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diff --git a/30682.txt b/30682.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cebd1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/30682.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1250 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Buxton and its Medicinal Waters, by Robert +Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Buxton and its Medicinal Waters + + +Author: Robert Ottiwell Gifford-Bennet + + + +Release Date: December 14, 2009 [eBook #30682] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS*** + + +Transcribed from the 1892 John Heywood edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org + + + + + + BUXTON + AND ITS + MEDICINAL WATERS. + + + BY + + ROBERT OTTIWELL GIFFORD-BENNET, M.D., + + _Senior Acting Physician to the Devonshire Hospital and_ + _Buxton Bath Charity_. + + * * * * * + + JOHN HEYWOOD, + DEANSGATE AND RIDGEFIELD, MANCHESTER; + 2, AMEN CORNER, LONDON, E.C. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Knowing from long experience the powerful action exerted upon the human +system by the Buxton Medicinal Thermal Water, and the unsatisfactory +results arising from its indiscriminate and incautious use, either in the +form of baths or by taking it internally, I have in the following pages, +as briefly and succinctly as possible, endeavoured to make some practical +suggestions for the guidance of those of my professional brethren who +have had no opportunity of becoming personally acquainted with the Buxton +Spa, with the hope that they may prove of service. + + R. O. G. B. + +Tankerville House, + Buxton, May, 1892. + + + + CONTENTS. + + CHAPTER I. + TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. + PAGE +Situation--Altitude--Geology--Roman Baths--Climate and 9 +Temperature--Death Rate--Water Supply--Rainfall +Drainage--Railway Communication--Public +Buildings--Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath +Charity--Visitors' Accommodation--Antiquarian + CHAPTER II. + THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION. +Physiological Functions in Healthy 22 +Individuals--Performance of the Physiological Functions in +Health and Disease--Action of Oxygen upon the Nitrogenous +and Non-nitrogenous Compounds--Origin of Calculi, +Nodosities, and Tophi--Action of the Thermal Water upon +the Great Emunctories--Chalybeate Water when Used as a +Douche, or Taken Internally--Analyses of the +Waters--Selection of Buxton by the Romans--First Treatise +upon the Buxton Spa, written by Dr. Jones in 1572--Source +and Nature of the Waters + CHAPTER III. + THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION. +Kinds of Baths--Natural and Hot--Action of Thermal Water 31 +upon the Skin--Natural Baths--Swimming and Plunge for +Males and Females--Necessity of Caution in their +Use--Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the +Baths--Directions During and After Bathing--Most +Favourable Time for Taking Warm or Hot Baths--Directions +for the Use of Half, Three-quarters, and Full +Baths--Drowsiness after Bathing--Massage, When and How +Used--When Baths Inadmissible--Hours for Drinking the +Medicinal Waters--Diseases in which the Thermal Water +should Not be Drunk + CHAPTER IV. + DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL. +Acute Gout and Rheumatism--Chronic Gout and 41 +Rheumatism--Chorea--Many Forms of Paralysis--Muscular +Atrophy consequent upon the Gouty Diathesis--Loco Motor +Ataxia--Syphilis--Local Injuries--Neuralgia--Sciatica, +Lumbago, &c.--Number of Baths Constituting a +Course--Length of Residence Required--Action of Water upon +Acute and Chronic Diseases--Extract from Devonshire +Hospital Report--Inference + + + +CHAPTER I. +TOPOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. + + +Situation--Altitude--Geology--Roman Baths--Climate and Temperature--Death +Rate--Water-Supply--Rainfall--Drainage--Railway Communication--Public +Buildings--Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity--Visitors' +Accommodation--Antiquarian. + +The ancient town of Buxton, which is situated upon the extreme western +boundary of the county of Derby, at an elevation of 1,000ft. above the +sea level, lies in a deep basin, having a subsoil of limestone and +millstone grit, and is environed on every side by some of the most +romantic and picturesque scenery in the High Peak, hill rising above hill +in wild confusion, some attaining an altitude of from 1,900ft. to +2,000ft. + +Buxton, or, as originally called, Bawkestanes, was occupied as a military +station by the Romans, who, during their occupancy, constructed baths +over the tepid water springs which issue through fissures in the +limestone rock, where it comes in contact with the millstone grit, as was +proved beyond doubt by the finding of Roman tiles (used in the +construction of their baths) some years ago, when the present baths were +under repair. + +Although Buxton is situated at so great an altitude, the mean temperature +for years past (owing, no doubt, in a great measure, to the taste +displayed and forethought shown by the late Mr. Heacock, agent for many +years to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, in causing the surrounding +hills to be well planted) has averaged about 44 degrees Fahr., only a few +degrees below that of some of the most frequented winter resorts in Great +Britain. Such a temperature, however, may appear to some to militate +against Buxton as a health resort except during the summer months, but it +must be borne in mind that although the temperature may be said to be +somewhat low (a necessity of its altitude), yet the atmosphere is +especially pure and dry, and, like that of Davos Platz, plays no +inconsiderable part in conducing to the highly-sanitary condition of the +neighbourhood. + +The healthiness of the Buxton district is borne out by the fact that the +death-rate from zymotic disease is lower than that of most other +localities in Great Britain, and that the average annual death-rate from +all forms of disease is only (among the resident population) 10 in 1,000. + +The air being so pure and dry exerts a most bracing and tonic effect, +especially in cases where the system has become debilitated from any +cause--anaemia, chlorosis, chronic liver and splenic disease, many forms +of bronchial asthma, the first stage of tuberculosis of the lungs, and +tubercular degeneration of the mesenteric glands in childhood, I have +seen much benefitted by a short residence in the district. To the +closely-confined and overworked residents in towns the crispness and +buoyancy of the atmosphere impart a feeling of lightness and exhilaration +rarely experienced except in a highland district, making mental and +physical labour less irksome and life more enjoyable. + +The water supply of Buxton is abundant, soft, and free from impurities, +doubtless owing to its percolating through the great filter bed of +sandstone to the north of the town, and issues in numerous springs far +above any source of contamination from the inhabitants in the valley +below. + +It has been stated (and I think much to the prejudice of Buxton) that the +rainfall of the High Peak, and especially of the Buxton district, is +generally in excess of that of most of the other parts of Great Britain. +Such an assertion is quite incorrect, as may be ascertained by a careful +examination of the rainfall of other localities; although, as in all +hilly districts, we must, on account of the attraction of the hills, +expect a somewhat larger rainfall than on the plains. The annual average +fall in the neighbourhood of Buxton amounts to about forty-nine inches, +which is much less than that of many localities both in the Northern and +Midland Counties. Even when there is an exceptionally heavy fall of rain +the porous nature of the subsoil precludes the possibility of an +accumulation of surface water to any great extent. + +The following table shows the mean temperature and rainfall for 1890 and +1891, two years in which we have experienced a lower temperature and a +greater rainfall than for some years past, which, I believe, has been the +experience of most other parts of Britain during the same period:-- + + Mean Temperature. Rainfall. + 1890. 1891. 1890. 1891. + Deg. Deg. inch. inch. +January 37.6 31.7 6.91 4.58 +February 33.1 38.9 .945 .68 +March 40.0 36.0 4.995 3.895 +April 41.1 38.9 1.635 3.40 +May 50.2 45.8 3.21 4.935 +June 52.4 53.3 4.685 2.878 +July 54.7 56.3 4.78 2.52 +August 55.2 55.0 6.05 6.45 +September 56.0 54.4 1.405 3.505 +October 47.2 46.0 4.20 6.595 +November 40.0 38.8 9.455 4.535 +December 27.8 37.8 1.3 8.745 + +Mean temperature for 1890 = 44.6 degrees; mean temperature for 1891 = +44.4 degrees. + +Rainfall for 1890 = 49.77in.; rainfall for 1891 = 52.718in. + +Buxton being built in a valley inclining to the east, and upon the slopes +of the adjoining hills to the south, west, and north, necessitates the +convergence of its system of drainage into a main sewer, which is carried +through the heart of the town to its outskirts, where the contents are +discharged into tanks, and purified by a chemical process submitted to +the town authorities by Dr. Thresh. + +The natural incline upon which the town is built greatly facilitated the +sewerage arrangements so ably planned and successfully carried out by the +late Sir Robert Rawlinson. + +Two lines of railway, the London and North-Western and Midland, whose +stations are situated adjoining each other to the east end of the town, +and between Buxton and Fairfield, afford every facility of communication +with all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. The station of the East to +West Railway now in process of formation will be in Higher Buxton, and +will doubtless prove of much convenience to residents in that +neighbourhood. + +Visitors to Buxton, of all classes, will find ample and suitable +accommodation in the numerous hotels, hydros, boarding-houses, and +private apartments. + +The Buxton Gardens' Company's Pavilion, Music Hall, and Theatre (where +during the season the first artistes are engaged), lawn tennis, skating +rink, golf, cricket, and football clubs, fishing, shooting, and hunting, +provide varied amusements for all tastes. + +Mail coaches and charabancs run daily (Sundays excepted) to either +Bakewell, Haddon, Chatsworth, Matlock, Castleton, or Dove Dale, during +the season. Private conveyances, riding and driving horses, are +procurable by those wishing to visit the numerous places of interest in +the neighbourhood or ride to hounds. + +Buxton possesses some very handsome public and private buildings. The +Crescent, perhaps one of the finest structures of its kind in Europe, has +a frontage of 400ft. and a height of nearly 70ft., and is massive and +bold in design. Above it is surmounted by an open battlement, which runs +the whole of its length. In its centre the Devonshire coat of arms +stands out in bold relief. Along the base of the building a wide open +colonnade extends from one end to the other, and is a great convenience +in going to and from the Baths and drinking fountain in wet weather, or +as a promenade. It was originally intended for one hotel, but is now +divided into two. In front is an open semicircular space, extending to +the foot of St. Ann's Cliff, an