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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Buxton and its Medicinal Waters, by Robert
+Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Buxton and its Medicinal Waters
+
+
+Author: Robert Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009  [eBook #30682]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1892 John Heywood edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+                                  BUXTON
+                                 AND ITS
+                            MEDICINAL WATERS.
+
+
+                                    BY
+
+                  ROBERT OTTIWELL GIFFORD-BENNET, M.D.,
+
+         _Senior Acting Physician to the Devonshire Hospital and_
+                          _Buxton Bath Charity_.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                              JOHN HEYWOOD,
+                  DEANSGATE AND RIDGEFIELD, MANCHESTER;
+                       2, AMEN CORNER, LONDON, E.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Knowing from long experience the powerful action exerted upon the human
+system by the Buxton Medicinal Thermal Water, and the unsatisfactory
+results arising from its indiscriminate and incautious use, either in the
+form of baths or by taking it internally, I have in the following pages,
+as briefly and succinctly as possible, endeavoured to make some practical
+suggestions for the guidance of those of my professional brethren who
+have had no opportunity of becoming personally acquainted with the Buxton
+Spa, with the hope that they may prove of service.
+
+                                                               R. O. G. B.
+
+Tankerville House,
+      Buxton, May, 1892.
+
+                              CONTENTS.
+
+                              CHAPTER I.
+                    TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
+                                                                  PAGE
+Situation—Altitude—Geology—Roman Baths—Climate and                   9
+Temperature—Death Rate—Water Supply—Rainfall
+Drainage—Railway Communication—Public Buildings—Devonshire
+Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity—Visitors’
+Accommodation—Antiquarian
+                             CHAPTER II.
+                THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION.
+Physiological Functions in Healthy Individuals—Performance          22
+of the Physiological Functions in Health and
+Disease—Action of Oxygen upon the Nitrogenous and
+Non-nitrogenous Compounds—Origin of Calculi, Nodosities,
+and Tophi—Action of the Thermal Water upon the Great
+Emunctories—Chalybeate Water when Used as a Douche, or
+Taken Internally—Analyses of the Waters—Selection of
+Buxton by the Romans—First Treatise upon the Buxton Spa,
+written by Dr. Jones in 1572—Source and Nature of the
+Waters
+                             CHAPTER III.
+                  THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION.
+Kinds of Baths—Natural and Hot—Action of Thermal Water              31
+upon the Skin—Natural Baths—Swimming and Plunge for Males
+and Females—Necessity of Caution in their Use—Importance
+of Time and Frequency in Taking the Baths—Directions
+During and After Bathing—Most Favourable Time for Taking
+Warm or Hot Baths—Directions for the Use of Half,
+Three-quarters, and Full Baths—Drowsiness after
+Bathing—Massage, When and How Used—When Baths
+Inadmissible—Hours for Drinking the Medicinal
+Waters—Diseases in which the Thermal Water should Not be
+Drunk
+                             CHAPTER IV.
+               DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL.
+Acute Gout and Rheumatism—Chronic Gout and                          41
+Rheumatism—Chorea—Many Forms of Paralysis—Muscular Atrophy
+consequent upon the Gouty Diathesis—Loco Motor
+Ataxia—Syphilis—Local Injuries—Neuralgia—Sciatica,
+Lumbago, &c.—Number of Baths Constituting a Course—Length
+of Residence Required—Action of Water upon Acute and
+Chronic Diseases—Extract from Devonshire Hospital
+Report—Inference
+
+CHAPTER I.
+TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
+
+
+Situation—Altitude—Geology—Roman Baths—Climate and Temperature—Death
+Rate—Water-Supply—Rainfall—Drainage—Railway Communication—Public
+Buildings—Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity—Visitors’
+Accommodation—Antiquarian.
+
+The ancient town of Buxton, which is situated upon the extreme western
+boundary of the county of Derby, at an elevation of 1,000ft. above the
+sea level, lies in a deep basin, having a subsoil of limestone and
+millstone grit, and is environed on every side by some of the most
+romantic and picturesque scenery in the High Peak, hill rising above hill
+in wild confusion, some attaining an altitude of from 1,900ft. to
+2,000ft.
+
+Buxton, or, as originally called, Bawkestanes, was occupied as a military
+station by the Romans, who, during their occupancy, constructed baths
+over the tepid water springs which issue through fissures in the
+limestone rock, where it comes in contact with the millstone grit, as was
+proved beyond doubt by the finding of Roman tiles (used in the
+construction of their baths) some years ago, when the present baths were
+under repair.
+
+Although Buxton is situated at so great an altitude, the mean temperature
+for years past (owing, no doubt, in a great measure, to the taste
+displayed and forethought shown by the late Mr. Heacock, agent for many
+years to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, in causing the surrounding
+hills to be well planted) has averaged about 44° Fahr., only a few
+degrees below that of some of the most frequented winter resorts in Great
+Britain.  Such a temperature, however, may appear to some to militate
+against Buxton as a health resort except during the summer months, but it
+must be borne in mind that although the temperature may be said to be
+somewhat low (a necessity of its altitude), yet the atmosphere is
+especially pure and dry, and, like that of Davos Platz, plays no
+inconsiderable part in conducing to the highly-sanitary condition of the
+neighbourhood.
+
+The healthiness of the Buxton district is borne out by the fact that the
+death-rate from zymotic disease is lower than that of most other
+localities in Great Britain, and that the average annual death-rate from
+all forms of disease is only (among the resident population) 10 in 1,000.
+
+The air being so pure and dry exerts a most bracing and tonic effect,
+especially in cases where the system has become debilitated from any
+cause—anæmia, chlorosis, chronic liver and splenic disease, many forms of
+bronchial asthma, the first stage of tuberculosis of the lungs, and
+tubercular degeneration of the mesenteric glands in childhood, I have
+seen much benefitted by a short residence in the district.  To the
+closely-confined and overworked residents in towns the crispness and
+buoyancy of the atmosphere impart a feeling of lightness and exhilaration
+rarely experienced except in a highland district, making mental and
+physical labour less irksome and life more enjoyable.
+
+The water supply of Buxton is abundant, soft, and free from impurities,
+doubtless owing to its percolating through the great filter bed of
+sandstone to the north of the town, and issues in numerous springs far
+above any source of contamination from the inhabitants in the valley
+below.
+
+It has been stated (and I think much to the prejudice of Buxton) that the
+rainfall of the High Peak, and especially of the Buxton district, is
+generally in excess of that of most of the other parts of Great Britain.
+Such an assertion is quite incorrect, as may be ascertained by a careful
+examination of the rainfall of other localities; although, as in all
+hilly districts, we must, on account of the attraction of the hills,
+expect a somewhat larger rainfall than on the plains.  The annual average
+fall in the neighbourhood of Buxton amounts to about forty-nine inches,
+which is much less than that of many localities both in the Northern and
+Midland Counties.  Even when there is an exceptionally heavy fall of rain
+the porous nature of the subsoil precludes the possibility of an
+accumulation of surface water to any great extent.
+
+The following table shows the mean temperature and rainfall for 1890 and
+1891, two years in which we have experienced a lower temperature and a
+greater rainfall than for some years past, which, I believe, has been the
+experience of most other parts of Britain during the same period:—
+
+                  Mean Temperature.               Rainfall.
+              1890.         1891.         1890.         1891.
+              Deg.          Deg.          inch.         inch.
+January               37.6          31.7          6.91          4.58
+February              33.1          38.9          .945           .68
+March                 40.0          36.0         4.995         3.895
+April                 41.1          38.9         1.635          3.40
+May                   50.2          45.8          3.21         4.935
+June                  52.4          53.3         4.685         2.878
+July                  54.7          56.3          4.78          2.52
+August                55.2          55.0          6.05          6.45
+September             56.0          54.4         1.405         3.505
+October               47.2          46.0          4.20         6.595
+November              40.0          38.8         9.455         4.535
+December              27.8          37.8           1.3         8.745
+
+Mean temperature for 1890 = 44°.6; mean temperature for 1891 = 44°.4.
+
+Rainfall for 1890 = 49.77in.; rainfall for 1891 = 52.718in.
+
+Buxton being built in a valley inclining to the east, and upon the slopes
+of the adjoining hills to the south, west, and north, necessitates the
+convergence of its system of drainage into a main sewer, which is carried
+through the heart of the town to its outskirts, where the contents are
+discharged into tanks, and purified by a chemical process submitted to
+the town authorities by Dr. Thresh.
+
+The natural incline upon which the town is built greatly facilitated the
+sewerage arrangements so ably planned and successfully carried out by the
+late Sir Robert Rawlinson.
+
+Two lines of railway, the London and North-Western and Midland, whose
+stations are situated adjoining each other to the east end of the town,
+and between Buxton and Fairfield, afford every facility of communication
+with all parts of Great Britain and Ireland.  The station of the East to
+West Railway now in process of formation will be in Higher Buxton, and
+will doubtless prove of much convenience to residents in that
+neighbourhood.
+
+Visitors to Buxton, of all classes, will find ample and suitable
+accommodation in the numerous hotels, hydros, boarding-houses, and
+private apartments.
+
+The Buxton Gardens’ Company’s Pavilion, Music Hall, and Theatre (where
+during the season the first artistes are engaged), lawn tennis, skating
+rink, golf, cricket, and football clubs, fishing, shooting, and hunting,
+provide varied amusements for all tastes.
+
+Mail coaches and charabancs run daily (Sundays excepted) to either
+Bakewell, Haddon, Chatsworth, Matlock, Castleton, or Dove Dale, during
+the season.  Private conveyances, riding and driving horses, are
+procurable by those wishing to visit the numerous places of interest in
+the neighbourhood or ride to hounds.
+
+Buxton possesses some very handsome public and private buildings.  The
+Crescent, perhaps one of the finest structures of its kind in Europe, has
+a frontage of 400ft. and a height of nearly 70ft., and is massive and
+bold in design.  Above it is surmounted by an open battlement, which runs
+the whole of its length.  In its centre the Devonshire coat of arms
+stands out in bold relief.  Along the base of the building a wide open
+colonnade extends from one end to the other, and is a great convenience
+in going to and from the Baths and drinking fountain in wet weather, or
+as a promenade.  It was originally intended for one hotel, but is now
+divided into two.  In front is an open semicircular space, extending to
+the foot of St. Ann’s Cliff, an extensive piece of ground, tastefully
+laid out in terraces and public walks, some of which lead from terrace to
+terrace to the public drinking fountain at the base of the slope, and
+others to the plateau above, upon which stands the Town Hall, a handsome
+and substantially-built structure, recently erected, containing public
+and private offices, magisterial and assembly rooms, museum, free
+library, reading-room, &c.
+
+The Devonshire Hospital is a large octagonal building surmounted by a
+lofty dome, and is situated at the foot of Corbar Hill, being a
+conspicuous object from all parts of the town.  It was originally built
+for stabling in connection with the Crescent Hotel.  Some years since the
+committee of the Buxton Bath Charity, being desirous of providing better
+accommodation for those seeking its aid, succeeded, mainly through the
+exertions of the late Mr. Wilmot, agent to his Grace the Duke of
+Devonshire, in obtaining the duke’s sanction to its conversion to its
+present use.
+
+The structural alterations necessitated an outlay of between £30,000 and
+£40,000, towards which the committee of the Lancashire Cotton Fund
+contributed 24,000, in consideration of a first claim to the occupancy of
+150 beds, the entire hospital accommodation being 300 beds.
+
+The dome covers an area of nearly half an acre, and is said to be one of
+the largest in the world.  Under its vast expanse between 5,000 and 6,000
+people can assemble without overcrowding.  A perfect echo, like that in
+the Baptistry at Pisa, is heard slightly away from beneath its centre.
+
+The hospital is open to the inspection of visitors from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
+at a small charge, which is appropriated for the purpose of purchasing
+books for the library, a great boon to the crippled patients.
+
+The Palace Hotel, a large and imposing building, stands within its own
+grounds, beautifully situated and laid out, close to the London and
+North-Western and Midland Railway stations.  Being elevated considerably
+above the town, a panoramic view of Higher and Lower Buxton, St. Ann’s
+Cliff, Broad Walk, the Crescent, and Buxton Gardens is obtained from its
+windows, and in the distance Axe Edge, 1,950ft., Harpur Hill, Diamond
+Hill (so-called from the Derbyshire diamond being found there), Solomon’s
+Temple, and Hindlow are in full view.
+
+There are many other buildings worthy of notice, amongst which I may
+mention the churches of St. John and St. James, Pavilion Music Hall,
+Theatre, Union Club, the Buxton, Peak, and Haddon Grove Hydropathic
+Establishments.  As the town is rapidly extending, many very pretty
+villas have recently sprung up in the park and neighbourhood, from whence
+are obtained the finest views of Buxton and the surrounding hills.
+
+Buxton is well supplied with places of public worship, St. John’s, St.
+James’s, St. Anne’s, and Trinity, belonging to the Church of England;
+Hardwick Street Chapel, Congregationalists; the Park and Market Place
+Chapels, Wesleyan Methodists; London Road Chapel, Primitive Methodists;
+St. Ann’s Chapel, Terrace Road, Roman Catholic; and Harrington Road
+Chapel, Unitarian.  The Presbyterians hold services every Sunday (during
+the season) in the Town Hall, morning and evening.
+
+The staple industry of Buxton and the neighbourhood consists in the
+burning of limestone, and the manufacture of inlaid marble vases, tables,
+&c, some of which are tastefully designed, and form very elegant and
+beautiful ornamental decorations for the drawing-room, &c.
+
+The naturalist, the botanist, and the geologist will find Nature’s
+hand-book, spread wide open over the hills and dales of the Peak, for
+their inspection.  The archæologist and the antiquarian may wander to the
+top of Cowlow, Ladylow, Hindlow, Hucklow, or Grindlow, and picture in
+imagination the savage and warlike aborigines of the High Peak, wending
+their way up the precipitous sides of the hill, carrying their dead
+chieftain to his last resting-place on the mountain summit, where,
+placing him in a cyst, made of rough unhewn stones, they cover him up
+with earth, leaving his spirit to find its way to the happy
+hunting-grounds of the unseen; or watch the wild and barbarous rites
+performed by the Druidical priest within the precincts of Arbor Low
+Circle; or contemplate the savage hordes of Danes, as they lie encamped
+on the slopes of Priestcliff; or follow the footsteps of a hardy cohort
+of Rome’s picked soldiers, as it moves with steady precision through the
+High Peak Forest, and ascends the rugged side of Coomb’s Moss, to pitch a
+camp on the spur of Castle Naze.
+
+The antiquarian may take his stand upon Mam-Tor, the mother rock, when
+the moon sheds her silvery light o’er Loosehill Mount, and, carrying his
+mind back into the past some 230 years, hear the bugle’s note as it
+sweeps through the Wynnats Pass, and is taken up by the Peverel Castle
+and transmitted onwards through the Vale of Hope, calling the hardy
+dalesmen to their midnight rendezvous, there to be instructed in the
+science of war, so as to enable them to protect their homes and families
+against the marauding myrmidons of a cruel, heartless, and unreliable
+king; or if the antiquarian seeketh a knowledge of the High Peak
+folk-lore, and feareth neither pixie or graymarie, he can, on a spring
+night, just as the moon has entered her last quarter, and the first note
+from the belfry of the chapel in the frith has proclaimed the arrival of
+midnight, take his stand upon Blentford’s Bluff and peer into the dark
+and sombre depths of Kinder, when he will hear the hooting of the barn
+owl on Anna rocks, the unearthly screech of the landrail as he ploughs
+his way through the unmown grass in search of his mate, the scream of the
+curlew and chatter of the red grouse as they take their flight from peak
+to peak, and see the fairy queen come forth from the mermaid’s cave in a
+shimmering light, followed by her maids, who dance a quadrille to the
+music of the spheres, and hear the wild blast of the hunter’s horn
+heralding the approach of the Gabriel hounds as they take their rapid
+course across the murky sky, and become lost in the unfathomable depths
+beyond the Scout.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION.
