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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of '98 by James Otis
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The Boys of '98
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2009 [Ebook #30684]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+
+
+
+                              *STORIES of*
+                            *AMERICAN HISTORY*
+
+                             *By James Otis*
+
+               1. When We Destroyed the Gaspee
+               2. Boston Boys of 1775
+               3. When Dewey Came to Manila
+               4. Off Santiago with Sampson
+               5. When Israel Putnam Served the King
+               6. The Signal Boys of '75
+                        (A Tale of the Siege of Boston)
+               7. Under the Liberty Tree
+                        (A Story of the Boston Massacre)
+               8. The Boys of 1745
+                        (The Capture of Louisburg)
+               9. An Island Refuge
+                        (Casco Bay in 1676)
+              10. Neal the Miller
+                        (A Son of Liberty)
+              11. Ezra Jordan's Escape
+                        (The Massacre at Fort Loyall)
+
+                         *DANA ESTES & COMPANY*
+                              *Publishers*
+                    *Estes Press, Summer St., Boston*
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                            THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+                                   BY
+                               JAMES OTIS
+                                AUTHOR OF
+              "TOBY TYLER," "JENNY WREN'S BOARDING HOUSE,"
+                    "THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER," ETC.
+
+
+_Illustrated by_
+J. STEEPLE DAVIS
+FRANK T. MERRILL
+_And with Reproductions of Photographs_
+
+_ELEVENTH THOUSAND_
+
+
+BOSTON
+DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+
+                            _Copyright, 1898_
+                         BY DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER                                              PAGE
+      I.   THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE                         1
+     II.   THE PRELIMINARIES                            19
+    III.   A DECLARATION OF WAR                         38
+     IV.   THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                     64
+      V.   NEWS OF THE DAY                              92
+     VI.   CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN                       117
+    VII.   FROM ALL QUARTERS                           130
+   VIII.   HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC                     149
+     IX.   BY WIRE                                     171
+      X.   SANTIAGO DE CUBA                            194
+     XI.   EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS               224
+    XII.   THE SPANISH FLEET                           254
+   XIII.   THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO                   290
+    XIV.   MINOR EVENTS                                302
+     XV.   THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN                    320
+    XVI.   THE FALL OF MANILA                          335
+   XVII.   PEACE                                       345
+           APPENDIX A--THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS           355
+           APPENDIX B--WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS            370
+           APPENDIX C--SANTIAGO DE CUBA                 379
+           APPENDIX D--PORTO RICO                       383
+           APPENDIX E--THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO            386
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                              PAGE
+    THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY                          _Frontispiece_
+    U. S. S. MAINE                                               7
+    CAPTAIN C. D. SIGSBEE                                       12
+    EX-MINISTER DE LOME                                         20
+    U. S. S. MONTGOMERY                                         24
+    MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE                                  30
+    U. S. S. COLUMBIA                                           38
+    CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO                                      44
+    PREMIER SAGASTA                                             49
+    PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY                                  55
+    U. S. S. PURITAN                                            58
+    ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY                                        64
+    U. S. S. OLYMPIA                                            69
+    U. S. S. BALTIMORE                                          72
+    BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                                        75
+    U. S. S. BOSTON                                             77
+    U. S. S. CONCORD                                            82
+    U. S. S. TERROR                                             99
+    JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY                            107
+    U. S. S. CHICAGO                                           117
+    THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW                                 119
+    U. S. S. AMPHITRITE                                        123
+    THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO                    127
+    U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH                                       130
+    ADMIRAL SCHLEY                                             135
+    U. S. S. MONTEREY                                          144
+    U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS                                     151
+    LIEUTENANT HOBSON                                          156
+    U. S. S. NEW YORK                                          161
+    HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT                             166
+    ADMIRAL CERVERA                                            169
+    QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN                     171
+    GENERAL GARCIA                                             181
+    ADMIRAL CAMARA                                             186
+    GENERAL AUGUSTI                                            192
+    U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD                                        201
+    U. S. S. VESUVIUS                                          207
+    U. S. S. TEXAS                                             215
+    COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT                                 218
+    MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER                                      224
+    THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL                                229
+    VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART                                      234
+    U. S. S. NEWARK                                            239
+    ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON                                      243
+    GENERAL WEYLER                                             254
+    CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS                                        256
+    U. S. S. IOWA                                              262
+    THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET                         266
+    U. S. S. INDIANA                                           269
+    U. S. S. OREGON                                            275
+    U. S. S. BROOKLYN                                          282
+    MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER                               292
+    KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN                               300
+    GENERAL GOMEZ                                              311
+    U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS                                       314
+    U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO                                     318
+    MAJOR-GENERAL MILES                                        320
+    MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE                                       327
+    GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE                   333
+      PROTOCOL
+    GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR                 334
+    MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT                               344
+    DON CARLOS                                                 349
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I.
+
+
+                          THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.
+
+
+At or about eleven o'clock on the morning of January 25th the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ steamed through the narrow channel which gives
+entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and came to anchor at Buoy No. 4,
+in obedience to orders from the captain of the port, in from five and
+one-half to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables within five
+hundred yards of the arsenal, and about two hundred yards distant from the
+floating dock.
+
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her bow roared out a
+salute as the Spanish colours were run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this
+thunderous announcement of friendliness was first answered by Morro
+Castle, followed a few moments later by the Spanish cruiser _Alphonso
+XII._ and a German school-ship.
+
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the captain of the port and an
+officer from the Spanish war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came
+alongside the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of naval etiquette.
+
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received the visitors at the
+head of the gangway and escorted them to the captain's cabin. A few
+moments later came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies of
+welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+
+The _Maine_ was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of the second class,
+318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth, with a draught of 21 feet, 6
+inches; of 6,648 tons displacement, with engines of 9,293 indicated
+horse-power, giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in the
+Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress, August 3, 1886. Work on
+her was commenced October 11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She was built after the
+designs of chief constructor T. D. Wilson. The delay in going into
+commission is said to have been due to the difficulty in getting
+satisfactory armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick; the two
+steel barbettes were each of the same thickness, and the walls of the
+turrets were eight inches thick.
+
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading
+rifles; in the secondary battery seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder
+rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of 370 men, and
+the following officers: Capt. C. D. Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R.
+Wainwright, Lieut. G. F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J. Blandin, Surgeon S.
+G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M. Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain
+J. P. Chidwick, Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant of
+Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R. Morris, Assistant Engineer
+Darwin R. Merritt, Naval Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington, Naval Cadet A.
+Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd, Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill,
+Carpenter J. Helm, Paymaster's Clerk B. McCarthy.
+
+Why had the _Maine_ been sent to this port?
+
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the Navy when he notified
+the Spanish minister, Senor Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the
+_Maine_ was simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+
+The United States minister at Madrid, General Woodford, also announced the
+same in substance to the Spanish Minister of State.
+
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government at Madrid that a
+state of war did not exist in Cuba, and that the relations between the
+United States and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing less
+could be done than accept the official construction put upon the visit.
+
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to view the matter in the
+same light, as may be seen by the following extracts from newspapers:
+
+"If the government of the United States sends one war-ship to Cuba, a
+thing it is no longer likely to do, Spain would act with energy and
+without vacillation."--_El Heraldo, January 16th._
+
+"We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize Cuba."--_The Imparcial,
+January 23d._
+
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+
+"If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence in sending the
+_Maine_, do some rash, disagreeable thing, the civilised world will know
+too well who is responsible. The American government must know that the
+road it has taken leads to war between both nations."
+
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general comment upon the official
+explanation of the _Maine's_ visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the
+opinion that her visit is "inopportune and calculated to encourage the
+insurgents." It was announced that, "following Washington's example," the
+Spanish government will "instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a few
+American ports."
+
+The _Imparcial_ expresses fear that the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana
+will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+
+"Europe cannot doubt America's attitude towards Spain. But the Spanish
+people, if necessary, will do their duty with honour."
+
+The _Epocha_ asks if the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana is "intended as
+a sop to the Jingoes," and adds:
+
+"We cannot suppose the American government so naive or badly informed as
+to imagine that the presence of American war-vessels at Havana will be a
+cause of satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship."
+
+The people of the United States generally believed that the battle-ship
+had been sent to Cuba because of the disturbances existing in the city of
+Havana, which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans there.
+
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed the "anti-liberal outbreak"
+occurred in the city of Havana.
+
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed the ultra-Spanish
+element in an attack upon the leading liberal newspaper offices, because,
+as alleged, of Captain-General Blanco's refusal to authorise the
+suppression of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous protest
+against Spain's policy of granting autonomy to the Cubans.
+
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the time being most
+formidable, indulged in open threats against Americans, and it was
+believed by the public generally that American interests, and the safety
+of citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the protection of a
+war-vessel.
+
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship impassively. Soldiers,
+sailors, and civilians gathered at the water-front as spectators, but no
+word, either of threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+
+In the city the American residents experienced a certain sense of relief
+because now a safe refuge was provided in case of more serious rioting.
+
+That the officers and crew of the _Maine_ were apprehensive regarding
+their situation there can be little doubt. During the first week after the
+arrival of the battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the result of the visit,
+and on the tenth of February one of the lieutenants is reported as having
+stated:
+
+"If we don't get away from here soon there will be trouble."
+
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made by the commander of the
+ship and his staff, and, so far as concerned the officials of the city,
+the Americans were seemingly welcome visitors.
+
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently content with
+seeing the _Maine_ in their harbour. Within a week after the arrival of
+the ship incendiary circulars were distributed in the streets, on the
+railway cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all Spaniards
+to avenge the "insult" of the battle-ship's visit.
+
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+
+"Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MAINE.]
+
+"What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be insulted in this way?
+
+"Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing our brave and
+beloved Weyler, who at this very time would have finished with this
+unworthy rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and our honour?
+
+"Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to one side and to give
+posts of honour and authority to those who initiated this rebellion, these
+ill-born autonomists, ungrateful sons of our beloved country.
+
+"And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our affairs humiliate us to
+the last degree, and for still greater taunt order to us one of the ships
+of war of their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.
+
+"Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived. Sleep not. Let us show these
+vile traitors that we have not yet lost shame and that we know how to
+protect ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy and strong as our
+Spain is and always will be.
+
+"Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.
+
+"Long live Spain!
+
+"Long live Weyler!"
+
+
+
+At eight o'clock on the evening of February 15th all the magazines aboard
+the battle-ship were closed, and the keys delivered to her commander
+according to the rules of the service.
+
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was on watch as officer of
+the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in his cabin writing letters; on the
+starboard side of the ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter,
+with her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten o'clock trip to the
+shore to bring off such of the officers or crew as were on leave of
+absence.
+
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick clouds hung over the
+city and harbour; the ripple of the waves against the hulls of the vessels
+at anchor, and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence. The
+lights here and there, together with the dark tracery of spar and cordage
+against the sky, was all that betokened the presence of war-ship or
+peaceful merchantman.
+
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the watch on board the
+steamer _City of Washington_, and some sailors ashore, saw what appeared
+to be a sheet of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the _Maine_,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a mighty, confused
+rumble as of grinding and rending, followed an instant later by a roar as
+if a volcano had sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+
+Then was flung high in the air what might be likened to a shaft of fire
+filled with fragments of iron, wood, and human flesh, rising higher and
+higher until its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a column
+of water broken by the wind.
+
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became heavy with stifling
+smoke. Electric lights on shore were extinguished; the tinkling of
+breaking glass could be heard everywhere in that portion of the city
+nearest the harbour.
+
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to fall a dense blackness
+enshrouded the harbour, from the midst of which could be heard cries of
+agony, appeals for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their comrades.
+
+After this, and no man could have said how many seconds passed while the
+confusing, bewildering blackness lay heavy over that scene of death and
+destruction, long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and splintered
+decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of distress, as well as a beacon
+for those who would succour the dying.
+
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of time from the
+bewilderment of the shock, ran out of the cabin toward the deck, groping
+his way as best he might in the darkness through the long passage until he
+came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony, who was at his post of duty
+near the captain's quarters.
+
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense because unknown, but
+the soldier, mindful even then of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of
+one who makes an ordinary report:
+
+"Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been blown up, and is
+sinking."
+
+"Follow me," the captain replied, acknowledging his subordinate's salute,
+and the two pressed forward through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting on the starboard side
+of the quarter-deck when the terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down
+by a piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of the ship's
+frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his feet, he ran to the poop that
+he might be at his proper station when the supreme moment came.
+
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers' mess-room when the
+first of a battle-ship's death-throes was felt, and as soon as possible
+made his way toward the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his comrades.
+
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval Cadet Boyd together ran
+toward the hatch, but only to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through,
+and then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were vain, and the
+engineer went down with his ship.
+
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time elapsed before the
+uninjured survivors were gathered on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where
+a moment previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass looming up in
+the darkness like some threatening promontory.
+
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite her, on the port side,
+was the barge.
+
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled, gurgling, choking
+exclamations were heard indistinctly; and then, when the terrible
+vibrations of the air ceased, cries for help went up from every quarter.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but terrible moments:
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the launch be lowered, and the
+officers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the boats out and
+rescued a number in the water.
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright forward to see the
+extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those
+forward, or to extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above
+water to feed them.
+
+"Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported the total and awful
+character of the calamity, and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order,
+'Abandon ship,' to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and
+apparently unexcited."
+
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of command from the captain
+aroused his officers from the stupefaction of horror which had begun to
+creep over them, and this handful of men, who even then were standing face
+to face with death, set about aiding their less fortunate companions.
+
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from the vessels in the
+harbour, and the work of rescue was continued until all the torn and
+mangled bodies in which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer _Thurston_, was among the first
+in this labour of mercy, and concerning it he says:
+
+"My vessel was within half a mile of the _Maine_, and my small boat was
+the first to gain the wreck. It is beyond my power to describe the
+explosion. It was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments. The
+cries that came over the water awakened us to a realisation that some
+great tragedy had occurred.
+
+"I made all haste to the wreck. There were very few men in the water. All
+told, I do not believe there were thirty. We picked up some of them and
+passed them on to other vessels, and then continued our work of rescue.
+
+"The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and trunks of bodies were
+floating about, together with pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all
+sorts of wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some poor suffering
+fellow could be heard above the tumult.
+
+"One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene. That was Captain
+Sigsbee. Every American has reason to be proud of that officer. He seemed
+to have realised in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did he
+show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool. Discipline? Why, man, the
+discipline was there as strong as ever, despite the fact that all around
+was death and disaster."
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]
+
+The commander of the _Maine_ was the last to leave the wreck, and then all
+that was left of the mighty ship was beginning to settle in the slime and
+putrefaction which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if they had been
+assisting at some social function, the officers took their respective
+places in the boats, and, amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a
+short distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their post of duty.
+
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand Hotel, was seated in front
+of the building when the explosion occurred.
+
+"It was followed by another and a much louder one," he said. "We thought
+the whole city had been blown to pieces. Some said the insurgents were
+entering Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was blown up.
+
+"On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute after the explosion was
+heard the cabmen cracked their whips and went rattling over the
+cobblestones like crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies of
+cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets. There was no sleep in
+Havana that night."
+
+
+
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and General Solano put off to
+the wreck, and offered their services to Captain Sigsbee.
+
+There were many wonderful escapes from death. One of the ward-room cooks
+was thrown outboard into the water.
+
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling in the sea, was
+picked up alive.
+
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the davits. The boat was
+crushed like an egg-shell; but the sailor fell overboard and was picked up
+unhurt.
+
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the port quarter-deck, and thus
+probably escaped death.
+
+One sailor swam about until help came, although both his legs were broken.
+Another had the bones of his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep
+afloat.
+
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged, wooden portion of the
+wreck had been consumed by the flames, and at 11.30 P. M. the smoke-stacks
+of the ill-fated ship fell.
+
+On board the steamer _City of Washington_, two boats were literally
+riddled by fragments of the _Maine_ which fell after the explosion, and
+among them was an iron truss which, crashing through the pantry,
+demolished the tableware.
+
+When morning came the wreck was the central figure of an otherwise bright
+picture, sad as it was terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred debris
+forward looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean storehouse
+of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight angle from the
+perpendicular, while the poop afforded a resting-place for the workmen or
+divers.
+
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our war-vessels in time of
+peace, not a vestige remained. In its place was the blackness of
+desolating death, marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six brave
+men had gone over into the Beyond.
+
+The total loss to the government as a result of the disaster was
+officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31. This embraced the cost of hull,
+machinery, equipment, armour, gun protection and armament, both in main
+and secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition, shells,
+current supplies, coal, and, in short, the entire outfit.
+
+The pet of the _Maine's_ crew, a big cat, was found next morning, perched
+on a fragment of a truss which yet remained above the water, and near her,
+as if seeking companionship, was the captain's dog, Peggy.
+
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the afternoon of the sixteenth:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Profound sorrow is expressed by the government and municipal authorities,
+consuls of foreign nations, organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens
+generally.
+
+"Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general's palace, on shipping in
+the harbour, and in the city.
+
+"Business is suspended, and the theatres are closed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies which had been found up to
+that time were buried in Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser _Alphonso XII._ acting as escort.
+
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson of the U. S. S. _Iowa_
+as presiding officer, Commander Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F.
+E. Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the _New York_, was
+convened, and on March 28th President McKinley sent a message to Congress,
+the conclusion of which was as follows:
+
+"The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our country with crushing
+force, and for a brief time an intense excitement prevailed, which in a
+community less just and self-controlled than ours might have led to hasty
+acts of blind resentment.
+
+"This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer processes of reason, and to
+the resolve to investigate the facts and await material proof before
+forming a judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if the facts
+warranted, the remedy due. This course necessarily recommended itself from
+the outset to the executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and measure of its full
+duty in the matter.
+
+"The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of casualty or disaster
+to national vessels of any maritime state.
+
+"A naval court of inquiry was at once organised, composed of officers well
+qualified by rank and practical experience to discharge the onerous duty
+imposed upon them.
+
+"Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, the court proceeded to
+make a thorough investigation on the spot, employing every available means
+for impartial and exact determination of the causes of the explosion. Its
+operations have been conducted with the utmost deliberation and judgment,
+and, while independently pursued, no source of information was neglected,
+and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a simultaneous investigation
+by the Spanish authorities.
+
+"The finding of the court of inquiry was reached, after twenty-three days
+of continuous labour, on the twenty-first of March instant, and, having
+been approved on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief of the United
+States naval force in the North Atlantic station, was transmitted to the
+executive.
+
+"It is herewith laid before the Congress, together with the voluminous
+testimony taken before the court.
+
+"The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of the _Maine_ was not in
+any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers
+or members of her crew.
+
+"That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which
+caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and
+that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the
+destruction of the _Maine_ upon any person or persons.
+
+"I have directed that the finding of the court of inquiry and the views of
+this government thereon be communicated to the government of her majesty,
+the queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that the sense of
+justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a course of action suggested by
+honour and the friendly relations of the two governments.
+
+"It will be the duty of the executive to advise the Congress of the
+result, and in the meantime deliberate consideration is invoked."
+
+
+
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of '61 who had worn the blue
+or the gray, this tragedy in the harbour of Havana, and, when the
+government gave permission, the boys of '98 came forward many and many a
+thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their fathers--the boys of '61--who,
+although the hand of Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to
+participate in the punishment of those who were responsible for the
+slaughter of American sailors within the shadow of Morro Castle.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+
+                            THE PRELIMINARIES.
+
+
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly. The respective
+governments are exceedingly ceremonious before opening the "game of
+death," and it is not to be supposed that the United States commenced
+hostilities immediately after the disaster to the _Maine_ in the harbour
+of Havana.
+
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without first giving in regular
+order the series of events which marked the preparations for hostilities,
+would be much like relating an adventure without explaining why the hero
+was brought into the situation.
+
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially those of a
+political nature, are dry reading; but once take into consideration the
+fact that they all aid in giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins
+hostilities with another, and much of the tediousness may be forgiven.
+
+Just previous to the disaster to the _Maine_, during the last days of
+January or the first of February, Senor Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish
+minister at Washington, wrote a private letter to the editor of the Madrid
+_Herald_, Senor Canalejas, who was his intimate friend, in which he made
+some uncomplimentary remarks regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain commercial
+negotiations which were then being carried on between the two countries.
+
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain Cubans got possession of
+this letter, and caused it to be published in the newspapers. Senor de
+Lome did not deny having written the objectionable matter; but claimed
+that, since it was a private communication, it should not affect him
+officially. The Secretary of State instructed General Woodford, our
+minister at Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he was not relieved from
+duty within twenty-four hours, the President would issue to him his
+passports, which is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out of
+the country.
+
+_February 9._ Senor de Lome made all haste to resign, and the resignation
+was accepted by his government before--so it was claimed by the Spanish
+authorities--President McKinley's demand for the recall was received.
+
+_February 15._ The de Lome incident was a political matter which caused
+considerable diplomatic correspondence; but it was overshadowed when the
+battle-ship _Maine_ was blown up in the harbour of Havana.
+
+  [Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]
+
+As has already been said, the United States government at once ordered a
+court of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the disaster, and this,
+together with the search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was
+prosecuted with utmost vigour.
+
+Very many of the people in the United States believed that Spanish
+officials were chargeable with the terrible crime, while those who were
+not disposed to make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that the
+Spanish government was responsible for the safety of the vessel,--that she
+had been destroyed by outside agencies in a friendly harbour. In the
+newspapers, on the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the government set
+to work as if, so it would seem, they also were confident there would be
+an open rupture between the two nations.
+
+_February 28._ In Congress, Representative Gibson of Tennessee introduced
+a bill appropriating twenty million dollars "for the maintenance of
+national honour and defence." Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount of money "to place the
+naval strength of the country upon a proper footing for immediate
+hostilities with any foreign power." On the same day orders were issued to
+the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida, directing him to send men to
+man the guns at Santa Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+
+_February 28._ Senor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed minister in the place
+of Senor de Lome, who resigned, sailed from Gibraltar.
+
+By the end of February the work of preparing the vessels at the different
+navy yards for sea was being pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and
+munitions of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department believed that
+hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country that such preparations
+were making. A despatch from Shanghai to London reported that the United
+States squadron, which included the cruisers _Olympia_, _Boston_,
+_Raleigh_, _Concord_, and _Petrel_, were concentrating at Hongkong, with a
+view of active operations against Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in
+event of war.
+
+At about the same time came news from Spain telling that the Spanish were
+making ready for hostilities. An exceptionally large number of artisans
+were at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and torpedo-boat
+destroyers. The cruisers _Oquendo_ and _Vizcaya_, with the torpedo-boat
+destroyers _Furor_ and _Terror_, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the _Alphonso XII._, the _Infanta Isabel_, and the _Nueva
+Espana_, together with twelve gunboats of about three hundred tons each,
+and eighteen vessels of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+
+The United States naval authorities decided that heavy batteries should be
+placed on all the revenue cutters built within the previous twelve months,
+and large quantities of high explosives were shipped in every direction.
+
+During the early days of March, Senor Gullon, Spanish Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, intimated to Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General Lee.
+
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships, which had been
+designated to convey supplies to Cuba for the relief of the sufferers
+there, should be replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official character.
+
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the government at Washington, to
+which it replied by refusing to recall General Lee under the present
+circumstances, or to countermand the orders for the despatch of
+war-vessels, making the representation that relief vessels are not
+fighting ships.
+
+_March 5._ Secretary Long closed a contract for the delivery at Key West,
+within forty days, of four hundred thousand tons of coal. Work was begun
+upon the old monitors, which for years had been lying at League Island
+navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to the Norfolk navy yard to
+concentrate all the energies and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser
+_Newark_, to the end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+
+_March 6._ The President made a public statement that under no
+circumstances would Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request
+of Spain. He had borne himself, so it was stated from the White House,
+throughout the crisis with judgment, fidelity, and courage, to the
+President's entire satisfaction. As to supplies for the relief of the
+Cuban people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments at once
+from Key West by one of the naval vessels, whichever might be best adapted
+and most available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+
+_March 6._ Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations committee
+introduced a resolution that fifty millions of dollars be appropriated for
+the national defence. It was passed almost immediately, without a single
+negative vote.
+
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser _Montgomery_ had been
+ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General Wilson, chief of the engineers of the
+army, arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of men, who were in
+charge of locating and firing submarine mines.
+
+_March 10._ The newly appointed Spanish minister arrived at Washington.
+
+_March 11._ The House committee on naval affairs authorised the immediate
+construction of three battle-ships, one to be named the _Maine_, and
+provided for an increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+
+The despatch-boat _Fern_ sailed for Matanzas with supplies for the relief
+of starving Cubans.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.]
+
+News by cable was received from the Philippine Islands to the effect that
+the rebellion there had broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to pay taxes, and the
+insurgents appeared to be well supplied with arms and ammunition.
+
+_March 12._ Senor Bernabe was presented to President McKinley, and laid
+great stress upon the love which Spain bore for the United States.
+
+_March 14._ The Spanish flying squadron, composed of three torpedo-boats,
+set sail from Cadiz, bound for Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be
+good proof that the Spanish government anticipated war with the United
+States, Senor Bernabe made two demands upon this government on the day
+following the receipt of such news. The first was that the United States
+fleet at Key West and Tortugas be withdrawn, and the second, that an
+explanation be given as to why two war-ships had been purchased abroad.
+
+_March 17._ A bill was submitted to both houses of Congress reorganising
+the army, and placing it on a war footing of one hundred and four thousand
+men. Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the Senate, on the
+condition of affairs in Cuba. He announced himself as being opposed to
+annexation, and declared that the Cubans were "suffering under the worst
+misgovernment in the world." The public generally accepted his remarks as
+having been sanctioned by the President, and understood them as indicating
+that this country should recognise the independence of Cuba on the ground
+that the people are capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the island.
+
+_March 17._ The more important telegraphic news from Spain was to the
+effect that the Minister of Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana; that the government
+arsenal was being run night and day in the manufacture of small arms, and
+that infantry and cavalry rifles were being purchased in Germany.
+
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser _McCulloch_ was ordered to
+proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to Hongkong, in order that she might be
+attached to the Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+
+_March 18._ The cruiser _Amazonas_, purchased from the Brazilian
+government, was formally transferred to the United States at Gravesend,
+England, to be known in the future as the _New Orleans_.
+
+_March 19._ The _Maine_ court of inquiry concluded its work. The general
+sentiments of the people, as voiced by the newspapers, were that war with
+Spain was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened March 24th, when
+authority was given by the Navy Department for unlimited enlistment in all
+grades of the service, when the revenue service was transferred from the
+Treasury to the Naval Department, and arrangements made for the quick
+employment of the National Guards of the States and Territories.
+
+_March 24._ The report of the _Maine_ court of inquiry arrived at
+Washington.
+
+_March 27._ Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers declared that war
+with the United States was next to certain. The United States cruisers
+_San Francisco_ and _New Orleans_ sailed from England for New York, and
+the active work of mining the harbours of the United States coast was
+begun.
+
+_March 28._ The President sent to Congress, with a message, the report of
+the _Maine_ court of inquiry, as has been stated in a previous chapter.
+
+_March 29._ Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and recognising the
+independence of Cuba, were introduced in both houses of Congress.
+
+With the beginning of April it was to the public generally as if the war
+had already begun.
+
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the country the newspapers were
+scanned eagerly for notes of warlike preparation, and from Washington,
+sent by those who were in position to know what steps were being taken by
+the government, came information which dashed the hopes of those who had
+been praying that peace might not be broken.
+
+There had been a conference between the President, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and the chairman of the committee on ways and means, regarding
+the best methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war. A joint
+board of the army and navy had met to formulate plans of defence, and a
+speedy report was made to Secretary Long.
+
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to all United States
+consuls in Cuba to be prepared to leave the island at any moment, and to
+hold themselves in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to embark for
+the United States.
+
+_April 2._ A gentleman in touch with public affairs wrote from Washington
+as follows:
+
+"To-day's developments show that there is only the very faintest hope of
+peace. Unless Spain yields war must come. The administration realises that
+as fully as do members of Congress.
+
+"The orders sent by the State Department to all our consuls in Cuba,
+especially those in the interior, to hold themselves in readiness to leave
+their positions and proceed to Havana, show that the department looks upon
+war as a certainty, and has taken all proper precautions for the safety of
+its agents.
+
+"Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not have been issued
+unless a crisis was imminent, and the State Department, as well as other
+branches of the government, has now become convinced that peace cannot
+much longer be maintained, and that the safety of the consular agents is a
+first consideration.
+
+"General Lee has also been advised that he should be ready to leave as
+soon as notified, and that the American newspaper correspondents now in
+Havana must prepare themselves to receive the notification of instant
+departure.
+
+"The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the Boston Towboat Company,
+which corporation had charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S.
+_Maine_, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of War has authorised an
+allotment of one million dollars from the emergency fund for the office of
+the chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended in purchasing
+material for the torpedo defences connected with the seacoast
+fortifications. The United States naval attache at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable of a speed of
+sixteen knots, and the vessel will put to sea immediately. The Spanish
+torpedo flotilla is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde Islands."
+
+_April 4._ Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins spoke in the Senate,
+charging Spain with the murder of the sailors of the _Maine_, claiming
+that it was properly an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed intervention.
+
+_April 5._ Senator Chandler announced as his belief that the United States
+was justified in beginning hostilities, and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and
+Turner made powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing Spain.
+General Woodford was instructed by cable to be prepared to ask of the
+Madrid government his passports at any moment.
+
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable, doubled their
+rates. The merchants and manufacturers' board of trade of New York
+notified Congress and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the _Maine_; that the independence of Cuba should be
+recognised, and that it should be brought about by force of arms, if
+necessary.
+
+_April 7._ The representatives of six great powers met at the White House
+in the hope of being able to influence the President for peace. In closing
+his address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+
+"The government of the United States appreciates the humanitarian and
+disinterested character of the communication now made in behalf of the
+powers named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation will
+be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavours to fulfil a duty to
+humanity by ending a situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable."
+
+
+
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning that Consul-General Lee
+had received orders to set sail from Havana on or before the ninth. The
+American consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that city.
+
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary Islands, was, by the State
+Department, ordered not to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]
+
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town for Washington, by
+order of his government.
+
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the temper of the Spanish
+people:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"London, April 7.--A special dispatch from Madrid says that the ambassadors
+of France, Germany, Russia, and Italy waited together this evening upon
+Senor Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint note in the
+interests of peace.
+
+"Senor Gullon, replying, declared that the members of the Spanish Cabinet
+were unanimous in considering that Spain had reached the limit of
+international policy in the direction of conceding the demands and
+allowing the pretensions of the United States."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 9._ Guards about the United States legation in Madrid were trebled.
+General Blanco, captain-general of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on
+every able-bodied man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to register
+for immediate military duty. At ten o'clock in the morning, Consul-General
+Lee, accompanied by British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to receive visitors.
+General Lee left the island at six o'clock in the evening.
+
+_April 11._ The President sent a message, together with Consul Lee's
+report, to the Congress, and Senator Chandler thus analysed it:
+
+_First_: A graphic and powerful description of the horrible condition of
+affairs in Cuba.
+
+_Second_: An assertion that the independence of the revolutionists should
+not be recognised until Cuba has achieved its own independence beyond the
+possibility of overthrow.
+
+_Third_: An argument against the recognition of the Cuban republic.
+
+_Fourth_: As to intervention in the interest of humanity, that is well
+enough, and also on account of the injury to commerce and peril to our
+citizens, and the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+
+_Fifth_: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions is the destruction
+of the _Maine_. It helps make the existing situation intolerable. But
+Spain proposes an arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+
+_Sixth_: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain cannot end it,
+mediation or intervention must take place. President Cleveland said
+"intervention would finally be necessary." The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore, the President should be
+authorised to terminate hostilities, secure peace, and establish a stable
+government, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States
+to accomplish these results, and food supplies should also be furnished by
+the United States.
+
+_April 12._ Consul-General Lee was summoned before the Senate committee on
+foreign relations. It was announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan for raising revenue in
+case of need to carry on war with Spain. The plan was intended to raise
+more than $100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was thus
+distributed:
+
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel, estimated to yield
+$35,000,000; a bank stamp tax on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated
+to yield $30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on coffee, and ten
+cents per pound on tea on hand in the United States, estimated to yield
+$28,000,000; additional tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing of $500,000,000 bonds.
+These bonds to be offered for sale at all post-offices in the United
+States in amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular loan to be
+absorbed by the people.
+
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury to be authorised
+to issue treasury certificates.
+
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay running expenses when
+the revenues do not meet the expenditures.
+
+
+
+These preparations were distinctly war measures, and would be put in
+operation only should war occur.
+
+_April 13._ The House of Representatives passed the following resolutions:
+
+_Whereas_, the government of Spain for three years past has been waging
+war on the island of Cuba against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof,
+without making any substantial progress toward the suppression of said
+revolution, and has conducted the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws
+of nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing the death by
+starvation of more than two hundred thousand innocent non-combatants, the
+victims being for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of the United States,
+involving the destruction of the lives and property of many of our
+citizens, entailing the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain our neutrality;
+and,
+
+_Whereas_, this long series of losses, injuries, and burdens for which
+Spain is responsible has culminated in the destruction of the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ in the harbour of Havana, and the death of two
+hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,--
+
+_Resolved_, That the President is hereby authorised and directed to
+intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba, to the end and with the purpose
+of securing permanent peace and order there, and establishing by the free
+action of the people there of a stable and independent government of their
+own in the island of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the United States to execute
+the purpose of this resolution.
+
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+
+_Whereas_, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three
+years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in the destruction of
+a United States battle-ship with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers
+and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United
+States in his message to Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, First, that the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right
+ought to be, free and independent.
+
+_Second_, That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
+government of the United States does hereby demand, that the government of
+Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
+
+_Third_, That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
+directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the
+United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States
+the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary, to
+carry these resolutions into effect.
+
+
+
+_April 14._ The Spanish minister at Washington sealed his archives and
+placed them in the charge of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for the Cortes to
+meet on the twentieth of the month, and a decree opening a national
+subscription for increasing the navy and other war services.
+
+_April 15._ The United States consulate at Malaga, Spain, was attacked by
+a mob, and the shield torn down and trampled upon.
+
+_April 17._ The Spanish committee of inquiry into the destruction of the
+_Maine_ reported that the explosion could not have been caused by a
+torpedo or a mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was found to
+justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony of two eye-witnesses to
+the catastrophe, who swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on the
+surface of the harbour around the _Maine_. The committee gave great stress
+to the fact that the explosion did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the _Maine_, whose officers and crews noticed
+nothing that could lead them to suppose that the disaster was caused
+otherwise than by an accident inside the American vessel.
+
+_April 18._ Congress passed the Senate resolution, as given above, with an
+additional clause as follows:
+
+_Fourth_, That the United States hereby disclaim any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof; and asserts its
+determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and
+control of the island to its people.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+
+                          A DECLARATION OF WAR.
+
+
+All that had been done by the governments of the United States and of
+Spain was indicative of war,--it was virtually a declaration that an appeal
+would be made to arms.
+
+_April 20._ Preparations were making in each country for actual
+hostilities, and the American people were prepared to receive the
+statement made by a gentleman in close touch with high officials, when he
+wrote:
+
+"The United States has thrown down the gage of battle and Spain has picked
+it up.
+
+"The signing by the President of the joint resolutions instructing him to
+intervene in Cuba was no sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than
+he immediately asked the State Department to furnish him with his
+passports.
+
+"It was defiance, prompt and direct.
+
+"It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain to answer our
+ultimatum.
+
+"Nominally Spain has three days in which to make her reply. Actually that
+reply has already been delivered.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. COLUMBIA.]
+
+"When a nation withdraws her minister from the territory of another it is
+an open announcement to the world that all friendly relations have
+terminated.
+
+"Answers to ultimatums have before this been returned at the cannon's
+mouth. First the minister is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is
+ready to speak through shotted guns.
