the bathers' use. Provision for the supply of refreshments is
+made at the back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
+style.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="650" height="231" alt="Fig. 1." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1.<br />
+
+&mdash;Plan-of the-Savoy-Turkish-Baths&mdash;<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_030full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium forms also the
+apodyterium. This arrangement is economical of space, and has been
+found, in practice, the most convenient for bathers; but there is much
+to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room, such as
+that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths. Erected from the designs of Mr.
+H. H. Bridgman, F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
+their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath. Entering from the
+street, a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the
+office. Adjoining this is an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of
+dressing-boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor of the
+upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads to the door of the
+tepidarium, at right angles to which is the calidarium. Adjoining the
+tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
+opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> exceptional
+dimensions. A staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious
+cooling room. This is lighted from the top, and contains a fireplace, a
+feature usually omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
+adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter. From this
+frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby.
+Thus he makes a complete round, and does not meet the incoming bathers
+on the staircase to the tepidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London are those of
+Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue (Fig. 2). They were designed by
+Mr. Robert Walker, F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
+baths, though, as at the old Pompeian <i>Balneæ</i>, the former set are
+ungallantly cramped into a very small space. They occupy a corner site,
+and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle.
+In the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision for hats
+and coats. From the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is
+entered, after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar
+on the right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
+hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room. Off
+a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table.
+The staircase leads to the first floor&mdash;where are provided extra
+couches&mdash;and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor is
+practically a gallery. In the basement are three hot rooms, the
+tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles
+and rich faïence. A heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+There are in this bath three shampooing rooms&mdash;an arrangement conducing
+greatly to privacy. A douche room and plunge bath are provided in the
+angle of the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
+laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's shop, and as
+store-rooms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 354px;">
+<img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="354" height="650" alt="Fig. 2." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2.<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_033full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and are partly
+separated by an area. They are entered from the side street. On the
+ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room. Additional couches are
+provided on the first floor, where is also an attendants' room. In the
+basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms. A washing room,
+shower bath, and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
+rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other.
+Each, however, has its separate and distinct furnace. A passage formed
+by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers.</p>
+
+<p>In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cooling rooms, &amp;c., are
+in the basement, and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement.</p>
+
+<p>Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an excellent example of a
+compactly-arranged double set of baths. The various apartments are
+designed one above the other on different floors, the area of the
+building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual, are the pay
+office and a combined cooling and dressing room, and an attendant's
+room. In the basement are the bath rooms, arranged <i>en suite</i>&mdash;first a
+shampooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very compact manner,
+the plunge and shower baths; next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> is the tepidarium; then the smaller
+second hot room; and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
+temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining this. The principle
+of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under
+the late Mr. Bartholomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin
+iron flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of heat
+directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are divided from one another
+by glazed wood partitions, as distinct from the solid walls dividing
+baths like the Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two methods of
+dividing the hot rooms, does not, however, concern us here. A staircase
+from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and
+third floors, where also are manager's and other private rooms.</p>
+
+<p>Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two classes, viz. those in
+which the various apartments are arranged <i>en suite</i>, and those
+irregularly planned. Where possible the former arrangement is
+preferable, as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air is
+facilitated. Fig. 11 is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged <i>en
+suite</i>; and the baths at Figs. 24 and 25, in Chapter VIII., are planned
+on this principle.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said above, where a basement and ground floor are available,
+and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building,
+the office, cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
+floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level, but with light
+and air above. If the site be an ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> narrow-fronted town house,
+and the bath an unassuming one, the plan may be arranged after the
+manner of Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
+London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into
+the service of the bath. The basement and ground floors are devoted to
+the baths, the upper floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
+gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering the former,
+we find a space on the ground floor, fronting the street, serving as an
+office. Adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes, and further on a
+cooling room, excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
+end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a marble staircase
+leads to the door of the tepidarium, formed at basement level at the
+back of the houses. This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
+constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with stained-glass stars
+set therein. A marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber. On one
+side of the staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other, the
+combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door from the latter forming
+an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath. At one end of the
+shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle
+bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the
+furnace-chamber. A laundry is provided at the head of these stairs. The
+furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
+baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan. The gentlemen's
+baths are among the earliest erected in this country, and still form a
+most compact and con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>venient institution. They were designed by Mr.
+James Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths. The ceilings
+of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;">
+<img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="491" height="650" alt="Fig. 3.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 3.<br />
+
+Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_037full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of
+private individuals or companies. The number of baths provided in this
+country under Act of Parliament or by civic corporations is so small,
+and their size and design so insignificant, that it would be waste of
+space to describe them here. They are unworthy of the nation. One of the
+best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public
+bath-house recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The fine
+new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major Davis, the city
+architect, do not include a Turkish bath. It must be admitted that some
+slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to
+bath-building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may possibly
+see a great advance in this direction. That this may indeed be so should
+be our sincere hope, since the lack of fine public baths is a standing
+disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of
+the Turkish bath, many excellent baths having been built in the more
+complete bath-houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are to
+be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and Bremen, the latter
+planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of
+bath rooms. The plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is handsomely planned, and
+has a spacious frigidarium. It is placed in a building comprising
+ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian
+bath. In many of the hydropathic establishments (<i>Kurbäder</i>) of Germany,
+will be found excellent Turkish baths. A sumptuous double set of bath
+rooms is provided in the <i>Friedrichsbad</i> in Baden-Baden, which was
+erected at a cost of about 100,000<i>l.</i> The Turkish baths are placed on
+the ground floor, and in other floors are provided baths of every kind.
+Each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish baths
+comprises undressing room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
+shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath, and a separate
+chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and
+hot rooms of the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms is
+placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and adjoining, the
+<i>Wildbad</i>&mdash;a deep, full bath of warm mineral water.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected, in modern times, is
+that on the Praterstern, at Vienna, which cost, in round numbers,
+125,000<i>l.</i> The building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
+Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those taking a
+course of baths. The whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous
+scale. The cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
+35.3 metres long, and 10.5 broad. There are both warm and cold plunge
+baths, besides a fine circular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> <i>piscina</i>, in a circular domed chamber.
+Similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
+plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the building internally is
+resplendent with tiles, marble, and ornamental woodwork.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>It is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary
+apartments of a Turkish bath. Such adjuncts as the entrance hall and
+vestibule, the pay office, refreshment department, laundry and
+drying-rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other minor
+provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring little or no
+detailed explanation. Sufficient has already been said about them to
+enable the architect, assisted by the drawings given, to design them
+with convenience and economy. The features peculiar to the bath are
+those requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of the hot
+rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms that the success or
+non-success of a new bathing establishment depends, and too much study
+cannot be given to these apartments.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sudorific Chambers.</span></p>
+
+<p>These are now generally required in a suite of three&mdash;"first, second,
+and third hot." The first is the tepidarium, and must be by far the
+largest of the three, since in it the greater number of bathers will
+assemble at one time. The last must be the hottest room&mdash;the
+laconicum&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use
+it, and that, generally, for a very short time. The second hot room
+should be about midway, in size and temperature, between the first and
+the third. Of a given area allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to
+two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
+one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering that it is well
+to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium. Of the
+space allowed for the smaller rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be
+given to the hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-room,
+or calidarium.</p>
+
+<p>The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly bath rooms, and
+must be treated as such; that is to say, the whole of the floors, walls,
+ceilings, partitions, and fittings, must be capable of being frequently
+cleansed with water. The choice of materials to be employed for lining
+the walls, &amp;c., is therefore limited. And in two ways. For not only must
+they be of this washable nature, but they must be of a character to
+resist the influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of
+glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed and
+fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faïence, and pottery
+generally, are now so extensively manufactured that there is little
+excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once
+washable and unaffected by high temperatures. Still, in baths where
+rigid economy must be studied, and lowness of cost is the great object,
+<i>plaster</i> may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms, and in its way
+will answer admirably, and be fairly washable. It has even one
+advantage&mdash;it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
+bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly glazed surface the
+walls become burning hot, and need lining with a dado of felt or other
+non-conducting substance. And since this latter method overcomes the
+objection named, the best possible material for lining the walls is
+glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration is desired, they may be
+lined with marbles and faïence. With a judicious selection of colours,
+however, a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
+simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.</p>
+
+<p>The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile
+pavement over concrete. A slight roughness is very agreeable to the
+feet. Glazed tiles are inadmissible, as they become too hot for the
+naked feet; and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
+rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths, marble, and marble
+mosaics may be used, but the surface must not be too smooth. In
+providing floorings, the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
+liable to become slippery to the tread.</p>
+
+<p>Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is reliable, may be of 6
+in. of concrete, with mosaics or tiles laid in cement. The benches for
+reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
+risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs with rounded
+nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.</p>
+
+<p>The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which, when there are
+other apartments above, <i>must</i> be provided over the hot rooms, may be of
+plaster. But the heat at the ceiling level is very great, and the
+plaster here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
+anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of
+uncleanliness is nauseating. If employed (and this remark also applies
+to plaster on walls), it should be used in the simplest manner possible,
+without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface. Enamelled iron
+may be used, with effect, for ceilings. The little laconicum is best
+covered with a flat vault, the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the
+springing being brought down below the main ceiling level.</p>
+
+<p>Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also
+heat-proof. The main point is to have a sufficient thickness of
+concrete, and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein.
+Ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
+space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of
+slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists. The sawdust
+should be filled up to the top of the joists; over this a layer of thick
+felt, and the boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift when
+compared with a solid floor of concrete.</p>
+
+<p>When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open, they may be
+top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof
+construction. A sufficient air space, however, must be provided between
+the ceiling and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat&mdash;a remark that
+applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium. It
+must be double, or look into an area covered with pavement lights. In
+the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
+skylight.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground, consideration
+must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation. This may
+be effected by providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
+usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air.</p>
+
+<p>Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent
+source of trouble to the builder of a Turkish bath, but is always the
+result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
+evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room,
+shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick
+concrete floor above, and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and
+completely insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
+apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be
+prevented from being transmitted, they may be rendered heat-proof by
+building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot.</p>
+
+<p>Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of
+the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious. To keep
+the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &amp;c., should be the
+great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered quite repulsive by
+what I may perhaps term the "sudorific smell" that assails the nostrils
+of the visitor entering the vestibule.</p>
+
+<p>The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the
+various rooms, either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed
+partitions; or again, they may be formed by a combination of solid
+brick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>work and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms must be of
+brickwork, iron columns being inadmissible. Masonry, too, must be
+discarded throughout, or used with caution. Some stones&mdash;such as red
+Mansfield&mdash;become black with exposure to the heat, and others fare still
+worse. The employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded
+against throughout this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered
+that effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly the germs
+of disease, are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers,
+and must be prevented from finding a lodgment.</p>
+
+<p>The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from
+essential oils. Mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose, and so,
+also, is teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal, when
+employed, should be perfectly seasoned, and may then give trouble from
+the exudation of turpentine.</p>
+
+<p>The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be so placed as to govern
+the flow of hot air. So long as the main divisions be planned with this
+end in view, the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
+architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the heated air from the
+inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered
+with by recesses, nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
+current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical advantage
+possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are <i>en suite</i>, and in a line
+with one axis. For here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the
+different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in
+recesses far out of the main stream.</p>
+
+<p>The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty. They should not
+be hung with doors, as anything necessary in this way will be amply
+supplied by depending curtains.</p>
+
+<p><i>Glazing</i> in the hot rooms requires care. The glass will expand
+considerably with the heat, and, what is more, if the furnace fire die
+out rapidly at any time, will contract and fracture. This difficulty,
+however, is the result of bad management, and does not concern the
+architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper fixing. Even
+moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois
+leather with screwed beading, <i>putty</i> being wholly inadmissible. The
+sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass will
+be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior qualities, where
+homogeneity of texture is wanting, will crack and split in all
+directions. Lead glazing should be altogether discarded.</p>
+
+<p>No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary, as they must, when
+in use, be kept free from moisture. The floor may, however, if thought
+desirable, be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
+swept when cleansing&mdash;viz. towards the lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>As the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one
+approaching to the horizontal, a bath cannot be considered complete
+unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These
+should run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being formed
+of brickwork&mdash;glazed, faced with tiles, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> plastered&mdash;and white marble
+slabs set thereon. These slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must
+be of the ordinary seat height&mdash;not lower. In the risers must be
+provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" ventilator gratings, the
+vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way
+designed, which may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
+into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building.</p>
+
+<p>The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly
+different temperatures, it follows that an arrangement might be designed
+whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
+ascending, the bather could select any temperature he might choose. Such
+an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient Romans,
+and has been tried in modern institutions; but it should be avoided. The
+expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the
+bathers <i>fall</i>, and it therefore follows that all below the first tier
+would be breathing air polluted by those above them. The system,
+therefore, stands condemned.</p>
+
+<p>As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty, or
+they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan, be heated with due economy.
+The vastness of the old Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable
+under this system; but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and
+the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better to have a
+comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air
+passing through it, than a lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to
+15 or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> 16 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public
+bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber
+be placed under it; for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few
+feet, so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
+of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct the furnace
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>This latter, which I have more particularly described and illustrated in
+the chapter on heating and ventilation, should, if the system adopted be
+on the ordinary hot-air principle, be so placed that an abundant supply
+of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which, when
+heated, can be delivered into the hottest room above, not less than 5
+ft. from the level of the floor of that chamber, and, also, where a
+smoke flue of ample section can be constructed. The heated air may be
+delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum, or a shaft
+of glazed brickwork, of rectangular section, may be constructed against
+the end wall and coped at the required level&mdash;5 ft. or more above the
+floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace
+chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room, the heated air
+must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large
+shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have to be
+employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber, and at the mouth
+of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before
+it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.</p>
+
+<p>Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be
+carried from point to point on rolled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> iron joists having tooled York
+slabs set thereon, the flues being constructed of 4&frac12; in. brickwork
+with glazed face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
+Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective cleansing, by means
+of iron air-tight doors.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lavatorium and Shampooing Room.</span></p>
+
+<p>The lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention. In
+elaborate baths they may, for the sake of effect, be distinct
+apartments, while, where strict economy must be studied, they may be
+comprised in one room; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
+the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If the first
+arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room must be connected with the
+tepidarium, and the lavatorium placed next. Where the combination
+apartment is used, it will take the position of the shampooing room.
+Practically, the combination arrangement is the best. It is putting the
+bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from
+one apartment to another during the washing process.</p>
+
+<p>The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one
+of the following ways, according to the pretensions and requirements of
+the establishment:&mdash;(1) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche room,
+and a plunge bath chamber; (2) a combined shampooing and washing room,
+and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber; (3) several small
+combined shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a plunge bath
+chamber; (4) an apartment comprising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> shampooing slabs, washing basins,
+douche, &amp;c., and a plunge bath.</p>
+
+<p>A single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to
+the designer. The chief object to be borne in mind is that the
+shampooers require "elbow-room," and their patient in a convenient
+position to allow of their practising their art. As this is no light
+task&mdash;if properly performed&mdash;it becomes of urgent moment that the
+apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific
+chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no shampooer can work well for a
+prolonged period, and, moreover, pure air is as necessary for the
+bathers when in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those
+in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft. is an ample provision, since the
+shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as
+possible. The benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those
+before described. They must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer
+has ample room, whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly
+wasted. The benches must be topped with white marble slabs. They may run
+round the wall, or be placed at right angles to them; or, again, if
+found more convenient, they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
+ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be
+provided. The vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level, as the
+temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired
+air.</p>
+
+<p>Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> be substituted for
+those of a permanent type; but the plan has nothing to recommend it
+except lowness of cost.</p>
+
+<p>The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing
+room, as here the bathers will not recline, but sit or stand before
+washing-basins, to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water,
+and branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins&mdash;which may be
+of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded&mdash;should be
+large and capacious. Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
+"Appliances."</p>
+
+<p>In a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be
+required together. The basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble
+slabs, or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst arranging
+the position of the benches with regard to the room, and the basins with
+regard to the benches, it will be as well to remember the postures that
+the bather assumes whilst being shampooed&mdash;viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd, on
+the back; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed with respect to the
+slab that the shampooer may, without altering his position, take water
+from the basin with his handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A
+shampooer cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
+and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at right angles to
+the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space
+between the two benches. Where the room is long and a row of benches are
+placed at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each their
+separate space to work in. Each one can then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> manage in 4 ft., and the
+slabs can be set out 6 ft. from centre to centre. Where the long sides
+of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the
+slabs, there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In the
+case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins are best placed
+between the slabs.</p>
+
+<p>It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the
+washing room, behind which the entering bather may, if he chooses, have
+a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by
+means of partitions of sufficient height, which may be of wood and
+obscure glass. In this way any shampooing room may be rendered more
+private. Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the
+benches.</p>
+
+<p>The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may, so
+long as there be a dado of glazed ware, be lined in the same way as the
+hot rooms. But as regards flooring, still more care is required to
+prevent slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully spilt
+around, renders this precaution needful. Moreover, provision must be
+made for drainage.</p>
+
+<p>The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple tiles. Marble is too
+slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible. Marble mosaics,
+roughly set, may be employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must
+be determined by the position of the gullies.</p>
+
+<p>The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration.
+In a place where the occupants are, literally, <i>breathing at every
+pore</i>, it is obvious that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> too much care cannot be taken to prevent all
+possible odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious
+sewer gases. The traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the
+best possible design and material, and proof against the evil known as
+"siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the
+ventilators in the walls, at the floor level, as then a current of air
+sweeps over them and up the extraction flues. It is not always that an
+opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage;
+where the bath rooms are above ground, however, this should be done if
+practicable. Where possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
+under the basement floor. In this the whole of the pipes can be
+placed&mdash;the soil-pipes, the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes, &amp;c., and
+access gained to them by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be
+effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The culvert itself
+could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue. This is
+all costly; but the builder of a Turkish bath will do well to be
+prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
+the establishment, and in the end, when the public have appreciated the
+attention bestowed, he will thank his architect for having impressed
+upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Douche Room.</span></p>
+
+<p>The douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium, and
+fitted with a circular needle bath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> with shower or douche above, and any
+other kind of spray bath that may be required. It should not be a dark,
+cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also because a corner is
+admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath,
+it is better, often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But of
+these additions I shall have much to say anon, as one of the most
+important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings.
+Needle baths will be found indicated, on the plans given in these pages,
+by an incompleted circle.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Plunge Bath.</span></p>
+
+<p>Though, according to medical authorities, this does not form a
+<i>necessary</i> appendage to the hot-air bath, it is yet a feature that
+<i>must</i> be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments.
+Ever since, and long before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother
+Quintus, "Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
+offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample
+plunge. But although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to
+take a dive, and for an expert to take a true "header," it is a vast
+mistake to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out of all
+proportion with the other features of the establishment. One does not
+look for such an adjunct: it is a great expense to keep up, requires a
+lot of space, and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
+purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim
+without touching the sides with his hands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> and to dive along under
+water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he
+rises to the surface. Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft.
+in length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it may be as
+narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter; but in such a bath one can
+only flounder about, and healthy bathers will go elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>In deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be
+strongly guarded against, and that is, that it be not stowed away in a
+damp, cold-looking, cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very
+well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water; but from every
+other point of view it is highly objectionable. The wise man will bring
+his bath forward into the lightest possible position, where its clear,
+limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling. For preference,
+it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally, <i>en route</i>
+to the frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, previously
+illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is convenient to place the
+bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium; but, to
+most persons, the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition
+and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge. If placed within the
+frigidarium, and approached by a door from the lavatorium, some sort of
+a screen should be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
+appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants of the
+cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.</p>
+
+<p>The demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect
+of a Turkish bath. If the bather, on leaving the plunge bath, finds
+himself in the frigi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>darium, he must ascend the steps under hanging
+towels. The arrangement that will be found the most convenient&mdash;a direct
+importation from the East&mdash;is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling, and
+from this hang cords attached to towels. The hoop can be swung by an
+attendant over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry himself
+and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber, in the
+lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium, its construction will remain
+essentially the same. If not in shape and size, in other respects it is
+a small swimming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must be
+remembered. A good foundation must be prepared for the bath, with a
+thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering
+the whole floor. The side walls should be built of concrete and lined
+with white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for the bath
+may be puddled with advantage, but if properly constructed, this should
+be unnecessary. The bottom of the bath need not be flat, as the most
+economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest
+part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather
+enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth from bottom to
+water-line. From this point the floor will slope towards either end,
+gradually towards the entering end, and more rapidly towards the exit.
+At either end, where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
+provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be not more than 6
+ft. wide, these should occupy the whole width, and be of marble or slabs
+of some cheaper material<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> on brick bearers, or they may be built solid.
+A coping of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the
+side walls; and, if the bath be in the cooling room, this may
+advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing. On
+the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A
+water-supply pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe will
+be needed, all of which I have more particularly specified hereinafter.</p>
+
+<p>The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties&mdash;it may leak,
+and it may be below the level of drain. The first evil is the result of
+an error in design, or of bad workmanship; the latter is unavoidable.
+The following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with
+perfect success:&mdash;On the bed of concrete prepared for its floor, erect
+side walls of concrete, and on the floors and walls thus formed spread
+two distinct layers of asphalt, covering all and running up to the
+underside of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in cement,
+with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat. The general
+principles of this construction I show in the accompanying illustration.</p>
+
+<p>Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be done is to drain
+out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a "sump"
+provided in a suitable position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a
+few feet, the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept above the
+drain level; but steps must then be placed between it and the
+washing-room, and steps in such places are dangerous, being very liable
+to become slippery.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_059.jpg" width="650" height="382" alt="Fig. 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 4.<br />A Plunge Bath.<br /></span>
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_059full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_060.jpg" width="650" height="293" alt="" title="A Plunge Bath" />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_060full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Frigidarium or Cooling Room, and Dressing Accommodation for Bathers.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in
+one of the following ways:&mdash;1. A separate frigidarium and distinct
+dressing room, arranged (<i>a</i>) in direct communication with one another,
+or (<i>b</i>) connected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room;&mdash;2. A combination
+apartment arranged (<i>a</i>) with dressing-boxes around the walls, and
+couches in the centre, or <i>vice versâ</i>; (<i>b</i>) with Oriental divans;
+(<i>c</i>) with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood
+screens; (<i>d</i>) with a few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a
+few lounges, and easy cushioned chairs; and (<i>e</i>) as a simple room with
+couches placed therein, by the side of which the bather will undress,
+and on which he will recline after his bath.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to
+unpretentious establishments, where, however, it is wished to employ
+separate rooms; the second (1, <i>b</i>) is only suitable for elaborate baths
+of the highest class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and with
+practical results. Of the combination arrangements (<i>a</i>) has little to
+recommend it; (<i>b</i>) is expensive and extravagant of space, though it may
+be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable;
+(<i>c</i>) is suitable for ladies' baths; (<i>d</i>) is very practicable, and
+gives the apartment a pleasant, homely look; and (<i>e</i>) is best for cheap
+baths, being the simplest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> arrangement possible, wholly unsuited,
+however, to establishments of any pretension.</p>
+
+<p>If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is nothing more than a
+spacious, cheerful apartment, designed with a view to the reception of
+couches, and the usual accessories designed in connection with it&mdash;the
+refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon. If this separate
+cooling room be provided, a distinct apodyterium, with little
+dressing-boxes, must be designed. If the bath be small and easily
+managed, curtains may be employed to screen those undressing; but if it
+be a large establishment, with a number of bathers constantly dressing
+and undressing, doors must be provided, and these must be under lock and
+key in charge of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with a
+seat, rack, and shelf; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables, and
+lavatories for general use must be placed in the room, which must be
+designed in direct connection with the frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly ventilated, the
+vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level, since the
+temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary
+one&mdash;<i>over</i> that of the exterior air when the weather is cold, and
+<i>under</i> when it is at all hot.</p>
+
+<p>Where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin, the
+means of communication should be carefully studied, so that it may be
+free from cross draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified
+and room-like&mdash;not a mere passage. It may have the air of an ante-room,
+but must not be crossed by entering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> bathers who have not divested
+themselves of their boots or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided,
+having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate
+cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems
+to have found favour latterly.</p>
+
+<p>Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the
+combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is
+certainly not pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
+cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must return to couches
+whereon previous bathers may, as likely as not, have, however
+temporarily, deposited more or less of their underclothing or
+superimposed raiment. But economy of construction is nowadays a question
+that must be considered at every step, and the combination apartment
+saves both space and materials, and is also economical as regards
+attendance. Moreover, it must be confessed that a cooling room provided
+with elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses and
+undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable
+and convenient. The dressing-boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are
+not conducive to the general sense of comfort.</p>
+
+<p>In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is
+necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be
+furnished&mdash;viz. which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted.