+
+
+Physiological Functions in Healthy Individuals—Performance of the
+Physiological Functions in Health and Disease—Action of Oxygen upon the
+Nitrogenous and Non-nitrogenous Compounds—Origin of Calculi, Nodosities,
+and Tophi—Action of the Thermal Water upon the Great
+Emunctories—Chalybeate Water when used as a Douche, or Taken
+Internally—Analyses of the Waters—Selection of Buxton by the Romans—First
+Treatise upon the Buxton Spa, written by Dr. Jones in 1572—Source and
+Nature of the Waters.
+
+In a healthy individual, where the physiological functions are performed
+with exactitude and regularity, the elimination of the various effete
+matters, the result of waste of tissue, is uniform, and easily carried
+off out of the system by the skin, the kidneys, lungs, and bowels.  The
+nitrogenous components become oxidised, and urea ultimately formed, which
+being very soluble is freely excreted by the sudorific glands in the
+perspiration, and by the kidneys in the urine.  The non-nitrogenous
+compounds are also changed by the action of oxygen into carbonic acid,
+which is expelled from the system by the lungs.  If the natural functions
+are not perfectly and with regularity performed, the balance of power
+must of necessity be lost, and disease engendered.  The system then
+becomes charged with uric acid, which has a strong affinity for certain
+bases in the human organism, and forms salts either insoluble or only
+slightly so, which are with difficulty eliminated either by the skin or
+kidneys, and hence we have the formation of calculi in the bladder,
+nodosities on the joints, and tophi in the ears, indicating the uric acid
+diathesis.
+
+The action of the Buxton nitrogenous thermal waters being solvent,
+stimulant, antacid, chologoge, diuretic, diaphoretic, and slightly
+purgative, restores the balance of power, not only by stimulating the
+gastric and hepatic organs to a correct performance of their normal
+functions, thus in conjunction with a strictly regulated diet (essential
+in all cases) cutting off the very source of the materies morbi, but also
+(when there) by eliminating it from the system by the great emunctories,
+viz., the skin, kidneys, lungs, and bowels.  As the large proportion of
+invalid visitors to Buxton consist of those suffering from the uric acid
+or gouty diathesis, and rheumatism, and seek relief from the excruciating
+pains and cripplement incident to such diseases, the great attraction
+must of necessity be the medicinal waters, of which there are two
+kinds—the cold chalybeate or iron spring, and the natural thermal water.
+Of the former there are numerous springs in the neighbourhood of Buxton,
+but the only one now resorted to has been conveyed through pipes from a
+distance to a room adjoining the natural baths, and is used with much
+benefit in many forms of uterine disease as a douche.  As such also it is
+prescribed in cases where the conjunctivæ are in a relaxed condition,
+consequent either upon rheumatic inflammation or local injuries.  It
+should on no account be applied to the eyes until the inflammatory action
+has entirely subsided.
+
+When drunk, one tumbler (twice or thrice daily after meals) may be taken
+by an adult with much advantage when suffering from anæmia, chlorosis,
+amenorrhœa, dysmenorrhœa, diabetes connected with the gouty diathesis,
+chronic cystitis, or general debility.
+
+Although it may be classed as a mild chalybeate, I have frequently seen
+great benefit derived from its internal use (partly, no doubt, owing to
+the presence of sulphate of lime), especially in children of an
+undoubtedly strumous habit, where glandular swellings presented
+themselves in the neck, and the mesenteric glands were enlarged.  In such
+cases, when taken regularly for some weeks (half a tumbler thrice daily
+after meals), the appetite returns, the digestive functions are improved,
+the glandular swellings subside, and the whole system becomes
+reinvigorated, so as to restore bloom to the cheek, brilliancy to the
+eyes, vigour to the limbs, and the natural buoyancy of spirit to
+childhood.
+
+According to Dr. L. Playfair’s analysis in 1852, one gallon of the water
+was found to contain the following solid constituents:—
+
+                              Grains.
+Pro-carbonate of Iron              1.044
+Silica                             1.160
+Sulphate of Lime                   2.483
+Alumina                            trace
+Sulphate of Magnesia               0.431
+Carbonate of Magnesia              0.303
+Sulphate of Potash                 0.147
+Chloride of Sodium                 1.054
+Chloride of Potassium              0.450
+                                   7.072
+
+The thermal water, as before stated, arises from various fissures in the
+limestone rock, upon which formation the greater part of the town of
+Buxton is built.  The flow is uniform (during the heat and drought of
+summer, and the cold and frost of winter) in volume, about 140 gallons
+per minute, in temperature 82 deg.  Fahrenheit, and in solid
+constituents.
+
+According to the latest analysis, made by Dr. Thresh in 1881, the
+following results were obtained.  The mud which had settled around the
+mouths of the springs and floors of the tanks into which the water is
+conveyed consisted of—
+
+                                       Grains.
+Oxide of Manganese                          80.32
+Sulphate of Barium, Sand, &c.                1.08
+Lead Oxide                                   0.15
+Copper Oxide                                 0.07
+Molybdic Acid                                0.02
+Iron and Aluminium Oxide                     1.36
+Cobalt Oxide                                 0.30
+Zinc Oxide                                   0.46
+Barium Oxide                                 0.79
+Calcium                                      5.31
+Strontium                                   trace
+Magnesium                                    3.18
+Carbon Dioxide                               3.23
+Phosphoric Acid                              0.01
+Water                                        3.93
+                                           100.21
+
+The following is the result of his analysis of the water:—
+
+                                 Grains.
+Bicarbonate of Calcium                14.01
+Bicarbonate of Magnesium               6.02
+Bicarbonate of Iron                    0.03
+Bicarbonate of Manganese               0.03
+Sulphate of Barium                     0.05
+Sulphate of Calcium                    0.26
+Sulphate of Potassium                  0.62
+Sulphate of Sodium                     0.84
+Nitrate of Sodium                      0.03
+Chloride of Sodium                     0.02
+Chloride of Magnesium                  0.95
+Chloride of Ammonium                  trace
+Silicic Acid                           0.95
+Organic Matter                         0.02
+Carbon Dioxide                         0.20
+Nitrogen                               0.19
+                                      24.22
+
+There were also traces of lead, strontium, lithium, and phosphoric acid.
+
+As the gas issued from the fissures in the limestone rock, it was found
+to consist of 99.22 grains of nitrogen, 0.88 grain of carbonic acid, and
+that held in solution in the water, 6.1 cubic inches nitrogen, 4.1
+carbonic acid.
+
+In comparing Dr. Thresh’s analysis with those previously made by Drs.
+Pearson, Muspratt, Sir Charles Scudamore, and Sir Lyon Playfair, it will
+be seen that a new constituent appears in the form of molybdinum, which,
+as mentioned above, was detected in the mud deposit at the bottom of the
+tanks into which the water is conveyed, as it issues directly from the
+springs.  In other respects the analyses differ but slightly, nor does
+the efficacy of the water appear to have become less potent in
+alleviating or curing those diseases for which it is so deservedly
+celebrated.
+
+The Romans, ever luxurious in their use of hot and tepid baths, doubtless
+selected the Buxton basin as a station, not merely from a military point
+of view, but on account of the thermal springs, the curative effects of
+which they would readily discover by receiving fresh energy to their
+wearied bodies, from the stimulating action of the water immediately upon
+taking a bath, as well as relief from many diseases, especially of a
+rheumatic character, to which their life of hardship and exposure
+rendered them so liable.
+
+From the Roman period until about the year 1572 there is little or no
+recorded history of Buxton.  About that time, however, a Dr. Jones wrote
+a treatise on the Buxton Spa, advocating its claims so forcibly to those
+afflicted with gout or rheumatism that ere long it became the resort of
+the _elite_ in the fashionable world as well as the poor.
+
+Dr. Jones mentions in his very interesting treatise that in his time
+Buxton was resorted to by large numbers of the poor and afflicted people
+from the surrounding districts.  The indigence and deplorable condition
+of some of these people were so extreme and their numbers so great that
+to supply their necessities the whole of the “treasury of the bath fund
+was consumed, part of which the people of the adjoining chapelry of
+Fairfield claimed for the purpose of paying the stipend of their
+chaplain.”  So great indeed became the grievance that they by petition
+sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth in the matter.
+
+Dr. Jones, in his quaint and forcible way, writes in reference to the
+“treasury of the bath” fund: “If any think this magisterial imposing on
+people’s pockets let them consider their abilities and the sick poor’s
+necessities, and think whether they do not in idle pastimes throw away in
+vain twice as much yearly.  It may entail the blessings of them who are
+ready to perish upon you, and will afford a pleasant after-reflection.
+God has given you physic for nothing; let the poor and afflicted (it may
+be members of Christ) have a little of your money, it may be better for
+your own health.  Heaven might have put them in your room, and you in
+theirs, then a supply would have been acceptable to you.”
+
+As the thermal water issues from the various fissures in the limestone
+rock, it is slightly alkaline, bright, sparkling, of a blueish tint,
+especially when collected in bulk, and soft and rather insipid in taste.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION.
+
+
+Kinds of Baths—Natural and Hot—Action of Thermal Water upon the
+Skin—Natural Baths—Swimming and Plunge for Males and Females—Necessity of
+Caution in their Use—Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the
+Baths—Directions During and After Bathing—Most Favourable Time for Taking
+Warm or Hot Baths—Directions for the Use of Half, Three-quarters, and
+Full Baths—Drowsiness after Bathing—Massage, When and How Used—When Baths
+Inadmissible—Hours for Drinking the Medicinal Waters—Diseases in which
+the Thermal Water should Not be Drunk.
+
+There are two kinds of baths, viz., the natural and hot.  The natural
+bath is so called because the water used in its formation is at the
+natural temperature, as it issues from the perforations in the floor of
+the baths.  The stream being continuous and large in volume, an overflow
+is provided at the top of each bath, which not only secures constant
+change of water for the bathers, with corresponding purity, but much
+greater medicinal action upon the system.
+
+The water renders the skin smooth and pliant, probably on account of its
+alkaline character and the large amount of free nitrogen suspended in it.
+Its alkalinity also saponifies the fatty acids on the surface of the
+body, cleanses and opens up the sudorific glands, and thus assists the
+free absorption of the nitrogen into the system.  Brisk rubbing of the
+skin (whilst in the water) with the hands promotes a similar result.
+
+Under the head of natural baths are included large swimming, plunge, or
+public baths for males and females, also private ones fitted up with
+every modern comfort and convenience, which are situated at the west-end
+of the Crescent, adjoining the pump-room or drinking fountain.
+
+As the medicinal thermal water of Buxton is admitted to be very powerful
+in its action upon the human system, it is absolutely necessary that it
+should be used with the greatest care.  I have known many accidents and
+even deaths take place from the incautious use of the natural baths by
+persons wilfully or negligently taking it in a totally unfit state of
+health, or by remaining in the water too long.  When used as a bath at
+the natural temperature, the water is buoyant and emollient to the skin,
+and produces a sense of exhilaration both to the body and mind of the
+bather.  But if indulged in too frequently or too long at one time, this
+beneficial effect is entirely lost, and instead of the glow of heat which
+ordinarily takes place directly after immersion, the surface of the body
+becomes chilled and covered with what is commonly called “goose” skin, a
+sense of oppression and discomfort ensues, erratic pains are developed,
+and the mind becomes greatly depressed.  The bath, therefore, should not
+be taken more than two or at most three days consecutively, nor should
+the immersion extend beyond seven or eight minutes.  It is well for the
+bather to take gentle exercise prior to entering the bath, in order that
+the surface of the body may not be chilled, but rather in a glow upon
+immersion.  If after being in the water a few minutes a feeling of
+persistent chilliness ensues, the bather should leave the bath, get
+rubbed down with a hot rough towel, dress as quickly as possible, and
+then return home, where he should remain until reaction is perfectly
+established.  When the natural bath is prescribed during the summer
+months, viz., from the commencement of June until the end of September or
+the first week in October, to those capable of locomotion the best time
+for bathing is from 6 to 8 o’clock a.m., but when incapable of walking
+from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.  The bather should invariably (when taking a
+natural bath) lave the water over the face, neck, and chest, prior to
+plunging into it, and should not remain more than seven or eight minutes
+immersed, the two last minutes being occupied in applying the douche to
+the parts specially indicated in the doctor’s prescription.  When a
+longer time is indulged in, frequently reaction does not take place, but
+chilliness and discomfort ensue, and the rheumatic pains are increased in
+severity rather than diminished.  Energetic friction of the joints and
+surface of the body generally, with the hands beneath the water, should
+be resorted to, and gentle rubbing through a hot towel immediately upon
+leaving the bath, after which the bather should at once go to the
+drinking fountain and take the prescribed quantity of the thermal water.
+Instead, however, of at once returning home, if possible, a sharp brisk
+walk should be taken, so as to secure a full action upon the skin and
+kidneys.  The bath may be taken between ten and one o’clock, or four and
+six, observing the same rules as to meals as given when speaking of the
+hot baths.  The latter hours would apply to all cases except the very
+mildest during the winter months.
+
+The most favourable time for taking the warm or hot baths is between ten
+a.m. and one p.m., provided that breakfast is not taken later than nine,
+and luncheon before half-past one, it being of paramount importance that
+they should not be used either directly after or before a meal.  The hot
+baths may be taken either as half, three-quarters, or full baths,
+according to the nature of the case and the condition of the bather.
+
+In the first of these (viz., a half-bath), which immerses the body no
+higher than the waist, it is well to apply a towel wrung out of cold
+water to the head, at the same time (especially in the case of females)
+wearing an oilskin bathing cap, to prevent the hair from getting wet.
+Cold to the head is of signal advantage when there is persistent
+headache, or a tendency of blood to that part.  In cases of acute
+sciatica, congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, accompanied by a
+general sluggishness and torpidity of the portal circulation, frequently
+very painfully indicated by internal or external hemorrhoids, the hot
+sitz bath gives very speedy relief.
+
+In a sitz or three-quarters bath the bather should, immediately upon
+entering the water, lave it over the face, neck, and chest.  After being
+in the bath five minutes, two more should be devoted to the application
+of the douche, first to the spine and then to the joints and other parts
+particularly affected, with the exception of those inflamed and painful,
+which should not be douched but gently rubbed with the hands beneath the
+surface of the water, in order to promote free cutaneous circulation and
+absorption of the nitrogen gas through the skin.
+
+After leaving a full hot bath the body should at once be enveloped in a
+warm sheet and friction applied over the whole surface.  Dressing should
+be accomplished as rapidly as possible in order that a chill may be
+avoided, and then the bather, if able to walk (if not, in a bath chair),
+should go to the drinking fountain at the west-end of the Crescent, where
+either a large or small tumbler of the thermal water (as prescribed)
+should be drunk, and then return home, where rest upon a sofa or bed
+should be taken for at least an hour, the body being well covered with
+rugs, &c., so as to promote, as much as possible, an action upon the skin
+and consequent elimination of the gouty and rheumatic poison through its
+pores by free perspiration.
+
+Frequently, after taking one of the hot medicinal baths, a feeling of
+drowsiness steals over the bather, and it has been thought by some
+medical men that sleep should not be indulged in.  During a long
+experience in prescribing the medicinal baths of Buxton 1 have never
+observed any ill effects ensue from giving way to sleep, and therefore
+allow my patients to follow their own inclination in the matter.  When
+the bather has been covered up for a quarter of an hour, and the skin
+acts freely, he or she may begin to throw off some of the wraps, thus
+permitting the surface of the body to cool by degrees.  When a full hour
+has been accomplished, the ordinary occupations and duties of the day may
+be resumed.  It is not advisable, however, to risk exposure in an open
+conveyance for at least three hours after taking a hot bath, as might be
+done after using a natural one.
+
+The massage bath may be used with most advantage between ten-thirty and
+twelve a.m., and three and five p.m.  It is not advisable to take the
+massage bath within two hours after a meal, or less than one before.