extensive piece of ground, tastefully +laid out in terraces and public walks, some of which lead from terrace to +terrace to the public drinking fountain at the base of the slope, and +others to the plateau above, upon which stands the Town Hall, a handsome +and substantially-built structure, recently erected, containing public +and private offices, magisterial and assembly rooms, museum, free +library, reading-room, &c. + +The Devonshire Hospital is a large octagonal building surmounted by a +lofty dome, and is situated at the foot of Corbar Hill, being a +conspicuous object from all parts of the town. It was originally built +for stabling in connection with the Crescent Hotel. Some years since the +committee of the Buxton Bath Charity, being desirous of providing better +accommodation for those seeking its aid, succeeded, mainly through the +exertions of the late Mr. Wilmot, agent to his Grace the Duke of +Devonshire, in obtaining the duke's sanction to its conversion to its +present use. + +The structural alterations necessitated an outlay of between 30,000 and +40,000 pounds, towards which the committee of the Lancashire Cotton Fund +contributed 24,000, in consideration of a first claim to the occupancy of +150 beds, the entire hospital accommodation being 300 beds. + +The dome covers an area of nearly half an acre, and is said to be one of +the largest in the world. Under its vast expanse between 5,000 and 6,000 +people can assemble without overcrowding. A perfect echo, like that in +the Baptistry at Pisa, is heard slightly away from beneath its centre. + +The hospital is open to the inspection of visitors from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. +at a small charge, which is appropriated for the purpose of purchasing +books for the library, a great boon to the crippled patients. + +The Palace Hotel, a large and imposing building, stands within its own +grounds, beautifully situated and laid out, close to the London and +North-Western and Midland Railway stations. Being elevated considerably +above the town, a panoramic view of Higher and Lower Buxton, St. Ann's +Cliff, Broad Walk, the Crescent, and Buxton Gardens is obtained from its +windows, and in the distance Axe Edge, 1,950ft., Harpur Hill, Diamond +Hill (so-called from the Derbyshire diamond being found there), Solomon's +Temple, and Hindlow are in full view. + +There are many other buildings worthy of notice, amongst which I may +mention the churches of St. John and St. James, Pavilion Music Hall, +Theatre, Union Club, the Buxton, Peak, and Haddon Grove Hydropathic +Establishments. As the town is rapidly extending, many very pretty +villas have recently sprung up in the park and neighbourhood, from whence +are obtained the finest views of Buxton and the surrounding hills. + +Buxton is well supplied with places of public worship, St. John's, St. +James's, St. Anne's, and Trinity, belonging to the Church of England; +Hardwick Street Chapel, Congregationalists; the Park and Market Place +Chapels, Wesleyan Methodists; London Road Chapel, Primitive Methodists; +St. Ann's Chapel, Terrace Road, Roman Catholic; and Harrington Road +Chapel, Unitarian. The Presbyterians hold services every Sunday (during +the season) in the Town Hall, morning and evening. + +The staple industry of Buxton and the neighbourhood consists in the +burning of limestone, and the manufacture of inlaid marble vases, tables, +&c, some of which are tastefully designed, and form very elegant and +beautiful ornamental decorations for the drawing-room, &c. + +The naturalist, the botanist, and the geologist will find Nature's +hand-book, spread wide open over the hills and dales of the Peak, for +their inspection. The archaeologist and the antiquarian may wander to +the top of Cowlow, Ladylow, Hindlow, Hucklow, or Grindlow, and picture in +imagination the savage and warlike aborigines of the High Peak, wending +their way up the precipitous sides of the hill, carrying their dead +chieftain to his last resting-place on the mountain summit, where, +placing him in a cyst, made of rough unhewn stones, they cover him up +with earth, leaving his spirit to find its way to the happy +hunting-grounds of the unseen; or watch the wild and barbarous rites +performed by the Druidical priest within the precincts of Arbor Low +Circle; or contemplate the savage hordes of Danes, as they lie encamped +on the slopes of Priestcliff; or follow the footsteps of a hardy cohort +of Rome's picked soldiers, as it moves with steady precision through the +High Peak Forest, and ascends the rugged side of Coomb's Moss, to pitch a +camp on the spur of Castle Naze. + +The antiquarian may take his stand upon Mam-Tor, the mother rock, when +the moon sheds her silvery light o'er Loosehill Mount, and, carrying his +mind back into the past some 230 years, hear the bugle's note as it +sweeps through the Wynnats Pass, and is taken up by the Peverel Castle +and transmitted onwards through the Vale of Hope, calling the hardy +dalesmen to their midnight rendezvous, there to be instructed in the +science of war, so as to enable them to protect their homes and families +against the marauding myrmidons of a cruel, heartless, and unreliable +king; or if the antiquarian seeketh a knowledge of the High Peak +folk-lore, and feareth neither pixie or graymarie, he can, on a spring +night, just as the moon has entered her last quarter, and the first note +from the belfry of the chapel in the frith has proclaimed the arrival of +midnight, take his stand upon Blentford's Bluff and peer into the dark +and sombre depths of Kinder, when he will hear the hooting of the barn +owl on Anna rocks, the