+
+"And the United States is ready to answer, gun for gun.
+
+"The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid yesterday, saying, in her
+speech from the throne: 'I have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights,
+whatever sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish people to
+gather behind my son's throne. With our glorious army, navy, and nation
+united before foreign aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust attacks made on us.'
+
+"Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at Key West to have all
+the vessels of his fleet under full steam, ready to move immediately upon
+orders."
+
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members of his staff, departed
+from Washington during the evening, after having made a hurried call at
+the French embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish interests were
+left in charge, having announced that he would spend several days in
+Toronto, Canada.
+
+_April 21._ The ultimatum of the United States was received at Madrid
+early in the morning, and the government immediately broke off diplomatic
+relations by sending the following communication to Minister Woodford,
+before he could present any note from Washington:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--In compliance with a painful duty, I have the honour to
+inform you that there has been sanctioned by the President of the republic
+a resolution of both chambers of the United States, which denies the
+legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens armed intervention in Cuba,
+which is equivalent to a declaration of war.
+
+"The government of her majesty have ordered her minister to return without
+loss of time from North American territory, together with all the
+personnel of the legation.
+
+"By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing between the two
+countries, and all official communication between their respective
+representatives, cease.
+
+"I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may make such arrangements
+as you think fit. I beg your excellency to acknowledge receipt of this
+note at such time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to reiterate
+to you the assurances of my distinguished consideration.
+
+                                                     (Signed) "H. GULLON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the government of this
+country gave out the following information:
+
+"On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o'clock P. M., the Department of
+State served notice of the purposes of this government by delivering to
+Minister Polo a copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also a
+copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant. After the receipt of this notice the Spanish minister
+forwarded to the State Department a request for his passports, which were
+furnished him on yesterday afternoon.
+
+"Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith appended. The United
+States minister at Madrid was at the same time instructed to make a like
+communication to the Spanish government.
+
+"This morning the Department received from General Woodford a telegram, a
+copy of which is hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this government.
+
+"This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic action on the part
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "'April 20, 1898.
+
+"'_Woodford, Minister, Madrid_:--You have been furnished with the text of a
+joint resolution, voted by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification of
+the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act, the President directs you to
+immediately communicate to the government of Spain said resolution, with
+the formal demand of the government of the United States, that the
+government of Spain at once relinquish her authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
+waters.
+
+"'In taking this step, the United States disclaims any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination
+when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the
+island to its people under such free and independent government as they
+may establish.
+
+"'If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the twenty-third day of April,
+there be not communicated to this government by that of Spain a full and
+satisfactory response to this demand and resolutions, whereby the ends of
+peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President will proceed without further
+notice to use the power and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by
+the said joint resolution to such an extent as may be necessary to carry
+the same into effect.
+
+                                                               "'SHERMAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"This is Woodford's telegram of this morning:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              "'MADRID, April 21. (Received at 9.02 A. M.)
+
+"'_To Sherman, Washington_:--Early this morning (Tuesday), immediately
+after the receipt of your telegram, and before I communicated the same to
+the Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs notified
+me that diplomatic relations are broken between the two countries, and
+that all official communication between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have turned the legation
+over to the British embassy, and leave for Paris this afternoon. Have
+notified consuls.
+
+                                                             "'WOODFORD.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the "energy" of their government, and
+printed the paragraph inserted below as a semi-official statement from the
+throne:
+
+"The Spanish government having received the ultimatum of the President of
+the United States, considers that the document constitutes a declaration
+of war against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted is not to
+make any further reply, but to await the expiration of the time mentioned
+in the ultimatum before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state of defence, and their
+fleet is already on its way to meet that of the United States."
+
+_April 21._ General Woodford left Madrid late in the afternoon, and
+although an enormous throng of citizens were gathered at the railway
+station to witness his departure, no indignities were attempted. The
+people of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war, and the
+general opinion among the masses was that Spain would speedily vanquish
+the United States.
+
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the palace, the citizens
+began early to decorate the public buildings and many private residences,
+balconies, and windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national festivity. Early in the
+evening no less than eight thousand demonstrators filled the square
+opposite the palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property, and lives in
+aid of the government, and pledging their readiness to fight the invader.
+
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the king, the queen regent and
+the imperial and colonial governments, assuring them that he would do
+everything in his power to prevent the invaders from setting foot in Cuba.
+"Otherwise I shall not live," he said, in conclusion. "Do you swear to
+follow me to the fight?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!" the crowd answered.
+
+"Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in your veins before letting
+a foreigner step his foot on the land we discovered, and place his yoke
+upon the people we civilised?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!"
+
+"The enemy's fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost at the doors of
+Havana," General Blanco added. "They have money; but we have blood to
+shed, and we are ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!"
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]
+
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause, and he finished his
+speech by shouting "_Viva Espana!_" "_Viva el Rey!_" "Long live the army,
+the navy, and the volunteers!"
+
+
+
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint resolution authorising
+the President, in his discretion, to prohibit the exportation of coal and
+other war material. The measure was of great importance, because through
+it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports in the West Indies where it
+might be used by Spain.
+
+_April 22._ At half past five o'clock in the morning the vessels composing
+the North Atlantic Squadron put to sea from Key West. The flag-ship _New
+York_ led the way. Close behind her steamed the _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_.
+Following the war-ships came the gunboat _Machias_, and then the
+_Newport_. The _Amphitrite_, the first of the fleet, lying close to shore,
+steamed out after the _Machias_, and then followed in order the
+_Nashville_, the _Wilmington_, the _Castine_, the _Cincinnati_, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors _Terror_ and _Puritan_, which
+were coaling, the cruiser _Marblehead_, the despatch-boat _Dolphin_, and
+the gunboat _Helena_.
+
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral was hoisted
+over the _New York_, indicating to the fleet that Captain Sampson was
+acting as a rear-admiral. When in the open sea the fleet was divided into
+three divisions. The _New York_, _Iowa_, and _Indiana_ had the position of
+honour. Stretching out to the right were the _Montgomery_, _Wilmington_,
+_Newport_, and smaller craft; to the left was the _Nashville_ in the lead,
+followed by the _Cincinnati_, _Castine_, _Machias_, _Mayflower_, and some
+of the torpedo-boats.
+
+At seven o'clock in the morning the first gun of the war was fired. The
+_Nashville_, which had been sailing at about six knots an hour, in
+obedience to orders, suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually increased until
+the water ascended in fine spray on each side of the bow, and behind her
+trailed out a long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which was then about half a mile
+away, apparently paying no heed to the monsters of war.
+
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across the stranger's bow, and
+then, no attention having been paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged.
+This last shot struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile or
+more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and within five minutes a boat
+was lowered from the _Nashville_ to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+
+The captured vessel was the _Buena Ventura_, of 1,741 tons burthen; laden
+with lumber, valued at eleven thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load
+of cattle.
+
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to end with one
+capture.
+
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the Cuban shore, while the
+United States fleet was standing toward Havana, with the _Mayflower_ a
+mile or more in advance of the flag-ship _New York_, the merchant
+steamship _Pedro_ hove in sight. The _Mayflower_ suddenly swung sharply to
+the westward, and a moment later a string of butterfly flags went
+fluttering to her masthead.
+
+The _New York_ flung her answering pennant to the breeze, and, making
+another signal to the fleet, which probably meant "Stay where you are
+until I get back," swung her bow to the westward and went racing for the
+game that the _Mayflower_ had sighted. The big cruiser dashed forward,
+smoke trailing in dense masses from each of her three big funnels, a hill
+of foam around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal wave. It was
+a winning pace, and a magnificent sight she presented as she dashed
+through the choppy seas with never an undulation of her long, graceful
+hull.
+
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came from the bow of the
+cruiser, followed by a dull report, then another and another, until four
+shots had been sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried no heavier guns,
+was trying to keep at a safe distance until the friendly darkness of night
+should hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the big cruiser
+held her course in silence, and then her entire bow was hidden from the
+spectators in a swirl of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft, and had hardly more
+than flung up a column of water a hundred yards or less in front of the
+merchantman before she was hastily rounded to with her engines reversed.
+
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on board, and the steamer
+_Pedro_, twenty-eight hundred tons burthen, suddenly had a change of
+commanders.
+
+_April 22._ The President issued a proclamation announcing a blockade of
+Cuban ports, and also signed the bill providing for the utilising of
+volunteer forces in times of war.
+
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people of the United States
+was, first, from Havana, that Captain-General Blanco had published a
+decree confirming his previous decree, and declaring the island to be in a
+state of war.
+
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting pardon to insurgents,
+and placed under martial law all those who were guilty of treason,
+espionage, crimes against peace or against the independence of the nation,
+seditious revolts, attacks against the form of government or against the
+authorities, and against those who disturb public order, though only by
+means of printed matter.
+
+From Madrid came the information that during the evening a throng of no
+less than six thousand people, carrying flags and shouting "_Viva
+Espana!_" "We want war!" and "Down with the Yankees!" burned the stars and
+stripes in front of the residence of Senor Sagasta, the premier, who was
+accorded an ovation. The mob then went to the residence of M. Patenotre,
+the French ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+
+  [Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]
+
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral Dewey had ordered the
+commanders of the vessels composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+
+_April 23._ The President issued a proclamation calling for one hundred
+and twenty-five thousand volunteer soldiers.
+
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was provided for in the
+form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early in the morning by the
+torpedo-boat _Ericsson_. The fishing-boat _Perdito_ was sighted making for
+Havana harbour, and overhauled only when she was directly under the guns
+of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the fortification might have
+sunk either craft. After a prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral
+Sampson decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted to return to
+Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner _Mathilde_ was taken, after a
+lively chase, by the torpedo-boat _Porter_. Between five and six o'clock
+in the evening the torpedo-boat _Foote_, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers commanding,
+received the first Spanish fire.
+
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas, and had approached
+within two or three hundred yards of the shore, when suddenly a masked
+battery on the east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+_Foote_, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The missiles went wide of
+the mark, and the _Foote_ leisurely returned to the _Cincinnati_ to report
+the result of her work.
+
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified Governor Blake of the
+British colony that the American fleet would leave the harbour in
+forty-eight hours, and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port, would be shipped.
+
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner of the Cape Verde
+Islands, that, in accordance with international law, she send the Spanish
+war-ships away from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that port
+during the war.
+
+_April 24._ The following decree was gazetted in Madrid:
+
+"Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain and the United States,
+and a state of war being begun between the two countries, numerous
+questions of international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came from our adversaries,
+and it is they who by their detestable conduct have caused this great
+conflict."
+
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains her right to have
+recourse to privateering, and announces that for the present only
+auxiliary cruisers will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships to leave Spanish
+ports, and the rules Spain will observe during the war are outlined in
+five clauses, covering neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what
+will be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what constitutes
+contraband of war, ending with saying that foreign privateers will be
+regarded as pirates.
+
+Continuing, the decree declared: "We have observed with the strictest
+fidelity the principles of international law, and have shown the most
+scrupulous respect for morality and the right of government.
+
+"There is an opinion that the fact that we have not adhered to the
+declaration of Paris does not exempt us from the duty of respecting the
+principles therein enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.
+
+"The government now considers it most indispensable to make absolute
+reserve on this point, in order to maintain our liberty of action and
+uncontested right to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of cruisers, auxiliary
+to the navy, which will be composed of vessels of our mercantile marine,
+and with equal distinction in the work of our navy.
+
+"_Clause 1_: The state of war existing between Spain and the United States
+annuls the treaty of peace and amity of October 27, 1795, and the protocol
+of January 12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions in
+force between the two countries.
+
+"_Clause 2_: From the publication of these presents, thirty days are
+granted to all ships of the United States anchored in our harbours to take
+their departure free of hindrance.
+
+"_Clause 3_: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered to the declaration
+of Paris, the government, respecting the principles of the law of nations,
+proposes to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the following
+regulations of maritime laws:
+
+"_One_: Neutral flags cover the enemy's merchandise, except contraband of
+war.
+
+"_Two_: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of war, is not seizable
+under the enemy's flag.
+
+"_Three_: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be effective; viz., it must
+be maintained with sufficient force to prevent access to the enemy's
+littoral.
+
+"_Four_: The Spanish government, upholding its rights to grant letters of
+marque, will at present confine itself to organising, with the vessels of
+the mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which will cooeperate
+with the navy, according to the needs of the campaign, and will be under
+naval control.
+
+"_Five_: In order to capture the enemy's ships, and confiscate the enemy's
+merchandise and contraband of war under whatever form, the auxiliary
+cruisers will exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in the
+waters under the enemy's jurisdiction, in accordance with international
+law and the regulations which will be published.
+
+"_Six_: Defines what is included in contraband of war, naming weapons,
+ammunition, equipments, engines, and, in general, all the appliances used
+in war.
+
+"_Seven_: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with all the rigour of the
+law, are captains, masters, officers, and two-thirds of the crew of
+vessels, which, not being American, shall commit acts of war against
+Spain, even if provided with letters of marque by the United States."
+
+_April 24._ The U. S. S. _Helena_ captured the steamer _Miguel Jover_. The
+U. S. S. _Detroit_ captured the steamer _Catalania_; the _Wilmington_ took
+the schooner _Candidor_; the _Winona_ made a prize of the steamer
+_Saturnia_, and the _Terror_ brought in the schooners _Saco_ and _Tres
+Hermanes_.
+
+_April 25._ Early in the day the President sent the following message to
+Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration and appropriate action,
+copies of correspondence recently had with the representatives of Spain
+and the United States, with the United States minister at Madrid, through
+the latter with government of Spain, showing the action taken under the
+joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, 'For the recognition of the
+independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and
+directing the President of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.'
+
+"Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in Washington the demand,
+which it became the duty of the executive to address to the government of
+Spain in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for his
+passports and withdrew. The United States minister at Madrid was in turn
+notified by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal
+of the Spanish representative from the United States had terminated
+diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that all official
+communications between their respective representatives ceased therewith.
+
+"I commend to your especial attention the note addressed to the United
+States minister at Madrid by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on
+the twenty-first instant, whereby the foregoing notification was conveyed.
+It will be perceived therefrom, that the government of Spain, having
+cognisance of the joint resolution of the United States Congress, and, in
+view of the things which the President is thereby required and authorised
+to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this government as
+measures of hostility, following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations accompanied an
+existing state of war between sovereign powers.
+
+"The position of Spain being thus made known, and the demands of the
+United States being denied, with a complete rupture of intercourse by the
+act of Spain, I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim
+under date of April 22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north
+coast of Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the port of
+Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and further in exercise of my
+constitutional powers, and using the authority conferred upon me by act of
+Congress, approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation, dated April
+23, 1898, calling for volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
+resolution of April 20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.
+
+  [Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]
+
+"In view of the measures so taken, and other measures as may be necessary
+to enable me to carry out the express will of the Congress of the United
+States in the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body the
+adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists
+between the United States of America and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge
+speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent power may be made known, and
+the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance of all its duties in
+the conduct of a public war may be assured.
+
+                                               (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately after it had been
+signed the following notice was sent to the representatives of the foreign
+nations:
+
+"A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th, directed
+intervention for the pacification and independence of the island of Cuba.
+The Spanish government on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that
+it considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration of war, and that
+it had accordingly withdrawn its minister from Washington and terminated
+all diplomatic relations.
+
+"Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day, declared that a state
+of war exists between the two countries since and including April 21st.
+
+"You will inform the government to which you are accredited, so that its
+neutrality may be assured in the existing war."
+
+
+
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary of State, had
+resigned; Assistant Secretary William R. Day was appointed the head of the
+department, with John B. Moore as his successor.
+
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong, under orders to
+rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public attention was turned towards Manila, it
+being believed that there the first action would take place.
+
+During the evening the tiny steamer _Mangrove_, a lighthouse tender,
+captured the richest prize of the war thus far, when she hove to the
+_Panama_, a big transatlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the
+Spanish navy, which had been plying between New York and Havana.
+
+The _Mangrove_, Lieut.-Commander William H. Everett commanding, was
+cruising along the Cuban coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two 12-pounders. As the
+latter came within range the _Mangrove_ sent a shot across her bow; but
+the Spaniard gave no heed; another missile followed without result, and
+the third whistled in the air when the two vessels were hardly more than a
+hundred yards apart, Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she would be sunk
+forthwith.
+
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the battle-ship _Indiana_,
+three miles to the rear. The _Mangrove's_ officers admit that they
+expected the enemy's 12-pounders to open on them in response to the
+threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to. Ensign Dayton boarded the
+prize.
+
+The _Indiana_ had seen the capture, and meanwhile drew up to the
+_Mangrove_, giving her a lusty cheer. Lieutenant-Commander Everett
+reported to Captain Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a
+prize-crew on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer and fifteen
+marines.
+
+_April 26._ The President issued a proclamation respecting the rights of
+Spanish vessels then in, or bound to, ports in the United States, and also
+with regard to the right of search.
+
+The United States gunboat _Newport_ carried into Key West the Spanish
+schooner _Piereno_ and the sloop _Paquette_, which she captured off
+Havana, while the monitor _Terror_ took to the same port the coasting
+steamer _Ambrosia Bolivar_. This last prize had on board silver specie to
+the amount of seventy thousand dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a
+cargo of bananas.
+
+_April 27._ The steamers _New York_, _Puritan_, and _Cincinnati_ bombarded
+the forts at the mouth of Matanzas Harbour. The engagement commenced at
+12.57, and ceased at 1.15 P. M. The object of the attack was to prevent
+the completion of the earthworks at Punta Gorda.
+
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened fire on the flag-ship, and
+this was also shelled. Twelve 8-inch shells were fired from the eastern
+forts, but all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired from
+the half completed batteries. Two of these whizzed over the _New York_,
+and one fell short.
+
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object of discovering the
+whereabouts of the batteries having been accomplished. In the
+neighbourhood of three hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand yards. No casualties on
+the American side.
+
+The little monitor _Terror_ captured her third prize, and the story of the
+chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. PURITAN.]
+
+"The Spanish steamer _Guido_, Captain Armarechia, was bound for Havana.
+There was Spanish urgency that she should reach that port. Aboard was a
+large cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for the Spanish
+troops--or officers. The steamer had left Liverpool on April 2d, and
+Corunna on April 9th.
+
+"Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the _Guido_, setting her
+fastest pace, made for Havana and the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles
+off Cardenas plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed the
+fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.
+
+"Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would be a long chase. Men in
+the engine-room toiled like galley-slaves under the whip. There was
+prize-money to be gained. The _Guido_ fled fast. Every light aboard her
+was hid.
+
+"Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It was prize aim, and the shot
+found more than a billet in the _Guido's_ pilot-house. It tore a part
+away; the splinters flew.
+
+"Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable shooting. The
+pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits
+of wood floated in the steamer's wake.
+
+"The gunboat _Machias_, which was some distance away, heard the sound of
+the firing, came up, and brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one
+shot, which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however, brought her to, and
+Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew were put on board."
+
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture of the American bark
+_Saranac_ off Manila, by the Spanish gunboat _El Correo_.
+
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a naval bill of $49,277,558
+was agreed upon. It stands as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil
+war, providing for the construction of three battle-ships, four monitors,
+sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve torpedo-boats.
+
+The U. S. S. _Newport_ captured the Spanish sloop _Engracia_, and the
+U. S. S. _Dolphin_ made a prize of the Spanish schooner _Lola_.
+
+_April 29._ The flag-ship _New York_ was lying about two miles off the
+harbour of Cabanas, having just completed a cruise of inspection. With her
+were the torpedo-boats _Porter_ and _Ericsson_. On the shore could be seen
+the white ruins of what may have been the dwelling of a plantation. No
+signs of life were visible. It was as if war's alarms had never been heard
+on this portion of the island.
+
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated again and again, at
+regular intervals, and the tiny jets of water which were sent up by the
+bullets told that, concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they may have believed to be
+an attack upon the big war-ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had
+set about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to have as little
+effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed it was necessary to teach the
+enemy that any playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be manned.
+
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered sufficient,
+although there was no evidence any execution had been done, and the big
+vessel's bow was turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as a target for a 4-inch
+gun in the starboard battery, and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off Cabanas, a most
+important capture was made. The _Nashville_, _Marblehead_, and the _Eagle_
+left the station on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning, in order to get
+better information, steamed close to the mouth of the harbour of
+Cienfuegos. The _Eagle_ was to the eastward, and in the van. The
+_Marblehead_ was slightly in the rear, and the _Nashville_ to the
+westward.
+
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was seen rising on the western
+horizon, and the _Nashville_, because of her position, put on all steam in
+that direction. Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across the bow of
+the coming steamer, which promptly hove to. She was the _Argonauta_.
+Ensign Keunzli was sent with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of
+her.
+
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word was given to send them
+to the _Nashville_ immediately as prisoners of war, and when this had been
+done arrangements were made to transfer the passengers and non-combatants
+to the shore. The women and children were placed in the first boat, and
+under cover of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance to
+Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers and landed them about
+noon.
+
+The _Argonauta_ had on board Colonel Corijo of the Third Spanish Cavalry,
+his first lieutenant, sergeant-major, seven other lieutenants, and ten
+privates and non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried a large
+cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She was bound from Satabanao, Spain,
+for Cienfuegos, stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+
+Half an hour later the _Eagle_ hoisted a signal conveying the intelligence
+that she had been fired upon by Spanish boats coming out of the river. She
+immediately returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and held her ground
+until the _Marblehead_ came up. Both vessels then fired broadside after
+broadside up the entrance to the river.
+
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and one torpedo-boat
+destroyer. After twenty minutes of firing by the _Eagle_, during the last
+five of which the _Marblehead_ participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+
+_April 29._ A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape Verde, reported the
+departure from that port of the Spanish squadron, consisting of the
+first-class cruisers _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_, _Terror_, and _Pluton_, bound westward, probably for Porto Rico.
+
+_April 30._ The American schooner _Ann Louisa Lockwood_ was taken by the
+Spaniards off Mole St. Nicolas.
+
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the _Mascota_, near Havana, by
+the torpedo-boat _Foote_, closed the record of the month of April.
+
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the people of the United
+States, and it was as if everything else was relegated to the background
+until information could be had regarding that American fleet which sailed
+from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon of April 27th.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 1._ "Manila, May 1.--The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this
+morning. Immediately engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: _Isla de Cuba_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Reina Christina_,
+_Castilla_, _Don Antonio d'Ulloa_, _Don Juan d'Austria_, _Velasco_,
+_General Lezo_, _El Correo_, _Marques del Duero_, _Isla de Mindanao_, and
+the water-battery at Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to American consulate,
+Hongkong. I shall communicate with him.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he performs his deeds of
+valour without too many preliminaries, and, therefore, when on the seventh
+of May the telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country remembered but
+one name,--that of Dewey.
+
+_April 25._ It was known to the public that the Asiatic Squadron had
+sailed from Hongkong on the 25th of April to avoid possible complications
+such as might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in Mirs Bay,
+there to await orders from the government at Washington.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]
+
+_April 26._ So also was it known that on the next day Commodore Dewey
+received the following cablegram.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                  "WASHINGTON, April 26th.
+
+"_Dewey, Asiatic Squadron_:--Commence operations at once, particularly
+against Spanish fleet. You must capture or destroy them.
+
+                                                               "MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 27._ On the twenty-seventh came information from Hongkong that the
+squadron had put to sea, and from that day until the seventh of May no
+word regarding the commodore's movements had been received, save through
+Spanish sources.
+
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts concerning the most
+complete naval victory the world had ever known. It was the first
+engagement of the war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with joy, gave little heed
+to the movements of our forces elsewhere until the details of this
+marvellous fight could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the deeds of the heroes who
+had made their names famous so long as history shall exist.
+
+During such time of waiting all were eager to familiarise themselves with
+the theatre of this scene of action, and every source of information was
+applied to until the bay of Manila had become as well known as the nearest
+home waters.
+
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough diagram of the bay, from
+the entrance as far as the city of Manila, may not come amiss.(1)
+
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is situated the city of
+Manila, through which the river Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the
+old city from the new, and forming several small islands.
+
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal of Cavite, which,
+projecting as it does from the mainland, forms a most commodious and safe
+harbour. Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort, on the
+mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between the arsenal and the city was
+a Krupp battery, at what was known as the Luneta Fort, while further
+toward the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion of Limbones
+Point, were shore-batteries,--formidable forts, so it had been given out by
+the Spanish government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands, Corregidor and Caballo,
+which divide the entrance of the bay into three channels. On each of these
+islands is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly fortified
+with modern guns. North of Corregidor, nearly opposite, but on the inner
+shore, is the point of San Jose, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor and San Jose Point is
+known as the Boca Grande, and is nearly two miles wide. The middle
+channel, or the one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and but
+little used. The third, which separates Caballo Island from Limbones
+Point, is nearly three miles in width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and
+known as the Boca Chica.
+
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of the bay, were said to have
+been thickly mined, and the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government pilot.
+
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as set down at the
+conclusion of this chapter, were two transports, the steamers _Nanshan_
+and _Zafiro_, which had come into the port of Hongkong laden with coal
+shortly before Commodore Dewey's departure, and had been purchased by him,
+together with their cargoes, in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+
+And now, the details having been set down in order that what follows may
+be the better understood, we will come to that sultry Sunday morning,
+shortly after midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the coast
+toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship _Olympia_ leading, with
+the _Baltimore_, the _Raleigh_, the _Petrel_, the _Concord_, and the
+_Boston_ following in the order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, convoyed by the despatch steamer
+_McCulloch_.
+
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca Grande channel, and the
+fleet kept well out from Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor
+came into view.
+
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned on deck, the men ordered
+to wash, and afterwards served with a cup of coffee. All lights were
+extinguished except one on the stern of each ship, and that was hooded.
+All hands were at quarters; all guns loaded, with extra charges ready at
+hand; every eye was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to seaman, who believed it
+would be possible for the war-vessels to enter the bay without giving an
+alarm, and yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past Corregidor
+Island before a gun was fired.
+
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a four-knot speed, when
+from the smoke-stack of the little _McCulloch_ a column of sparks shot up
+high into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low, and it became
+necessary to replenish them. The firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should
+not be in at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and thus a
+signal was given to the sleepy garrison of Corregidor.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OLYMPIA.]
+
+"Perhaps they will see us now," the commodore remarked, quietly, as his
+attention was called to this indiscretion.
+
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull report, and in the
+air could be heard that peculiar singing and sighing of a flying
+projectile as a heavy missile passed over the _Olympia_ and the _Raleigh_.
+
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not until after the last
+vessel in that ominous procession had steamed past.
+
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and it neither worked
+harm nor caused alarm.
+
+Again and again in rapid succession came these flashes of light, dull
+reports, and sinister hummings in the air, before the American fleet gave
+heed that this signal to heave to had been heard.
+
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the _Concord_ directly inside of the
+fortification, where it exploded.
+
+The _Raleigh_ and the _Boston_ each threw a shell by way of salute, and
+then all was silent.
+
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according to the Spanish
+reports, was passed in safety, and the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in
+the darkness, had yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about the city.
+
+On the forward bridge of the _Olympia_ stood Commodore Dewey, his chief of
+staff, Commander Lamberton, Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an
+insurgent Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much against his will, was
+forced to take up his position in that partially sheltered place because
+the commander of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that all
+the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to death on the bridge.
+
+The word was given to "slow down," and the speed of the big ships
+decreased until they had barely steerageway.
+
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their guns.
+
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was almost profound, until
+suddenly day broke, as it does in the tropics, like unto a flash of light,
+and all that bay, with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose tiny balls of bunting, and
+then were broken out, disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and beyond, the city of
+Manila.
+
+The _Reina Christina_, flying the Spanish rear-admiral's flag, lay off the
+arsenal. Astern of her was moored the _Castilla_, her port battery ready
+for action. Slightly to seaward were the _Don Juan de Austria_, the _Don
+Antonio de Ulloa_, the _Isla de Cuba_ and _Isla de __Luzon_, the _El
+Correo_, the _Marques del Duero_, and the _General Lezo_.
+
+They were under steam and slowly moving about, apparently ready to receive
+the fire of the advancing squadron. The flag-ship _Reina Christina_ also
+was under way.
+
+"Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot speed!" were the signals
+which floated from the _Olympia_ as she led the fleet in, keeping well
+toward the shore opposite the city.
+
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when from the arsenal came
+a flame and report; but the missile was not to be seen. Another shot from
+Cavite, and then was strung aloft on the _Olympia_ a line of tiny flags,
+telling by the code what was to be the American battle-cry: "Remember the
+_Maine_," and from the throat of every man on the incoming ships went up a
+shout of defiance and exultation that the moment was near at hand when the
+dastardly deed done in the harbour of Havana might be avenged.
+
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels, dropping astern and beyond
+range the transports as they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having
+gained such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution, the
+fleet swung swiftly around until it held a course parallel with the
+westernmost shore, and distant from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each man took a mental
+grip upon himself, believing that he stood face to face with death; but no
+cheek paled; no hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course when a shell from one
+of the shore-batteries burst over the _Olympia_; the guns from the fort
+and from the water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming missiles
+with thunderous reports; every man on the American fleet save one believed
+the moment had come when they should act their part in the battle which
+had been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+
+"Hold your fire until close in."
+
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of Manila would have
+been laid in ashes and thousands of non-combatants slain.
+
+The _Olympia_ was yet two miles from Cavite when, directly in front of the
+_Baltimore_, a huge shaft of water shot high into the air, and with a
+heavy booming that drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+
+"The torpedoes!" some one on the _Olympia_ said, in a low tone, with an
+indrawing of the breath; but it was as if Dewey did not hear. With
+Farragut in Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to that which might
+in a single instant send his vessel to the bottom, even as the _Maine_ had
+been sent.
+
+Then, so near the _Raleigh_ as to send a flood across her decks, another
+spouting of water, another dull roar, and the much vaunted mines of the
+Spaniards in Manila Bay had been exploded.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BALTIMORE.]
+
+The roar and crackle of the enemy's guns still continued, yet Dewey
+withheld the order which every man was now most eager to hear.
+
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the shells which had passed
+over our fleet now fell close about them; the tension among officers and
+men was terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore would
+restrain them from firing. The heat was rapidly becoming intense. The
+guns' crews began to throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their bodies.
+
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships steadily steamed on
+and drew nearer the fort. Orders were given by the officers in low voices,
+but they were perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was broken
+only by the throbbing of the engines. The men hugged their posts ready to
+open fire at the word.
+
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and came directly for the
+_Olympia_. High over the smoke-stack it burst with a mighty snap.
+Commodore Dewey did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a motion to
+a boatswain's mate who stood near the after 5-inch gun. With a voice of
+thunder the man bellowed an order along the decks.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!" yelled a chorus of five hundred gallant sailors.
+Below decks in the engine-rooms the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance
+and revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and the threatening
+notes were swept across the bay to the other ships.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!"
+
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of hundreds of American
+sailors who resented the cowardly death of their comrades. It bespoke the
+terrible vengeance that was about to be dealt out to the defenders of a
+detestable flag.
+
+"You may fire when you are ready, Gridley," was Commodore Dewey's quiet
+remark to the captain of the _Olympia_, who was still in the
+conning-tower.
+
+The _Olympia's_ 8-inch gun in the forward turret belched forth, and an
+instant later was run up the signal to the ships astern:
+
+"Fire as convenient."
+
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the example set by the
+_Olympia_. The big 8-inch guns of the _Baltimore_ and the _Boston_ hurled
+their two hundred and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and at
+the _Castilla_.
+
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns on Cavite hurled
+their shells at the swiftly moving vessels; the water-batteries added
+their din to the horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous with
+the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of smoke hung here and
+there, obscuring this vessel or that from view. It was the game of death
+with all its horrible accompaniments.
+
+One big shell came toward the _Olympia_ straight for the bridge. When a
+hundred feet away it suddenly burst, its fragments continuing onward. One
+piece struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander Lamberton. He
+did not wince.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]
+
+The _Olympia_ continued on. It was evident Commodore Dewey was making
+straight for the centre of the enemy's line, which was the big cruiser
+_Reina Christina_.
+
+Being the nearest ship, the _Olympia_ received more attention from the
+Spaniards than any of the other vessels.
+
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore Dewey did not wish to run
+aground. He altered his course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his broadside.
+
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the shore near the arsenal,
+making for the coal-laden steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear upon her; it was a
+veritable shower of shot and shell which fell ahead, astern, and either
+side of her. To continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had half disabled her, the
+craft was run high and dry on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would explode.
+
+"Open with all guns," came the signal as the course of the American
+vessels was changed, and soon all the port guns were at work.
+
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off Cavite Bay as if bent
+on leaving such a wake as would form a figure eight, delivering broadside
+after broadside with splendid results.
+
+All this time the enemy's vessels were keeping up a steady fire, the
+smaller ships retreating inside the mole several times during the action.
+The forts were not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with no
+noticeable effect. The enemy's fire seemed to be concentrated on the
+_Baltimore_, and she was hit several times.
+
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side on the main-deck line,
+tore up the wooden deck, and, striking the steel deck under this, glanced
+upward, went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging, struck
+the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the quarter-deck, temporarily
+rendering the gun unfit for use.
+
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder ammunition, exploding one
+shell, which in turn slightly wounded one of No. 4 gun's crew.
+
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of No. 2 sponson, and lodged
+in a clothes-locker on the berth-deck; another struck her port beam a
+little above the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above this,
+another shell came crashing across the berth-deck, striking a steam-pipe
+and exploding behind the starboard blower-engine, but with no serious
+results. A fragment of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and
+the colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BOSTON.]
+
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop shattered the whaleboats,
+and they had to be cut adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant Brumby held in his
+hand.
+
+On the _Boston_ a shell came through a port-hole in Ensign Doddridge's
+stateroom, and wrecked it badly. The explosion set a fire which was
+quickly put out. Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where it
+burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also soon extinguished.
+Still another shell struck the _Boston's_ foremast, cutting a great gash
+in it. It came within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+
+The _Raleigh_ was forced inshore by the strong current, and carried
+directly upon the bows of two Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of
+warfare she should have been sunk; but instead, her commander delivered
+two raking broadsides as she steamed back into place.
+
+Three times the American ships passed back and forth, opening first with
+one broadside and then with another as the ship swung around, and then the
+_Reina Christina_, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a vapour as of
+wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly sallied out to meet the
+_Olympia_.
+
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which the Spaniard was
+speedily worsted to such a degree that she was literally forced to turn
+and make for the shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the _Olympia_, an 8-inch shell struck her squarely, and the
+explosive must have travelled directly through the ill-fated craft until
+it reached the after boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions of dismembered human
+bodies.
+
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier, and made directly for the
+_Olympia_. In less than five minutes she was in a sinking condition; as
+she turned, a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some titanic force.
+
+Navigator Calkins of the _Olympia_ had soundings taken, and told Commodore
+Dewey that he could take the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+
+"Take her in, then," the commodore replied.
+
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of the Spanish fleet. This
+brought the smaller guns into effective play.
+
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was terrific.
+
+The _Castilla_ was in flames from stem to stern. Black smoke poured up
+from the decks of the _Isla de Cuba_, and on the flag-ship fire was
+completing the work of destruction begun by the American shells.
+
+It was 7.35 A. M. when the battle, which began at 5.41, came to a
+temporary close. The first round was concluded.
+
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the work so well begun, and
+from the flag-ship _Olympia_ went up the signal:
+
+"Cease firing and follow."
+
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once partially beyond
+range, "mess-gear" was sounded.
+
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had occurred was the death of
+Chief Engineer Frank B. Randall, of the steamer _McCulloch_, who died from
+heart disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the fleet was
+passing Corregidor.
+
+There were handshakings and congratulations on every hand as
+smoke-begrimed friends, parted during the battle, met again, and loud were
+the cheers that went up from the various ships in passing.