+Massage, or kneading of the whole body, is carried out in this bath after
+which a steam douche or a warm spray is turned upon the affected parts,
+according to the nature of the case.
+
+Chronic rheumatic arthrites, with painful and contracted muscles,
+obstinate lumbago, diaphragmatic, intercostal, periosteal, and synovial
+rheumatism, and sprains and injuries to joints, are greatly benefited by
+the application of massage, followed by the hot steam douche or warm
+spray.  Much relief is obtained from the application of the douche (first
+hot and then reduced to tepid or cold, according to the nature of the
+case) in subacute rheumatic arthritis, long-standing sciatica, facial
+neuralgia or tic douloureux, intermittent headache, spinal irritation,
+chorea or St. Vitus’ dance, wrist drop (from lead poison), writers’
+cramp, where there is the rheumatic diathesis, and paralysis agitans, &c.
+
+The Buxton medicinal baths, either at their natural temperature, or when
+the water is artificially heated, are, on account of their powerful
+action upon the human system, quite inadmissible in all cases where there
+is acute inflamation of any organ.  In extensive valvular disease of the
+heart, especially when accompanied with regurgitation, or advanced
+degeneracy of that organ, atheromatous degeneration or aneurism of the
+larger arteries, lung disease, in an advanced stage, especially when
+connected with the phthisical diathesis, asthma, or amphipneuma,
+complicated with fatty degeneration or dilatation of the heart,
+giddiness, vertigo, or sudden faintness consequent upon organic disease,
+the baths should not be taken, except locally, and even then with the
+greatest caution.  When so used the affected parts may be sponged with
+the thermal water heated to the prescribed degree.  An ordinary compress
+soaked in the heated water may often be advantageously worn continuously
+over an inflamed joint, congested liver, inactive kidneys, or irritable
+stomach.
+
+When the thermal water is only prescribed, the most favourable time for
+drinking it is from seven to eight and eleven to twelve a.m., and from
+four to five p.m., but when ordered to be taken in conjunction with the
+chalybeate, the former should be taken in the morning and the latter in
+the afternoon.  It has been customary for some medical men to prescribe
+the two waters mixed together.  My own experience leads me to think that
+such a mode of using them (in a great measure) destroys the efficacy of
+the thermal by reducing its temperature, and driving off one of its most
+active and essential constituents, viz., the nitrogen gas.
+
+The water can be drunk with safety in most cases, but there are some in
+which it is as inadmissible as the use of the baths.
+
+In acute cystitis, advanced stage of Bright’s disease, certain forms of
+dyspepsia, irritation in the urinary passages, either in the male or
+female, drinking the thermal water should not be resorted to.  The mucous
+membrane under its influence becomes more irritable, and where the
+urinary passages are specially involved, the impulsive efforts to void
+urine are extremely painful and distressing, the urine being reduced to
+mere driblets, and sometimes even to complete retention.  Constant
+sickness, either arising from mucous inflammation or ulcer of the
+stomach, contra—indicate the use of the thermal water.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL.
+
+
+Acute Gout and Rheumatism—Chronic Gout and Rheumatism—Chorea—Paralysis
+Agitans—Many Forms of Paralysis—Muscular Atrophy consequent upon the
+Gouty Diathesis—Loco Motor Ataxia—Syphilis—Local
+Injuries—Neuralgia—Sciatica, Lumbago, &c.—Number of Baths Constituting a
+Course—Length of Residence Required—Action of Water upon Acute and
+Chronic Disease—Extract from Devonshire Hospital Report—Inference.
+
+The following are amongst the principal diseases for the relief of which
+the Buxton medicinal thermal water is deservedly celebrated: Acute gout
+and rheumatism (in neither of which can the baths be taken with advantage
+until the acute or inflammatory stage has subsided), the water may be
+used locally, either by sponging or wearing a compress over the affected
+parts, and also internally, two or even three quarts, being drunk in the
+twenty-four hours.
+
+In the acute stage of gout or rheumatic fever, when the water is drunk in
+large quantity daily, profuse perspiration of a critical nature takes
+place about the sixth day, and is usually succeeded in twenty-four hours
+by a measly eruption over the whole surface of the body and extremities,
+quickly followed by a total subsidence of all the acute symptoms, leaving
+the patient free from pain and on the high road to convalescence.  Under
+its influence the urine becomes copious, the muddy brickdust deposit
+disappears, and the normal specific gravity and action upon litmus paper
+is restored.  The sudorific glands over the whole cutaneous surface
+receive a fresh stimulus, thus assisting to eliminate the materies morbi,
+and making the skin cool and moist, which prior to drinking the water was
+dry, hot, and parched.  A direct action upon the liver is also obtained,
+as indicated by the relaxed condition of the bowels, and the perceptible
+increase of bile in the motions.  Such being the action of the Buxton
+thermal water, it will be readily understood how the distressing and
+excruciating pains of an attack of acute gout or rheumatism are so
+quickly relieved, and the sufferer restored to comparative comfort.
+
+Chronic gout and rheumatism: These diseases are much more common than the
+acute forms, and are greatly benefited both by the use of the baths and
+drinking of the water.
+
+In such cases the baths may be prescribed either hot or natural,
+according to the nature and character of the complaint, and may be taken
+each day, every other day, or even two or three days consecutively.  The
+temperature, frequency, time of immersion, and amount of water to be
+drunk after bathing, are usually given by the medical adviser in his
+prescription.
+
+The above remarks apply equally to the various forms of chronic
+rheumatism, chorea, paralysis agitans, infantile paralysis, hysterical
+paralysis, mercurial and lead poisoning, muscular atrophy; rigid atrophy,
+consequent upon the rheumatic diathesis; locomotor ataxia, as a result of
+rheumatism; syphilis, or local injury; cranial, facial, and intercostal
+neuralgia; sciatica, lumbago, and their allied affections, especially of
+a neurotic nature.
+
+The number of baths which constitute a course are usually reckoned at
+from 15 to 17, which necessitates a residence in Buxton of about one
+month, provided they can be steadily and uninterruptedly continued
+throughout that period.  If, however, the course has to be discontinued
+on account of the supervention of acute symptoms (not an unfrequent
+occurrence) a longer residence is required.  Some persons (though all
+goes on regularly) require more and some less, according to the age,
+strength, and constitution of the bather and nature of the case.  As a
+rule, experience teaches that the younger the individual, and the more
+recent and acute the disease, the fewer number of baths will be requisite
+to give permanent relief, the full effects of the medicinal water being
+obtained more rapidly, and the ultimate result being more satisfactory.
+This, however, need not be a discouragement to those advanced in life,
+whose misfortune it has been to suffer from repeated attacks of gout or
+rheumatism, as may be gathered from a perusal of the annual report of the
+Devonshire Hospital, an institution mainly for the reception of patients
+of all ages, suffering from the gouty and rheumatic diatheses.
+
+Subjoined I give an extract from the medical report of the Hospital,
+which clearly indicates the nature and character of those diseases
+specially benefited by the use of the Buxton thermal water.  According to
+the report, 2,351 patients were admitted under treatment during 1891,
+2,222 suffering from gout rheumatism or some of the allied affections,
+and 129 unconnected with either diatheses.  The following types of
+disease, as connected with the two diatheses, are included in the 2,351:—
+
+          DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTORY SYSTEM.
+Rheumatism                                         1322
+Specific Rheumatism                                   5
+Podagra                                              51
+Rheumatic Arthritis                                 550
+Synovitis                                             2
+Chronic Periostitis                                   1
+Sciatica                                            197
+Lumbago                                              15
+Sciatica and Lumbago                                 14
+Neuralgia                                            10
+Peripheral Neuritis                                   3
+Poliomyelitis Anterior Chronica                       1
+Lateral Sclerosis                                     7
+Progressive Muscular Atrophy                          1
+Pseudo, Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis               1
+Locomotor Ataxia                                     15
+Multiple Sclerosis                                    1
+Chronic Myelitis                                      1
+Hemiplegia                                            8
+Chorea                                               10
+Paralysis Agitans                                     1
+Lead Poisoning                                       10
+                                                   2222
+
+I find that during thirty-two years, the Devonshire Hospital, which
+contains 300 beds, has admitted between fifty-two and fifty-three
+thousand patients, suffering principally from the various forms of gout
+rheumatism and those diseases which are allied to them.  Out of this vast
+number were returned only 6,753, having obtained no relief, which may be
+accounted for by the fact that most of these latter were labouring under
+affections unconnected with either gout or rheumatism.  These figures
+will, I think, be admitted as conclusive evidence of the medicinal
+efficacy of the Buxton Spa in relieving suffering humanity from some of
+the most painful and intractable forms of disease to which high and low,
+rich and poor, are alike amenable.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+         JOHN HEYWOOD, Excelsior Printing and Bookbinding Works,
+                               Manchester.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***
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+<title>Buxton and its Medicinal Waters, by Robert Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet</title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Buxton and its Medicinal Waters, by Robert
+Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Buxton and its Medicinal Waters
+
+
+Author: Robert Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009  [eBook #30682]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***
+</pre>
+<p>Transcribed from the 1892 John Heywood edition by David Price,
+email ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
+<h1>BUXTON<br />
+<span class="smcap">and its</span><br />
+MEDICINAL WATERS.</h1>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">ROBERT OTTIWELL
+GIFFORD-BENNET, M.D.</span>,</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Senior Acting Physician to the
+Devonshire Hospital and</i><br />
+<i>Buxton Bath Charity</i>.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">john
+heywood</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Deansgate and Ridgefield</span>, <span
+class="smcap">Manchester</span>;<br />
+2, <span class="smcap">amen corner</span>, <span
+class="smcap">london</span>, <span class="smcap">e.c.</span></p>
+<h2><!-- page 5--><a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+5</span>PREFACE.</h2>
+<p>Knowing from long experience the powerful action exerted upon
+the human system by the Buxton Medicinal Thermal Water, and the
+unsatisfactory results arising from its indiscriminate and
+incautious use, either in the form of baths or by taking it
+internally, I have in the following pages, as briefly and
+succinctly as possible, endeavoured to make some practical
+suggestions for the guidance of those of my professional brethren
+who have had no opportunity of becoming personally acquainted
+with the Buxton Spa, with the hope that they may prove of
+service.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">R. O. G. B.</p>
+<p>Tankerville House,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buxton, May, 1892.</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><!-- page 7--><a
+name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>CONTENTS.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER I.<br />
+<span class="smcap">topographical and descriptive</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="smcap">page</span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Situation&mdash;Altitude&mdash;Geology&mdash;Roman
+Baths&mdash;Climate and Temperature&mdash;Death Rate&mdash;Water
+Supply&mdash;Rainfall Drainage&mdash;Railway
+Communication&mdash;Public Buildings&mdash;Devonshire Hospital
+and Buxton Bath Charity&mdash;Visitors&rsquo;
+Accommodation&mdash;Antiquarian</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page9">9</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER II.<br />
+<span class="smcap">the medicinal waters and their
+action</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Physiological Functions in Healthy
+Individuals&mdash;Performance of the Physiological Functions in
+Health and Disease&mdash;Action of Oxygen upon the Nitrogenous
+and Non-nitrogenous Compounds&mdash;Origin of Calculi,
+Nodosities, and Tophi&mdash;Action of the Thermal Water upon the
+Great Emunctories&mdash;Chalybeate Water when Used as a Douche,
+or Taken Internally&mdash;Analyses of the Waters&mdash;Selection
+of Buxton by the Romans&mdash;First Treatise upon the Buxton Spa,
+written by Dr. Jones in 1572&mdash;Source and Nature of the
+Waters</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page22">22</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><!-- page 8--><a
+name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>CHAPTER III.<br
+/>
+<span class="smcap">the baths and mode of application</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Kinds of Baths&mdash;Natural and Hot&mdash;Action of
+Thermal Water upon the Skin&mdash;Natural Baths&mdash;Swimming
+and Plunge for Males and Females&mdash;Necessity of Caution in
+their Use&mdash;Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the
+Baths&mdash;Directions During and After Bathing&mdash;Most
+Favourable Time for Taking Warm or Hot Baths&mdash;Directions for
+the Use of Half, Three-quarters, and Full Baths&mdash;Drowsiness
+after Bathing&mdash;Massage, When and How Used&mdash;When Baths
+Inadmissible&mdash;Hours for Drinking the Medicinal
+Waters&mdash;Diseases in which the Thermal Water should Not be
+Drunk</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page31">31</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<span class="smcap">diseases in which the waters are
+useful</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Acute Gout and Rheumatism&mdash;Chronic Gout and
+Rheumatism&mdash;Chorea&mdash;Many Forms of
+Paralysis&mdash;Muscular Atrophy consequent upon the Gouty
+Diathesis&mdash;Loco Motor Ataxia&mdash;Syphilis&mdash;Local
+Injuries&mdash;Neuralgia&mdash;Sciatica, Lumbago,
+&amp;c.&mdash;Number of Baths Constituting a Course&mdash;Length
+of Residence Required&mdash;Action of Water upon Acute and
+Chronic Diseases&mdash;Extract from Devonshire Hospital
+Report&mdash;Inference</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page41">41</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><!-- page 9--><a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+9</span>CHAPTER I.<br />
+<span class="smcap">topographical and descriptive</span>.</h2>
+<p
+class="gutsumm">Situation&mdash;Altitude&mdash;Geology&mdash;Roman
+Baths&mdash;Climate and Temperature&mdash;Death
+Rate&mdash;Water-Supply&mdash;Rainfall&mdash;Drainage&mdash;Railway
+Communication&mdash;Public Buildings&mdash;Devonshire Hospital
+and Buxton Bath Charity&mdash;Visitors&rsquo;
+Accommodation&mdash;Antiquarian.</p>
+<p>The ancient town of Buxton, which is situated upon the extreme
+western boundary of the county of Derby, at an elevation of
+1,000ft. above the sea level, lies in a deep basin, having a
+subsoil of limestone and millstone grit, and is environed on
+every side by some of the most romantic and picturesque scenery
+in the High Peak, hill rising above hill in wild confusion, some
+attaining an altitude of from 1,900ft. to 2,000ft.</p>
+<p>Buxton, or, as originally called, Bawkestanes, was occupied as
+a military station by the Romans, who, during their occupancy,
+constructed baths over the tepid water springs which issue
+through fissures in the limestone rock, where it comes in contact
+with the millstone grit, as was <!-- page 10--><a
+name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>proved beyond
+doubt by the finding of Roman tiles (used in the construction of
+their baths) some years ago, when the present baths were under
+repair.</p>
+<p>Although Buxton is situated at so great an altitude, the mean
+temperature for years past (owing, no doubt, in a great measure,
+to the taste displayed and forethought shown by the late Mr.