unearthly screech of the landrail as he ploughs +his way through the unmown grass in search of his mate, the scream of the +curlew and chatter of the red grouse as they take their flight from peak +to peak, and see the fairy queen come forth from the mermaid's cave in a +shimmering light, followed by her maids, who dance a quadrille to the +music of the spheres, and hear the wild blast of the hunter's horn +heralding the approach of the Gabriel hounds as they take their rapid +course across the murky sky, and become lost in the unfathomable depths +beyond the Scout. + + + + +CHAPTER II. +THE MEDICINAL WATERS AND THEIR ACTION. + + +Physiological Functions in Healthy Individuals--Performance of the +Physiological Functions in Health and Disease--Action of Oxygen upon the +Nitrogenous and Non-nitrogenous Compounds--Origin of Calculi, Nodosities, +and Tophi--Action of the Thermal Water upon the Great +Emunctories--Chalybeate Water when used as a Douche, or Taken +Internally--Analyses of the Waters--Selection of Buxton by the +Romans--First Treatise upon the Buxton Spa, written by Dr. Jones in +1572--Source and Nature of the Waters. + +In a healthy individual, where the physiological functions are performed +with exactitude and regularity, the elimination of the various effete +matters, the result of waste of tissue, is uniform, and easily carried +off out of the system by the skin, the kidneys, lungs, and bowels. The +nitrogenous components become oxidised, and urea ultimately formed, which +being very soluble is freely excreted by the sudorific glands in the +perspiration, and by the kidneys in the urine. The non-nitrogenous +compounds are also changed by the action of oxygen into carbonic acid, +which is expelled from the system by the lungs. If the natural functions +are not perfectly and with regularity performed, the balance of power +must of necessity be lost, and disease engendered. The system then +becomes charged with uric acid, which has a strong affinity for certain +bases in the human organism, and forms salts either insoluble or only +slightly so, which are with difficulty eliminated either by the skin or +kidneys, and hence we have the formation of calculi in the bladder, +nodosities on the joints, and tophi in the ears, indicating the uric acid +diathesis. + +The action of the Buxton nitrogenous thermal waters being solvent, +stimulant, antacid, chologoge, diuretic, diaphoretic, and slightly +purgative, restores the balance of power, not only by stimulating the +gastric and hepatic organs to a correct performance of their normal +functions, thus in conjunction with a strictly regulated diet (essential +in all cases) cutting off the very source of the materies morbi, but also +(when there) by eliminating it from the system by the great emunctories, +viz., the skin, kidneys, lungs, and bowels. As the large proportion of +invalid visitors to Buxton consist of those suffering from the uric acid +or gouty diathesis, and rheumatism, and seek relief from the excruciating +pains and cripplement incident to such diseases, the great attraction +must of necessity be the medicinal waters, of which there are two +kinds--the cold chalybeate or iron spring, and the natural thermal water. +Of the former there are numerous springs in the neighbourhood of Buxton, +but the only one now resorted to has been conveyed through pipes from a +distance to a room adjoining the natural baths, and is used with much +benefit in many forms of uterine disease as a douche. As such also it is +prescribed in cases where the conjunctivae are in a relaxed condition, +consequent either upon rheumatic inflammation or local injuries. It +should on no account be applied to the eyes until the inflammatory action +has entirely subsided. + +When drunk, one tumbler (twice or thrice daily after meals) may be taken +by an adult with much advantage when suffering from anaemia, chlorosis, +amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, diabetes connected with the gouty diathesis, +chronic cystitis, or general debility. + +Although it may be classed as a mild chalybeate, I have frequently seen +great benefit derived from its internal use (partly, no doubt, owing to +the presence of sulphate of lime), especially in children of an +undoubtedly strumous habit, where glandular swellings presented +themselves in the neck, and the mesenteric glands were enlarged. In such +cases, when taken regularly for some weeks (half a tumbler thrice daily +after meals), the appetite returns, the digestive functions are improved, +the glandular swellings subside, and the whole system becomes +reinvigorated, so as to restore bloom to the cheek, brilliancy to the +eyes, vigour to the limbs, and the natural buoyancy of spirit to +childhood. + +According to Dr. L. Playfair's analysis in 1852, one gallon of the water +was found to contain the following solid constituents:-- + + Grains. +Pro-carbonate of Iron 1.044 +Silica 1.160 +Sulphate of Lime 2.483 +Alumina trace +Sulphate of Magnesia 0.431 +Carbonate of Magnesia 0.303 +Sulphate of Potash 0.147 +Chloride of Sodium 1.054 +Chloride of Potassium 0.450 + 7.072 + +The thermal water, as before stated, arises from various fissures in the +limestone rock, upon which formation the greater part of the town of +Buxton is built. The flow is uniform (during the heat and drought of +summer, and the cold and frost of winter) in volume, about 140 gallons +per minute, in temperature 82 deg. Fahrenheit, and in solid +constituents. + +According to the latest analysis, made by Dr. Thresh in 1881, the +following results were obtained. The mud which had settled around the +mouths of the springs and floors of