+
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made ready for the second
+round, or, in other words, at 10.15 in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship
+_Reina Christina_ hauled down her colours, and the admiral's flag was
+transferred to the _Isla de Cuba_.
+
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the _Olympia_:
+
+"Get under way with men at quarters."
+
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the _Baltimore_ in the lead, but
+the latter vessel's course was quickly changed as a strange steamer was
+observed entering the bay.
+
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring; the signal flags soon told
+that the stranger was flying the English ensign.
+
+Then came the order for the _Baltimore_ to stand in and destroy the
+enemy's fortifications, and ten minutes later the battle was on once more.
+
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners taking careful aim, bent
+on expending the least amount of ammunition with the greatest possible
+execution.
+
+The _Baltimore_ suffered most at the beginning of this second round,
+because all the enemy's fire was concentrated upon her.
+
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had begun a Spanish shell
+exploded on the _Baltimore's_ deck, wounding five of the crew, and another
+partially disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface in
+that portion of the bay was covered by a missile from the enemy's guns,
+and yet no further damage to the American fleet was done.
+
+When the _Baltimore_ was within twenty-five hundred-yard range she poured
+a broadside into the _Reina Christina_ which literally blew that craft
+into fragments, and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud above
+the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath the waters of the bay.
+
+The _Don Juan de Austria_ was the next of the enemy's fleet to be sunk,
+and then a like fate overtook the _El Correo_.
+
+The _General Lezo_ was run on shore and abandoned to the flames.
+
+The cruiser _Castilla_ was scuttled by her crew lest the fire which was
+raging fiercely should explode her magazine.
+
+The _Velasco_ went down before all her men could escape to the boats. The
+guns of the _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ were fought with most desperate
+bravery, and even as she sank beneath the surface were the pieces
+discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at their posts of duty until
+death overtook them.
+
+The _Concord_ started after the _Mindanao_ lying close inshore, and was
+soon joined by the _Olympia_, who poured 8-inch shells into the transport
+until she was set on fire in a dozen places.
+
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a vessel remained afloat,
+and Commodore Dewey turned his attention to the Cavite battery.
+
+It was 12.45 P. M. when the magazine in the arsenal was exploded by a
+shell from the _Olympia_, or the _Petrel_, it is impossible to say which,
+and the battle of Manila had been fought and won.
+
+
+
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore Dewey's official report
+received at the Navy Department, and then it was given to the public
+without loss of time. It is copied below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "FLAGSHIP OLYMPIA, CAVITE, May 4, 1898.
+
+"The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived off Bolinao on the
+morning of April 30th, and finding no vessels there proceeded down the
+coast and arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same afternoon.
+The _Boston_ and _Concord_ were sent to reconnoitre Point Subic.... A
+thorough search of the port was made by the _Boston_ and the _Concord_,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....
+
+"Entered the south channel at 11.30 P. M., steaming in column at eight
+knots. After half the squadron had passed, a battery on the south side of
+the channel opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The _Boston_ and
+_McCulloch_ returned the fire.
+
+"The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow speed, and arrived off
+Manila at daybreak, and was fired upon at 5.15 A. M. by three batteries at
+Manila and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored in an
+approximately east and west line across the mouth of Baker Bay, with their
+left in shoal water in Canacoa Bay.
+
+"The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the flag-ship _Olympia_, under
+my personal direction, leading, followed at distance by the _Baltimore_,
+_Raleigh_, _Petrel_, _Concord_, and _Boston_, in the order named, which
+formation was maintained throughout the action. The squadron opened fire
+at 5.41 A. M.
+
+"While advancing to the attack two mines were exploded ahead of the
+flag-ship, too far to be effective. The squadron maintained a continuous
+and precise fire at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel to that of the
+Spanish fleet. The enemy's fire was vigorous, but generally ineffective.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CONCORD.]
+
+"Early in the engagement two launches put out toward the _Olympia_, with
+the apparent intention of using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other
+disabled by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred to fire
+torpedoes.
+
+"At seven A. M. the Spanish flag-ship, _Reina Christina_, made a desperate
+attempt to leave the line and come out to engage at short range, but was
+received with such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the _Olympia_
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able to return to the
+shelter of the point. The fires started in her by our shell at this time
+were not extinguished until she sank.
+
+"The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous report from the
+beginning of the engagement, which fire was not returned by this squadron.
+
+"The first of these batteries was situated on the South Mole head, at the
+entrance to the Pasig River, the second on the south bastion of the walled
+city of Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile farther
+south. At this point I sent a message to the governor-general, in effect
+that if the batteries did not cease firing the city would be shelled. This
+had the effect of silencing them.
+
+"At 7.35 A. M. I ceased firing and withdrew the squadron for breakfast.
+
+"At 11.16 A. M. returned to the attack. By this time the Spanish flag-ship
+and almost the entire Spanish fleet were in flames. At 12.30 P. M. the
+squadron ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships sunk,
+burned, and destroyed.
+
+"At 12.40 P. M. the squadron returned and anchored off Manila, the
+_Petrel_ being left behind to complete the destruction of the smaller
+gunboats, which were behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious and complete manner
+possible.
+
+"The Spanish lost the following vessels:
+
+"Sunk: _Reina Christina_, _Castilla_, _Don Antonio de Ulloa_.
+
+"Burned: _Don Juan de Austria_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Isla de Cuba_, _General
+Lezo_, _Marques del Duero_, _El Correo_, _Velasco_, and _Isla de
+Mindanao_, transport.
+
+"Captured: _Rapido_ and _Hercules_, tugs, and several small launches.
+
+"I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the enemy's killed and
+wounded, but believe their losses to be very heavy.
+
+"The _Reina Christina_ alone had 150 killed, including the captain, and
+ninety wounded.
+
+"I am happy to report that the damage done to the squadron under my
+command was inconsiderable. There were none killed, and only seven men in
+the squadron were slightly wounded.
+
+"Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated, but the damage
+was of the slightest, and the squadron is in as good condition now as
+before the battle.
+
+"I beg to state to the department that I doubt if any commander-in-chief
+was ever served by more loyal, efficient, and gallant captains than those
+of the squadron now under my command.
+
+"Capt. Frank Wildes, commanding the _Boston_, volunteered to remain in
+command of his vessel, although his relief arrived before leaving
+Hongkong. Assistant Surgeon Kindleberger of the _Olympia_ and Gunner J. C.
+Evans of the _Boston_ also volunteered to remain after orders detaching
+them had arrived.
+
+"The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. Commander B. P.
+Lamberton, chief of staff, was a volunteer for that position, and gave me
+most efficient aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign W. P.
+Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal officers in a highly
+creditable manner.
+
+"The _Olympia_ being short of officers for the battery, Ensign H. H.
+Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for and was assigned to a
+subdivision of 5-inch battery. Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in
+the United States navy, and now correspondent of the _New York Herald_,
+volunteered for duty as my aid, and did valuable service.
+
+"I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut. C. G. Calkins, the
+navigator of the _Olympia_, who came under my personal observation, being
+on the bridge with me throughout the entire action, and giving the ranges
+to the guns with an accuracy that was proved by the excellence of the
+firing.
+
+"On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the squadron again went to
+Cavite, where it remained.
+
+"On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite arsenal, which was
+taken possession of by a landing party. On the same day the _Raleigh_ and
+_Baltimore_ secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor Island,
+paroling the garrison and destroying the guns.
+
+"On the morning of May 4th the transport _Manila_, which had been aground
+in Baker Bay, was towed off and made a prize."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of Manila Bay, together with
+the officers of the American fleet:(2)
+
+                             AMERICAN FLEET.
+
+The U. S. S. _Olympia_, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons, speed, 21.6 knots.
+Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen
+6-pounder rapid-fire guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+
+The U. S. S. _Baltimore_, protected cruiser, 4,600 tons, speed, 20.09
+knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two
+3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Boston_, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons, speed, 15.6 knots.
+Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Raleigh_, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons, speed, nineteen
+knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Concord_, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed, 16.8 knots. Battery:
+six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Petrel_, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7 knots. Battery: four
+6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _McCulloch_, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons, speed, fourteen
+knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+
+The _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, supply ships.
+
+                              SPANISH FLEET.
+
+The _Reina Maria Christina_, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen knots. Battery:
+six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two 2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire
+rifles, six 1.4-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Castilla_, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch Krupp rifles, two
+4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Velasco_, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch Armstrong rifles, two
+2.7-inch hontorias, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ and _Don Juan de Austria_, each 1,130 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch
+rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _General Lezo_, and _El Correo_, gun vessels, 524 tons, speed, 11.5
+knots. The _General Lezo_ had two hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one
+3.5-inch, two small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the _El Correo_ had
+three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Marques del Duero_, despatch-boat, 500 tons. Battery: one smooth
+bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two 4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+
+The _Isla de Cuba_ and the _Isla de Luzon_ were both small gunboats, 1,030
+tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+
+The _Isla de Mindanao_, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons, speed, 13.5 knots.
+
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+
+Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear Admiral George Dewey,
+commander-in-chief; Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T.
+M. Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell, secretary.
+
+U. S. S. _Olympia_, flag-ship: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants, C. G. Calkins, V. S.
+Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller, S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M.
+Taylor, F. B. Upham, W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant Surgeon, C. P.
+Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A. Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle;
+Assistant Engineers, E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain, J. B.
+Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner, L. J. G. Kuhlwein;
+Carpenter, W. McDonald; Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+
+U. S. S. _Raleigh_: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander, F.
+Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder, B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan;
+Ensigns, F. L. Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller; Assistant
+Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief
+Engineer, F. H. Bailey; Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead;
+Assistant Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines, T. C.
+Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone; Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+
+U. S. S. _Boston_: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander, J. A. Norris;
+Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L. Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H.
+Everhart, J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant Surgeon, R.
+S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin; Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom;
+Assistant Engineer, L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R. McM.
+Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I. H. Hilton.
+
+U. S. S. _Baltimore_: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander, G.
+Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther, A. G. Winterhalter, F. W.
+Kellogg, J. M. Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward, M. D.
+McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh, I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer,
+T. A. Karney; Passed Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief Engineer, A. Kirby;
+Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price, H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt;
+Chaplain, T. S. K. Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner, L. J. Waller; Carpenter,
+O. Bath.
+
+U. S. S. _Concord_: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander, G. P.
+Colvocoresses; Lieutenants, T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A.
+Kiser, W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon, R. G.
+Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster, E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard
+Inch; Passed Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer, E. H.
+Dunn.
+
+U. S. S. _Petrel_: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants, E. M. Hughes, B. A.
+Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P. Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S.
+Montgomery; Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant Paymaster,
+G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer, R. T. Hall.
+
+Revenue Cutter _McCulloch_: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER V.
+
+
+                             NEWS OF THE DAY.
+
+
+_May 2._ In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second of May, there was much to be
+done in order to complete the work so thoroughly begun the day previous.
+
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor, under flag of truce,
+to Commodore Dewey, with a proposal of surrender from the commandant of
+the fortifications. The _Baltimore_ was sent to attend to the business;
+but when she arrived at the island no one save the commanding officer was
+found. All his men had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+
+The _Baltimore_ had but just steamed away, when Commander Lamberton was
+ordered to go on board the _Petrel_ and run over to Cavite arsenal in
+order that he might take possession, for on the previous day a white flag
+had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing, that the troops were
+under arms, and Captain Sostoa, of the Spanish navy, was in anything
+rather than a surrendering mood. On being asked as to the meaning of
+affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted for a truce, not as
+a token of capitulation. He was given until noon to decide as to his
+course of action, and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white flag was
+again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on shore once more he found that
+the Spaniard had marched his men away, taking with them all their arms.
+
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had gathered near the town,
+believed their opportunity had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began
+an indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to an end until the
+American marines were landed.
+
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about the entrance of Manila
+Bay were destroyed; the cable from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and
+Commodore Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency war appropriation
+bill.
+
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten light batteries of
+artillery were concentrated at Tampa and Port Tampa. General Shafter
+assumed command on this date.
+
+The _Newport_ captured the Spanish schooner _Pace_.
+
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d, news regarding the
+condition of affairs in Madrid was received. The Spanish public was
+greatly excited by information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document being couched in
+warlike language beginning:
+
+"_Whereas_, as Spain finds herself at war with the United States, the
+power of civil authorities in Spain is suspended.
+
+"_Whereas_, it is necessary to prevent an impairment of the patriotic
+efforts which are being made by the nation with manly energy and veritable
+enthusiasm;
+
+"_Article 1._ A state of siege in Madrid is hereby proclaimed.
+
+"_Article 2._ As a consequence of article one, all offences against public
+order, those of the press included, will be tried by the military
+tribunals.
+
+"_Article 3._ In article two are included offences committed by those who,
+without special authorisation, shall publish news relative to any
+operations of war whatsoever."
+
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings and public
+demonstrations.
+
+Commenting upon the defeat, the _El Nacional_, of Madrid, published the
+following article:
+
+"Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived, nothing better occurred
+to Admiral Bermejo (Minister of Marine) than to send to all newspapers
+comparative statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison he
+sought to direct public attention to the immense superiority over a
+squadron of wooden vessels dried up by the heat in those latitudes.
+
+"But in this document Spain can see nothing kind. Spain undoubtedly sees
+therein the heroism of our marines; but she sees also and above all the
+nefarious crime of the government.
+
+"It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing forces superior to ours;
+but what is worthy of being blamed with all possible vehemence is this
+infamous government, which allowed our inferiority without neutralising it
+by means of preparations. This is the truth. Our sailors have been basely
+delivered over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler and more
+worthy of respect than those baneful ministers, who brought about the
+first victory and its victims."
+
+_El Heraldo de Madrid_ said: "It was no caprice of the fortunes of war.
+From the very first cannon-shot our fragile ships were at the mercy of the
+formidable hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one after another
+under the fire of the American batteries, powerless to strike, and were
+defended only by the valour in the breasts of their sailors.
+
+"What has been gained by the illusion that Manila was fortified? What has
+been gained by the intimation that the broad and beautiful bay on whose
+bosom the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered inaccessible?
+What use was made of the famous island of Corregidor? What was done with
+its guns? Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested to keep silence?"
+
+_May 2._ Late in the afternoon the _Wilmington_ destroyed a Spanish fort
+on the island of Cuba, near Cojimar.
+
+The government tug _Leyden_ left Key West, towing a Cuban expedition under
+government auspices to establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Acosta. Under him were five other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly
+commanded a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+
+_May 4._ A telegram from Key West gave the following information:
+
+"Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning with all the big vessels
+of his blockading squadron on some mysterious mission.
+
+"In the fleet were the flag-ship _New York_, the battle-ships _Iowa_ and
+_Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_, _Marblehead_, and _Cincinnati_, the
+monitor _Puritan_, and the torpedo-gunboat _Mayflower_.
+
+"The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of their bunkers, and all
+available places on the decks are piled high with coal."
+
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer _Condor_ arrived with twelve
+American refugees and their immediate relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been practising his profession in
+Cienfuegos for eight months, after six years' study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following account of himself:
+
+"Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if I had been born in
+America, I was obliged to flee for my life. I left my mother, six sisters,
+and five brothers in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in
+danger. May heaven protect them! What was I to do?
+
+"There are now about two hundred Americans at Cienfuegos clamouring to get
+away. They are sending to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me on his departure that the
+Spanish law would protect me. Other Americans would have come on the
+_Condor_, but Captain Miller would not take them. There was not room for
+them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet become personally insulting on the
+streets, but a mob of Spanish residents marched through the city four days
+before the _Condor_ left, shouting, 'We want to kill all Americans.'
+
+"There are between four thousand and six thousand Spanish troops
+concentrating at Cienfuegos under command of Major-General Aguirre. They
+have thrown up some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries look
+toward the open sea."
+
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the Bay of Biscay, the
+rioters made a stand and were fired upon by the troops. Fourteen were
+killed or wounded, yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out. Then a portion of
+the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon with ammunition was seized, and
+directed against the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and an
+order issued that all the bread be baked in the government bakeries,
+because the mob had looted the shops.
+
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo, a mob attacked the
+railroad station, entirely destroying it, setting fire to the cars, and
+starting the engines wild upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests to flee for
+their lives. Procuring wine from the inns, they grew more bold, and made
+an attack upon the prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing by inciting riots.
+At Caceres several people were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the
+guards and looted the shops. The British steam yacht _Lady of Clonmel_,
+owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London, was attacked as she lay at the
+pier. Stones smashed her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from Gibraltar reported
+the outrage to London.
+
+_May 5._ The government tug _Leyden_, which on the second day of May left
+Key West with a Cuban expedition, returned to port, giving the following
+account of her voyage:
+
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and landed five men, with
+four boxes of ammunition and two horses.
+
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he communicated with the
+forces of the insurgents.
+
+The _Leyden_ lay to outside the harbour until five o'clock in the morning,
+when, observing a troop of Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea
+and got safely away.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TERROR.]
+
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of the third landed
+another small party near there.
+
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the monitors _Terror_ and
+_Amphitrite_, which were on the blockade in that vicinity, but being
+unable to locate them the _Leyden_ returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the fourth.
+
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred Cubans, half of whom
+were armed with rifles. They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and men, when two hundred of
+the Villa Viscosa cavalry swooped down on them, and an engagement of a
+half hour's duration followed.
+
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving them into the woods. The
+Spanish carried with them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the field.
+
+During the engagement the bullets went through the _Leyden's_ smoke-stack,
+but no one was injured.
+
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship, found her lying near
+Havana, and reported the facts.
+
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat _Wilmington_ back with the _Leyden_.
+
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing on the afternoon of the
+fourth, and found the Spanish cavalry in waiting to welcome another
+attempted invasion.
+
+The _Wilmington_ promptly opened fire on a number of small houses marking
+the entrance to the place.
+
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back the Spaniards, and Captain
+Dorst, with the ammunition, landed safely, the _Leyden_ returning to Key
+West.
+
+_May 6._ Orders were given from Washington to release the French mail
+steamer, _Lafayette_, and to send her to Havana under escort. The capture
+of the Frenchman by the gunboat _Annapolis_ was an unfortunate incident,
+resulting from a mistake, but no protest was made by the representatives
+of the French government in the United States. It appeared that, before
+the _Lafayette_ sailed for Havana, the French legation in Washington was
+instructed to communicate with the State Department. This was done and
+permission was granted to the steamer to enter and discharge her
+passengers and cargo, with the understanding that she would take on
+nothing there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such agreement were sent
+from Washington to Admiral Sampson's squadron, and it was only learned
+after the capture was made that they were never delivered.
+
+The War Department issued an order organising the regular and volunteer
+forces into seven army corps.
+
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                              "597 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
+
+"TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  Washington, D. C.
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--Some days ago I wrote President McKinley offering the
+government the sum of $100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority to receive moneys in
+behalf of the United States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer at New York to the
+credit of the treasurer of the United States, or by remitting my check
+direct to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check for the above
+amount, drawn payable to your order on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you
+kindly acknowledge the receipt of the same?
+
+                               "Very truly,
+                                                      "HELEN MILLER GOULD.
+"_May 6, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               "Treasury Department of the United States.
+                                                 "Office of the Treasury.
+                                          "WASHINGTON, D. C., May 7, 1898.
+
+"MISS HELEN MILLER GOULD,
+  597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
+
+"_Madam_:--It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
+letter under date of May 6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000,
+according to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general fund of the treasury
+of the United States as a donation from you, for use in the present
+difficulty with Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism which
+prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the government. Certificates
+of deposit will follow in due course.     Respectfully yours,
+
+                                                       "ELLIS H. ROBERTS,
+                                       "_Treasurer of the United States._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 6._ The torpedo-boats _Dupont_ and _Hornet_ shelled the blockhouse
+near the lighthouse at Point Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of
+Matanzas, and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as a blockhouse,
+lying three and one-half miles to the east.
+
+As the _Dupont_ was leaving her position off the lighthouse point, a big
+shell was fired from the middle embrasure of a battery on the other side
+of the harbour, called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation was
+bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a thousand yards short. The
+_Hornet_ was ordered to use her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first
+shell failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target fairly, and the
+Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for shelter among the neighbouring
+trees.
+
+The _Hornet_ fired twelve shells, six of which struck the mark. The
+_Dupont_, after ascertaining that Point Maya was being made too warm for
+Spanish occupation, steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called Garcia
+Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward, and turned loose her
+1-pounders.
+
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent business behind the
+forest woods and hills. After making certain they had gone to stay, the
+_Dupont_ resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at Fortina, but
+remained there only long enough to see the torpedo-boat's menacing
+attitude.
+
+_May 6._ The cruiser _Montgomery_, Captain Converse, was the first ship of
+the American squadron to acquire the distinction of capturing two prizes
+in one day, which she did on the sixth. The captives were the _Frasquito_
+and the _Lorenzo_, both small vessels of no great value as compared with
+the big steamers taken during the first days of the war.
+
+The _Montgomery_ was cruising about fifty miles off Havana when the
+_Frasquito_, a two-master, came bowling along toward the Cuban capital.
+When the yellow flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in her
+direction, and a blank shot was put across her bow. The Spaniard hove to
+and the customary prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+_Frasquito_ was bound from Montevideo to Havana with a cargo of jerked
+beef. She was of about 140 tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The
+prize-crew took her to Havana waters, and the _Annapolis_ assigned the
+cutter _Hamilton_ to carry her into Key West.
+
+A few minutes afterwards the _Montgomery_ encountered the _Lorenzo_, a
+Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona to Havana with a cargo of dried beef.
+She was taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several "Jackies,"
+sailed her into port.
+
+_May 7._ Quite a sharp little affair occurred off Havana, in which the
+_Vicksburg_ and the cutter _Morrill_ were very nearly enticed to
+destruction.
+
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour shortly before daylight
+to draw some of the Americans into an ambuscade.
+
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with the wind on her
+starboard quarter. About three miles east of the entrance of the harbour
+she came over on the port tack.
+
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not discovered until three
+miles off shore, when the _Mayflower_ made her out and signalled the
+_Vicksburg_ and _Morrill_. Captain Smith of the _Vicksburg_ immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro Castle before the wind.
+On doing so, she would, according to the plot, lead the two American
+war-ships directly under the guns of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are a part of the defences
+of the harbour. There were two batteries, one at the shore, which had been
+recently thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures for 8-inch
+guns, and the other on the crest of the rocky eminence which juts out into
+the waters of the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted modern 10
+and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot stone parapet, in front of which
+were twenty feet of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+
+The American vessels were about six miles from the schooner when the chase
+began. They steamed after her at full speed, the _Morrill_ leading, until
+within a mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+Commander Smith of the _Vicksburg_ was the first to realise the danger
+into which the reckless pursuit had led them. He concluded it was time to
+haul off, and sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel about, but while she was
+still rolling in the trough of the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch
+shrapnel shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery, a
+mile and a half away.
+
+It passed over the _Morrill_, between the pilot-house and the smoke-stack,
+and exploded less than fifty feet away on the port quarter.
+
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both shrapnel. One burst
+close under the starboard quarter, filling the engine-room with the smoke
+of the exploding shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time fuses were accurately
+set.
+
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant Craig, who was in
+charge of the bow 4-inch rapid-fire gun of the _Morrill_, asked for and
+obtained permission to return the fire.
+
+At the first shot the _Vicksburg_, which was in the wake of the _Morrill_,
+slightly inshore, sheered off and passed to windward under the _Morrill's_
+stern. In the meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and was
+none too soon, for as the _Morrill_ stood off a solid 8-inch shot grazed
+her starboard quarter and kicked up tons of water as it struck a wave one
+hundred yards beyond.
+
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work. One of them cut the
+Jacob's-ladder of the _Vicksburg_ adrift, and another carried away a
+portion of the rigging.
+
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were used, but only a few shots
+were fired.
+
+The _Morrill's_ 6-inch gun was elevated for four thousand yards, and
+struck the earthwork repeatedly. The _Vicksburg_ discharged only three
+shots from her 6-pounder.
+
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for twenty minutes, but
+none of the latter shots came within one hundred yards.
+
+Later in the day the _Morrill_ captured the Spanish schooner _Espana_,
+bound for Havana, and towed the prize to Key West.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]
+
+The _Newport_ added to the list of captures by bringing in the Spanish
+schooner _Padre de Dios_.
+
+_May 7._ The United States despatch-boat _McCulloch_ arrived at Hongkong
+from Manila, with details of Commodore Dewey's victory.
+
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from Hongkong had been
+received, sent the following despatch:
+
+"The President, in the name of the American people, thanks you and your
+officers and men for your splendid achievement and overwhelming victory.
+In recognition he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend a
+vote of thanks to you by Congress as a foundation for further promotion."
+
+_May 8._ A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was that in which the
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ engaged off Cardenas Bay.
+
+The _Winslow_ and gunboat _Machias_ were on the blockade off Cardenas.
+
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines and torpedoes, three
+small gunboats had been bottled up since the beginning of the war.
+Occasionally they stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond the
+inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the American torpedo
+boats.
+
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the entrance of the bay to
+mark the position for the entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the gunboats inside when the
+torpedo-boats were within the limit distance marked by the buoy.
+
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out, open fire at a one-mile
+range thus marked off for them, and retreat without the chance of being
+cut off. The men of the _Winslow_ eyed this buoy and guessed its purpose,
+but did not attempt to remove it.
+
+On the afternoon of the eighth the _Machias_ stood away to the eastward
+for a jaunt, and the _Winslow_ was left alone to maintain the blockade.
+
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas Harbour. There was great
+excitement at the signal-station, and flags fluttered hysterically. The
+three gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to their safety
+limit.
+
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand yards. In a few minutes
+the shore signals told them that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every
+Spaniard aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of the water.
+
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw waterspouts around the
+_Winslow_, but she was not struck. Instead of running away, she upset
+calculations by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats, and
+Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white smoke puffs from the
+Spanish guns than he gave the word to the men already stationed at the two
+forward 1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot in the middle
+of the flotilla.
+
+On plunged the _Winslow_ to within fifteen hundred yards of the gunboats,
+while the row raised by the rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling
+tattoo.
+
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this fierce onslaught,
+single-handed, and fired wildly. The _Winslow_ swung around broadside to,
+to bring her two after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+
+The _Winslow_ soon manoeuvred so that she was peppering at all three
+gunboats at once. The sea was very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat
+rolled so wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice, but
+despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire and the remarkable
+effectiveness of her guns demoralised all three opponents, which, after
+the _Winslow_ had fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders, but were wild.
+Several shells passed over the _Winslow_. One exploded a hundred feet
+astern, but the others fell short.
+
+At last a 1-pounder from the _Winslow_ went fair and true, and struck the
+hull of the _Lopez_ a little aft of amidships, apparently exploding on the
+inside.
+
+The _Winslow_ men yelled. The _Lopez_ stopped, evidently disabled, while
+one of her comrades went to her assistance. By this time the Spanish boats
+had retreated nearly inside, where they could not be followed because of
+the mines. The _Lopez_ got under way slowly and limped homeward with the
+help of a towline from her consort.
+
+During this episode the _Machias_ had returned, and when within a two-mile
+range let fly two 4-inch shells from her starboard battery, which
+accelerated the Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of the shore-battery.
+
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the _Winslow_ into the death-trap were the
+_Antonio Lopez_, _Lealtad_, and _Ligera_. During the fight the two former
+retreated behind the wharves, and the _Ligera_ behind the key. It was the
+_Antonio Lopez_ that opened fire on the _Winslow_ and decoyed her into the
+channel. The Spanish troops formed on the public square, not daring to go
+to the wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they furnished
+targets, and the women and children fled to Jovellanos.
+
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack _Santiago Apostal_ was
+captured by the U. S. S. _Newport_.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yale_ captured the Spanish steamer _Rita_ on the eighth, but
+did not succeed in getting the prize into port until the thirteenth. The
+_Rita_ was loaded with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the day. At Linates a crowd
+of women stormed the town hall and the civil guard fired upon them,
+killing twelve. _El Pais_, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid, was
+suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos and Alicante.
+
+_May 9._ Congress passed a joint resolution of thanks to Commodore Dewey;
+the House passed a bill increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a sword, and a bronze
+memorative medal to each officer and man of his command.
+
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up in the capture of the
+fishing-smack _Fernandito_ by the U. S. S. _Vicksburg_, and the capture of
+the Spanish schooner _Severito_ by the U. S. S. _Dolphin_.
+
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was proclaimed in
+Catalonia.
+
+_May 10._ The steamer _Gussie_ sailed from Tampa, Florida, with two
+companies of the First Infantry, and munitions and supplies for Cuban
+insurgents.
+
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante the mob sacked and
+burned a bonded warehouse.
+
+_May 11._ Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak on the morning of May
+11th, were three telegraph cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood
+consisted of the cruiser _Marblehead_, which had been on the station three
+weeks, the gunboat _Nashville_, which had been there two weeks, and the
+converted revenue cutter _Windom_, which had arrived two days before. The
+station had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes with some Spanish
+gunboats, which occasionally ventured a very little way out of Cienfuegos
+Harbour. They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated, as usual,
+when fired on.
+
+Commander McCalla of the _Marblehead_, ranking officer, instructed
+Lieutenant Anderson to call for volunteers to cut the cable early on the
+morning of the eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser and
+the gunboat, and three times the desired number of men offered to serve.
+No one relented, even after repeated warnings that the service was
+especially dangerous.
+
+"I want you men to understand," Anderson said, "that you are not ordered
+to do this work, and are not obliged to."
+
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their eagerness to be selected.
+In the end, the officer had simply the choice of the entire crew of the
+two ships.
+
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch containing six, were
+manned from each ship, and a guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the meantime the _Marblehead_
+had taken a position one thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado
+Point lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow entrance to
+Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable landing, and, with the
+_Nashville_ a little farther to the west, had begun shelling the beach.
+
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense growth of high grass and
+reeds. The lighthouse stood on an elevation, behind which, as well as
+hidden in the long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders. These the Spaniards deserted as
+fast as the ships' fire reached them. As the enemy's fire slackened and
+died out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+
+They advanced in double column. The launches, under Lieutenant Anderson
+and Ensign McGruder of the _Nashville_, went ahead with their
+sharpshooters and gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the men peering into the
+green water for a sight of the cables. At a distance of two hundred feet
+from shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent ahead.
+
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore. No sooner had
+the work of cutting it been begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the
+soldiers skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire guns
+through the high grass. The launches replied and the fire from the ships
+quickened, but although the Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every
+now and then they grew stronger.
+
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first cable, stowed it
+away for safety, and then grappled for the next. Meantime the Spaniards
+were firing low in an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally found, and the men
+with the pipe-cutters went to work on it.
+
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the cutters in position, and
+the first man wounded was one of these. No one else in the boat knew it,
+however, till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others took the
+cue from this, and there was not a groan or a complaint from the two
+boats, as the bullets, that were coming thicker and faster every minute,
+began to bite flesh.
+
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic patience, and went on with
+the work. They did not even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish
+fire, but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard enough for all.
+
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a smaller one, was
+grappled and hoisted to the surface. The fire of the Spanish had reached
+its maximum. It was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious, and exposed
+themselves in groups here and there.
+
+"Use shrapnel," came the signal, and can after can exploded over the
+Spaniards, causing them to break and run to cover.
+
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the lighthouse, and to this
+place they dragged a number of their machine guns, and again opened fire
+on the cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could not be answered
+so well from the launches, and the encouraged Spaniards fired all the
+oftener.
+
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a sound escape him. Like
+silent machines they worked, grimly hacking and tearing at the third
+cable. During half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind the
+lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant Anderson's
+signal, the cable was dropped and the boats retreated.
+
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+
+The _Windom_, which had laid out of range with a collier, was now ordered
+in, and the surgeon called to attend the wounded. The _Windom_ was
+signalled to shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on before,
+according to the usages of international law. It had been used as a
+shelter by the Spaniards. The revenue cutter's rapid-fire guns riddled the
+structure in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun, which was
+in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it fair, exploded, and toppled it
+over.
+
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards broke and ran again,
+the screaming shrapnel bursting all around them.
+
+At the fall of the lighthouse the _Marblehead_ signalled, "Well done," and
+then a moment later, "Cease firing."
+
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named Eagan. A sailor from one
+of the boats died of his wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of the
+_Nashville_ was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant Winslow was
+wounded in the hand.
+
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of heroism was two
+killed, two fatally and four badly wounded. The Spanish loss could not be
+ascertained, but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CHICAGO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+                          CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.
+
+
+_May 11._ The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour were silenced on May
+11th, and at the same time there was a display of heroism, on the part of
+American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the _Wilmington_ arrived at the
+blockading station from Key West on the morning of the eleventh. She found
+there, off Piedras Bay, the cruiser _Machias_, the torpedo-boat _Winslow_,
+and the revenue cutter _Hudson_, which last carried two 6-pounders.
+Shortly after noon the _Wilmington_, _Winslow_, and _Hudson_ moved into
+the inner harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of the
+Spanish batteries on the water-front. The _Wilmington_ took a range of
+about twenty-five hundred yards.
+
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery in a stone fortification
+on the mole or quay, a battery of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with
+long-range rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire guns.
+
+Firing commenced at one o'clock, and when the Cardenas batteries were
+silenced at two in the afternoon, the _Wilmington_ had sent 376 shells
+into them and the town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times. She had
+aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and 110 from her 1-pounders, over six
+shots a minute.
+
+When the _Wilmington_ ceased firing she had moved up to within one
+thousand yards range of the Spanish guns, and there were only six inches
+of water under her keel. The _Wilmington_ draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings showed that she was almost
+touching, her guns were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must have miscalculated her
+distance and misjudged her draught, else they would have done more
+effective work at a range of two thousand yards.
+
+During the engagement, when the commander of the _Winslow_ found that he
+could not approach close enough to the Spanish gunboats to use his
+torpedo-tubes to any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time he
+could have got out of harm's way by taking shelter to the leeward of the
+_Wilmington_.
+
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower of the
+_Wilmington_, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for the torpedo-boat, do its
+deadly work. The shell struck the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on
+the deck of the _Winslow_. There is little room for men anywhere on a
+torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it is almost sure to hit a
+group. Such was the case in the _Winslow_. The exploding shell cost the
+lives of Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the craft by
+wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her captain and one of his crew
+were wounded by separate shots.
+
+  [Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]
+
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group of five died on the
+deck of the disabled torpedo-boat, and the other two died while being
+removed to the _Wilmington_.
+
+The signal, "Many wounded," went up from the staff of the _Winslow_, and
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of the _Wilmington_ boarded the
+torpedo-boat.
+
+The _Hudson_ tied up to the _Winslow_ and towed her out of danger,
+escaping unscathed. The wounded men were tenderly cared for on the
+cruiser, and that night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+
+William O'Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the _Winslow's_ crew, thus
+tells his story of the battle to a newspaper correspondent:
+
+"From the very beginning," he said, "I think every man on the boat
+believed that we could not escape being sunk, and that is what would have
+happened had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the _Hudson_, who
+worked for over an hour under the most terrific fire to get us out of
+range."
+
+"Were you ordered to go in there?" he was asked.
+
+"Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was given from the
+_Wilmington_."
+
+"Was it a signal order?"
+
+"No; we were near enough to the _Wilmington_ so that they shouted it to us
+from the deck, through the megaphone."
+
+"Do you remember the words of the commander who gave them?"
+
+"I don't know who shouted the order; but the words as I remember them
+were, 'Mr. Bagley, go in and see what gunboats there are.' We started at
+once towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon after.
+
+"The first thing I saw," continued O'Hearn, "was a shot fired from a
+window or door in the second story of the storehouse just back of the dock
+where the Spanish gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing over our
+heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat at the wharf, and from the
+shore. The effect of shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under
+fire is something terrible.
+
+"First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and then something seems
+to strike you in the face and head. I noticed that at first the boys threw
+their hands to their heads every time a shell went over; but they soon
+came so fast and so close that it was a roaring, shrieking, crashing hell.