+Heacock, agent for many years to his Grace the Duke of
+Devonshire, in causing the surrounding hills to be well planted)
+has averaged about 44&deg; Fahr., only a few degrees below that
+of some of the most frequented winter resorts in Great
+Britain.&nbsp; Such a temperature, however, may appear to some to
+militate against Buxton as a health resort except during the
+summer months, but it must be borne in mind that although the
+temperature may be said to be somewhat low (a necessity of its
+altitude), yet the atmosphere is especially pure and dry, and,
+like that of Davos Platz, plays no inconsiderable part in
+conducing to the highly-sanitary condition of the
+neighbourhood.</p>
+<p><!-- page 11--><a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+11</span>The healthiness of the Buxton district is borne out by
+the fact that the death-rate from zymotic disease is lower than
+that of most other localities in Great Britain, and that the
+average annual death-rate from all forms of disease is only
+(among the resident population) 10 in 1,000.</p>
+<p>The air being so pure and dry exerts a most bracing and tonic
+effect, especially in cases where the system has become
+debilitated from any cause&mdash;an&aelig;mia, chlorosis, chronic
+liver and splenic disease, many forms of bronchial asthma, the
+first stage of tuberculosis of the lungs, and tubercular
+degeneration of the mesenteric glands in childhood, I have seen
+much benefitted by a short residence in the district.&nbsp; To
+the closely-confined and overworked residents in towns the
+crispness and buoyancy of the atmosphere impart a feeling of
+lightness and exhilaration rarely experienced except in a
+highland district, making mental and physical labour less irksome
+and life more enjoyable.</p>
+<p>The water supply of Buxton is abundant, soft, and free from
+impurities, doubtless owing to its <!-- page 12--><a
+name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 12</span>percolating
+through the great filter bed of sandstone to the north of the
+town, and issues in numerous springs far above any source of
+contamination from the inhabitants in the valley below.</p>
+<p>It has been stated (and I think much to the prejudice of
+Buxton) that the rainfall of the High Peak, and especially of the
+Buxton district, is generally in excess of that of most of the
+other parts of Great Britain.&nbsp; Such an assertion is quite
+incorrect, as may be ascertained by a careful examination of the
+rainfall of other localities; although, as in all hilly
+districts, we must, on account of the attraction of the hills,
+expect a somewhat larger rainfall than on the plains.&nbsp; The
+annual average fall in the neighbourhood of Buxton amounts to
+about forty-nine inches, which is much less than that of many
+localities both in the Northern and Midland Counties.&nbsp; Even
+when there is an exceptionally heavy fall of rain the porous
+nature of the subsoil precludes the possibility of an
+accumulation of surface water to any great extent.</p>
+<p>The following table shows the mean temperature <!-- page
+13--><a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>and
+rainfall for 1890 and 1891, two years in which we have
+experienced a lower temperature and a greater rainfall than for
+some years past, which, I believe, has been the experience of
+most other parts of Britain during the same period:&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Mean
+Temperature.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Rainfall.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>1890.<br />
+Deg.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>1891.<br />
+Deg.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>1890.<br />
+inch.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>1891.<br />
+inch.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>January</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">37.6</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">31.7</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">6.91</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.58</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>February</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">33.1</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">38.9</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">.945</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">.68</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>March</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">40.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">36.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.995</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.895</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>April</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">41.1</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">38.9</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.635</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.40</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>May</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">50.2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">45.8</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.21</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.935</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>June</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">52.4</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">53.3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.685</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">2.878</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>July</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">54.7</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">56.3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.78</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">2.52</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>August</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">55.2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">55.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">6.05</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">6.45</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>September</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">56.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">54.4</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.405</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.505</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>October</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">47.2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">46.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.20</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">6.595</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>November</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">40.0</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">38.8</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">9.455</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">4.535</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>December</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">27.8</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">37.8</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">8.745</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Mean temperature for 1890 = 44&deg;.6; mean temperature for
+1891 = 44&deg;.4.</p>
+<p>Rainfall for 1890 = 49.77in.; rainfall for 1891 =
+52.718in.</p>
+<p>Buxton being built in a valley inclining to the east, and upon
+the slopes of the adjoining hills to the south, west, and north,
+necessitates the convergence of its system of drainage into a
+<!-- page 14--><a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+14</span>main sewer, which is carried through the heart of the
+town to its outskirts, where the contents are discharged into
+tanks, and purified by a chemical process submitted to the town
+authorities by Dr. Thresh.</p>
+<p>The natural incline upon which the town is built greatly
+facilitated the sewerage arrangements so ably planned and
+successfully carried out by the late Sir Robert Rawlinson.</p>
+<p>Two lines of railway, the London and North-Western and
+Midland, whose stations are situated adjoining each other to the
+east end of the town, and between Buxton and Fairfield, afford
+every facility of communication with all parts of Great Britain
+and Ireland.&nbsp; The station of the East to West Railway now in
+process of formation will be in Higher Buxton, and will doubtless
+prove of much convenience to residents in that neighbourhood.</p>
+<p>Visitors to Buxton, of all classes, will find ample and
+suitable accommodation in the numerous hotels, hydros,
+boarding-houses, and private apartments.</p>
+<p>The Buxton Gardens&rsquo; Company&rsquo;s Pavilion, <!-- page
+15--><a name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>Music
+Hall, and Theatre (where during the season the first artistes are
+engaged), lawn tennis, skating rink, golf, cricket, and football
+clubs, fishing, shooting, and hunting, provide varied amusements
+for all tastes.</p>
+<p>Mail coaches and charabancs run daily (Sundays excepted) to
+either Bakewell, Haddon, Chatsworth, Matlock, Castleton, or Dove
+Dale, during the season.&nbsp; Private conveyances, riding and
+driving horses, are procurable by those wishing to visit the
+numerous places of interest in the neighbourhood or ride to
+hounds.</p>
+<p>Buxton possesses some very handsome public and private
+buildings.&nbsp; The Crescent, perhaps one of the finest
+structures of its kind in Europe, has a frontage of 400ft. and a
+height of nearly 70ft., and is massive and bold in design.&nbsp;
+Above it is surmounted by an open battlement, which runs the
+whole of its length.&nbsp; In its centre the Devonshire coat of
+arms stands out in bold relief.&nbsp; Along the base of the
+building a wide open colonnade extends from one end to the other,
+and is a great convenience in going to and from the Baths and
+drinking fountain in wet weather, or <!-- page 16--><a
+name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>as a
+promenade.&nbsp; It was originally intended for one hotel, but is
+now divided into two.&nbsp; In front is an open semicircular
+space, extending to the foot of St. Ann&rsquo;s Cliff, an
+extensive piece of ground, tastefully laid out in terraces and
+public walks, some of which lead from terrace to terrace to the
+public drinking fountain at the base of the slope, and others to
+the plateau above, upon which stands the Town Hall, a handsome
+and substantially-built structure, recently erected, containing
+public and private offices, magisterial and assembly rooms,
+museum, free library, reading-room, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>The Devonshire Hospital is a large octagonal building
+surmounted by a lofty dome, and is situated at the foot of Corbar
+Hill, being a conspicuous object from all parts of the
+town.&nbsp; It was originally built for stabling in connection
+with the Crescent Hotel.&nbsp; Some years since the committee of
+the Buxton Bath Charity, being desirous of providing better
+accommodation for those seeking its aid, succeeded, mainly
+through the exertions of the late Mr. Wilmot, agent to his Grace
+the Duke of Devonshire, in obtaining <!-- page 17--><a
+name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 17</span>the
+duke&rsquo;s sanction to its conversion to its present use.</p>
+<p>The structural alterations necessitated an outlay of between
+&pound;30,000 and &pound;40,000, towards which the committee of
+the Lancashire Cotton Fund contributed 24,000, in consideration
+of a first claim to the occupancy of 150 beds, the entire
+hospital accommodation being 300 beds.</p>
+<p>The dome covers an area of nearly half an acre, and is said to
+be one of the largest in the world.&nbsp; Under its vast expanse
+between 5,000 and 6,000 people can assemble without
+overcrowding.&nbsp; A perfect echo, like that in the Baptistry at
+Pisa, is heard slightly away from beneath its centre.</p>
+<p>The hospital is open to the inspection of visitors from 10
+a.m. to 4 p.m. at a small charge, which is appropriated for the
+purpose of purchasing books for the library, a great boon to the
+crippled patients.</p>
+<p>The Palace Hotel, a large and imposing building, stands within
+its own grounds, beautifully situated and laid out, close to the
+London and North-Western and Midland Railway <!-- page 18--><a
+name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+18</span>stations.&nbsp; Being elevated considerably above the
+town, a panoramic view of Higher and Lower Buxton, St.
+Ann&rsquo;s Cliff, Broad Walk, the Crescent, and Buxton Gardens
+is obtained from its windows, and in the distance Axe Edge,
+1,950ft., Harpur Hill, Diamond Hill (so-called from the
+Derbyshire diamond being found there), Solomon&rsquo;s Temple,
+and Hindlow are in full view.</p>
+<p>There are many other buildings worthy of notice, amongst which
+I may mention the churches of St. John and St. James, Pavilion
+Music Hall, Theatre, Union Club, the Buxton, Peak, and Haddon
+Grove Hydropathic Establishments.&nbsp; As the town is rapidly
+extending, many very pretty villas have recently sprung up in the
+park and neighbourhood, from whence are obtained the finest views
+of Buxton and the surrounding hills.</p>
+<p>Buxton is well supplied with places of public worship, St.
+John&rsquo;s, St. James&rsquo;s, St. Anne&rsquo;s, and Trinity,
+belonging to the Church of England; Hardwick Street Chapel,
+Congregationalists; the Park and Market Place Chapels, Wesleyan
+<!-- page 19--><a name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+19</span>Methodists; London Road Chapel, Primitive Methodists;
+St. Ann&rsquo;s Chapel, Terrace Road, Roman Catholic; and
+Harrington Road Chapel, Unitarian.&nbsp; The Presbyterians hold
+services every Sunday (during the season) in the Town Hall,
+morning and evening.</p>
+<p>The staple industry of Buxton and the neighbourhood consists
+in the burning of limestone, and the manufacture of inlaid marble
+vases, tables, &amp;c, some of which are tastefully designed, and
+form very elegant and beautiful ornamental decorations for the
+drawing-room, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>The naturalist, the botanist, and the geologist will find
+Nature&rsquo;s hand-book, spread wide open over the hills and
+dales of the Peak, for their inspection.&nbsp; The
+arch&aelig;ologist and the antiquarian may wander to the top of
+Cowlow, Ladylow, Hindlow, Hucklow, or Grindlow, and picture in
+imagination the savage and warlike aborigines of the High Peak,
+wending their way up the precipitous sides of the hill, carrying
+their dead chieftain to his last resting-place on the mountain
+summit, where, placing him in a <!-- page 20--><a
+name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>cyst, made of
+rough unhewn stones, they cover him up with earth, leaving his
+spirit to find its way to the happy hunting-grounds of the
+unseen; or watch the wild and barbarous rites performed by the
+Druidical priest within the precincts of Arbor Low Circle; or
+contemplate the savage hordes of Danes, as they lie encamped on
+the slopes of Priestcliff; or follow the footsteps of a hardy
+cohort of Rome&rsquo;s picked soldiers, as it moves with steady
+precision through the High Peak Forest, and ascends the rugged
+side of Coomb&rsquo;s Moss, to pitch a camp on the spur of Castle
+Naze.</p>
+<p>The antiquarian may take his stand upon Mam-Tor, the mother
+rock, when the moon sheds her silvery light o&rsquo;er Loosehill
+Mount, and, carrying his mind back into the past some 230 years,
+hear the bugle&rsquo;s note as it sweeps through the Wynnats
+Pass, and is taken up by the Peverel Castle and transmitted
+onwards through the Vale of Hope, calling the hardy dalesmen to
+their midnight rendezvous, there to be instructed in the science
+of war, so as to enable them to protect their homes and families
+<!-- page 21--><a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+21</span>against the marauding myrmidons of a cruel, heartless,
+and unreliable king; or if the antiquarian seeketh a knowledge of
+the High Peak folk-lore, and feareth neither pixie or graymarie,
+he can, on a spring night, just as the moon has entered her last
+quarter, and the first note from the belfry of the chapel in the
+frith has proclaimed the arrival of midnight, take his stand upon
+Blentford&rsquo;s Bluff and peer into the dark and sombre depths
+of Kinder, when he will hear the hooting of the barn owl on Anna
+rocks, the unearthly screech of the landrail as he ploughs his
+way through the unmown grass in search of his mate, the scream of
+the curlew and chatter of the red grouse as they take their
+flight from peak to peak, and see the fairy queen come forth from
+the mermaid&rsquo;s cave in a shimmering light, followed by her
+maids, who dance a quadrille to the music of the spheres, and
+hear the wild blast of the hunter&rsquo;s horn heralding the
+approach of the Gabriel hounds as they take their rapid course
+across the murky sky, and become lost in the unfathomable depths
+beyond the Scout.</p>
+<h2><!-- page 22--><a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+22</span>CHAPTER <span class="smcap">II.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">the medicinal waters and their
+action</span>.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">Physiological Functions in Healthy
+Individuals&mdash;Performance of the Physiological Functions in
+Health and Disease&mdash;Action of Oxygen upon the Nitrogenous
+and Non-nitrogenous Compounds&mdash;Origin of Calculi,
+Nodosities, and Tophi&mdash;Action of the Thermal Water upon the
+Great Emunctories&mdash;Chalybeate Water when used as a Douche,
+or Taken Internally&mdash;Analyses of the Waters&mdash;Selection
+of Buxton by the Romans&mdash;First Treatise upon the Buxton Spa,
+written by Dr. Jones in 1572&mdash;Source and Nature of the
+Waters.</p>
+<p>In a healthy individual, where the physiological functions are
+performed with exactitude and regularity, the elimination of the
+various effete matters, the result of waste of tissue, is
+uniform, and easily carried off out of the system by the skin,
+the kidneys, lungs, and bowels.&nbsp; The nitrogenous components
+become oxidised, and urea ultimately formed, which being very
+soluble is freely excreted by the sudorific glands <!-- page
+23--><a name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>in
+the perspiration, and by the kidneys in the urine.&nbsp; The
+non-nitrogenous compounds are also changed by the action of
+oxygen into carbonic acid, which is expelled from the system by
+the lungs.&nbsp; If the natural functions are not perfectly and
+with regularity performed, the balance of power must of necessity
+be lost, and disease engendered.&nbsp; The system then becomes
+charged with uric acid, which has a strong affinity for certain
+bases in the human organism, and forms salts either insoluble or
+only slightly so, which are with difficulty eliminated either by
+the skin or kidneys, and hence we have the formation of calculi
+in the bladder, nodosities on the joints, and tophi in the ears,
+indicating the uric acid diathesis.</p>
+<p>The action of the Buxton nitrogenous thermal waters being
+solvent, stimulant, antacid, chologoge, diuretic, diaphoretic,
+and slightly purgative, restores the balance of power, not only
+by stimulating the gastric and hepatic organs to a correct
+performance of their normal functions, thus in conjunction with a
+strictly regulated diet (essential in all cases) cutting off the
+very <!-- page 24--><a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+24</span>source of the materies morbi, but also (when there) by
+eliminating it from the system by the great emunctories, viz.,
+the skin, kidneys, lungs, and bowels.&nbsp; As the large
+proportion of invalid visitors to Buxton consist of those
+suffering from the uric acid or gouty diathesis, and rheumatism,
+and seek relief from the excruciating pains and cripplement
+incident to such diseases, the great attraction must of necessity
+be the medicinal waters, of which there are two kinds&mdash;the
+cold chalybeate or iron spring, and the natural thermal
+water.&nbsp; Of the former there are numerous springs in the
+neighbourhood of Buxton, but the only one now resorted to has
+been conveyed through pipes from a distance to a room adjoining
+the natural baths, and is used with much benefit in many forms of
+uterine disease as a douche.&nbsp; As such also it is prescribed
+in cases where the conjunctiv&aelig; are in a relaxed condition,
+consequent either upon rheumatic inflammation or local
+injuries.&nbsp; It should on no account be applied to the eyes
+until the inflammatory action has entirely subsided.</p>
+<p><!-- page 25--><a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+25</span>When drunk, one tumbler (twice or thrice daily after
+meals) may be taken by an adult with much advantage when
+suffering from an&aelig;mia, chlorosis, amenorrh&oelig;a,
+dysmenorrh&oelig;a, diabetes connected with the gouty diathesis,
+chronic cystitis, or general debility.</p>
+<p>Although it may be classed as a mild chalybeate, I have
