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diff --git a/30552-h/30552-h.htm b/30552-h/30552-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba8f4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/30552-h/30552-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2660 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds Illustrated by Colour Photography Vol. Two, No. 4, October 1897, by Birds (Periodical). + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + +/*<![CDATA[*/ + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + .notes {background-color: #f2d2ab; color: #ab2830; padding: .5em; + margin-left: 32%; margin-right: 32%; text-align: center;} + + .sml {font-size: .8em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h5 { text-align: center; font-size: 3em; + clear: both; + } + + h6 { text-align: center; font-size: 4em; + clear: both; + } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .vlouter { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeline { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeleft { float:left; width:33%; text-align:left; } + .volumeright { float:right; text-align:right; width:33%; } + .spacer { clear: both; } + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + a { text-decoration: none; } + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 0em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + /*]]>*/ + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Colour Photography, +Vol II. No. 4, October, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Colour Photography, Vol II. No. 4, October, 1897 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 27, 2009 [EBook #30552] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOUR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, some +images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="notes">Transcriber’s Note:<br /> +Title page added.</p> + +<div class="box"> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + + +<h6>BIRDS</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<h1>A MONTHLY SERIAL</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>DESIGNED TO PROMOTE</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>VOLUME II.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>CHICAGO</strong><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">copyright, 1897</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Co.</span></strong></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">chicago.</span></strong></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + +<h5>BIRDS.</h5> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Illustrated by</span> COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="vlouter"> +<div class="volumeline"> +<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. II.</div> +<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap">No</span>. 4.</div> +<div class="center">OCTOBER.</div> +<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div> +</div> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<h2>BIRDS IN CAPTIVITY.</h2> + + +<p>It was our intention in this article +to give a number of instances +of a pathetic nature concerning +the sufferings of the various +species of birds which it has +been, and still is, a habit with many +people to keep confined in cages +totally inadequate for any other purpose +than that of cruelty. The argument +that man has no moral right to +deprive an innocent creature of liberty +will always be met with indifference +by the majority of people, and an +appeal to their intelligence and +humanity will rarely prove effective. +To capture singing birds for any purpose +is, in many states, prohibited by +statute. But the law is violated. +Occasionally an example is made of +one or more transgressors, but as a +rule the officers of the law, whose +business it should be to prevent it, +manifest no interest whatever in its +execution. The bird trappers as well +know that it is against the law, but so +long as they are unmolested by the +police, they will continue the wholesale +trapping. A contemporary recently +said: “It seems strange that this +bird-catching industry should increase +so largely simultaneously with the +founding of the Illinois Audubon +Society. The good that that society +has done in checking the habit of +wearing birds in bonnets, seems to +have been fairly counterbalanced +by the increase in the number of +songsters captured for cage purposes. +These trappers choose the nesting +season as most favorable for their work, +and every pair of birds they catch +means the loss of an entire family in +the shape of a set of eggs or a nestful +of young left to perish slowly by +starvation.”</p> + +<p>This is the way the trappers proceed. +They are nearly all Germans. +Bird snaring is a favorite occupation +in Germany and the fondness for the +cruel work was not left behind by the +emigrants. More’s the pity. These +fellows fairly swarm with their bird +limes and traps among the suburbs, +having an eye only to the birds of +brightest plumage and sweetest song. +“They use one of the innocents as a +bait to lure the others to a prison.” +“Two of the trappers,” says one who +watched them, “took their station at +the edge of an open field, skirted by a +growth of willows. Each had two +cage traps. The device was divided +into two parts by wires running +horizontally and parallel to the plane +of the floor. In the lower half of each +cage was a male American Goldfinch. +In the roof of the traps were two little +hinged doors, which turned backward +and upward, leaving an opening. +Inside the upper compartment of the +trap, and accessible through the doorway +in the roof, was a swinging perch. +The traps were placed on stumps +among the growth of thistles and dock +weed, while the trappers hid behind +the trees. The Goldfinches confined +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +in the lower sections of the traps had +been the victims of the trappers earlier +in the season, and the sight of their +familiar haunts, the sunlight, the +breeze, and the swaying willow +branches, where so often they had +perched and sung, caused them to +flutter about and to utter pathetically +the call note of their days of freedom. +It is upon this yearning for liberty and +its manifestation that the bird trappers +depend to secure more victims. No +sooner does the piping call go forth +from the golden throats of the little +prisoners, than a reply comes from the +thistle tops, far down the field. A +moment more and the traps are surrounded +with the black and yellow +beauties. The fact that one of their +own kind is within the curious little +house which confronts them seems to +send all their timidity to the winds +and they fairly fall over one another +in their endeavor to see what it all +means. Finally one finds the doorway +in the roof and drops upon the +perch within. Instantly the doors +close and a Goldfinch is a prisoner.”</p> + +<p>Laurence Sterne alone, of sentimental +writers, has put in adequate +language something of the feeling +that should stir the heart of the +sympathetic, at least, on seeing the +unjust confinement of innocent birds. +The Starling, which is the subject of +his elevated sentiment, will appear in +an early number of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>. Sterne +had just been soliloquizing somewhat +favorably of the Bastile, when a voice, +which he took to be that of a child, +complained “it could not get out.” +“I looked up and down the passage, +and seeing neither man, woman, nor +child, I went out without further +attention. In my return back through +the passage, I heard the same words +repeated twice over, and looking up, I +saw it was a Starling hung in a little +cage. ‘I can’t get out, I can’t get +out,’ said the Starling. I stood looking +at the Bird, and to every person +who came through the passage, it ran +fluttering to the side, towards which +they approached it, with the same +lamentation of its captivity. ‘I can’t +get out,’ said the Starling. ‘God help +thee!’ said I, ‘but I’ll let thee out, +cost what it will;’ so I turned about +the cage to get the door. It was +twisted and double-twisted so fast with +wire, there was no getting it open +without pulling the cage to pieces. I +took both hands to it. The bird flew +to the place where I was attempting +its deliverance, and thrusting his head +through the trellis, pressed his breast +against it as if impatient. ‘I fear, +poor creature,’ said I, ‘I can’t set thee +at liberty.’ ‘No,’ said the Starling, ‘I +can’t get out,’ ‘I can’t get out,’ said +the Starling. I vow I never had my +affections more tenderly awakened; or +do I remember an incident in my life +where the dissipated spirits, to which +my reason had been a bubble, were so +suddenly called home. Mechanical as +the notes were, yet so true in tune to +Nature were they chanted, that disguise +thyself as thou wilt, still, ‘Slavery,’ +said I, ‘still thou art a bitter draught; +and though thousands in all ages have +been made to drink of thee, thou art no +less bitter on that account. No, thou +thrice sweet and gracious goddess +liberty, whose taste is grateful, and ever +will be so, till nature herself shall +change; no tint of woods can spot thy +snowy mantle.’”</p> + +<p>The bird in his cage pursued Sterne +into his room, where he composed his +apostrophe to liberty. It would be +well indeed, if a sentiment could be +aroused which would prohibit +absolutely the caging of birds, as well +as their wanton destruction, and if the +children are taught that “tenderness +which is the charm of youth,” another +generation will see it accomplished.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 35em;"> +—<span class="smcap">C. C. Marble.</span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">blackburnian warbler.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;"> +<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" /> +</div> +<p>F the children had had the naming +of birds we venture to say +that it would have been more +appropriately done, and “Blackburnian,” +as many other names +of Warblers, would have had no place +in literature. There are about seventy-five +well known Warblers, nearly all +with common names indicating the +most characteristic colors or habits, or +partly descriptive of the bird itself. +The common names of this beautiful +Warbler are Orange-throated Warbler +and Hemlock Warbler. Some one has +suggested that it should be called the +Torch Bird, for “half a dozen of them +as they flash about in the pines, raising +their wings and jerking their tails, +make the darkest shadows seem breaking +into little tongues of flame.”</p> + +<p>The Orange-throat is only migratory +in Illinois, passing through in spring +and fall, its summer home being chiefly +if not wholly, to the northward, while +it passes the winter in Central America +and northern South America. It is +found in New York and in portions of +Massachusetts, frequenting the coniferous +forests, and building its nest in +bushes or small trees a few feet above +the ground. Dr. C. Hart Merriam +found a pair of these birds nesting in +a grove of large white pines in Lewis +County, New York. In the latter part +of May the female was observed building, +and on the second of June the +nest contained four fresh eggs of the +Warbler and one of the Cow bird. +The nest was saddled on the horizontal +limb about eight feet from the ground +and about ten feet from the trunk. +Nests have been found in pine trees in +Southern Michigan at an elevation of +forty feet. In all cases the nests are +placed high in hemlocks or pines, +which are the bird’s favorite resorts. +From all accounts the nests of this +species are elegantly and compactly +made, consisting of a densely woven +mass of spruce twigs, soft vegetable +down, rootlets, and fine shreds of bark. +The lining is often intermixed with +horse hairs and feathers. Four eggs +of greenish-white or very pale bluish-green, +speckled or spotted, have usually +been found in the nests.</p> + +<p>The autumnal male Warblers resemble +the female. They have two white +bands instead of one; the black stripes +on the side are larger; under parts +yellowish; the throat yellowish, passing +into purer yellow behind. Few +of our birds are more beautiful than +the full plumaged male of this lovely +bird, whose glowing orange throat +renders it a conspicuous object among +the budding and blossoming branches +of the hemlocks. Chapman says, coming +in May, before the woods are fully +clad, he seems like some bright plumaged +tropical bird who has lost his +way and wandered to northern climes. +The summer is passed among the +higher branches in coniferous forests, +and in the early fall the bird returns +to surroundings which seem more in +keeping with its attire.</p> + +<p>Mr. Minot describes the Blackburnian +Warbler’s summer song as resembling +the syllables <em>wee-see-wee-see</em>, while +in the spring its notes may be likened +to <em>wee-see-wee-see, tsee, tsee, tsee</em>, repeated, +the latter syllables being on ascending +scale, the very last shrill and fine.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE LOST MATE.</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +Shine! Shine! Shine!<br /> +Pour down your warmth, great Sun!<br /> +While we bask—we two together.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +Two together!<br /> +Winds blow south, or winds blow north,<br /> +Day come white, or night come black,<br /> +Home, or rivers and mountains from home,<br /> +Singing all time, minding no time,<br /> +If we two but keep together.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +Till of a sudden,<br /> +May be killed, unknown to her mate,<br /> +One forenoon the she-bird crouched not on the nest,<br /> +Nor returned that afternoon, nor the next,<br /> +Nor ever appeared again.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +And thence forward, all summer, in the sound of the sea,<br /> +And at night, under the full of moon, in calmer weather,<br /> +Over the hoarse surging of the sea,<br /> +Or flitting from briar to briar by day,<br /> +I saw, I heard at intervals, the remaining one.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +Blow! blow! blow!<br /> +Blow up, sea-winds, along Paumanok’s shore!<br /> +I wait and I wait, till you blow my mate to me.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 12em;" class="smcap">—Walt Whitman.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/i_012.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">goldfinch.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<h2>THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.</h2> + + +<p>“Look, Mamma, look!” cried +a little boy, as one day late in +June my mate and I alighted on +a thistle already going to seed. +“Such a lovely bird! How +jolly he looks, with that black +velvet hat drawn over his eyes!”</p> + +<p>“That’s a Goldfinch,” replied +his mamma; “sometimes called +the Jolly Bird, the Thistle Bird, +the Wild Canary, and the Yellow +Bird. He belongs to the family +of Weed Warriors, and is very +useful.”</p> + +<p>“He sings like a Canary,” +said Bobbie. “Just hear him +talking to that little brown bird +alongside of him.”</p> + +<p>That was my mate, you see, +who <em>is</em> rather plain looking, so +to please him I sang my best +song, “<em>Per-chic-o-ree, per-chic-o-ree</em>.”</p> + +<p>“That sounds a great deal +better,” said Bobbie; “because +it’s not sung by a little prisoner +behind cage bars, I guess.”</p> + +<p>“It certainly is wilder and +more joyous,” said his mamma. +“He is very happy just now, for +he and his mate are preparing +for housekeeping. Later on, he +will shed his lemon-yellow coat, +and then you won’t be able to +tell him from his mate and little +ones.”</p> + +<p>“How they are gobbling up +that thistle-down,” cried Bobbie. +“Just look!”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said his mamma, “the +fluff carries the seed, like a +sail to which the seed is +fastened. By eating the seed, +which otherwise would be carried +by the wind all over the +place, these birds do a great +amount of good. The down +they will use to line their +nests.”</p> + +<p>“How I should like to peep +into their nest,” said Bobbie; +“just to peep, you know; not to +rob it of its eggs, as boys do +who are not well brought up.”</p> + +<p>My mate and I were so pleased +at that, we flew off a little way, +chirping and chattering as we +went.</p> + +<p>“Up and down, up and down,” +said Bobbie; “how prettily they fly.”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said his mamma; “that +is the way you can always tell a +Goldfinch when in the air. A +dip and a jerk, singing as he +flies.”</p> + +<p>“What other seeds do they +eat, mamma?” presently asked +Bobbie.</p> + +<p>“The seeds of the dandelion, +the sunflower, and wild grasses +generally. In the winter, when +these are not to be had, the poor +little fellows have a very hard +time. People with kind hearts, +scatter canary seed over their +lawns to the merry birds for their +summer songs, and for keeping +down the weeds.