+
+"I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but everybody went on deck
+when the battle began. John Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek,
+the firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained below they would
+not have been killed.
+
+"After the firing began I went below again to attend to the boiler, and a
+few minutes later a solid shot came crashing through the side of the boat
+and into the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy of the tubes.
+
+"At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in the boiler it threw both
+the furnace doors open, and the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was
+a terrible crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust and steam. For
+several seconds I was partially stunned, and my ears rang so I could hear
+nothing. I went up on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.
+
+"I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about with a towel wound
+around his left leg. He was shouting, and the noise of all the guns was
+like continuous thunder. 'Captain,' I cried, 'the forward boiler is
+disabled. A shell has gone through it.'
+
+"'Get out the hose,' he said, and turned to the gun again. I made my way
+to the boiler-room, in a few minutes went up on the deck again, and the
+fighting had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were missing, and
+I looked around.
+
+"Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the starboard quarter, near the
+after conning-tower, I saw five of our men where they had wilted down
+after the shell struck them. In other places were men lying groaning, or
+dragging themselves about, wounded and covered with blood. There were big
+red spots on the deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.
+
+"I went to where the five men were lying, and saw that all were not dead.
+John Meek could speak and move one hand slightly. I put my face down close
+to his.
+
+"'Can I do anything for you, John?' I asked, and he replied, 'No, Jack, I
+am dying; good-bye,' and he asked me to grasp his hand. 'Go help the
+rest,' he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where Captain Bernadou
+was still firing the forward gun. The next minute he was dead.
+
+"Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn to pieces, and the bodies
+of the other three were on top of him. The coloured cook was a little
+apart from the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We supposed he
+was dead, and covered him up the same as the others. Nearly half an hour
+after that we heard him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and he said:
+
+"'Oh, boys, for God's sake move me. I am lying over the boiler and burning
+up.'
+
+"The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been almost roasted. He
+complained that his neck was cramped, but did not seem to feel his
+terrible wound. We moved him into an easier position, and gave him some
+water.
+
+"'Thank you, sir,' he said, and in five seconds he was dead."
+
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a shot, which practically tore
+through his body. He sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and placed him on the deck.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.]
+
+The young officer, realising that the wound was fatal, and that he had
+only a short time to live, allowed no murmur of complaint or cry of pain
+to escape him, but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply said:
+
+"Thank you, Reagan."
+
+These were the last words he spoke.
+
+_May 12._ The forts of San Juan, the capital of Porto Rico, were bombarded
+by a portion of Rear-Admiral Sampson's fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the battle-ships _New
+York_, _Iowa_, _Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_ and _Montgomery_, and the
+monitors _Terror_ and _Amphitrite_.
+
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15 A. M., resulting in a loss
+to the Americans of one killed and seven wounded, and the death of one
+from prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported by cable to
+Madrid, was five killed and forty-three wounded.
+
+Admiral Sampson's orders were to refrain from making any land attack so
+long as the batteries on shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in
+case the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the offending
+fortifications.
+
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire at different Cuban
+ports became so irritating to the American bluejackets that discipline
+was, in a measure, threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the Spaniards, but were to
+return any shots against them, all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+
+It was not Admiral Sampson's original intention to attack San Juan. He was
+looking for bigger game than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and capture or destroy the
+Spanish squadron that was en route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was
+this business that took him into the neighbourhood of San Juan, he being
+desirous of learning if the Spanish squadron were there.
+
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on Thursday. The tug
+_Wampatuck_ was ordered to take soundings in the channel, and at once
+proceeded to do so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when she
+entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept the lead going at a
+lively rate.
+
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention at that time of
+entering the harbour itself, his object, when he found that the Spanish
+squadron was not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly how
+much water there was in the channel, and if any attempt had been made to
+block the way.
+
+At all events, while the _Wampatuck_ was engaged in this work she was seen
+by the sentries at the Morro, and a few minutes later was fired on.
+
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson determine to teach the
+Spaniards a lesson regarding the danger of firing on the American flag.
+
+"Quarters!" rang out aboard the war-ships almost before the report of the
+Morro gun had died away, the flag-ship having signalled for action.
+
+The _Iowa_ opened the bombardment with her big 12-inch gun, the missile
+striking Morro Castle squarely, and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+
+Then the _Indiana_ sent a 13-inch projectile from the forward turret, and
+one after the other, with but little loss of time, the remaining vessels
+of the fleet aided in the work of destruction.
+
+The French war-ship _Admiral Rigault de Genoailly_ was at anchor in the
+harbour, and a shell exploded within a few hundred feet of where she lay,
+but worked no injury.
+
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+
+"The American gunners were generally accurate in their firing, while the
+marksmanship of the Spaniards was inferior. Some of the American shells,
+however, passed over the fortifications into the city, where they did
+terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of buildings before
+exploding, and there killing many citizens.
+
+"The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly masses of masonry
+were blown skyward by the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante's residence, which was situated near the
+fortifications, damaging it terrifically."
+
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the guns of the fleet were
+turned on the land-batteries and the fortifications near the government
+buildings.
+
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the volunteers,
+panic-stricken, ran frantically in every direction, discharging their
+weapons at random, until they were a menace to all within possible range.
+The crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy guns, the
+shrieks of the terrified and groans of the wounded, formed a horrible
+accompaniment to the work of destruction.
+
+Three times the line of American ships passed from the entrance of the
+harbour to the extreme eastward battery, sending shot and shell into the
+crumbling forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles struck, but the
+smoke hung over everything. The shells screeching overhead and dropping
+around were the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their guns.
+
+At 7.45 A. M. Admiral Sampson signalled, "Cease firing."
+
+"Retire" was sounded on the _Iowa_, and she headed from the shore.
+
+The _Terror_ was the last ship in the line, and, failing to see the
+signal, banged away alone for about half an hour, the concert of shore
+guns roaring at her and the water flying high around her from the
+exploding shells. But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]
+
+_May 13._ In the Spanish Cortes, Senor Molinas, deputy for Porto Rico,
+protested against the bombardment of San Juan without notice, as an
+infringement of international usage.
+
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the conduct of the
+Americans was "vandalism," and that the government "will bring their
+outrageous action under the notice of the powers." He echoed Senor
+Molinas's eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish troops and marines, and
+promised that the government would send its thanks.
+
+An authority on international law thus comments upon the bombardment, in
+the columns of the New York _Sun_:
+
+"There is nothing in the laws of war which requires notice of bombardment
+to be given to a fortified place, during the progress of war. When the
+Germans threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months ago, they gave
+a notice of a few hours, but in that case no state of war existed. Again,
+when Spain bombarded Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour's interval was allowed
+between the blank charge that gave the notice, and the actual bombardment.
+But that interval was intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish flag, in atonement
+for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso was wholly unfortified, and the guns
+were directed, not at military works, but at public buildings.
+
+"The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities had been going on in
+Gulf waters for weeks, while, as Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on
+international law, says, 'In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack, and the
+non-combatants residing within its limits must be prepared for a
+contingency of this kind.' This is true, also, of the investment of
+fortified places by armies, where 'if the assault is made, no notice is
+given, as surprise is essential to success.' In the same spirit Halleck
+says that 'every besieged place is for a time a military garrison; its
+inhabitants are converted into soldiers by the necessities of
+self-defence.'
+
+"Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson, we find him saying
+that, as soon as it was light enough, he began 'an attack upon the
+batteries defending the city. This attack lasted about three hours, and
+resulted in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a portion of
+the city adjacent to the batteries.' It is, therefore, clear that this
+latter damage was simply the result of the proximity of the defensive
+works to some of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards, if they suddenly appeared
+in New York Bay, would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that adjacent settlements
+would suffer from the fire? The advantage of suddenness in the attack upon
+a place, not only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot be
+renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works know what they risk in
+war.
+
+"In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were repeated instances, according
+to the authority already quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns
+instead of on their fortifications, and 'there were cases, like that of
+Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed while the ramparts were
+nearly intact.' The ground taken was that which a military writer, General
+Le Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the pressure for
+surrender exercised by the people becomes greater on subjecting them to
+the loss of life and property. 'The governor is made responsible for all
+the disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and his own troops
+seek to compel him to an immediate capitulation.' At San Juan there was no
+attempt of this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries, with
+the single view of destroying them. The likelihood that adjacent buildings
+and streets would suffer did not require previous notice of the
+bombardment, and, in fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals, Bismarck
+simply replied that no such notification was required by the laws of war."
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+                            FROM ALL QUARTERS.
+
+
+_May 11._ A state of siege proclaimed throughout Spain. In a dozen cities
+or more continued rioting and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division of the Spanish
+navy, consisting of the battle-ship _Pelayo_, the armoured cruiser _Carlos
+V._, the protected cruiser _Alphonso XIII._, the converted cruisers
+_Rapido_ and _Patria_, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz Harbour.
+
+_May 12._ The story of an attempt to land American troops in Cuba is thus
+told by one of the officers of the steamer _Gussie_, which vessel left
+Tampa on the tenth.
+
+"In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first U. S. Infantry on the
+shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon, with five hundred rifles, sixty
+thousand rounds of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each side may claim a victory,
+for if the Spaniards frustrated the effort to connect with the insurgents,
+the Americans got decidedly the better of the battle, killing twelve or
+more of the enemy, and on their own part suffering not a wound.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.]
+
+"After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel steamer _Gussie_ of
+the Morgan line, with troops and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban
+coast. At sunrise she fell in with the gunboat _Vicksburg_ on the blockade
+off Havana. Other blockading vessels came up also. The converted revenue
+cutter _Manning_, Captain Munger, was detailed to convoy the _Gussie_,
+and, three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.
+
+"The Cuban guides on the _Gussie_ took their machetes to a grindstone on
+the hurricane-deck. Our soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their
+long knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge of these
+barbarous instruments with his thumb.
+
+"By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish troops were gathered.
+Several shots were fired by the gunboat _Manning_, and presently no troops
+were visible. It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.
+
+"Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the _Gussie_ anchored, the _Manning_
+covering the landing-place with her guns, and the torpedo-boat _Wasp_ came
+up eager to assist. The first American soldier to step on the Cuban shore
+from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton, Captain O'Connor with the
+first boatload having gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw the
+men out, and they stumbled through the water up to their breasts. When
+they reached dry land they immediately went into the bush to form a
+picket-line. Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when suddenly a
+rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp firing, warned the men that the
+enemy had been in waiting.
+
+"The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships, and the _Manning_
+fired into the woods beyond our picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the
+air like hot iron plunged in water. The _Wasp_ opened with her small guns.
+The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted a quarter of an hour; then our
+pickets appeared, the ships circled around, and, being told by Captain
+O'Connor, who had come from shore with the clothing torn from one leg,
+where the Spaniards were, a hundred shots more were fired in that
+direction.
+
+"'Anybody hurt, captain?' some one asked.
+
+"'None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,' he shouted back.
+
+"The soldiers on board the _Gussie_ heard the news without a word, but
+learning where the enemy were situated, gathered aft on the upper deck,
+and sent volleys toward the spot.
+
+"The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept along the beach, but the
+Spaniards had drawn back. It was decided that the soldiers should reembark
+on the _Gussie_, and that the guides take the horses, seek the insurgents,
+and make a new appointment. They rode off to the westward, and disappeared
+around a point.
+
+"'Say,' shouted a man from Company G after them, 'you forgot your
+grindstone.'"
+
+_May 12._ On Thursday morning, May 12th, the gunboat _Wilmington_ stood in
+close to the coast, off the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to avenge the _Winslow_,
+and not until she was within range of the gunboats that had decoyed the
+_Winslow_ did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which had opened
+on the American boat with such deadly effect, was covered by the
+_Wilmington's_ guns.
+
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was there to teach the
+Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and set about the task without delay.
+
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf entrance to the harbour,
+therefore no time need be wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were
+in little or no danger.
+
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near about Cardenas to protect
+it against American invasion; masked batteries were being planted,
+earthworks thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no lack of
+targets.
+
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the _Wilmington_ opened fire from
+her 4-inch guns, throwing shells here, there, everywhere; but more
+particularly in the direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the _Winslow_, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken, hearing a
+death-knell in the sighing, whistling missiles, fled in mad terror, the
+gunboats' machine guns were called into play.
+
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the American sailors'
+vengeance was completely destroyed. Not a gun remained mounted, not a man
+was alive, save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment was
+terrible, but complete.
+
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had believed they might with
+impunity open fire on any craft flying the American flag; but now they
+began to understand that such sport was in the highest degree dangerous.
+
+During a full hour--and in that time nearly three hundred shells had been
+sent on errands of destruction--the _Wilmington_ continued her bombardment
+of the defences.
+
+When the work was completed two gunboats had been sunk so quickly that
+their crews had no more than sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were
+converted into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse was consumed by
+flames, and signal-stations, masked batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did their best to bring it
+to a close; but despite all efforts the _Wilmington_ was unharmed. There
+was absolutely no evidence of conflict about her when she finally steamed
+away, save such as might have been read on the smoke-begrimed faces of the
+hard-worked but triumphant and satisfied crew.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]
+
+_May 13._ An English correspondent, cabling from Hongkong regarding the
+Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, made the following statement:
+
+"They are in a position to give the Americans a deal of trouble. There are
+twenty-five thousand Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting steamers are
+imprisoned on the river Pasig, which is blocked at the mouth by some
+sunken schooners.
+
+"Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me that, according to his
+despatches, a flag of truce is flying over Manila, and the people are
+allowed to proceed freely to and from the ships in the harbour.
+
+"The Americans are on duty night and day on the lookout for boats which
+endeavour to run the blockade with food supplies. The hospital is
+supported by the Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship _Pelayo_ is coming, and will demolish the Americans in ten
+minutes."
+
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron, Commodore W. S. Schley
+commanding, set sail from Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The
+following vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser _Brooklyn_, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships _Massachusetts_ and _Texas_, and the
+torpedo-boat destroyer _Scorpion_. The _Sterling_, with 4,000 tons of
+coal, was the collier of the squadron. At eight o'clock in the evening the
+_Minneapolis_ followed, and Captain Sigsbee of the _St. Paul_ received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+
+_May 14._ Eleven steamers, chartered by the government as troop-ships,
+sailed from New York for Key West. At San Francisco, the cruiser
+_Charleston_, with supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey's fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy in preparing for the
+expected siege by American forces. The city and forts were reported as
+being provisioned sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty miles. The troops in
+the garrison numbered seventy thousand, and a like number were in the
+interior fighting the insurgents.
+
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had grown steadily worse.
+The mortality increased among this wretched class, who had taken to
+begging morsels of food.
+
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew that the Spanish fleet
+was annihilated at Manila, and the story was believed that the Americans
+were beaten there.
+
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Senor Bores asked the government to
+inform the house of the condition of the Philippines. After the
+pacification of the islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion, he asked, or a
+continuation of the old one? If it was a continuation of the old
+rebellion, then General Prima de Rivera's pacification of the islands had
+been a perfect fraud. General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one, he said, arose from
+the incitements of the Americans.
+
+Senor Bores retorted that he had received a private letter from the
+Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to the arising of any fear of war
+with the United States, giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there,
+and passengers arriving by the steamer _Leon III._ had told similar
+stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops in the Philippines were in a
+terrible condition, being between two fires, the natives and the
+Americans. Senor Bores's remarks created a profound sensation.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_ was reported as being ready to sail from San
+Francisco for Manila. Three hundred sailors and marines to reinforce
+Admiral Dewey's fleet were to be sent on the cruiser.
+
+The U. S. S. _Oregon_, _Marietta_, and _Nictheroy_ arrived at Bahia,
+Brazil.
+
+The Spanish torpedo-boat _Terror_, of the Cape Verde fleet, reported as
+yet remaining at Port de France, Martinique.
+
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited account, under the date
+of May 14th, of a second attempt to entice the American blockading
+squadron within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+
+"Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset to-night, attempted to
+execute a ruse, which, if successful, would have cleared the front of
+Havana of six ships on that blockading station.
+
+"Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the tactics of the spider,
+and cunningly planned to draw the prey into his net, but, though a clever
+and pretty scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat _Vicksburg_ and the little
+converted revenue cutter _Morrill_ were last week decoyed by a
+fishing-smack under the big Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.
+
+"Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion managed to get out of
+range without being sunk, though some of the shells burst close aboard,
+and the _Vicksburg's_ Jacob's-ladder was cut adrift.
+
+"Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station were dumfounded to
+see two vessels steam out of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a glance showed that
+they were under full head of steam.
+
+"By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the _Mayflower_, which was flying
+the pennant, made out the larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred
+feet long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement, to be the
+cruiser _Alphonso XII._, and the small one to be the gunboat _Legaspi_,
+both of which were known to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.
+
+"At first he supposed that they were taking advantage of the absence of
+the heavy fighting-ships, and were making a bona-fide run for the open
+sea.
+
+"As superior officer, he immediately signalled the other war-ships on the
+station, the _Vicksburg_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, _Tecumseh_, and _Osceola_.
+The little squadron gave chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a
+running fire as they advanced. The _Alphonso_ and her consort circled
+inshore about five miles below Havana, and headed back for Morro Castle.
+
+"Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet did not follow them
+in. Commander Lilly saw that the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in
+under the guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery officers
+could plot out the exact range with their telemeters. So the return was
+made in line ahead, parallel with the shore.
+
+"Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his ships came abreast of Santa
+Clara battery the big guns opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance
+of about five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than half the
+missiles overshot the mark, and others fell short, some as much as a mile.
+
+"The big _Alphonso_ and her convoy steamed swiftly from the dark shadow of
+the harbour's mouth, and, turning sharply east, ran along the coast as
+though to slip through the cordon of blockade.
+
+"It was a bold trick and not at first transparent, although the folly of
+it created a suspicion.
+
+"The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood along the coast as long as
+they dared, to give zest to the chase. The _Mayflower_ signalled her
+consorts, 'Close in and charge.'
+
+"Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the Spaniards veered about,
+and, bringing their stern-chasers to bear on the Americans, doubled back
+for Morro.
+
+"Two of the shells from the _Vicksburg_ burst in the rigging of the
+_Alphonso_, and some of it came down, but it was, of course, impossible to
+know whether any fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter fell short of
+their pursuers.
+
+"The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships fully four miles out,
+when flame leaped from the batteries of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds
+of white smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull, heavy
+roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason of an organ on high treble
+of smaller guns. It was from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half a mile inside of
+the American line, throwing up a tower of white spray. It ricochetted and
+struck again half a mile outside.
+
+"The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure of their plot, the
+Spaniards continued to fire at intervals of about ten minutes. In all,
+thirteen shots were fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.
+
+"As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly signalled, and his fleet
+stood offshore. Captain McKensie, on the bridge of the _Vicksburg_,
+watched the fall of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire of the men at the
+guns, however, by letting go a final broadside at the Spanish ships, in
+the chance hope of making them pay for their daring before they gained the
+harbour, but they steamed under Morro's guns untouched, and, as they
+disappeared, discharged several guns.
+
+"Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that moment by the
+_Annapolis_, which dropped inside the harbour, probably creating
+consternation among scores of boats on the water-front."
+
+_May 15._ The Spanish cruisers _Maria Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante
+Oquendo_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and torpedo-boat destroyers, which
+arrived off the port of Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after
+having purchased coal and provisions.
+
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore Schley arrived off
+Charleston, S. C.
+
+Admiral Sampson's squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have resigned.
+
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May 15th, describes the
+inhabitants of the island as living in constant fear of a renewal of the
+bombardment of San Juan by Admiral's Sampson's fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally unprotected
+condition of the place is a cause of much anxiety.
+
+_May 16._ Freeman Halstead, an American newspaper correspondent, arrested
+at San Juan de Porto Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal to nine years'
+imprisonment.
+
+In a general order issued at the War Department, the assignments to the
+different corps and other important commands were announced. The order is
+as follows:
+
+"The following assignments of general officers to command is hereby made
+by the President:
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps and the Department of
+the Gulf.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the second corps, with
+headquarters at Falls Church, Va.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the third corps, reporting to
+Major-General Brooke, Chickamauga.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the fourth corps, Mobile,
+Ala.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers, the fifth corps, Tampa,
+Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to report to Major-General
+Merritt, U. S. A., for duty with troops in the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the sixth corps,
+Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General Brooke.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers, the cavalry division,
+Tampa, Fla."
+
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain Goodrich of the _St.
+Louis_, on May 15th, to take the fleet tender in tow and proceed to
+Santiago de Cuba to cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug _Wampatuck_ on May 16th, and at eleven P. M. the
+expedition, in the small boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of
+Santiago. It was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago light was
+burning brightly. Moonrise was not until 3.45 A. M. At three A. M. on May
+17th the expedition returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and was protected by
+two patrol-boats. Then a start was made to cut the cable on the other side
+of the island. At seven A. M. the _St. Louis_ fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and after a little time
+the fire was returned by what must have been a 2-pounder.
+
+At eight A. M. the _St. Louis_ was about two miles distant from the fort,
+which seemed to be unprovided with modern guns. After three hours
+grappling in over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been found. At
+12.15 P. M. the guns of Morro Castle opened fire, followed by the shore
+battery on the southerly point, and also the west battery. The _St.
+__Louis_ kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and soon succeeded in
+silencing the guns of Morro Castle, the Spaniards running in all
+directions.
+
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship. Shells from the
+mortar battery went over the cruiser and exploded in the water quite close
+to the _St. Louis_. The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 P. M., after a
+fusilade of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was grappled, hauled
+on board, and cut.
+
+_May 17._ The Spanish squadron reported as yet remaining at Cadiz.
+
+The U. S. S. _Wilmington_ had a slight action with a Spanish gunboat off
+the Cuban coast, during which the latter was disabled.
+
+_May 18._ The U. S. cruiser _Charleston_ left San Francisco for the
+Philippines with supplies for Commodore Dewey's fleet.
+
+_May 19._ By cable from Madrid it was learned that the Spanish fleet had
+arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_, which sailed for Manila, returned to Mare Island
+navy yard with her condensers out of order.
+
+_May 21._ An order was despatched to San Francisco to prepare the
+_Monterey_ for a voyage to Manila, where she would join Commodore Dewey's
+fleet. The _Monterey_ is probably the most formidable monitor in the
+world; technically described she is a barbed turret, low freeboard monitor
+of four thousand tons displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam,
+and fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two turrets,
+surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and two 10-inch guns, while on her
+superstructure, between the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven and one-half and eight
+inches thick, and the surrounding barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTEREY.]
+
+One of the most important prizes captured during the war was taken by the
+U. S. S. _Minneapolis_ off the eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the
+Spanish brig _Santa Maria de Lourdes_, loaded with coal, ammunition, arms,
+and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a large quantity of arms
+and ammunition, sailed for a point about twenty-five miles east of Havana,
+on the steamer _Florida_. These men and their equipment constituted an
+expedition able to operate independently, and to defend itself against any
+body of Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+
+The _Florida_ returned to Key West on the thirty-first, after having
+successfully landed the ammunition and men.
+
+_May 22._ The U. S. S. _Charleston_ again left San Francisco, bound for
+Manila.
+
+_May 25._ The U. S. S. _St. Paul_ captured the British steamer
+_Restormel_, loaded with coal, off Santiago de Cuba. The prize is a long,
+low tramp collier belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared, with
+twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest grade of Cardiff coal consigned to
+a Spanish firm in San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+
+"When we reached San Juan," said the captain of the _Restormel_, "the
+consignees told me very curtly that the persons for whom the coal was
+destined were in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had been
+declared. I began to suspect that the coal was going to Cervera's fleet,
+but my Spanish consignees said it would be all right. They told me not to
+ask any questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I did so,
+placing my cargo under orders.
+
+"The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer. He said there had been
+another change of base, and that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba.
+I tried to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the cables had
+been cut. Under the circumstances there was nothing for me to do but to go
+to Santiago. By this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo was
+for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made a contraband of war, so I
+wasn't a bit surprised when the _St. Paul_ brought us to, with a shot,
+three and a half miles from shore."
+
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the coal, and release the
+steamer.
+
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men.
+
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for
+Manila.
+
+_May 26._ The battle-ship _Oregon_, which left San Francisco March 19th,
+arrived at Key West.
+
+_May 27._ The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived at San Juan de Porto
+Rico.
+
+_May 28._ From Commodore Dewey the following cablegram was received:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "CAVITE, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.
+
+"_Secretary Navy, Washington_:--No change in the situation of the blockade.
+Is effective. It is impossible for the people of Manila to buy provisions,
+except rice.
+
+"The captain of the _Olympia_, Gridley, condemned by medical survey. Is
+ordered home. Leaves by Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong
+the twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander of the
+_Olympia_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 29._ Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order formally announcing
+that he had taken command of the Philippine forces and expeditions.
+
+_May 31._ United States troops board transports for Cuba.
+
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first regular campaign of the
+war, and it is eminently proper the operations around and about Santiago
+de Cuba be told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any further
+attempt at giving the news from the various parts of the world in
+chronological order.
+
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign, as are worthy a
+place in history, will be set down in regular sequence after certain deeds
+of the boys of '98 have been related in such detail as is warranted by the
+heroism displayed.
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+                         HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.
+
+
+_May 29._ The blockading fleet, under command of Commodore Schley, off
+Santiago de Cuba, was composed of the _Brooklyn_, _Iowa_, _Massachusetts_,
+_Texas_, _New Orleans_, _Marblehead_, and _Vixen_.
+
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the deck on board the _Texas_
+saw, by aid of his night-glass, two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers
+stealing out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the shadows of
+the land.
+
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel's search-lights were turned
+full on, and at the same moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was hidden within the harbour, not daring to come boldly out while
+the blockading squadron was so strong, and the first thought of men as
+well as officers, when these stealthily moving vessels were sighted, was
+that the Spaniards were making a desperate effort to escape from the trap
+they had voluntarily entered.
+
+The search-lights of the _Texas_ revealed the fact that the two strangers
+were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire was opened upon them instantly.
+
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters was sounded on all
+the other ships, and a dozen rays of blinding light flashed here and there
+across the entrance to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever set sail could not
+have come out unobserved.
+
+The same report which aroused the squadron told the Spaniards that their
+purpose was no longer a secret, and the two torpedo-boats were headed for
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Texas_, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become too heavy.
+
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a warm and immediate
+reception. It was as if every gun on board both the _Brooklyn_ and _Texas_
+was in action within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted, and
+there remained nothing for the venturesome craft save to seek the shelter
+of the harbour again, fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+
+_May 31._ The U. S. S. _Marblehead_, cruising inshore to relieve the
+monotony of blockading duties, discovered that lying behind the batteries
+at the mouth of Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he decided to tempt the
+Spanish fleet into a fight, and at the same time discover the location of
+the masked batteries. In pursuance of this plan he transferred his flag
+from the _Brooklyn_ to the more heavily armed _Massachusetts_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.]
+
+Two hours after noon the _Massachusetts_, _New Orleans_, and _Iowa_, in
+the order named, and not more than a cable length apart, steamed up to the
+harbour mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+
+Two miles out to sea lay the _Brooklyn_, _Texas_, and other ships of the
+blockading fleet awaiting the summons which should bring them into the
+fight; but none came.
+
+The _Massachusetts_ opened fire first, taking the Spanish flag-ship for
+its target. An 8-inch shell was the missile, and it fell far short of its
+mark. Then the big machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+
+The _Cristobal Colon_ and four batteries--two on the east side, one on the
+west, and one on an island in the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10
+and 12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes, eights and
+thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular, but not effective on either side.
+
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries at full speed;
+circled, and passed again. Both sides had found the range by the time of
+the second passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots burst directly
+over the _Iowa_, three fell dangerously near the _New Orleans_, and one
+sprayed the bow of the _Massachusetts_.
+
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one on the island were
+silenced. Five minutes later our ships ceased firing. The western battery
+and the Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes longer, but
+their work was ineffective.
+
+_June 1._ Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the _New York_ as his flag-ship, and
+accompanied by the _Oregon_, the _Mayflower_, and the torpedo-boat
+_Porter_, joined Commodore Schley's squadron off Santiago on the first of
+June.
+
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the situation in a
+communication to his friend at home:
+
+"Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson's plan of campaign, our ships
+form a cordon about the entrance of Santiago Harbour to prevent the
+possible egress of the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out."
+
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well informed as to the
+situation ashore. Communication with the Cubans had been established, and
+it was known that a line of insurgents had been drawn around Santiago, in
+order that they might be of assistance when the big war-vessels had struck
+the first blow.
+
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known despite the vigilance
+of the enemy, and it was no secret that within the narrow neck of the
+channel, which at the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents, under date of June 1st,
+was as follows:
+
+"So far as has been ascertained, there are three new batteries on the west
+side of the entrance. These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.
+
+"The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned with the glasses.
+Cayo Smith, a small island which lies directly beyond the entrance, is
+fortified, and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences at the
+right of the entrance, are Estrella battery and St. Carolina fort. Further
+up the bay, guarding the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.
+
+"The first are of stone, and were constructed in the early sixties. St.
+Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The guns in Morro Castle and Estrella
+are of old pattern, 18 and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications, which would enable
+these weapons to deliver a plunging fire.
+
+"Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the left of the entrance. On
+Cayo Smith and at Blanco battery there are also four modern guns. The
+mines in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the forts and
+batteries, which must increase the effectiveness of the enemy's fire, and
+at the same time decrease that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the
+Spanish fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it would be folly to
+attempt to force its passage with our ships.
+
+"But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is being considered to
+drive in the cork. If that is done, the next news may be a thrilling story
+of closing the harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready to hoist the white
+flag."
+
+"To drive in the cork," was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral Sampson's
+heart, and he at once went into consultation with his officers as to how
+it could best be done. One plan after another was discussed and rejected,
+and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson proposed that
+the big collier _Merrimac_, which then had on board about six hundred tons
+of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a manner as to completely
+block it.
+
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain death for those who
+should attempt to carry it out as proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however,
+claimed that, if the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed to
+take command of the enterprise.
+
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral Sampson decided that the
+lives of six or seven men could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage
+to be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that his services were
+accepted; the big steamer was at his disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+
+_June 11._ The preliminary work of this desperate undertaking was a strain
+upon the officers and men. On Wednesday morning the preparations to
+scuttle the _Merrimac_ in the channel were commenced. All day long crews
+from the _New York_ and _Brooklyn_ were on board the collier, never
+resting in their efforts to prepare her. She lay alongside the
+_Massachusetts_, discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly through the fleet,
+and it soon became known that volunteers were needed for a desperate
+undertaking. From the _Iowa's_ signal-yard quickly fluttered the
+announcement that she had 140 volunteers, and the other ships were not far
+behind. On the _New York_ the enthusiasm was intense. Over two hundred
+members of the crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and face
+death. The junior officers literally tumbled over each other in their
+eagerness to get their names on the volunteer list.
+
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant Hobson were to go,
+there was much disappointment on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews
+worked on board the _Merrimac_; and the other ships, as they passed the
+collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant Hobson paid a brief visit
+to the flag-ship shortly before midnight, and then returned to the
+_Merrimac_.
+
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson thus detailed his plan of
+action:
+
+"I shall go right into the harbour until about four hundred yards past the
+Estrella battery, which is behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can
+sink me before I reach somewhere near that point. The _Merrimac_ has seven
+thousand tons buoyancy, and I shall keep her full speed ahead. She can
+make about ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel is reached I
+shall put her helm hard aport, stop the engines, drop the anchors, open
+the sea connections, touch off the torpedoes, and leave the _Merrimac_ a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as broad as the _Merrimac_
+is long. There are ten 8-inch improvised torpedoes below the water-line,
+on the _Merrimac's_ port-side. They are placed on her side against the
+bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with each other by a wire under the
+ship's keel. Each torpedo contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should do their work in a
+minute, and it will be quick work even if done in a minute and a quarter.
+
+"On deck there will be four men and myself. In the engine-room there will
+be two other men. This is the total crew, and all of us will be in our
+underclothing, with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight packing
+strapped around our waists. Forward there will be a man on deck, and
+around his waist will be a line, the other end of the line being made fast
+to the bridge, where I will stand. By that man's side will be an axe. When
+I stop the engines I shall jerk this cord, and he will thus get the signal
+to cut the lashing which will be holding the forward anchor. He will then
+jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy, which we shall tow
+astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys, and is unsinkable. In it are
+rifles. It is to be held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one at
+her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in the tow-line and pull
+the dingy to starboard. The next to leave the ship are the rest of the
+crew. The quartermaster at the wheel will not leave until after having put
+it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump overboard.
+
+  [Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]
+
+"Down below, the man at the reversing gear will stop the engines, scramble
+up on deck, and get over the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with a sledge-hammer, and
+will follow his leader into the water. This last step ensures the sinking
+of the _Merrimac_ whether the torpedoes work or not. By this time I
+calculate the six men will be in the dingy and the _Merrimac_ will have
+swung athwart the channel, to the full length of her three hundred yards
+of cable, which will have been paid out before the anchors are cut loose.
+Then, all that is left for me is to touch the button. I shall stand on the
+starboard side of the bridge. The explosion will throw the _Merrimac_ on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York City will be able to
+raise her after that."
+
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+
+"I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us a bit, but the ships
+will throw their search-lights in the gunners' faces, and they won't see
+much of us. If we are torpedoed we should even then be able to make the
+desired position in the channel. It won't be easy to hit us, and I think
+the men should be able to swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown
+up. But I don't see that it makes much difference what I do. I have a fair
+chance of life either way. If our dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then
+try to swim for the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep together
+at all hazards. Then we may be able to make our way alongside, and perhaps
+get back to the ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers, and our surrender
+will only take place as a last and almost uncontemplated emergency."
+
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous enterprise were, after
+Lieutenant Hobson: George F. Phillips, machinist on the _Merrimac_;
+Francis Kelly, water tender on the _Merrimac_; Randolph Clausen, coxswain
+on the _New York_; George Charette, first-class gunner's mate on the _New
+York_; Daniel Montague, first-class machinist on the _New York_; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the _Merrimac_; J. C. Murphy, coxswain on the _Iowa_.
+
+_June 21._ At three o'clock in the morning the admiral and Flag Lieutenant
+Staunton got into the launch to make an inspection of the _Merrimac_. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers of the
+flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on the big black hull that was
+to form an impassable obstacle for Spain's best ships.
+
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed their work on the
+_Merrimac_, but at last a boatload of men, black and tired out, came over
+to the flag-ship. Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and nearly everybody thought it
+was too late for the attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody cried:
+
+"She is going in."
+
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was seen heading straight
+for Morro Castle. A few moments later, however, she was recalled by
+Admiral Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to venture in at
+that hour. The _Merrimac_ did not return at once. Word came back:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on his course. He thinks he
+can make it."
+
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect that the _Merrimac_ must
+return at once, and in due course of time the doomed collier slowly
+steamed back, her commander evidently disappointed with the order. All day
+Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and more elaborate
+preparations were made to carry out the mission of the _Merrimac_
+successfully. During these preparations Hobson was cool and confident,
+supervising personally every little detail.
+
+When, finally, he went on board the _Merrimac_ Thursday night, he had been
+without sleep since Wednesday morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands
+were black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at work in and
+about an engine-room for a long time. As he said good-bye, the lieutenant
+remarked that his only regret was that all of the _New York's_ volunteers
+could not go with him.
+
+_June 3._ The hazardous voyage was begun at three o'clock Friday morning.
+The _Merrimac_ was lying to the westward. Under cover of the clouds over
+the moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her way to the eastward,
+followed by a steam launch from the _New York_, with the following crew on
+board: Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K. Peterson,
+coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the first class; J. Mullings, coal
+passer; G. L. Russell, machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+
+From the crowded decks of the _New York_ nothing could be seen of the
+_Merrimac_ after she got under the shadow of the hills. For half an hour
+officers and men strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when,
+suddenly, the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro Castle, and then all
+on board the _New York_ knew the _Merrimac_ was nearing her end.