+frequently seen great benefit derived from its internal use
+(partly, no doubt, owing to the presence of sulphate of lime),
+especially in children of an undoubtedly strumous habit, where
+glandular swellings presented themselves in the neck, and the
+mesenteric glands were enlarged.&nbsp; In such cases, when taken
+regularly for some weeks (half a tumbler thrice daily after
+meals), the appetite returns, the digestive functions are
+improved, the glandular swellings subside, and the whole system
+becomes reinvigorated, so as to restore bloom to the cheek,
+brilliancy to the eyes, vigour to the limbs, and the natural
+buoyancy of spirit to childhood.</p>
+<p>According to Dr. L. Playfair&rsquo;s analysis in 1852, <!--
+page 26--><a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+26</span>one gallon of the water was found to contain the
+following solid constituents:&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: center">Grains.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Pro-carbonate of Iron</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.044</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Silica</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.160</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Lime</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">2.483</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Alumina</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">trace</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Magnesia</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.431</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Carbonate of Magnesia</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.303</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Potash</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.147</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chloride of Sodium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.054</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chloride of Potassium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.450</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">7.072</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The thermal water, as before stated, arises from various
+fissures in the limestone rock, upon which formation the greater
+part of the town of Buxton is built.&nbsp; The flow is uniform
+(during the heat and drought of summer, and the cold and frost of
+winter) in volume, about 140 gallons per minute, in temperature
+82 deg.&nbsp; Fahrenheit, and in solid constituents.</p>
+<p>According to the latest analysis, made by Dr. Thresh in 1881,
+the following results were obtained.&nbsp; The mud which had
+settled around the mouths of the springs and floors of the tanks
+into which the water is conveyed consisted of&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: center"><!-- page 27--><a
+name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>Grains.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Oxide of Manganese</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">80.32</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Barium, Sand, &amp;c.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.08</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Lead Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.15</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Copper Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.07</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Molybdic Acid</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.02</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Iron and Aluminium Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1.36</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Cobalt Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.30</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Zinc Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.46</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Barium Oxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.79</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Calcium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">5.31</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Strontium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">trace</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Magnesium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.18</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Carbon Dioxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.23</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Phosphoric Acid</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.01</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Water</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3.93</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">100.21</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The following is the result of his analysis of the
+water:&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: center">Grains.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Bicarbonate of Calcium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">14.01</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Bicarbonate of Magnesium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">6.02</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Bicarbonate of Iron</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.03</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Bicarbonate of Manganese</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.03</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Barium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.05</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Calcium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.26</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Potassium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.62</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sulphate of Sodium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.84</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Nitrate of Sodium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.03</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chloride of Sodium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.02</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chloride of Magnesium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.95</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chloride of Ammonium</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">trace</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Silicic Acid</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.95</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Organic Matter</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.02</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Carbon Dioxide</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.20</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Nitrogen</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">0.19</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">24.22</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><!-- page 28--><a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+28</span>There were also traces of lead, strontium, lithium, and
+phosphoric acid.</p>
+<p>As the gas issued from the fissures in the limestone rock, it
+was found to consist of 99.22 grains of nitrogen, 0.88 grain of
+carbonic acid, and that held in solution in the water, 6.1 cubic
+inches nitrogen, 4.1 carbonic acid.</p>
+<p>In comparing Dr. Thresh&rsquo;s analysis with those previously
+made by Drs. Pearson, Muspratt, Sir Charles Scudamore, and Sir
+Lyon Playfair, it will be seen that a new constituent appears in
+the form of molybdinum, which, as mentioned above, was detected
+in the mud deposit at the bottom of the tanks into which the
+water is conveyed, as it issues directly from the springs.&nbsp;
+In other respects the analyses differ but slightly, nor does the
+efficacy of the water appear to have become less potent in
+alleviating or curing those diseases for which it is so
+deservedly celebrated.</p>
+<p>The Romans, ever luxurious in their use of hot and tepid
+baths, doubtless selected the Buxton basin as a station, not
+merely from a military point of view, but on account of the
+thermal springs, the curative effects of which <!-- page 29--><a
+name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>they would
+readily discover by receiving fresh energy to their wearied
+bodies, from the stimulating action of the water immediately upon
+taking a bath, as well as relief from many diseases, especially
+of a rheumatic character, to which their life of hardship and
+exposure rendered them so liable.</p>
+<p>From the Roman period until about the year 1572 there is
+little or no recorded history of Buxton.&nbsp; About that time,
+however, a Dr. Jones wrote a treatise on the Buxton Spa,
+advocating its claims so forcibly to those afflicted with gout or
+rheumatism that ere long it became the resort of the <i>elite</i>
+in the fashionable world as well as the poor.</p>
+<p>Dr. Jones mentions in his very interesting treatise that in
+his time Buxton was resorted to by large numbers of the poor and
+afflicted people from the surrounding districts.&nbsp; The
+indigence and deplorable condition of some of these people were
+so extreme and their numbers so great that to supply their
+necessities the whole of the &ldquo;treasury of the bath fund was
+consumed, part of which the people of the adjoining chapelry of
+Fairfield claimed for the <!-- page 30--><a
+name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>purpose of
+paying the stipend of their chaplain.&rdquo;&nbsp; So great
+indeed became the grievance that they by petition sought the
+protection of Queen Elizabeth in the matter.</p>
+<p>Dr. Jones, in his quaint and forcible way, writes in reference
+to the &ldquo;treasury of the bath&rdquo; fund: &ldquo;If any
+think this magisterial imposing on people&rsquo;s pockets let
+them consider their abilities and the sick poor&rsquo;s
+necessities, and think whether they do not in idle pastimes throw
+away in vain twice as much yearly.&nbsp; It may entail the
+blessings of them who are ready to perish upon you, and will
+afford a pleasant after-reflection.&nbsp; God has given you
+physic for nothing; let the poor and afflicted (it may be members
+of Christ) have a little of your money, it may be better for your
+own health.&nbsp; Heaven might have put them in your room, and
+you in theirs, then a supply would have been acceptable to
+you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>As the thermal water issues from the various fissures in the
+limestone rock, it is slightly alkaline, bright, sparkling, of a
+blueish tint, especially when collected in bulk, and soft and
+rather insipid in taste.</p>
+<h2><!-- page 31--><a name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+31</span>CHAPTER III.<br />
+<span class="smcap">the baths and mode of
+application</span>.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">Kinds of Baths&mdash;Natural and
+Hot&mdash;Action of Thermal Water upon the Skin&mdash;Natural
+Baths&mdash;Swimming and Plunge for Males and
+Females&mdash;Necessity of Caution in their Use&mdash;Importance
+of Time and Frequency in Taking the Baths&mdash;Directions During
+and After Bathing&mdash;Most Favourable Time for Taking Warm or
+Hot Baths&mdash;Directions for the Use of Half, Three-quarters,
+and Full Baths&mdash;Drowsiness after Bathing&mdash;Massage, When
+and How Used&mdash;When Baths Inadmissible&mdash;Hours for
+Drinking the Medicinal Waters&mdash;Diseases in which the Thermal
+Water should Not be Drunk.</p>
+<p>There are two kinds of baths, viz., the natural and hot.&nbsp;
+The natural bath is so called because the water used in its
+formation is at the natural temperature, as it issues from the
+perforations in the floor of the baths.&nbsp; The stream being
+continuous and large in volume, an overflow is provided at the
+top of each bath, which not only secures constant change of water
+for the bathers, with corresponding purity, but much greater
+medicinal action upon the system.</p>
+<p><!-- page 32--><a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+32</span>The water renders the skin smooth and pliant, probably
+on account of its alkaline character and the large amount of free
+nitrogen suspended in it.&nbsp; Its alkalinity also saponifies
+the fatty acids on the surface of the body, cleanses and opens up
+the sudorific glands, and thus assists the free absorption of the
+nitrogen into the system.&nbsp; Brisk rubbing of the skin (whilst
+in the water) with the hands promotes a similar result.</p>
+<p>Under the head of natural baths are included large swimming,
+plunge, or public baths for males and females, also private ones
+fitted up with every modern comfort and convenience, which are
+situated at the west-end of the Crescent, adjoining the pump-room
+or drinking fountain.</p>
+<p>As the medicinal thermal water of Buxton is admitted to be
+very powerful in its action upon the human system, it is
+absolutely necessary that it should be used with the greatest
+care.&nbsp; I have known many accidents and even deaths take
+place from the incautious use of the natural baths by persons
+wilfully or negligently <!-- page 33--><a name="page33"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 33</span>taking it in a totally unfit state of
+health, or by remaining in the water too long.&nbsp; When used as
+a bath at the natural temperature, the water is buoyant and
+emollient to the skin, and produces a sense of exhilaration both
+to the body and mind of the bather.&nbsp; But if indulged in too
+frequently or too long at one time, this beneficial effect is
+entirely lost, and instead of the glow of heat which ordinarily
+takes place directly after immersion, the surface of the body
+becomes chilled and covered with what is commonly called
+&ldquo;goose&rdquo; skin, a sense of oppression and discomfort
+ensues, erratic pains are developed, and the mind becomes greatly
+depressed.&nbsp; The bath, therefore, should not be taken more
+than two or at most three days consecutively, nor should the
+immersion extend beyond seven or eight minutes.&nbsp; It is well
+for the bather to take gentle exercise prior to entering the
+bath, in order that the surface of the body may not be chilled,
+but rather in a glow upon immersion.&nbsp; If after being in the
+water a few minutes a feeling of persistent chilliness ensues,
+the bather should leave the bath, get rubbed down with a hot
+rough towel, <!-- page 34--><a name="page34"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 34</span>dress as quickly as possible, and
+then return home, where he should remain until reaction is
+perfectly established.&nbsp; When the natural bath is prescribed
+during the summer months, viz., from the commencement of June
+until the end of September or the first week in October, to those
+capable of locomotion the best time for bathing is from 6 to 8
+o&rsquo;clock a.m., but when incapable of walking from 11 a.m. to
+1 p.m.&nbsp; The bather should invariably (when taking a natural
+bath) lave the water over the face, neck, and chest, prior to
+plunging into it, and should not remain more than seven or eight
+minutes immersed, the two last minutes being occupied in applying
+the douche to the parts specially indicated in the doctor&rsquo;s
+prescription.&nbsp; When a longer time is indulged in, frequently
+reaction does not take place, but chilliness and discomfort
+ensue, and the rheumatic pains are increased in severity rather
+than diminished.&nbsp; Energetic friction of the joints and
+surface of the body generally, with the hands beneath the water,
+should be resorted to, and gentle rubbing through a hot towel
+immediately upon leaving <!-- page 35--><a
+name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 35</span>the bath,
+after which the bather should at once go to the drinking fountain
+and take the prescribed quantity of the thermal water.&nbsp;
+Instead, however, of at once returning home, if possible, a sharp
+brisk walk should be taken, so as to secure a full action upon
+the skin and kidneys.&nbsp; The bath may be taken between ten and
+one o&rsquo;clock, or four and six, observing the same rules as
+to meals as given when speaking of the hot baths.&nbsp; The
+latter hours would apply to all cases except the very mildest
+during the winter months.</p>
+<p>The most favourable time for taking the warm or hot baths is
+between ten a.m. and one p.m., provided that breakfast is not
+taken later than nine, and luncheon before half-past one, it
+being of paramount importance that they should not be used either
+directly after or before a meal.&nbsp; The hot baths may be taken
+either as half, three-quarters, or full baths, according to the
+nature of the case and the condition of the bather.</p>
+<p>In the first of these (viz., a half-bath), which immerses the
+body no higher than the waist, it is well to apply a towel wrung
+out of cold <!-- page 36--><a name="page36"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 36</span>water to the head, at the same time
+(especially in the case of females) wearing an oilskin bathing
+cap, to prevent the hair from getting wet.&nbsp; Cold to the head
+is of signal advantage when there is persistent headache, or a
+tendency of blood to that part.&nbsp; In cases of acute sciatica,
+congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, accompanied by a
+general sluggishness and torpidity of the portal circulation,
+frequently very painfully indicated by internal or external
+hemorrhoids, the hot sitz bath gives very speedy relief.</p>
+<p>In a sitz or three-quarters bath the bather should,
+immediately upon entering the water, lave it over the face, neck,
+and chest.&nbsp; After being in the bath five minutes, two more
+should be devoted to the application of the douche, first to the
+spine and then to the joints and other parts particularly
+affected, with the exception of those inflamed and painful, which
+should not be douched but gently rubbed with the hands beneath
+the surface of the water, in order to promote free cutaneous
+circulation and absorption of the nitrogen gas through the
+skin.</p>
+<p>After leaving a full hot bath the body should <!-- page
+37--><a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 37</span>at
+once be enveloped in a warm sheet and friction applied over the
+whole surface.&nbsp; Dressing should be accomplished as rapidly
+as possible in order that a chill may be avoided, and then the
+bather, if able to walk (if not, in a bath chair), should go to
+the drinking fountain at the west-end of the Crescent, where
+either a large or small tumbler of the thermal water (as
+prescribed) should be drunk, and then return home, where rest
+upon a sofa or bed should be taken for at least an hour, the body
+being well covered with rugs, &amp;c., so as to promote, as much
+as possible, an action upon the skin and consequent elimination
+of the gouty and rheumatic poison through its pores by free
+perspiration.</p>
+<p>Frequently, after taking one of the hot medicinal baths, a
+feeling of drowsiness steals over the bather, and it has been
+thought by some medical men that sleep should not be indulged
+in.&nbsp; During a long experience in prescribing the medicinal
+baths of Buxton 1 have never observed any ill effects ensue from
+giving way to sleep, and therefore allow my patients to <!-- page
+38--><a name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+38</span>follow their own inclination in the matter.&nbsp; When
+the bather has been covered up for a quarter of an hour, and the
+skin acts freely, he or she may begin to throw off some of the
+wraps, thus permitting the surface of the body to cool by
+degrees.&nbsp; When a full hour has been accomplished, the
+ordinary occupations and duties of the day may be resumed.&nbsp;
+It is not advisable, however, to risk exposure in an open
+conveyance for at least three hours after taking a hot bath, as
+might be done after using a natural one.</p>
+<p>The massage bath may be used with most advantage between
+ten-thirty and twelve a.m., and three and five p.m.&nbsp; It is
+not advisable to take the massage bath within two hours after a
+meal, or less than one before.&nbsp; Massage, or kneading of the
+whole body, is carried out in this bath after which a steam
+douche or a warm spray is turned upon the affected parts,
+according to the nature of the case.</p>
+<p>Chronic rheumatic arthrites, with painful and contracted
+muscles, obstinate lumbago, diaphragmatic, intercostal,
+periosteal, and synovial <!-- page 39--><a
+name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 39</span>rheumatism,
+and sprains and injuries to joints, are greatly benefited by the
+application of massage, followed by the hot steam douche or warm
+spray.&nbsp; Much relief is obtained from the application of the
+douche (first hot and then reduced to tepid or cold, according to
+the nature of the case) in subacute rheumatic arthritis,
+long-standing sciatica, facial neuralgia or tic douloureux,
+intermittent headache, spinal irritation, chorea or St.