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE GOLDFINCH.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" /> +</div> +<p>CCORDING to one intelligent +observer, the Finches are, in +Nature’s economy, entrusted +with the task of keeping +the weeds in subjection, +and the gay and elegant little Goldfinch +is probably one of the most useful, +for its food is found to consist, for +the greater part, of seeds most hurtful +to the works of man. “The charlock +that so often chokes his cereal crops is +partly kept in bounds by his vigilance, +and the dock, whose rank vegetation +would, if allowed to cast all its seeds, +spread barrenness around, is also one of +his store houses, and the rank grasses, +at their seeding time, are his chief +support.” Another writer, whose +study of this bird has been made with +care, calls our American Goldfinch one +of the loveliest of birds. With his +elegant plumage, his rhythmical, undulatory +flight, his beautiful song, and +his more beautiful soul, he ought to be +one of the best beloved, if not one of +the most famous; but he has never yet +had half his deserts. He is like the +Chickadee, and yet different. He is not +so extremely confiding, nor should I call +him merry. But he is always cheerful, +in spite of his so-called plaintive +note, from which he gets one of his +names, and always amiable. So far as +I know, he never utters a harsh sound; +even the young ones asking for food, +use only smooth, musical tones. During +the pairing season, his delight often +becomes rapturous. To see him then, +hovering and singing,—or, better still, +to see the devoted pair hovering +together, billing and singing,—is +enough to do even a cynic good. The +happy lovers! They have never read +it in a book, but it is written on their +hearts:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“The gentle law that each should be<br /> + <span style="margin-left: .3em;">The other’s heaven and harmony.”</span></p> + +<p>In building his nest, the Goldfinch +uses much ingenuity, lichens and moss +being woven so deeply into the walls +that the whole surface is quite smooth. +Instead of choosing the forks of a +bough, this Finch likes to make its +nest near the end of a horizontal +branch, so that it moves about and +dances up and down as the branch is +swayed by the wind. It might be +thought that the eggs would be shaken +out by a tolerably sharp breeze, and +such would indeed be the case, were +they not kept in their place by the +form of the nest. On examination, it +will be seen to have the edge thickened +and slightly turned inward, so that +when the nest is tilted on one side by +the swaying of the bough, the eggs +are still retained within. It is lined +with vegetable down, and on this soft +bed repose five pretty eggs, white, +tinged with blue, and diversified with +small grayish purple spots.</p> + +<hr style='width: 15%;' /> + +<p>A curious story is told of a caged +Goldfinch, which in pleasant weather +always hung in a window. One day, +hearing strange bird voices, the owner +looked up from her seat and saw a +Catbird trying to induce the Finch to +eat a worm it had brought for it. By +dint of coaxing and feeding the wild +bird, she finally induced it to come +often to the window, and one day, +as she sat on the porch, the Catbird +brought a berry and tried to +put it into her mouth. We have often +seen sparrows come to the window of +rooms where canaries were imprisoned, +but it has uniformly been to get food +and not to administer it. The Catbird +certainly thus expressed its gratitude.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 455px;"> +<img src="images/i_017.jpg" width="455" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">chimney swift.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Eugene Bliss.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE CHIMNEY SWIFT.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 90px;"> +<img src="images/imgc.png" width="90" height="80" alt="C" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HIEF POKAGON, of the +Pottawattamie Indians, in +an article in <em>The Osprey</em>, +writes delightfully of the +Chimney Swift, and we +quote a portion of it describing a +peculiar habit of the bird. The chief +was a youth when he made the observation, +and he writes in the second person:</p> + +<p>“As you look, you see the head of +the young chief is turning slowly +around, watching something high in +air above the stream; you now begin +to look in the same direction, catching +glimpses every now and then, of the +segment of a wild revolving ring of +small unnumbered birds circling high +above the trees. Their twittering +notes and whizzing wings create a +musical, but wild, continued roar. +You now begin to realize he is +determined to understand all about +the feathered bees, as large as little +birds, the village boy had seen. The +circle continues to decrease in size, +but increases the revolution until all +the living, breathing ring swings over +the stream in the field of your vision, +and you begin to enquire what means +all this mighty ingathering of such +multitude of birds. The young chief +in admiration claps his hands, leaping +towards the stream. The twittering, +whizzing roar continues to increase; +the revolving circle fast assumes a +funnel shape, moving downward until +the point reaches the hollow in the +stub, pouring its living mass therein +until the last bird dropped out of +sight. Rejoicing in wonder and admiration, +the youth walks round the base +of the stub, listening to the rumbling +roar of fluttering wings within. Night +comes on, he wraps his blanket closer +about him, and lies down to rest until +the coming day, that he may witness +the swarming multitudes pass out in +early morning. But not until the +hour of midnight does he fall asleep, +nor does he wake until the dawn of +day, when, rising to his feet, he looks +upward to the skies. One by one the +stars disappear. The moon grows pale. +He listens. Last night’s familiar roar +rings in his ears. He now beholds +swarming from out the stub the +living, breathing mass, forming in +funnel shape, revolving like a top, +rising high in air, then sweeping outward +into a wide expanding ring, until +the myriads of birds are scattered +wide, like leaves before the whirlwind.”</p> + +<p>And then what do they do? Open +the mouth of a swallow that has been +flying, and turn out the mass of small +flies and other insects that have been +collected there. The number packed +into its mouth is almost incredible, +for when relieved from the constant +pressure to which it is subjected, the +black heap begins to swell and enlarge, +until it attains nearly double +its former size.</p> + +<p>Chimney Swallow is the name +usually applied to this Swift. The +habit of frequenting chimneys is a +recent one, and the substitution of +this modern artificial home for hollow +trees illustrates the readiness with +which it adapts itself to a change in +surroundings. In perching, they +cling to the side of the chimney, using +the spine-pointed tails for a support. +They are most active early in the +morning and late in the afternoon, +when one may hear their rolling +twitter as they course about overhead.</p> + +<p>The question whether Chimney +Swifts break off twigs for their nests +with their feet is now being discussed +by ornithologists. Many curious and +interesting observations have been +made, and the momentous question +will no doubt in time be placed beyond +peradventure.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE LARK.</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +Up with me! up with me into the clouds!<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">For thy song, Lark, is strong;</span><br /> +Up with me! Up with me into the clouds!<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Singing, singing,</span><br /> +With clouds and sky about thee ringing.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lift me, guide me till I find</span><br /> +That spot which seems so to thy mind.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +I have walked through wildernesses dreary,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to-day my heart is weary;</span><br /> +Had I now the wings of a Fairy<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Up to thee would I fly.