the tanks into which the water is +conveyed consisted of-- + + Grains. +Oxide of Manganese 80.32 +Sulphate of Barium, Sand, &c. 1.08 +Lead Oxide 0.15 +Copper Oxide 0.07 +Molybdic Acid 0.02 +Iron and Aluminium Oxide 1.36 +Cobalt Oxide 0.30 +Zinc Oxide 0.46 +Barium Oxide 0.79 +Calcium 5.31 +Strontium trace +Magnesium 3.18 +Carbon Dioxide 3.23 +Phosphoric Acid 0.01 +Water 3.93 + 100.21 + +The following is the result of his analysis of the water:-- + + Grains. +Bicarbonate of Calcium 14.01 +Bicarbonate of Magnesium 6.02 +Bicarbonate of Iron 0.03 +Bicarbonate of Manganese 0.03 +Sulphate of Barium 0.05 +Sulphate of Calcium 0.26 +Sulphate of Potassium 0.62 +Sulphate of Sodium 0.84 +Nitrate of Sodium 0.03 +Chloride of Sodium 0.02 +Chloride of Magnesium 0.95 +Chloride of Ammonium trace +Silicic Acid 0.95 +Organic Matter 0.02 +Carbon Dioxide 0.20 +Nitrogen 0.19 + 24.22 + +There were also traces of lead, strontium, lithium, and phosphoric acid. + +As the gas issued from the fissures in the limestone rock, it was found +to consist of 99.22 grains of nitrogen, 0.88 grain of carbonic acid, and +that held in solution in the water, 6.1 cubic inches nitrogen, 4.1 +carbonic acid. + +In comparing Dr. Thresh's analysis with those previously made by Drs. +Pearson, Muspratt, Sir Charles Scudamore, and Sir Lyon Playfair, it will +be seen that a new constituent appears in the form of molybdinum, which, +as mentioned above, was detected in the mud deposit at the bottom of the +tanks into which the water is conveyed, as it issues directly from the +springs. In other respects the analyses differ but slightly, nor does +the efficacy of the water appear to have become less potent in +alleviating or curing those diseases for which it is so deservedly +celebrated. + +The Romans, ever luxurious in their use of hot and tepid baths, doubtless +selected the Buxton basin as a station, not merely from a military point +of view, but on account of the thermal springs, the curative effects of +which they would readily discover by receiving fresh energy to their +wearied bodies, from the stimulating action of the water immediately upon +taking a bath, as well as relief from many diseases, especially of a +rheumatic character, to which their life of hardship and exposure +rendered them so liable. + +From the Roman period until about the year 1572 there is little or no +recorded history of Buxton. About that time, however, a Dr. Jones wrote +a treatise on the Buxton Spa, advocating its claims so forcibly to those +afflicted with gout or rheumatism that ere long it became the resort of +the _elite_ in the fashionable world as well as the poor. + +Dr. Jones mentions in his very interesting treatise that in his time +Buxton was resorted to by large numbers of the poor and afflicted people +from the surrounding districts. The indigence and deplorable condition +of some of these people were so extreme and their numbers so great that +to supply their necessities the whole of the "treasury of the bath fund +was consumed, part of which the people of the adjoining chapelry of +Fairfield claimed for the purpose of paying the stipend of their +chaplain." So great indeed became the grievance that they by petition +sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth in the matter. + +Dr. Jones, in his quaint and forcible way, writes in reference to the +"treasury of the bath" fund: "If any think this magisterial imposing on +people's pockets let them consider their abilities and the sick poor's +necessities, and think whether they do not in idle pastimes throw away in +vain twice as much yearly. It may entail the blessings of them who are +ready to perish upon you, and will afford a pleasant after-reflection. +God has given you physic for nothing; let the poor and afflicted (it may +be members of Christ) have a little of your money, it may be better for +your own health. Heaven might have put them in your room, and you in +theirs, then a supply would have been acceptable to you." + +As the thermal water issues from the various fissures in the limestone +rock, it is slightly alkaline, bright, sparkling, of a blueish tint, +especially when collected in bulk, and soft and rather insipid in taste. + + + + +CHAPTER III. +THE BATHS AND MODE OF APPLICATION. + + +Kinds of Baths--Natural and Hot--Action of Thermal Water upon the +Skin--Natural Baths--Swimming and Plunge for Males and Females--Necessity +of Caution in their Use--Importance of Time and Frequency in Taking the +Baths--Directions During and After Bathing--Most Favourable Time for +Taking Warm or Hot Baths--Directions for the Use of Half, Three-quarters, +and Full Baths--Drowsiness after Bathing--Massage, When and How +Used--When Baths Inadmissible--Hours for Drinking the Medicinal +Waters--Diseases in which the Thermal Water should Not be Drunk. + +There are two kinds of baths, viz., the natural and hot. The natural +bath is so called because the water used in its formation is at the +natural temperature, as it issues from the perforations in the floor of +the baths. The stream being continuous and large in volume, an overflow +is provided at the top of each bath, which not only secures constant +change of water for the bathers, with corresponding purity, but much +greater medicinal action upon the system. + +The water renders the skin smooth and pliant, probably on account of its +alkaline character and the large amount of free nitrogen suspended in it. +Its alkalinity also saponifies the fatty acids on the surface of the +body, cleanses and opens up the sudorific glands, and thus assists the +free absorption of the nitrogen into the system. Brisk rubbing of the +skin (whilst in