+Vitus&rsquo; dance, wrist drop (from lead poison), writers&rsquo;
+cramp, where there is the rheumatic diathesis, and paralysis
+agitans, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>The Buxton medicinal baths, either at their natural
+temperature, or when the water is artificially heated, are, on
+account of their powerful action upon the human system, quite
+inadmissible in all cases where there is acute inflamation of any
+organ.&nbsp; In extensive valvular disease of the heart,
+especially when accompanied with regurgitation, or advanced
+degeneracy of that organ, atheromatous degeneration or aneurism
+of the larger arteries, lung disease, in an advanced stage,
+especially when <!-- page 40--><a name="page40"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 40</span>connected with the phthisical
+diathesis, asthma, or amphipneuma, complicated with fatty
+degeneration or dilatation of the heart, giddiness, vertigo, or
+sudden faintness consequent upon organic disease, the baths
+should not be taken, except locally, and even then with the
+greatest caution.&nbsp; When so used the affected parts may be
+sponged with the thermal water heated to the prescribed
+degree.&nbsp; An ordinary compress soaked in the heated water may
+often be advantageously worn continuously over an inflamed joint,
+congested liver, inactive kidneys, or irritable stomach.</p>
+<p>When the thermal water is only prescribed, the most favourable
+time for drinking it is from seven to eight and eleven to twelve
+a.m., and from four to five p.m., but when ordered to be taken in
+conjunction with the chalybeate, the former should be taken in
+the morning and the latter in the afternoon.&nbsp; It has been
+customary for some medical men to prescribe the two waters mixed
+together.&nbsp; My own experience leads me to think that such a
+mode of using them (in a great measure) destroys the efficacy
+<!-- page 41--><a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+41</span>of the thermal by reducing its temperature, and driving
+off one of its most active and essential constituents, viz., the
+nitrogen gas.</p>
+<p>The water can be drunk with safety in most cases, but there
+are some in which it is as inadmissible as the use of the
+baths.</p>
+<p>In acute cystitis, advanced stage of Bright&rsquo;s disease,
+certain forms of dyspepsia, irritation in the urinary passages,
+either in the male or female, drinking the thermal water should
+not be resorted to.&nbsp; The mucous membrane under its influence
+becomes more irritable, and where the urinary passages are
+specially involved, the impulsive efforts to void urine are
+extremely painful and distressing, the urine being reduced to
+mere driblets, and sometimes even to complete retention.&nbsp;
+Constant sickness, either arising from mucous inflammation or
+ulcer of the stomach, contra&mdash;indicate the use of the
+thermal water.</p>
+<h2><!-- page 42--><a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+42</span>CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<span class="smcap">diseases in which the waters are
+useful</span>.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">Acute Gout and Rheumatism&mdash;Chronic Gout
+and Rheumatism&mdash;Chorea&mdash;Paralysis Agitans&mdash;Many
+Forms of Paralysis&mdash;Muscular Atrophy consequent upon the
+Gouty Diathesis&mdash;Loco Motor
+Ataxia&mdash;Syphilis&mdash;Local
+Injuries&mdash;Neuralgia&mdash;Sciatica, Lumbago,
+&amp;c.&mdash;Number of Baths Constituting a Course&mdash;Length
+of Residence Required&mdash;Action of Water upon Acute and
+Chronic Disease&mdash;Extract from Devonshire Hospital
+Report&mdash;Inference.</p>
+<p>The following are amongst the principal diseases for the
+relief of which the Buxton medicinal thermal water is deservedly
+celebrated: Acute gout and rheumatism (in neither of which can
+the baths be taken with advantage until the acute or inflammatory
+stage has subsided), the water may be used locally, either by
+sponging or wearing a compress over the affected parts, and also
+internally, two or even three quarts, being drunk in the
+twenty-four hours.</p>
+<p>In the acute stage of gout or rheumatic fever, when the water
+is drunk in large quantity daily, profuse perspiration of a
+critical nature takes place about the sixth day, and is usually
+succeeded <!-- page 43--><a name="page43"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 43</span>in twenty-four hours by a measly
+eruption over the whole surface of the body and extremities,
+quickly followed by a total subsidence of all the acute symptoms,
+leaving the patient free from pain and on the high road to
+convalescence.&nbsp; Under its influence the urine becomes
+copious, the muddy brickdust deposit disappears, and the normal
+specific gravity and action upon litmus paper is restored.&nbsp;
+The sudorific glands over the whole cutaneous surface receive a
+fresh stimulus, thus assisting to eliminate the materies morbi,
+and making the skin cool and moist, which prior to drinking the
+water was dry, hot, and parched.&nbsp; A direct action upon the
+liver is also obtained, as indicated by the relaxed condition of
+the bowels, and the perceptible increase of bile in the
+motions.&nbsp; Such being the action of the Buxton thermal water,
+it will be readily understood how the distressing and
+excruciating pains of an attack of acute gout or rheumatism are
+so quickly relieved, and the sufferer restored to comparative
+comfort.</p>
+<p>Chronic gout and rheumatism: These diseases are much more
+common than the acute forms, <!-- page 44--><a
+name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>and are
+greatly benefited both by the use of the baths and drinking of
+the water.</p>
+<p>In such cases the baths may be prescribed either hot or
+natural, according to the nature and character of the complaint,
+and may be taken each day, every other day, or even two or three
+days consecutively.&nbsp; The temperature, frequency, time of
+immersion, and amount of water to be drunk after bathing, are
+usually given by the medical adviser in his prescription.</p>
+<p>The above remarks apply equally to the various forms of
+chronic rheumatism, chorea, paralysis agitans, infantile
+paralysis, hysterical paralysis, mercurial and lead poisoning,
+muscular atrophy; rigid atrophy, consequent upon the rheumatic
+diathesis; locomotor ataxia, as a result of rheumatism; syphilis,
+or local injury; cranial, facial, and intercostal neuralgia;
+sciatica, lumbago, and their allied affections, especially of a
+neurotic nature.</p>
+<p>The number of baths which constitute a course are usually
+reckoned at from 15 to 17, which necessitates a residence in
+Buxton of about one month, provided they can be steadily <!--
+page 45--><a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+45</span>and uninterruptedly continued throughout that
+period.&nbsp; If, however, the course has to be discontinued on
+account of the supervention of acute symptoms (not an unfrequent
+occurrence) a longer residence is required.&nbsp; Some persons
+(though all goes on regularly) require more and some less,
+according to the age, strength, and constitution of the bather
+and nature of the case.&nbsp; As a rule, experience teaches that
+the younger the individual, and the more recent and acute the
+disease, the fewer number of baths will be requisite to give
+permanent relief, the full effects of the medicinal water being
+obtained more rapidly, and the ultimate result being more
+satisfactory.&nbsp; This, however, need not be a discouragement
+to those advanced in life, whose misfortune it has been to suffer
+from repeated attacks of gout or rheumatism, as may be gathered
+from a perusal of the annual report of the Devonshire Hospital,
+an institution mainly for the reception of patients of all ages,
+suffering from the gouty and rheumatic diatheses.</p>
+<p>Subjoined I give an extract from the medical report of the
+Hospital, which clearly indicates the nature and character of
+those diseases <!-- page 46--><a name="page46"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 46</span>specially benefited by the use of the
+Buxton thermal water.&nbsp; According to the report, 2,351
+patients were admitted under treatment during 1891, 2,222
+suffering from gout rheumatism or some of the allied affections,
+and 129 unconnected with either diatheses.&nbsp; The following
+types of disease, as connected with the two diatheses, are
+included in the 2,351:&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">diseases of the locomotory system</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Rheumatism</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1322</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Specific Rheumatism</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Podagra</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">51</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Rheumatic Arthritis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">550</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Synovitis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chronic Periostitis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sciatica</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">197</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Lumbago</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sciatica and Lumbago</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Neuralgia</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Peripheral Neuritis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Poliomyelitis Anterior Chronica</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Lateral Sclerosis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Progressive Muscular Atrophy</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Pseudo, Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Locomotor Ataxia</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Multiple Sclerosis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chronic Myelitis</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hemiplegia</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chorea</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Paralysis Agitans</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Lead Poisoning</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right">2222</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>I find that during thirty-two years, the Devonshire Hospital,
+which contains 300 beds, has admitted between fifty-two and
+fifty-three thousand patients, suffering principally from the
+various forms of gout rheumatism and those diseases which are
+allied to them.&nbsp; Out of this vast number were returned only
+6,753, having obtained no relief, which may be accounted for by
+the fact that most of these latter were labouring under
+affections unconnected with either gout or rheumatism.&nbsp;
+These figures will, I think, be admitted as conclusive evidence
+of the medicinal efficacy of the Buxton Spa in relieving
+suffering humanity from some of the most painful and intractable
+forms of disease to which high and low, rich and poor, are alike
+amenable.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">John
+Heywood</span>, Excelsior Printing and Bookbinding Works,<br />
+Manchester.</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***</p>
+<pre>
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+</pre></body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Buxton and its Medicinal Waters, by Robert
+Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Buxton and its Medicinal Waters
+
+
+Author: Robert Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009  [eBook #30682]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1892 John Heywood edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+                                  BUXTON
+                                 AND ITS
+                            MEDICINAL WATERS.
+
+
+                                    BY
+
+                  ROBERT OTTIWELL GIFFORD-BENNET, M.D.,
+
+         _Senior Acting Physician to the Devonshire Hospital and_
+                          _Buxton Bath Charity_.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                              JOHN HEYWOOD,
+                  DEANSGATE AND RIDGEFIELD, MANCHESTER;
+                       2, AMEN CORNER, LONDON, E.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Knowing from long experience the powerful action exerted upon the human
+system by the Buxton Medicinal Thermal Water, and the unsatisfactory
+results arising from its indiscriminate and incautious use, either in the
+form of baths or by taking it internally, I have in the following pages,
+as briefly and succinctly as possible, endeavoured to make some practical
+suggestions for the guidance of those of my professional brethren who
+have had no opportunity of becoming personally acquainted with the Buxton
+Spa, with the hope that they may prove of service.
+
+                                                               R. O. G. B.
+
+Tankerville House,
+      Buxton, May, 1892.
+
+
+
+                              CONTENTS.
+
+                              CHAPTER I.
+                    TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
+                                                                  PAGE
+Situation--Altitude--Geology--Roman Baths--Climate and               9
+Temperature--Death Rate--Water Supply--Rainfall
+Drainage--Railway Communication--Public
+Buildings--Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath
+Charity--Visitors' Accommodation--Antiquarian
+                             CHAPTER II.
+                THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION.
+Physiological Functions in Healthy                                  22
+Individuals--Performance of the Physiological Functions in
+Health and Disease--Action of Oxygen upon the Nitrogenous
+and Non-nitrogenous Compounds--Origin of Calculi,
+Nodosities, and Tophi--Action of the Thermal Water upon
+the Great Emunctories--Chalybeate Water when Used as a
+Douche, or Taken Internally--Analyses of the
+Waters--Selection of Buxton by the Romans--First Treatise
+upon the Buxton Spa, written by Dr. Jones in 1572--Source
+and Nature of the Waters
+                             CHAPTER III.
+                  THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION.
+Kinds of Baths--Natural and Hot--Action of Thermal Water            31
+upon the Skin--Natural Baths--Swimming and Plunge for
+Males and Females--Necessity of Caution in their
+Use--Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the
+Baths--Directions During and After Bathing--Most
+Favourable Time for Taking Warm or Hot Baths--Directions
+for the Use of Half, Three-quarters, and Full
+Baths--Drowsiness after Bathing--Massage, When and How
+Used--When Baths Inadmissible--Hours for Drinking the
+Medicinal Waters--Diseases in which the Thermal Water
+should Not be Drunk
+                             CHAPTER IV.
+               DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL.
+Acute Gout and Rheumatism--Chronic Gout and                         41
+Rheumatism--Chorea--Many Forms of Paralysis--Muscular
+Atrophy consequent upon the Gouty Diathesis--Loco Motor
+Ataxia--Syphilis--Local Injuries--Neuralgia--Sciatica,
+Lumbago, &c.--Number of Baths Constituting a
+Course--Length of Residence Required--Action of Water upon
+Acute and Chronic Diseases--Extract from Devonshire
+Hospital Report--Inference
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
+
+
+Situation--Altitude--Geology--Roman Baths--Climate and Temperature--Death
+Rate--Water-Supply--Rainfall--Drainage--Railway Communication--Public
+Buildings--Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity--Visitors'
+Accommodation--Antiquarian.
+
+The ancient town of Buxton, which is situated upon the extreme western
+boundary of the county of Derby, at an elevation of 1,000ft. above the
+sea level, lies in a deep basin, having a subsoil of limestone and
+millstone grit, and is environed on every side by some of the most
+romantic and picturesque scenery in the High Peak, hill rising above hill
+in wild confusion, some attaining an altitude of from 1,900ft. to
+2,000ft.
+
+Buxton, or, as originally called, Bawkestanes, was occupied as a military
+station by the Romans, who, during their occupancy, constructed baths
+over the tepid water springs which issue through fissures in the
+limestone rock, where it comes in contact with the millstone grit, as was
+proved beyond doubt by the finding of Roman tiles (used in the
+construction of their baths) some years ago, when the present baths were
+under repair.
+
+Although Buxton is situated at so great an altitude, the mean temperature
+for years past (owing, no doubt, in a great measure, to the taste
+displayed and forethought shown by the late Mr. Heacock, agent for many
+years to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, in causing the surrounding
+hills to be well planted) has averaged about 44 degrees Fahr., only a few
+degrees below that of some of the most frequented winter resorts in Great
+Britain.  Such a temperature, however, may appear to some to militate
+against Buxton as a health resort except during the summer months, but it
+must be borne in mind that although the temperature may be said to be
+somewhat low (a necessity of its altitude), yet the atmosphere is
+especially pure and dry, and, like that of Davos Platz, plays no
+inconsiderable part in conducing to the highly-sanitary condition of the
+neighbourhood.
+
+The healthiness of the Buxton district is borne out by the fact that the
+death-rate from zymotic disease is lower than that of most other
+localities in Great Britain, and that the average annual death-rate from
+all forms of disease is only (among the resident population) 10 in 1,000.
+
+The air being so pure and dry exerts a most bracing and tonic effect,
+especially in cases where the system has become debilitated from any
+cause--anaemia, chlorosis, chronic liver and splenic disease, many forms
+of bronchial asthma, the first stage of tuberculosis of the lungs, and
+tubercular degeneration of the mesenteric glands in childhood, I have
+seen much benefitted by a short residence in the district.  To the
+closely-confined and overworked residents in towns the crispness and
+buoyancy of the atmosphere impart a feeling of lightness and exhilaration
+rarely experienced except in a highland district, making mental and
+physical labour less irksome and life more enjoyable.
+
+The water supply of Buxton is abundant, soft, and free from impurities,
+doubtless owing to its percolating through the great filter bed of
+sandstone to the north of the town, and issues in numerous springs far
+above any source of contamination from the inhabitants in the valley
+below.
+
+It has been stated (and I think much to the prejudice of Buxton) that the
+rainfall of the High Peak, and especially of the Buxton district, is
+generally in excess of that of most of the other parts of Great Britain.
+Such an assertion is quite incorrect, as may be ascertained by a careful
+examination of the rainfall of other localities; although, as in all
+hilly districts, we must, on account of the attraction of the hills,
+expect a somewhat larger rainfall than on the plains.  The annual average
+fall in the neighbourhood of Buxton amounts to about forty-nine inches,
+which is much less than that of many localities both in the Northern and
+Midland Counties.  Even when there is an exceptionally heavy fall of rain
+the porous nature of the subsoil precludes the possibility of an
+accumulation of surface water to any great extent.
+
+The following table shows the mean temperature and rainfall for 1890 and
+1891, two years in which we have experienced a lower temperature and a
+greater rainfall than for some years past, which, I believe, has been the
+experience of most other parts of Britain during the same period:--
+
+                  Mean Temperature.               Rainfall.
+              1890.         1891.         1890.         1891.
+              Deg.          Deg.          inch.         inch.
+January               37.6          31.7          6.91          4.58
+February              33.1          38.9          .945           .68
+March                 40.0          36.0         4.995         3.895
+April                 41.1          38.9         1.635          3.40
+May                   50.2          45.8          3.21         4.935
+June                  52.4          53.3         4.685         2.878
+July                  54.7          56.3          4.78          2.52
+August                55.2          55.0          6.05          6.45
+September             56.0          54.4         1.405         3.505
+October               47.2          46.0          4.20         6.595
+November              40.0          38.8         9.455         4.535
+December              27.8          37.8           1.3         8.745
+
+Mean temperature for 1890 = 44.6 degrees; mean temperature for 1891 =
+44.4 degrees.
+
+Rainfall for 1890 = 49.77in.; rainfall for 1891 = 52.718in.
+
+Buxton being built in a valley inclining to the east, and upon the slopes
+of the adjoining hills to the south, west, and north, necessitates the
+convergence of its system of drainage into a main sewer, which is carried
+through the heart of the town to its outskirts, where the contents are
+discharged into tanks, and purified by a chemical process submitted to
+the town authorities by Dr. Thresh.
+
+The natural incline upon which the town is built greatly facilitated the
+sewerage arrangements so ably planned and successfully carried out by the
+late Sir Robert Rawlinson.