</span><br /> +There is madness about thee, and joy divine<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">In that song of thine;</span><br /> +Lift me, guide me high and high<br /> +To thy banqueting place in the sky.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 9em;" class="smcap">—Wordsworth.</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> +<h2>SHORE LARK.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;"> +<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" /> +</div> +<p>F the variety of names by which +this Lark is known is any indication +of its popularity, its friends +must be indeed numerous. +Snow Lark, Snowbird, Prairie +Lark, Sky Lark, American Sky Lark, +Horned Lark, are a few of them. +There is only one American Species, so +far as known. It breeds in northeastern +North America and Greenland, wintering +in the United States. It also inhabits +northern portions of the old world. +The common name is derived from the +tufts of black feathers over each ear, +which the birds have the power of erecting +at will like the so-called horns of +some owls.</p> + +<p>In the Eastern States, during the +winter months, flocks of Horned Larks, +varying in size from a dozen to those +of a hundred or more, may be seen +frequenting open plains, old fields, dry +shores of bays, and the banks of rivers. +According to Davie, as there are a +number of geographical varieties of the +Horned Lark, the greatest uncertainty +has always attended their identification +even by experts, and the breeding and +winter ranges of the various subspecies +do not yet seem to be clearly +defined.</p> + +<p>Audubon found this species on the +low, mossy and sheltered hills along +the dreary coast of Labrador. In the +midst of the mosses and lichens that +covered the rocks the bird imbedded its +nest, composed of fine grasses, arranged +in a circular form and lined with the +feathers of grouse and other birds.</p> + +<p>Chapman says these Larks take +wing with a sharp, whistled note, and +seek fresh fields or, hesitating, finally +swing about and return to near the +spot from which they were flushed. +They are sometimes found associated +with Snowflakes. The pinkish grey +coloring is very beautiful, but in the +Middle and Eastern States this bird is +rarely seen in his spring garb, says an +observer, and his winter plumage lacks +the vivid contrasts and prime color.</p> + +<p>As a singer the Shore Lark is not to +be despised, especially in his nesting +haunts. He has a habit of singing as +he soars in the air, after the manner +of the European Skylark.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"> +<img src="images/i_023.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">horned lark.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.</h2> + +<p style="margin-left: 13em;"> +When the veins of the birch overflow in the spring,<br /> +Then I sharpen my bill and make the woods ring,<br /> +Till forth gushes—rewarding my tap, tap, tap!<br /> +The food of us Suckers—the rich, juicy sap.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 14em;">—C. C. M.</span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 115px;"> +<img src="images/imgm.png" width="115" height="80" alt="M" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ANY wild birds run up +and down trees, and it +seems to make little difference +which end up +they are temporarily, +skirmishing ever to the right and left, +whacking the bark with their bills, +then quiet a brief moment, and again +skirmishing around the tree. Sometimes +an apple tree, says a recent +writer, will have a perfect circle, not +seldom several rings or holes round +the tree—holes as large as a buck +shot. The little skirmisher makes +these holes, and the farmer calls it a +Sapsucker. And such it is. Dr. +Coues, however, says it is not a bird, +handsome as it is, that you would care +to have come in great numbers to your +garden or orchard, for he eats the sap +that leaks out through the holes he +makes in the trees. When a great +many holes have been bored near +together, the bark loosens and peels +off, so that the tree is likely to die. +The Sapsucker also eats the soft inner +bark which is between the rough outside +bark and the hard heart-wood of +the tree, which is very harmful. +Nevertheless the bird does much good +in destroying insects which gather to +feed on the oozing sap. It sweeps +them up in its tongue, which is not +barbed, like that of other woodpeckers, +but has a little brush on the end of it. +It lacks the long, extensile tongue +which enables the other species to +probe the winding galleries of wood-eating +larvæ.</p> + +<p>Mr. William Brewster states that +throughout the White Mountains of +New Hampshire, and in most sections +of Northern Maine, the Yellow-Bellied +Woodpeckers outnumber all the other +species in the summer season. Their +favorite nesting sites are large dead +birches, and a decided preference is +manifested for the vicinity of water, +though some nests occur in the interior +of woods. The average height +of the nesting hole from the ground is +about forty feet. Many of the nests +are gourd-like in shape, with the ends +very smoothly and evenly chiseled, +the average depth being about fourteen +inches. The labors of excavating +the nest and those of rearing the +young are shared by both sexes. +While this Sapsucker is a winter resident +in most portions of Illinois, and +may breed sparingly in the extreme +northern portion, no record of it has +been found.</p> + +<p>A walk in one of our extensive +parks is nearly always rewarded by +the sight of one or more of these +interesting and attractive birds. They +are usually so industriously engaged +that they seem to give little attention +to your presence, and hunt away, +tapping the bole of the tree, until +called elsewhere by some more promising +field of operations. Before taking +flight from one tree to another, they +stop the insect search and gaze inquisitively +toward their destination. +If two of them meet, there is often a +sudden stopping in the air, a twisting +upward and downward, followed by a +lively chase across the open to the top +of a dead tree, and then a sly peeping +round or over a limb, after the manner +of all Woodpeckers. A rapid +drumming with the bill on the tree, +branch or trunk, it is said, serves for a +love-song, and it has a screaming call note.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE WARBLING VIREO.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE Vireos are a family of +singers and are more often +heard than seen, but the +Warbler has a much more +musical voice, and of greater compass +than any other member of the family. +The song ripples like a brook, floating +down from the leafiest tree-tops. It +is not much to look at, being quite +plainly dressed in contrast with the +red-eyed cousin, the largest of the +Vireos. In nesting time it prefers +seclusion, though in the spring and +mid-summer, when the little ones have +flown, and nesting cares have ceased, it +frequents the garden, singing in the +elms and birches, and other tall trees. +It rambles as well through the foliage +of trees in open woodland, in parks, +and in those along the banks of +streams, where it diligently searches +the under side of leaves and branches +for insect life, “in that near-sighted +way peculiar to the tribe.” It is a +very stoic among birds, and seems +never surprised at anything, “even at +the loud report of a gun, with the shot +rattling about it in the branches, and, +if uninjured, it will stand for a moment +unconcerned, or move along, peering +on every side amongst the foliage, +warbling its tender, liquid strains.”</p> + +<p>The nest of this species is like that +of the Red-eyed Vireo—a strong, +durable, basket-like fabric, made of +bark strips, lined with fine grasses. +It is suspended by the brim in slender, +horizontal forks of branches, at a great +height from the ground.</p> + +<p>The Vireo is especially numerous +among the elms of Boston Common, +where at almost any hour of the day, +from early in the month of May, until +long after summer has gone, may be +heard the prolonged notes of the +Warbling species, which was an +especial favorite of Dr. Thomas M. +Brewer, author of “History of North +American Birds.” Its voice is not +powerful, but its melody, it is said, is +flute-like and tender, and its song is +perhaps characterized more by its air +of happy contentment, than by any +other special quality. No writer on +birds has grown enthusiastic on the +subject, and Bradford Torrey alone +among them does it scant justice, +when he says this Vireo “is admirably +named; there is no one of our +birds that can more properly be said +to warble. He keeps further from the +ground than the others, and shows a +strong preference for the elms of +village streets, out of which his +delicious music drops upon the ears of +all passers underneath. How many of +them hear it and thank the singer, is +unhappily another question.