+
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro Castle answered quickly
+with more flashes, and for about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to
+leap across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too far away to hear
+the reports, and when the firing ceased it was judged that Hobson had
+blown up the _Merrimac_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW YORK.]
+
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for daylight. Rear-Admiral
+Sampson and Captain Chadwick were on the bridge of the _New York_ during
+the entire time. At five o'clock thin streams of smoke were seen against
+the western shore, quite close to the Spanish batteries, and strong
+glasses made out the launch of the _New York_ returning to the flag-ship.
+
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a puff of smoke issued
+from a battery on the western arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far
+over the launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore kept up an
+irregular fire on the little craft. As the shells fell without hitting the
+object for which they were intended, the men on board the _New York_
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered their shipmates.
+
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but she did not have on
+board any of the _Merrimac's_ crew. Cadet Powell reported that he had been
+unable to see any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had gone
+directly under the batteries, and only returned when he found his efforts
+were useless.
+
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the _Merrimac's_ masts sticking
+up just where Hobson hoped to sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and
+well past the guns of Morro Castle.
+
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had with the officer whom
+it seemed certain had voluntarily gone to his death:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few hours, which was often
+interrupted. At a quarter before two he came on deck and made a final
+inspection, giving his last instructions. Then we had a little lunch.
+Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about half past two I took the men
+who were not going on the trip into the launch, and started for the
+_Texas_, the nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I shook hands with
+Hobson last of all. He said:
+
+"'Powell, watch the boat's crew when we pull out of the harbour. We will
+be cracks, pulling thirty strokes to the minute.'
+
+"After leaving the _Texas_ I saw the _Merrimac_ steaming slowly in.
+
+"It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was quite visible. We
+followed about three-quarters of a mile astern. The _Merrimac_ stood about
+a mile to the westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east, she ran down and then
+turned in. We were then chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.
+
+"When Hobson was about two hundred yards from the harbour the first gun
+was fired, from the eastern bluff. We were then about half a mile
+offshore, and nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly. We
+steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the _Merrimac_ in the smoke which the
+wind carried offshore. It hung heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up
+the _Merrimac_ the western battery picked us up and commenced firing. They
+shot wild, however, and we ran in still farther to the shore until the
+gunners lost sight of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes on
+the _Merrimac_.
+
+"Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, half a mile to the
+westward of Morro, keeping a sharp lookout for the boat or for swimmers,
+but saw nothing. Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we crossed in front of
+Morro and the mouth of the harbour, to the eastward.
+
+"At about five o'clock we crossed the harbour again, and stood to the
+westward. In passing we saw one spar of the _Merrimac_ sticking out of the
+water. We hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a mile, and
+then turned toward the _Texas_, when the batteries saw us and opened fire.
+It was then broad daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all she was worth,
+finally making the _New York_. The men behaved splendidly."
+
+_June 3._ Later in the day a boat with a white flag put out from the
+harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded
+the _New York_, and informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had been
+captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant Hobson was not hurt. The
+Spanish admiral was so impressed with the courage of the _Merrimac's_ crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact that they had not
+lost their lives, but were prisoners of war and could be exchanged.
+
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley said, as he stood on his
+flag-ship pointing towards Morro Castle:
+
+"History does not record an act of finer heroism than that of the gallant
+men who are prisoners over there. I watched the _Merrimac_ as she made her
+way to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I saw the perfect
+hell of fire that fell upon those devoted men. I did not think it possible
+one of them could have gone through it alive.
+
+"They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava over again without the
+means of defence which the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune once more favoured the
+brave, and I hope he will have the recognition and promotion he deserves.
+His name will live as long as the heroes of the world are remembered."
+
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Permit me to call your especial attention to Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson.
+
+"As stated in a special telegram, before coming here I decided to make the
+harbour entrance secure against the possibility of egress by Spanish
+ships, by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.
+
+"Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional opinion as to a sure
+method of sinking the ship, he manifested the most lively interest in the
+problem. After several days' consideration, he presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she
+reached the desired point in the channel. This plan we prepared for
+execution when we reached Santiago.
+
+"The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men and Mr. Hobson, who begged
+that it might be entrusted to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck
+for both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including the anchoring of
+the ship automatically. As soon as I reached Santiago, and I had the
+collier to work upon, the details were completed and diligently
+prosecuted, hoping to complete them in one day, as the moon and tide
+served best the first night after our arrival.
+
+"Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four o'clock arrived, and the
+preparation was scarcely completed. After a careful inspection of the
+final preparations, I was forced to relinquish the plan for that morning,
+as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged to try it at all hazards.
+
+"This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt start could be made.
+Nothing could have been more gallantly executed.
+
+"We waited impatiently after the firing by the Spaniards had ceased. When
+they did not reappear from the harbour at six o'clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been sent in charge of Naval
+Cadet Powell to rescue the men, appeared at this time, coming out under a
+persistent fire of the batteries, but brought none of the crew.
+
+"A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship showed that the vessel
+_Merrimac_ had been sunk in the channel.
+
+"This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral Cervera came out under a
+flag of truce, with a letter from the admiral, extolling the bravery of
+the crew in an unusual manner.
+
+"I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave or
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.
+
+"Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed to the officers at
+the beginning of the war, I am sure you will offer a suitable professional
+reward to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that Commander J. M.
+Miller relinquished his command with the very greatest reluctance,
+believing he should retain his command under all circumstances.
+
+  [Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]
+
+"He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt of another person to
+carry out the multitude of details which had been in preparation by Mr.
+Hobson might endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the liberty
+to relieve him, for this reason only.
+
+"There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious to participate. There
+were a hundred and fifty men from the _Iowa_, nearly as many from this
+ship, and large numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.
+
+                                                          "W. T. SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave comrades exchanged,
+and then to his messmates the gallant lieutenant told the story of his
+perilous voyage on that morning of June 4th:
+
+"I did not miss the entrance to the harbour," he said, "as Cadet Powell in
+the launch supposed. I headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was grand, flashing out first
+from one side of the harbour and then from the other, from those big guns
+on the hill, the _Vizcaya_, lying inside the harbour, joining in.
+
+"Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the news of the _Merrimac's_
+coming was telegraphed, and soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing
+wildly across, and killing each other with the cross-fire.
+
+"The _Merrimac's_ steering-gear broke as she got to Estrella Point. Only
+three of the torpedoes on her side exploded when I touched the button. A
+huge submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the water high in
+the air, and tearing a great rent in her side.
+
+"Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing to the work done by the
+mine, she began to sink slowly. At that time she was across the channel,
+but before she settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft, lying
+on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around. Six-inch shells from the
+_Vizcaya_ came tearing into the _Merrimac_, crashing into wood and iron,
+and passing clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts broke
+through her deck.
+
+"'Not a man must move,' I said, and it was only owing to the splendid
+discipline of the men that we all were not killed, as the shells rained
+over us, and the minutes became hours of suspense. The men's mouths became
+parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I told them. Now and again,
+one or the other of the men, lying with his face glued to the deck and
+wondering whether the next shell might not come our way, would say,
+'Hadn't we better drop off now, sir?' But I said, 'Wait till daylight.'
+
+"It would have been impossible to get the catamaran anywhere but on to the
+shore, where the soldiers stood shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we
+might be recognised and saved.
+
+"The grand old _Merrimac_ kept sinking. I wanted to go forward and see the
+damage done there, where nearly all the fire was directed. One man said
+that if I rose it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay
+motionless. It was splendid the way these men behaved.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]
+
+"The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the _Vizcaya_ was awful. When
+the water came up on the _Merrimac's_ deck the catamaran floated amid the
+wreckage, but she was still made fast to the boom, and we caught hold of
+the edges and clung on, our heads only being above water.
+
+"One man thought we were safer right there; it was quite light, the firing
+had ceased, except that on the _New York's_ launch, and I feared Cadet
+Powell and his men had been killed.
+
+"A Spanish launch came toward the _Merrimac_. We agreed to capture her and
+run. Just as she came close the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines
+jumped up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of the water.
+
+"'Is there any officer in that boat to receive a surrender of prisoners of
+war?' I shouted.
+
+"An old man leaned out under the awning and waved his hand. It was Admiral
+Cervera. The marines lowered their rifles and we were helped into the
+launch.
+
+"Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It was a grand sight a few
+days later to see the bombardment, the shells striking and bursting around
+El Morro. Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court martial room
+in the barracks. My men were kept prisoners in the hospital.
+
+"From my window I could see the army moving, and it was terrible to watch
+those poor lads coming across the opening and being shot down by the
+Spaniards in the rifle-pits in front of me.
+
+"Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could be. I knew something
+was coming, and then I was exchanged."
+
+  [Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+                                 BY WIRE.
+
+
+_May 30._ The auxiliary cruisers _Leyden_ and _Uncas_ made an attack on
+one of the outlying blockhouses at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until
+the Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+
+_June 1._ The government of Paraguay represented to the American consul at
+Asuncion that the Spanish torpedo-boat _Temerario_ was disabled, and had
+been granted permission to remain at that port until the war between the
+United States and Spain had come to an end.
+
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding the conduct of
+the war, as evinced by a newspaper article to which was signed the name of
+Emilio Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+
+Senor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching her with being a
+foreigner and unpopular, and with interfering unjustifiably in political
+affairs. He compared her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette on
+the eve of the French revolution.
+
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca demanded the prosecution
+of Castelar, and other Senators expressed in violent terms their
+indignation at Senor Castelar's conduct.
+
+_June 2._ The British steamer _Restormel_, captured by the auxiliary
+cruiser _St. Paul_ off Santiago de Cuba, was released by the government.
+It was shown that the _Restormel_ sailed previous to the declaration of
+war, there being no evidence that the steamer's owners were wilfully and
+knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy's fleet, and she was ordered
+released. The cargo was condemned.
+
+The names of the captains and commanders of the ships in Admiral Dewey's
+squadron were sent to the Senate, by the President, for advancement
+because of their conspicuous conduct.
+
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency appropriation of nearly
+eighteen million dollars for war purposes.
+
+From Captain Clark's report, the Navy Department made public the following
+extract relative to the extraordinary voyage of the _Oregon_:
+
+"It is gratifying to call the department's attention to the spirit aboard
+this ship in both officers and men. This best can be described by
+referring to instances such as that of the engineer officers in
+voluntarily doubling their watches when high speed was to be made, to the
+attempt of men to return to the fire-room after being carried out of it
+insensible, and to the fact that most of the whole crew, who were working
+by watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to leave their
+hammocks in the nettings until they could get the ship coaled and ready to
+sail from Sandy Point."
+
+_June 3._ The collier _Merrimac_ was sunk in the channel of Santiago
+Harbour, as has already been told.
+
+_June 4._ Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander of the cruiser
+_Olympia_, and commanding her during the battle of Manila Bay, died at
+Kobe, Japan.
+
+_June 5._ An account of personal heroism which should be set down in every
+history, that future generations may know of what metal the boys of '98
+were made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse on Lafayette
+Street, near the brigade headquarters, and which was being used by the
+government as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the civil war,
+prevented what might have been a calamity.
+
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying boxes of ammunition from
+the warehouse and loading them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen
+issuing from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of fire went up,
+and soldiers and negro roustabouts piled over each other in their scramble
+for safety. McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up, and was
+staggering in the direction of the river, some distance away, when
+Lieutenant Parker, who had heard the warning cry, came to his assistance.
+Together they carried the smoking box until it was possible to throw it
+into the water.
+
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse were piled
+hundreds of boxes of ammunition, each containing one thousand cartridges.
+Had the cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of life might
+have resulted, as there were at least a score of soldiers working in and
+around the building.
+
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued orders that every one
+connected with the admiralty must abstain from giving information of any
+kind regarding naval affairs.
+
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting foreign newspaper
+correspondents from remaining in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+
+_June 6._ As is told in that chapter relating to Santiago de Cuba,
+American troops were landed a few miles east of the city, at a place known
+as Aguadores; the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram from Admiral Dewey:
+
+"The insurgents are acting energetically in the province of Cavite. During
+the past week they have won several victories, and have taken prisoners
+about eighteen hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish troops, not
+natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being prepared for occupation by United
+States troops on the arrival of the transports."
+
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the insurgents had cut the railway
+lines and were closing in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo's
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the foreign residents were
+making all haste to leave the city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent
+chief points to a desire to set up a native administration in the
+Philippines under an American protectorate. Aguinaldo, with an advisory
+council, would hold the dictatorship until the conquest of the islands,
+and would then establish a republican assembly.
+
+_June 7._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the collier _Brutus_ sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted monitor _Monadnock_ has been
+ordered to set out for the same port within ten days.
+
+_June 9._ The Spanish bark _Maria Dolores_, laden with coal and patent
+fuel, was captured by the cruiser _Minneapolis_ twelve miles off San Juan
+de Porto Rico.
+
+_June 10._ A battalion of marines was landed in the harbour of Guantanamo,
+forty miles east of Santiago.(3)
+
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport steamer _Panther_.(4)
+
+_June 11-12._ Attack upon American marines in Guantanamo Bay by Spanish
+regulars and guerillas.(5)
+
+_June 11._ The British steamer _Twickenham_, laden with coal for Admiral
+Cervera's fleet, was captured off San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S.
+_St. Louis_.
+
+_June 12._ Major-General Merritt issued orders to the officers assigned to
+the second Philippine expedition, to the effect that they must be ready to
+embark their troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+
+The following cablegram was made public by the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Cavite, June 12.--The insurgents continue hostilities, and have
+practically surrounded Manila. They have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish
+prisoners, whom they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack the
+city at the present time.
+
+"Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay, with refugees on board,
+under guard of neutral men-of-war; this with my permission. Health of the
+squadron continues excellent. German commander-in-chief arrived to-day.
+Three Germans, two British, one French, one Japanese man-of-war in port.
+Another German man-of-war expected.
+
+"The following is a corrected list of vessels captured or destroyed: Two
+protected cruisers, five unprotected cruisers, one transport, one
+surveying vessel, both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+_Manila_, gunboat _Callao_.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H. Renjes, vice-consul for
+Spain, at Honolulu, sent the following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the American
+troops at Honolulu:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I have the honour to-day
+to enter formal protest with the Hawaiian government against the constant
+violation of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists between
+Spain and the United States of America."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 6._ On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In reply to your note of the first instant, I have the honour to
+say that, owing to the intimate relations now existing between this
+country and the United States, this government has not proclaimed a
+proclamation of neutrality having reference to the present conflict
+between the United States and Spain, but, on the contrary, has tendered to
+the United States privileges and assistance, for which reason your protest
+can receive no further consideration than to acknowledge its receipt."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 13._ American troops sailed from Tampa and Key West for Santiago.
+
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines at Guantanamo Bay, and
+were repulsed after seven hours' hard fighting.(6)
+
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions to the popular
+loan.
+
+The dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's fleet.(7)
+
+While the U. S. S. _Yankee_ was off Cienfuegos on this day, a Spanish
+gunboat steamed out of the harbour, evidently mistaking the character of
+the newcomer; but on learning that the _Yankee_ was ready for business,
+put back in hot haste. Both vessels opened fire, and after the gunboat had
+gained the security of the harbour the _Yankee_ engaged the eastern and
+western batteries. During the brief action a shell burst over the American
+ship, its fragments wounding one man.
+
+_June 14._ The American marines at Guantanamo Bay again attacked by the
+Spaniards.(8)
+
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the _Merrimac_, rewarded by the Navy
+Department.(9)
+
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_.(10)
+
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes went into effect
+on this date.
+
+_June 14._ From Manila on June 14th much of interest was received. A
+severe engagement occurred, when one thousand insurgents attacked twice
+that number of Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of the city, and
+Captain-General Augusti published a decree ordering all the male
+population under arms. Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+_World_, thus summed up the situation:
+
+"Terrific fighting has been going on for six days between the Philippine
+insurgents and the Spaniards. The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held
+their ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents now hold
+three thousand prisoners, mostly Spanish soldiers.
+
+"I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was present at the taking
+of the garrisoned church at Old Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred
+insurgents captured a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days'
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous fighters. They have
+captured the entire provinces of Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the
+provinces of Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.
+
+"Aguinaldo's troops, in three divisions, have now surrounded Manila. They
+have the Spaniards hemmed in, and could capture the city if they wanted
+to, but will await the arrival of the American troops before doing so.
+
+"The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia Penas, of Cavite province,
+and Gov. Antonio Cardola, of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit
+suicide before surrendering. He shot himself three times in the head, but
+will recover. The insurgents behaved gallantly in the fight for the
+possession of the stone convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti
+sent two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to attack
+Aguinaldo's forces at Cavite. The fight lasted all day. The Spaniards were
+repulsed, and the officers led in retreat. They took refuge in the old
+convent, a substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for all
+time.
+
+"Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first plan was to starve out
+the beleaguered ones, but he found, June 6th, that provisions were being
+smuggled in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning by opening
+fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General Augusti, hearing of his
+soldiers' plight, sent four thousand regulars to relieve them.
+
+"Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand. But after the first
+brush he adopted another method. He sent detachments of three hundred or
+four hundred men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards, who
+constantly harassed them. In the first attack of these detachments one
+hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed.
+In the second onslaught four officers and sixty men were killed.
+
+"Again and again these attacks were repeated until nine hundred Spaniards
+had been killed, the insurgents report. The convent, too, became
+untenable. The Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made a
+stand at Bacoor.
+
+"Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there, and the Spanish fled
+again. The rebels pursued the enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning,
+Aguinaldo stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards who remained there
+he killed ninety and captured 250."
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]
+
+_June 15._ The second fleet of transports, comprised of the steamers
+_China_, _Colon_, _Senator_, and _Zealandia_, carrying 3,465 men, left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed for twice over.
+
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo Bay.(11)
+
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian annexation resolution.
+
+_June 16._ Third bombardment of the batteries near Santiago.(12)
+
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired the damages inflicted
+by the American vessels when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley and his brave
+comrades. Five blockhouses were completely demolished, the enemy beating a
+hasty retreat without having fired a shot.
+
+_June 17._ Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled by American naval
+force.(13)
+
+Capture of the Spanish sloop _Chato_ in Guantanamo Bay.(14)
+
+_June 18._ Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo Bay.(15)
+
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. _Texas_.(16)
+
+_June 19._ First American troops landed on Cuban soil.(17)
+
+_June 20._ General Shafter and Admiral Sampson visit General Garcia in his
+camp.(18)
+
+_June 21._ Landing of General Shafter's army begun.(19)
+
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.(20)
+
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government that he, having been
+forced to take refuge in the walled city,(21) would be unable to continue
+communication.
+
+_June 22._ By a decision of the Attorney-General, the United States
+government will surrender to the ambassadors of France and Germany, as the
+diplomatic representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews of the
+prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the American navy since the
+declaration of war.
+
+Boats' crews from the U. S. S. _Marblehead_ and _Dolphin_ remove the mines
+from Guantanamo Bay.(22)
+
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.(23)
+
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.(24)
+
+The U. S. S. _Texas_ engages the west battery of Cabanas.(25)
+
+Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. _St. Paul_, in reporting his cruise of
+twenty-three days, gave the following account of a meeting with the enemy
+off San Juan de Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+
+_June 22._ "We came off the port on the twenty-second. The weather was
+fair, the trade wind blowing fresh from the eastward and raising somewhat
+of a sea. At about 12.40 the third-class cruiser _Isabel III._ came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast of the batteries,
+commenced edging out toward us, firing at such a long range that her shots
+were ineffective.
+
+"As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire of the batteries, we
+took but little notice of her, lying still and occasionally sending in our
+largest shell at her to try the range.
+
+"Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and the torpedo-boat
+destroyer _Terror_, or it may have been her sister ship, the _Furor_, was
+sighted steaming along shore under the batteries.
+
+"We watched her for awhile, and worked along with her, in order to
+separate her from the cruiser and keep her in trough if she came for us.
+She then circled to get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as
+far as direction went, but her shots fell short.
+
+"When within range of our guns, the signal 'commence firing' was made, and
+for several minutes we let fly our starboard battery at her at from
+fifty-five hundred to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.
+
+"This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us and her fire soon
+ceased. She then headed inshore, to the southward and westward, going
+slow, and it was evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off the
+Morro she flashed some signals to the shore, and afterward a tug came out
+and towed her into the harbour.
+
+"All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some of her shots and
+those of the _Terror_ fell pretty close. The cruiser followed the _Terror_
+back toward the port and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but when the _St. Paul_,
+making an inshore turn, seemed to be going for them, they returned to the
+harbour, and we saw no more of them."
+
+_June 23._ The U. S. monitor _Monadnock_ left San Francisco for Manila.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ again shells the Santiago
+fortifications.(26)
+
+_June 24._ The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal decree. The Chamber of
+Deputies adjourned without the customary cheers for the throne.
+
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.(27)
+
+Action near Juragua.(28)
+
+_June 25._ Skirmish near Sevilla.
+
+The American government protested a draft drawn by its consul at St.
+Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances calculated to make an extremely
+dangerous precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne for the
+purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal, which arrived in St. Thomas
+in the _Ardenrose_ about the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it
+for ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered twenty dollars a
+ton for it. Van Horne apparently did the proper thing and did not exceed
+instructions.
+
+_June 26._ General Garcia with three thousand Cuban insurgents landed at
+Juragua by American transports.(29)
+
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila embarked at San
+Francisco.
+
+The sloop _Isabel_ arrived at Key West flying the Cuban flag. On her were
+Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut. Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban
+army, carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government to Senor T.
+Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ shelled the fortifications at the
+entrance to Santiago harbour.(30)
+
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American forces.(31)
+
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said, Egypt, at the head of
+the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth. It was composed of:
+
+Battle-ship _Pelayo_, Admiral Camara's flag-ship.
+
+Armoured cruiser _Emperador Carlos V._
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Patriota_, equipped with twelve guns, and carrying
+troops and marines.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Buenos Ayres_, equipped with ten guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Audaz_.
+
+Armed merchantman _Isla de Pany_, equipped with two guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Rapido_, equipped with twelve guns.
+
+Steamship _Colon_, unarmed and with no troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Proserpina_.
+
+Torpedo-boat destroyer _Osada_.
+
+Transport _Covadonga_, carrying no guns.
+
+Collier _San Francisco_.
+
+_June 27._ The United States government, determined to delay, if possible,
+the progress of the fleet toward the Philippines, instructed its consul to
+protest to the English government against the coaling of the fleet at Port
+Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian government refused Admiral
+Camara's request to buy coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a
+hundred and fifty native stokers.
+
+The U. S. transport _Yale_, laden with troops, arrived at Daiquiri.(32)
+
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the morning of the third of
+June, 1898, Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with
+a volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially dismantled
+collier _Merrimac_, entered the fortified harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for
+the purpose of sinking the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel
+and thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of the Spanish
+fleet, which had recently entered that harbour.
+
+"This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and bravery amounting to
+heroism, was carried into successful execution in the face of a persistent
+fire from the hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our naval force in Cuban
+waters, in an official report addressed to the Secretary of the Navy,
+referring to Mr. Hobson's gallant exploit, says:
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]
+
+"'I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against the possibility of
+egress of the Spanish ships by obstructing the narrow part of the
+entrance, by sinking a collier at that point.
+
+"'Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she had
+reached the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated a crew of
+only seven men, and Mr. Hobson begged that it might be entrusted to him.
+
+"'I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave and
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.'
+
+"The members of the crew who were with Mr. Hobson on the memorable
+occasion have already been rewarded for their services by advancement,
+which, under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary of the
+Navy was authorised to make; and the nomination to the Senate of Naval
+Cadet Powell, who, in a steam launch, followed the _Merrimac_ on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force after the sinking of
+that vessel, to be advanced in rank to the grade of ensign, has been
+prepared and will be submitted.
+
+"Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the _Albemarle_, during the
+civil war, Admiral Sampson compares Mr. Hobson's sinking of the
+_Merrimac_, received the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under the provisions of
+Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes, advanced one grade, such
+advancement embracing fifty-six numbers. The section cited applies,
+however, to line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of the
+staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be so advanced.
+
+"In considering the question of suitably rewarding Assistant Naval
+Constructor Hobson for his valiant conduct on the occasion referred to, I
+have deemed it proper to address this message to you with the
+recommendation that he receive the thanks of Congress, and further that he
+be transferred to the line of the navy and promoted to such position
+therein as the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, may determine.
+
+"Mr. Hobson's transfer from the construction corps to the line is fully
+warranted, he having received the necessary technical training as a
+graduate of the naval academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to what is understood to be
+his own desire, although, he being a prisoner now in the hands of the
+enemy, no direct communication on the subject has been received from him,
+and partly for the reason that the abilities displayed by him at Santiago
+are of such a character as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of
+the line.
+
+                                                        "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, June 27._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The second message was as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the eleventh day of May, 1898,
+there occurred a conflict in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ was disabled, her commander wounded, and one of her
+officers and a part of her crew killed by the enemy's fire.
+
+"In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy's guns the revenue
+cutter _Hudson_, commanded by First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue
+Cutter Service, rescued the disabled _Winslow_ and her wounded crew. The
+commander of the _Hudson_ kept his vessel in the very hottest fire of the
+action, although in constant danger of going ashore on account of the
+shallow water, until he finally got a line made fast to the _Winslow_, and
+towed that vessel out of range of the enemy's guns, a deed of special
+gallantry.
+
+"I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act of heroism of First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth,
+the thanks of Congress be extended to him and to his officers and men of
+the _Hudson_, and that a gold medal of honour be presented to Lieutenant
+Newcomb, a silver medal of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze
+medal of honour to each member of his crew who served with him at
+Cardenas.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The President also sent the following special nomination to Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            "EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, June 27, 1898.
+
+"_To the Senate of the United States_:--I nominate Naval Cadet Joseph W.
+Powell to be advanced two numbers under the provisions of section 1,506 of
+the Revised Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch which accompanied the collier
+_Merrimac_, for the purpose of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel
+was, under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run into the mouth of
+the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on the third instant, and dexterously sunk
+in the channel.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 27._ The third fleet of vessels, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for the Philippines.
+
+From London the following news was received from the Canary Islands:
+
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are still quite exposed to
+view. The earthworks are not nearly completed. It is reported that ten
+thousand more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these five thousand
+are for the Grand Canary, and the others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish
+government is determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and many of the sugar
+mills are closed. If this state of uncertainty continues much longer it
+will mean starvation to the working classes. All lights that can be seen
+from the sea are ordered extinguished at night, though the lighthouse on
+Isletta is still lighted.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yankee_, off the Isle of Pines, captured and destroyed the
+Spanish sloops _Nemesia_, of Batabano, _Amistad_ and _Manuelita_, of
+Coloma, and the pilot-boats _Luz_ and _Jacinto_.
+
+_June 28._ The President issued a proclamation extending the blockade of
+Cuba to the southern coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and
+also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+
+The proclamation was as follows:
+
+"_Whereas_, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation of April 22,
+1898, a blockade of ports on the northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to
+Bahia Honda, inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast
+of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and
+
+"_Whereas_, it has become desirable to extend the blockade to other
+southern ports,
+
+"Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do
+hereby declare and proclaim that, in addition to the blockade of the ports
+specified in my proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective blockade of all of
+the ports on the south coast of Cuba, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz,
+inclusive, and also of the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.
+
+"Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which the blockade is by the
+present proclamation extended, will be allowed thirty days to issue
+therefrom with cargo."
+
+The Spanish cruiser _Antonio Lopez_, while trying to enter the river San
+Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico, secretly, with a cargo of provisions
+and war material, was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped by
+swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined to land his cargo,
+headed for the shore at Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the
+boiler. The Spanish gunboats _Concha_ and _Isabella_ issued to the
+assistance of the _Antonio Lopez_, whereupon the Americans withdrew, and
+the _Antonio Lopez_ landed her cargo.
+
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable from Manila to the
+government at Madrid:
+
+"The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain my position
+inside the line of blockhouses, but the enemy is increasing in numbers, as
+the rebels occupy the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work of defence difficult.
+The number of sick among the troops is increasing, making the situation
+very distressing, and causing increased desertions of the native soldiers.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]
+
+"It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty thousand armed with
+rifles, and one hundred thousand armed with swords, etc.
+
+"Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I have treated his proposals
+with disdain, for I am resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and
+the honour of the flag to the last extremity.
+
+"I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred wounded. The citadel
+has been invaded by the suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their
+homes, owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants constitute
+an embarrassment, aggravating the situation, in view of a bombardment,
+which, however, is not seriously apprehended for the moment."
+
+The captain-general's family was made prisoners by the insurgents several
+days prior to the sending of this despatch, and all efforts to effect
+their release had thus far been in vain.
+
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people, during the last days of
+June, looked toward Santiago de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned
+Cervera's fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the American
+arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER X.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was entirely destroyed, and which ended with the capture of the
+city, can best be told as a continuous story. The record of other events
+will be found elsewhere in regular order.
+
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that the North Atlantic
+fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson
+and W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively, which
+blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted of the battle-ships
+_Massachusetts_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_; armoured cruisers
+_New York_, Admiral Sampson's flag-ship, _Brooklyn_, Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship; protected cruisers _New Orleans_, _Newark_, Commodore Watson's
+flag-ship; converted yachts _Vixen_, _Gloucester_.(33)
+
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of their own making, lay
+the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of
+the armoured cruisers _Cristobal Colon_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_,
+_Maria Teresa_, Admiral Cervera's flag-ship; torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence their prey
+should escape, and it may well be supposed that the Spaniards, knowing
+full well they were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading squadron.
+
+_June 2._ The first detachment of troops, including heavy and light
+artillery and the engineer corps, embarked for Santiago on the second of
+June. Four days later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles east
+of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson's guns.
+
+_June 6._ The American fleet began the bombardment of the batteries
+guarding the entrance to the harbour at six o'clock in the morning, having
+steamed in to within three thousand yards of the shore, the _Brooklyn_ in
+advance of the first column, with the _Marblehead_, the _Texas_, and the
+_Massachusetts_ in line. The second column was led by the _New York_, with
+the _New Orleans_, _Yankee_, _Iowa_, and _Oregon_ in the order named. On
+the left flank were the _Vixen_ and the _Suwanee_, and on the right the
+_Dolphin_ and the _Porter_ kept watchful eyes upon the riflemen ashore.
+The first column took station opposite the Estrella and Catalina
+batteries,(34) while the second was stationed off the new earthworks near
+Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no shots should be thrown into El
+Morro, because of the fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were
+imprisoned there.
+
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving from the stations
+originally taken. It was the _Iowa_ which opened the action with a 12-inch
+shell, and the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of stone which
+spouted up from the base of the Estrella battery. As if this shot was the
+signal agreed upon, the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Texas_. Estrella Fort was soon on fire; the Catalina battery gave up the
+struggle in less than an hour, and the _Vixen_ and _Suwanee_ engaged with
+some light inshore works, speedily reducing them to ruins. Until nine
+o'clock the bombardment continued without interruption, and then the
+American fire ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that their
+port batteries might be brought into play.
+
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o'clock, this terrible rain of
+iron was sent from the fleet to the shore, and then on the flag-ship was
+hoisted the signal: "Cease firing."
+
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,--not a ship had been hit
+by the Spaniards nor a man wounded.
+
+On board the Spanish ship _Reina Mercedes_, a lieutenant and five seamen
+had been killed, and seventeen wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less
+than three times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles. Near
+about Morro Castle, although none of the American guns were aimed at that
+structure, two were killed and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great
+havoc was wrought.
+
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his government:
+
+"Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications at Santiago and
+along the adjacent coast.
+
+"Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on board the _Reina Mercedes_;
+three officers were killed and an officer and seventeen men were wounded
+among the troops.
+
+"The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different calibres. The
+damage inflicted upon the batteries of La Socapa and Morro Castle were
+unimportant. The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.
+
+"The enemy had noticeable losses."
+
+_June 8._ Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand men were embarked at
+Tampa for Santiago on the eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+
+Fire was opened by the _Marblehead_ and the _Yankee_ of the blockading
+squadron upon the fortifications of Camianera, a port on Cumberland
+Harbour fifteen miles distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+
+The _Vixen_ entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of truce from Admiral
+Sampson, to arrange for an exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his men.
+Admiral Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred to General
+Blanco.
+
+The _Suwanee_ landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions for the
+insurgents at a point fifteen miles west of Santiago.
+
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish soldiers, mostly infantry;
+but with cavalry and artillery that may be drawn from the surrounding
+country. On the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed, watched
+for a favourable opportunity to make a descent upon the city.
+
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral Sampson to notify
+Admiral Cervera that, if the latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers
+and two torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain, at the
+end of the war, would be made to pay an additional indemnity at least
+equivalent to the value of these vessels.
+
+_June 10._ The American troops made a landing on the eastern side of
+Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles east of Santiago, at two P. M. on the
+tenth of June. The debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns of
+the _Oregon_, _Marblehead_, _Dolphin_, and _Vixen_.
+
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire on the earthworks which
+lined the shore, a blockhouse, and a cable station which was occupied by
+Spanish soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated in hot haste
+after firing a few shots. A small gunboat came down from Guantanamo, four
+miles away, at the beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with all
+speed after having approached within range.
+
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the steamer _Panther_ arrived
+with a battalion of marines under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Huntington. She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri, ten
+miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any reply.
+
+Colonel Huntington's force took possession of the heights overlooking the
+bay, where was a fortified camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the enemy in strong numbers,
+and the men soon settled down to ordinary camp duties, believing their
+first serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+
+_June 11._ It was three o'clock on Saturday afternoon; Colonel
+Huntington's marines were disposed about the camp according to duty or
+fancy; some were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of carrying
+water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket was heard, followed by
+another and another until the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of
+considerable importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+
+The principal portion of the enemy's fire appeared to come from a small
+island about a thousand yards away, and a squad of men was detailed with a
+3-inch field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction, while the
+main force defended the camp.
+
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time the boys of '98 were
+virtually firing at random, the men on the picket-line fell back on the
+camp. Two of their number were missing. The battalion was formed on three
+sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to resist an attack which was
+not to be made until considerably later.
+
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers were sent out
+and failed to find anything save a broad trail, marked here and there by
+blood, which came to an end at the water's edge.
+
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from the island. The 3-inch
+gun had been well served.
+
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned, bearing the bodies of
+two boys in blue who had been killed by the first shots, and, after death,
+mutilated by blows from Spanish machetes.
+
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the force of the wind had
+increased almost to a gale; below in the bay the war-ships were anchored,
+their search-lights streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold on a
+pall of black velvet.
+
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for those two cold,
+lifeless forms on the heights, one might have believed the previous rattle
+of musketry had been heard only by the imagination.
+
+Until nine o'clock in the evening the occupants of the camp kept careful
+watch, and then without warning, as before, the crack of repeating rifles
+broke the almost painful stillness.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.]
+
+The enemy was making his presence known once more, and this time it became
+evident he was in larger force.
+
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch from the _Marblehead_,
+with a Colt machine gun in her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened
+fire; skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of foliage, and
+only when a dark form was seen, which might have been that of a Spaniard,
+or only the swaying branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test the nerves of the
+young soldiers who were receiving their "baptism of blood."
+
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and then a large body of
+Spanish troops charged up the hill until they were face to face with the
+defenders of the camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+
+_June 12._ Again and again the firing was renewed from this quarter or
+that, but the enemy did not show himself until the morning came like a
+flash of light, as it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp; the war-ships began
+shelling the shore, and the action was speedily brought to an end. Four
+Americans had been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would tell that Spanish
+sharpshooters were hovering around the camp; but not until eight o'clock
+in the evening did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the little band of bluejackets
+stand to their posts, fighting against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships
+flashed their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the thicket,
+and all the while the Spanish fire was continued with deadly effect.