+
+Two lines of railway, the London and North-Western and Midland, whose
+stations are situated adjoining each other to the east end of the town,
+and between Buxton and Fairfield, afford every facility of communication
+with all parts of Great Britain and Ireland.  The station of the East to
+West Railway now in process of formation will be in Higher Buxton, and
+will doubtless prove of much convenience to residents in that
+neighbourhood.
+
+Visitors to Buxton, of all classes, will find ample and suitable
+accommodation in the numerous hotels, hydros, boarding-houses, and
+private apartments.
+
+The Buxton Gardens' Company's Pavilion, Music Hall, and Theatre (where
+during the season the first artistes are engaged), lawn tennis, skating
+rink, golf, cricket, and football clubs, fishing, shooting, and hunting,
+provide varied amusements for all tastes.
+
+Mail coaches and charabancs run daily (Sundays excepted) to either
+Bakewell, Haddon, Chatsworth, Matlock, Castleton, or Dove Dale, during
+the season.  Private conveyances, riding and driving horses, are
+procurable by those wishing to visit the numerous places of interest in
+the neighbourhood or ride to hounds.
+
+Buxton possesses some very handsome public and private buildings.  The
+Crescent, perhaps one of the finest structures of its kind in Europe, has
+a frontage of 400ft. and a height of nearly 70ft., and is massive and
+bold in design.  Above it is surmounted by an open battlement, which runs
+the whole of its length.  In its centre the Devonshire coat of arms
+stands out in bold relief.  Along the base of the building a wide open
+colonnade extends from one end to the other, and is a great convenience
+in going to and from the Baths and drinking fountain in wet weather, or
+as a promenade.  It was originally intended for one hotel, but is now
+divided into two.  In front is an open semicircular space, extending to
+the foot of St. Ann's Cliff, an extensive piece of ground, tastefully
+laid out in terraces and public walks, some of which lead from terrace to
+terrace to the public drinking fountain at the base of the slope, and
+others to the plateau above, upon which stands the Town Hall, a handsome
+and substantially-built structure, recently erected, containing public
+and private offices, magisterial and assembly rooms, museum, free
+library, reading-room, &c.
+
+The Devonshire Hospital is a large octagonal building surmounted by a
+lofty dome, and is situated at the foot of Corbar Hill, being a
+conspicuous object from all parts of the town.  It was originally built
+for stabling in connection with the Crescent Hotel.  Some years since the
+committee of the Buxton Bath Charity, being desirous of providing better
+accommodation for those seeking its aid, succeeded, mainly through the
+exertions of the late Mr. Wilmot, agent to his Grace the Duke of
+Devonshire, in obtaining the duke's sanction to its conversion to its
+present use.
+
+The structural alterations necessitated an outlay of between 30,000 and
+40,000 pounds, towards which the committee of the Lancashire Cotton Fund
+contributed 24,000, in consideration of a first claim to the occupancy of
+150 beds, the entire hospital accommodation being 300 beds.
+
+The dome covers an area of nearly half an acre, and is said to be one of
+the largest in the world.  Under its vast expanse between 5,000 and 6,000
+people can assemble without overcrowding.  A perfect echo, like that in
+the Baptistry at Pisa, is heard slightly away from beneath its centre.
+
+The hospital is open to the inspection of visitors from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
+at a small charge, which is appropriated for the purpose of purchasing
+books for the library, a great boon to the crippled patients.
+
+The Palace Hotel, a large and imposing building, stands within its own
+grounds, beautifully situated and laid out, close to the London and
+North-Western and Midland Railway stations.  Being elevated considerably
+above the town, a panoramic view of Higher and Lower Buxton, St. Ann's
+Cliff, Broad Walk, the Crescent, and Buxton Gardens is obtained from its
+windows, and in the distance Axe Edge, 1,950ft., Harpur Hill, Diamond
+Hill (so-called from the Derbyshire diamond being found there), Solomon's
+Temple, and Hindlow are in full view.
+
+There are many other buildings worthy of notice, amongst which I may
+mention the churches of St. John and St. James, Pavilion Music Hall,
+Theatre, Union Club, the Buxton, Peak, and Haddon Grove Hydropathic
+Establishments.  As the town is rapidly extending, many very pretty
+villas have recently sprung up in the park and neighbourhood, from whence
+are obtained the finest views of Buxton and the surrounding hills.
+
+Buxton is well supplied with places of public worship, St. John's, St.
+James's, St. Anne's, and Trinity, belonging to the Church of England;
+Hardwick Street Chapel, Congregationalists; the Park and Market Place
+Chapels, Wesleyan Methodists; London Road Chapel, Primitive Methodists;
+St. Ann's Chapel, Terrace Road, Roman Catholic; and Harrington Road
+Chapel, Unitarian.  The Presbyterians hold services every Sunday (during
+the season) in the Town Hall, morning and evening.
+
+The staple industry of Buxton and the neighbourhood consists in the
+burning of limestone, and the manufacture of inlaid marble vases, tables,
+&c, some of which are tastefully designed, and form very elegant and
+beautiful ornamental decorations for the drawing-room, &c.
+
+The naturalist, the botanist, and the geologist will find Nature's
+hand-book, spread wide open over the hills and dales of the Peak, for
+their inspection.  The archaeologist and the antiquarian may wander to
+the top of Cowlow, Ladylow, Hindlow, Hucklow, or Grindlow, and picture in
+imagination the savage and warlike aborigines of the High Peak, wending
+their way up the precipitous sides of the hill, carrying their dead
+chieftain to his last resting-place on the mountain summit, where,
+placing him in a cyst, made of rough unhewn stones, they cover him up
+with earth, leaving his spirit to find its way to the happy
+hunting-grounds of the unseen; or watch the wild and barbarous rites
+performed by the Druidical priest within the precincts of Arbor Low
+Circle; or contemplate the savage hordes of Danes, as they lie encamped
+on the slopes of Priestcliff; or follow the footsteps of a hardy cohort
+of Rome's picked soldiers, as it moves with steady precision through the
+High Peak Forest, and ascends the rugged side of Coomb's Moss, to pitch a
+camp on the spur of Castle Naze.
+
+The antiquarian may take his stand upon Mam-Tor, the mother rock, when
+the moon sheds her silvery light o'er Loosehill Mount, and, carrying his
+mind back into the past some 230 years, hear the bugle's note as it
+sweeps through the Wynnats Pass, and is taken up by the Peverel Castle
+and transmitted onwards through the Vale of Hope, calling the hardy
+dalesmen to their midnight rendezvous, there to be instructed in the
+science of war, so as to enable them to protect their homes and families
+against the marauding myrmidons of a cruel, heartless, and unreliable
+king; or if the antiquarian seeketh a knowledge of the High Peak
+folk-lore, and feareth neither pixie or graymarie, he can, on a spring
+night, just as the moon has entered her last quarter, and the first note
+from the belfry of the chapel in the frith has proclaimed the arrival of
+midnight, take his stand upon Blentford's Bluff and peer into the dark
+and sombre depths of Kinder, when he will hear the hooting of the barn
+owl on Anna rocks, the unearthly screech of the landrail as he ploughs
+his way through the unmown grass in search of his mate, the scream of the
+curlew and chatter of the red grouse as they take their flight from peak
+to peak, and see the fairy queen come forth from the mermaid's cave in a
+shimmering light, followed by her maids, who dance a quadrille to the
+music of the spheres, and hear the wild blast of the hunter's horn
+heralding the approach of the Gabriel hounds as they take their rapid
+course across the murky sky, and become lost in the unfathomable depths
+beyond the Scout.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION.
+
+
+Physiological Functions in Healthy Individuals--Performance of the
+Physiological Functions in Health and Disease--Action of Oxygen upon the
+Nitrogenous and Non-nitrogenous Compounds--Origin of Calculi, Nodosities,
+and Tophi--Action of the Thermal Water upon the Great
+Emunctories--Chalybeate Water when used as a Douche, or Taken
+Internally--Analyses of the Waters--Selection of Buxton by the
+Romans--First Treatise upon the Buxton Spa, written by Dr. Jones in
+1572--Source and Nature of the Waters.
+
+In a healthy individual, where the physiological functions are performed
+with exactitude and regularity, the elimination of the various effete
+matters, the result of waste of tissue, is uniform, and easily carried
+off out of the system by the skin, the kidneys, lungs, and bowels.  The
+nitrogenous components become oxidised, and urea ultimately formed, which
+being very soluble is freely excreted by the sudorific glands in the
+perspiration, and by the kidneys in the urine.  The non-nitrogenous
+compounds are also changed by the action of oxygen into carbonic acid,
+which is expelled from the system by the lungs.  If the natural functions
+are not perfectly and with regularity performed, the balance of power
+must of necessity be lost, and disease engendered.  The system then
+becomes charged with uric acid, which has a strong affinity for certain
+bases in the human organism, and forms salts either insoluble or only
+slightly so, which are with difficulty eliminated either by the skin or
+kidneys, and hence we have the formation of calculi in the bladder,
+nodosities on the joints, and tophi in the ears, indicating the uric acid
+diathesis.
+
+The action of the Buxton nitrogenous thermal waters being solvent,
+stimulant, antacid, chologoge, diuretic, diaphoretic, and slightly
+purgative, restores the balance of power, not only by stimulating the
+gastric and hepatic organs to a correct performance of their normal
+functions, thus in conjunction with a strictly regulated diet (essential
+in all cases) cutting off the very source of the materies morbi, but also
+(when there) by eliminating it from the system by the great emunctories,
+viz., the skin, kidneys, lungs, and bowels.  As the large proportion of
+invalid visitors to Buxton consist of those suffering from the uric acid
+or gouty diathesis, and rheumatism, and seek relief from the excruciating
+pains and cripplement incident to such diseases, the great attraction
+must of necessity be the medicinal waters, of which there are two
+kinds--the cold chalybeate or iron spring, and the natural thermal water.
+Of the former there are numerous springs in the neighbourhood of Buxton,
+but the only one now resorted to has been conveyed through pipes from a
+distance to a room adjoining the natural baths, and is used with much
+benefit in many forms of uterine disease as a douche.  As such also it is
+prescribed in cases where the conjunctivae are in a relaxed condition,
+consequent either upon rheumatic inflammation or local injuries.  It
+should on no account be applied to the eyes until the inflammatory action
+has entirely subsided.
+
+When drunk, one tumbler (twice or thrice daily after meals) may be taken
+by an adult with much advantage when suffering from anaemia, chlorosis,
+amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, diabetes connected with the gouty diathesis,
+chronic cystitis, or general debility.
+
+Although it may be classed as a mild chalybeate, I have frequently seen
+great benefit derived from its internal use (partly, no doubt, owing to
+the presence of sulphate of lime), especially in children of an
+undoubtedly strumous habit, where glandular swellings presented
+themselves in the neck, and the mesenteric glands were enlarged.  In such
+cases, when taken regularly for some weeks (half a tumbler thrice daily
+after meals), the appetite returns, the digestive functions are improved,
+the glandular swellings subside, and the whole system becomes
+reinvigorated, so as to restore bloom to the cheek, brilliancy to the
+eyes, vigour to the limbs, and the natural buoyancy of spirit to
+childhood.
+
+According to Dr. L. Playfair's analysis in 1852, one gallon of the water
+was found to contain the following solid constituents:--
+
+                              Grains.
+Pro-carbonate of Iron              1.044
+Silica                             1.160
+Sulphate of Lime                   2.483
+Alumina                            trace
+Sulphate of Magnesia               0.431
+Carbonate of Magnesia              0.303
+Sulphate of Potash                 0.147
+Chloride of Sodium                 1.054
+Chloride of Potassium              0.450
+                                   7.072
+
+The thermal water, as before stated, arises from various fissures in the
+limestone rock, upon which formation the greater part of the town of
+Buxton is built.  The flow is uniform (during the heat and drought of
+summer, and the cold and frost of winter) in volume, about 140 gallons
+per minute, in temperature 82 deg.  Fahrenheit, and in solid
+constituents.
+
+According to the latest analysis, made by Dr. Thresh in 1881, the
+following results were obtained.  The mud which had settled around the
+mouths of the springs and floors of the tanks into which the water is
+conveyed consisted of--
+
+                                       Grains.
+Oxide of Manganese                          80.32
+Sulphate of Barium, Sand, &c.                1.08
+Lead Oxide                                   0.15
+Copper Oxide                                 0.07
+Molybdic Acid                                0.02
+Iron and Aluminium Oxide                     1.36
+Cobalt Oxide                                 0.30
+Zinc Oxide                                   0.46
+Barium Oxide                                 0.79
+Calcium                                      5.31
+Strontium                                   trace
+Magnesium                                    3.18
+Carbon Dioxide                               3.23
+Phosphoric Acid                              0.01
+Water                                        3.93
+                                           100.21
+
+The following is the result of his analysis of the water:--
+
+                                 Grains.
+Bicarbonate of Calcium                14.01
+Bicarbonate of Magnesium               6.02
+Bicarbonate of Iron                    0.03
+Bicarbonate of Manganese               0.03
+Sulphate of Barium                     0.05
+Sulphate of Calcium                    0.26
+Sulphate of Potassium                  0.62
+Sulphate of Sodium                     0.84
+Nitrate of Sodium                      0.03
+Chloride of Sodium                     0.02
+Chloride of Magnesium                  0.95
+Chloride of Ammonium                  trace
+Silicic Acid                           0.95
+Organic Matter                         0.02
+Carbon Dioxide                         0.20
+Nitrogen                               0.19
+                                      24.22
+
+There were also traces of lead, strontium, lithium, and phosphoric acid.
+
+As the gas issued from the fissures in the limestone rock, it was found
+to consist of 99.22 grains of nitrogen, 0.88 grain of carbonic acid, and
+that held in solution in the water, 6.1 cubic inches nitrogen, 4.1
+carbonic acid.
+
+In comparing Dr. Thresh's analysis with those previously made by Drs.
+Pearson, Muspratt, Sir Charles Scudamore, and Sir Lyon Playfair, it will
+be seen that a new constituent appears in the form of molybdinum, which,
+as mentioned above, was detected in the mud deposit at the bottom of the
+tanks into which the water is conveyed, as it issues directly from the
+springs.  In other respects the analyses differ but slightly, nor does
+the efficacy of the water appear to have become less potent in
+alleviating or curing those diseases for which it is so deservedly
+celebrated.
+
+The Romans, ever luxurious in their use of hot and tepid baths, doubtless
+selected the Buxton basin as a station, not merely from a military point
+of view, but on account of the thermal springs, the curative effects of
+which they would readily discover by receiving fresh energy to their
+wearied bodies, from the stimulating action of the water immediately upon
+taking a bath, as well as relief from many diseases, especially of a
+rheumatic character, to which their life of hardship and exposure
+rendered them so liable.
+
+From the Roman period until about the year 1572 there is little or no
+recorded history of Buxton.  About that time, however, a Dr. Jones wrote
+a treatise on the Buxton Spa, advocating its claims so forcibly to those
+afflicted with gout or rheumatism that ere long it became the resort of
+the _elite_ in the fashionable world as well as the poor.
+
+Dr. Jones mentions in his very interesting treatise that in his time
+Buxton was resorted to by large numbers of the poor and afflicted people
+from the surrounding districts.  The indigence and deplorable condition
+of some of these people were so extreme and their numbers so great that
+to supply their necessities the whole of the "treasury of the bath fund
+was consumed, part of which the people of the adjoining chapelry of
+Fairfield claimed for the purpose of paying the stipend of their
+chaplain."  So great indeed became the grievance that they by petition
+sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth in the matter.
+
+Dr. Jones, in his quaint and forcible way, writes in reference to the
+"treasury of the bath" fund: "If any think this magisterial imposing on
+people's pockets let them consider their abilities and the sick poor's
+necessities, and think whether they do not in idle pastimes throw away in
+vain twice as much yearly.  It may entail the blessings of them who are
+ready to perish upon you, and will afford a pleasant after-reflection.
+God has given you physic for nothing; let the poor and afflicted (it may
+be members of Christ) have a little of your money, it may be better for
+your own health.  Heaven might have put them in your room, and you in
+theirs, then a supply would have been acceptable to you."