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"> +<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">yellow-bellied sapsucker.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">warbling vireo.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SAPSUCKER.</h2> + + +<p>My Dear Young Friends:</p> + +<p>During the long summer days, +when you were enjoying golden +vacation hours, I often took a +peep at you from some dead tree +limb or the side of a hemlock or +beech. You saw me, perhaps, +and were surprised at my +courage; for other small birds +whose voices you heard, but +whose tiny bodies escaped your +young eyes, appeared very timid +in comparison.</p> + +<p>But I am not so brave, after +all, and know full well when my +red hat is in danger. I am a +good flyer, too, and can soon put +a wide space between myself +and certain wicked boys, who, I +hope, by next vacation time will +have learned so much about us +that they will love every little +feathered creature, and not seek +to do them any harm.</p> + +<p>Can you guess why I have +such a queer name? I really +ought to be popular in Illinois, +for they tell me it is called the +Sucker State, and that the people +are proud of it. Well, I am +called Sapsucker because much, +if not most, of my food consists +of the secret juices which flow +through the entire body of the +tree which you probably saw +me running up and down and +around. But you saw me, you +say, very often on dead branches +of trees, and surely they had no +sap in them? No, but if you +will look closely into my actions, +you will see that I destroy many +insects which drill their way +into the wood and deposit their +eggs. In my opinion, I do far +more good than harm, though +you will find some people who +think otherwise.</p> + +<p>Then, again, if there is utility +in beauty, surely I am a benefit +to every one. One day I heard +a lady say that she never saw +my head pop up from behind an +old stump without bursting into +laughter, I looked so funny. +Now I took that as a compliment; +for to give pleasure to +those around us, I have heard, +is one of our highest duties.</p> + +<p>Next summer when you seek +the pleasant places where I +dwell,—in the old deadening +where the trees wear girdles +around them; in the open groves, +where I flit from tree to tree; in +the deep wooded districts, +whence one hears the tinkling +ripple of running waters, you +may, if good and gentle, see pop +up behind a stump the red hat of<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 35em;" class="smcap">Sapsucker.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE WOOD PEWEE.</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +The listening Dryads hushed the woods;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The boughs were thick, and thin and few</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The golden ribbons fluttering through;</span><br /> +Their sun-embroidered leafy hoods<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The lindens lifted to the blue;</span><br /> +Only a little forest-brook<br /> +The farthest hem of silence shook;<br /> +When in the hollow shades I heard—<br /> +Was it a spirit or a bird?<br /> +Or, strayed from Eden, desolate,<br /> +Some Peri calling to her mate,<br /> +Whom nevermore her mate would cheer?<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">“Pe-ri! Pe-ri! Peer!”</span></p> + +<hr style='width: 15%;' /> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +To trace it in its green retreat<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">I sought among the boughs in vain;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And followed still the wandering strain</span><br /> +So melancholy and so sweet,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The dim-eyed violets yearned with pain.</span></p> + +<hr style='width: 15%;' /> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +Long drawn and clear its closes were—<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">As if the hand of Music through</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sombre robe of Silence drew</span><br /> +A thread of golden gossamer;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">So pure a flute the fairy blue.</span><br /> +Like beggared princes of the wood,<br /> +In silver rags the birches stood;<br /> +The hemlocks, lordly counselors,<br /> +Were dumb; the sturdy servitors,<br /> +In beechen jackets patched and gray,<br /> +Seemed waiting spellbound all the day<br /> +That low, entrancing note to hear—<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">“Pe-wee! Pe-wee! Peer!”</span></p> + +<hr style='width: 15%;' /> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“Dear bird,” I said, “what is thy name?”<br /> +And thrice the mournful answer came,<br /> +So faint and far, and yet so near,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">“Pe-wee! Pe-wee! Peer!”</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 8em;" class="smcap">—J. T. Trowbridge.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">wood pewee.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE WOOD PEWEE.</h2> + + +<p>I am called the Wood Pewee, +but I don’t always stay in the +woods. If you have an orchard +or a nice garden, you will hear +me singing there in June.</p> + +<p>People think I am not a happy +bird, because my song seems so +sad. They are very much mistaken. +I am just as happy as +any other little fellow dressed +in feathers, and can flirt and +flutter with the best of them.</p> + +<p><em>Pewee! Pewee! Peer!</em></p> + +<p>That is my song, and my mate +thinks it is beautiful. She is +never far away, and always +comes at my call.</p> + +<p>Always, did I say?</p> + +<p>No; one day, when we were +busy building our nest—which +is very pretty, almost as dainty +as that of our neighbor the +Humming Bird—she flew away +to quite a distance to find some +soft lining-stuff on which to lay +her eggs. I had been fetching +and carrying all day the lichens +to put round the nest, which was +hidden among the thick leaves +on the bough of a tree, and was +resting by the side of it.</p> + +<p><em>Pewee! Pewee! Peer!</em></p> + +<p>“She will hear that,” thought +I, and again I sang it as loud as +I could.</p> + +<p>“I’ll bring that fellow down, +too,” said a boy, who surely had +never heard anything about our +happy, innocent lives, and as I +peered down at him, he flung a +large stone, which struck the +bough on which I sat. Oh, how +frightened I was, and how +quickly I flew away!</p> + +<p>“He has killed my little +mate,” I thought. Still, I called +in my plaintive way, <em>Pewee! +Pewee! Peer!</em></p> + +<p>A faint, low cry led me to the +foot of a large tree, and there +on the ground lay my mate, +struggling to rise and fly to +me.</p> + +<p>“I think my wing is broken,” +she sobbed. “Oh, that wicked, +wicked boy!”</p> + +<p>I petted her with my broad, +flat beak, and after a while she +was able to fly with me to our +nest; but it was days and +days before she was out of pain. +I am sure if that boy sees my +story in <span class="smcap">Birds</span>, he will never give +such an innocent <em>little</em> creature +misery again.</p> + +<p>I dress plainly, in a coat of +olive and brown, and they <em>do</em> +say my manners are stiff and +abrupt.</p> + +<p>But my voice is very sweet, and +there is something about it which +makes people say: “Dear little +bird, sad little bird! what may +your name be?”</p> + +<p>Then I answer:</p> + +<p><em>Pewee! Pewee! Peer!