+
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of ten men, were sent out
+to dislodge the advance line of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung
+around into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the Spaniards gave
+way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued, following the foe nearly
+to a small stone house near the coast, which had been used as a fort. They
+were well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon them in every
+direction from out the darkness. Sergeant Goode fell fatally wounded, and
+the Spaniards charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a cliff,
+over which one man fell and was killed; another fell, but with no further
+injury than a broken leg. A third was shot through the arm, after which he
+and the man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on their own
+account. One more was wounded, and then the Americans made a desperate
+charge, forcing the enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity of the camp; but
+six field-pieces were brought up, and the second battle was ended after
+two Americans had been killed and seven wounded.
+
+_June 13._ The camp was moved to a less exposed position, while the
+war-ships poured shell and shrapnel into the woods, and then the marines
+filed solemnly out to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many having to continue the
+work of moving camp, or to rest on their guns, keeping a constant watch
+for the lurking Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the stumbling
+bearers of the dead over the loose gravel, and grouped themselves about
+the graves.
+
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted to its place, and
+Chaplain Jones of the _Texas_ was about to begin the reading of the burial
+service, when the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the western
+chaparral.
+
+"Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall in!"
+
+"Fall in!" was the word from one end of the camp to the other. The graves
+were deserted by all save the chaplain and escort, who still stood
+unmoved.
+
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves behind the rolled
+tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in the hollows, boxes and piles of
+stones, their rifles ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells struck and burst in
+the chaparral, and rifles sounded angrily.
+
+The _Texas_ fired seven shots at the place from which the shooting came,
+and the Spaniards, as usual, fled out of sight.
+
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when there was another
+attack; but this time the pits near the old blockhouse got the range of
+the malignant marksmen and shattered them with a few shots. The _Texas_
+and _Panther_ shelled the brush to the eastward, but the chaplain kept
+right on with the service, and from that time until night there was little
+shooting from the cover.
+
+On this day the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's
+fleet, and the weary marines, holding their posts on shore against
+overwhelming odds, hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+
+_June 14._ Substantial recognition was given by the Navy Department to the
+members of the gallant crew who took the _Merrimac_ into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel under the very muzzles of
+the Spanish guns.
+
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the promotion of the men as
+follows:
+
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain, from fifty dollars a
+month to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+George Charette, gunner's mate, to be a gunner, from fifty dollars a month
+to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and ---- Murphy, coxswains, to be chief
+boatswain's mates, an increase of twenty dollars a month.
+
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a month to seventy
+dollars a month.
+
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist, from thirty-seven
+dollars a month to seventy dollars a month.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson's reward would come through Congress.
+
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner in which their heroes
+should be crowned, that little band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo
+Bay, worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the enemy during
+seventy-two hours, was once more battling against a vastly superior force
+in point of numbers.
+
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until this morning of the
+fourteenth, the Americans had remained on the defensive,--seven hundred
+against two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics were to be
+used. Colonel Huntington had decided that it was time to turn the tables,
+and before the night was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two hundred and eighty
+marines, and forty-one Cubans, was divided into four divisions, the first
+of which had orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy drew
+supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish camp beyond the first range
+of hills. The third had for its objective point a signal-station from
+which information as to the movements of the American fleet had been
+flashed into Santiago. The fourth division was to act as the reserve.
+
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the signal-station was in
+the hands of the Americans, and the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy.
+The boys of '98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with faces
+upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a loss of two Cubans killed,
+one American and four Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken, was fleeing
+here and there, yet further harassed by a heavy fire from the _Dolphin_,
+who sent her shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but triumphant marines
+returned to camp, a hundred of the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more
+than twice that number must have been wounded, and eighteen were being
+brought in as prisoners.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. VESUVIUS.]
+
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to Santiago Harbour, the
+dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_--that experimental engine of destruction--was
+given a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus graphically
+pictured by a correspondent of the New York _Herald_:
+
+"Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds of guncotton, were fired
+last night from the dynamite guns of the _Vesuvius_ at the hill at the
+western entrance to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.
+
+"The frightful execution done by those three shots will be historic.
+
+"Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the fleet drew off after the
+attack that followed the discovery of the presence of the Spanish fleet in
+the harbour.
+
+"In the intense darkness of last night the _Vesuvius_ steamed into close
+range and let go one of her mysterious missiles.
+
+"There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise at first. The pneumatic
+guns on the little cruiser did their work silently. It was only when they
+felt the shock that the men on the other war-ships knew the _Vesuvius_ was
+in action.
+
+"A few seconds after the gun was fired there was a frightful convulsion on
+the land. On the hill, where the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles
+of the ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in air. The
+land was smitten as by an earthquake.
+
+"Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken hills and mountains.
+Sampson's ships, far out at sea, trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose
+to the clouds and hid the scene of destruction.
+
+"Then came a long silence; next another frightful upheaval, and following
+it a third, so quickly that the results of the work of the two mingled in
+mid-air.
+
+"Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish battery, that, after the
+noise of the dynamite, sounded like the crackle of firecrackers.
+
+"The _Vesuvius_ had tested herself. She was found perfect as a destroyer.
+She proved that no fortification can withstand her terrible missiles.
+
+"Just what damage she did I could not tell from the sea. Whatever was
+within hundreds of feet of the point of impact must have gone to
+destruction."
+
+_June 16._ On the fifteenth of June the marines at Guantanamo Bay were
+given an opportunity to rest, for the lesson the Spaniards received on the
+fourteenth had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago remained
+inactive. It was but the lull before the storm of iron which was rained
+upon the Spanish on the sixteenth.
+
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago was a second trial of
+the _Vesuvius_ at midnight on the fifteenth, when she sent three more
+250-pound charges of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective station, until
+half-past three o'clock on the morning of the sixteenth, when the
+bluejackets were aroused and served with coffee.
+
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared, the ships steamed in
+toward the fortifications of Santiago until within three thousand yards,
+and there, lying broadside on, three cables'-lengths apart, they waited
+for the day to break.
+
+It was 5.25 when the _New York_ opened with a broadside from her main
+battery, and the bombardment was begun.
+
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns roared and the smaller
+ones crackled and snapped, each piece throughout the entire squadron being
+worked with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous wave of
+crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion came projectiles of
+enormous weight, until it seemed as if all that line of shore must be rent
+and riven.
+
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was believed the brave
+Hobson and his gallant comrades were held prisoners.
+
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not a man had been
+wounded, nor a vessel struck by the fire from the shore.
+
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message to Madrid relative to
+the bombardment:
+
+"The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several Spanish shells hit the
+enemy's vessels. Our losses are three killed and twenty wounded, including
+two officers. The Spanish squadron was not damaged."
+
+While the Americans were making their presence felt at Santiago, those who
+held Guantanamo Bay were not idle. The _Texas_, _Marblehead_, and the
+_Suwanee_ bombarded the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at the
+terminus of the railroad leading to the city of Guantanamo, demolishing
+them entirely after an hour and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled
+from the fortifications, the _St. Paul_ shelled them until they were
+hidden in the surrounding forest.
+
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the _Marblehead's_ steam
+launch began dragging the harbour near the fort for mines. One was found
+and taken up, and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed toward shore and began
+banging away, but the bow gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the
+gunner with it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat; the gunner
+was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets continued their interrupted work.
+
+_June 17._ Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point and Hospital Cay were
+shelled, the _Marblehead_ and the _St. Paul_ attending to the first, and
+the _Suwanee_ caring for the latter, while the _Dolphin_ and even the
+collier _Scindia_ fired a few shots for diversion. The task was concluded
+in less than half an hour, and had no more than come to an end when a
+small sloop was sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+
+The _Marblehead's_ steam launch was sent in pursuit, and an hour later
+returned with the prize, which proved to be the _Chato_. Her crew of five
+were taken on board the _Marblehead_ as prisoners.
+
+_June 18._ The active little steam launch made another capture next day
+while cruising outside the bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men
+who claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape Maysi to
+Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong reasons for believing this
+party had come to spy out the position of the American ships, and all were
+transferred to the _Marblehead_.
+
+The crew of the _Oregon_ had gun practice again on this day when they
+shelled and destroyed a blockhouse three miles up the bay, killing, so it
+was reported, no less than twenty of the enemy.
+
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports, carrying the
+second detachment of General Shafter's army, hove in sight of Admiral
+Sampson's squadron on the evening of June 18th, and next morning at
+daylight the launches of the _New York_ and _Massachusetts_ reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the entrance to Santiago Harbour,
+and Guayaganaco, two miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition, made the following
+report:
+
+"The expedition consisted of a steam launch from the _Massachusetts_, in
+charge of Cadet Hart, and a launch from the _New York_, in charge of Cadet
+Powell. I took passage on the _Massachusetts'_ launch, leading the way.
+Soundings were taken on entering the bay close under the old fort, and we
+were preparing to circumnavigate the bay at full speed when fire was
+opened from the fort and rocks on the shore. The _Massachusetts'_ launch
+was some distance ahead and about forty yards off the fort. There was no
+room to turn, and our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We backed
+and turned under a heavy fire.
+
+"Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be brought to bear,
+sitting exposed in the bow, and working the gun as coolly and carefully as
+at target practice.
+
+"Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards opened. He was also
+perfectly cool. Both launches ran out under a heavy fire of from six to
+eight minutes. I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was larger, but
+indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was practicable, sheered to give
+the _Vixen_ the range of the fort. The _Vixen_ and the _Texas_ silenced
+the shore fire promptly.
+
+"I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell for the cool management of
+the launches. One launch was struck seven times. Nobody in either was
+hurt. A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart's feet between the projectile
+and the powder, but failed to explode the latter.
+
+"Coxswain O'Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended, as is also the
+coolness with which the marines and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.
+
+"Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco it is evident a
+landing is practicable for ships' boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz,
+a small bay to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas, but
+useless without it.
+
+"I am informed that to the north and westward of Cabanas Bay there is a
+large clearing, with plenty of grass and water.
+
+"I think a simultaneous landing at the three places named would be
+practicable if the ships shelled the adjacent wood. A junction would
+naturally follow at the clearing."
+
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on Guantanamo Bay that the
+streets of Caimanera have been covered with straw saturated in oil, in
+order that the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince any
+disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat _Sandoval_, lying at
+one of the piers, has been loaded with inflammables, and will be burned
+with the city, her commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+
+During this Sunday night the _Vesuvius_ again discharged her dynamite
+guns, with the western battery as a target, and because of the frightful
+report which followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had been
+exploded.
+
+_June 20._ The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago at noon on the
+twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon of war-vessels. General Shafter
+immediately went on board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when the two officers sailed
+for Asserradero, seventeen miles from Santiago, where General Calixto
+Garcia was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans. Here a long
+conference was held with the insurgent general, after which the two
+commanders returned to the fleet.
+
+_June 21._ The despatch quoted below was sent by Admiral Sampson to the
+Navy Department, and gives in full the work of the day:
+
+"Landing of the army is progressing favorably at Daiquiri. There is very
+little, if any, resistance. The _New Orleans_, _Detroit_, _Castine_,
+_Wasp_, and _Suwanee_ shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of the enemy. The _Texas_
+engaged the west battery for some hours. She had one man killed. Ten
+submarine mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established at Guantanamo."
+
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by General Shafter, and
+its only fortifications were a blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of
+an iron pier, together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear. From
+this town extends a good road to Santiago, and in the immediate vicinity
+of the port the water-supply is plentiful.
+
+_June 22._ Bombarding the coast as a cover for the troops which were being
+disembarked, was the principal work of the war-ships on the twenty-second
+of June, except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were called for
+from the _Marblehead_ and the _Dolphin_ to grapple for and remove the
+contact mines in the harbour. It was an undertaking as perilous as
+anything that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets showed no
+fear. Four times the designated number came forward in response to the
+call, and before nightfall seven mines had been removed.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TEXAS.]
+
+The battle-ship _Texas_ was assigned to duty off Matamoras, the works of
+which were to be bombarded as a portion of the general programme for this
+day while the troops were being landed. The men of the _Texas_ performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly silenced; but not quite
+soon enough to save the life of one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired
+by the retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet abaft the
+stem on the port side. It passed through the hull about three feet below
+the main-deck line, and failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion
+at the centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns' crews, and among
+them the fragments of the shell flew in a deadly shower, killing one and
+wounding eight. Later in the day the _Texas_ steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before nightfall to her
+station on the blockade.
+
+_June 23._ General Shafter thus reported to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Daiquiri, June 23.--Had very fine voyage; lost less than fifty animals,
+six or eight to-day; lost more putting them through the surf to land, than
+on transports.
+
+"Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men sick; only deaths, two men
+drowned in landing; landings difficult; coast quite similar to that in
+vicinity of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of bushes.
+Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points occupied by Spanish troops
+heavily bombarded by navy to clear them out.
+
+"Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua, a naturally strong
+place, this morning. Spanish troops retreating as soon as our advance was
+known. Had no mounted troops, or could have captured them, about six
+hundred all told.
+
+"Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in possession.
+
+"With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand men yesterday, and as
+many more to-day.
+
+"Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light artillery and greater
+portion of pack-train, probably all of it, with some of the wagons;
+animals have to be jumped to the water and towed ashore.
+
+"Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and Castillo, on afternoon
+of twentieth, twenty miles west of Santiago. These officers were
+unanimously of the opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.
+
+"General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua to-morrow with between
+three thousand and four thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there disembarked.
+
+"This will give me between four thousand and five thousand Cubans, and
+leave one thousand under General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.
+
+"General Kent's division is being disembarked this afternoon at Juragua,
+and this will be continued during the night. The assistance of the navy
+has been of the greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at all, as I believe
+I should have lost so many boats in the surf.
+
+"At present want nothing; weather has been good, no rain on land, and
+prospects of fair weather.
+
+                                                                 "SHAFTER,
+                                       "_Major-General U. S. Commanding._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The boys of '98 occupied the town of Aguadores before nightfall on the
+twenty-third of June, the Spaniards having applied the torch to many
+buildings before they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and close to his heels hung General
+Lawton and the advance of the American forces.
+
+_June 24._ It was evident that the Spanish intended to make a stand at
+Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and five miles from Santiago. The
+Americans were pressing them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the Rough Riders, as
+Colonel Wood's regiment was termed, and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell
+into an ambuscade. Then what will probably be known as the battle of La
+Quasina was fought.
+
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the Associated Press:
+
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to the route to be taken by
+the Americans in their movement toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by
+the careful preparations they had made.
+
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a hill, on the heavily wooded
+slopes of which had been erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular
+intrenchments of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of these hills run
+two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men, and eight
+troops of the First and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies, rough and narrow,
+and at places almost impassable.
+
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a mile separated
+Roosevelt's men from the regulars, and between, and on both sides of the
+road in the thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards that must
+have been large, judging from the terrific and constant fire they poured
+in on the Americans.
+
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry, under General Young.
+A force of Spaniards was known to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and
+early in the morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men started off up the
+precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack the enemy on his right
+flank. General Young at the same time took the road at the foot of the
+hill.
+
+  [Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]
+
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney some Cubans, breathless and
+excited, rushed into camp with the announcement that the Spaniards were
+but a little way in front, and were strongly entrenched. Quickly the
+Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought to the rear, while a strong
+scouting line was thrown out.
+
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward until a bend in
+the road disclosed a hill where the Spaniards were located. The guns were
+again brought to the front and placed in position, while the men crouched
+down in the road, waiting impatiently to give Roosevelt's men, who were
+toiling over the little trail along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+
+At 7.30 A. M. General Young gave the command to the men at the Hotchkiss
+guns to open fire. That command was the signal for a fight that for
+stubbornness has seldom been equalled. The instant the Hotchkiss guns were
+fired, from the hillside commanding the road came volley after volley from
+the Mausers of the Spaniards.
+
+"Don't shoot until you see something to shoot at," yelled General Young,
+and the men, with set jaws and gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling
+along the edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as possible
+from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the troopers, some of them
+stripped to the waist, watching the base of the hill, and when any part of
+a Spaniard became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did they
+falter.
+
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a ragged wound in his thigh,
+coolly knelt behind a rock, loading and firing, and when told by one of
+his comrades that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+
+"Oh, that's all right. That's been there for some time."
+
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be heard the crack of the
+rifles of Colonel Wood's men, and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing
+of the Spaniards.
+
+Over there the American losses were the greatest. Colonel Wood's men, with
+an advance-guard well out in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but
+apparently with no flankers, went squarely into the trap set for them by
+the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering courage of the men in the face of
+a fire that would even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard under the
+unfortunate Captain Capron, was almost surrounded, and but for the
+reinforcement hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have been
+killed or wounded.
+
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation. Colonel Wood, with the
+right wing, charged straight at a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and
+Colonel Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up the men went,
+yelling like fiends, and never stopping to return the fire of the
+Spaniards, but keeping on with a grim determination to capture that
+blockhouse.
+
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred yards of the coveted
+point, the Spaniards broke and ran, and for the first time the boys of '98
+had the pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all through the
+engagement, of shooting with the enemy in sight.
+
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported as thirteen killed and
+forty wounded; while the First Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward
+Marshall, a newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+
+
+
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest of Juragua,
+Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that the Spaniards were endeavouring to
+destroy the railroad leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover of the guns of the
+American fleet, until within three miles of El Morro, and then cuts
+through the mountains along the river into Santiago.
+
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered, the _New York_,
+_Scorpion_, and _Wasp_ closed in and cleared the hill and brush of
+Spaniards.
+
+_June 26._ The American lines were advanced to within four miles of
+Santiago, and the boys could look into the doomed city. It was possible to
+make accurate note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had been made.
+
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour batteries, sweeping
+in a semicircle to the eastward of the city, were rifle-pits and
+intrenchments skilfully arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line,
+completely shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences, or trochas.
+
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ throw
+into the batteries at the mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work could be seen on the
+western battery, a portion of which was in ruins. The water-mains which
+supplied the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and the doomed
+city thus brought so much nearer to capitulation.
+
+_July 1._ Knowing that with the close of June the American army was in
+readiness for a decisive action, the people waited anxiously, tearfully,
+for the first terrible word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of July 1st, when the
+cablegram given below was flashed over the wires to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                            "PLAYA DEL ESTE, July 1, 1898.
+
+"_A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington_:
+
+"Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement to-day, which lasted from
+eight A. M. till sundown.
+
+"We have carried their outer works and are now in possession of them.
+
+"There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open country between my
+lines and city; by morning troops will be entrenched and considerable
+augmentation of forces will be there.
+
+"General Lawton's division and General Bates's brigade, which had been
+engaged all day in carrying El Caney, which was accomplished at four
+P. M., will be in line and in front of Santiago during the night.
+
+"I regret to say that our casualties will be above four hundred; of these
+not many are killed.
+
+                                (Signed) "W. R. SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+                      EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.
+
+
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official report of the operations around
+Santiago, says:
+
+"On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about Santiago and made my plan
+of attack. From a high hill, from which the city was in plain view, I
+could see the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney. The roads were
+very poor and, indeed, little better than bridle-paths until the San Juan
+River and El Caney were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to the enemy, as holding
+the Guantanamo road, as well as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost
+that might be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided to begin the attack next
+day at El Caney with one division, while sending two divisions on the
+direct road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and as a diversion
+to direct a small force against Aguadores, from Siboney along the railroad
+by the sea, with a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards in
+the latter direction, and of preventing them from attacking our left
+flank.... But we were in a sickly climate; our supplies had to be brought
+forward by a narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time render
+impassable; fear was entertained that a storm might drive the vessels
+containing our stores to sea, thus separating us from our base of
+supplies, and, lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route for Manzanillo, and
+might be expected in a few days. Under these conditions I determined to
+give battle without delay.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]
+
+"Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in position around El Caney,
+Chaffee's brigade on the right across the Guantanamo road, Miles's brigade
+in the centre and Ludlow's on the left. The duty of cutting off the
+enemy's retreat along the Santiago road was assigned to the latter
+brigade. The artillery opened on the town at 6.15 A. M. The battle here
+soon became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy's position was
+naturally strong, and was rendered more so by blockhouses, a stone fort
+and entrenchments cut in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy was greater than had
+been anticipated, and prevented Lawton from joining the right of the main
+line during the day, as had been intended. After the battle had continued
+for some time, Bates's brigade of two regiments reached my headquarters
+from Siboney. I directed him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+necessary. He did so, and was put in position between Miles and Chaffee.
+The battle continued with varying intensity during most of the day and
+until the place was carried by assault about 4.30 P. M. As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road, Ludlow's position enabled
+him to do very effective work, and practically to cut off all retreat in
+that direction.
+
+"After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and the sound of the
+small-arms fire caused us to believe that Lawton was driving the enemy
+before him, I directed Grimes's battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the enemy's entrenchments,
+extending along the crest of San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and
+the enemy could be seen running away from the vicinity of the blockhouse.
+The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon returned by the enemy's
+artillery. They evidently had the range of this hill, and their first
+shells killed and wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position of their pieces,
+while, on the contrary, the smoke caused by our black powder plainly
+indicated the position of our battery.
+
+"At this time the cavalry division, under General Sumner, which was lying
+concealed in the general vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered
+forward with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy to the
+right on the Santiago side, while Kent's division was to follow closely in
+its rear and deploy to the left. These troops moved forward in compliance
+with orders, but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable to
+retain the column of fours formation at all points, while the undergrowth
+on both sides was so dense as to preclude the possibility of deploying
+skirmishers. It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow, and
+the long-range rifles of the enemy's infantry killed and wounded a number
+of our men while marching along this road, and before there was any
+opportunity to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and Sumner
+were ordered to push forward with all possible haste, and place their
+troops in position to engage the enemy. General Kent, with this end in
+view, forced the head of his column alongside the cavalry column as far as
+the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried his arrival at the San Juan,
+and the formation beyond that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching
+the San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had approached well to the front
+in a war balloon. This information he furnished to the troops, resulting
+in Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was enabled to utilise
+the road to the left. General Wheeler, the permanent commander of the
+cavalry division, who had been ill, came forward during the morning, and
+later returned to duty and rendered most gallant and efficient service
+during the remainder of the day. After crossing the stream the cavalry
+moved to the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton's left when he
+would come up, with their left resting near the Santiago road.
+
+"In the meantime, Kent's division, with the exception of two regiments of
+Hawkins's brigade, being thus uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from
+the forks previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails, but
+more especially the one to the left, and, crossing the creek, formed for
+attack in the front of San Juan Hill. During this formation the Third
+Brigade suffered severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was killed. The command of the
+brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel Liscum,
+Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five minutes later, also fell under the
+terrible fire of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth Infantry.
+
+"While the formation just described was taking place, General Kent took
+measures to hurry forward his rear brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry
+were ordered to follow Wikoff's brigade, while the Twenty-first was sent
+on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade under General Hawkins,
+who had crossed the stream and formed on the right of the division. The
+Second and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding, moved forward
+in good order on the left of the division, passing over a green knoll, and
+drove the enemy back toward his trenches.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]
+
+"After completing their formation under a destructive fire, advancing a
+short distance, both divisions found in their front a wide bottom, in
+which had been placed a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there
+was a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was strongly posted.
+Nothing daunted, these gallant men pushed on to drive the enemy from his
+chosen position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, and Colonel Carroll,
+Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all in the cavalry, were wounded. Great
+credit is due to Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and bugle-call to the attack
+so brilliantly executed.
+
+"In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to the gallant
+regimental commanders and their heroic men, for, while the generals
+indicated the formation and the points of attack, it was, after all, the
+intrepid bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted our
+colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the enemy from his
+trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining a position which sealed the fate of
+Santiago.
+
+"In the action on this part of the field, most efficient service was
+rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth Infantry, and the Gatling
+gun detachment under his command.
+
+"The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but our men held
+resolutely to the position gained at the cost of so much blood and toil.
+
+"On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield, at Siboney, to send
+forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of
+which had just arrived from the United States.
+
+"All day on the second the battle raged with more or less fury, but such
+of our troops as were in position at daylight held their ground, and
+Lawton gained a strong and commanding position on the right. About ten
+P. M. the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my lines, but he
+was repulsed at all points.
+
+"On the morning of the third the battle was renewed, but the enemy seemed
+to have expended his energy in the assault of the previous night, and the
+firing along the line was desultory."
+
+
+
+Such is the official report of the battle before Santiago, where were
+killed of the American forces twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded
+eighty officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total, 1,595.
+
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by a recital of those who
+participated in the bloody work, since the commanding officer views the
+action as a whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the general outcome,
+understands full well what took place immediately around him. Mr. W. K.
+Hearst, the proprietor of the New York _Journal_, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+
+"I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback with Honore Laine,
+who is a colonel in the Cuban army. We rode over eight miles of difficult
+country which intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and the
+fighting line, which is being driven forward toward Santiago.
+
+"Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen. The Spaniards had
+formerly occupied it as a fort, and they knew precisely the distance to it
+from their guns, and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.
+
+"Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant way all over
+the tiled roof of the white house at the back of the ridge. It was the
+doors of this house which we were approaching for shelter, and later, when
+we came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel ball had passed
+clean through one of our cans of pressed beef which our pack-mule was
+carrying.
+
+"We turned here to the right toward our battery on the ridge. When we were
+half-way between the white house and the battery, the second shell which
+the Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not ten feet over
+the heads of our men. Six of our fellows were killed, and sixteen wounded.
+
+"The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then rallied and returned to
+their guns, and the firing went on. We passed from there to the right
+again, where General Shafter's war balloon was ascending. Six shells fell
+in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased firing.
+
+"The smoke clouds from our guns were forming altogether too plain a target
+for the Spaniards. There was no trace to be seen of the enemy's batteries,
+by reason of their use of smokeless powder.
+
+"Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain Capron's
+artillery, which had come through from Daiquiri without rest, could be
+heard banging away at Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed our force thither.
+
+"We found Captain Capron blazing away with four guns, where he should have
+had a dozen. He had begun shelling Caney at four o'clock in the morning.
+It was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming to reduce the
+large stone fort which stood on the hill above the town and commanded it.
+Captain O'Connell had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet. Since that time
+dozens of shells had struck the fort, but it was not yet reduced. It had
+been much weakened, however.
+
+"Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing toward this fort. As
+the cannon at our side would bang, and the shell would swish through the
+air with its querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black specks of
+infantry dodging in and out among the groups of trees. Now they would
+disappear wholly from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered slopes, or across ploughed
+fields. The infantry firing was ceaseless, our men popping away
+continuously, as a string of firecrackers pops.
+
+"The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men. Many times we heard the
+volley fire, and saw the brave fellows pitch forward and lie still on the
+turf, while the others hurried on to the next protecting clump of bushes.
+
+"For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from slits in the stone
+fort, from their deep trenches, and from the windows of the town. For
+hours our men answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For hours
+cannon at our side banged and shells screamed through air and fell upon
+fort and town. Always our infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up
+on the village, till at last they formed under a group of mangrove-trees
+at the foot of the very hill on which the stone fort stood.
+
+"With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone fort was ours. Then you
+should have heard the yells that went up from the knoll on which our
+battery stood. Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their hats
+and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery stopped firing for fear
+we should hurt our own men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried
+across to take up a position near the infantry, who were now firing on
+Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery had not sent half a dozen
+shots from its new position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney in the direction of
+Santiago.
+
+"Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found that James Creelman, a
+_Journal_ correspondent with the infantry column, had been seriously
+wounded and was lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were still
+firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses and isolated trenches,
+from which the Spaniards could not safely retreat, flags of truce were
+waving.
+
+"Guns and side-arms were being taken away from such Spaniards as had
+outlived the pitiless fire, and their dead were being dumped without
+ceremony into the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.
+
+"When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found him, bloody and
+bandaged, lying on his back on a blanket on the ground, but shown all care
+and attention that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His first
+words to me were that he was afraid he could not write much of a story, as
+he was pretty well dazed, but if I would write for him he would dictate
+the best he could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman told me his
+story of the fight. Here it is:
+
+"'The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the fights I have seen, is
+the enormous amount of ammunition fired. There was a continuous roar of
+musketry from four o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon.
+
+  [Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]
+
+"'Chaffee's brigade began the fight by moving along the extreme right,
+with Ludlow down in the low country to the left of Caney. General
+Chaffee's brigade consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the extreme right.
+
+"'The formation was like two sides of an equilateral triangle, Ludlow to
+the south, and Chaffee to the east.
+
+"'Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we could see through the
+palm-trees and tangle of bushes the brown and blue figures of our soldiers
+in a line a mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush, firing as
+they went.
+
+"'Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing Caney, moved his troops
+very early in the morning, and the battle opened by Ludlow's artillery
+firing on the fort and knocking several holes in it.
+
+"'The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and town, and finally
+demolished the fort. Several times the Spaniards were driven from it, but
+each time they returned before our infantry could approach it.
+
+"'Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though they fired with great
+accuracy, it was ten hours before they finally reduced the stone fort on
+the hill and enabled our infantry to take possession.
+
+"'The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our attack, the Seventeenth
+held the right, while the Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied
+the centre.
+
+"'The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone houses of the town, and,
+furthermore, were massed in trenches on the east side of the fort. They
+fought like devils.
+
+"'From all the ridges round about the stream of fire was kept up on
+Chaffee's men, who were kept wondering how they were being wounded. For a
+time they thought General Ludlow's men were on the opposite side of the
+fort and were firing over it.
+
+"'The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks on the northwest
+corner of Caney, where the principal Spanish force lay, with their hats on
+sticks to deceive our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in a
+fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat under the pounding, but
+even then men were killed.
+
+"'General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the back of his head like a
+magnificent cowboy, urging his men on, crying to them to get in and help
+their country win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible to
+locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire comes from. When you stand
+up to see you get a bullet.
+
+"'We finally located the trenches, and could see the officers moving about
+urging their men. The enemy was making a turning movement to the right. To
+turn the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to get a
+blockhouse, which held the right of our line. General Chaffee detailed
+Captain Clark to approach and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the
+artillery had sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.
+
+"'Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope. I told them I had been
+on the ridge and knew the condition of affairs, so I would show them the
+way.
+
+"'We pushed right up to the trench around the fort, and, getting out our
+wire-cutters, severed the barbed wire in front of it. I jumped over the
+severed strand and got into the trench.
+
+"'It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an inferno of agony. Many
+men lay dead, with gleaming teeth, and hands clutching their throats.
+Others were crawling there alive.
+
+"'I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they held up their hands.
+
+"'Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish officer and four men
+alive, while seven lay dead in one room. The whole floor ran with blood.
+Blood splashed all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.
+
+"'Three poor wretches put their hands together in supplication. One had a
+white handkerchief tied on a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me.
+The other held up his hands, while the third began to pray and plead.
+
+"'I took the guns from all three and threw them outside the fort. Then I
+called some of our men and put them in charge of the prisoners.
+
+"'I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other side, and secured
+the Spanish flag. I displayed it to our troops, and they cheered lustily.
+
+"'Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was struck by a bullet
+from the trenches on the Spanish side.'"
+
+
+
+Before five o'clock, on the morning of July 2d, the crew of the flag-ship
+_New York_ was astir, eating a hurried breakfast.
+
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship headed in toward
+Aguadores, about three miles east of Morro Castle. The other ships
+retained their blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the smoke
+of an approaching train from Altares was seen. It was composed of open
+cars full of General Duffield's troops.
+
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train stopped, and the Cuban
+scouts proceeded along the railroad track. The troops got out of the cars,
+and soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly against the
+yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly above, shutting them off from the
+main body of the army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal, by a vigorously
+wigwagged letter, and a few minutes later, from a clump of green at the
+water's edge, came an answer from the army. This was the first cooeperation
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy. The landing of the army
+at Daiquiri and Altares was purely a naval affair.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEWARK.]
+
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked like a butterfly.
+
+"Are you waiting for us to begin?" was the signal made by Rear-Admiral
+Sampson to the army.
+
+"General Duffield is ahead with the scouts," came the answer from the
+shore to the flag-ship.
+
+By this time it was seven A. M. The admiral ran the flag-ship's bow within
+three-quarters of a mile of the beach. She remained almost as near during
+the forenoon, and the daring way she was handled by Captain Chadwick,
+within sound of the breakers, made the Cuban pilot on board stare with
+astonishment.
+
+The _Suwanee_ was in company with the flag-ship, still closer inshore, and
+the _Gloucester_ was to the westward, near Morro Castle. From the
+southward the _Newark_ came up and took a position to the westward. Her
+decks were black with fifteen hundred or more troops.
+
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to disembark the troops
+at Altares.
+
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+
+"When do you want us to commence firing?"
+
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the answer:
+
+"When the rest of the command arrives; then I will signal you."
+
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before the second fifty
+car-loads of troops came puffing along from Altares.
+
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open railroad tracks,
+disappearing in the thick brush that covered the eastern side of Aguadores
+inlet.
+
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of the big guns was
+growing hot in the burning sun.
+
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They were believed to be on the
+western bluff.
+
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into Santiago City. On the
+extremity of the western arm was an old castellated fort, from which the
+Spanish flag was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill,
+commanding the gully, two stretches of red earth could easily be seen
+against the brush. These were the rifle-pits.
+
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral Sampson to commence
+firing, and a minute later the _New York's_ guns blazed away at the
+rifle-pits and at the old fort.
+
+The _Suwanee_ and _Gloucester_ joined in the firing.
+
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be seen, but the ping,
+ping, of the small arms of the army floated out to sea during the
+occasional lull in the firing of the big guns, which peppered the
+rifle-pits until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+
+An 8-inch shell from the _Newark_ dropped in the massive old fort, and
+clouds of white dust and huge stones filled the air. When the small shells
+hit its battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments of masonry
+came tumbling down. A shot from the _Suwanee_ hit the eastern parapet, and
+it crumbled away. Amid the smoke and debris, the flagstaff was seen to
+fall forward.
+
+"The flag has been shot down!" shouted the ship's crew, but, when the
+smoke cleared away, the emblem of Spain was seen to be still flying and
+blazing brilliantly in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending toward
+the earth.
+
+A few more shots from the _Suwanee_ levelled the battlements until the old
+castle was a pitiful sight.
+
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the _Suwanee_ was anxious
+to finish his work, so he signalled to the _New York_, asking permission
+to knock down the Spanish flag.
+
+"Yes," replied Admiral Sampson, "if you can do it in three shots."
+
+The _Suwanee_ then lay about sixteen hundred yards from the old fort. She
+took her time. Lieutenant Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the
+crews of all the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+
+When the smoke of the _Suwanee's_ first shot cleared away, only two red
+streamers of the flag were left. The shell had gone through the centre of
+the bunting.
+
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the _Suwanee_.
+
+Two or three minutes later the _Suwanee_ fired again, and a huge cloud of
+debris rose from the base of the flagstaff.
+
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had been the effect of
+the shot. Then it was seen that the shell had only added to the ruin of
+the fort.
+
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence, and the _Suwanee_ only
+had one charge left. It seemed hardly possible for her to achieve her
+object with the big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+
+There was breathless silence among the watching crews. They crowded on the
+ships' decks, and all eyes were on that tattered flag, bending toward the
+top of what had once been a grand old castle. But it was only bending, not
+yet down. Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their
+time. The _Suwanee_ changed her position slightly.
+
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up went a shooting cloud of
+debris from the parapet, and down fell the banner of Spain.
+
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be heard again. There
+was more excitement than witnessed at the finish of a college boat-race,
+or a popular race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big track.
+
+The _Suwanee's_ last shot had struck right at the base of the flagstaff,
+and had blown it clear of the wreckage, which had held it from finishing
+its fall.
+
+"Well done!" signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty.
+
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts reported that no
+damage had been done to the Spanish rifle-pits by the shells from the
+ships, and Admiral Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the _Suwanee_ was ordered to
+fire a few more shots in their direction.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]
+
+At 12.18 P. M. the _New York_ having discontinued fire at Aguadores,
+commenced firing 8-inch shells clear over the gully into the city of
+Santiago de Cuba. Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible to tell, as the
+smoke hid everything. In reply to General Duffield's question:
+
+"What is the news?"