+This is much a matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
+the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> well to provide
+a cooling room of what may be called the "picturesque" order, or the
+reverse of stiff formality. By this I mean such an arrangement as 2,
+<i>d</i>. The bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in
+the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair. With a handsome plunge
+bath and a pretty little fountain, such rooms may be rendered very
+attractive.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat, be carefully thought
+out previously, and not left as an afterthought. The size of the
+reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature. This should
+be 6 ft. 6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft., according as
+luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this must be considered
+the space allowed for each bather to dress in, and also the routes for
+bathers and attendants. Four feet between the couches is a sufficient
+space where couches are screened off in pairs.</p>
+
+<p>Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. <i>Two pairs</i> of couches
+screened off with only a small space between of 4 ft. or so is an
+objectional arrangement. It is difficult to explain why this is so; but
+the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
+will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four couches must
+expand into a spacious divan.</p>
+
+<p>At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging couches in the
+frigidarium. A shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of; B is the
+comfortable, spacious divan; C the method of placing couches in pairs;
+and D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.</p>
+
+<p>The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a bath where cost is
+subordinate to excellence, a parquetry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> floor may be provided, and mats
+employed, as cleaner than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
+treated in any manner that may be chosen&mdash;plastered, papered, or
+decorated with colour.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_065.jpg" width="650" height="631" alt="Fig. 5." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 5.<br />
+
+Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_065full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium
+so long as it fulfils the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> essential points&mdash;i.e. that it be spacious,
+capable of easy and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
+and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than
+in any other apartment, and no pains should be spared to render it
+healthy, comfortable, and attractive. The hygienic points to be attended
+to are, that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
+effective withdrawal of vitiated air; for the <i>cold-air bath</i> in the
+cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as the bath of hot air.
+The freshness of the air is of equally vital importance, as much of the
+<i>invigorating</i> effect of the bath&mdash;that effect which to the minds of the
+uninformed is <i>weakening</i>&mdash;results from submitting the heated skin to
+volumes of cold air.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In arranging any screens or screen walls in the
+cooling room, therefore, regard must be had to the method of
+ventilation, that there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
+of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its
+position. In most cases the air is best admitted through the windows,
+fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top, and extracted by a
+powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level. In some positions
+extraction flues will have to be built, and, in others, flues of large
+area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
+certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without
+the aid of a powerful blowing fan-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>wheel driven by a motor of some sort,
+and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not so
+much matter so long as the end be gained, and an ample supply of cool
+air obtained. A warm, close "cooling room" is worse than useless. In
+such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration, and lie
+perspiring for hours, and become greatly weakened thereby, with a good
+chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently <i>warm</i> in all weathers if
+they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments; but in the
+height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
+simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air itself must be
+cooled, either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in
+inlet tubes, or through a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases,
+however, is it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to the
+teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice that the proper
+temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different
+states of the weather, and should not remain constant all the year
+round.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>HEATING AND VENTILATION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with
+the Turkish bath, all sink into insignificance by the side of that of
+the <i>heating</i> and the <i>nature of the heat</i> supplied in the sudatory
+chambers. Other things being equal, it is, after all, the <i>heating</i> that
+distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence. The
+heating of the "bath" is the Alpha and Omega of the whole matter.</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body&mdash;by direct
+radiation, as from the sun or an open fire; and by convection, as
+through a volume of air.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them which rested upon
+<i>pilæ</i>, or little pillars of brick or tile, around which the flames and
+hot gases from the furnace played, and surrounded by heated, hollow
+walls, evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
+have been of a purely radiating character.</p>
+
+<p>So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who employ flues running
+beneath the floors, and the Moors, who adopt stoves visible to the
+bathers.</p>
+
+<p>Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which
+is transmitted to the body through the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> medium of the air. Its virtues
+have been extolled by David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on
+the bath. "There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart, "between radiating
+and transmitted caloric.... I cannot pretend to treat of this great
+secret of nature; to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
+can say, that such heat is more endurable than common heat. There is a
+liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks. You are conscious of
+an electrical action. It is to transmitted heat what champagne is to
+flat beer.... Let us drop, if you please, the word 'bath': it is 'heat.'
+Let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air': it is the application of heat
+to the human frame." Elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the
+terms <i>thermæ</i>, <i>sèjac</i>, and <i>hammâm</i>&mdash;the names given to the bath by
+the Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper&mdash;mean <i>heat</i>, and not "hot-air"
+or "hot-air bath."</p>
+
+<p>My own studies, observations, and experience lead me to the conclusion
+that the direction in which we shall improve the "Turkish bath" will be
+in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant
+heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible
+of a degree of heat, while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool
+air&mdash;air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been
+suddenly raised to an enormous temperature, but which has received its
+heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming. Under this system the
+heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or
+the biting eastern winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
+employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> removed and
+all fumes and odours have disappeared, we shall note the soft and balmy
+nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting.
+We are, to all practical intents and purposes, <i>in a Roman laconicum</i>.
+The thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing
+of the bricks or other articles. They have absorbed vast quantities of
+heat, and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to
+ourselves standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were charged
+with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of
+the laconicum, and covered with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases
+the nature of the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
+all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the
+worst type of <i>hot-air</i> baths; no unpleasant fulness or aching of the
+head; and no panting or palpitating. Such is the "bath" of pure radiant
+heat, a thing totally distinct from, and altogether of a different genus
+to, the bath of heated air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
+which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this
+kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can
+be expected, and possibly that not until this great or
+partial&mdash;according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in
+existing baths&mdash;revolution has been effected, will the bath, at present
+used by the few, become the custom of the many. Some day, peradventure,
+this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered
+possible and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where we shall
+receive great heat whilst breathing a compara<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>tively cool atmosphere,
+and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience
+when, in some sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to the
+fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh, cool,
+ozone-laden air.</p>
+
+<p>Till modern invention, however, has provided us with this desideratum in
+the heating of the bath, we must be satisfied with existing methods. And
+unless something really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely
+upon the system of heating by convection through the air&mdash;the principle,
+generally adopted, of continuously passing large quantities of
+freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers; exposing, however, the
+heating apparatus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained;
+and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its
+temperature. If only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this
+principle, one would have little cause for complaint, and might the more
+leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of
+heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our
+hopes for the future of the "Turkish" bath.</p>
+
+<p>For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of heating and
+ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained. This I shall
+now do, and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of
+heating and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of the heating
+surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into
+the hot-rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The necessary appliances, and arrangements for the heating and
+ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> principle comprise a
+furnace in its chamber, with flues or shafts supplying cold, and drawing
+off the heated air, and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing
+coke, &amp;c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped, and the life
+of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant. Its design is a
+simple matter, and perhaps for this reason neglected. The arrangement
+and construction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the selection
+of a stove or furnace great judgment. As regards the latter feature, the
+most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or
+radiating surfaces. What will raise the air to the required temperature,
+without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising
+elements, and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from
+leakage, or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material
+employed in its construction?</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary
+firebrick. From this material a soft heat is given off, differing in
+quality from that obtained from iron. An iron furnace, however, requires
+less thought in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
+economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an iron radiating
+surface, have been largely adopted in the past, in spite of the
+objection that, when super-heated, particles of metal are thrown into
+the air of the hot rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
+the public; but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary
+requirements, there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling
+the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a
+Turkish bath.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These conditions may be summarised as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of grate space.</p>
+
+<p>2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the
+hot-air chamber or conduit.</p>
+
+<p>3. Freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air.</p>
+
+<p>4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the
+heating surfaces.</p>
+
+<p>Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer
+of furnaces for the Turkish bath. Their importance must be obvious to
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stove has
+been adopted the most frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for
+the effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The appearance of this
+stove is familiar to all architects, and it will be unnecessary, in
+these pages, to minutely describe its construction.</p>
+
+
+<p>The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath
+is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The excavations for stokery and heating
+chamber being completed, and the position of the furnace determined a
+solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon which the brickwork
+to support the stove must be laid. At the same time, the foundations for
+walls of furnace chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for
+the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared. These latter
+must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face, and the
+furnace inclosed in similar work, as shown in perspective sketch. The
+flues must be covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within
+three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
+the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back one similarly,
+and the front one round the four projecting doors, which are,
+respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire door, and two doors for
+cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions. The
+furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of
+iron smoke flue, and then&mdash;if, as shown, the furnace be small&mdash;covered
+with a 4-in. York slab in one piece. If the furnace be large, a flat
+brick arch must form the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch
+supports the flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the admission
+of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be
+either directly above, as shown in the last-named illustration, or in
+the side, as in Fig. 6, with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more
+economical, in heating on the principle now under consideration, to
+place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms; but if desirable to
+place both on one level, the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes
+the party wall of the laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the
+ceiling, and the air debouched over it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="600" height="531" alt="Fig. 6.
+
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 6.<br />
+
+View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to
+show the &quot;Convoluted&quot; Stove.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock
+brickwork; but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones. All hot
+and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In
+first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be
+of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes must be provided for
+cleaning when necessary. Every portion of furnace chamber, flues,
+shafts, and conduits for hot and cold air must be "get-at-able" either
+by means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors must be
+indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them.</p>
+
+<p>The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue,
+and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed.
+The walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than 4&frac12; in.
+thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 479px;">
+<img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="479" height="600" alt="Fig. 7.
+
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 7.<br />
+
+An Air Filter.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be
+conducted to their respective inlets. If possible, at least two inlets
+should be provided, facing different ways: this with regard to the
+possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
+enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows, and, in cities,
+furnished with a solid frame and casement, fitted with louvres of plate
+glass with polished edges. Between the rebate and the casement it is a
+good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
+stretcher-frame holding several layers of "cheese-cloth" to filter the
+air. The construction of such an air filter is shown at Fig. 7. The
+glass louvres keep out the wet, and throw off coarse particles of
+falling soot; and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
+cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones&mdash;a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> important point,
+though little heeded, if not, perhaps, wholly ignored.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;">
+<img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="363" height="650" alt="Fig. 8." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 8.<br />
+
+Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &amp;c., for a Bath on the ordinary
+Hot-air Principle.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_077full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The position of air intake is a matter of great importance, especially
+in large towns. It evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the
+bottom of an area. Even the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good: the
+shaft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> should be carried higher. The best places for the intakes are
+where there is always a current of pure air blowing, and away from smoky
+chimneys. Theoretically, it would seem that the higher the level of
+intake the better; but in cities, by going high we get among the
+belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stagnation below. Moreover,
+a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft
+might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath,
+and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
+"lobster-back" automatically turning <i>towards</i> the wind, would in many
+cases prevent such a disastrous result. Even in low-level intakes, as I
+have said, trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
+remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only the one facing
+the current of air will be employed, the other being closed, which could
+be effected by fixing the glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and
+connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
+simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the
+louvres.</p>
+
+<p>The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most
+careful study, and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath
+must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
+Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is
+perhaps a bad job: the site only admits of ventilation at a back area,
+it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else, and the fresh air
+must be drawn from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling and
+dressing rooms; the bath rooms are in the basement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> and the furnace in a
+sub-basement, reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the
+bather. Two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault; three air-inlets are
+provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues, two in
+number, which, above, could join one another. Let us follow the air in
+its passage through the bath. Entering at the intakes, any coarse
+impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of
+finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
+cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible impurities, the air
+passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it
+reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls, along
+which it is rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and heating
+surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces, absorbs the
+radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft
+constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves.</p>
+
+<p>Questions of temperature I will omit for the present. The air, on
+passing through the laconicum, will be practically pure, as it is in
+such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this
+highly-heated chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
+provide ventilators. These should commence in the calidarium, and
+should, in the scheme of ventilation here considered, be so disposed
+that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room, the more
+frequent will they become. The object of this disposition of outlets for
+vitiated air is, that the cross currents thus created may not interfere
+with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Were too
+many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium,
+this stream would be diverted. Too much of the freshly-heated air would
+flow out at these points, and the onward movement of the air would be
+enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature
+in the tepidarium and lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>In passing onward through the various rooms, two changes are wrought in
+the air: it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for
+every foot it travels, and it becomes laden with the exhalations from
+the lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown
+into the air, and as the normal temperature of the human body remains,
+in a healthy person, at about 98° Fahr., and rises but a few points even
+when submitted to the action of heat, these exhalations, in addition to
+being heavier than air, are very much below the average temperature of a
+sudatory chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted at the
+floor level.</p>
+
+<p>The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to
+the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh, hot
+air from the heating chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5
+superficial feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in. by 3
+in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms, say 4 in
+the calidarium, 7 in the tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing
+room and lavatorium.</p>
+
+<p>In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is the space
+comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms.
+At the end of the laco<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>nicum they enter flues, which I have shown as
+running side by side with the smoke flues.</p>
+
+<p>Other methods of heating the air, besides those mentioned, include coils
+of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber&mdash;a principle that has been
+frequently adopted in the past&mdash;and plain cylindrical iron radiating
+stoves, such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_081.jpg" width="600" height="463" alt="Fig. 9." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 9.<br />
+
+Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created by the large
+number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning. An exposed stove
+in a hot room, has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
+the air in the bath, which should never on any account be done.</p>
+
+<p>If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace similar to the one
+shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and after an additional few feet of
+brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much
+as the flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with
+expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in
+keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces
+on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
+radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess this advantage
+over a mere stove, that they warm the air more gradually. The furnace
+should be built adjoining the laconicum, the partition wall being of
+4&frac12;-inch glazed brickwork, having a large number of small openings
+made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the
+fireclay heating apparatus. Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should
+be placed, turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
+half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue. The furnace
+itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed that its utmost heating
+power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air, which
+should pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
+partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue, if of wrought
+iron, should be rectangular in section, but if of cast-iron it should be
+round.</p>
+
+<p>The most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small,
+inexpensive, and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common
+laundry stove, with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the
+apartment. This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
+temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="581" height="650" alt="Fig. 10." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 10.<br />
+
+A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_083full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick, at
+Fig. 10 I have given the plan, elevation, and sections of a fireclay
+heating apparatus. It is constructed wholly of fireclay&mdash;fireclay
+bricks, quarries, and cement. In the main it consists of a long flue of
+firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and forwards over itself
+till the desired amount of radiating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> surface is gained. Between the
+coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing
+over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the air passing
+through by means of perforated bricks. The illustration shows a simple
+furnace; but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by
+providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues
+and air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat a small
+public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a compound apparatus could be
+constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one
+on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the lower one
+hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other, end to
+end, or might form the <i>sides</i> of the laconicum; the last plan, however,
+being the least to be recommended, as in such positions they would not
+directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies
+radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind, besides a proportion of heated
+air, and from a fireclay surface, the employment of which renders it
+absolutely impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
+deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal.
+Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous
+attention than an iron stove. Its disadvantage is that, should the
+temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some
+time for the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, however, as fires
+at public baths must be kept banked up overnight, this is not a matter
+of importance. It is this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> very slowness of increase in temperature that
+constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
+which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so many baths. The
+difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature
+relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous
+fumes and carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the construction
+of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger, as the
+chances are that, unless the architect stands by and sees every joint
+made, the work will be done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must
+be employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must be literally of
+the very best and soundest description. Every single joint must be
+perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &amp;c.,
+must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in
+the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness. Homogeneity of
+material must be obtained, having regard to expansion and contraction.
+The same material used for the bricks, &amp;c., worked into a paste, must be
+employed for the joints.</p>
+
+<p>The design for a furnace on the principle shown at Fig. 10 must be
+prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating
+and cooling. Should this warning be disregarded, fractures will result.
+It will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block of flues
+and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any expansion, the
+connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe,
+which, being provided in considerable length before passing through the
+party-wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> permits any
+slight movement in a vertical direction. If an "expansion" joint were
+provided, there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed
+direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery. So
+much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with
+asbestos or some composition, or the heating will not be wholly by
+firebrick. The junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a
+cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
+the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces
+are fitted to retorts.</p>
+
+<p>This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum, but if thought
+desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks&mdash;9 in. and
+miss 4&frac12; in. The 4&frac12; by 3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond
+patterns. This screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of
+radiant heat.</p>
+
+<p>The first flue past the actual furnace&mdash;shown with ordinary dead-plate,
+raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door, and ashpit door for regulating
+draught&mdash;has walls 4&frac12; in. thick; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide;
+but in a larger apparatus, 9 in. and 4&frac12; in. respectively would be
+required. The quarries between flues and air spaces are 24 in. by 24 in.
+by 3 in., with rebated joints. Larger covers would be more liable to
+crack at any provocation.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-heating may be
+employed, if found, as in many cases it would be, convenient and
+economical. The chief disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish
+baths, is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> pipe in
+the heating coil, which, by immediately filling the highly-heated
+atmosphere with vapour, might prove most disastrous to the occupants of
+the hot rooms, who would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the
+principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent
+Turkish baths in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan, as in
+heating by means of furnaces. In the first method the fresh air is
+introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes, and passes
+thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
+heated by a stove. In the second method, steam radiators&mdash;compact
+batteries of pipes&mdash;must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh
+air being introduced over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
+the "small bore" type, about 5/8 inch internal diameter, and of wrought
+iron or copper. In order to ensure as far as possible against the danger
+of explosion, the system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by
+severe hydraulic pressure.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease and economy, to be
+able to warm a building, drive machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian
+baths from one boiler, which can readily be done, very ordinary
+pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the
+requisite temperature. But the nature of the heating accomplished by
+means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
+surfaces of firebrick.</p>
+
+<p>The average temperatures of a public bath should range from about 110°
+in the shampooing rooms to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> 250°-260° in the hottest part of the
+laconicum, taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6
+in. above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated air and its
+point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms, the bather should be
+able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him, and as
+many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to
+themselves, it shows attention to the <i>habitués</i> of the bath, if the hot
+rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures
+throughout the year. This may be 110°-120° in the shampooing rooms, 140°
+in the tepidarium, 180° in the calidarium, and 250° in the laconicum.
+These must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at 6
+ft. 6 in. above the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures
+are comfortable, but in a foul one they become insupportable.</p>
+
+<p>In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air, there
+will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say 4
+ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where
+the air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference. And here we
+may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection; for
+while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in
+comparatively cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
+reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its entirety, as
+where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so
+marked. And here, too, we may note the admirable nature of the Roman
+system of heating, where the floors radiated the majority of the heat,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under the ancient
+system must have entered through the cooler rooms, and being drawn
+towards the <i>calidarium</i> found its exit through the ceilings, at times
+by way of the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus the ancient
+bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in
+the modern hot-air bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in
+a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body.</p>
+
+<p>The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the
+furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform
+heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove
+should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature
+should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the
+floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod
+adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures.</p>
+
+<p>The heating power of furnaces must be studied. Having calculated the
+cubical contents of the rooms to be heated, and given the heating power
+of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or
+superficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary size.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to show the heating power
+of the "Convoluted" stove. The figures give the requisite size of stove
+to raise the air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
+before, and with ordinary firing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Messrs. Constantine give the following tables">
+<tr><td align="right">Weight of metal.</td><td align="right">Sq. ft. of heating surface.</td><td align="right">Area capable of heating.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">cwt.</td><td align="right">sq. ft.</td><td align="right">cub. ft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="right">1,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="right">69</td><td align="right">2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">34</td><td align="right">119</td><td align="right">3,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">36</td><td align="right">139</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">180</td><td align="right">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">231</td><td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">56</td><td align="right">296</td><td align="right">16,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>When different kinds of heating apparatus are employed, their heating
+power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into, or it
+may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process
+of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a
+larger one. This point is worth attention. Such mistakes are not
+unfrequently made.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms, an
+allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum, if
+purity of atmosphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance of
+perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated, as not only has
+the respired air from the lungs to be removed, but also the deleterious
+exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration.</p>
+
+<p>The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should not, if
+properly distributed, cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot
+rooms; for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
+a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold. The main thing
+to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the
+cold inlet be ample, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> passage from this intake to the point
+where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and
+unobstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided
+for the extraction of the foul air. With large horizontal flues, and a
+capacious and tall shaft, the so-called natural system of ventilation
+will be as effective as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
+gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the
+whole height. In many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed
+with the greatest benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of
+a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms, and
+running so as to exhaust, would do away with all the objectionable
+odours and nastiness of many baths.</p>
+
+<p>The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the
+difference between a good bath and a bad one, which latter is infinitely
+worse than no bath at all. There exist, at the present time, scores of
+baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating. Such
+foulness arises from stagnation of the air. There is no continuous flow,
+and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A
+system of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the wrong
+principle, and does not act. There is no change of air. The atmosphere
+of such places becomes pestilential.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater volume of air
+enters the laconicum than the cold intake. This fact, however, does not
+practically affect the arrangements for ventilation, &amp;c. Theoretically,
+how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>ever, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace
+to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the
+furnace from the intake&mdash;about one-third larger&mdash;and that the total area
+of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between
+the two.</p>
+
+<p>The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a Turkish
+bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact that we have to
+continually remove <i>the bottom layer of air</i>. The provision of the
+foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a
+suspended floor with a hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
+the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature, where we
+require to constantly remove the top layer, and often actually do so
+when we provide false ceilings to passages, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be
+actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above. Long, wide gratings 6 in.
+deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design. In theory,
+indeed, the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round
+with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted,
+into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges.</p>
+
+<p>There is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms
+that requires considerable attention, and that is the <i>back-flow</i> along
+the floor. In any bath where hot air is supplied, if the bather will
+hold his linen "check" across the top of the doorway between the rooms
+he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the
+shampooing room. If, however, the sheet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> be held across the lower
+portion of the doorway, he will find that there is a current of air
+setting in an opposite direction&mdash;from the shampooing room to the
+laconicum. This is shown at Fig. 11.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_093small.jpg" width="600" height="267" alt="Fig. 11.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 11.<br />
+
+Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_093.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this
+back-flow when he is standing between and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> in a line with the doors of
+the hot rooms. All the air appears to be travelling along the top of the
+bath, and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem
+to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath, round the
+shampooing rooms, and back along the floor. In reality, however, it is
+only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
+diagram, Fig. 11, there being a secondary circulating process in each
+room.</p>
+
+<p>This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern
+system&mdash;that is to say, where freshly-heated air is passed in in
+sufficient quantity. It is a natural result, and tends to distribute the
+heat more equally. The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
+opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment, as
+the plunge bath chamber. The bather standing in a line between the
+doorways may then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
+doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided to any means of
+communication with a cold chamber.</p>
+
+<p>A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in
+the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus. By
+reference to Fig. 11 the reader will understand that by the provision of
+a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end
+would be attained.</p>
+
+<p>The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour.
+"Perfect dryness of the air," says Mr. Urquhart, "is indispensable to
+the enduring of a high temperature.... This dryness is further requisite
+for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> atmosphere is
+created injurious to health and conducive to disease. It is the very
+condition in which low, putrid, and typhus fevers flourish. The
+electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet
+will lose its attractive power. We all know the difference of our own
+sensations on a dry and on a damp day."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler of some form for
+heating the water, a cold-water cistern, and a hot-water tank;
+supply-pipes, flow and return pipes, and branch pipes; lavatorium
+fittings, comprising bowls, basins, and cocks; douche room fittings, as
+the "needle" bath, shower, douche, spray, and "wave" baths; a warm
+shower-bath for bathers entering the bath, or desiring such a shower at
+intervals; and the fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this
+there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium, and an
+ornamental fountain in the frigidarium; lavatories in various positions;
+and, possibly, fittings and appliances for the laundry.</p>
+
+<p>Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be brought into the
+building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern, which should
+be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good "head." This cistern
+must be capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circulating
+principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of suitable boilers there
+are several in the market, of many and varied designs. Simplicity of
+construction should be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps
+its most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> separate
+furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms
+and of the water being out of the question. In small baths, however, the
+hot-water tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling in
+the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained, a water super-heater,
+with steam coil, may be employed with advantage; but in the majority of
+cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable.</p>
+
+<p>The supply-pipes must be of large section, and indeed, the whole scheme
+of water-fitting should be liberal. It must be remembered that, in
+addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge, &amp;c.,
+there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes, if
+washing be done upon the premises.</p>
+
+<p>The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of the case, be kept down
+as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms, and be placed over some
+subsidiary apartment. This does not give much pressure of water. For all
+purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about 20
+ft. above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing
+appliances. This will ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
+formidable affair.</p>
+
+<p>The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all be of the best
+description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath.
+Ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place. Lead piping should be
+discarded for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its stead,
+with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Should there be
+sufficient means, <i>copper</i> piping should be employed for anything under
+1 in. internal diameter, and gunmetal should be used for unions, &amp;c.,
+and for cocks and valves.</p>
+
+<p>Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings conduce, in no small
+degree, to the effect of a bath. There should be no attempt at hiding
+away of pipes, &amp;c. They should be made features of the bath, and be
+designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe, joint, and
+connection should be prearranged, and the means of fixing and supporting
+the same carefully designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
+and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mysterious plumbing has
+gone by. There is some beauty even in a pipe.</p>
+
+<p>To consider the fittings, we will commence with the lavatorium. Branches
+from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each
+shampooer's basin. These may be finished separately, with independent
+nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be connected with the valve
+shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in. above the basin, the outlet of the valve
+being fitted with a foot or 15 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter
+case the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the wall, and
+depend from the horizontal supply pipes, which in their turn could be
+carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron
+ties, as indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The <i>internal</i>
+diameter&mdash;the measurement given in all the figures&mdash;of these branch
+pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be 3/4 in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_099.jpg" width="650" height="516" alt="Fig. 12." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 12.<br />
+
+A Shampooing Basin.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish bath are best of the
+"gland" pattern. They should have bold handles. Those of the screw-down
+type are useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be used, and,
+to insure freedom of running, the turning part should be equal to the
+inner diameter of the pipes. The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if
+the pipes to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows the
+type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for
+shower baths, &amp;c. To be useful, as well as bold and effective in
+appearance, the handles should be large.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 246px;">
+<img src="images/i_100.jpg" width="246" height="400" alt="Fig. 13.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 13.<br />
+
+Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>In every case</i>, the cold water must be placed on the right hand, and
+the hot on the left.</p>
+
+<p>The earthenware basin is provided to hold water<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> mixed to the required
+temperature. A waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration, but
+they should be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow&mdash;shallower
+than shown. There should be no overhanging ledge to catch the
+shampooer's hand-basin; for this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the
+basin sunk into the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
+ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take
+water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab, or
+over the bather. In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must be
+provided.</p>
+
+<p>Should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches, the horizontal
+supply-pipes must be continued along the wall, and branches dropped to
+each basin. The basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat
+higher than the benches. In the illustration given, I have shown how to
+arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins. In other cases the
+fixing of the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium purposes
+these basins, cocks, &amp;c., are all the water-fittings to be considered;
+but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room&mdash;and perhaps a
+plunge bath chamber&mdash;as well as a washing and massage room, more or less
+of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated.</p>
+
+<p>The tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the
+shampooing, the soaping, and the cleansing, are various. The most useful
+is the simple shower bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied
+with water through a regulating valve. It is employed for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> thoroughly
+cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge, whose waters are for
+the common use of all. In many small baths its place is efficiently
+taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at Fig. 15.
+The shower proper is usually fixed above the "needle" bath, as at Fig.
+14, or formed by a continuation of the "backbone" of the needle. It is
+best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower, as at
+Fig. 16; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a branch from the pipe
+conducting to the needle, and with stop cocks. The needle-bath is a
+skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching
+ribs. The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into the ribs,
+squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences.
+The bather stands in the centre of the apparatus, with the ribs
+encircling him. The ribs should be of 1/2-in. copper piping, the
+backbone and lesser supports being of iron, 2&frac12; and 1&frac12; in. diameter
+respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant must be placed
+the regulating valve.</p>
+
+<p>A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which will include needle,
+shower, ascending shower, spinal douche, and back shower; but this
+should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
+these matters should be the great desideratum. The above-named
+additions, however, may be briefly described. At Fig. 14 I have
+indicated the position of ascending shower. It would be connected with
+the pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock. The spinal
+douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper, and should have
+similar connection with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal
+spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone, and be
+connected in the same manner. Avoid these complications in a bath for
+healthy persons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/i_103.jpg" width="337" height="500" alt="Fig. 14." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 14.<br />
+
+A Needle Bath.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be enclosed in a metal
+shield if desired. This bath may be placed in one of three
+positions&mdash;(1) in the shampooing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in
+the plunge bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the bather
+passes it <i>en route</i> from the washing room to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> plunge. For this
+appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential, as with a low
+pressure it is very ineffective. The illustration shows the bath
+standing on iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
+secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_104.jpg" width="600" height="443" alt="Fig. 15." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 15.<br />
+
+Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic bathing appliances
+may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any
+direction, a spray, or large rose, and a "wave." These three appliances
+may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They are connected to the pipes
+from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To
+this is secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gunmetal
+nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine, but must not be used
+upon the head or chest. With a good head of water this is a most
+powerful appliance, feeling more like a rod of some solid substance
+pressing against one than a stream of water. The "wave"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> is formed by a
+copper spreader. The spray is simply a large rose, 6 in. or 8 in.
+diameter.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_105.jpg" width="650" height="489" alt="Fig. 16." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 16.<br />
+
+Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &amp;c.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the
+above-mentioned appliances together, as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and
+cold handles are here brought together. These handles should be long, so
+as to admit of easy regulating of the tempera<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>ture of the water; they
+may well be 9 in. in length. The douche, wave, and spray should be kept
+as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.</p>
+
+<p>I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of
+complications in these water-fittings and appliances. Some of the more
+"fussy" contrivances&mdash;as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as
+above described&mdash;require so much regulating, and so many valves and
+stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set
+them going. Simplicity in design and construction should be observed in
+this work: the pipes as few as need be; the valves as simple as
+possible; and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of
+their being easily examined and repaired.</p>
+
+<p>I have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of
+provision whereby the bather may, on entering the bath, have a warm
+spray or shower, of any temperature that may be agreeable to him. In
+high class baths this feature should always be provided, as it is a
+great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions a necessity, thus
+to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms, or at
+such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired.
+The proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration.
+Were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided, it
+would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms; but
+as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such
+shower, it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
+convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> bath. A small
+chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium, and also from
+the tepidarium itself, would be convenient. At times it may be placed in
+a nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed, the apparatus
+provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by
+the bather himself, so as not to take up the time of the attendants; and
+for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and free from
+liability of scalding the user, unless through gross carelessness. A
+valve with one handle only must be employed, as, unless the bather has
+had some practice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
+of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such as that shown at
+Fig. 17 should be employed. This valve must be so designed as to supply
+cold, tepid, and hot water <i>in regular gradation</i>&mdash;not intermittently,
+as do some valves of this description. It must be so placed that any one
+taking the shower may, whilst beneath the rose, be able to easily reach
+the handle. The rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
+Fig. 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
+shower-bath.</p>
+
+<p>In hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small
+foot-bath, formed by a sinking of about 6 in. in the floor, and filled
+with hot water; for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to
+enter the hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and overflow
+would have to be provided for this bath, and a marble seat might be
+placed round it. A marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it
+pleasing in appearance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 628px;">
+<img src="images/i_108.jpg" width="628" height="650" alt="Fig. 17." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 17.<br />
+
+Bather&#39;s Shower Bath.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections of a plunge
+bath, and shown its water-fittings. The overflow and waste run into
+cast-iron drainpipes, which should be employed till outside the
+building. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose
+with leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of
+pipe. For the waste I have shown a "disc" valve of gunmetal. This is
+similarly screwed to flange of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve
+is opened and closed by a movable rod. If <i>fixed</i>, it might catch the
+toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set
+the valve itself back in a recess. Instead of this valve, an ordinary
+4-in., 5-in., or 6-in. "plug" waste could be employed, but it is rather
+clumsy on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve, with wheel
+and spindle outside the bath, is the best means of letting out the waste
+water. The supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just
+after the water meter. The valve should be of the "screw-down" pattern,
+either with a thumbscrew, wheel and spindle, or a key.</p>
+
+<p>In coast towns, where a <i>sea-water</i> plunge may be employed, a little
+rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position, for
+cleansing the hair from salt water.</p>
+
+<p>Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of the "sanitary"
+water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak, except to say that, in a
+place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature
+should be as perfect as possible.</p>
+
+<p>A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath
+of any pretension. It should be placed at the coolest end of the room,
+affixed to a wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> and tap of
+some sort. The bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware.</p>
+
+<p>If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium, it should be
+of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware, and must be provided with
+supply-pipe, waste, and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
+is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is restful to the
+ear, and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants
+arranged around and upon it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect, we may well
+consider first the methods of lighting the bath. As a rule, much
+artificial light will be required. The hot rooms, being often in a
+basement, are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
+Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital
+importance, the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such
+as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable,
+fumes. Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
+objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for
+the foul air, the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and
+envelop persons below the burners, though, of course, in a diluted
+state. Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory
+chamber, it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the
+burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room, and provision made
+for carrying off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is at
+last increasing with marked rapidity; and the incandescent light is
+admirably adapted for all purposes of the Turkish bath. Where it can
+possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable, except that it is
+heating, and assists in vitiating the atmosphere. But inasmuch as the
+fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air, the
+objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Nevertheless, the
+electric light is the illuminant to be coveted.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and
+softened. It is not a place for brilliant general illumination, but
+rather for a soft light pervading the whole, and auxiliary lights where
+required, such as near couches, &amp;c.&mdash;a system, in fact, diametrically
+opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more objectionable of its
+kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a
+cooling room. It would be found intolerable.</p>
+
+<p>For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light required in any
+part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches, where it must
+be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading. One
+gas-burner, or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches is a
+fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of course, much in the
+distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil,
+and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be
+considered. The dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed
+lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it, depending from a
+chain over a fountain, throwing its rays downwards on to the falling
+waters, and <i>not</i> in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon
+the couches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial lighting, by
+windows or lamps, it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the
+eyes of the bather&mdash;a principle of universal application, but especially
+to be regarded in a place where, more often than not, the occupants of
+the various apartments are reclining, <i>face upwards</i>, on benches or
+couches. In the hot rooms, as in the cooling room, little general
+illumination is required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
+especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore, may be provided
+in the sudatory chambers, should be as diffused as possible, the
+additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments
+being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers.
+The lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a
+very small compass.</p>
+
+<p>Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing
+rooms. In scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement, where daylight
+can only be obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
+arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this
+light.</p>
+
+<p>For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark
+laconicum, and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the
+shampooing room. The plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted, but not
+above the tone of the frigidarium, or the bather will feel to be going
+from cheerfulness to comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
+bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber, with
+perhaps an ornamental lamp over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> bath itself; and if the
+intermediary staircase&mdash;should there be such a feature&mdash;be lighted on a
+lower scale, the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
+one.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Decorating.</span></p>
+
+<p>Under this heading, I would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a
+bath, of the materials to be employed, and of the design of features&mdash;of
+the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather than of
+anything implying the <i>laying on</i> of so-called ornament.</p>
+
+<p>The architecture of a bath is <i>interior architecture</i> as distinct from
+that involving external work. Much of this, moreover, can often only be
+seen by artificial light. These two restrictions point to the
+employment, for the most part, of surface decoration, rather than of
+modelling&mdash;of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings, cornices,
+and pilasters.</p>
+
+<p>There are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome
+designing, and they are the frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge
+bath. There is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
+are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time; and as
+for the plunge, it is in itself an object capable of giving a very
+pleasing effect. Over-elaboration&mdash;in respect to added ornament&mdash;in the
+hot rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity, with good
+proportions, seems here the most pleasing. The general effect of the hot
+rooms should be light, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> statement which is wholly in harmony with what
+I have said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight appear
+to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light,
+the darkest portions being a dado. A generally dark and heavy tone of
+colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light:
+light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly decorated,
+large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled iron, for more expensive
+establishments; light walls of white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed
+bricks, without startling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really
+bold, contrast; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark
+pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone, but
+not too dark; and, in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is
+perhaps best to stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
+burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets affixed to
+plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks best dark and polished, affording
+an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials.</p>
+
+<p>Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in
+ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by coloured glass shades over
+lamps, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be
+recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a
+heavy-looking arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look very well
+if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns, and affixed
+with "buttons" with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig.
+18. Large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made with screw-holes and
+affixed to ceiling joists.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 495px;">
+<img src="images/i_116.jpg" width="495" height="600" alt="Fig. 18." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 18.<br />
+
+Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &amp;c., should be specified to
+be executed with an extra neat joint, and should bond to less than 12
+in. to the foot; otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
+clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults. Work
+which may pass as fair in ordinary cases, looks coarse and rough in the
+glazed interior walls of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is
+some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints; much of the work
+produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms, admits of being
+rendered very attractive; and that is the flooring. Mosaic work is
+always pleasing, if it be designed with taste and executed artistically.
+Marble and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting of a
+richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of brilliant colouring.
+In designing marble-mosaic floors, however, one may well fight shy of
+including that senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
+often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer to the
+heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one
+another, and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an
+effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom&mdash;to be
+flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design is of antique
+origin, and has a real classical designation, I cannot but think that it
+is to be avoided, and that fillings-in should be made with tesseræ of
+one tint, or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.</p>
+
+<p>Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate,
+with faïence and modelled glazed ware, marbles and painted encaustic
+tiles, and many other suitable but expensive materials; but for my own
+part I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber,
+though by this I do not mean monastic severity of style.</p>
+
+<p>The general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration. It
+should have an effect of its own, quite distinct from anything else. It
+should have something of the conservatory in it. It should be richly
+carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> be pleasant with plants and
+laden with the murmur of falling waters. It should be light, certainly;
+cheerful, cool, and airy looking; and as lofty as possible within reason
+and common sense. The ceiling should be of a light tone. A lantern-light
+where the light may come in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated
+air may go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.</p>
+
+<p>Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to
+hot rooms&mdash;if a staircase be needed&mdash;the divans or screens for couches,
+and an ornamental fountain as above described. The staircase may be
+rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white marble treads to
+the stairs. The divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing
+ornamental, open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style or
+otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf partitions, enclosing a
+couple of couches, look handsome. As a rule, they are of a flimsy and
+gimcrack order of architecture. They should be made as solid as
+possible. For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
+divans.</p>
+
+<p>As regards style, I do not see why one method of design should be more
+suited than another for the bath. Having become popularly known as the
+"Turkish" bath, an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted in
+the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style
+of architecture, there is something to be said on this score. It is,
+moreover, a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than
+modelled work, or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
+is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> of a bath in
+an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a
+half-hearted manner; and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful
+use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Considering that the old Romans brought the bath to a great pitch of
+excellence&mdash;far, very far, I should be inclined to say, in advance of
+our present knowledge of the subject&mdash;their style of architecture would
+seem fitted to its design at this day; and for large public baths,
+larger than any yet erected in this country, one can imagine that a very
+interesting design could be made in the Roman style, founded on a study
+of the old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to them,
+reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures, details, &amp;c., of the
+public baths of the time of the Empire. In a like manner in the Moorish
+style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old
+baths in Eastern countries,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> drawing, perhaps, some inspiration from
+the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their pleasant retired air,
+for the frigidarium. I have often thought, when looking at the late Owen
+Jones' splendid model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable
+frigidarium the Court of the Lions would make, with its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> spacious
+central area, and retired nooks suitable for couches, and its pretty
+sparkling fountain and green plants, its brilliant colouring, and
+general cheerfulness of effect. Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
+court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium, with
+its <i>cubicula</i> for couches, and its central area and fountain.</p>
+
+<p>The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done
+should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate
+the provision of handsome public baths for the people. In everyday
+practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths.
+Although only the Roman and Eastern styles have been mentioned, there
+can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath
+in whatsoever style he may please.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered
+a thing of beauty. This is in reference as much to its plan as to the
+materials of the sides and floor, &amp;c. There is no reason why a plunge
+should always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any of the shapes
+indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers, especially in warm weather, like to
+stay some minutes in the plunge, and not go straight through; they may
+like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require room to turn, and a
+keyhole plan, such as at A, is suitable, and especially useful where the
+bather has to return to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is
+shown at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is
+allowable, as here the true dive seldom pertains. A delicate semi-oval
+plan, such as that at D,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> which is much after the pattern of the Roman
+bath recently discovered at Box, could be employed; or a plain, circular
+bath with steps around, such as that of the Pompeian <i>Balneum</i>, shown at
+C; or, again, such a plan as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor
+in Sussex. For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we cannot
+do better than refer direct to the old Roman remains, either in Italy
+itself, or in Great Britain and other provinces and colonial
+dependencies of the old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the
+possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
+often produced baths of great beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;">
+<img src="images/i_121.jpg" width="434" height="650" alt="Fig. 19." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 19.<br />
+
+Plans of Plunge Baths.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint, and
+there should always be more or less pure white. Nothing really is better
+than plain white glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
+water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows contamination when
+it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesseræ,
+any simple patterns being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such
+as strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well through the water.
+The floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty. The sides are
+best of glazed brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
+steps of so-called white marble.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Furnishing.</span></p>
+
+<p>The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish bath comprises the
+complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches, lounges, ottomans,
+carpets, mats, and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
+the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the sudatory chambers may be
+required easy chairs of peculiar construction, with stretched canvas
+seats; in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
+marble-topped ones; and any carpeting, matting, felt for benches,
+curtains (if any), and Indian matting for dadoes. These are the
+principal requirements that need consideration, the remaining furnishing
+of subordinate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordinary
+description. The refreshment department requires possibly a
+coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf fittings; but, as a
+general rule, no arrangements for actual cooking.</p>
+
+<p>The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by 2 ft.; but 6 ft. 6
+in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal allowance. They should be made of
+polished wood, strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered with
+a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans are adopted, on the
+Eastern model, the benches must be framed of wood, permanently fixed,
+and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet, as
+Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of
+Indian matting, affixed above to a moulded rail.</p>
+
+<p>The carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread.
+Nothing, of course, equals a Persian or Turkey carpet, and one or the
+other should be provided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
+adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where a polished wood
+floor is adopted and shown, soft durable matting or strips of carpet
+must be placed along any routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and
+the boot-room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables,
+&amp;c.&mdash;anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to tread. Anything
+in the nature of fastenings likely, by any possibility, to injure the
+feet, must be carefully avoided.</p>
+
+<p>A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &amp;c., should be provided in
+the cooling room. The provision<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> of lounges, &amp;c., must depend upon the
+design of the room, and whether nooks or angles are available for their
+accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by
+the heads of the couches (Fig. 21, B).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;">
+<img src="images/i_124.jpg" width="283" height="650" alt="Fig. 20." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 20.<br />
+
+Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at
+C and D, whereat are shown an iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen
+frames are best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
+fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few of these seats
+should always be provided in the hot rooms. Movable wooden <i>benches</i> are
+constructed of beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
+head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-seasoned wood should be
+employed, for all joinery purposes, in the hot rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten, and a
+cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off boots and shoes. A shelf or
+shelves for linen checks is useful in this position.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over, but <i>strips</i>
+of matting or carpet are better. The hot laconicum is best carpeted
+throughout. The tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the
+bathers must necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
+provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot rooms. For
+similar reasons to the carpeting&mdash;the non-conduction of heat&mdash;fine white
+felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches, as at
+Fig. 20. Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above the
+benches, I have already spoken.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped as at E, Fig. 5,
+are required as head-rests. They should be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and
+hollowed to fit the head.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 468px;">
+<img src="images/i_126.jpg" width="468" height="650" alt="Fig. 21." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 21.<br />
+
+Furniture of a Turkish Bath.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRIVATE BATHS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale, from a
+single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry
+stove, to an elaborate suite of apartments, providing all that is found
+in the public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an addition to an
+existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>There are, of course, many expedients for producing perspiration by
+heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of
+bath rooms; but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of
+baths, I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For although there
+is something to be said in their favour, in that the head is free and
+one can breathe cooler air, there are serious objections to their use,
+as the lamps employed <i>burn the air</i>, and there is also an absence of
+that rapid aërial circulation which is so much to be desired. Besides
+the actual objections to their use, more or less inconvenience attends
+the employment of the sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and
+there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
+extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The bath in the house may consist of one of the following
+arrangements:&mdash;(1) A single room used as a sudatory chamber and for
+washing; (2) a hot room and a washing room; (3) a combined hot room and
+washing room, and a cooling room; (4) a cooling room, washing room, and
+hot room; or (5) a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every
+possible luxury, such as even the old Roman gentlemen would have
+coveted. Where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room
+as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also in the cases where only
+a washing room and a hot room are provided.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i_128.jpg" width="550" height="461" alt="Fig. 22." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 22.<br />
+
+Plan of Mr. Urquhart&#39;s Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
+Erasmus Wilson&#39;s Bath at Richmond Hill.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing operations are also
+conducted, all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and
+heat-proof floor and ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
+smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank or <i>lavatrina</i>.
+Allowance must be made for a couch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A)
+shows the simplest form of a bath room possible; it is that which Mr.
+Urquhart constructed, and has described in his 'Manual of the Turkish
+Bath.' It was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room
+might be built, the whole arrangement, with water fittings and building
+of three of its walls, only costing 37<i>l.</i></p>
+
+<p>The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a private house should be
+cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house, with
+carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end; and in the case of
+an elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors and heavy
+curtains, should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing
+rooms, as at Fig. 24. The air of the hot rooms should, of course, be
+perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the
+bath and the house and its situation. In town houses, where the bath
+consists of only a washing and a hot room, the first floor will be the
+most convenient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground floor is
+as handy as anywhere; and this position allows of the easier
+construction of the heating apparatus. In the country, the bath is best
+built away from the house, connected by a short lobby, which may be
+utilised for boots, &amp;c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
+overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-conduction of heat to
+places where it is not wanted.</p>
+
+<p>The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for the simplest, a
+common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A) and at Fig. 23; for bigger
+baths, a small convoluted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> stove, as at Fig. 24; or a furnace of
+firebrick with an iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22&mdash;a plan of the hot room
+(15 ft. by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson built at
+Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a small furnace wholly constructed
+of fireclay, such as that of which I have given complete plans in the
+chapter on "Heating and Ventilation," would be the best. A furnace of
+this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath,
+at Fig. 25. Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a firebrick
+furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces retain their heat a long
+time. It should be "banked" at night. A bath only required at times, and
+quickly, is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron stove
+and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature. The
+simple baths illustrated at Figs. 22 (A) and 23, are therefore very
+convenient and effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
+to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for
+private purposes, as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor,
+and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at
+Fig. 24. A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, <i>ante</i>, must
+be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot
+room. If the bath be on the ground floor, the construction of any form
+of heating apparatus is rendered easier.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house,
+the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed. Hollow walls
+must be provided round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+the external side, and the transmission of heat through internal walls.
+The floors above and below should&mdash;if not of solid fireproof
+construction&mdash;be formed as described in the section dealing with the
+design of the sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, asbestos,
+sawdust, or materials having similar properties. Windows should be
+double. Wherever possible, concrete floors should be provided to the hot
+rooms and washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
+mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It should be needless
+to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from
+fire by the stoves or furnaces.</p>
+
+<p>The ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful
+attention as those for public use. The hollow external walls may often
+be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air, which
+must be let into the cavity at the floor level. If the bath be
+constructed on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system of
+carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits&mdash;recommended for
+public baths&mdash;should be employed, as in the accompanying design for a
+large private bath, where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one
+vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have said on
+the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on many matters in connection
+with the design of public baths, applies in the case of the private one,
+and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints
+as to its construction.</p>
+
+<p>In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to explain the
+arrangement and construction of private<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> baths, from those formed by
+converting existing rooms into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete
+design. Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private bath, an
+apartment only measuring 11 ft. by 16 ft., yet forming an effective
+sudatory chamber, with simple iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or
+lavatrina. On this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
+adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23. One plan shows a
+hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed
+in the old external wall, and the new chamber constructed with hollow
+walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra room would, of course, be
+thus formed on the floor below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and
+the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room, which
+would become the lavatorium, and undressing room if necessary. A
+double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper
+bath used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating the
+adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by taking away the
+flue-pipe to a new chimney, and knocking a doorway through the old
+partition wall, thus making a complete set of bath rooms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 649px;">
+<img src="images/i_133.jpg" width="649" height="650" alt="Fig. 23." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 23.<br />
+
+Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_133full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing room divided into a
+combined hot room and washing room, and a cooling room. Three of the
+walls being ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined with lath and
+plaster on quartering, leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of
+heat by absorption and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
+quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> for the
+withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected below with the hot room,
+and above lead into the open air. A pugged partition and double-doored
+lobby separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for a
+full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which has a metal screen
+around to protect the more adjacent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> walls from the heat. A lavatrina is
+provided, as shown at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a
+shower. This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood,
+as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A couple of couches, lavatory,
+and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium.</p>
+
+<p>Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed, the fresh air
+should be admitted as near the stove as possible, and if the inlet be
+connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket,
+the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature. The
+temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates
+directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather, is not a
+matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is
+transmitted through the agency of the air itself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="581" height="650" alt="Fig. 24." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 24.<br />
+
+A complete Private Turkish Bath.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_135full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every
+consideration, I have been led to give the above plans and descriptions
+of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other
+rooms. But plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required, and
+at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an
+appendage to, and at one and the same time as, the house. In this plan
+all necessaries are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
+outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It is arranged on the
+first floor of a projecting wing off the main building. The frigidarium
+is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
+provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels.
+Between the frigidarium and bath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> rooms is a double-doored lobby of a
+kind that is very useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
+heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it forms a perfect
+preventive against the entry of the air<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> of the hot rooms into the
+cooling room. Between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the
+laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a curtain if
+necessary. The walls are 18 in.&mdash;9 in. and 4&frac12; in., with 4&frac12; in.
+cavity, used for ventilation. The bath rooms are lined with glazed
+brickwork. The floor is of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction.
+Enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
+rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is the stokery and
+furnace chamber, fitted with a small convoluted stove, a hot-air shaft
+leading to the bath room. Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal
+flues from either side of the building. The windows in the bath rooms
+are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches, as at
+Fig. 21 (E), <i>ante</i>, and a similar bench occupies one side of
+lavatorium, opposite which is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk
+into the floor and partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
+In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes, lavatory, and
+toilet tables, &amp;c. This would be a very effective plan for a comfortable
+private bath.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary "slipper," "length," or "shallow" bath is out of place in
+the rooms of a Turkish bath; but where the bath has to be adapted with
+economy to an existing bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where,
+say, some members of a family take the Turkish bath and others the
+ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-named figure, and serve
+the purposes of a lavatrina. The lavatrina, as designed in the plan of
+the large Turkish bath appended, however, is the most convenient
+apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> washing
+oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from the ordinary method
+of immersion in a large body of water; and as the former manner is the
+most economical of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
+in a house, to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and
+cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary
+slipper-bath.</p>
+
+<p>In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a
+tepidarium. This chamber should therefore be as large as possible. In it
+may be required a shampooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath,
+in addition to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water fittings
+are to be provided. All that will be required are hot and cold water
+taps over the edge of the lavatrina, which should also have a waste and
+overflow. Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
+arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, <i>ante</i>. This will serve
+all purposes, unless a douche and a needle are desired, when the
+regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within
+the bather's reach while standing in the bath.</p>
+
+<p>The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a bath-man, must look
+upon shampooing as a <i>luxury</i> but not a <i>necessity</i> of the bath. Dr. W.
+J. Fleming, in a lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
+before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years back, said that the
+accessories of shampooing, &amp;c., are, despite the popular opinion to the
+contrary, non-essential. A shampooing slab&mdash;which must be of marble&mdash;is
+therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private
+baths.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A complete private bath must contain the <i>piscina</i>, or plunge. Unless
+space and expense be no object, this cannot well be made capable of
+affording a vigorous dive; but endeavours should be made to secure a
+bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the
+whole body. It will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public
+plunge bath.</p>
+
+<p>The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant, cheerful, and
+comfortable as possible. It should be a cosy place where the bather may
+recline and cool, and smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his
+heart's content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an Eastern
+divan; or it might be a simple, homely room, fitted with one or two
+comfortable couches. A fireplace may here be a desirable feature, for
+appearance sake, during the winter months. The room should be <i>really</i>
+ventilated&mdash;viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and with effective
+means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere, since, as I have pointed
+out in the chapters on public baths, the cooling process is, in its way,
+as important as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
+expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_139.jpg" width="650" height="280" alt="Fig. 25." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 25.<br />
+
+Design for a Private Turkish Bath<br />
+
+Longitudinal Section.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i_140.jpg" width="650" height="400" alt="Fig 25." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Design for a Private Turkish Bath.</span>
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_140full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large private Turkish
+bath. It is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing
+addition to a country mansion; and considering the money prodigally
+lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
+indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of
+appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health, a cure for
+disease, and an untold luxury. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> public bath may be a blessing, but
+for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
+bath.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified and adapted to any
+style of design. The building could be connected to the house by a
+corridor, or by a glazed <i>xystos</i>, either abutting on to the main wall
+of house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the frigidarium are
+recesses for boots and for linen. The frigidarium&mdash;about 15 ft.
+square&mdash;has benches fitted up like one side of a divan, bay windows with
+space for plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
+ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment from the bath
+rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel closet, which latter could be
+supplied with hot air. The combined lavatorium and tepidarium&mdash;14 ft.
+square&mdash;is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses containing the
+plunge bath and lavatrina. A shampooing bench is shown. A marble dado
+surrounds the walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
+dome&mdash;which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete&mdash;and marble
+springers to horse-shoe arches. The shower is placed over the lavatrina.
+Plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining
+is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of that of
+which I have before given full detailed drawings. The vitiated air is
+drawn through flues in the floor, to a shaft on the opposite side to the
+chimney. The stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air
+would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
+description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> were no
+available supply of water from house, a boiler and tank could be placed
+in the stokery, and a cistern on the flat roof. The flat roof, if of
+iron and concrete, would form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable,
+the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and
+lavatorium. An air space should be left between the masonry of dome and
+covering of copper or other material. The lights should be double
+glazed. With the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness
+of the dome. This bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with
+pure heat of a most hygienic character.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in
+connection with, and&mdash;what is of greater moment&mdash;<i>in harmony with</i>,
+other baths, such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and the
+ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths, which, where the Turkish
+bath is included, may often be efficiently administered with the
+appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room.
+Moreover, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment, or
+system of pine-therapeutics, there will be required rooms or halls for
+the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the
+communication between these different baths, as the medicated, Russian,
+&amp;c., and the Turkish bath, and their relative positions, must be
+carefully studied. It should be compact and the various passages and
+corridors as short as possible, these passages and corridors being
+provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and uniformly
+equable, temperature. This latter point we do not find so carefully
+studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant.
+The consequence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and from
+the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid contracts a serious
+chill.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 658px;">
+<img src="images/i_144.jpg" width="658" height="650" alt="Fig. 26." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 26.<br />
+
+Plan of the Baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.</span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/i_144full.jpg">View larger image</a></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the Hôtel Mont Dore,
+at Bournemouth, which, though not confessedly a hydropathic institution,
+has yet a fine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
+as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure. These
+baths include a Turkish bath, with three hot rooms, a shampooing room,
+and cooling room, connected by an anteroom with the suite of
+miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The latter
+comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such as the needle, douche,
+sitz, hip, and wave; a room or "hall" for the inhalation of pine vapour,
+whilst in a bath of condensed steam; and a room for the administration
+of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of pulverised Mont
+Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose, or ear, as may be required, this
+room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are a
+range of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
+purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those of pine extract,
+sulphur, iodine, &amp;c., &amp;c., and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water
+and salt-water baths. In connection are arranged dressing and reposing
+rooms, besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat similar suite
+of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block. There is
+no separate Turkish bath, however; certain days of the week are set
+apart exclusively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply the
+steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths, and the water super
+heaters, as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery, are arranged
+in a basement under the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
+room.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath, which was arranged
+under the direction of the late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct
+communication with the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the
+hot rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath, or <i>vice
+versâ</i>. In designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the Mont
+Dore, this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to
+be most carefully studied. Direct communication is required between the
+Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and medicated baths, as
+some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity.</p>
+
+<p>In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable, and
+used in ordinary bath rooms, the Turkish bath being the only feature
+requiring special design.</p>
+
+<p>A true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two
+Turkish baths, one for ladies and one for gentlemen, as the power and
+efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and
+persistency with which it is carried out. Where there is only one bath,
+it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and
+gentlemen, and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may
+be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two
+suites of rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that they will
+be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side, so
+that they may have their furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.</p>
+
+<p>Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty of room, it is
+often convenient to arrange the Turkish and other baths on the ground
+floor adjoining the main building, a corridor of connection being
+placed, if neces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>sary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
+have to be taken&mdash;often carried or wheeled in movable chairs&mdash;to the
+baths, and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a
+wheeled chair from the top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the
+baths.</p>
+
+<p>In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms should be provided
+for the Turkish bath&mdash;viz. three hot rooms, a washing and shampooing
+room, and a cooling room. They will, of course, be on a small scale; but
+the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath should also be added,
+but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether.</p>
+
+<p>For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have
+rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths. The needle bath
+should include the ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal
+douche&mdash;a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower. The
+regulating appliances for these various showers, sprays, &amp;c., should be
+brought together, and conveniently placed for the attendant. A very
+ingenious appliance, suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer
+regulating valve, which indicates the temperature of the water being
+supplied to the bather. The waters mix in a ball, into which is inserted
+the bulb of a sensitive thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or
+cold handles are turned.</p>
+
+<p>If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish bath is to be used for
+the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides
+those taking the Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
+also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> room for other
+bathers, it must be made of large size.</p>
+
+<p>Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the
+treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital
+necessity, and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a
+hydropathic establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath appended to these
+institutions. Hot rooms beneath their proper temperature, and lukewarm
+water, are unpardonable delinquencies, either in the early morning, in
+the evening, or during the day. For this reason I would recommend a
+furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for a long time, and is not
+subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves.</p>
+
+<p>Much of that which I have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will
+apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes. Here,
+however, efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be but
+of the plainest description. The conditions and exigencies of each case
+must determine the size, position, and nature of the suite of bath
+rooms. All that has been said upon the subject of the design and
+construction of the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
+given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in regard to
+Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential blocks of buildings, and
+for clubs.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath building, in the
+increased provision of baths in hospitals, asylums, and public and
+private institutions of one kind and another; and also in hotels,
+"flats," and clubs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> The hydropathic establishments have long adopted
+the Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect
+harmony with the principles of the Water Cure. But it is only
+occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums;
+and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been
+made in this respect, the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected.
+Seeing, too, the immense extent to which co-operative living has
+developed, and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
+residential blocks, &amp;c., I cannot but think that the builders of such
+tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of
+small Turkish baths for the visitors and residents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Animals of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows, sheep, and pigs,
+have been experimented upon with regard to the bath, and with much
+success. But for practical purposes all we need here consider is the
+design of the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
+be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a
+pig. It is, after all, only in connection with the training of horses
+that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this
+direction. Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected in this
+country in connection with hospitals for horses, attached to large
+businesses, and appended to training stables. In the development of
+race-horses the treatment has, according to the opinion of several
+authorities, been found eminently beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct communication
+with the stables. It may consist, as Fig. 27&mdash;a plan of a bath built for
+the Great Northern Railway Company's hospital for horses&mdash;of a washing,
+and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place for the animals to
+cool, and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being
+turned out in the open. In the plan given it will be seen that the horse
+is led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> through the washing room into the first hot room. Without
+turning round, he may be led into the second hot room and thence into
+the washing room again. In the hot rooms, which are heated by a
+convoluted stove, are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be
+secured. A similar arrangement is made in the washing room, where, after
+undergoing the sweating process, the horse is groomed down, an operation
+that should be performed in part with an iron <i>strigil</i>, much after the
+pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient Romans.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i_151.jpg" width="500" height="370" alt="Fig. 27.
+" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 27.<br />
+
+Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company&#39;s Turkish Bath for Horses.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply
+constructed, though, where it is desired to do the thing well, glazed
+bricks should, for the sake of cleanliness, be used for lining the
+walls. All that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
+draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> scraper, and
+wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory chamber, the horse should first be
+well scraped with the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if
+necessary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold water should
+then be thrown over him, and having been well rubbed down with the
+leather, he should then be covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs
+bandaged with cotton bands, the sheets, &amp;c., being gradually removed
+after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the animal turned
+into a shed, or into the open, to cool.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE END.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Air, allowance of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">backflow of, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">circulation of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">expansion in heating, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">filters, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">flues for vitiated, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">inlets for cold, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">intake, position of, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">arrangement of, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">its changes in the bath, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of bath, necessity for dryness of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">overheated, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">passage of, through bath rooms, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">rapidity of flow of, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apodyterium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and frigidarium, combined, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bath, architecture of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ascending shower, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">back shower, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">elaborate needle, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">foot, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">materials for, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Urquhart's cheap private, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">needle, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of private, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">preliminary shower, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">primary object of, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public, general requirements of, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">shower, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">style of design for, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">subsidiary apartments of, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, in asylums, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, in hospitals, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the "slipper", <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">wave, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baths, ancient and modern, difference between, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roman and Oriental, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 4em;">works on, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">cheap, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">private, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">complete private, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>-<a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">construction of, in private houses, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Eastern, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">elaborate private, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of double sets of, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of intercommunication between various, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in crowded sites, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">nature of private, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objections to extemporised hot air, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Old Roman, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">on one level, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">private, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public and commercial, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">public, lack of, in England, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">supply of water for private, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">two classes of, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ventilation of private, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bath-rooms arranged <i>en suite</i>, advantage of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">drainage of, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Balneæ</i>, the Pompeian, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ancient, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benches, felting for marble, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bignor, Roman, bath at, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boilers, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boot-room, fittings for, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Box, Roman bath at, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calidarium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">floor of, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ceilings of enamelled iron, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Checks, shelves for, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cisterns, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cleansing process, ways of concluding, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cold plunge, object of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and demerits, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling room, carpets for, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">couches in, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">furniture of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of ventilating, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">method,&nbsp; &nbsp;  <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the separate, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireplaces in, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">methods of arranging, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">temperature of, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">D.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Divans, construction of, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douche, horizontal, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">room, the, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">spinal, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drainage, importance of perfect, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dressing and cooling rooms, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">F.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firing, evil of bad and forced, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floorings for cheap baths, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flues, hot and cold air, construction of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foul air conduits, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frigidarium, design of, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">divans in, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fountain in, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private baths, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the old Roman, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnace, advantage of a fireclay, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireclay, for private bath, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">method of constructing, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">expansion and contraction of, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnaces for private baths, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating power of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">with iron flues, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furnace chamber, position of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">G.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gas, objections to, in bath, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good and bad baths, difference between, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good bath, what it is, and how gained, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hair-dresser and chiropodist, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammam, the, Jermyn Street, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammam, the Oriental, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heat, convected and radiant, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">methods of applying to bather, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">prevention of transmission of, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heating apparatuses for private baths, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">screen walls to, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heating by fireclay furnaces, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">iron flue-pipes, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ordinary stoves, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">convection, objection to, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">steam, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">arrangements for, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">dangers attendant upon, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of small baths, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of the bath, its importance, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">by the ordinary method, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the hot-air principle, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and ventilation, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">theory of, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">necessity for, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horses, bathing of, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hot-air bath," a misleading term, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot-air bath, the, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">appliances and arrangements for, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">manner,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">principle, objections to, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot rooms, benches in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">brickwork in, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ceilings of, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">chairs and benches in, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">doorways in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fireproof floors over, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">glazing in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">height of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian matting in, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">joinery in, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">materials for, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objection to stepped benches in, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">proportional area of, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of partitions in, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">radiation of heat from, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hot rooms, windows in, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">treatment of woodwork in, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydropathy and the Turkish bath, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydropathic establishments, the bath in, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invalids, consideration for, in bathing establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irish "sweating houses," old, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">L.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laconicum, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ceiling of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">floor of, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ladies' baths, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laundry, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lavatorium, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and shampooing room, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the hydropathic, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">washing basins in, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">water fittings of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lavatrina, the, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">M.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mont Dore, baths at the Hotel, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">cure, the, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moorish bath, heating of the, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Mustaby</i>, the Turkish, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obstacles to the progress of the bath, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oriental colour decoration, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">P.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pay office, the, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perspiration, object of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plumbing, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plunge bath, the, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">between hot rooms and frigidarium, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">chamber, lighting of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">construction of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoration of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">depth of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for private baths, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in hydropathic establishments, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">water fittings of, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Popular ignorance and the bath, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Processes of the bath, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">general disposition of plan of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rest after bath, necessity for, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman baths, method of heating the old, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">nature of heat in old, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanitary accommodation, necessity for care in providing, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shampooer, space required by each, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shampooing and the private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">benches, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">positions of bather during, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">value of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and washing room combined, arrangement of, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">room, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">ventilation of, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">lighting of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shower for head, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">preliminary warm, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">So-called Turkish baths, their harmfulness, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stokery, the, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoves, attributes of good, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Convolute, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">heating power of <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">method, of constructing, furnace chamber for, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">iron, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">objections to exposing in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">plain iron radiating <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">radiating surfaces of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subsidiary apartments of the bath, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sudatorium, best position for bathers in <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sudatory chamber, a simple, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">T.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tank, hot water, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temperature, importance of maintaining <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of bath rooms <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">regulating, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">variations in <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tepidarium, the <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">drinking fountain in, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">mosaic floors in, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">old Roman, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Thermæ</i>, old Roman, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonic baths <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Transmission of heated air, prevention of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heat, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment, course of, in the bath, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with the, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">building, field for activity in <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for animals <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for horses <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Great Northern Railway Company's <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">heating of the true <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, a misnomer <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">what it is, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">direction in which improvement may be made in the, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turkish baths, Baden-Baden, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bartholomew's, Leicester Square, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bremen, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burton's, Euston Road, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Camden Town, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">foul atmosphere of some so-called, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Germany, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">lukewarm, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nevill's, London Bridge, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Northumberland Avenue, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nuremberg, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savoy Hill, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vienna, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valve, thermometer regulating, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valves and cocks, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">regulating, for shower bath, &amp;c., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilation, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">importance of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">in cramped sites, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">mechanical, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilator gratings, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">number and size of, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">position of, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">W.</span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washing and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water, pressure of, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water fittings, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of private bath, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">value of simplicity in, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than
+ourselves, term the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath,
+the "Roman-Irish bath"&mdash;the <i>Römisch-irische Bäder</i>. Both the ancient
+Roman bath and the old Irish "sweating-house," gave out radiant heat
+from the walls to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot
+air.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>draughts</i>. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note,
+would walk in the open air after the bath; and both the <i>Frigidarium</i> of
+the Romans and the <i>Mustaby</i> of the Turks were, and are, open to the
+heavens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> I do not know of any building&mdash;bath or otherwise, civil or
+domestic&mdash;in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour
+decoration has been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to
+have been missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed
+in very small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the
+general effect.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely
+unstudied. Few architects visit the East, and none enter the baths
+there, either in Egypt, Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true
+Oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about
+these buildings.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Turkish Bath
+       Its Design and Construction
+
+Author: Robert Owen Allsop
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2009 [EBook #30444]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TURKISH BATH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+
+  TURKISH BATH:
+
+  ITS
+
+  DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;
+
+  WITH
+
+  CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO
+  THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,
+  AND THE TRAINING STABLE.
+
+  BY
+
+  ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,
+
+  ARCHITECT.
+
+  ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS
+
+  _From Scale Drawings by the Author._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
+  NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
+  1890
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The present work originally appeared in the form of a series of
+illustrated articles in the columns of the _Building News_. It has been
+carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter. The
+object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to
+provide, in addition to a text-book for the architect, a treatise which
+shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative
+merits of the baths that compete for their patronage. The principles,
+herein enunciated, upon which good baths should be built, will be easily
+grasped by the ordinary reader; and the detailed plans and instructions
+will, it is hoped, supply such information as will enable the designer
+of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he
+may be confronted.
+
+  37, NORFOLK STREET,
+  STRAND, LONDON.
+  _March 1890._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+                                                           PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                                1
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH                   9
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS            17
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH  32
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+
+  HEATING AND VENTILATION                                    59
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+
+  WATER-FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES                              87
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+
+  LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING                      102
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH IN THE HOUSE                             118
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+
+  THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.         134
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+
+  THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES                               141
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FIG.                                                                PAGE
+
+  1. Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London                                21
+
+  2. Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London                             24
+
+  3. Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London                               28
+
+  4. A Plunge Bath                                                50, 51
+
+  5. Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room                     56
+
+  6. View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken
+  away to show the "Convoluted" Stove                                 65
+
+  7. An Air Filter                                                    67
+
+  8. Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the
+  ordinary Hot-air Principle                                          68
+
+  9. Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit                    72
+
+  10. A Fireclay Heating Apparatus                                    74
+
+  11. Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers                       84
+
+  12. A Shampooing Basin                                              90
+
+  13. Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water                       91
+
+  14. A Needle Bath                                                   94
+
+  15. Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths                                   95
+
+  16. Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.                       96
+
+  17. Bather's Shower Bath                                            99
+
+  18. Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling                  107
+
+  19. Plans of Plunge Baths                                          112
+
+  20. Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans    115
+
+  21. Furniture of a Turkish Bath                                    117
+
+  22. Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot
+  Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill                 119
+
+  23. Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses       124
+
+  24. A complete Private Turkish Bath                                126
+
+  25. Design for a Private Turkish Bath                         130, 131
+
+  26. Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth          135
+
+  27. Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath
+  for Horses                                                         142
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+TURKISH BATH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Since the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its introduction into
+this country under the name of the Turkish bath, this method of bathing
+has become very generally adopted; and although onward progress is
+rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread popular
+ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath, erroneous
+impressions are being gradually removed, and the continual building of
+new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on
+British soil.
+
+To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected
+with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and
+prejudice, or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and
+construction, and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before the
+public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that the latter cause has
+done much--very much--injury.
+
+I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of
+the bath in this country, is that little or nothing has been written or
+said about its proper design, construction, and working, and that no
+full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying
+heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we have had, and still have,
+placed before the public, and meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish
+baths" which are such only in name--unhealthy, ill-ventilated cellars,
+where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus,
+stagnates in the sudatory chambers, and becomes loaded with the
+exhalations and emanations of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged
+with a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that we so often
+hear persons remark that they have tried the bath, but neither enjoyed
+it nor did it agree with them! The damaging effect of "baths" of this
+type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.
+
+In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands, convinced of the
+value and benefit of the bathing, periodically attend these miserable
+substitutes for properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and
+effectively-ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
+shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the true principles of
+bath construction, and knowing little or nothing of the physiological
+action of the bath, they have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the
+power to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute. With
+the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily
+decorated, and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with
+striking semblance to the original type.
+
+So much has been written and said about the arrangement, design, and
+working of the baths of the ancient Romans, and of the Oriental nations
+of to-day, that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter
+upon the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested in the
+building of modern baths. An intelligent study of old plans, and of the
+writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of
+the special purposes to which the various apartments of the Roman
+_Thermae_ were devoted, serves in no small degree to a complete
+understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in
+modern times. So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
+acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive. But to
+fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would
+require a volume of itself, since the many questions that present
+themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
+without considerable and lengthy description. Those desirous of studying
+the subject of the design of ancient and Oriental baths will find many
+works within easy reach. In his 'Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
+David Urquhart has given a most complete account of Eastern baths; and
+in Sir Erasmus Wilson's 'Eastern or Turkish Bath,' will be found a
+popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as
+an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse
+works, such as Wollaston's 'Thermae Romano-Britannicae,' Cameron's 'Baths
+of the Romans,' and particularly the careful description of the Pompeian
+_Balneae_ in Sir William Gell's 'Pompeiana.' In the admirable works of
+Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be found interesting
+accounts of the remains of old Roman baths in this country; and in
+Daremberg and Saglio's 'Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et
+Romaines,' is a most capable essay on ancient _Balneae_. In Eastern
+travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental bath will be
+found; and in Owen Jones's work on the Palace of the Alhambra, at
+Granada, plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that
+the Moorish builders erected therein.
+
+For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of brevity and
+convenience, I have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the
+old Roman vocabulary, to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
+respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms, the
+_Tepidarium_, _Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. Although the exact nature
+of the ancient Roman _laconicum_ is still a question in debate, I have
+chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot.
+The washing room I call the _Lavatorium_; the cooling room, the
+_Frigidarium_; and the separate dressing room, the _Apodyterium_.
+
+The modern "Turkish bath" is rather a revival of the Roman bath, than
+that of the East. Among the Orientals, the air of the sudorific chambers
+is charged more or less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
+the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And it has been decided
+by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school, that the air
+of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
+atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the dryness moreover
+is conducive to perspiration. This absolute need for a dry atmosphere
+in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr.
+W.B. Hunter, M.D., entitled 'The Turkish Bath: its Uses and Abuses.' But
+notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present
+day resembles, in point of dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome,
+the name of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart, has
+held good, and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation.
+
+Neither the term "Turkish," however, nor the designation "hot-air" bath,
+convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of "the bath,"
+as I shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
+"_heat_ bath"--a _thermal cure_. In the ordinary hot-air bath, the
+heated air is simply a medium; and, as I have endeavoured to explain in
+the body of this little work, the heat is best supplied to the body of
+the bather by direct radiation. By the "Turkish bath," therefore, I
+would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat--not
+necessarily hot air--to the surface of the human body for hygienic,
+remedial, and curative purposes.[1]
+
+In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect, treated of the
+subject from the broadest point of view, and have explained the method
+of designing the _hot-air bath_ pure and simple, looking upon the
+convected and radiating heat principles as both good of their kind, and
+perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame. I have
+adhered to this plan throughout, because, even supposing that it were
+shown conclusively to-morrow, that the principle of heating by
+convection is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to the
+slow march of improvement in this country, still be built and require to
+be planned. Moreover, it has been in the past, and still is, the
+generally accepted idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
+simple.
+
+Medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit
+to retain the term "hot air" in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In
+deference to their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
+_hot-air bath_. The arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat,
+with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in the sudorific chambers, are,
+for the most part, the result of my own experience and study.
+
+I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with public and private
+baths respectively. Chapters II. to VII. are devoted to the elucidation
+of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths, either
+for true public purposes or as commercial speculations. It is
+unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads:
+what is required of the one is required of the other. The only
+difference is that one is the property of the people, and may be
+required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds
+of baths; and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single
+individual as the case may be, and is generally an establishment
+complete in itself.
+
+It is not to the credit of the English nation that so little has been
+done in connection with Turkish bath building for the people. The
+attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is
+of the most meagre character. The provisions of the Public Baths and
+Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In these matters the German
+nation is far ahead of us. Fortunately for the general health, the
+Englishman is renowned for his morning "tub." But the cold tub is merely
+a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward
+man, besides constituting a most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the
+vast body of the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an
+ineffective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a high
+temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions. Used,
+as customary, without a tonic application of cold water, it is eminently
+conducive to cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average Englishman
+for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing, unless
+he sees the advantage of, and has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his
+own house. He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and
+attractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature, and he
+dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the
+so-called "Turkish baths" provided by enterprising business men. He can
+do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.