</em></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE WOOD PEWEE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" /> +</div> +<p>LTHOUGH one of the most +abundant species, common +all over the United States, +the retiring habits, plainness +of dress, and quiet +manners of this little bird have caused +it to be comparatively little known. +Dr. Brewer says that if noticed at all, +it is generally confounded with the +common Pewee, or Phoebe bird, +though a little observation is sufficient +to show how very distinct they are. +The Wood Pewee will sit almost +motionless for many minutes in an +erect position, on some dead twig or +other prominent perch, patiently +watching for its insect prey. While +its position is apparently so fixed, +however, its eyes are constantly on the +alert, and close watching will show +that the bird now and then turns its +head as its glance follows the course +of some distant insect, while anon the +feathers of the crown are raised, so as +to form a sort of blunt pyramidal +crest. This sentinel-like attitude of +the Wood Pewee is in marked contrast +to the restless motion of the Phoebe, +who, even if perched, keeps its tail +constantly in motion, while the bird +itself seldom remains long in a fixed +position. The notes of the two species +(see August <span class="smcap">Birds</span>) are as different as +their habits, those of the Wood +Pewee being peculiarly plaintive—a +sort of wailing <em>pe-e-e-e-i, wee</em>, the first +syllable emphasized and long drawn +out, and the tone, a clear, plaintive, +wiry whistle, strikingly different from +the cheerful, emphatic notes of the +true Pewee.</p> + +<p>The Wood Pewee, like all of its +family, is an expert catcher of insects, +even the most minute, and has a +remarkably quick perception of their +near presence, even when the light of +day has nearly gone and in the deep +gloom of the thick woods. Dr. Brewer +describes it as taking its station at the +end of a low dead limb, from which +it darts out in quest of insects, sometimes +for a single individual, which it +seizes with a sharp snap of its bill; +and, frequently meeting insect after +insect, it keeps up a constant snapping +sound as it passes on, and finally returns +to its post to resume its watch. While +watching it occasionally twitters, with +a quivering movement of the head and +tail, uttering a feeble call-note, sounding +like <em>pee-e</em>.</p> + +<p>The nest of the Wood Pewee, which +is always “saddled” and securely +attached to a rather stout branch, +usually lichen-covered, is said to be +one of the most elegant examples of +bird architecture. From beneath it +so much resembles a natural portion +of the limb, but for its betrayal by the +owner, it would seldom be discovered. +It is saucer-shaped, with thick walls, +and the whole exterior is a beautiful +“mosaic” of green, gray, and glaucous +lichen. The eggs are a rich delicate +cream color, ornamented by a “wreath” +round the larger end of madder-brown, +purple, and lilac spots.</p> + +<p>The Wood Pewee has many admirers, +a more interesting creature to +watch while feeding being hard to +imagine. Often you will find him in +the parks. Sitting in some quiet, +shady spot, if you wait, he will soon +show himself as he darts from the +fence post not far away, to return to it +time after time with, possibly, the +very insect that has been buzzing +about your face and made you +miserable. His movements are so +quick that even the fly cannot elude +him.</p> + +<p>And to some he is pleasant as a +companion. One who loves birds +once saw this Flycatcher flying in a +circle and repeating breathlessly his +emphatic <em>chebec</em>. “He sang on the +wing, and I have never heard notes +which seemed more expressive of happiness.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i_043.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">snow bunting.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -6em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SNOWFLAKE.</h2> + + +<p>Bobbie didn’t want to go to +school that morning, and he looked +very cheerfully out upon the +cloudy sky and falling flakes +of snow, pretending to shiver a +little when the angry gusts of +wind blew the snow sharply into +people’s faces.</p> + +<p>“I guess it’s better for little +boys like me to stay at home in +such weather as this, mamma,” +said he, all the while hoping the +snow would soon be deep enough +for him to ride down the hill +on his sled.</p> + +<p>Before his mamma could reply +Bobbie gave a cry of delight +which drew her at once to the +window.</p> + +<p>As from the snow clouds, on +bold and rapid wing, came +whirling down an immense flock +of birds, white, streaked with +gray and brown, chirping, calling +to one another, the whole flock +settling upon the open places in +a field in front of Bobbie’s house.</p> + +<p>“Oh, the dear little things,” +said Bobbie, “they looked like +little white angels dropping out +of the clouds.”</p> + +<p>“Those are our winter neighbors,” +said his mamma, “the +Snow Buntings or Snowflakes—they +visit us only in winter, their +summer homes being away up +North near the Arctic Circle in +the region of perpetual snow.”</p> + +<p>“Do they build their nests in +trees?” asked Bobbie, who never +tired hearing about the birds.</p> + +<p>“There are no trees in that +bleak region, only scrubby bushes,” +was the answer. “They +build a thick, deep grassy nest, +well lined with rabbit fur, or Snow +Owl feathers, which they tuck +under a ledge of rock or bunch +of grass.”</p> + +<p>“They chirrup just like sparrows,” +reflected Bobbie, “can they sing?”</p> + +<p>“They only sing when up in +their Northern home. There a +male Snowflake will sing as +merrily as his cousin the Goldfinch.”</p> + +<p>“They look like Sparrows, +too,” said Bobbie, “only whiter +and softer, I think.”</p> + +<p>“In the summer they are +nearly all white, the brown +edges having worn away, leaving +them pure black and white. They +are very shy and suspicious, and +at the least sound you will see +them all whirl aloft braving the +blasts of winter like little +heroes.”</p> + +<p>“Well,” said Bobbie, after a +while, “if those little soft white +birds can go about in such +weather, I guess I can too,” and +in a few minutes with high rubber +boots, and a fur cap drawn +over his ears, off trudged Bobbie +like another little hero to school.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SNOWFLAKE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HIS charming bird comes to us +at a time when his presence +may be truly welcomed and +appreciated, nearly all our +summer companions of the feathered +tribe having departed. He might not +inappropriately be named the great +Snowflake, though in winter he wears +a warm brown cloak, with black +stripes, brown collar, and a brown and +white vest. In summer, however, he +is snow white, with black on the back, +wings, and tail. He lives all over +northern North America, and in the +United States as far south as Georgia.</p> + +<p>About the first of November, flocks +of Snowflakes may be seen arriving, +the males chanting a very low and +somewhat broken, but very pleasant +song. Some call him White Snowbird, +and Snow Bunting, according to +locality. The birds breed throughout +the Arctic regions of both continents, +the National Museum at Washington +possessing nests from the most northern +points of Alaska, (Point Barrow), and +from Labrador, as well as from various +intermediate localities.</p> + +<p>These birds are famous seed eaters, +and are rarely found in trees. They +should be looked for on the ground, in +the air, for they are constantly seeking +new feeding grounds, in the barn-yard, +or about the hay stack, where seeds +are plentiful. They also nest on the +ground, building a deep, grassy nest, +lined with rabbit fur or feathers, under +a projecting ledge of rock or thick +bunch of grass. It seems curious that +few persons readily distinguish them +from their sparrow cousins, as they +have much more white about them +than any other color. Last November +multitudes of them invaded Washington +Park, settling on the ground to +feed, and flying up and scurrying away +to successive pastures of promise. +With their soft musical voices and +gentle manners, they were a pleasing +feature of the late Autumn landscape. +“Chill November’s surly blast” making +“field and forest bare,” had no +terrors for them, but rather spread +before them a feast of scattered seeds, +winnowed by it from nature’s ripened +abundance.</p> + +<p>The Snowflakes disappear with the +melting of their namesake, the snow. +They are especially numerous in snowy +seasons, when flocks of sometimes a +thousand are seen in the old fields and +meadows. It is unusual, though it has +been known to breed in the Northern +States. In July, 1831, Audubon +found it nesting in the White Mountains, +and Dr. J. A. Allen notes a pair +as breeding near Springfield, Mass. +The Arctic regions are its nesting place +however, and these birds were probably +belated on their return migration. +The Snowflake and Shorelark are so +much alike in habits, that the two +species occasionally associate. Ernest +E. Thompson says: “Apparently +the Snowflakes get but little to eat, +but in reality they always find enough +to keep them in health and spirits, +and are as fat as butter balls. +In the mid-winter, in the far north, +when the thermometer showed thirty +degrees below zero, and the chill +blizzard was blowing on the plains, I +have seen this brave little bird gleefully +chasing his fellows, and pouring +out, as he flew, his sweet voluble song +with as much spirit as ever Skylark +has in the sunniest days of June.