+
+As the thermal water issues from the various fissures in the limestone
+rock, it is slightly alkaline, bright, sparkling, of a blueish tint,
+especially when collected in bulk, and soft and rather insipid in taste.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION.
+
+
+Kinds of Baths--Natural and Hot--Action of Thermal Water upon the
+Skin--Natural Baths--Swimming and Plunge for Males and Females--Necessity
+of Caution in their Use--Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the
+Baths--Directions During and After Bathing--Most Favourable Time for
+Taking Warm or Hot Baths--Directions for the Use of Half, Three-quarters,
+and Full Baths--Drowsiness after Bathing--Massage, When and How
+Used--When Baths Inadmissible--Hours for Drinking the Medicinal
+Waters--Diseases in which the Thermal Water should Not be Drunk.
+
+There are two kinds of baths, viz., the natural and hot.  The natural
+bath is so called because the water used in its formation is at the
+natural temperature, as it issues from the perforations in the floor of
+the baths.  The stream being continuous and large in volume, an overflow
+is provided at the top of each bath, which not only secures constant
+change of water for the bathers, with corresponding purity, but much
+greater medicinal action upon the system.
+
+The water renders the skin smooth and pliant, probably on account of its
+alkaline character and the large amount of free nitrogen suspended in it.
+Its alkalinity also saponifies the fatty acids on the surface of the
+body, cleanses and opens up the sudorific glands, and thus assists the
+free absorption of the nitrogen into the system.  Brisk rubbing of the
+skin (whilst in the water) with the hands promotes a similar result.
+
+Under the head of natural baths are included large swimming, plunge, or
+public baths for males and females, also private ones fitted up with
+every modern comfort and convenience, which are situated at the west-end
+of the Crescent, adjoining the pump-room or drinking fountain.
+
+As the medicinal thermal water of Buxton is admitted to be very powerful
+in its action upon the human system, it is absolutely necessary that it
+should be used with the greatest care.  I have known many accidents and
+even deaths take place from the incautious use of the natural baths by
+persons wilfully or negligently taking it in a totally unfit state of
+health, or by remaining in the water too long.  When used as a bath at
+the natural temperature, the water is buoyant and emollient to the skin,
+and produces a sense of exhilaration both to the body and mind of the
+bather.  But if indulged in too frequently or too long at one time, this
+beneficial effect is entirely lost, and instead of the glow of heat which
+ordinarily takes place directly after immersion, the surface of the body
+becomes chilled and covered with what is commonly called "goose" skin, a
+sense of oppression and discomfort ensues, erratic pains are developed,
+and the mind becomes greatly depressed.  The bath, therefore, should not
+be taken more than two or at most three days consecutively, nor should
+the immersion extend beyond seven or eight minutes.  It is well for the
+bather to take gentle exercise prior to entering the bath, in order that
+the surface of the body may not be chilled, but rather in a glow upon
+immersion.  If after being in the water a few minutes a feeling of
+persistent chilliness ensues, the bather should leave the bath, get
+rubbed down with a hot rough towel, dress as quickly as possible, and
+then return home, where he should remain until reaction is perfectly
+established.  When the natural bath is prescribed during the summer
+months, viz., from the commencement of June until the end of September or
+the first week in October, to those capable of locomotion the best time
+for bathing is from 6 to 8 o'clock a.m., but when incapable of walking
+from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.  The bather should invariably (when taking a
+natural bath) lave the water over the face, neck, and chest, prior to
+plunging into it, and should not remain more than seven or eight minutes
+immersed, the two last minutes being occupied in applying the douche to
+the parts specially indicated in the doctor's prescription.  When a
+longer time is indulged in, frequently reaction does not take place, but
+chilliness and discomfort ensue, and the rheumatic pains are increased in
+severity rather than diminished.  Energetic friction of the joints and
+surface of the body generally, with the hands beneath the water, should
+be resorted to, and gentle rubbing through a hot towel immediately upon
+leaving the bath, after which the bather should at once go to the
+drinking fountain and take the prescribed quantity of the thermal water.
+Instead, however, of at once returning home, if possible, a sharp brisk
+walk should be taken, so as to secure a full action upon the skin and
+kidneys.  The bath may be taken between ten and one o'clock, or four and
+six, observing the same rules as to meals as given when speaking of the
+hot baths.  The latter hours would apply to all cases except the very
+mildest during the winter months.
+
+The most favourable time for taking the warm or hot baths is between ten
+a.m. and one p.m., provided that breakfast is not taken later than nine,
+and luncheon before half-past one, it being of paramount importance that
+they should not be used either directly after or before a meal.  The hot
+baths may be taken either as half, three-quarters, or full baths,
+according to the nature of the case and the condition of the bather.
+
+In the first of these (viz., a half-bath), which immerses the body no
+higher than the waist, it is well to apply a towel wrung out of cold
+water to the head, at the same time (especially in the case of females)
+wearing an oilskin bathing cap, to prevent the hair from getting wet.
+Cold to the head is of signal advantage when there is persistent
+headache, or a tendency of blood to that part.  In cases of acute
+sciatica, congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, accompanied by a
+general sluggishness and torpidity of the portal circulation, frequently
+very painfully indicated by internal or external hemorrhoids, the hot
+sitz bath gives very speedy relief.
+
+In a sitz or three-quarters bath the bather should, immediately upon
+entering the water, lave it over the face, neck, and chest.  After being
+in the bath five minutes, two more should be devoted to the application
+of the douche, first to the spine and then to the joints and other parts
+particularly affected, with the exception of those inflamed and painful,
+which should not be douched but gently rubbed with the hands beneath the
+surface of the water, in order to promote free cutaneous circulation and
+absorption of the nitrogen gas through the skin.
+
+After leaving a full hot bath the body should at once be enveloped in a
+warm sheet and friction applied over the whole surface.  Dressing should
+be accomplished as rapidly as possible in order that a chill may be
+avoided, and then the bather, if able to walk (if not, in a bath chair),
+should go to the drinking fountain at the west-end of the Crescent, where
+either a large or small tumbler of the thermal water (as prescribed)
+should be drunk, and then return home, where rest upon a sofa or bed
+should be taken for at least an hour, the body being well covered with
+rugs, &c., so as to promote, as much as possible, an action upon the skin
+and consequent elimination of the gouty and rheumatic poison through its
+pores by free perspiration.
+
+Frequently, after taking one of the hot medicinal baths, a feeling of
+drowsiness steals over the bather, and it has been thought by some
+medical men that sleep should not be indulged in.  During a long
+experience in prescribing the medicinal baths of Buxton 1 have never
+observed any ill effects ensue from giving way to sleep, and therefore
+allow my patients to follow their own inclination in the matter.  When
+the bather has been covered up for a quarter of an hour, and the skin
+acts freely, he or she may begin to throw off some of the wraps, thus
+permitting the surface of the body to cool by degrees.  When a full hour
+has been accomplished, the ordinary occupations and duties of the day may
+be resumed.  It is not advisable, however, to risk exposure in an open
+conveyance for at least three hours after taking a hot bath, as might be
+done after using a natural one.
+
+The massage bath may be used with most advantage between ten-thirty and
+twelve a.m., and three and five p.m.  It is not advisable to take the
+massage bath within two hours after a meal, or less than one before.
+Massage, or kneading of the whole body, is carried out in this bath after
+which a steam douche or a warm spray is turned upon the affected parts,
+according to the nature of the case.
+
+Chronic rheumatic arthrites, with painful and contracted muscles,
+obstinate lumbago, diaphragmatic, intercostal, periosteal, and synovial
+rheumatism, and sprains and injuries to joints, are greatly benefited by
+the application of massage, followed by the hot steam douche or warm
+spray.  Much relief is obtained from the application of the douche (first
+hot and then reduced to tepid or cold, according to the nature of the
+case) in subacute rheumatic arthritis, long-standing sciatica, facial
+neuralgia or tic douloureux, intermittent headache, spinal irritation,
+chorea or St. Vitus' dance, wrist drop (from lead poison), writers'
+cramp, where there is the rheumatic diathesis, and paralysis agitans, &c.
+
+The Buxton medicinal baths, either at their natural temperature, or when
+the water is artificially heated, are, on account of their powerful
+action upon the human system, quite inadmissible in all cases where there
+is acute inflamation of any organ.  In extensive valvular disease of the
+heart, especially when accompanied with regurgitation, or advanced
+degeneracy of that organ, atheromatous degeneration or aneurism of the
+larger arteries, lung disease, in an advanced stage, especially when
+connected with the phthisical diathesis, asthma, or amphipneuma,
+complicated with fatty degeneration or dilatation of the heart,
+giddiness, vertigo, or sudden faintness consequent upon organic disease,
+the baths should not be taken, except locally, and even then with the
+greatest caution.  When so used the affected parts may be sponged with
+the thermal water heated to the prescribed degree.  An ordinary compress
+soaked in the heated water may often be advantageously worn continuously
+over an inflamed joint, congested liver, inactive kidneys, or irritable
+stomach.
+
+When the thermal water is only prescribed, the most favourable time for
+drinking it is from seven to eight and eleven to twelve a.m., and from
+four to five p.m., but when ordered to be taken in conjunction with the
+chalybeate, the former should be taken in the morning and the latter in
+the afternoon.  It has been customary for some medical men to prescribe
+the two waters mixed together.  My own experience leads me to think that
+such a mode of using them (in a great measure) destroys the efficacy of
+the thermal by reducing its temperature, and driving off one of its most
+active and essential constituents, viz., the nitrogen gas.
+
+The water can be drunk with safety in most cases, but there are some in
+which it is as inadmissible as the use of the baths.
+
+In acute cystitis, advanced stage of Bright's disease, certain forms of
+dyspepsia, irritation in the urinary passages, either in the male or
+female, drinking the thermal water should not be resorted to.  The mucous
+membrane under its influence becomes more irritable, and where the
+urinary passages are specially involved, the impulsive efforts to void
+urine are extremely painful and distressing, the urine being reduced to
+mere driblets, and sometimes even to complete retention.  Constant
+sickness, either arising from mucous inflammation or ulcer of the
+stomach, contra--indicate the use of the thermal water.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL.
+
+
+Acute Gout and Rheumatism--Chronic Gout and Rheumatism--Chorea--Paralysis
+Agitans--Many Forms of Paralysis--Muscular Atrophy consequent upon the
+Gouty Diathesis--Loco Motor Ataxia--Syphilis--Local
+Injuries--Neuralgia--Sciatica, Lumbago, &c.--Number of Baths Constituting
+a Course--Length of Residence Required--Action of Water upon Acute and
+Chronic Disease--Extract from Devonshire Hospital Report--Inference.
+
+The following are amongst the principal diseases for the relief of which
+the Buxton medicinal thermal water is deservedly celebrated: Acute gout
+and rheumatism (in neither of which can the baths be taken with advantage
+until the acute or inflammatory stage has subsided), the water may be
+used locally, either by sponging or wearing a compress over the affected
+parts, and also internally, two or even three quarts, being drunk in the
+twenty-four hours.
+
+In the acute stage of gout or rheumatic fever, when the water is drunk in
+large quantity daily, profuse perspiration of a critical nature takes
+place about the sixth day, and is usually succeeded in twenty-four hours
+by a measly eruption over the whole surface of the body and extremities,
+quickly followed by a total subsidence of all the acute symptoms, leaving
+the patient free from pain and on the high road to convalescence.  Under
+its influence the urine becomes copious, the muddy brickdust deposit
+disappears, and the normal specific gravity and action upon litmus paper
+is restored.  The sudorific glands over the whole cutaneous surface
+receive a fresh stimulus, thus assisting to eliminate the materies morbi,
+and making the skin cool and moist, which prior to drinking the water was
+dry, hot, and parched.  A direct action upon the liver is also obtained,
+as indicated by the relaxed condition of the bowels, and the perceptible
+increase of bile in the motions.  Such being the action of the Buxton
+thermal water, it will be readily understood how the distressing and
+excruciating pains of an attack of acute gout or rheumatism are so
+quickly relieved, and the sufferer restored to comparative comfort.
+
+Chronic gout and rheumatism: These diseases are much more common than the
+acute forms, and are greatly benefited both by the use of the baths and
+drinking of the water.
+
+In such cases the baths may be prescribed either hot or natural,
+according to the nature and character of the complaint, and may be taken
+each day, every other day, or even two or three days consecutively.  The
+temperature, frequency, time of immersion, and amount of water to be
+drunk after bathing, are usually given by the medical adviser in his
+prescription.
+
+The above remarks apply equally to the various forms of chronic
+rheumatism, chorea, paralysis agitans, infantile paralysis, hysterical
+paralysis, mercurial and lead poisoning, muscular atrophy; rigid atrophy,
+consequent upon the rheumatic diathesis; locomotor ataxia, as a result of
+rheumatism; syphilis, or local injury; cranial, facial, and intercostal
+neuralgia; sciatica, lumbago, and their allied affections, especially of
+a neurotic nature.
+
+The number of baths which constitute a course are usually reckoned at
+from 15 to 17, which necessitates a residence in Buxton of about one
+month, provided they can be steadily and uninterruptedly continued
+throughout that period.  If, however, the course has to be discontinued
+on account of the supervention of acute symptoms (not an unfrequent
+occurrence) a longer residence is required.  Some persons (though all
+goes on regularly) require more and some less, according to the age,
+strength, and constitution of the bather and nature of the case.  As a
+rule, experience teaches that the younger the individual, and the more
+recent and acute the disease, the fewer number of baths will be requisite
+to give permanent relief, the full effects of the medicinal water being
+obtained more rapidly, and the ultimate result being more satisfactory.
+This, however, need not be a discouragement to those advanced in life,
+whose misfortune it has been to suffer from repeated attacks of gout or
+rheumatism, as may be gathered from a perusal of the annual report of the
+Devonshire Hospital, an institution mainly for the reception of patients
+of all ages, suffering from the gouty and rheumatic diatheses.
+
+Subjoined I give an extract from the medical report of the Hospital,
+which clearly indicates the nature and character of those diseases
+specially benefited by the use of the Buxton thermal water.  According to
+the report, 2,351 patients were admitted under treatment during 1891,
+2,222 suffering from gout rheumatism or some of the allied affections,
+and 129 unconnected with either diatheses.  The following types of
+disease, as connected with the two diatheses, are included in the
+2,351:--
+
+          DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTORY SYSTEM.
+Rheumatism                                         1322
+Specific Rheumatism                                   5
+Podagra                                              51
+Rheumatic Arthritis                                 550
+Synovitis                                             2
+Chronic Periostitis                                   1
+Sciatica                                            197
+Lumbago                                              15
+Sciatica and Lumbago                                 14
+Neuralgia                                            10
+Peripheral Neuritis                                   3
+Poliomyelitis Anterior Chronica                       1
+Lateral Sclerosis                                     7
+Progressive Muscular Atrophy                          1
+Pseudo, Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis               1
+Locomotor Ataxia                                     15
+Multiple Sclerosis                                    1
+Chronic Myelitis                                      1
+Hemiplegia                                            8
+Chorea                                               10
+Paralysis Agitans                                     1
+Lead Poisoning                                       10
+                                                   2222
+
+I find that during thirty-two years, the Devonshire Hospital, which
+contains 300 beds, has admitted between fifty-two and fifty-three
+thousand patients, suffering principally from the various forms of gout
+rheumatism and those diseases which are allied to them.  Out of this vast
+number were returned only 6,753, having obtained no relief, which may be
+accounted for by the fact that most of these latter were labouring under
+affections unconnected with either gout or rheumatism.  These figures
+will, I think, be admitted as conclusive evidence of the medicinal
+efficacy of the Buxton Spa in relieving suffering humanity from some of
+the most painful and intractable forms of disease to which high and low,
+rich and poor, are alike amenable.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+         JOHN HEYWOOD, Excelsior Printing and Bookbinding Works,
+                               Manchester.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS***
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