the water) with the hands promotes a similar result. + +Under the head of natural baths are included large swimming, plunge, or +public baths for males and females, also private ones fitted up with +every modern comfort and convenience, which are situated at the west-end +of the Crescent, adjoining the pump-room or drinking fountain. + +As the medicinal thermal water of Buxton is admitted to be very powerful +in its action upon the human system, it is absolutely necessary that it +should be used with the greatest care. I have known many accidents and +even deaths take place from the incautious use of the natural baths by +persons wilfully or negligently taking it in a totally unfit state of +health, or by remaining in the water too long. When used as a bath at +the natural temperature, the water is buoyant and emollient to the skin, +and produces a sense of exhilaration both to the body and mind of the +bather. But if indulged in too frequently or too long at one time, this +beneficial effect is entirely lost, and instead of the glow of heat which +ordinarily takes place directly after immersion, the surface of the body +becomes chilled and covered with what is commonly called "goose" skin, a +sense of oppression and discomfort ensues, erratic pains are developed, +and the mind becomes greatly depressed. The bath, therefore, should not +be taken more than two or at most three days consecutively, nor should +the immersion extend beyond seven or eight minutes. It is well for the +bather to take gentle exercise prior to entering the bath, in order that +the surface of the body may not be chilled, but rather in a glow upon +immersion. If after being in the water a few minutes a feeling of +persistent chilliness ensues, the bather should leave the bath, get +rubbed down with a hot rough towel, dress as quickly as possible, and +then return home, where he should remain until reaction is perfectly +established. When the natural bath is prescribed during the summer +months, viz., from the commencement of June until the end of September or +the first week in October, to those capable of locomotion the best time +for bathing is from 6 to 8 o'clock a.m., but when incapable of walking +from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. The bather should invariably (when taking a +natural bath) lave the water over the face, neck, and chest, prior to +plunging into it, and should not remain more than seven or eight minutes +immersed, the two last minutes being occupied in applying the douche to +the parts specially indicated in the doctor's prescription. When a +longer time is indulged in, frequently reaction does not take place, but +chilliness and discomfort ensue, and the rheumatic pains are increased in +severity rather than diminished. Energetic friction of the joints and +surface of the body generally, with the hands beneath the water, should +be resorted to, and gentle rubbing through a hot towel immediately upon +leaving the bath, after which the bather should at once go to the +drinking fountain and take the prescribed quantity of the thermal water. +Instead, however, of at once returning home, if possible, a sharp brisk +walk should be taken, so as to secure a full action upon the skin and +kidneys. The bath may be taken between ten and one o'clock, or four and +six, observing the same rules as to meals as given when speaking of the +hot baths. The latter hours would apply to all cases except the very +mildest during the winter months. + +The most favourable time for taking the warm or hot baths is between ten +a.m. and one p.m., provided that breakfast is not taken later than nine, +and luncheon before half-past one, it being of paramount importance that +they should not be used either directly after or before a meal. The hot +baths may be taken either as half, three-quarters, or full baths, +according to the nature of the case and the condition of the bather. + +In the first of these (viz., a half-bath), which immerses the body no +higher than the waist, it is well to apply a towel wrung out of cold +water to the head, at the same time (especially in the case of females) +wearing an oilskin bathing cap, to prevent the hair from getting wet. +Cold to the head is of signal advantage when there is persistent +headache, or a tendency of blood to that part. In cases of acute +sciatica, congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, accompanied by a +general sluggishness and torpidity of the portal circulation, frequently +very painfully indicated by internal or external hemorrhoids, the hot +sitz bath gives very speedy relief. + +In a sitz or three-quarters bath the bather should, immediately upon +entering the water, lave it over the face, neck, and chest. After being +in the bath five minutes, two more should be devoted to the application +of the douche, first to the spine and then to the joints and other parts +particularly affected, with the exception of those inflamed and painful, +which should not be douched but gently rubbed with the hands beneath the +surface of the water, in order to promote free cutaneous circulation and +absorption of the nitrogen gas through the skin. + +After leaving a full hot bath the body should at once be enveloped in a +warm sheet and friction applied over the whole surface. Dressing should +be accomplished as rapidly as possible in order that a chill may be +avoided, and then the bather, if able to walk (if not, in a bath chair), +should go to the drinking fountain at the west-end of the Crescent, where +either a large or small tumbler of the thermal water (as prescribed) +should be drunk, and then return home, where rest upon a sofa or