+
+In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII. to X., I have dealt
+with private baths, including the bath in the house and mansion, in
+institutions of one kind and another, and in connection with training
+stables. In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be found
+plans of baths of several types, from the smallest and least expensive
+to the most elaborate and costly.
+
+It is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being
+bestowed on the question of providing public Turkish baths worthy of the
+country; that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
+as commercial speculations; and that, from its pages, those desirous of
+experiencing the luxury of a model Turkish bath in their own homes, may
+learn the best methods of its design and construction.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than
+ourselves, term the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath,
+the "Roman-Irish bath"--the _Roemisch-irische Baeder_. Both the ancient
+Roman bath and the old Irish "sweating-house," gave out radiant heat
+from the walls to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot
+air.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH.
+
+
+In order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management, a
+public Turkish bath should be convenient and _compact_ in plan. It
+should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation,
+in order to insure patronage; and, for the same reason, it should be
+made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, inconvenient, and
+ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the bather and the cause. It is its
+own enemy, and harmful also to all other baths; whereas every
+ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
+existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the
+process.
+
+A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one,
+but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest
+and most approved principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
+are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effective, and the
+cooling rooms ample, and supplied with an abundance of fresh air. This
+is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
+science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its attainment, as it
+is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive.
+
+By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean one in which the
+visitor will feel interest in the design; where pleasant objects are
+presented to his eye, both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling
+rooms. Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The bath
+requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the
+various apartments, and it is therefore highly desirable that his
+surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath,
+as in other architectural matters, this is not the result of a prodigal
+expenditure on costly decorations and fittings, but rather of a careful
+arrangement of necessary and desirable features, and a knowledge of the
+methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the
+plan.
+
+The arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the Ancients
+and Orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country, so
+that the order of the different processes through which the bather
+passes governs the disposition of the various apartments. The chief
+object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration
+by the application of heat. This heat is now generally applied through
+the medium of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by being
+passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various
+designs, or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick.
+Theoretically, the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the
+bather might be greatly improved, but practically it has been found the
+best. Into these questions, however, I shall enter when treating of the
+heating and ventilating of the bath. For the present, it will suffice to
+say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of
+an abundance of _pure hot air_ to the various sudorific chambers, and
+the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations.
+
+Since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the
+methods of bathing in vogue, it will be necessary to first give the
+reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather.
+The object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold--(1) To
+cleanse the blood of impurities; and (2) to loosen the dead scales of
+the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that spreads itself everywhere over the
+true skin or cuticle. Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that
+the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways, and
+is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and remedial agent.
+This latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures
+employed, as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively
+low degree of heat.
+
+The course of treatment to be undergone by the bather, as given by Sir
+Erasmus Wilson, is--(1) Exposure of the naked body to hot dry air. (2)
+Ablution with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and drying the skin. In
+addition to these, however, there should be added the process of
+"massage" or shampooing before washing.
+
+The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms--the _Tepidarium_,
+_Calidarium_, and _Laconicum_. The nature of these apartments--which I
+shall hereinafter consider in detail--must be determined by the
+pretensions of the establishment.
+
+Perspiration having been induced, the bather submits to the kneading of
+the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer. For this operation,
+which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
+separate and distinct apartment should, in high class baths, be
+provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing.
+This detaches the dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
+generally practised in the _Lavatorium_--a washing room adjoining the
+shampooing room. In the same place the bather receives copious ablutions
+with warm water. The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
+douche, needle, spray, or shower bath, graduated from warm to cold; and
+the strong bather, by plunging into a bath of cold water, the object of
+which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin
+that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the
+calorific apartments. For these purposes a small room, with the various
+appliances named, and a large chamber containing a more or less ample
+plunge bath, must be provided. In small baths, provision for both these
+operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room, where the
+bather is "massed," rubbed down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower
+bath. The plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly in the
+cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in which case, the bather
+dives under a glazed partition of some sort, which, furnished with an
+india-rubber flap dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
+sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.
+
+The above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic
+processes, and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of
+the bath devoted to their attainment. I have named them first as being
+the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms, since
+the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old Irish
+"sweating-house," or a somewhat similar construction of the North
+American Indian; but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
+there can be no bath.
+
+The next important features to be considered are the dressing and
+cooling rooms. Before entering the bath rooms proper, the bather must
+divest himself of his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
+dressing room or _Apodyterium_, and the cooling room or _Frigidarium_,
+are generally made one and the same; but they may, with advantage, be
+designed as separate and distinct apartments, the provision for dressing
+and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes
+around it. The frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for
+the economical reception of the reposing couches, it being absolutely
+essential that the bather rest awhile, after the bath, to allow the body
+to gradually assume its normal temperature. Neglect of this precaution
+may cause a renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."
+
+If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted, it must be fitted
+with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons, or be
+divided into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space receiving a
+pair of couches. The divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate
+and ornamental wooden partitions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be
+observed. Each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing
+room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions.
+
+An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room
+fitted with a number of dressing-boxes, and then passes through the
+frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his
+bath. Where the establishment is on a large scale, the arrangement may
+lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes, then to the
+hot rooms, and finally, by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
+separate cooling room.
+
+Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the
+attendants, manager, and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist, or,
+at any rate, some sort of provision made for them. A pay office, with
+counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
+money, and other valuables, should be the first object that one meets on
+entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the
+street. In connection with this office may be the manager's room, and
+provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be the property of
+a company, a board room may be required. As on entering a bath the
+visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in order
+that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of
+that cleanliness which is next to godliness, a raised step must be
+provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod,
+or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided
+off by similar means. Provision for the boots and shoes must be in the
+form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also, racks for
+coats and hats must be placed.
+
+The hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist--if he does
+not practise his art at the couch of the bather--must adjoin the
+frigidarium, as also should the attendants' room. A lavatory must be
+placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room. Closet
+accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment, but should
+be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby. The
+greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
+becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the sense of smell is
+peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest odour is detected. The worst
+position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the
+lavatorium. Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath.
+If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors, the closets
+may be designed off a landing on the staircase. In the separate
+accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
+observed.
+
+Adjoining, under, or partly under, the laconicum must be placed the
+heating apparatus in its chamber, with stokery and provision for fuel,
+&c. The stokery should be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the
+attendants should be able easily to communicate with the stoker. Of the
+arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium I
+shall speak in another chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a
+drying room must be provided. They are important necessities, and should
+not be cramped in dimensions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS.
+
+
+Although the process of the bath determines the position of the various
+apartments in relation to one another, the exact disposition of the plan
+must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the nature of
+the site and surroundings, and--if the bath be constructed in an
+existing building--the amount of space allotted to it. The _relative_
+position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to
+the cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant; but the angle of
+connection with each other, their shape, proportions, and floor levels,
+must, together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments, be
+determined by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
+convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect will be called upon
+to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing
+building. He may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most
+of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably hampered. If the site
+includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house, he may
+arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor;
+and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms, in the basement.
+Where possible, the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall
+of the houses, and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
+often have to be in the actual basement. Where space is valuable a whole
+house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat
+proof. The basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
+the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and the first floor to
+cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again, can be arranged on the floors
+above, and both baths can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
+three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted to extra
+cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive sites the bath may be all on
+one level. This is the most convenient arrangement, but in large cities
+is generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths, in London, are,
+however, all on one level, the former being practically all above
+ground, and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing
+building.
+
+The London Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this
+country, and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late David
+Urquhart. It was erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
+Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the Eastern plan, and have
+quite an Oriental effect, with the stars of stained glass sparkling in
+the sombre domed tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
+old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the combined
+frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of wood, originally intended as
+a temporary building only. This is covered with an open-timbered roof,
+and divided into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by a
+clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the divans, which are
+separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an
+Eastern manner. Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
+hot rooms. The main room--a very moderately-heated tepidarium--is a
+square on plan, with splayed angles, over which rises a dome of
+brickwork. On either side of this square, and connected with it by the
+horseshoe arches supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
+as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing at the ends and
+joining on the one hand the frigidarium, and on the other a heated
+smoking saloon, which occupies a position corresponding to that of a
+Lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side of
+this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and laundry are arranged
+over the smoking saloon, and w.c.'s, &c., are placed at the end of the
+latter apartment. In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
+leading to four apartments--two used as hot rooms of different
+temperatures, and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's
+waiting room. Under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble
+slabs, beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short flight of
+steps. The plunge bath is placed, partly in the tepidarium, and partly
+in the frigidarium, with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of
+the hot air, such as I have herein before explained. In the centre of
+the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of the divans is
+partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist. A gallery is
+provided for the hairdresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn
+Street. The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few steps has to
+be made to reach the frigidarium from the street. A refreshment bar is
+placed in the frigidarium. The manager's room is on the second floor,
+adjoining the old building, and has a window overlooking the
+frigidarium.
+
+The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath erected in this country,
+and the Savoy (Fig. 1) is one of the latest and largest, and also on one
+level. It was designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the basement
+of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill, a short passage
+conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule, where are provided
+rails for hats and coats. The counter of the ticket-office is placed at
+the entrance to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
+room--the bath being the property of a private company. In vaults
+projecting under the street, provision is made for an engine and dynamo.
+The frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into
+divans by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a saloon for
+the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an attendants' room. A lavatory is
+provided in a recess. Access is gained to the hot rooms through double
+doors. The plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in
+the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature
+nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to
+the calidarium, adjoining which is the heating apparatus, fitted with
+two of Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stoves. Access to the stokery
+is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium. The shampooing
+room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium, dwarf walls
+separating it from the latter apartment, as also from the lavatorium.
+Here, there are six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
+slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is screened off the
+lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray. A passage leads from the
+douche room to the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
+passage, and approached by doors from two of the divans, are the w.c.'s,
+&c., for the bathers' use. Provision for the supply of refreshments is
+made at the back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
+style.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.
+
+--PLAN-OF THE-SAVOY-TURKISH-BATHS--
+
+Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London.]
+
+In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium forms also the
+apodyterium. This arrangement is economical of space, and has been
+found, in practice, the most convenient for bathers; but there is much
+to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room, such as
+that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths. Erected from the designs of Mr.
+H. H. Bridgman, F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
+their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath. Entering from the
+street, a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the
+office. Adjoining this is an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of
+dressing-boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor of the
+upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads to the door of the
+tepidarium, at right angles to which is the calidarium. Adjoining the
+tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
+opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite exceptional
+dimensions. A staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious
+cooling room. This is lighted from the top, and contains a fireplace, a
+feature usually omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
+adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter. From this
+frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby.
+Thus he makes a complete round, and does not meet the incoming bathers
+on the staircase to the tepidarium.
+
+The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London are those of
+Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue (Fig. 2). They were designed by
+Mr. Robert Walker, F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
+baths, though, as at the old Pompeian _Balneae_, the former set are
+ungallantly cramped into a very small space. They occupy a corner site,
+and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle.
+In the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision for hats
+and coats. From the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is
+entered, after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar
+on the right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
+hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room. Off
+a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table.
+The staircase leads to the first floor--where are provided extra
+couches--and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor is
+practically a gallery. In the basement are three hot rooms, the
+tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles
+and rich faience. A heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.
+There are in this bath three shampooing rooms--an arrangement conducing
+greatly to privacy. A douche room and plunge bath are provided in the
+angle of the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
+laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's shop, and as
+store-rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.
+
+Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.]
+
+The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and are partly
+separated by an area. They are entered from the side street. On the
+ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room. Additional couches are
+provided on the first floor, where is also an attendants' room. In the
+basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms. A washing room,
+shower bath, and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
+rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other.
+Each, however, has its separate and distinct furnace. A passage formed
+by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers.
+
+In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cooling rooms, &c., are
+in the basement, and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement.
+
+Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an excellent example of a
+compactly-arranged double set of baths. The various apartments are
+designed one above the other on different floors, the area of the
+building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual, are the pay
+office and a combined cooling and dressing room, and an attendant's
+room. In the basement are the bath rooms, arranged _en suite_--first a
+shampooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very compact manner,
+the plunge and shower baths; next is the tepidarium; then the smaller
+second hot room; and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
+temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining this. The principle
+of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under
+the late Mr. Bartholomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin
+iron flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of heat
+directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are divided from one another
+by glazed wood partitions, as distinct from the solid walls dividing
+baths like the Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two methods of
+dividing the hot rooms, does not, however, concern us here. A staircase
+from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and
+third floors, where also are manager's and other private rooms.
+
+Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two classes, viz. those in
+which the various apartments are arranged _en suite_, and those
+irregularly planned. Where possible the former arrangement is
+preferable, as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air is
+facilitated. Fig. 11 is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged _en
+suite_; and the baths at Figs. 24 and 25, in Chapter VIII., are planned
+on this principle.
+
+As I have said above, where a basement and ground floor are available,
+and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building,
+the office, cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
+floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level, but with light
+and air above. If the site be an ordinary narrow-fronted town house,
+and the bath an unassuming one, the plan may be arranged after the
+manner of Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
+London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into
+the service of the bath. The basement and ground floors are devoted to
+the baths, the upper floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
+gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering the former,
+we find a space on the ground floor, fronting the street, serving as an
+office. Adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes, and further on a
+cooling room, excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
+end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a marble staircase
+leads to the door of the tepidarium, formed at basement level at the
+back of the houses. This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
+constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with stained-glass stars
+set therein. A marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber. On one
+side of the staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other, the
+combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door from the latter forming
+an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath. At one end of the
+shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle
+bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the
+furnace-chamber. A laundry is provided at the head of these stairs. The
+furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
+baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan. The gentlemen's
+baths are among the earliest erected in this country, and still form a
+most compact and convenient institution. They were designed by Mr.
+James Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths. The ceilings
+of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.
+
+Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.]
+
+The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of
+private individuals or companies. The number of baths provided in this
+country under Act of Parliament or by civic corporations is so small,
+and their size and design so insignificant, that it would be waste of
+space to describe them here. They are unworthy of the nation. One of the
+best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public
+bath-house recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The fine
+new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major Davis, the city
+architect, do not include a Turkish bath. It must be admitted that some
+slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to
+bath-building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may possibly
+see a great advance in this direction. That this may indeed be so should
+be our sincere hope, since the lack of fine public baths is a standing
+disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.
+
+In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of
+the Turkish bath, many excellent baths having been built in the more
+complete bath-houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are to
+be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and Bremen, the latter
+planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of
+bath rooms. The plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this
+country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is handsomely planned, and
+has a spacious frigidarium. It is placed in a building comprising
+ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian
+bath. In many of the hydropathic establishments (_Kurbaeder_) of Germany,
+will be found excellent Turkish baths. A sumptuous double set of bath
+rooms is provided in the _Friedrichsbad_ in Baden-Baden, which was
+erected at a cost of about 100,000_l._ The Turkish baths are placed on
+the ground floor, and in other floors are provided baths of every kind.
+Each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish baths
+comprises undressing room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
+shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath, and a separate
+chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and
+hot rooms of the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms is
+placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and adjoining, the
+_Wildbad_--a deep, full bath of warm mineral water.
+
+One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected, in modern times, is
+that on the Praterstern, at Vienna, which cost, in round numbers,
+125,000_l._ The building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
+Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those taking a
+course of baths. The whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous
+scale. The cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
+35.3 metres long, and 10.5 broad. There are both warm and cold plunge
+baths, besides a fine circular _piscina_, in a circular domed chamber.
+Similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
+plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the building internally is
+resplendent with tiles, marble, and ornamental woodwork.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE BATH.
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary
+apartments of a Turkish bath. Such adjuncts as the entrance hall and
+vestibule, the pay office, refreshment department, laundry and
+drying-rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other minor
+provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring little or no
+detailed explanation. Sufficient has already been said about them to
+enable the architect, assisted by the drawings given, to design them
+with convenience and economy. The features peculiar to the bath are
+those requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of the hot
+rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms that the success or
+non-success of a new bathing establishment depends, and too much study
+cannot be given to these apartments.
+
+
+THE SUDORIFIC CHAMBERS.
+
+These are now generally required in a suite of three--"first, second,
+and third hot." The first is the tepidarium, and must be by far the
+largest of the three, since in it the greater number of bathers will
+assemble at one time. The last must be the hottest room--the
+laconicum--and need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use
+it, and that, generally, for a very short time. The second hot room
+should be about midway, in size and temperature, between the first and
+the third. Of a given area allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to
+two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
+one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering that it is well
+to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium. Of the
+space allowed for the smaller rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be
+given to the hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-room,
+or calidarium.
+
+The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly bath rooms, and
+must be treated as such; that is to say, the whole of the floors, walls,
+ceilings, partitions, and fittings, must be capable of being frequently
+cleansed with water. The choice of materials to be employed for lining
+the walls, &c., is therefore limited. And in two ways. For not only must
+they be of this washable nature, but they must be of a character to
+resist the influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of
+glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed and
+fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faience, and pottery
+generally, are now so extensively manufactured that there is little
+excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once
+washable and unaffected by high temperatures. Still, in baths where
+rigid economy must be studied, and lowness of cost is the great object,
+_plaster_ may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms, and in its way
+will answer admirably, and be fairly washable. It has even one
+advantage--it does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
+bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly glazed surface the
+walls become burning hot, and need lining with a dado of felt or other
+non-conducting substance. And since this latter method overcomes the
+objection named, the best possible material for lining the walls is
+glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration is desired, they may be
+lined with marbles and faience. With a judicious selection of colours,
+however, a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
+simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.
+
+The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile
+pavement over concrete. A slight roughness is very agreeable to the
+feet. Glazed tiles are inadmissible, as they become too hot for the
+naked feet; and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
+rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths, marble, and marble
+mosaics may be used, but the surface must not be too smooth. In
+providing floorings, the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
+liable to become slippery to the tread.
+
+Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is reliable, may be of 6
+in. of concrete, with mosaics or tiles laid in cement. The benches for
+reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
+risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs with rounded
+nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.
+
+The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which, when there are
+other apartments above, _must_ be provided over the hot rooms, may be of
+plaster. But the heat at the ceiling level is very great, and the
+plaster here rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
+anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of
+uncleanliness is nauseating. If employed (and this remark also applies
+to plaster on walls), it should be used in the simplest manner possible,
+without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface. Enamelled iron
+may be used, with effect, for ceilings. The little laconicum is best
+covered with a flat vault, the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the
+springing being brought down below the main ceiling level.
+
+Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also
+heat-proof. The main point is to have a sufficient thickness of
+concrete, and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein.
+Ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
+space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of
+slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists. The sawdust
+should be filled up to the top of the joists; over this a layer of thick
+felt, and the boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift when
+compared with a solid floor of concrete.
+
+When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open, they may be
+top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof
+construction. A sufficient air space, however, must be provided between
+the ceiling and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat--a remark that
+applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium. It
+must be double, or look into an area covered with pavement lights. In
+the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
+skylight.
+
+Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground, consideration
+must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation. This may
+be effected by providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
+usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air.
+
+Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent
+source of trouble to the builder of a Turkish bath, but is always the
+result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
+evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room,
+shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick
+concrete floor above, and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and
+completely insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
+apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be
+prevented from being transmitted, they may be rendered heat-proof by
+building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot.
+
+Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of
+the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious. To keep
+the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &c., should be the
+great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered quite repulsive by
+what I may perhaps term the "sudorific smell" that assails the nostrils
+of the visitor entering the vestibule.
+
+The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the
+various rooms, either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed
+partitions; or again, they may be formed by a combination of solid
+brickwork and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms must be of
+brickwork, iron columns being inadmissible. Masonry, too, must be
+discarded throughout, or used with caution. Some stones--such as red
+Mansfield--become black with exposure to the heat, and others fare still
+worse. The employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded
+against throughout this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered
+that effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly the germs
+of disease, are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers,
+and must be prevented from finding a lodgment.
+
+The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from
+essential oils. Mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose, and so,
+also, is teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal, when
+employed, should be perfectly seasoned, and may then give trouble from
+the exudation of turpentine.
+
+The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be so placed as to govern
+the flow of hot air. So long as the main divisions be planned with this
+end in view, the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
+architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the heated air from the
+inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered
+with by recesses, nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
+current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical advantage
+possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are _en suite_, and in a line
+with one axis. For here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the
+different chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in
+recesses far out of the main stream.
+
+The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty. They should not
+be hung with doors, as anything necessary in this way will be amply
+supplied by depending curtains.
+
+_Glazing_ in the hot rooms requires care. The glass will expand
+considerably with the heat, and, what is more, if the furnace fire die
+out rapidly at any time, will contract and fracture. This difficulty,
+however, is the result of bad management, and does not concern the
+architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper fixing. Even
+moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois
+leather with screwed beading, _putty_ being wholly inadmissible. The
+sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass will
+be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior qualities, where
+homogeneity of texture is wanting, will crack and split in all
+directions. Lead glazing should be altogether discarded.
+
+No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary, as they must, when
+in use, be kept free from moisture. The floor may, however, if thought
+desirable, be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
+swept when cleansing--viz. towards the lavatorium.
+
+As the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one
+approaching to the horizontal, a bath cannot be considered complete
+unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These
+should run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being formed
+of brickwork--glazed, faced with tiles, or plastered--and white marble
+slabs set thereon. These slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must
+be of the ordinary seat height--not lower. In the risers must be
+provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" ventilator gratings, the
+vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way
+designed, which may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
+into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building.
+
+The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly
+different temperatures, it follows that an arrangement might be designed
+whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
+ascending, the bather could select any temperature he might choose. Such
+an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient Romans,
+and has been tried in modern institutions; but it should be avoided. The
+expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the
+bathers _fall_, and it therefore follows that all below the first tier
+would be breathing air polluted by those above them. The system,
+therefore, stands condemned.
+
+As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty, or
+they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan, be heated with due economy.
+The vastness of the old Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable
+under this system; but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and
+the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better to have a
+comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air
+passing through it, than a lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to
+15 or 16 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public
+bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber
+be placed under it; for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few
+feet, so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
+of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct the furnace
+chamber.
+
+This latter, which I have more particularly described and illustrated in
+the chapter on heating and ventilation, should, if the system adopted be
+on the ordinary hot-air principle, be so placed that an abundant supply
+of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which, when
+heated, can be delivered into the hottest room above, not less than 5
+ft. from the level of the floor of that chamber, and, also, where a
+smoke flue of ample section can be constructed. The heated air may be
+delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum, or a shaft
+of glazed brickwork, of rectangular section, may be constructed against
+the end wall and coped at the required level--5 ft. or more above the
+floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace
+chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room, the heated air
+must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large
+shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have to be
+employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber, and at the mouth
+of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before
+it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.
+
+Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be
+carried from point to point on rolled iron joists having tooled York
+slabs set thereon, the flues being constructed of 4-1/2 in. brickwork
+with glazed face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
+Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective cleansing, by means
+of iron air-tight doors.
+
+
+THE LAVATORIUM AND SHAMPOOING ROOM.
+
+The lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention. In
+elaborate baths they may, for the sake of effect, be distinct
+apartments, while, where strict economy must be studied, they may be
+comprised in one room; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
+the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If the first
+arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room must be connected with the
+tepidarium, and the lavatorium placed next. Where the combination
+apartment is used, it will take the position of the shampooing room.
+Practically, the combination arrangement is the best. It is putting the
+bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from
+one apartment to another during the washing process.
+
+The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one
+of the following ways, according to the pretensions and requirements of
+the establishment:--(1) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche room,
+and a plunge bath chamber; (2) a combined shampooing and washing room,
+and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber; (3) several small
+combined shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a plunge bath
+chamber; (4) an apartment comprising shampooing slabs, washing basins,
+douche, &c., and a plunge bath.
+
+A single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to
+the designer. The chief object to be borne in mind is that the
+shampooers require "elbow-room," and their patient in a convenient
+position to allow of their practising their art. As this is no light
+task--if properly performed--it becomes of urgent moment that the
+apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific
+chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no shampooer can work well for a
+prolonged period, and, moreover, pure air is as necessary for the
+bathers when in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.
+
+The shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those
+in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft. is an ample provision, since the
+shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as
+possible. The benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those
+before described. They must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer
+has ample room, whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly
+wasted. The benches must be topped with white marble slabs. They may run
+round the wall, or be placed at right angles to them; or, again, if
+found more convenient, they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
+ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be
+provided. The vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level, as the
+temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired
+air.
+
+Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may be substituted for
+those of a permanent type; but the plan has nothing to recommend it
+except lowness of cost.
+
+The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing
+room, as here the bathers will not recline, but sit or stand before
+washing-basins, to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water,
+and branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins--which may be
+of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded--should be
+large and capacious. Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
+"Appliances."