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;"> +<img src="images/i_048.jpg" width="443" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">junco.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -4em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 11em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 81px;"> +<img src="images/imgb.png" width="81" height="80" alt="B" title="" /> +</div> +<p>LACK SNOWBIRD, in +most of the United States +and in Ontario, where it +is a common resident, +and White Bill, are names more often +applied to this species of Sparrow than +the one of Junco, by which it is known +to ornithologists. It nests in the +mountains of northern Pennsylvania, +New York, and New England, and is +a resident throughout the year in northeastern +Ohio, and in Michigan. In all +probability, the Snowbird does not +breed, even occasionally, anywhere +within the limits of the state of +Illinois, though individuals may in +very rare instances be found several +weeks after others have departed for +the north, these having probably +received some injury which prevents +their migration. Prof. Forbes refers +to such an instance, which came under +his own observation. He saw on a +tree in the edge of a wood, in +the southern part of the state, an +adult specimen of the Junco, and +only one, which, he says, astonished +him.</p> + +<p>Mr. William L. Kells states that in +Ontario this Junco selects a variety of +places for nesting sites, such as the upturned +roots of trees, crevices in banks, +under the sides of logs and stumps, a +cavity under broken sod, or in the +shelter of grass or other vegetation. +The nest is made of dry grasses, warmly +and smoothly lined with hair. The +bird generally begins to nest the first +week of May, and nests with eggs are +found as late as August. A nest of +the Junco was found on the rafters of +a barn in Connecticut.</p> + +<p>Almost any time after the first of +October, little excursion parties of +Juncos may be looked for, and the +custom continues all winter long. +When you become acquainted with +him, as you surely will, during his +visit, you will like him more and more +for his cheerful habits. He will +come to your back door, and present +his little food petition, very +merrily indeed. He is very friendly +with the Chick-a-dee, and they are +often seen together about in the barn-yards, +and he even ventures within the +barn when seeds are frozen to the +ground.</p> + +<p>“The Doctor,” in <em>Citizen Bird</em>, tells +this pretty story of his winter pets:</p> + +<p>“My flock of Juncos were determined +to brave all weathers. First +they ate the seeds of all the weeds and +tall grasses that reached above the +snow, then they cleaned the honeysuckles +of their watery black berries. +When these were nearly gone, I began +to feed them every day with crumbs, +and they soon grew very tame. At +Christmas an ice storm came, and after +that the cold was bitter indeed. For +two days I did not see my birds; but on +the third day, in the afternoon, when +I was feeding the hens in the barn-yard, +a party of feeble, half-starved +Juncos, hardly able to fly, settled down +around me and began to pick at the +chicken food. I knew at a glance that +after a few hours more exposure all +the poor little birds would be dead. So +I shut up the hens and opened the +door of the straw-barn very wide, +scattered a quantity of meal and cracked +corn in a line on the floor, and crept +behind the door to watch. First one +bird hopped in and tasted the food; he +found it very good and evidently called +his brothers, for in a minute they all +went in and I closed the door upon +them. And I slept better that night, +because I knew that my birds were +comfortable. The next afternoon +they came back again. I kept them +at night in this way for several weeks, +and one afternoon several Snowflakes +came in with them.” (See page <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.)</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KINGBIRD.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;"> +<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" /> +</div> +<p>T is somewhat strange that there +should be little unity of opinion +concerning a bird as well known +as is this charming fellow, who +has at least one quality which +we all admire—courage. We will +quote a few of the opinions of well-known +observers as to whether his +other characteristics are admirable, +and let the reader form his own conclusion.</p> + +<p>John Burroughs says of him: “The +exquisite of the family, and the braggart +of the orchard, is the Kingbird, a +bully that loves to strip the feathers +off its more timid neighbors like the +Bluebird, that feeds on the stingless +bees of the hive, the drones, and earns +the reputation of great boldness by +teasing large hawks, while it gives a +wide berth to the little ones.” Decidedly, +this classifies him with the +English Sparrow. But we will hear +Dr. Brewer: “The name, Kingbird, +is given it on the supposition that it +is superior to all other birds in the +reckless courage with which it will +maintain an unequal warfare. My +own observations lead me to the conclusion +that writers have somewhat +exaggerated the quarrelsome disposition +of this bird. I have never, or +very rarely, known it to molest or +attack any other birds than those +which its own instinct prompts it to +drive away in self-defense, such as +Hawks, Owls, Eagles, Crows, Jays, +Cuckoos, and Grackles.” That Dr. +Coues is a friend of the Kingbird, his +language amply proves: “The Kingbird +is not quarrelsome—simply very +lively. He is the very picture of dash +and daring in defending his home, and +when he is teaching his youngsters how +to fly. He is one of the best of neighbors, +and a brave soldier. An officer +of the guild of Sky Sweepers, also a +Ground Gleaner and Tree Trapper +killing robber-flies, ants, beetles, and +rose-bugs. A good friend to horses +and cattle, because he kills the terrible +gadflies. Eats a little fruit, but chiefly +wild varieties, and only now and then +a bee.” If you now have any difficulty +in making up your verdict, we +will present the testimony of one +other witness, who is, we think, an +original observer, as well as a delightful +writer, Bradford Torrey. He was +in the country. “Almost, I could +have believed myself in Eden,” he +says. “But, alas, even the birds +themselves were long since shut out +of that garden of innocence, and as I +started back toward the village a +Crow went hurrying past me, with a +Kingbird in hot pursuit. The latter +was more fortunate than usual, or +more plucky, actually alighting on +the Crow’s back, and riding for some +distance. I could not distinguish his +motions—he was too far away for +that—but I wished him joy of his +victory, and grace to improve it to the +full. For it is scandalous that a bird +of the Crow’s cloth should be a thief; +and so, although I reckon him among +my friends—in truth, <em>because</em> I do so—I +am always able to take it patiently +when I see him chastised for his +fault.”</p> + +<p>The Kingbird is a common bird in +Eastern United States, but is rare +west of the Rocky Mountains. It is +perhaps better known by the name of +Beebird or Bee-martin. The nest is +placed in an orchard or garden, or by +the roadside, on a horizontal bough or +in the fork at a moderate height; +sometimes in the top of the tallest +trees along streams. It is bulky, +ragged, and loose, but well capped and +brimmed, consisting of twigs, grasses, +rootlets, bits of vegetable down, and +wool firmly matted together, and lined +with feathers, hair, etc.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i_055.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">king bird.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -6em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;" class="sml"><strong>Copyrighted by<br /></strong></span> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;" class="sml"><strong>Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KINGBIRD.