bed +should be taken for at least an hour, the body being well covered with +rugs, &c., so as to promote, as much as possible, an action upon the skin +and consequent elimination of the gouty and rheumatic poison through its +pores by free perspiration. + +Frequently, after taking one of the hot medicinal baths, a feeling of +drowsiness steals over the bather, and it has been thought by some +medical men that sleep should not be indulged in. During a long +experience in prescribing the medicinal baths of Buxton 1 have never +observed any ill effects ensue from giving way to sleep, and therefore +allow my patients to follow their own inclination in the matter. When +the bather has been covered up for a quarter of an hour, and the skin +acts freely, he or she may begin to throw off some of the wraps, thus +permitting the surface of the body to cool by degrees. When a full hour +has been accomplished, the ordinary occupations and duties of the day may +be resumed. It is not advisable, however, to risk exposure in an open +conveyance for at least three hours after taking a hot bath, as might be +done after using a natural one. + +The massage bath may be used with most advantage between ten-thirty and +twelve a.m., and three and five p.m. It is not advisable to take the +massage bath within two hours after a meal, or less than one before. +Massage, or kneading of the whole body, is carried out in this bath after +which a steam douche or a warm spray is turned upon the affected parts, +according to the nature of the case. + +Chronic rheumatic arthrites, with painful and contracted muscles, +obstinate lumbago, diaphragmatic, intercostal, periosteal, and synovial +rheumatism, and sprains and injuries to joints, are greatly benefited by +the application of massage, followed by the hot steam douche or warm +spray. Much relief is obtained from the application of the douche (first +hot and then reduced to tepid or cold, according to the nature of the +case) in subacute rheumatic arthritis, long-standing sciatica, facial +neuralgia or tic douloureux, intermittent headache, spinal irritation, +chorea or St. Vitus' dance, wrist drop (from lead poison), writers' +cramp, where there is the rheumatic diathesis, and paralysis agitans, &c. + +The Buxton medicinal baths, either at their natural temperature, or when +the water is artificially heated, are, on account of their powerful +action upon the human system, quite inadmissible in all cases where there +is acute inflamation of any organ. In extensive valvular disease of the +heart, especially when accompanied with regurgitation, or advanced +degeneracy of that organ, atheromatous degeneration or aneurism of the +larger arteries, lung disease, in an advanced stage, especially when +connected with the phthisical diathesis, asthma, or amphipneuma, +complicated with fatty degeneration or dilatation of the heart, +giddiness, vertigo, or sudden faintness consequent upon organic disease, +the baths should not be taken, except locally, and even then with the +greatest caution. When so used the affected parts may be sponged with +the thermal water heated to the prescribed degree. An ordinary compress +soaked in the heated water may often be advantageously worn continuously +over an inflamed joint, congested liver, inactive kidneys, or irritable +stomach. + +When the thermal water is only prescribed, the most favourable time for +drinking it is from seven to eight and eleven to twelve a.m., and from +four to five p.m., but when ordered to be taken in conjunction with the +chalybeate, the former should be taken in the morning and the latter in +the afternoon. It has been customary for some medical men to prescribe +the two waters mixed together. My own experience leads me to think that +such a mode of using them (in a great measure) destroys the efficacy of +the thermal by reducing its temperature, and driving off one of its most +active and essential constituents, viz., the nitrogen gas. + +The water can be drunk with safety in most cases, but there are some in +which it is as inadmissible as the use of the baths. + +In acute cystitis, advanced stage of Bright's disease, certain forms of +dyspepsia, irritation in the urinary passages, either in the male or +female, drinking the thermal water should not be resorted to. The mucous +membrane under its influence becomes more irritable, and where the +urinary passages are specially involved, the impulsive efforts to void +urine are extremely painful and distressing, the urine being reduced to +mere driblets, and sometimes even to complete retention. Constant +sickness, either arising from mucous inflammation or ulcer of the +stomach, contra--indicate the use of the thermal water. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. +DISEASES IN WHICH THE WATERS ARE USEFUL. + + +Acute Gout and Rheumatism--Chronic Gout and Rheumatism--Chorea--Paralysis +Agitans--Many Forms of Paralysis--Muscular Atrophy consequent upon the +Gouty Diathesis--Loco Motor Ataxia--Syphilis--Local +Injuries--Neuralgia--Sciatica, Lumbago, &c.