+
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+
+"There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits."
+
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts thought reinforcements
+were marching to the battered old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+
+"There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the _Gloucester_ will take
+care of them."
+
+A little later the _Oregon_ joined the _New York_ intending 8-inch shells
+into the city of Santiago. This was kept up until 1.40 P. M. By that time
+General Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops could not cross
+the stream, but would return to Altares.
+
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still in the gully, the _New
+York_ and _Gloucester_ shelled it once more, and _Newark_, which had not
+fired, signalled:
+
+"Can I fire for target practice? Have had no previous opportunity."
+
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she blazed away, shooting
+well, her 6-inch shells exploding with remarkable force among the rocks.
+
+At 2.40 P. M. Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to cease firing, and the
+flag-ship returned to the blockading station.
+
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left for Altares.
+
+
+
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston _Globe_, thus relates his personal
+experience:
+
+"When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July 1st, every man was
+physically spent, and needed food and rest more than anything else. For a
+majority of the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make coffee;
+for the men of the hospital corps, the work of the day was commencing. At
+convenient points hospitals were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead and wounded.
+
+"It is the men of the hospital corps who have the ghastly side of war.
+There is never any popular glory for them; there is no passion of
+excitement to sustain them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave. But all that is
+wanting when the surgeons go into action.
+
+"Men come staggering into the hospital with blood dripping from their
+wounds; squads of four follow one another rapidly, bearing stretchers and
+blankets, on which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.
+
+"To those of us at home who are in the habit of seeing our sick and
+injured treated with the utmost consideration and delicacy, who see the
+poor and outcast and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded with
+luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a battle-field are disposed of
+seems barbarous in the extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is
+nevertheless horrible.
+
+"As soon as men were brought in they were at once taken off the litters
+and placed on the bare ground. Time was too precious, and there were too
+many men needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher until
+the surgeon could reach him.
+
+"There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare ground with the sun
+streaming down on them, many of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet
+very few giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations for a
+time there was only one surgeon, who took every man in his turn, and
+necessarily had to make many of them wait a long time.
+
+"And yet these men were much more fortunate than many others, some of whom
+lay on the battle-field for twenty-four hours before they were found.
+There was no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain. Painful
+gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost roughly, until ambulances
+could be sent out to take the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.
+
+"It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were inadequate, and that
+many regiments went into action without a surgeon. From what I saw I think
+the criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were taken care of
+first,--the last duties to the dead could be performed later.
+
+"It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to come across an
+upturned face lying in a pool of blood, to see what was once a man, bent,
+and twisted, and doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one ran against this fruit
+of war and saw faces in the pallor of death made even more ghostlike by
+the light, while the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.
+
+"We had won the battle, but our position was a somewhat precarious one.
+
+"Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger of the Spaniards
+breaking through and attacking us in the rear or left flank. To guard
+against this possibility, Lawton's division at El Caney was ordered to
+move on to El Pozo, and Kent's division was under orders to draw in its
+left. The men who had fought at El Caney were hoping to be allowed to
+sleep on the battle-field and obtain the rest which they so badly needed,
+but after supper they were placed under arms and the march commenced.
+
+"The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird march. Immediately after
+leaving El Caney we crossed an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out,
+and the men were commanded to maintain absolute silence. We were in the
+heart of the enemy's country, and caution was necessary.
+
+"After crossing this field we came to a deep gully through which ran a
+swift stream almost knee-deep. Our way led across this stream, and there
+was only one means of getting over. That was to plunge in and splash
+through. Tired as we all were, after getting thoroughly wet our feet felt
+like lead, and marching was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.
+
+"We pressed steadily forward until we came to where the road forked off.
+Our directions had not been very explicit, we had no maps, and our
+commander took the road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on either side. The moon
+had disappeared behind the clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to
+ambuscade us we were at their mercy.
+
+"I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I think we would all
+rather have been out of that lane. The fear that your enemy may be
+crouching behind bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until he
+pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the nerves.
+
+"The command was frequently halted for the officers to consult, and after
+we had gone about a mile they concluded they were on the wrong road, and
+went to the right about. When we came out where we had started we found
+Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting silent on a big horse and watching a
+seemingly never-ending line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.
+
+"How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It seemed interminable. My
+watch had run down and no one around me had the time. Finally we were
+ordered to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off their
+packs, and rest.
+
+"I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me weighed not less than two
+hundred pounds, on the muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing I
+knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was three o'clock, and I had
+been asleep for some hours. The regiment was again under arms, and was
+receiving ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from the rear. We
+pressed on until early dawn, when we were well in front of Santiago.
+Entrenchments were hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy. The
+enemy did not give us much time for rest. They made an assault upon our
+position early in the morning, which we repulsed....
+
+"While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us, they succeeded in forcing
+our artillery back, which had taken a position that subjected it to a
+withering infantry fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made the position
+impregnable. The guns were so placed they could do tremendous destruction.
+
+"There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening the Spaniards opened
+up an attack along our entire line, with the intention, evidently, of
+taking us by surprise and rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their
+purpose was a failure."
+
+
+
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon and the capture of El
+Caney by his division during the first day's fighting, says:
+
+"It may not be out of place to call attention to this peculiar phase of
+the battle.
+
+"It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched within a compact
+town of stone and concrete houses, some with walls several feet thick, and
+supported by a number of covered solid stone forts, and the enemy
+continued to resist until nearly every man was killed or wounded, with a
+seemingly desperate resolution."
+
+
+
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth Infantry, who shot and
+disabled General Linares, the commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago.
+The Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan Hill was taken,
+during the first day's fighting. The American saw a Spaniard, evidently a
+general officer, followed by his staff, riding frantically about the
+Spanish position, rallying his men.
+
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser's permission to try a shot at
+the officer, and greatly regretted to find the request refused. Major Bole
+was consulted. He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else should
+fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into his rifle, adjusted the
+sights for one thousand yards, and fired. The shell fell short. Then he
+put in another, raised the sights for another one thousand yards, took
+careful aim, and let her go. The officer on the white horse threw up his
+arms and fell forward.
+
+"That is for Corporal Joyce," said McKinnery as he saw that his ball had
+reached the mark. The officer on the white horse was General Linares
+himself. It was afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General Toral.
+
+
+
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent the following cablegram to
+the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                          "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS,
+                                                           "NEAR SANTIAGO.
+
+"To-night my lines completely surrounded the town from beyond the north of
+the city to point of San Juan River on the south. The enemy holds from
+west bend San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city. General
+Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away, and will not get into
+Santiago.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication given below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS, July 3.
+
+"The following is my demand for the surrender of the city of Santiago:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'HEADQUARTERS U. S. FORCES, NEAR SAN JUAN RIVER, CUBA, July 3, 1898, 8.30
+                                                                     A. M.
+
+"'TO THE COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE SPANISH FORCES, Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to shell Santiago de
+Cuba. Please inform the citizens of foreign countries and all women and
+children that they should leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                          "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                              "'_Major-General, U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst has returned at 6.30
+P. M.:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "'SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 2 P. M., July 3, 1898.
+
+"'HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GENERAL COMMANDING FORCES OF UNITED STATES, San Juan
+River.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I have the honour to reply to your communication of to-day,
+written at 8.30 A. M. and received at 1 P. M., demanding the surrender of
+this city; on the contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and children that they
+must leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow morning. It is my duty to
+say to you that this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your message.
+
+                           "'Very respectfully,
+                                                             "'JOSE TORAL,
+                                    "'_Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian consuls have come to my
+line with Colonel Dorst. They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o'clock of fifth instant
+before city is fired on. They claim that there are between fifteen
+thousand and twenty thousand people, many of them old, who will leave.
+They ask if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for want of
+transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles from my landing. The
+following is my reply:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'THE COMMANDING GENERAL SPANISH FORCES,
+"'Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--In consideration of the request of the consuls and officers in
+your city for delay in carrying out my intention to fire on the city, and
+in the interest of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the city, I have the
+honour to announce that I will delay such action solely in their interest
+until noon of the fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I am, with great respect,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                         "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                               "'_Major-General U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER,
+                                             "_Major-General Commanding_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+                            THE SPANISH FLEET.
+
+
+                               "_Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying._"
+
+
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American squadron lay off
+Santiago Harbour intent only on blockade duty. No signs of life were
+visible about old Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were resting in their
+trenches.
+
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the land. The battle-ship
+_Massachusetts_, the protected cruiser _New Orleans_, and Commodore
+Watson's flag-ship, the cruiser _Newark_, were absent, coaling fifty miles
+or more away.
+
+Shortly before nine o'clock Admiral Sampson, desiring to ascertain the
+exact condition of the Spanish coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the
+flag-ship to go that way, and after flying the signal, "Disregard the
+motions of the commander-in-chief," the _New York_ steamed leisurely off
+to the eastward.
+
+The little _Gloucester_ lay nearest the shore; the _Vixen_ was opposite in
+a straight line, and to the eastward of her about five miles. A mile or
+less from the _Gloucester_, to the seaward, was the _Indiana_. Nearly as
+far from the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the _Oregon_. The
+_Iowa_ was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying four miles from the
+harbour entrance; next her, to the eastward, each vessel slightly nearer
+inshore, were the _Texas_ and the _Brooklyn_ in the order named.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]
+
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long line of black smoke.
+On board the fleet religious services were being held, but the lookouts of
+every ship were at their stations.
+
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was seen coming out past
+the point of the harbour, and instantly all was seemingly confusion on the
+big fighting machines.
+
+"The enemy is escaping," was the signal run up on Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship, and within a few seconds the roar of a 6-pounder on the _Iowa_
+broke the stillness of the Sabbath morning.
+
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion at the same instant,
+and even as the flag-ship's signal appeared, the clouds of dense smoke
+from their stacks told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already begun
+their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for all the fleet.
+
+John R. Spear, author of "The History of our Navy," who was with Sampson's
+fleet, wrote this complete story of the marvellous naval battle off
+Santiago and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the _World_:
+
+"The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the men of the American
+batteries were standing erect and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting
+for the order to commence firing, and watching out of the corners of their
+eyes the boys who were still sprinkling the decks with sand that no one's
+foot might slip when blood began to flow across the planks.
+
+"But though silence prevailed among the guns, down in the sealed
+stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels that sprayed the coal over
+the glowing grate-bars, the song of the fans that raised the air pressure,
+and the throb of pump and engine made music for the whole crew, for the
+steam-gauges were climbing, and the engineers were standing by the
+wide-open throttles as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.
+
+"For, as it happened, the _Texas_ had been lying directly off the harbour,
+and a little more than two miles away the _Iowa_ was but a few lengths
+farther out and to the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+'Fighting Bob' Evans of the other, were both on deck when the cry was
+raised announcing the enemy. Hastening to their bridges, they headed away
+at once for the Spaniards, while the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ went
+flying to westward to intercept the leader.
+
+"The mightiest race known to the history of the world, and the most
+thrilling, was begun.
+
+"They were all away in less time than it has taken the reader to get thus
+far in the story, and in much less time still,--indeed, before the gongs in
+the engine-rooms of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate under the
+imperative order of 'Ahead, full speed!'--the _Almirante Oquendo_, fugitive
+as she was, had opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of his long 11-inch
+hontoria rifles in the direction of the _Texas_ and pulled the lanyard.
+The shell came shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]
+
+"Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet above the water, and
+those of the Socapa battery, lying higher still, with all the batteries
+beneath those two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.
+
+"Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance of the first Spaniard
+to the firing of the first American gun.
+
+"In these three minutes the distance between the squadrons was lessened by
+at least a mile,--the range was not more than two thousand yards.
+
+"But while two thousand yards is the range (about one and one-sixth miles)
+selected for great gun target practice, it will never do for an eager
+fight, and as the trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to
+southward, the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to fifteen
+hundred yards before they were obliged to head a course parallel with the
+Spaniards.
+
+"Meantime the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_, as they were stretching away
+toward the coast, had opened fire also, and then the last of the big
+Spaniards, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_, having rounded the point, the
+magnificent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea--of a battle
+between four of the best modern armed cruisers on the Spanish side,
+against three battle-ships and an armoured cruiser on our side--was spread
+out to view.
+
+"And their best was the worst struggle the world ever saw, for it was a
+struggle to get out of range while firing with hysterical vehemence their
+unaimed guns.
+
+"The first shot from the American ships fell short, and a second, in like
+fashion, dropped into the sea. At that the gunner said things to himself
+under his breath (it was in the forward turret of the _Iowa_), and tried
+it once more.
+
+"For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke shrouded the turret, but as
+that thinned away the eager crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the
+hull of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_. Instantly it exploded with tremendous
+effect. Flame and smoke belched from the hole the shell had made, and
+puffed from port and hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast
+rolled up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the woodwork had
+taken fire and was burning fiercely all over the after part of the
+stricken ship.
+
+"The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that sight swelled to a
+roar of triumph a moment later, for as he saw that smoke, the captain of
+the _Teresa_ threw her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.
+
+"And then came Wainwright of the _Maine_,--Lieut.-Commander Richard
+Wainwright, who for weeks conducted the weary search for the dead bodies
+of shipmates on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He was captain of the
+_Gloucester_, that was once known as the yacht _Corsair_. A swift and
+beautiful craft she, but only armed with lean 6-pounders.
+
+"'Ahead, full speed,' said Wainwright.
+
+"And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the wake of the mighty
+_Maria Teresa_ came Spain's two big torpedo-boats, called destroyers,
+because of their size,--the _Pluton_ and the _Furor_. Either was more than
+a match for the _Gloucester_, for one carried two 12-pounders, and the
+other two 14-pounders, besides the 6-pounders that both carried.
+
+"Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the _Gloucester_ by at least ten
+knots per hour. But both had thin-plated sides. The shells of the
+_Gloucester_ could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with the
+memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his mind.
+
+"The two boats--even the whole Spanish fleet--were still within easy range
+of the Spanish forts, and to reach his choice of enemies the _Gloucester_
+was obliged to risk not only the land fire, but that of the _Vizcaya_ and
+the _Teresa_. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats steered toward the
+_Brooklyn_, evidently bound to torpedo her, Wainwright headed them off,
+and they never got beyond range of the forts.
+
+"The shots they threw at him outweighed his three to one, but theirs flew
+wild, and his struck home.
+
+"The day of the destroyers was done. As the big _Maria Teresa_ turned
+toward the shore, these two destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled
+fluttering and splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.
+
+"While the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ was on fire, and running for the beach,
+her crew was still working their guns, and the big _Vizcaya_ was handily
+by to double the storm of projectiles she was hurling at the _Iowa_ and
+_Texas_.
+
+"It was not that the _Vizcaya's_ crew were manfully striving to protect
+the _Teresa_; they were making the snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime
+to escape the relentless Yankees that were closing upon them. For both the
+_Texas_ and the _Iowa_ had the range, and it was only when the smoke of
+their own guns blinded them that their fire was withheld, or a shot went
+astray.
+
+"The _Iowa_ and the _Texas_ had headed off both the _Vizcaya_ and the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_, while the _Indiana_ was coming with tremendous
+speed to join them.
+
+"And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch shell from the _Texas_ went
+crashing into the stoke-hole, and the _Vizcaya_,--the ship whose beauty and
+power once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled pleasure and
+fear--was mortally wounded. Hope was gone, and with helm aport she headed
+away for the beach, as her consort had done.
+
+"The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o'clock, and at 9.58 two of the
+magnificent armoured cruisers of the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming
+wrecks on the Cuban beach, with the _Texas_ rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the _Vizcaya_.
+
+"For a moment the _Texas_ tarried there to let the smoke clear, and to see
+accurately the condition of the enemy, but while her gunners were taking
+aim for a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the _Vizcaya_,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down the fever-hued ensign
+from her peak and hoisted the white flag instead.
+
+"'Cease firing!' commanded Captain Jack Philip of the _Texas_.
+
+"So far as the _Vizcaya_ and the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ were concerned,
+the battle--and for that matter the war--was ended.
+
+"Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red flame, rolled from every port
+and shot hole of the _Vizcaya_, as from the _Teresa_. They were both
+furnaces of glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour to certain
+battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition in the quarters either of
+officers or men had been taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent
+ashore. Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden fixtures been
+prepared to resist fire. Apparently the crew had not even wet down the
+decks.
+
+"But the _Texas_ tarried at this gruesome scene only for a moment. They
+wished only to make sure that the two Spaniards were really out of the
+fight, and when they saw the _Iowa_ was going to stand by both, away they
+went to join the race between the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ on our side,
+and the _Cristobal Colon_ and _Almirante Oquendo_ on the other.
+
+"In spite of the original superior speed on the part of the Spaniards, and
+in spite of the delay on the part of the _Texas_, the Spaniards were not
+yet wholly out of range, though the _Cristobal Colon_ was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.
+
+"Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen, stripped to their trousers,
+plied their shovels and raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were driven as never before
+since their trial trips. The Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had
+turned us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that neither tusks
+nor legs could save.
+
+"For while the _Colon_ was showing a speed that was the equal at least of
+our own _Brooklyn_, long-headed Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging
+the coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance to cut her off
+or drive her out to sea.
+
+"Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards, Schley headed straight
+for that point,--took the shortest cut for it, so to speak,--and in that way
+drew steadily ahead of the _Colon_, leaving to the _Oregon_ and _Texas_
+the task of holding the Spaniards from turning out across the _Brooklyn's_
+stern.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. IOWA.]
+
+"It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of the gallant officer,
+and it won.
+
+"The task of the battle-ships was well within their powers. It is not
+without reason that both the _Oregon_ and the _Texas_ are the pride of the
+nation as well as of their crews.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ had hurled a relentless fire at the
+flying Spaniards, and it had told on the _Almirante Oquendo_ with
+increasing effect.
+
+"For the _Oregon_ was fair on the _Oquendo's_ beam, and there was not
+enough armour on any Spanish ship to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles
+the ship from the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.
+
+"At ten o'clock sharp the _Oquendo_ was apparently still fore and aft, but
+within five minutes she wavered and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship
+though she was, she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.
+
+"The _Texas_ was coming with unflagging speed astern, and off to the east
+could be seen the flag-ship of Admiral Sampson racing as never before to
+get a shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by Commodore
+Schley to call her, and it had met her coming at the call of the guns of
+the Spanish fleet. She had overhauled and passed the _Indiana_ long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the _Texas_. So the _Oregon_, in order to vie
+with the _New York_ in the last of the mighty race, abandoned the
+_Oquendo_ to her fate and stretched away after the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"Some of the crew who looked back saw the _Texas_ bring to near the
+_Oquendo_, and then the sea trembled under the impulse of a tremendous
+explosion on board the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they been near enough
+they would have heard the crew of the _Texas_ start in to cheer, and have
+heard as well the voice of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to
+check it:
+
+"'Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying.'
+
+"Only a man fit to command could have had that thought.
+
+"The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the Spanish squadron
+remained, and she was now in the last desperate struggle, the flurry of a
+monster of the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows through
+gilded glasses at the _Brooklyn_ forging ahead far off their port bow; at
+the _Oregon_ within range off the port quarter; at the _New York_ just
+getting the range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They shivered
+in unison with the quivering hulk as shot after shot struck home. They
+screamed at their crews and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the stoke-hole the firemen
+plied their shovels with a will and a skill that formed the most
+surprising feature of the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put to the full test the
+powers of the men of the three ships in chase.
+
+"In the open sea they might have led the Yankees for an hour or more
+beyond, but the strategy of Schley had cut them off, and yet it was not
+until 1.15 o'clock--three hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the _Oquendo_--that the _Colon's_ gallant captain lost all hope, and, from
+a race to save the ship, turned to the work of destroying her, so that we
+should not be able to float the stars and stripes above her.
+
+"The _Oregon_ had drawn up abeam of her, and was about a mile away. The
+shots from the _New York_ astern were beginning to tell, and those from
+the _Brooklyn_ had all along been smiting her in the face.
+
+"Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard aground near
+Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago, and then hauled down her flag.
+
+"The most powerful sea force that ever fought under the American flag had
+triumphed; the most remarkable race in the history of the world was
+ended."
+
+On board the flag-ship _New York_ is published a tiny daily newspaper, 4 x
+7 inches in size, with the name "Squadron Bulletin" on the title-page.
+Following is the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as given
+in that publication:
+
+"This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as dating the entire
+destruction of Admiral Cervera's formidable fleet; the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Oquendo_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the deep-sea
+torpedo-boats _Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+"The flag-ship had started from her station about nine to go to Siboney,
+whence the admiral had proposed going for a consultation with General
+Shafter; the other ships, with the exception of the _Massachusetts_ and
+_Suwanee_, which had, unfortunately, gone this morning to Guantanamo for
+coal, were in their usual positions, viz., beginning at the east, the
+_Gloucester_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Brooklyn_, and
+_Vixen_.
+
+"When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and about four miles east of
+her usual position, the Spanish fleet was observed coming out and making
+westward in the following order: _Infanta Maria Teresa_ (flag), _Vizcaya_,
+_Cristobal Colon_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Furor_, and _Pluton_.
+
+"They were at once engaged by the ships nearest, and the result was
+practically established in a very short time. The heavy and rapid shell
+fire was very destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_, _Almirante Oquendo_, and _Vizcaya_ were run ashore in the
+order named, afire and burning fiercely. The first ship was beached at
+Nima, nine and one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos, fifteen miles. The
+torpedo-boat destroyers were both sunk, one near the beach, the other in
+deep water about three miles west of the harbour entrance.
+
+"The remaining ship, the _Cristobal Colon_, stood on and gave a long chase
+of forty-eight miles, in which the _Brooklyn_, _Oregon_, _Texas_, _Vixen_,
+and _New York_ took part. The _Colon_ is reputed by her captain to have
+been going at times as much as seventeen and a half knots, but they could
+not keep this up, chiefly on account of the fatigue of her men, who, many
+of them, had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had been, while
+there, long without food; her average speed was actually thirteen and
+seven-tenths knots, the ship leaving the harbour at 9.43 A. M., and
+reaching Rio Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance) at 1.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET.]
+
+"She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and, seeing no chance of an
+escape from so overwhelming a force, the heavy shells of the _Oregon_
+already dropping around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino and
+hauled down her flag.
+
+"She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves were treacherously
+opened, and in spite of all efforts she gradually sank, and now lies near
+the beach in water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she may be
+floated, as she was far the finest ship of the squadron. All her breech
+plugs were thrown overboard after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of
+her Mauser rifles thrown away.
+
+"The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven P. M., and then
+returned to Santiago. The _Texas_, _Oregon_, and _Vixen_ remained by the
+prize. Commodore second in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first
+class, Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don Emilio Moreu,
+commanding the _Colon_, and Teniente de Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas,
+aid and secretary to the commodore, were taken on board the _New York_.
+The 525 men of the crew of the _Colon_ were placed aboard the _Resolute_,
+which came from Santiago to report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser,
+which turned out to be the Austrian _Maria Teresa_. The other officers
+were placed aboard the _Resolute_ and _Vixen_.
+
+"Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken off the shore by the
+_Gloucester_, and transferred to the _Iowa_, which ship had already taken
+off many from the _Vizcaya_; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the _Iowa_, and seven officers and 203 men were aboard the
+_Indiana_.
+
+"All these were in a perfectly destitute condition, having been saved by
+swimming, or having been taken from the water by our boats. Admiral
+Cervera was in a like plight. He was received with the usual honours when
+he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the _Iowa's_ crew."
+
+
+
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It announces that the prisoners
+are to be sent north on the _Harvard_ and _St. Louis_; that they number
+1,750; that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six hundred; that
+General Pando had reached Santiago with five thousand men; that the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Marblehead_ had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the _Reina Mercedes's_ skirmish on that day, saying:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. INDIANA.]
+
+"Just before midnight of this date the _Massachusetts_, which was in front
+of the port with her search-light up to the entrance, reported an enemy's
+vessel coming out, and she and the _Texas_ fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also opened, and a number of
+shell fell at various points, the attention paid by the batteries to the
+ships being general. The _Indiana_ was struck on the starboard side of the
+quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on reaching the second deck
+near the ward-room ladder; it caused a fire which was quickly
+extinguished. This was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The
+vessel inside turned out to be the _Reina Mercedes_, which was sunk on the
+east edge of the channel just by the Estrella battery. She heads north,
+and is canted over to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel."
+
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+
+"Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat _Ericsson_, on the third
+instant, was unfortunately omitted. She was in company with a flag-ship,
+and turned at once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing away from
+the _New York_ she signalled, asking permission to continue in chase, but
+she was directed to pick up two men in the water, which she did, and on
+reaching the _Vizcaya_ she was directed by the _Iowa_, the flag-ship
+having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of the _Vizcaya's_ crew. She
+took off eleven officers and ninety men. The guns of the _Vizcaya_ during
+the operation were going off from the heat, and explosions were frequent,
+so that the work was trying and perilous for the boats of the two vessels
+(_Iowa_ and _Ericsson_) engaged.
+
+"The former report from the army, which was official, regarding General
+Pando's entry into Santiago, was an error. General Shafter thought that he
+had been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his men only had been
+able to do so; the general himself and his remaining force, it is thought,
+will not be able.
+
+"The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint. The flag-ship went
+to the wrecks of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ and the _Almirante_. The
+former lies in an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned out inside above
+her protective deck, but the shell of her hull seems very good, and her
+machinery is probably not seriously injured.
+
+"It looks very much as if she were salvable. The _Almirante_ was much
+worse off. She had been subjected to a much heavier gun fire, being racked
+and torn in every part; she is much more out of water, and the forward
+part is much distorted and torn by the explosion of her magazine and
+torpedoes. The loss of life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn
+everywhere, the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room, particularly,
+was almost covered. The torpedo exploded in the tube; it may be by a shot.
+This is a question which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The fact
+of so many bodies being about would seem to bear this out, but two of her
+crew, taken off the beach this afternoon, were questioned, and both stated
+that it was the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is just below, and that
+many wounded came up that far and were suffocated. The two men were
+intelligent young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the gun fire
+was such that it was impossible to keep the men at the guns. One was a
+powder passer, the other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a 6-pounder shell
+between the top of the turret and the gun shield. Altogether the ship was
+a most striking instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.
+
+"While the flag-ship was lying near the _Almirante_, and her steam cutter
+was alongside, and a small boat from the press tug _Hercules_ lying on the
+starboard quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and a piece
+went through the tug's boat, cutting it in two; the man in the boat was
+not hurt. It is somewhat extraordinary that this shell should have waited
+so long to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well cooled
+off. There was still much heat and some flames about the bow. One
+extraordinary fact is the survival, in proper shape, of many powder
+grains, baked hard; several of these were picked up about the deck.
+
+"A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief to report in detail
+upon the stranded ships."
+
+
+
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his official report, which
+is given in full:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "U. S. FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, FIRST RATE, OFF
+                                    SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--I have the honour to make the following report upon the battle
+with and the destruction of the Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral
+Cervera, off Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:
+
+"2. The enemy's vessels came out of the harbour between 9.35 and 10 A. M.,
+the head of the column appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.
+
+"3. The positions of the vessels of my command off Santiago at that moment
+were as follows: The flag-ship _New York_ was four miles east of her
+blockading station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance. She
+had started for Siboney, where I had intended to land, accompanied by
+several of my staff, and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding between
+us of the operations proposed, had been rendered necessary by the
+unexpectedly strong resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.
+
+"I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day before to arrange an
+interview with General Shafter, who had been suffering from heat
+prostration. I made arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my
+flag-ship was in the position mentioned above when the Spanish squadron
+appeared in the channel.
+
+"The remaining vessels were in or near their usual blockading positions,
+distributed in a semicircle about the harbour entrance, counting from the
+eastward to the westward in the following order: The _Indiana_, about a
+mile and a half from shore, the _Oregon_,--the _New York's_ place between
+these two,--the _Iowa_, _Texas_, and _Brooklyn_, the latter two miles from
+the shore west of Santiago.
+
+"The distance of the vessels from the harbour entrance was two and a half
+to four miles,--the latter being the limit of day blockading distance. The
+length of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.
+
+"The _Massachusetts_ had left at four A. M. for Guantanamo for coal. Her
+station was between the _Iowa_ and _Texas_. The auxiliaries, _Gloucester_
+and _Vixen_, lay close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the _Gloucester_ to the eastward and the _Vixen_ to the
+westward.
+
+"The torpedo-boat _Ericsson_ was in company with the flag-ship, and
+remained with her during the chase until ordered to discontinue, when she
+rendered very efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+_Vizcaya_. I enclose a diagram showing approximately the positions of the
+vessels as described above.
+
+"4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the harbour, at a speed
+estimated at from eight to ten knots, and in the following order: _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ (flag-ship), _Vizcaya_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the
+_Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"The distance between these ships was about eight hundred yards, which
+means that, from the time the first one became visible in the upper reach
+of the channel until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval of
+only about twelve minutes elapsed.
+
+"Following the _Oquendo_, at a distance of about twelve hundred yards,
+came the torpedo-boat destroyer _Pluton_, and after her came the _Furor_.
+The armoured cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to bear,
+opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, and emerged from the
+channel shrouded in the smoke from their guns.
+
+"5. The men of our ships in front of the port were at Sunday 'quarters for
+inspection.' The signal was given simultaneously from several vessels,
+'Enemy's ships escaping,' and general quarters were sounded. The men
+cheered as they sprang to their guns, and fire was opened, probably within
+eight minutes, by the vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.
+
+"The _New York_ turned about and steamed for the escaping fleet, flying
+the signal, 'Close in toward harbour entrance and attack vessels,' and
+gradually increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she was
+making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly closing on the
+_Cristobal Colon_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OREGON.]
+
+"She was not, at any time, within the range of the heavy Spanish ships,
+and her only part in the firing was to receive the undivided fire from the
+forts in passing the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at one of
+the destroyers, thought at the moment to be attempting to escape from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+"6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour, turned to the westward
+in column, increasing their speed to the full power of their engines. The
+heavy blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the Morro, at the
+instant of the enemy's appearance, and at their best speed, delivered a
+rapid fire, well sustained and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed and
+silenced the Spanish fire.
+
+"The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them rapidly past the
+blockading vessels, and the battle developed into a chase in which the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Texas_ had at the start the advantage of position. The
+_Brooklyn_ maintained this lead.
+
+"The _Oregon_, steaming with amazing speed from the commencement of the
+action, took first place. The _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_ having done good
+work, and not having the speed of the other ships, were directed by me, in
+succession, at about the time the _Vizcaya_ was beached, to drop out of
+the chase and resume blockading stations. These vessels rescued many
+prisoners. The _Vixen_, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships would
+put her between two fires, ran outside of our own column and remained
+there during the battle and chase.
+
+"7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the _Gloucester_ excited
+the admiration of every one who witnessed it, and merits the commendation
+of the Navy Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected auxiliary
+vessel,--the yacht _Corsair_,--and has a good battery of light rapid-fire
+guns.
+
+"She was lying about two miles from the harbour entrance to the southward
+and eastward, and immediately steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.
+
+"Anticipating the appearance of the _Pluton_ and _Furor_, the _Gloucester_
+was slowed, thereby gaining more rapidly a high pressure of steam, and
+when the destroyers came out she steamed for them at full speed and was
+able to close at short range, where her fire was accurate, deadly, and of
+great volume.
+
+"During this fight the _Gloucester_ was under the fire of the Socapa
+battery. Within twenty minutes from the time they emerged from Santiago
+Harbour the careers of the _Furor_ and the _Pluton_ were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The _Furor_ was beached and sunk in the
+surf; the _Pluton_ sank in deep water a few minutes later. The destroyer
+probably suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary batteries of
+the battle-ships _Iowa_, _Indiana_, and the _Texas_, yet I think a very
+considerable factor in their speedy destruction was the fire, at close
+range, of the _Gloucester's_ battery.
+
+"After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the _Gloucester_ did
+excellent service in landing and securing the crew of the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_.
+
+"8. The method of escape attempted by the Spaniards--all steering in the
+same direction, and in formation--removed all practical doubts or
+difficulties, and made plain the duty of every United States vessel to
+close in, immediately engage and pursue. This was promptly and effectively
+done.
+
+"As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish squadron carried it past
+a number of the blockading ships, which could not immediately work up to
+their best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and the _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ and the _Oquendo_ were probably set on fire by the shells
+fired during the first fifteen minutes of the engagement. It was afterward
+learned that the _Infanta Maria Teresa's_ fire main had been cut by one of
+our first shots, and that she was unable to extinguish the fire.
+
+"With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower deck aft these
+vessels gave up both fight and flight, and ran in on the beach, the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_ at about 10.15 A. M., at Nima, nine and one-half
+miles from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the _Almirante Oquendo_ at about
+10.30 A. M., at Juan Gonzales, seven miles from the port.
+
+"9. The _Vizcaya_ was still under the fire of the leading vessels. The
+_Cristobal Colon_ had drawn ahead, leading the chase, and soon passed
+beyond the range of the guns of the leading American ships. The
+_Viz__caya_ was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore and was
+beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles from Santiago, burning fiercely, and
+with her reserves of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.
+
+"When about ten miles west of Santiago the _Indiana_ had been signalled to
+go back to the harbour entrance, and at Acerraderos the _Iowa_ was
+signalled to 'resume blockading station.' The _Iowa_, assisted by the
+_Ericsson_ and the _Hist_, took off the crew of the _Vizcaya_, while the
+_Harvard_ and the _Gloucester_ rescued those of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded from the burning Spanish
+vessels, was the occasion of some of the most daring and gallant conduct
+of the day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns and reserve
+ammunition were exploding, and it was not known at what moment the fire
+would reach the main magazine.
+
+"In addition to this a heavy surf was running just inside of the Spanish
+ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of
+humanity was complete.
+
+"10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only the _Cristobal Colon_,
+but she was their best and fastest vessel. Forced by the situation to hug
+the Cuban coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and sustained
+speed.
+
+"When the _Vizcaya_ went ashore the _Colon_ was about six miles ahead of
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_, but her spurt was finished, and the
+American ships were now gaining upon her. Behind the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Oregon_ came the _Texas_, _Vixen_, and _New York_.
+
+"It was evident from the bridge of the _New York_ that all the American
+ships were gradually overhauling the chase, and that she had no chance of
+escape. At 12.50 the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ opened fire and got her
+range,--the _Oregon's_ heavy shells striking beyond her,--and at 1.20 she
+gave up without firing another shot, hauled down her colours and ran
+ashore at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.
+
+"Captain Cook of the _Brooklyn_ went on board to receive the surrender.
+While his boat was alongside I came up in the _New York_, receiving his
+report, and placed the _Oregon_ in charge of the wreck to save her, if
+possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred to the _Resolute_,
+which had followed the chase. Commodore Schley, whose chief of staff had
+gone on board to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers. This order I did not
+modify.
+
+"The _Cristobal Colon_ was not injured by our firing, and probably is not
+injured by beaching, though she ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so
+steep that she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea valves were
+opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure, after her surrender, and
+despite all efforts she sank. When it became evident that she could not be
+kept afloat she was pushed by the _New York_ bodily upon the beach, the
+_New York's_ stem being placed against her for this purpose, the ship
+being handled by Captain Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in
+shoal water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she would have gone
+down in deep water, and would have been to a certainty a complete loss.
+
+"11. I regard this complete and important victory over the Spanish forces
+as the successful finish of several weeks of arduous and close blockade,
+so stringent and effective during the night that the enemy was deterred
+from making the attempt to escape at night, and deliberately elected to
+make the attempt in daylight. That this was the case I was informed by the
+commanding officer of the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the manner in which this was
+accomplished. The harbour of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there
+being but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep water extending
+close up to the shore line, presenting no difficulties of navigation
+outside of the entrance. At the time of my arrival before the port, June
+1st, the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light during the
+night to enable any movement outside of the entrance to be detected; but
+with the waning of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats to make an
+attack upon the blockading vessels.