</h2> + + +<p>You think, my young friends, +because I am called Kingbird I +should be large and fine looking.</p> + +<p>Well, when you come to read +about Kings in your history-book +you will find that size has +nothing to do with Kingliness. +I have heard, indeed, that some +of them were very puny little +fellows, in mind as well as in +body.</p> + +<p>If it is courage that makes a +king then I have the right to be +called Kingbird. They say I +have a reckless sort of courage, +because I attack birds a great +deal larger than myself.</p> + +<p>I would not call it courage to +attack anything smaller than +myself, would you? A big man +finds it easy to shoot a little bird +in the air; and a big boy does +not need to be brave to kill or +cripple some poor little animal +that crosses his path. He only +needs to be a coward to do that!</p> + +<p>I only attack my enemies,—the +Hawks, Owls, Eagles, Crows, +Jays, and Cuckoos. They would +destroy my young family if I did +not drive them away. Mr. Crow +especially is a great thief. When +my mate is on her nest I keep +a sharp lookout, and when one +of my enemies approaches I give +a shrill cry, rise in the air, and +down I pounce on his back; I do +this more than once, and how I +make the feathers fly!</p> + +<p>The little hawks and crows I +never attack, and yet they call +me a bully. Sometimes I do go +for a Song-bird or a Robin, but +only when they come too near my +nest. People wonder why I never +attack the cunning Catbird. I’ll +never tell them, you may be sure!</p> + +<p>To what family do I belong? +To a large family called Flycatchers. +Because some Kings +are tyrants I suppose, they call +me the Tyrant Flycatcher. Look +for me next summer on top of a +wire fence or dead twig of a tree, +and watch me, every few minutes, +dash into the air, seize a +passing insect, and then fly back +to the same perch again.</p> + +<p>Any other names? Yes, some +folks call me the Bee Bird or Bee +Martin. Once in awhile I change +my diet and do snap up a bee! +but it is always a drone, not a +honey-bee. Some ill-natured +people say I choose the drones +because they can’t sting, and +not because they are tramp bees +and will not work.</p> + +<p>Sing? Yes, when my mate is +on her nest I please her with a +soft pretty song, at other times +my call-note is a piercing Kyrie-K-y-rie! +I live with you only +in the summer. When September +comes I fly away to a +warmer climate.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> +<h2>SUMMARY</h2> + + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.</strong>—<em>Dendroica blackburniæ.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern North America; breeds +from northern Minnesota and southern Maine +northward to Labrador and southward along +the Alleghenies to South Carolina; winters in +the tropics.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of fine twigs and grasses, lined with +grasses and tendrils, in coniferous trees, ten to +forty feet up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four, grayish white or bluish white, +distinctly and obscurely spotted, speckled, and +blotched with cinnamon brown or olive brown.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.</strong>—<em>Spinus tristis.</em> +Other names: “Yellow-bird,” “Thistle-bird.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern North America; breeds +from South Carolina to southern Labrador; +winters from the northern United States to the +Gulf.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Externally, of fine grasses, strips of +bark and moss, thickly lined with thistle down; +in trees or bushes, five to thirty feet up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to six, pale bluish white.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>CHIMNEY SWIFT.</strong>—<em>Chætura pelagica.</em> +Other name: “Chimney Swallow.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern North America; breeds from +Florida to Labrador; winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—A bracket-like basket of dead twigs +glued together with saliva, attached to the wall +of a chimney, generally about ten feet from the +top, by the gummy secretions of the bird’s +salivary glands.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four to six, white.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>HORNED LARK.</strong>—<em>Otocoris alpestris.</em> +Other name: “Shore Lark.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Breeds in northern Europe, Greenland, +Newfoundland, Labrador, and Hudson Bay +region; southward in winter into eastern United +States to about latitude 35°.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of grasses, on the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four, pale bluish or greenish +white, minutely and evenly speckled with pale +grayish brown.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SAPSUCKER, YELLOW-BELLIED.</strong>—<em>Sphyrapicus varius.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern North America; breeds from +Massachusetts northward, and winters from Virginia +to Central America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—About forty feet from the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Five to seven.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>WARBLING VIREO.</strong>—<em>Vireo gilvus.</em> Other +name: “Yellow-throated Vireo.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America; breeds as far north +as the Hudson Bay region; winters in the +tropics.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Pensile, of grasses and plant fibres, +firmly and smoothly interwoven, lined with fine +grasses, suspended from a forked branch eight +to forty feet up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four, white, with a few specks +or spots of black umber, or rufous-brown, chiefly +about the larger end.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>WOOD PEWEE.</strong>—<em>Contopus Virens.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern North America; breeds from +Florida to Newfoundland; winters in Central +America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Compact and symmetrical, of fine +grasses, rootlets and moss, thickly covered with +lichens, saddled on a limb, twenty to forty feet +up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four, white, with a wreath of +distinct and obscure markings about the larger +end.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SNOWFLAKE.</strong>—<em>Plectrophenax nivalis.</em> Other +name: “Snow Bunting.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Northern parts of northern hemisphere, +breeding in the arctic regions; in North +America, south in Winter into the northern +United States, irregularly to Georgia, southern +Illinois, and Kansas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of grasses, rootlets, and moss, lined +with finer grasses and feathers, on the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four to seven, pale bluish white, +thinly marked with umber or heavily spotted or +washed with rufous-brown.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>JUNCO</strong>—<em>Junco hyemalis.</em> Other name: +“Snowbird.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America; breeds from northern +Minnesota to northern New York and +southward along the summits of the Alleghenies +to Virginia; winters southward to the +Gulf States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of grasses, moss, and rootlets, lined +with fine grasses and long hairs, on or near the +ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four or five, white or bluish white, +finely or evenly speckled or spotted, sometimes +heavily blotched at the larger end with rufous-brown.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>KINGBIRD.</strong>—<em>Tyrannus tyrannus.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America north to New Brunswick +and Manitoba; rare west of the Rocky +Mountains; winters in Central and South +America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Compact and symmetrical, of weed-stocks, +grasses, and moss, lined with plant +down, fine grasses, and rootlets, generally at the +end of a branch fifteen to twenty-five feet from +the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to five, white, spotted with +umber.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Colour +Photography, Vol II. 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