--Number of Baths Constituting +a Course--Length of Residence Required--Action of Water upon Acute and +Chronic Disease--Extract from Devonshire Hospital Report--Inference. + +The following are amongst the principal diseases for the relief of which +the Buxton medicinal thermal water is deservedly celebrated: Acute gout +and rheumatism (in neither of which can the baths be taken with advantage +until the acute or inflammatory stage has subsided), the water may be +used locally, either by sponging or wearing a compress over the affected +parts, and also internally, two or even three quarts, being drunk in the +twenty-four hours. + +In the acute stage of gout or rheumatic fever, when the water is drunk in +large quantity daily, profuse perspiration of a critical nature takes +place about the sixth day, and is usually succeeded in twenty-four hours +by a measly eruption over the whole surface of the body and extremities, +quickly followed by a total subsidence of all the acute symptoms, leaving +the patient free from pain and on the high road to convalescence. Under +its influence the urine becomes copious, the muddy brickdust deposit +disappears, and the normal specific gravity and action upon litmus paper +is restored. The sudorific glands over the whole cutaneous surface +receive a fresh stimulus, thus assisting to eliminate the materies morbi, +and making the skin cool and moist, which prior to drinking the water was +dry, hot, and parched. A direct action upon the liver is also obtained, +as indicated by the relaxed condition of the bowels, and the perceptible +increase of bile in the motions. Such being the action of the Buxton +thermal water, it will be readily understood how the distressing and +excruciating pains of an attack of acute gout or rheumatism are so +quickly relieved, and the sufferer restored to comparative comfort. + +Chronic gout and rheumatism: These diseases are much more common than the +acute forms, and are greatly benefited both by the use of the baths and +drinking of the water. + +In such cases the baths may be prescribed either hot or natural, +according to the nature and character of the complaint, and may be taken +each day, every other day, or even two or three days consecutively. The +temperature, frequency, time of immersion, and amount of water to be +drunk after bathing, are usually given by the medical adviser in his +prescription. + +The above remarks apply equally to the various forms of chronic +rheumatism, chorea, paralysis agitans, infantile paralysis, hysterical +paralysis, mercurial and lead poisoning, muscular atrophy; rigid atrophy, +consequent upon the rheumatic diathesis; locomotor ataxia, as a result of +rheumatism; syphilis, or local injury; cranial, facial, and intercostal +neuralgia; sciatica, lumbago, and their allied affections, especially of +a neurotic nature. + +The number of baths which constitute a course are usually reckoned at +from 15 to 17, which necessitates a residence in Buxton of about one +month, provided they can be steadily and uninterruptedly continued +throughout that period. If, however, the course has to be discontinued +on account of the supervention of acute symptoms (not an unfrequent +occurrence) a longer residence is required. Some persons (though all +goes on regularly) require more and some less, according to the age, +strength, and constitution of the bather and nature of the case. As a +rule, experience teaches that the younger the individual, and the more +recent and acute the disease, the fewer number of baths will be requisite +to give permanent relief, the full effects of the medicinal water being +obtained more rapidly, and the ultimate result being more satisfactory. +This, however, need not be a discouragement to those advanced in life, +whose misfortune it has been to suffer from repeated attacks of gout or +rheumatism, as may be gathered from a perusal of the annual report of the +Devonshire Hospital, an institution mainly for the reception of patients +of all ages, suffering from the gouty and rheumatic diatheses. + +Subjoined I give an extract from the medical report of the Hospital, +which clearly indicates the nature and character of those diseases +specially benefited by the use of the Buxton thermal water. According to +the report, 2,351 patients were admitted under treatment during 1891, +2,222 suffering from gout rheumatism or some of the allied affections, +and 129 unconnected with either diatheses. The following types of +disease, as connected with the two diatheses, are included in the +2,351:-- + + DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTORY SYSTEM. +Rheumatism 1322 +Specific Rheumatism 5 +Podagra 51 +Rheumatic Arthritis 550 +Synovitis 2 +Chronic Periostitis 1 +Sciatica 197 +Lumbago 15 +Sciatica and Lumbago 14 +Neuralgia 10 +Peripheral Neuritis 3 +Poliomyelitis Anterior Chronica 1 +Lateral Sclerosis 7 +Progressive Muscular Atrophy 1 +Pseudo, Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis 1 +Locomotor Ataxia 15 +Multiple Sclerosis 1 +Chronic Myelitis 1 +Hemiplegia 8 +Chorea 10 +Paralysis Agitans 1 +Lead Poisoning 10 + 2222 + +I find that during thirty-two years, the Devonshire Hospital, which +contains 300 beds, has admitted between fifty-two and fifty-three +thousand patients, suffering principally from the various forms of gout +rheumatism and those diseases which are allied to them. Out of this vast +number were returned only 6,753, having obtained no relief, which may be +accounted for by the fact that most of these latter were labouring under +affections unconnected with either gout or rheumatism. These figures +will, I think, be admitted as conclusive evidence of the medicinal +efficacy of the Buxton Spa in relieving suffering humanity from some of +the most painful and intractable forms of disease to which high and low, +rich and poor, are alike amenable. + + * * * * * + + JOHN HEYWOOD, Excelsior Printing and Bookbinding Works, + Manchester. + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUXTON AND ITS MEDICINAL WATERS*** + + +******* This file should be named 30682.txt or 30682.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/0/6/8/30682 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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