+
+In a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be
+required together. The basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble
+slabs, or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst arranging
+the position of the benches with regard to the room, and the basins with
+regard to the benches, it will be as well to remember the postures that
+the bather assumes whilst being shampooed--viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd, on
+the back; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed with respect to the
+slab that the shampooer may, without altering his position, take water
+from the basin with his handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A
+shampooer cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
+and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at right angles to
+the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space
+between the two benches. Where the room is long and a row of benches are
+placed at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each their
+separate space to work in. Each one can then manage in 4 ft., and the
+slabs can be set out 6 ft. from centre to centre. Where the long sides
+of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the
+slabs, there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In the
+case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins are best placed
+between the slabs.
+
+It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the
+washing room, behind which the entering bather may, if he chooses, have
+a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.
+
+In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by
+means of partitions of sufficient height, which may be of wood and
+obscure glass. In this way any shampooing room may be rendered more
+private. Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the
+benches.
+
+The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may, so
+long as there be a dado of glazed ware, be lined in the same way as the
+hot rooms. But as regards flooring, still more care is required to
+prevent slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully spilt
+around, renders this precaution needful. Moreover, provision must be
+made for drainage.
+
+The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple tiles. Marble is too
+slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible. Marble mosaics,
+roughly set, may be employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must
+be determined by the position of the gullies.
+
+The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration.
+In a place where the occupants are, literally, _breathing at every
+pore_, it is obvious that too much care cannot be taken to prevent all
+possible odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious
+sewer gases. The traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the
+best possible design and material, and proof against the evil known as
+"siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the
+ventilators in the walls, at the floor level, as then a current of air
+sweeps over them and up the extraction flues. It is not always that an
+opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage;
+where the bath rooms are above ground, however, this should be done if
+practicable. Where possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
+under the basement floor. In this the whole of the pipes can be
+placed--the soil-pipes, the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes, &c., and
+access gained to them by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be
+effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The culvert itself
+could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue. This is
+all costly; but the builder of a Turkish bath will do well to be
+prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
+the establishment, and in the end, when the public have appreciated the
+attention bestowed, he will thank his architect for having impressed
+upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure.
+
+
+THE DOUCHE ROOM.
+
+The douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium, and
+fitted with a circular needle bath with shower or douche above, and any
+other kind of spray bath that may be required. It should not be a dark,
+cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also because a corner is
+admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath,
+it is better, often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But of
+these additions I shall have much to say anon, as one of the most
+important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings.
+Needle baths will be found indicated, on the plans given in these pages,
+by an incompleted circle.
+
+
+THE PLUNGE BATH.
+
+Though, according to medical authorities, this does not form a
+_necessary_ appendage to the hot-air bath, it is yet a feature that
+_must_ be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments.
+Ever since, and long before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother
+Quintus, "Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
+offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample
+plunge. But although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to
+take a dive, and for an expert to take a true "header," it is a vast
+mistake to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out of all
+proportion with the other features of the establishment. One does not
+look for such an adjunct: it is a great expense to keep up, requires a
+lot of space, and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
+purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim
+without touching the sides with his hands, and to dive along under
+water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he
+rises to the surface. Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft.
+in length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it may be as
+narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter; but in such a bath one can
+only flounder about, and healthy bathers will go elsewhere.
+
+In deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be
+strongly guarded against, and that is, that it be not stowed away in a
+damp, cold-looking, cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very
+well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water; but from every
+other point of view it is highly objectionable. The wise man will bring
+his bath forward into the lightest possible position, where its clear,
+limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling. For preference,
+it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally, _en route_
+to the frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, previously
+illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is convenient to place the
+bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium; but, to
+most persons, the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition
+and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge. If placed within the
+frigidarium, and approached by a door from the lavatorium, some sort of
+a screen should be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
+appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants of the
+cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.
+
+The demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect
+of a Turkish bath. If the bather, on leaving the plunge bath, finds
+himself in the frigidarium, he must ascend the steps under hanging
+towels. The arrangement that will be found the most convenient--a direct
+importation from the East--is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling, and
+from this hang cords attached to towels. The hoop can be swung by an
+attendant over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry himself
+and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch.
+
+Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber, in the
+lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium, its construction will remain
+essentially the same. If not in shape and size, in other respects it is
+a small swimming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must be
+remembered. A good foundation must be prepared for the bath, with a
+thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering
+the whole floor. The side walls should be built of concrete and lined
+with white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for the bath
+may be puddled with advantage, but if properly constructed, this should
+be unnecessary. The bottom of the bath need not be flat, as the most
+economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest
+part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather
+enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth from bottom to
+water-line. From this point the floor will slope towards either end,
+gradually towards the entering end, and more rapidly towards the exit.
+At either end, where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
+provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be not more than 6
+ft. wide, these should occupy the whole width, and be of marble or slabs
+of some cheaper material on brick bearers, or they may be built solid.
+A coping of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the
+side walls; and, if the bath be in the cooling room, this may
+advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing. On
+the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A
+water-supply pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe will
+be needed, all of which I have more particularly specified hereinafter.
+
+The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties--it may leak,
+and it may be below the level of drain. The first evil is the result of
+an error in design, or of bad workmanship; the latter is unavoidable.
+The following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with
+perfect success:--On the bed of concrete prepared for its floor, erect
+side walls of concrete, and on the floors and walls thus formed spread
+two distinct layers of asphalt, covering all and running up to the
+underside of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in cement,
+with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat. The general
+principles of this construction I show in the accompanying illustration.
+
+Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be done is to drain
+out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a "sump"
+provided in a suitable position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a
+few feet, the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept above the
+drain level; but steps must then be placed between it and the
+washing-room, and steps in such places are dangerous, being very liable
+to become slippery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.]
+
+[Illustration: A Plunge Bath.]
+
+
+THE FRIGIDARIUM OR COOLING ROOM, AND DRESSING ACCOMMODATION FOR BATHERS.
+
+Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in
+one of the following ways:--1. A separate frigidarium and distinct
+dressing room, arranged (_a_) in direct communication with one another,
+or (_b_) connected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room;--2. A combination
+apartment arranged (_a_) with dressing-boxes around the walls, and
+couches in the centre, or _vice versa_; (_b_) with Oriental divans;
+(_c_) with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood
+screens; (_d_) with a few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a
+few lounges, and easy cushioned chairs; and (_e_) as a simple room with
+couches placed therein, by the side of which the bather will undress,
+and on which he will recline after his bath.
+
+The first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to
+unpretentious establishments, where, however, it is wished to employ
+separate rooms; the second (1, _b_) is only suitable for elaborate baths
+of the highest class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and with
+practical results. Of the combination arrangements (_a_) has little to
+recommend it; (_b_) is expensive and extravagant of space, though it may
+be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable;
+(_c_) is suitable for ladies' baths; (_d_) is very practicable, and
+gives the apartment a pleasant, homely look; and (_e_) is best for cheap
+baths, being the simplest arrangement possible, wholly unsuited,
+however, to establishments of any pretension.
+
+If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is nothing more than a
+spacious, cheerful apartment, designed with a view to the reception of
+couches, and the usual accessories designed in connection with it--the
+refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon. If this separate
+cooling room be provided, a distinct apodyterium, with little
+dressing-boxes, must be designed. If the bath be small and easily
+managed, curtains may be employed to screen those undressing; but if it
+be a large establishment, with a number of bathers constantly dressing
+and undressing, doors must be provided, and these must be under lock and
+key in charge of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with a
+seat, rack, and shelf; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables, and
+lavatories for general use must be placed in the room, which must be
+designed in direct connection with the frigidarium.
+
+This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly ventilated, the
+vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level, since the
+temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary
+one--_over_ that of the exterior air when the weather is cold, and
+_under_ when it is at all hot.
+
+Where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin, the
+means of communication should be carefully studied, so that it may be
+free from cross draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified
+and room-like--not a mere passage. It may have the air of an ante-room,
+but must not be crossed by entering bathers who have not divested
+themselves of their boots or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided,
+having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.
+
+In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate
+cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems
+to have found favour latterly.
+
+Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the
+combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is
+certainly not pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
+cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must return to couches
+whereon previous bathers may, as likely as not, have, however
+temporarily, deposited more or less of their underclothing or
+superimposed raiment. But economy of construction is nowadays a question
+that must be considered at every step, and the combination apartment
+saves both space and materials, and is also economical as regards
+attendance. Moreover, it must be confessed that a cooling room provided
+with elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses and
+undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable
+and convenient. The dressing-boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are
+not conducive to the general sense of comfort.
+
+In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is
+necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be
+furnished--viz. which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted.
+This is much a matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
+the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often well to provide
+a cooling room of what may be called the "picturesque" order, or the
+reverse of stiff formality. By this I mean such an arrangement as 2,
+_d_. The bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in
+the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair. With a handsome plunge
+bath and a pretty little fountain, such rooms may be rendered very
+attractive.
+
+Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat, be carefully thought
+out previously, and not left as an afterthought. The size of the
+reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature. This should
+be 6 ft. 6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft., according as
+luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this must be considered
+the space allowed for each bather to dress in, and also the routes for
+bathers and attendants. Four feet between the couches is a sufficient
+space where couches are screened off in pairs.
+
+Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. _Two pairs_ of couches
+screened off with only a small space between of 4 ft. or so is an
+objectional arrangement. It is difficult to explain why this is so; but
+the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
+will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four couches must
+expand into a spacious divan.
+
+At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging couches in the
+frigidarium. A shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of; B is the
+comfortable, spacious divan; C the method of placing couches in pairs;
+and D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.
+
+The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a bath where cost is
+subordinate to excellence, a parquetry floor may be provided, and mats
+employed, as cleaner than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
+treated in any manner that may be chosen--plastered, papered, or
+decorated with colour.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.
+
+Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.]
+
+Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium
+so long as it fulfils the essential points--i.e. that it be spacious,
+capable of easy and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
+and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than
+in any other apartment, and no pains should be spared to render it
+healthy, comfortable, and attractive. The hygienic points to be attended
+to are, that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
+effective withdrawal of vitiated air; for the _cold-air bath_ in the
+cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as the bath of hot air.
+The freshness of the air is of equally vital importance, as much of the
+_invigorating_ effect of the bath--that effect which to the minds of the
+uninformed is _weakening_--results from submitting the heated skin to
+volumes of cold air.[2] In arranging any screens or screen walls in the
+cooling room, therefore, regard must be had to the method of
+ventilation, that there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
+of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its
+position. In most cases the air is best admitted through the windows,
+fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top, and extracted by a
+powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level. In some positions
+extraction flues will have to be built, and, in others, flues of large
+area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
+certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without
+the aid of a powerful blowing fan-wheel driven by a motor of some sort,
+and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not so
+much matter so long as the end be gained, and an ample supply of cool
+air obtained. A warm, close "cooling room" is worse than useless. In
+such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration, and lie
+perspiring for hours, and become greatly weakened thereby, with a good
+chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment.
+
+Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently _warm_ in all weathers if
+they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments; but in the
+height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
+simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air itself must be
+cooled, either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in
+inlet tubes, or through a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases,
+however, is it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to the
+teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice that the proper
+temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different
+states of the weather, and should not remain constant all the year
+round.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Not _draughts_. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note,
+would walk in the open air after the bath; and both the _Frigidarium_ of
+the Romans and the _Mustaby_ of the Turks were, and are, open to the
+heavens.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HEATING AND VENTILATION.
+
+
+Of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with
+the Turkish bath, all sink into insignificance by the side of that of
+the _heating_ and the _nature of the heat_ supplied in the sudatory
+chambers. Other things being equal, it is, after all, the _heating_ that
+distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence. The
+heating of the "bath" is the Alpha and Omega of the whole matter.
+
+There are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body--by direct
+radiation, as from the sun or an open fire; and by convection, as
+through a volume of air.
+
+The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them which rested upon
+_pilae_, or little pillars of brick or tile, around which the flames and
+hot gases from the furnace played, and surrounded by heated, hollow
+walls, evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
+have been of a purely radiating character.
+
+So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who employ flues running
+beneath the floors, and the Moors, who adopt stoves visible to the
+bathers.
+
+Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which
+is transmitted to the body through the medium of the air. Its virtues
+have been extolled by David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on
+the bath. "There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart, "between radiating
+and transmitted caloric.... I cannot pretend to treat of this great
+secret of nature; to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
+can say, that such heat is more endurable than common heat. There is a
+liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks. You are conscious of
+an electrical action. It is to transmitted heat what champagne is to
+flat beer.... Let us drop, if you please, the word 'bath': it is 'heat.'
+Let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air': it is the application of heat
+to the human frame." Elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the
+terms _thermae_, _sejac_, and _hammam_--the names given to the bath by
+the Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper--mean _heat_, and not "hot-air"
+or "hot-air bath."
+
+My own studies, observations, and experience lead me to the conclusion
+that the direction in which we shall improve the "Turkish bath" will be
+in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant
+heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible
+of a degree of heat, while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool
+air--air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been
+suddenly raised to an enormous temperature, but which has received its
+heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming. Under this system the
+heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or
+the biting eastern winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
+employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been removed and
+all fumes and odours have disappeared, we shall note the soft and balmy
+nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting.
+We are, to all practical intents and purposes, _in a Roman laconicum_.
+The thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing
+of the bricks or other articles. They have absorbed vast quantities of
+heat, and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to
+ourselves standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were charged
+with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of
+the laconicum, and covered with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases
+the nature of the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
+all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the
+worst type of _hot-air_ baths; no unpleasant fulness or aching of the
+head; and no panting or palpitating. Such is the "bath" of pure radiant
+heat, a thing totally distinct from, and altogether of a different genus
+to, the bath of heated air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
+which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this
+kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can
+be expected, and possibly that not until this great or
+partial--according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in
+existing baths--revolution has been effected, will the bath, at present
+used by the few, become the custom of the many. Some day, peradventure,
+this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered
+possible and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where we shall
+receive great heat whilst breathing a comparatively cool atmosphere,
+and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience
+when, in some sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to the
+fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh, cool,
+ozone-laden air.
+
+Till modern invention, however, has provided us with this desideratum in
+the heating of the bath, we must be satisfied with existing methods. And
+unless something really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely
+upon the system of heating by convection through the air--the principle,
+generally adopted, of continuously passing large quantities of
+freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers; exposing, however, the
+heating apparatus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained;
+and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its
+temperature. If only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this
+principle, one would have little cause for complaint, and might the more
+leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of
+heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our
+hopes for the future of the "Turkish" bath.
+
+For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of heating and
+ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained. This I shall
+now do, and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of
+heating and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of the heating
+surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into
+the hot-rooms.
+
+The necessary appliances, and arrangements for the heating and
+ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air principle comprise a
+furnace in its chamber, with flues or shafts supplying cold, and drawing
+off the heated air, and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing
+coke, &c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped, and the life
+of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant. Its design is a
+simple matter, and perhaps for this reason neglected. The arrangement
+and construction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the selection
+of a stove or furnace great judgment. As regards the latter feature, the
+most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or
+radiating surfaces. What will raise the air to the required temperature,
+without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising
+elements, and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from
+leakage, or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material
+employed in its construction?
+
+There is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary
+firebrick. From this material a soft heat is given off, differing in
+quality from that obtained from iron. An iron furnace, however, requires
+less thought in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
+economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an iron radiating
+surface, have been largely adopted in the past, in spite of the
+objection that, when super-heated, particles of metal are thrown into
+the air of the hot rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
+the public; but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary
+requirements, there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling
+the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a
+Turkish bath.
+
+These conditions may be summarised as follows:--
+
+1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of grate space.
+
+2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the
+hot-air chamber or conduit.
+
+3. Freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air.
+
+4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the
+heating surfaces.
+
+Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer
+of furnaces for the Turkish bath. Their importance must be obvious to
+all.
+
+Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's "Convoluted" stove has
+been adopted the most frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for
+the effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The appearance of this
+stove is familiar to all architects, and it will be unnecessary, in
+these pages, to minutely describe its construction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.
+
+View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away to
+show the "Convoluted" Stove.]
+
+The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath
+is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The excavations for stokery and heating
+chamber being completed, and the position of the furnace determined a
+solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon which the brickwork
+to support the stove must be laid. At the same time, the foundations for
+walls of furnace chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for
+the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared. These latter
+must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face, and the
+furnace inclosed in similar work, as shown in perspective sketch. The
+flues must be covered with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within
+three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
+the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back one similarly,
+and the front one round the four projecting doors, which are,
+respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire door, and two doors for
+cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions. The
+furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of
+iron smoke flue, and then--if, as shown, the furnace be small--covered
+with a 4-in. York slab in one piece. If the furnace be large, a flat
+brick arch must form the covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch
+supports the flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the admission
+of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be
+either directly above, as shown in the last-named illustration, or in
+the side, as in Fig. 6, with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more
+economical, in heating on the principle now under consideration, to
+place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms; but if desirable to
+place both on one level, the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes
+the party wall of the laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the
+ceiling, and the air debouched over it.
+
+In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock
+brickwork; but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones. All hot
+and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In
+first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be
+of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes must be provided for
+cleaning when necessary. Every portion of furnace chamber, flues,
+shafts, and conduits for hot and cold air must be "get-at-able" either
+by means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors must be
+indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them.
+
+The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue,
+and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed.
+The walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than 4-1/2 in.
+thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.
+
+An Air Filter.]
+
+The cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be
+conducted to their respective inlets. If possible, at least two inlets
+should be provided, facing different ways: this with regard to the
+possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
+enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows, and, in cities,
+furnished with a solid frame and casement, fitted with louvres of plate
+glass with polished edges. Between the rebate and the casement it is a
+good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
+stretcher-frame holding several layers of "cheese-cloth" to filter the
+air. The construction of such an air filter is shown at Fig. 7. The
+glass louvres keep out the wet, and throw off coarse particles of
+falling soot; and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
+cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones--a very important point,
+though little heeded, if not, perhaps, wholly ignored.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.
+
+Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the ordinary
+Hot-air Principle.]
+
+The position of air intake is a matter of great importance, especially
+in large towns. It evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the
+bottom of an area. Even the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good: the
+shaft should be carried higher. The best places for the intakes are
+where there is always a current of pure air blowing, and away from smoky
+chimneys. Theoretically, it would seem that the higher the level of
+intake the better; but in cities, by going high we get among the
+belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stagnation below. Moreover,
+a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft
+might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath,
+and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
+"lobster-back" automatically turning _towards_ the wind, would in many
+cases prevent such a disastrous result. Even in low-level intakes, as I
+have said, trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
+remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only the one facing
+the current of air will be employed, the other being closed, which could
+be effected by fixing the glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and
+connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
+simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the
+louvres.
+
+The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most
+careful study, and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath
+must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
+Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is
+perhaps a bad job: the site only admits of ventilation at a back area,
+it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else, and the fresh air
+must be drawn from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling and
+dressing rooms; the bath rooms are in the basement and the furnace in a
+sub-basement, reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the
+bather. Two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault; three air-inlets are
+provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues, two in
+number, which, above, could join one another. Let us follow the air in
+its passage through the bath. Entering at the intakes, any coarse
+impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of
+finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
+cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible impurities, the air
+passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it
+reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls, along
+which it is rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and heating
+surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces, absorbs the
+radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft
+constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves.
+
+Questions of temperature I will omit for the present. The air, on
+passing through the laconicum, will be practically pure, as it is in
+such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this
+highly-heated chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
+provide ventilators. These should commence in the calidarium, and
+should, in the scheme of ventilation here considered, be so disposed
+that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room, the more
+frequent will they become. The object of this disposition of outlets for
+vitiated air is, that the cross currents thus created may not interfere
+with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium. Were too
+many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium,
+this stream would be diverted. Too much of the freshly-heated air would
+flow out at these points, and the onward movement of the air would be
+enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature
+in the tepidarium and lavatorium.
+
+In passing onward through the various rooms, two changes are wrought in
+the air: it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for
+every foot it travels, and it becomes laden with the exhalations from
+the lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown
+into the air, and as the normal temperature of the human body remains,
+in a healthy person, at about 98 deg. Fahr., and rises but a few points even
+when submitted to the action of heat, these exhalations, in addition to
+being heavier than air, are very much below the average temperature of a
+sudatory chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted at the
+floor level.
+
+The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to
+the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh, hot
+air from the heating chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5
+superficial feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in. by 3
+in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms, say 4 in
+the calidarium, 7 in the tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing
+room and lavatorium.
+
+In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is the space
+comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms.
+At the end of the laconicum they enter flues, which I have shown as
+running side by side with the smoke flues.
+
+Other methods of heating the air, besides those mentioned, include coils
+of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber--a principle that has been
+frequently adopted in the past--and plain cylindrical iron radiating
+stoves, such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.
+
+Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.]
+
+In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created by the large
+number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning. An exposed stove
+in a hot room, has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
+the air in the bath, which should never on any account be done.
+
+If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace similar to the one
+shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and after an additional few feet of
+brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much
+as the flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be
+provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with
+expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in
+keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces
+on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
+radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess this advantage
+over a mere stove, that they warm the air more gradually. The furnace
+should be built adjoining the laconicum, the partition wall being of
+4-1/2-inch glazed brickwork, having a large number of small openings
+made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the
+fireclay heating apparatus. Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should
+be placed, turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
+half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue. The furnace
+itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed that its utmost heating
+power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air, which
+should pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
+partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue, if of wrought
+iron, should be rectangular in section, but if of cast-iron it should be
+round.
+
+The most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small,
+inexpensive, and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common
+laundry stove, with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the
+apartment. This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
+temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.
+
+A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.]
+
+To turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick, at
+Fig. 10 I have given the plan, elevation, and sections of a fireclay
+heating apparatus. It is constructed wholly of fireclay--fireclay
+bricks, quarries, and cement. In the main it consists of a long flue of
+firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and forwards over itself
+till the desired amount of radiating surface is gained. Between the
+coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing
+over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the air passing
+through by means of perforated bricks. The illustration shows a simple
+furnace; but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by
+providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues
+and air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat a small
+public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a compound apparatus could be
+constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one
+on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the lower one
+hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other, end to
+end, or might form the _sides_ of the laconicum; the last plan, however,
+being the least to be recommended, as in such positions they would not
+directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms.
+
+The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies
+radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind, besides a proportion of heated
+air, and from a fireclay surface, the employment of which renders it
+absolutely impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
+deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal.
+Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous
+attention than an iron stove. Its disadvantage is that, should the
+temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some
+time for the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, however, as fires
+at public baths must be kept banked up overnight, this is not a matter
+of importance. It is this very slowness of increase in temperature that
+constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
+which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so many baths. The
+difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature
+relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous
+fumes and carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the construction
+of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger, as the
+chances are that, unless the architect stands by and sees every joint
+made, the work will be done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must
+be employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must be literally of
+the very best and soundest description. Every single joint must be
+perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &c.,
+must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in
+the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness. Homogeneity of
+material must be obtained, having regard to expansion and contraction.
+The same material used for the bricks, &c., worked into a paste, must be
+employed for the joints.
+
+The design for a furnace on the principle shown at Fig. 10 must be
+prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating
+and cooling. Should this warning be disregarded, fractures will result.
+It will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block of flues
+and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any expansion, the
+connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe,
+which, being provided in considerable length before passing through the
+party-wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature permits any
+slight movement in a vertical direction. If an "expansion" joint were
+provided, there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed
+direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery. So
+much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with
+asbestos or some composition, or the heating will not be wholly by
+firebrick. The junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a
+cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
+the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces
+are fitted to retorts.
+
+This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum, but if thought
+desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks--9 in. and
+miss 4-1/2 in. The 4-1/2 by 3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond
+patterns. This screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of
+radiant heat.
+
+The first flue past the actual furnace--shown with ordinary dead-plate,
+raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door, and ashpit door for regulating
+draught--has walls 4-1/2 in. thick; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide;
+but in a larger apparatus, 9 in. and 4-1/2 in. respectively would be
+required. The quarries between flues and air spaces are 24 in. by 24 in.
+by 3 in., with rebated joints. Larger covers would be more liable to
+crack at any provocation.
+
+In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-heating may be
+employed, if found, as in many cases it would be, convenient and
+economical. The chief disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish
+baths, is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a pipe in
+the heating coil, which, by immediately filling the highly-heated
+atmosphere with vapour, might prove most disastrous to the occupants of
+the hot rooms, who would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the
+principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent
+Turkish baths in Germany.
+
+If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan, as in
+heating by means of furnaces. In the first method the fresh air is
+introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes, and passes
+thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
+heated by a stove. In the second method, steam radiators--compact
+batteries of pipes--must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh
+air being introduced over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
+the "small bore" type, about 5/8 inch internal diameter, and of wrought
+iron or copper. In order to ensure as far as possible against the danger
+of explosion, the system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by
+severe hydraulic pressure.
+
+It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease and economy, to be
+able to warm a building, drive machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian
+baths from one boiler, which can readily be done, very ordinary
+pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the
+requisite temperature. But the nature of the heating accomplished by
+means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
+surfaces of firebrick.
+
+The average temperatures of a public bath should range from about 110 deg.
+in the shampooing rooms to 250 deg.-260 deg. in the hottest part of the
+laconicum, taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6
+in. above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated air and its
+point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms, the bather should be
+able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him, and as
+many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to
+themselves, it shows attention to the _habitues_ of the bath, if the hot
+rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures
+throughout the year. This may be 110 deg.-120 deg. in the shampooing rooms, 140 deg.
+in the tepidarium, 180 deg. in the calidarium, and 250 deg. in the laconicum.
+These must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at 6
+ft. 6 in. above the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures
+are comfortable, but in a foul one they become insupportable.
+
+In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air, there
+will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say 4
+ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where
+the air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference. And here we
+may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection; for
+while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in
+comparatively cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
+reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its entirety, as
+where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so
+marked. And here, too, we may note the admirable nature of the Roman
+system of heating, where the floors radiated the majority of the heat,
+and the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under the ancient
+system must have entered through the cooler rooms, and being drawn
+towards the _calidarium_ found its exit through the ceilings, at times
+by way of the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus the ancient
+bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in
+the modern hot-air bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in
+a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body.
+
+The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the
+furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform
+heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove
+should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature
+should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the
+floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod
+adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures.
+
+The heating power of furnaces must be studied. Having calculated the
+cubical contents of the rooms to be heated, and given the heating power
+of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or
+superficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary size.
+
+Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to show the heating power
+of the "Convoluted" stove. The figures give the requisite size of stove
+to raise the air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
+before, and with ordinary firing.
+
+  Weight of    Sq. ft. of        Area capable
+   metal.    heating surface.     of heating.
+    ---            ---                ---
+    cwt.         sq. ft.           cub. ft.
+
+     14             35                                               500
+     20             55                1,200
+     22             69                2,000
+     34            119                3,500
+     36            139                5,000
+     45            180                8,000
+     50            231               12,000
+     56            296               16,000
+
+When different kinds of heating apparatus are employed, their heating
+power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into, or it
+may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process
+of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a
+larger one. This point is worth attention. Such mistakes are not
+unfrequently made.
+
+As regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms, an
+allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum, if
+purity of atmosphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance of
+perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated, as not only has
+the respired air from the lungs to be removed, but also the deleterious
+exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration.
+
+The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute should not, if
+properly distributed, cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot
+rooms; for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
+a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold. The main thing
+to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the
+cold inlet be ample, and the passage from this intake to the point
+where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and
+unobstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided
+for the extraction of the foul air. With large horizontal flues, and a
+capacious and tall shaft, the so-called natural system of ventilation
+will be as effective as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
+gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the
+whole height. In many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed
+with the greatest benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of
+a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms, and
+running so as to exhaust, would do away with all the objectionable
+odours and nastiness of many baths.
+
+The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the
+difference between a good bath and a bad one, which latter is infinitely
+worse than no bath at all. There exist, at the present time, scores of
+baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating. Such
+foulness arises from stagnation of the air. There is no continuous flow,
+and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A
+system of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the wrong
+principle, and does not act. There is no change of air. The atmosphere
+of such places becomes pestilential.
+
+Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater volume of air
+enters the laconicum than the cold intake. This fact, however, does not
+practically affect the arrangements for ventilation, &c. Theoretically,
+however, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace
+to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the
+furnace from the intake--about one-third larger--and that the total area
+of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between
+the two.
+
+The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a Turkish
+bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact that we have to
+continually remove _the bottom layer of air_. The provision of the
+foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a
+suspended floor with a hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
+the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature, where we
+require to constantly remove the top layer, and often actually do so
+when we provide false ceilings to passages, &c.
+
+The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be
+actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above. Long, wide gratings 6 in.
+deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design. In theory,
+indeed, the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round
+with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted,
+into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges.
+
+There is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms
+that requires considerable attention, and that is the _back-flow_ along
+the floor. In any bath where hot air is supplied, if the bather will
+hold his linen "check" across the top of the doorway between the rooms
+he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the
+shampooing room. If, however, the sheet be held across the lower
+portion of the doorway, he will find that there is a current of air
+setting in an opposite direction--from the shampooing room to the
+laconicum. This is shown at Fig. 11.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.
+
+Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers.]
+
+It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this
+back-flow when he is standing between and in a line with the doors of
+the hot rooms. All the air appears to be travelling along the top of the
+bath, and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem
+to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath, round the
+shampooing rooms, and back along the floor. In reality, however, it is
+only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
+diagram, Fig. 11, there being a secondary circulating process in each
+room.
+
+This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern
+system--that is to say, where freshly-heated air is passed in in
+sufficient quantity. It is a natural result, and tends to distribute the
+heat more equally. The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
+opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment, as
+the plunge bath chamber. The bather standing in a line between the
+doorways may then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
+doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided to any means of
+communication with a cold chamber.
+
+A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in
+the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus. By
+reference to Fig. 11 the reader will understand that by the provision of
+a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end
+would be attained.
+
+The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour.
+"Perfect dryness of the air," says Mr. Urquhart, "is indispensable to
+the enduring of a high temperature.... This dryness is further requisite
+for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an atmosphere is
+created injurious to health and conducive to disease. It is the very
+condition in which low, putrid, and typhus fevers flourish. The
+electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet
+will lose its attractive power. We all know the difference of our own
+sensations on a dry and on a damp day."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.
+
+
+The water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler of some form for
+heating the water, a cold-water cistern, and a hot-water tank;
+supply-pipes, flow and return pipes, and branch pipes; lavatorium
+fittings, comprising bowls, basins, and cocks; douche room fittings, as
+the "needle" bath, shower, douche, spray, and "wave" baths; a warm
+shower-bath for bathers entering the bath, or desiring such a shower at
+intervals; and the fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this
+there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium, and an
+ornamental fountain in the frigidarium; lavatories in various positions;
+and, possibly, fittings and appliances for the laundry.
+
+Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be brought into the
+building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern, which should
+be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good "head." This cistern
+must be capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circulating
+principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of suitable boilers there
+are several in the market, of many and varied designs. Simplicity of
+construction should be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps
+its most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be separate
+furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms
+and of the water being out of the question. In small baths, however, the
+hot-water tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling in
+the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained, a water super-heater,
+with steam coil, may be employed with advantage; but in the majority of
+cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable.
+
+The supply-pipes must be of large section, and indeed, the whole scheme
+of water-fitting should be liberal. It must be remembered that, in
+addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge, &c.,
+there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes, if
+washing be done upon the premises.
+
+The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of the case, be kept down
+as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms, and be placed over some
+subsidiary apartment. This does not give much pressure of water. For all
+purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about 20
+ft. above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing
+appliances. This will ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
+formidable affair.
+
+The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all be of the best
+description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath.
+Ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place. Lead piping should be
+discarded for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its stead,
+with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees. Should there be
+sufficient means, _copper_ piping should be employed for anything under
+1 in. internal diameter, and gunmetal should be used for unions, &c.,
+and for cocks and valves.
+
+Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings conduce, in no small
+degree, to the effect of a bath. There should be no attempt at hiding
+away of pipes, &c. They should be made features of the bath, and be
+designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe, joint, and
+connection should be prearranged, and the means of fixing and supporting
+the same carefully designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
+and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mysterious plumbing has
+gone by. There is some beauty even in a pipe.
+
+To consider the fittings, we will commence with the lavatorium. Branches
+from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each
+shampooer's basin. These may be finished separately, with independent
+nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be connected with the valve
+shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in. above the basin, the outlet of the valve
+being fitted with a foot or 15 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter
+case the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the wall, and
+depend from the horizontal supply pipes, which in their turn could be
+carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron
+ties, as indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The _internal_
+diameter--the measurement given in all the figures--of these branch
+pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be 3/4 in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.
+
+A Shampooing Basin.]
+
+Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish bath are best of the
+"gland" pattern. They should have bold handles. Those of the screw-down
+type are useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be used, and,
+to insure freedom of running, the turning part should be equal to the
+inner diameter of the pipes. The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if
+the pipes to be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows the
+type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for
+shower baths, &c. To be useful, as well as bold and effective in
+appearance, the handles should be large.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.
+
+Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.]
+
+_In every case_, the cold water must be placed on the right hand, and
+the hot on the left.
+
+The earthenware basin is provided to hold water mixed to the required
+temperature. A waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration, but
+they should be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow--shallower
+than shown. There should be no overhanging ledge to catch the
+shampooer's hand-basin; for this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the
+basin sunk into the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
+ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take
+water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab, or
+over the bather. In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must be
+provided.
+
+Should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches, the horizontal
+supply-pipes must be continued along the wall, and branches dropped to
+each basin. The basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat
+higher than the benches. In the illustration given, I have shown how to
+arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins. In other cases the
+fixing of the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium purposes
+these basins, cocks, &c., are all the water-fittings to be considered;
+but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room--and perhaps a
+plunge bath chamber--as well as a washing and massage room, more or less
+of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated.
+
+The tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the
+shampooing, the soaping, and the cleansing, are various. The most useful
+is the simple shower bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied
+with water through a regulating valve. It is employed for thoroughly
+cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge, whose waters are for
+the common use of all. In many small baths its place is efficiently
+taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at Fig. 15.
+The shower proper is usually fixed above the "needle" bath, as at Fig.
+14, or formed by a continuation of the "backbone" of the needle. It is
+best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower, as at
+Fig. 16; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a branch from the pipe
+conducting to the needle, and with stop cocks. The needle-bath is a
+skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching
+ribs. The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into the ribs,
+squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences.
+The bather stands in the centre of the apparatus, with the ribs
+encircling him. The ribs should be of 1/2-in. copper piping, the
+backbone and lesser supports being of iron, 2-1/2 and 1-1/2 in. diameter
+respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant must be placed
+the regulating valve.
+
+A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which will include needle,
+shower, ascending shower, spinal douche, and back shower; but this
+should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
+these matters should be the great desideratum. The above-named
+additions, however, may be briefly described. At Fig. 14 I have
+indicated the position of ascending shower. It would be connected with
+the pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock. The spinal
+douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper, and should have
+similar connection with the supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal
+spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone, and be
+connected in the same manner. Avoid these complications in a bath for
+healthy persons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.
+
+A Needle Bath.]
+
+The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be enclosed in a metal
+shield if desired. This bath may be placed in one of three
+positions--(1) in the shampooing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in
+the plunge bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the bather
+passes it _en route_ from the washing room to the plunge. For this
+appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential, as with a low
+pressure it is very ineffective. The illustration shows the bath
+standing on iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
+secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.
+
+Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.]
+
+Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic bathing appliances
+may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any
+direction, a spray, or large rose, and a "wave." These three appliances
+may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They are connected to the pipes
+from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To
+this is secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gunmetal
+nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine, but must not be used
+upon the head or chest. With a good head of water this is a most
+powerful appliance, feeling more like a rod of some solid substance
+pressing against one than a stream of water. The "wave" is formed by a
+copper spreader. The spray is simply a large rose, 6 in. or 8 in.
+diameter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.
+
+Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c.]
+
+It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the
+above-mentioned appliances together, as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and
+cold handles are here brought together. These handles should be long, so
+as to admit of easy regulating of the temperature of the water; they
+may well be 9 in. in length. The douche, wave, and spray should be kept
+as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.
+
+I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of
+complications in these water-fittings and appliances. Some of the more
+"fussy" contrivances--as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as
+above described--require so much regulating, and so many valves and
+stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set
+them going. Simplicity in design and construction should be observed in
+this work: the pipes as few as need be; the valves as simple as
+possible; and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of
+their being easily examined and repaired.
+
+I have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of
+provision whereby the bather may, on entering the bath, have a warm
+spray or shower, of any temperature that may be agreeable to him. In
+high class baths this feature should always be provided, as it is a
+great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions a necessity, thus
+to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms, or at
+such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired.
+The proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration.
+Were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided, it
+would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms; but
+as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such
+shower, it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
+convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the bath. A small
+chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium, and also from
+the tepidarium itself, would be convenient. At times it may be placed in
+a nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed, the apparatus
+provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by
+the bather himself, so as not to take up the time of the attendants; and
+for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and free from
+liability of scalding the user, unless through gross carelessness. A
+valve with one handle only must be employed, as, unless the bather has
+had some practice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
+of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such as that shown at
+Fig. 17 should be employed. This valve must be so designed as to supply
+cold, tepid, and hot water _in regular gradation_--not intermittently,
+as do some valves of this description. It must be so placed that any one
+taking the shower may, whilst beneath the rose, be able to easily reach
+the handle. The rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
+Fig. 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
+shower-bath.
+
+In hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small
+foot-bath, formed by a sinking of about 6 in. in the floor, and filled
+with hot water; for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to
+enter the hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and overflow
+would have to be provided for this bath, and a marble seat might be
+placed round it. A marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it
+pleasing in appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.
+
+Bather's Shower Bath.]
+
+I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections of a plunge
+bath, and shown its water-fittings. The overflow and waste run into
+cast-iron drainpipes, which should be employed till outside the
+building. On the end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose
+with leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of
+pipe. For the waste I have shown a "disc" valve of gunmetal. This is
+similarly screwed to flange of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve
+is opened and closed by a movable rod. If _fixed_, it might catch the
+toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set
+the valve itself back in a recess. Instead of this valve, an ordinary
+4-in., 5-in., or 6-in. "plug" waste could be employed, but it is rather
+clumsy on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve, with wheel
+and spindle outside the bath, is the best means of letting out the waste
+water. The supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just
+after the water meter. The valve should be of the "screw-down" pattern,
+either with a thumbscrew, wheel and spindle, or a key.
+
+In coast towns, where a _sea-water_ plunge may be employed, a little
+rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position, for
+cleansing the hair from salt water.
+
+Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of the "sanitary"
+water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak, except to say that, in a
+place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature
+should be as perfect as possible.
+
+A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath
+of any pretension. It should be placed at the coolest end of the room,
+affixed to a wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste, and tap of
+some sort. The bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware.
+
+If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium, it should be
+of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware, and must be provided with
+supply-pipe, waste, and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
+is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is restful to the
+ear, and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants
+arranged around and upon it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.
+
+
+Light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect, we may well
+consider first the methods of lighting the bath. As a rule, much
+artificial light will be required. The hot rooms, being often in a
+basement, are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
+Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital
+importance, the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such
+as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable,
+fumes. Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
+objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for
+the foul air, the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and
+envelop persons below the burners, though, of course, in a diluted
+state. Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory
+chamber, it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the
+burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room, and provision made
+for carrying off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is at
+last increasing with marked rapidity; and the incandescent light is
+admirably adapted for all purposes of the Turkish bath. Where it can
+possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath.
+
+For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable, except that it is
+heating, and assists in vitiating the atmosphere. But inasmuch as the
+fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air, the
+objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Nevertheless, the
+electric light is the illuminant to be coveted.
+
+The quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and
+softened. It is not a place for brilliant general illumination, but
+rather for a soft light pervading the whole, and auxiliary lights where
+required, such as near couches, &c.--a system, in fact, diametrically
+opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more objectionable of its
+kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a
+cooling room. It would be found intolerable.
+
+For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light required in any
+part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches, where it must
+be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading. One
+gas-burner, or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches is a
+fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of course, much in the
+distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil,
+and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be
+considered. The dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed
+lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it, depending from a
+chain over a fountain, throwing its rays downwards on to the falling
+waters, and _not_ in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon
+the couches.
+
+Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial lighting, by
+windows or lamps, it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the
+eyes of the bather--a principle of universal application, but especially
+to be regarded in a place where, more often than not, the occupants of
+the various apartments are reclining, _face upwards_, on benches or
+couches. In the hot rooms, as in the cooling room, little general
+illumination is required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
+especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore, may be provided
+in the sudatory chambers, should be as diffused as possible, the
+additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments
+being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers.
+The lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a
+very small compass.
+
+Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing
+rooms. In scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement, where daylight
+can only be obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
+arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this
+light.
+
+For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark
+laconicum, and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the
+shampooing room. The plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted, but not
+above the tone of the frigidarium, or the bather will feel to be going
+from cheerfulness to comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
+bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber, with
+perhaps an ornamental lamp over the bath itself; and if the
+intermediary staircase--should there be such a feature--be lighted on a
+lower scale, the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
+one.
+
+
+DECORATING.
+
+Under this heading, I would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a
+bath, of the materials to be employed, and of the design of features--of
+the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather than of
+anything implying the _laying on_ of so-called ornament.
+
+The architecture of a bath is _interior architecture_ as distinct from
+that involving external work. Much of this, moreover, can often only be
+seen by artificial light. These two restrictions point to the
+employment, for the most part, of surface decoration, rather than of
+modelling--of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings, cornices,
+and pilasters.
+
+There are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome
+designing, and they are the frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge
+bath. There is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
+are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time; and as
+for the plunge, it is in itself an object capable of giving a very
+pleasing effect. Over-elaboration--in respect to added ornament--in the
+hot rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity, with good
+proportions, seems here the most pleasing. The general effect of the hot
+rooms should be light, a statement which is wholly in harmony with what
+I have said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight appear
+to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light,
+the darkest portions being a dado. A generally dark and heavy tone of
+colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light:
+light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly decorated,
+large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled iron, for more expensive
+establishments; light walls of white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed
+bricks, without startling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really
+bold, contrast; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark
+pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone, but
+not too dark; and, in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is
+perhaps best to stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
+burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets affixed to
+plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks best dark and polished, affording
+an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials.
+
+Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in
+ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by coloured glass shades over
+lamps, &c.
+
+The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be
+recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a
+heavy-looking arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look very well
+if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns, and affixed
+with "buttons" with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig.
+18. Large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They
+may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made with screw-holes and
+affixed to ceiling joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.
+
+Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.]
+
+Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &c., should be specified to
+be executed with an extra neat joint, and should bond to less than 12
+in. to the foot; otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
+clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults. Work
+which may pass as fair in ordinary cases, looks coarse and rough in the
+glazed interior walls of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is
+some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints; much of the work
+produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring.
+
+One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms, admits of being
+rendered very attractive; and that is the flooring. Mosaic work is
+always pleasing, if it be designed with taste and executed artistically.
+Marble and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting of a
+richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of brilliant colouring.
+In designing marble-mosaic floors, however, one may well fight shy of
+including that senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
+often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer to the
+heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one
+another, and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an
+effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom--to be
+flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design is of antique
+origin, and has a real classical designation, I cannot but think that it
+is to be avoided, and that fillings-in should be made with tesserae of
+one tint, or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.
+
+Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate,
+with faience and modelled glazed ware, marbles and painted encaustic
+tiles, and many other suitable but expensive materials; but for my own
+part I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber,
+though by this I do not mean monastic severity of style.
+
+The general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration. It
+should have an effect of its own, quite distinct from anything else. It
+should have something of the conservatory in it. It should be richly
+carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and be pleasant with plants and
+laden with the murmur of falling waters. It should be light, certainly;
+cheerful, cool, and airy looking; and as lofty as possible within reason
+and common sense. The ceiling should be of a light tone. A lantern-light
+where the light may come in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated
+air may go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.
+
+Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to
+hot rooms--if a staircase be needed--the divans or screens for couches,
+and an ornamental fountain as above described. The staircase may be
+rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white marble treads to
+the stairs. The divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing
+ornamental, open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style or
+otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf partitions, enclosing a
+couple of couches, look handsome. As a rule, they are of a flimsy and
+gimcrack order of architecture. They should be made as solid as
+possible. For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
+divans.
+
+As regards style, I do not see why one method of design should be more
+suited than another for the bath. Having become popularly known as the
+"Turkish" bath, an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted in
+the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style
+of architecture, there is something to be said on this score. It is,
+moreover, a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than
+modelled work, or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
+is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design of a bath in
+an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a
+half-hearted manner; and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful
+use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent.[3]
+
+Considering that the old Romans brought the bath to a great pitch of
+excellence--far, very far, I should be inclined to say, in advance of
+our present knowledge of the subject--their style of architecture would
+seem fitted to its design at this day; and for large public baths,
+larger than any yet erected in this country, one can imagine that a very
+interesting design could be made in the Roman style, founded on a study
+of the old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to them,
+reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures, details, &c., of the
+public baths of the time of the Empire. In a like manner in the Moorish
+style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old
+baths in Eastern countries,[4] drawing, perhaps, some inspiration from
+the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their pleasant retired air,
+for the frigidarium. I have often thought, when looking at the late Owen
+Jones' splendid model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable
+frigidarium the Court of the Lions would make, with its spacious
+central area, and retired nooks suitable for couches, and its pretty
+sparkling fountain and green plants, its brilliant colouring, and
+general cheerfulness of effect. Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
+court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium, with
+its _cubicula_ for couches, and its central area and fountain.
+
+The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done
+should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate
+the provision of handsome public baths for the people. In everyday
+practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths.
+Although only the Roman and Eastern styles have been mentioned, there
+can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath
+in whatsoever style he may please.
+
+I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered
+a thing of beauty. This is in reference as much to its plan as to the
+materials of the sides and floor, &c. There is no reason why a plunge
+should always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any of the shapes
+indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers, especially in warm weather, like to
+stay some minutes in the plunge, and not go straight through; they may
+like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require room to turn, and a
+keyhole plan, such as at A, is suitable, and especially useful where the
+bather has to return to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is
+shown at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is
+allowable, as here the true dive seldom pertains. A delicate semi-oval
+plan, such as that at D, which is much after the pattern of the Roman
+bath recently discovered at Box, could be employed; or a plain, circular
+bath with steps around, such as that of the Pompeian _Balneum_, shown at
+C; or, again, such a plan as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor
+in Sussex. For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we cannot
+do better than refer direct to the old Roman remains, either in Italy
+itself, or in Great Britain and other provinces and colonial
+dependencies of the old Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the
+possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
+often produced baths of great beauty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.
+
+Plans of Plunge Baths.]
+
+The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint, and
+there should always be more or less pure white. Nothing really is better
+than plain white glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
+water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows contamination when
+it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesserae,
+any simple patterns being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such
+as strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well through the water.
+The floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty. The sides are
+best of glazed brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
+steps of so-called white marble.
+
+
+FURNISHING.
+
+The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish bath comprises the
+complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches, lounges, ottomans,
+carpets, mats, and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
+the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the sudatory chambers may be
+required easy chairs of peculiar construction, with stretched canvas
+seats; in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
+marble-topped ones; and any carpeting, matting, felt for benches,
+curtains (if any), and Indian matting for dadoes. These are the
+principal requirements that need consideration, the remaining furnishing
+of subordinate apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordinary
+description. The refreshment department requires possibly a
+coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf fittings; but, as a
+general rule, no arrangements for actual cooking.
+
+The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by 2 ft.; but 6 ft. 6
+in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal allowance. They should be made of
+polished wood, strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered with
+a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans are adopted, on the
+Eastern model, the benches must be framed of wood, permanently fixed,
+and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet, as
+Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of
+Indian matting, affixed above to a moulded rail.
+
+The carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread.
+Nothing, of course, equals a Persian or Turkey carpet, and one or the
+other should be provided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
+adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where a polished wood
+floor is adopted and shown, soft durable matting or strips of carpet
+must be placed along any routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and
+the boot-room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables,
+&c.--anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to tread. Anything
+in the nature of fastenings likely, by any possibility, to injure the
+feet, must be carefully avoided.
+
+A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &c., should be provided in
+the cooling room. The provision of lounges, &c., must depend upon the
+design of the room, and whether nooks or angles are available for their
+accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by
+the heads of the couches (Fig. 21, B).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.
+
+Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.]
+
+The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at
+C and D, whereat are shown an iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen
+frames are best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
+fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few of these seats
+should always be provided in the hot rooms. Movable wooden _benches_ are
+constructed of beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
+head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-seasoned wood should be
+employed, for all joinery purposes, in the hot rooms.
+
+In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten, and a
+cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off boots and shoes. A shelf or
+shelves for linen checks is useful in this position.
+
+Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over, but _strips_
+of matting or carpet are better. The hot laconicum is best carpeted
+throughout. The tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the
+bathers must necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
+provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot rooms. For
+similar reasons to the carpeting--the non-conduction of heat--fine white
+felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches, as at
+Fig. 20. Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above the
+benches, I have already spoken.
+
+In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped as at E, Fig. 5,
+are required as head-rests. They should be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and
+hollowed to fit the head.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.
+
+Furniture of a Turkish Bath.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: I do not know of any building--bath or otherwise, civil or
+domestic--in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour
+decoration has been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to
+have been missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed
+in very small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the
+general effect.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely
+unstudied. Few architects visit the East, and none enter the baths
+there, either in Egypt, Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true
+Oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about
+these buildings.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+PRIVATE BATHS.
+
+
+The Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale, from a
+single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry
+stove, to an elaborate suite of apartments, providing all that is found
+in the public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an addition to an
+existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the
+house.
+
+There are, of course, many expedients for producing perspiration by
+heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of
+bath rooms; but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of
+baths, I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For although there
+is something to be said in their favour, in that the head is free and
+one can breathe cooler air, there are serious objections to their use,
+as the lamps employed _burn the air_, and there is also an absence of
+that rapid aerial circulation which is so much to be desired. Besides
+the actual objections to their use, more or less inconvenience attends
+the employment of the sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and
+there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
+extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient.
+
+The bath in the house may consist of one of the following
+arrangements:--(1) A single room used as a sudatory chamber and for
+washing; (2) a hot room and a washing room; (3) a combined hot room and
+washing room, and a cooling room; (4) a cooling room, washing room, and
+hot room; or (5) a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every
+possible luxury, such as even the old Roman gentlemen would have
+coveted. Where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room
+as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also in the cases where only
+a washing room and a hot room are provided.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.
+
+Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
+Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill.]
+
+For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing operations are also
+conducted, all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and
+heat-proof floor and ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
+smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank or _lavatrina_.
+Allowance must be made for a couch opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A)
+shows the simplest form of a bath room possible; it is that which Mr.
+Urquhart constructed, and has described in his 'Manual of the Turkish
+Bath.' It was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room
+might be built, the whole arrangement, with water fittings and building
+of three of its walls, only costing 37_l._
+
+The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a private house should be
+cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house, with
+carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end; and in the case of
+an elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors and heavy
+curtains, should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing
+rooms, as at Fig. 24. The air of the hot rooms should, of course, be
+perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house.
+
+The position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the
+bath and the house and its situation. In town houses, where the bath
+consists of only a washing and a hot room, the first floor will be the
+most convenient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground floor is
+as handy as anywhere; and this position allows of the easier
+construction of the heating apparatus. In the country, the bath is best
+built away from the house, connected by a short lobby, which may be
+utilised for boots, &c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
+overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-conduction of heat to
+places where it is not wanted.
+
+The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for the simplest, a
+common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A) and at Fig. 23; for bigger
+baths, a small convoluted stove, as at Fig. 24; or a furnace of
+firebrick with an iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22--a plan of the hot room
+(15 ft. by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson built at
+Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a small furnace wholly constructed
+of fireclay, such as that of which I have given complete plans in the
+chapter on "Heating and Ventilation," would be the best. A furnace of
+this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath,
+at Fig. 25. Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a firebrick
+furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces retain their heat a long
+time. It should be "banked" at night. A bath only required at times, and
+quickly, is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron stove
+and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature. The
+simple baths illustrated at Figs. 22 (A) and 23, are therefore very
+convenient and effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
+to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for
+private purposes, as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor,
+and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at
+Fig. 24. A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, _ante_, must
+be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot
+room. If the bath be on the ground floor, the construction of any form
+of heating apparatus is rendered easier.
+
+To prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house,
+the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed. Hollow walls
+must be provided round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on
+the external side, and the transmission of heat through internal walls.
+The floors above and below should--if not of solid fireproof
+construction--be formed as described in the section dealing with the
+design of the sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, asbestos,
+sawdust, or materials having similar properties. Windows should be
+double. Wherever possible, concrete floors should be provided to the hot
+rooms and washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
+mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It should be needless
+to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from
+fire by the stoves or furnaces.
+
+The ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful
+attention as those for public use. The hollow external walls may often
+be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air, which
+must be let into the cavity at the floor level. If the bath be
+constructed on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system of
+carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits--recommended for
+public baths--should be employed, as in the accompanying design for a
+large private bath, where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one
+vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have said on
+the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on many matters in connection
+with the design of public baths, applies in the case of the private one,
+and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints
+as to its construction.
+
+In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to explain the
+arrangement and construction of private baths, from those formed by
+converting existing rooms into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete
+design. Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private bath, an
+apartment only measuring 11 ft. by 16 ft., yet forming an effective
+sudatory chamber, with simple iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or
+lavatrina. On this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
+adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23. One plan shows a
+hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed
+in the old external wall, and the new chamber constructed with hollow
+walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra room would, of course, be
+thus formed on the floor below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and
+the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room, which
+would become the lavatorium, and undressing room if necessary. A
+double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper
+bath used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating the
+adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by taking away the
+flue-pipe to a new chimney, and knocking a doorway through the old
+partition wall, thus making a complete set of bath rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.
+
+Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.]
+
+The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing room divided into a
+combined hot room and washing room, and a cooling room. Three of the
+walls being ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined with lath and
+plaster on quartering, leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of
+heat by absorption and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
+quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues, for the
+withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected below with the hot room,
+and above lead into the open air. A pugged partition and double-doored
+lobby separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for a
+full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which has a metal screen
+around to protect the more adjacent walls from the heat. A lavatrina is
+provided, as shown at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a
+shower. This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood,
+as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A couple of couches, lavatory,
+and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium.
+
+Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed, the fresh air
+should be admitted as near the stove as possible, and if the inlet be
+connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket,
+the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature. The
+temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates
+directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather, is not a
+matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is
+transmitted through the agency of the air itself.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.
+
+A complete Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+Cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every
+consideration, I have been led to give the above plans and descriptions
+of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other
+rooms. But plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required, and
+at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an
+appendage to, and at one and the same time as, the house. In this plan
+all necessaries are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
+outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It is arranged on the
+first floor of a projecting wing off the main building. The frigidarium
+is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
+provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels.
+Between the frigidarium and bath rooms is a double-doored lobby of a
+kind that is very useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
+heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it forms a perfect
+preventive against the entry of the air of the hot rooms into the
+cooling room. Between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the
+laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a curtain if
+necessary. The walls are 18 in.--9 in. and 4-1/2 in., with 4-1/2 in.
+cavity, used for ventilation. The bath rooms are lined with glazed
+brickwork. The floor is of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction.
+Enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
+rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is the stokery and
+furnace chamber, fitted with a small convoluted stove, a hot-air shaft
+leading to the bath room. Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal
+flues from either side of the building. The windows in the bath rooms
+are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches, as at
+Fig. 21 (E), _ante_, and a similar bench occupies one side of
+lavatorium, opposite which is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk
+into the floor and partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
+In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes, lavatory, and
+toilet tables, &c. This would be a very effective plan for a comfortable
+private bath.
+
+The ordinary "slipper," "length," or "shallow" bath is out of place in
+the rooms of a Turkish bath; but where the bath has to be adapted with
+economy to an existing bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where,
+say, some members of a family take the Turkish bath and others the
+ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-named figure, and serve
+the purposes of a lavatrina. The lavatrina, as designed in the plan of
+the large Turkish bath appended, however, is the most convenient
+apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and washing
+oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from the ordinary method
+of immersion in a large body of water; and as the former manner is the
+most economical of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
+in a house, to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and
+cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary
+slipper-bath.
+
+In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a
+tepidarium. This chamber should therefore be as large as possible. In it
+may be required a shampooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath,
+in addition to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water fittings
+are to be provided. All that will be required are hot and cold water
+taps over the edge of the lavatrina, which should also have a waste and
+overflow. Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
+arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, _ante_. This will serve
+all purposes, unless a douche and a needle are desired, when the
+regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within
+the bather's reach while standing in the bath.
+
+The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a bath-man, must look
+upon shampooing as a _luxury_ but not a _necessity_ of the bath. Dr. W.
+J. Fleming, in a lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
+before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years back, said that the
+accessories of shampooing, &c., are, despite the popular opinion to the
+contrary, non-essential. A shampooing slab--which must be of marble--is
+therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private
+baths.
+
+A complete private bath must contain the _piscina_, or plunge. Unless
+space and expense be no object, this cannot well be made capable of
+affording a vigorous dive; but endeavours should be made to secure a
+bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the
+whole body. It will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public
+plunge bath.
+
+The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant, cheerful, and
+comfortable as possible. It should be a cosy place where the bather may
+recline and cool, and smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his
+heart's content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an Eastern
+divan; or it might be a simple, homely room, fitted with one or two
+comfortable couches. A fireplace may here be a desirable feature, for
+appearance sake, during the winter months. The room should be _really_
+ventilated--viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and with effective
+means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere, since, as I have pointed
+out in the chapters on public baths, the cooling process is, in its way,
+as important as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
+expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.
+
+DESIGN FOR A PRIVATE TURKISH BATH
+
+LONGITUDINAL SECTION.]
+
+At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large private Turkish
+bath. It is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing
+addition to a country mansion; and considering the money prodigally
+lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
+indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of
+appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health, a cure for
+disease, and an untold luxury. The public bath may be a blessing, but
+for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
+bath.
+
+[Illustration: Design for a Private Turkish Bath.]
+
+The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified and adapted to any
+style of design. The building could be connected to the house by a
+corridor, or by a glazed _xystos_, either abutting on to the main wall
+of house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the frigidarium are
+recesses for boots and for linen. The frigidarium--about 15 ft.
+square--has benches fitted up like one side of a divan, bay windows with
+space for plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
+ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment from the bath
+rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel closet, which latter could be
+supplied with hot air. The combined lavatorium and tepidarium--14 ft.
+square--is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses containing the
+plunge bath and lavatrina. A shampooing bench is shown. A marble dado
+surrounds the walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
+dome--which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete--and marble
+springers to horse-shoe arches. The shower is placed over the lavatrina.
+Plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining
+is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of that of
+which I have before given full detailed drawings. The vitiated air is
+drawn through flues in the floor, to a shaft on the opposite side to the
+chimney. The stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air
+would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
+description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there were no
+available supply of water from house, a boiler and tank could be placed
+in the stokery, and a cistern on the flat roof. The flat roof, if of
+iron and concrete, would form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable,
+the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and
+lavatorium. An air space should be left between the masonry of dome and
+covering of copper or other material. The lights should be double
+glazed. With the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness
+of the dome. This bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with
+pure heat of a most hygienic character.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC.
+
+
+The bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in
+connection with, and--what is of greater moment--_in harmony with_,
+other baths, such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and the
+ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths, which, where the Turkish
+bath is included, may often be efficiently administered with the
+appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room.
+Moreover, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment, or
+system of pine-therapeutics, there will be required rooms or halls for
+the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the
+communication between these different baths, as the medicated, Russian,
+&c., and the Turkish bath, and their relative positions, must be
+carefully studied. It should be compact and the various passages and
+corridors as short as possible, these passages and corridors being
+provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and uniformly
+equable, temperature. This latter point we do not find so carefully
+studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant.
+The consequence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to and from
+the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid contracts a serious
+chill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.
+
+Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.]
+
+I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the Hotel Mont Dore,
+at Bournemouth, which, though not confessedly a hydropathic institution,
+has yet a fine bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
+as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure. These
+baths include a Turkish bath, with three hot rooms, a shampooing room,
+and cooling room, connected by an anteroom with the suite of
+miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The latter
+comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such as the needle, douche,
+sitz, hip, and wave; a room or "hall" for the inhalation of pine vapour,
+whilst in a bath of condensed steam; and a room for the administration
+of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of pulverised Mont
+Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose, or ear, as may be required, this
+room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are a
+range of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
+purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those of pine extract,
+sulphur, iodine, &c., &c., and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water
+and salt-water baths. In connection are arranged dressing and reposing
+rooms, besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat similar suite
+of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block. There is
+no separate Turkish bath, however; certain days of the week are set
+apart exclusively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply the
+steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths, and the water super
+heaters, as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery, are arranged
+in a basement under the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
+room.
+
+It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath, which was arranged
+under the direction of the late Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct
+communication with the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the
+hot rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath, or _vice
+versa_. In designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the Mont
+Dore, this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to
+be most carefully studied. Direct communication is required between the
+Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and medicated baths, as
+some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity.
+
+In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable, and
+used in ordinary bath rooms, the Turkish bath being the only feature
+requiring special design.
+
+A true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two
+Turkish baths, one for ladies and one for gentlemen, as the power and
+efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and
+persistency with which it is carried out. Where there is only one bath,
+it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and
+gentlemen, and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may
+be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two
+suites of rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that they will
+be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side, so
+that they may have their furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.
+
+Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty of room, it is
+often convenient to arrange the Turkish and other baths on the ground
+floor adjoining the main building, a corridor of connection being
+placed, if necessary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
+have to be taken--often carried or wheeled in movable chairs--to the
+baths, and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a
+wheeled chair from the top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the
+baths.
+
+In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms should be provided
+for the Turkish bath--viz. three hot rooms, a washing and shampooing
+room, and a cooling room. They will, of course, be on a small scale; but
+the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath should also be added,
+but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether.
+
+For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have
+rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths. The needle bath
+should include the ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal
+douche--a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower. The
+regulating appliances for these various showers, sprays, &c., should be
+brought together, and conveniently placed for the attendant. A very
+ingenious appliance, suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer
+regulating valve, which indicates the temperature of the water being
+supplied to the bather. The waters mix in a ball, into which is inserted
+the bulb of a sensitive thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or
+cold handles are turned.
+
+If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish bath is to be used for
+the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides
+those taking the Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
+also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing room for other
+bathers, it must be made of large size.
+
+Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the
+treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital
+necessity, and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a
+hydropathic establishment.
+
+Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath appended to these
+institutions. Hot rooms beneath their proper temperature, and lukewarm
+water, are unpardonable delinquencies, either in the early morning, in
+the evening, or during the day. For this reason I would recommend a
+furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for a long time, and is not
+subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves.
+
+Much of that which I have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will
+apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes. Here,
+however, efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be but
+of the plainest description. The conditions and exigencies of each case
+must determine the size, position, and nature of the suite of bath
+rooms. All that has been said upon the subject of the design and
+construction of the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
+given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in regard to
+Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential blocks of buildings, and
+for clubs.
+
+There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath building, in the
+increased provision of baths in hospitals, asylums, and public and
+private institutions of one kind and another; and also in hotels,
+"flats," and clubs. The hydropathic establishments have long adopted
+the Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect
+harmony with the principles of the Water Cure. But it is only
+occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums;
+and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been
+made in this respect, the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected.
+Seeing, too, the immense extent to which co-operative living has
+developed, and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
+residential blocks, &c., I cannot but think that the builders of such
+tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of
+small Turkish baths for the visitors and residents.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.
+
+
+Animals of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows, sheep, and pigs,
+have been experimented upon with regard to the bath, and with much
+success. But for practical purposes all we need here consider is the
+design of the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
+be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a
+pig. It is, after all, only in connection with the training of horses
+that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this
+direction. Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected in this
+country in connection with hospitals for horses, attached to large
+businesses, and appended to training stables. In the development of
+race-horses the treatment has, according to the opinion of several
+authorities, been found eminently beneficial.
+
+The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct communication
+with the stables. It may consist, as Fig. 27--a plan of a bath built for
+the Great Northern Railway Company's hospital for horses--of a washing,
+and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place for the animals to
+cool, and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being
+turned out in the open. In the plan given it will be seen that the horse
+is led through the washing room into the first hot room. Without
+turning round, he may be led into the second hot room and thence into
+the washing room again. In the hot rooms, which are heated by a
+convoluted stove, are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be
+secured. A similar arrangement is made in the washing room, where, after
+undergoing the sweating process, the horse is groomed down, an operation
+that should be performed in part with an iron _strigil_, much after the
+pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient Romans.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.
+
+Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath for Horses.]
+
+These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply
+constructed, though, where it is desired to do the thing well, glazed
+bricks should, for the sake of cleanliness, be used for lining the
+walls. All that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
+draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a scraper, and
+wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory chamber, the horse should first be
+well scraped with the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if
+necessary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold water should
+then be thrown over him, and having been well rubbed down with the
+leather, he should then be covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs
+bandaged with cotton bands, the sheets, &c., being gradually removed
+after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the animal turned
+into a shed, or into the open, to cool.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+                             PAGE
+
+  Air, allowance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    backflow of, 83
+    circulation of, in hot rooms, 85
+    expansion in heating, 82
+    filters, 67
+    flues for vitiated, 92
+    inlets for cold, 67
+    intake, position of, 68
+      arrangement of, 69
+    its changes in the bath, 71
+    of bath, necessity for dryness of, 85
+    overheated, 76
+    passage of, through bath rooms, 70
+    rapidity of flow of, 82
+
+  Apodyterium, the, 4, 13
+    and frigidarium, combined, 13
+
+  B.
+
+  Bath, architecture of, 105
+    ascending shower, 93
+    back shower, 94
+    decoration of, 105
+    elaborate needle, 138
+    foot, 98
+    materials for, 105
+    Mr. Urquhart's cheap private, 120, 123
+    needle, 93, 94
+    position of private, 120
+    preliminary shower, 97
+    primary object of, 10
+    public, general requirements of, 9
+    shower, 92
+    style of design for, 109
+    subsidiary apartments of, 14
+    the, in asylums, 139
+    the, in hospitals, 139
+    the "slipper", 127
+    wave, 95
+
+  Baths, ancient and modern, difference between, 10
+      Roman and Oriental, 2
+        works on, 3
+    cheap, 66
+      private, 125
+    complete private, 125-127
+    construction of, in private houses, 123, 124
+    Eastern, 110
+    elaborate private, 129, 132, 133
+    importance of double sets of, 137
+    importance of intercommunication between various, 137
+    in crowded sites, 18
+    nature of private, 119
+    objections to extemporised hot air, 118
+    Old Roman, 110
+    on one level, 18
+    private, 118
+    public and commercial, 6
+    public, lack of, in England, 7
+    supply of water for private, 128
+    two classes of, 26
+    ventilation of private, 122
+
+  Bath-rooms arranged _en suite_, advantage of, 37
+    drainage of, 44
+
+  _Balneae_, the Pompeian, 112
+    ancient, 4
+  Benches, felting for marble, 116
+
+  Bignor, Roman, bath at, 112
+
+  Boilers, 87
+
+  Boot-room, fittings for, 116
+
+  Box, Roman bath at, 112
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Calidarium, the, 4, 33
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ceilings of enamelled iron, 106
+
+  Checks, shelves for, 116
+
+  Cisterns, 87, 88
+
+  Cleansing process, ways of concluding, 12
+
+  Cold plunge, object of, 12
+
+  Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement, 54
+
+  Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and demerits, 54
+
+  Cooling room, carpets for, 114
+    couches in, 114
+    furniture of, 113
+    importance of ventilating, 57
+    method, 57
+    lighting of, 103
+    the separate, 53
+
+  Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    fireplaces in, 23
+    methods of arranging, 52
+    temperature of, 53, 58
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Divans, construction of, 114
+
+  Douche, horizontal, 95
+    room, the, 45
+    spinal, 93
+
+  Drainage, importance of perfect, 44
+
+  Dressing and cooling rooms, 13
+
+  Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath, 4
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Firing, evil of bad and forced, 80
+
+  Floorings for cheap baths, 34
+
+  Flues, hot and cold air, construction of, 40
+
+  Foul air conduits, 71
+
+  Frigidarium, design of, 108
+    divans in, 109
+    fountain in, 101
+    of private baths, 129
+    the, 4, 13
+    the old Roman, 57
+
+  Furnace, advantage of a fireclay, 75
+    fireclay, for private bath, 132
+      method of constructing, 74
+      expansion and contraction of, 76
+
+  Furnaces for private baths, 121
+    heating power of, 80
+    with iron flues, 72
+
+  Furnace chamber, position of, 40
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gas, objections to, in bath, 102
+
+  Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths, 33
+
+  Good and bad baths, difference between, 82
+
+  Good bath, what it is, and how gained, 9
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hair-dresser and chiropodist, 15
+
+  Hammam, the, Jermyn Street, 18
+
+  Hammam, the Oriental, 3
+
+  Heat, convected and radiant, 5, 59
+    methods of applying to bather, 10, 56
+    prevention of transmission of, 122
+
+  Heating apparatuses for private baths, 120
+    screen walls to, 77
+
+  Heating by fireclay furnaces, 73
+    iron flue-pipes, 72
+    ordinary stoves, 72
+    convection, objection to, 79
+    steam, 77
+      arrangements for, 78
+      dangers attendant upon, 77
+    of small baths, 73
+    of the bath, its importance, 59
+      by the ordinary method, 62
+    on the hot-air principle, 62
+    and ventilation, 59
+      theory of, 69
+
+  High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease, 11
+    necessity for, 11
+
+  Horses, bathing of, 142
+
+  "Hot-air bath," a misleading term, 5
+
+  Hot-air bath, the, 6
+    appliances and arrangements for, 63
+
+  Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum, 40
+    manner, 40
+    principle, objections to, 61
+
+  Hot rooms, benches in, 38
+    brickwork in, 107
+    ceilings of, 34
+    chairs and benches in, 116
+    decoration of, 105
+    doorways in, 38
+    fireproof floors over, 35
+    glazing in, 38
+    height of, 39
+    Indian matting in, 106
+    joinery in, 37
+    lighting of, 102
+    materials for, 38
+    objection to stepped benches in, 39
+    proportional area of, 33
+    position of partitions in, 37
+    radiation of heat from, 35
+
+  Hot rooms, windows in, 35
+    treatment of woodwork in, 106
+
+  Hydropathy and the Turkish bath, 140
+
+  Hydropathic establishments, the bath in, 134
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Invalids, consideration for, in bathing establishments, 138
+
+  Irish "sweating houses," old, 5, 13
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Laconicum, the, 4, 32
+    ceiling of, 35
+    floor of, 116
+
+  Ladies' baths, 14, 44, 111
+
+  Laundry, 16
+
+  Lavatorium, the, 4, 43
+    and shampooing room, 41
+    the hydropathic, 138
+    of private bath, 128
+    washing basins in, 43
+    water fittings of, 89
+
+  Lavatrina, the, 119, 127
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mont Dore, baths at the Hotel, 135
+    cure, the, 136
+
+  Moorish bath, heating of the, 59
+
+  _Mustaby_, the Turkish, 57
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Obstacles to the progress of the bath, 1
+
+  Oriental colour decoration, 110
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Pay office, the, 14
+
+  Perspiration, object of, 11
+
+  Plumbing, 88, 100
+
+  Plunge bath, the, 46
+    between hot rooms and frigidarium, 12
+    chamber, lighting of, 104
+    construction of, 48
+    decoration of, 113
+    depth of, 48
+    for private baths, 129
+    in hydropathic establishments, 138
+    water fittings of, 99
+
+  Popular ignorance and the bath, 1
+
+  Processes of the bath, 11
+
+  Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of, 7
+
+  Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation, 29
+    general disposition of plan of, 17
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rest after bath, necessity for, 13
+
+  Roman baths, method of heating the old, 59
+    nature of heat in old, 79
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sanitary accommodation, necessity for care in providing, 15
+
+  Shampooer, space required by each, 43
+
+  Shampooing and the private bath, 128
+    benches, 34, 42
+    positions of bather during, 43
+    value of, 12
+    and washing room combined, arrangement of, 43
+    room, 42
+      ventilation of, 42
+      lighting of, 104
+
+  Shower for head, 100
+    preliminary warm, 44
+
+  So-called Turkish baths, their harmfulness, 2
+
+  Stokery, the, 15
+
+  Stoves, attributes of good, 64
+    Convolute, 264
+      heating power of 80
+      method, of constructing, furnace chamber for, 64
+    iron, 63
+    objections to exposing in hot rooms, 72
+    plain iron radiating 125
+    radiating surfaces of, 63
+
+  Subsidiary apartments of the bath, 32
+
+  Sudatorium, best position for bathers in 38
+
+  Sudatory chamber, a simple, 119
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Tank, hot water, 87
+
+  Temperature, importance of maintaining 79
+    of bath rooms 78
+    regulating, 80
+    variations in 79
+
+  Tepidarium, the 4, 32
+    drinking fountain in, 100
+    mosaic floors in, 108
+    of private bath, 128
+    old Roman, 39
+
+  _Thermae_, old Roman, 3
+
+  Tonic baths 92
+
+  Transmission of heated air, prevention of, 36
+    heat, 36
+
+  Treatment, course of, in the bath, 11
+
+  Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with
+      the, 134
+    building, field for activity in 139
+    for animals 141
+    for horses 141
+      Great Northern Railway Company's 141
+    heating of the true 59
+    the, a misnomer 5
+       what it is, 4
+    direction in which improvement may be made in the, 60
+
+  Turkish baths, Baden-Baden, 30
+    Bartholomew's, Leicester Square, 25
+    Bremen, 29
+    Burton's, Euston Road, 27
+    Camden Town, 22
+    foul atmosphere of some so-called, 2, 82
+    in Germany, 29
+    lukewarm, 139
+    Nevill's, London Bridge, 25
+      Northumberland Avenue, 23
+    Nuremberg, 30
+    Savoy Hill, 20
+    Vienna, 30
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Valve, thermometer regulating, 138
+
+  Valves and cocks, 90
+    regulating, for shower bath, &c., 96
+
+  Ventilation, 139
+    importance of, in hot rooms, 81
+    in cramped sites, 69
+    mechanical, 82
+
+  Ventilator gratings, 83
+
+  Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms, 70
+    number and size of, 71
+    position of, 71
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Washing and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging, 41
+
+  Water, pressure of, 88
+
+  Water fittings, 87
+    of private bath, 128
+    value of simplicity in, 97
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Turkish Bath, by Robert Owen Allsop
+
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