+
+"It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the _Merrimac_, so
+gallantly taken into the channel on June 3d, did not obstruct it. I
+therefore maintained the blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was
+assigned the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up to the
+port, at a distance of from one to two miles from the Morro,--dependent
+upon the condition of the atmosphere,--they threw a search-light beam
+directly up the channel and held it steadily there.
+
+"This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel for half a mile inside
+of the entrance so brilliantly that the movement of small boats could be
+detected.
+
+"Why the batteries never opened fire upon the search-light-ship was always
+a matter of surprise to me; but they never did. Stationed close to the
+entrance of the port were three picket-launches, and, at a little distance
+further out, three small picket-vessels--usually converted yachts--and, when
+they were available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.
+
+"With this arrangement there was at least a certainty that nothing could
+get out of the harbour undetected.
+
+"After the arrival of the army, when the situation forced upon the Spanish
+admiral a decision, our vigilance increased. The night blockading distance
+was reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship was placed
+alongside the search-light-ship, with her broadside trained upon the
+channel in readiness to fire the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The
+commanding officers merit great praise for the perfect manner in which
+they entered into this plan, and put it into execution. The
+_Massachusetts_, which, according to routine, was sent that morning to
+coal at Guantanamo, like the others, had spent weary nights upon this
+work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent that morning.
+
+"I enclose, for the information of the department, copies of orders and
+memorandums issued from time to time, relating to the manner of
+maintaining the blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.
+
+"The object of the blockade of Cervera's squadron was fully accomplished,
+and each individual bore well his part in it, the commodore in command of
+the second division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.
+
+"13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and destructive, and the
+resistance of the Spanish squadron was, in great part, broken almost
+before they had got beyond the range of their own force.
+
+"The fine speed of the _Oregon_ enabled her to take a front position in
+the chase, and the _Cristobal Colon_ did not give up until the _Oregon_
+had thrown a 13-inch shell beyond her. This performance adds to the
+already brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks highly of
+the skill and care with which her admirable efficiency has been maintained
+during a service unprecedented in the history of vessels of her class.
+
+"The _Brooklyn's_ westerly blockading position gave her an advantage in
+the chase which she maintained to the end, and she employed her fine
+battery with telling effect.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BROOKLYN.]
+
+"The _Texas_ and the _New York_ were gaining on the chase during the last
+hour, and, had any accident befallen the _Brooklyn_ or the _Oregon_, would
+have speedily overhauled the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her first burst of speed,
+the result was never in doubt. She fell, in fact, far below what might
+reasonably have been expected of her.
+
+"Careful measurements of time and distance give her an average speed, from
+the time she cleared the harbour mouth until the time she was run on shore
+at Rio Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.
+
+"Neither the _New York_ nor the _Brooklyn_ stopped to couple up their
+forward engines, but ran out of the chase with one pair, getting steam, of
+course, as rapidly as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen minutes, or four miles
+in the chase.
+
+"14. Several of the ships were struck, the _Brooklyn_ more often than the
+others, but very light material injury was done, the greatest being aboard
+the _Iowa_.
+
+"Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both on the _Brooklyn_. It
+is difficult to explain the immunity from loss of life or injury to ships
+in a combat with modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery is
+poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy of our fire
+speedily drove the men from their guns and silenced their fire.
+
+"This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and by observation. The
+Spanish vessels, as they dashed out of the harbour, were covered with the
+smoke from their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume, and
+soon almost disappeared.
+
+"The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships appears to
+have been remarkably destructive. An examination of the stranded vessels
+shows that the _Almirante Oquendo_ especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her decks were strewn
+with the charred remains of those who had fallen.
+
+"15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and the commanding officers are
+enclosed.
+
+"16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has made a critical
+examination of the stranded vessels, both with a view of reporting upon
+the result of our fire and the military features involved, and of
+reporting upon the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily forwarded. Very
+respectfully,
+
+                                                           "W. T. SAMPSON,
+                           "_Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief_
+                              _U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station._
+
+"_The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship _New York_, to his wife,
+is an entertaining addition to the story of this most marvellous sea
+fight:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, July 4, 1898.
+
+"Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in a few hours after my
+writing this.
+
+"We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on account of a little note
+from Shafter. He wanted to know why the navy could not go under a
+destructive fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and have a
+consultation with him, explain the situation, and lay our plans before
+him, which were to countermine the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one thousand marines landed
+in Estrella cove.
+
+"It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about 9.30, so Sampson,
+Staunton, and I put on our leggings, got some sandwiches, filled a flask,
+and the ship started to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.
+
+"We were within a mile or so of the place when a message came to me that a
+ship was coming out, and by the time I was on deck I found the _New York_
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were, coming out one after
+the other, and putting west as hard as they could go.
+
+"The situation was one which rather left us out of it. We were too far off
+to shoot, but could see the rest banging away. The last to come were the
+two torpedo-boat destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt on
+their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright in the _Gloucester_
+firing at them for all he was worth, and soon one evidently had a hole
+through her boiler, as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the other, which was
+moving back toward the entrance, and then left him to Wainwright's mercy,
+as it was a clear case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Oquendo_ afire and ashore.
+
+"As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought to have mentioned two
+men in the water, stripped, to whom we threw life-buoys, with which they
+expressed themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case, with two
+of the enemy's ships going ahead of us, to stop.
+
+"We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far, until we saw the
+_Vizcaya_ head in, and soon she was on the beach and aflame, at
+Ascerraderos, right under the old Cuban camp.
+
+"There was still the _Cristobal Colon_, a good way ahead, the newest and
+fastest and much more powerful. We had passed the _Iowa_ (which we left
+with the burning _Vizcaya_) and the _Indiana_, which we ordered to return
+off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession after the _Cristobal
+Colon_, which consisted of the _Oregon_, the _Brooklyn_, and _Texas_, and
+the _Vixen_. We got each of our extra boilers into operation until we were
+going a good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance somewhat.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and _Brooklyn_ kept well up, and soon the _Oregon_ began to
+fire, and we could see the _Cristobal Colon_ gradually edge inshore, so
+that we knew the game was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down from the mountains, which
+here (some sixty miles west of Santiago) are close at the water's edge,
+and are the highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag down, and was ashore.
+
+"The _Brooklyn_ had sent a boat, and Cook, who had gone in it, came
+alongside on his return, and stated he had received their surrender,
+stating he was not empowered to make any condition as to personal effects,
+etc., as to which they seemed anxious.
+
+"I then went on board and arranged things, the admiral allowing them, of
+course, to take with them all their personal belongings, so while we were
+dividing them up among the ships (525 men) along came the _Resolute_,
+reporting having been chased by a Spanish armoured ship, so we put all the
+prisoners in her. This was a long job.
+
+"The thing was to save the _Cristobal Colon_, as she is one of the finest
+modern ships of her class. We hurried a prize-crew aboard from the
+_Oregon_, closed all water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking
+somewhere, but for all we could do she settled down on the beach after
+floating with the rising tide. It was a great pity, but the rascally
+engineers' force had opened all the valves connecting with the sea, and we
+could not get at them.
+
+"We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her in charge of the
+_Texas_ and _Oregon_, and are now steaming back to our post off Santiago.
+The failure to save the _Colon_ was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but she was practically
+in an undamaged condition. She had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.
+
+"I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this morning. Poor
+Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo coaling, will be full of grief, as
+also Watson, in the _Newark_.
+
+"I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday we bombarded the
+forts very heavily, knocking off a good deal of the poor old Morro, and
+bringing down the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted in
+our eyes for more than a month.
+
+"We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration while they
+attacked. They did not, however, make the attack, as it turned out.
+
+"These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one reads lurid accounts of
+them in the papers, but nothing really is gained unless we strike the guns
+themselves, and this we have not done.
+
+"As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends of the western
+battery, who paid a great deal of attention to us yesterday, banged away
+at us in fine style, and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention only to the
+torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous screech, and everybody on the
+forecastle dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred yards to
+our right. We did not reply as we came along. I thought it a waste of
+material, and thought they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.
+
+"There--the engines have stopped and we are back at Santiago; it is 4.30,
+and I shall turn in again for a final nap. The captain of the _Colon_ is
+occupying my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as are most
+Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer said to me, are the flower
+of the Spanish blood.
+
+"We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom we took in the _Colon_,
+a nice old boy and very chirpy. The captain, of course, takes the loss of
+his ship to heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as cheerful
+as possible. I suppose they think 'it's none of their funeral.'
+
+"I stored the general in Staunton's room, Staunton going to Santiago in a
+torpedo-boat to send the news.
+
+"We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now loafing. It is a great
+relief to feel that there is nothing to look after to-night.
+
+"This goes in the _St. Louis_, so I hope you will have it before many
+days, and I hope, too, it won't be long before I get to see you. I think
+this terrific defeat must go far toward ending things."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+                        THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.
+
+
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill fresh in their minds, the
+American people believed that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+
+There was much to be done, however, before the enemy was willing to admit
+himself beaten. The city of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the
+Spaniards, Manila was still defiant; and until those two strongholds had
+been reduced, the boys of '98 must continue to struggle in the trenches
+and on the field.
+
+The end was not far away, however.
+
+_July 5._ General Shafter telegraphed to the War Department on the fifth
+of July to the effect that the people of Santiago were not only
+panic-stricken through fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack
+of actual necessaries of life. There was no food save rice, and the supply
+of that was exceedingly limited. The belief of the war officials, however,
+was that the Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only when
+it should become absolutely necessary.
+
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the close of the truce,
+and, as the hour set by General Shafter drew near, every nerve was
+strained to its utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was carried
+down the line, and all knew the truce had been prolonged.
+
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital and barracks of
+Santiago, was notified by the enemy that Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson and his companions were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral refused to consider
+the question of surrender, began to leave the city,--a mournful procession.
+
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington under date of July
+5th:
+
+"I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral, agreeing to exchange
+Hobson and men here; to make exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused
+my proposition of exchange."
+
+_July 7._ General Miles and staff left Washington en route for Santiago.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other _Merrimac_ heroes were brought into the
+American lines on the morning of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners
+had been arranged to take place under a tree midway between the
+entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and the first lines of the
+Spanish position. Col. John Jacob Astor represented the American
+commander, and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish lieutenants
+and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles, a Spanish staff officer, acted
+for the enemy. The transfer was quickly effected, and once more the brave
+fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice on the altar of their
+country were free.
+
+_July 10._ The truce continued, with the exception of a brief time on the
+tenth, when the bombardment was resumed by the fleet, until the
+thirteenth, when Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point about halfway
+between the lines.
+
+_July 13._ During this interview the situation was placed frankly before
+General Toral, and he was offered the alternative of being sent home with
+his garrison, or leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications, and should
+leave his arms behind.
+
+_July 15._ Not until two days later were the details arranged, and then
+the Spanish commander sent the following letter:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "SANTIAGO DE CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"EXCELLENCY COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
+OF THE AMERICAN FORCES.
+
+"_Excellent Sir_:--I am now authorised by my government to capitulate. I
+have the honour to so advise you, requesting you to designate hour and
+place where my representatives should appear to compare with those of your
+excellency, to effect that article of capitulation on the basis of what
+has been agreed upon to this date.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]
+
+"In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency that I desire to know
+the resolution of the United States government respecting the return of
+arms, so as to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace's representatives, and return
+for their generous and noble impulse for the Spanish soldiers, will allow
+them to return to the peninsula with the arms that the American army do
+them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully descended.
+
+                                                    (Signed) "JOSE TORAL,
+                                 "_Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 16._ Commissioners on behalf of the United States and of Spain were
+appointed, and after but little discussion an agreement between them was
+arrived at.
+
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending the agreement of
+final capitulation.
+
+_Second_: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish forces and the
+surrender of all war material within the prescribed limits.
+
+_Third_: The transportation of the troops to Spain at the earliest
+possible moment, each force to be embarked at the nearest port.
+
+_Fourth_: That the Spanish officers shall retain their side-arms and the
+enlisted men their personal property.
+
+_Fifth_: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish forces shall
+assist in the removal of all obstructions to navigation in Santiago
+Harbour.
+
+_Sixth_: That after the final capitulation the commanding officers shall
+furnish a complete inventory of all arms and munitions of war, and a
+roster of all the soldiers in the district.
+
+_Seventh_: That the Spanish general shall be permitted to take the
+military archives and records with him.
+
+_Eighth_: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars shall be permitted to
+remain in Cuba if they so elect, giving a parole that they will not again
+take up arms against the United States unless properly paroled.
+
+_Ninth_: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted to march out with all
+the honours of war, depositing their arms to be disposed of by the United
+States in the future. The American commissioners to recommend to their
+government that the arms of the soldiers be returned to those "who so
+bravely defended them."
+
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the cheering news:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                             "CAMP NEAR SANTIAGO, July 16.
+
+"The surrender has been definitely settled and the arms will be turned
+over to-morrow morning, and the troops will be marched out as prisoners of
+war.
+
+"The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine o'clock, and the American
+flag hoisted.
+
+                                               "SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 17._ The ceremony of surrendering the city was impressive, and, as
+can well be imagined, thrilling for those boys of '98 who had been
+standing face to face with death in the trenches.
+
+At six o'clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of General Shafter's staff,
+entered the city, and all the arms in the arsenal were turned over to him.
+The work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation at the entrance
+of the harbour had been progressing all night. At about seven o'clock
+General Toral, the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General Shafter,
+as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 A. M. all the general officers
+and their staffs assembled at General Shafter's headquarters. Each
+regiment was drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+
+Shortly after nine o'clock the Ninth Infantry entered the city. This
+position of honour was given them as a reward for their heroic assault on
+San Juan Hill.
+
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press, who accompanied General Shafter's staff:
+
+"General Shafter and his generals, with mounted escort of one hundred
+picked men of the Second Cavalry, then rode over our trenches to the open
+ground at the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway to the
+then deserted Spanish works. There they were met by General Toral and his
+staff, all in full uniform and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.
+
+"What followed took place in full view of our troops.
+
+"The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General Shafter, with his
+generals and their staffs grouped immediately in their rear, and with the
+troops of dashing cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced to
+meet the vanquished foe.
+
+"After a few words of courteous greeting, General Shafter's first act was
+to return General Toral's sword. The Spanish general appeared to be
+touched by the complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American commander feelingly.
+
+"Then followed a short conversation as to the place selected for the
+Spanish forces to deposit their arms, and a Spanish infantry detachment
+marched forward to a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.
+
+"Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were saluted, in turn, by our
+trumpeters, both giving flourishes for lieutenant and major-generals.
+
+"General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish company, which in
+miniature represented the forces under his command, to ground arms. Next,
+by his direction, the company wheeled and marched across our lines to the
+rear, and thence to the place selected for camping them. The Spaniards
+moved rapidly, to the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the 'Dead March' from Saul.
+
+"Although no attempt was made to humiliate them, the Spanish soldiers
+seemed to feel their disgrace keenly, and scarcely glanced at their
+conquerors as they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling was not
+displayed by the other regiments. Without being sullen, the Spaniards
+appeared to be utterly indifferent to the reverses suffered by the Spanish
+arms, and some of them, when not under the eyes of their officers, seemed
+to secretly rejoice at the prospect of food and an immediate return to
+Spain.
+
+"General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely dejected. When General
+Shafter introduced him by name to each member of his staff, the Spanish
+general appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be about sixty years
+of age, and of frail constitution, although stern resolution shone in
+every feature. The lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.
+
+"General Toral replied with an air of abstraction to the words addressed
+to him, and when he accompanied General Shafter at the head of the escort
+into the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he spoke but few
+words. The appealing faces of the starving refugees streaming back into
+the city did not move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers lining
+the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned, stalwart-framed
+conquerors. Only once did a faint shadow of a smile lurk about the corners
+of his mouth.
+
+"This was when the cavalcade passed through a barbed-wire entanglement. No
+body of infantry could ever have got through this defence alive, and
+General Shafter's remark about its resisting power found the first
+gratifying echo in the defeated general's heart.
+
+"Farther along the desperate character of the Spanish resistance, as
+planned, amazed our officers. Although primitive, it was well done. Each
+approach to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the barricades
+were high enough and sufficiently strong to withstand shrapnel. The
+slaughter among our troops would have been frightful had it ever become
+necessary to storm the city.
+
+"Around the hospitals and public buildings and along the west side of the
+line there were additional works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.
+
+"The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow lines of one-storied
+houses, most of which are very dilapidated, but every veranda of every
+house was thronged by its curious inhabitants,--disarmed soldiers. These
+were mostly of the lower classes.
+
+"Few expressions of any kind were heard along the route. Here and there
+was a shout for free Cuba from some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there
+were only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards remained indoors,
+or satisfied their curiosity from behind drawn blinds.
+
+"Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages averted their faces as we
+passed. The squalor in the streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses
+and other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards, as tame as
+sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.
+
+"The windows of the hospitals, in which there are over fifteen hundred
+sick men, were crowded with invalids, who dragged themselves there to
+witness our incoming.
+
+"The palace was reached soon after ten o'clock. There General Toral
+introduced General Shafter and the other American generals to the alcalde,
+Senor Feror, and to the chief of police, Senor Guiltillerrez, as well as
+to the other municipal authorities.
+
+"Luncheon was then served at the palace. The meal consisted mainly of rum,
+wine, coffee, rice, and toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many
+apologies on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently of their
+heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city was absolutely exhausted,
+and the Spaniards had nothing to live on except rice, on which the
+soldiers in the trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days."
+
+
+
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of hoisting the stars and
+stripes over the governor's palace in Santiago.
+
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would be difficult to
+imagine. The palace, a picturesque old dwelling in the Moorish style of
+architecture, faces the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On one side is a quaint,
+brilliantly painted building with broad verandas, the club of San Carlos;
+on the other a building of much the same description, the Cafe de la
+Venus.
+
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry, headed by the Sixth
+Cavalry band. In the street facing the palace stood a picked troop of the
+Second Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain Brett. Massed
+on the stone flagging between the band and the line of horsemen were the
+brigade commanders of General Shafter's division, with their staffs. On
+the red-tiled roof of the palace stood Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant
+Miles, and Lieutenant Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the
+flagstaff, was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend, "_Vive
+Alphonso XIII._"
+
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding to windows and
+doors, and lining the roofs, were the people of the town, principally
+women and non-combatants.
+
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour of twelve, the
+infantry and cavalry presented arms. Every American uncovered, and Captain
+McKittrick hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds unfurled
+in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky, the cavalry band broke
+into the strains of "The Star Spangled Banner," making the American pulse
+leap and the American heart thrill with joy.
+
+  [Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]
+
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming of Captain Capron's
+battery, firing a salute of twenty-one guns, drifted in.
+
+When the music ceased, from all directions around our lines came flying
+across the plaza the strains of the regimental bands and the muffled,
+hoarse cheers of our troops.
+
+The infantry came to "order arms" a moment later, after the flag was up,
+and the band played "Rally Round the Flag, Boys."
+
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers for General Shafter,
+which were given with great enthusiasm, the band playing "The Stars and
+Stripes For Ever."
+
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff returned to the American
+lines, leaving the city in the possession of the municipal authorities
+subject to the control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+                              MINOR EVENTS.
+
+
+_June 24._ The details of the bloodless capture of the principal of the
+Ladrone Islands are thus told by a private letter from the naval officer
+who figured in the leading role of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser _Charleston_:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                     "U. S. S. CHARLESTON, AT SEA AND ONE
+                                             "THOUSAND MILES FROM MANILA,
+                                                           "June 24, 1898.
+
+"We have just carried out our orders to capture the Spanish authorities at
+the capital of the Ladrone Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain
+to undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a starter.
+
+"I went ashore to have a talk with the governor about affairs, and the
+results were that I did not lose even a single man. The matter was all
+settled in one day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles and nearly ten
+thousand pounds of ammunition.
+
+"I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The captain's instructions
+were to wait a half hour for his answer to our ultimatum, then use my
+troops. I waited, and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed me
+his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship out in the harbour
+about four or five miles off.
+
+"I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining time, and hence I
+broke the seal, read the contents, the governor protesting and saying that
+was a letter for my captain. I replied: 'I represent him here. You are now
+my prisoners, and will have to come on board ship with me.'
+
+"They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor said:
+
+"'You came on shore to talk over matters, and you make us prisoners
+instead.' I replied: 'I came on shore to hand you a letter and to get your
+reply; in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender all under
+your jurisdiction. If this means anything at all, it means that you will
+accede to any demands I may deem proper to make. You will at once write an
+order to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place was five
+miles distant), directing him to deliver at this place at four P. M. (it
+was 10.30 A. M., June 21st) all ammunition and flags in the island, each
+soldier to bring his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.'
+
+"They protested and demurred, saying there was not time enough to do it,
+but I said: 'Senors, it must be done.'
+
+"The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I took all the officers
+with me in a boat, and at four P. M. went ashore again and rounded in the
+whole outfit. I was three miles away from my troops, and I had only four
+men with me. At four P. M., when I disarmed 108 men and two officers, I
+had forty-six men and three officers with me.
+
+"The key-note to the whole business was my breaking the seal of that
+letter and acting at once. They had no time to delay or prepare any
+treacherous tricks, and I got the 'drop' on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.
+
+"The native troops I released and allowed to return to their homes
+unrestricted; they had manifested great joy in being relieved from Spanish
+rule. While it is harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.
+
+"Twenty-four hours would have--yes, I believe even four hours with a leader
+such as the governor was, a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army--given
+them a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals in the
+dense tropical foliage they could have almost annihilated any force that
+could land.
+
+"The approaches to the landing over shallow coral reefs would have made a
+landing without a terrible loss of life almost an impossibility.
+
+"We have increased by conquest the population of the United States by
+nearly twelve thousand people. The capital has a population of six
+thousand people. This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of
+access, plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of a large number
+of vessels at the same time, and is an ideal place for a coaling station.
+
+"If our government decided to hold the Philippines it would then come in
+so well; San Francisco to Honolulu twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to
+island of Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen hundred
+miles. With a chain of supply stations like this, we could send troops the
+whole year round if necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.
+
+"The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had the officers and
+soldiers dreamed for one moment that they were to be torn from their
+homes, there would, I feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been written.
+
+"The captain, in extending to me his congratulations, remarked:
+'Braunerzruther, you'll never, as long as you live, have another
+experience such as this. I congratulate you on your work.'
+
+"All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I had an interpreter
+with me, but forgot all about using him. I did not want them to get a
+chance to think, even, before it was too late."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 25._ The _Florida_ and the _Fanita_ left Key West Saturday, June
+25th, under convoy of the _Peoria_, commanded by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On
+board the steamers were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty troopers
+of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants Johnson and Ahearn, and
+twenty-five Rough Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col. William
+Astor Chanler.
+
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses of the cavalry and 167
+sacks of oats and 216 bales of hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms
+were two dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and two
+full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of regular
+ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with them, and 1,500 cartridges.
+In the matter of infantry rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with
+954,000 cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers, and the others had
+Springfields. For the insurgent officers were provided 200 army Colts and
+2,700 cartridges. Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along. In the expedition were
+also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths, and 450 bridles. For the Cuban
+soldiers there were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated by pounds: Bacon,
+67,275; corn-meal, 31,250; roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250;
+sugar, 2,425; mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+
+_June 29._ The expectation was that the landing would be effected at San
+Juan Point, on the south coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and
+Trinidad. This place was reached Wednesday evening, June 29th. A scouting
+party put off in a small boat and sculled toward shore, but had made only
+half the distance when there came a lively fire from what had been taken
+to be an abandoned blockhouse near the point. The men were called back and
+the three ships moved to the eastward. About four o'clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, stood a
+large fort built of railroad iron and surrounded by earthworks. The
+_Peoria_ ran boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders, but
+brought no response and no signs of life. Here was thought to be the
+desired opportunity, and another scouting party was organised. This was
+made up of fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as many Cubans
+under Captain Nunez.
+
+The _Peoria_ took a position within short range of the fort to protect a
+landing or cover a retreat, and the small boats headed for the shore. They
+reached it five hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the brush. But at almost
+the very moment they set foot on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments
+around it burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the little
+band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping from his boat when a shot
+struck him between the eyes and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a
+broken arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied with a sharp
+fire directed at the entrenchments.
+
+Meanwhile the _Peoria_ set all her guns at work, and rained shells upon
+the fort until the enemy's fire ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened
+fire, however, the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it became
+evident that their forces were too large to allow a landing there. A
+retreat was ordered, and the party on shore rushed to the boats, but
+volley after volley came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the boats with only their
+heads exposed, until the ships were reached. The Spaniards had the range,
+however, and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously. Returning to
+the _Peoria_, the men reported that a vicious fire had come from a grove
+of cocoanut palms to the eastward of the fort. The _Peoria_ opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many Spaniards, for her
+shells dropped into the smoke and flash of the adversary's fire, silenced
+it at once, and forced them to send up rockets for help.
+
+A number of volleys were sent at the _Peoria_ with a view to disabling her
+gunners, but they were badly directed, and fell against her side and into
+the water. When the small boats reached the ship it was dark. Then the
+discovery was made that, besides Captain Nunez, whose body was left on the
+beach, there were missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that Chanler had been mortally
+wounded, and was kept hidden in the bushes along the shore by the two
+doctors. Rescue parties were immediately organised, composed of
+volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore during the night.
+Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn, in charge of one of these, found Chanler
+and his companion.
+
+Chanler's wound proved to be in the right elbow. After sunrise Agramonte
+and his Cubans were discovered and brought off.
+
+_July 1._ The next day the gunboat _Helena_, under Captain Swynburn,
+arrived, and she and the _Peoria_ steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the
+Spaniards had been vigorously fortifying.
+
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a town of considerable
+size, and reinforcements and artillery had been rapidly coming in. Range
+buoys had been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships drew in to
+close range, and opened fire, the _Peoria_ at twelve hundred and the
+_Helena_ at fourteen hundred yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp
+field-pieces of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along the
+water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed reply with shell
+and shrapnel. The fire of the American ships was most accurate and
+terribly destructive. The Spanish gunners had not fired more than fifteen
+or twenty shots before their guns were flying in the air, their earthworks
+a mass of blood-stained dust, and their gunners running for their lives.
+Both the _Peoria_ and the _Helena_ were struck several times, chiefly by
+shrapnel, but no one on either ship was injured. As they withdrew, several
+buildings on shore were in flames.
+
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention to the fort and the
+entrenchments at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour
+poured a wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been largely reinforced
+during the day, and some field-pieces had been mounted near the fort.
+These replied to the American fire, but without effect, and the shells of
+the two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse was struck
+repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially destroyed. No damage was
+done to the ships, and they again withdrew.
+
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and the adjacent buildings,
+evidently expecting a landing in force the next day.
+
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements were pouring into
+Las Tunas from all directions; a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated
+that two thousand men had been despatched from the nearest trocha. It was
+determined to proceed during the night to Palo Alto, fifty miles to the
+eastward, the _Helena_ remaining at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in
+the belief that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+
+_July 2._ At ten o'clock Saturday night, while the _Helena_ lay offshore,
+making lively play with her search-lights toward shore, the _Peoria_, the
+_Florida_, and the _Fanita_, with all lights out, slipped silently away.
+Palo Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a Spaniard to be seen,
+and the men and cargo were put ashore without a single obstacle.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]
+
+_July 4._ Gomez, with two thousand men, was known to be in the vicinity,
+and scouts hurried into his lines. On Monday the old warrior appeared in
+person at Palo Alto.
+
+_July 5._ A steamer was sighted about midnight by the U. S. S. _Hawk_,
+formerly the yacht _Hermione_, off the north coast of Pinar del Rio,
+steaming eastward, close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The _Hawk_ then opened fire and
+gave chase.
+
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three were without effect. The
+vessel was soon on fire, and flew signals of distress while making full
+speed head on to the beach. The _Hawk_ ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on a reef, under cover
+of Fort Mariel.
+
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in response to the
+_Hawk's_ attack, and was burning signals calling for help, the American
+relief-boat was received with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer
+and the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed, By this
+time daylight was breaking, and another Yankee ship, the gunboat
+_Castine_, hove in sight, reinforcing the _Hawk_.
+
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and fort. A well-directed
+4-inch shell from the _Castine_ blew the steamer up.
+
+Most of the latter's crew and passengers by this time had, however,
+escaped by rowing or swimming ashore. Just at sunrise, while the _Castine_
+and _Hawk_ were reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big Spanish
+gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries on the two American
+boats. It was an exciting moment.
+
+The _Castine's_ 4-inchers opened promptly, and the Spaniard returned at
+full speed to cover, under Morro Castle.
+
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara, arrived at Suez, and was
+notified by the officials of the Egyptian government that it must leave
+the port within twenty-four hours.
+
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that he would not be allowed
+to coal.
+
+While the U. S. gunboat _Eagle_ was on the blockading route in the
+vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the south Cuban coast, about five miles
+from the shore, she sighted the schooner _Gallito_, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until about a quarter of a
+mile from the shore, when she dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped
+over her side and swam ashore.
+
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from the _Eagle_ were sent in a
+small boat to board the schooner. They found her deserted, and while
+examining her were fired upon by her crew from the beach. Several
+rifle-shots went through the schooner's sails, but no one was injured. The
+_Eagle_ drew closer in, and sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from
+her 6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The _Gallito_ was
+taken into Key West.
+
+_July 7._ Congress having passed resolutions to the effect that Hawaii be
+annexed to the United States, the President added his signature, and a new
+territory was thus added to the American nation.
+
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the _Philadelphia_ from
+Mare Island for Hawaii. She was to carry the flag of the United States to
+those islands and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the function of hoisting
+the flag.
+
+_July 8._ Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish fleet, which was bound
+for the Philippines, informed the Egyptian government that he had been
+ordered to return home, and would, therefore, reenter the Suez Canal.
+
+_July 12._ The auxiliary gunboat _Eagle_ sighted the Spanish steamer
+_Santo Domingo_, fifty-five hundred tons, aground near the Cuban coast,
+off Cape Francis, and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+
+While this was going on, another steamer came out of the bay and took off
+the officers and crew of the _Santo Domingo_. When the men from the
+_Eagle_ boarded the latter they found that she carried two 5-inch and two
+12-inch guns, the latter being loaded and her magazines open. The steamer
+had been drawing twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground in twenty
+feet.
+
+The men from the _Eagle_ decided that the steamer could not be floated,
+and she was set on fire after fifty head of cattle, which were on board,
+had been shot.
+
+The _Santo Domingo_ carried a large cargo of grain, corn, etc. While the
+steamer was burning, the vessel which had previously taken off the crew
+emerged from the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but failed.
+The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and was totally destroyed.
+
+_July 17._ The cruiser _New Orleans_ captured the French steamer _Olinde
+Rodriguez_ off San Juan de Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port
+with passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+
+The U. S. S. _Mayflower_ captured the British steamer _Newfoundland_ off
+Cienfuegos while the latter was trying to run the Cuban blockade.
+
+The Spanish sloop _Domingo Aurello_ was captured by the U. S. S. _Maple_
+as the former was leaving the port of Sagua de Tanamo, province of
+Santiago, with a cargo of tobacco.
+
+_July 22._ The following cablegram was received at the Navy Department:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                          "PLAYA, July 22.
+
+"Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful, although the mines have
+not been removed for want of time.
+
+"The Spanish cruiser _Jorge Juan_, defending the place, was destroyed,
+without loss on our part.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ and _Wasp_ afterward proceeded from Nipe to assist in the
+landing of the commanding general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 30._ Another "jackie" achieved the reputation of a hero. He is
+boatswain's mate Nevis of the gunboat _Bancroft_, and the tale of his
+valour is not unmixed with humour.
+
+The _Bancroft_, accompanied by the converted yacht _Eagle_, which had been
+covering the blockading station around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small
+Spanish schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+
+The _Bancroft's_ steam launch, in charge of Nevis and one seaman, each
+armed with a rifle, were sent in to take the schooner. This was only a
+task of minutes, and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner _Nito_, little more than a smack, and with no cargo.
+
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor near the wreck of the
+Spanish transatlantic liner _Santo Domingo_, sunk by the _Eagle_ a few
+weeks ago. Then the _Bancroft_ and _Eagle_ cruised off to Mangle Point,
+where they happened to be put in communication with the insurgent camp.
+
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing could be seen of the
+launch or the prize. Suddenly Commander Clover, who was scanning the
+waters with his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the _Eagle_: "By
+heavens, they have recaptured my prize." The little schooner lay near the
+wrecked steamer, but the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was apparently filled with
+men.
+
+Meanwhile the gunboat _Maple_ had drawn up, and Commander Clover ordered
+her into the work of rescue. With guns ready she steamed toward the
+schooner, but the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat attempting to navigate
+her out of the harbour. Each had his rifle across his knee and was keeping
+a wary eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards huddled in the
+other end of the boat.
+
+The _Maple_ asked for information, and offered Nevis a tow, but he replied
+with a joke and declined the proffered assistance. Then it developed that,
+in going in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish boats near
+the wreck of the _Santo Domingo_, and had resolved to capture them, too.
+He knew it was hazardous work, but "bluff" carried him through.
+
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran them up, and boldly
+sailed in. There were six men on the two other boats, and they watched the
+approach of their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily changed
+to consternation when Nevis and the other "jackie" suddenly whipped their
+rifles to their shoulders, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying, and had the unique
+experience of surrendering to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid,
+Nevis took them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact manner
+reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men gave important information
+to the American ships.
+
+_August 1._ The Norwegian steamer _Franklin_, of about five hundred tons,
+bound from Vera Cruz with a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the
+converted yacht _Siren_ off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+
+_August 6._ The Norwegian steamer _Aladdin_, sugar-laden, was captured by
+the auxiliary gunboat _Hawk_ off Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+
+_August 7._ The auxiliary gunboat _Viking_ captured the Norwegian steamer
+_Bergen_ off Francis Key.
+
+_August 8._ General Shafter and the Spanish General Toral held a
+consultation at the palace in Santiago, with regard to the embarkation of
+the Spanish prisoners of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on board the _Alicante_ next
+morning, to be sent to Spain as soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+
+_August 10._ The President to-day promoted Sampson and Schley to be
+rear-admirals, ranking in the order named.
+
+A department of the army, to be known as the Department of Santiago, was
+created, and Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+
+The Norwegian steamers _Aladdin_ and _Bergen_ were released, by orders
+from Washington.
+
+_August 12._ The flag-ship _San Francisco_, the monitor _Miantonomah_, and
+the auxiliary yacht _Sylvia_ were fired upon by the Havana batteries. One
+10 or 12-inch shell struck the _San Francisco's_ stern as she turned to
+get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in diameter, completely
+wrecking Commodore Howell's quarters, and smashing his book-case to
+fragments. Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to attack the
+batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their engines could carry them.
+
+_August 13._ General Shafter, at Santiago, learned that Manzanillo had
+been bombarded for twenty hours.
+
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander at Manzanillo that
+peace had been declared,(35) and requesting him to advise the American
+commander of the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+
+_August 16._ The following message was the first received in this country
+from the territory so lately annexed:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                     "HONOLULU, August 16.
+
+"_Day, State Department_:--Flag raised Friday, the twelfth, at noon.
+Ceremonies of transfer produced excellent impression.
+
+                                                       (Signed)  "SEWALL."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+                        THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+_July 20._ With bands playing and thirty thousand people cheering, the
+first expedition to Porto Rico left Charleston, S. C., at seven o'clock in
+the evening, under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second and Third
+Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania regiments, and two companies of the
+Sixth Illinois, made up the list of troops.
+
+_July 21._ General Miles accompanied the expedition bound for Porto Rico,
+which left Guantanamo Bay, made up of eight transports convoyed by the
+_New Orleans_, _Annapolis_, _Cincinnati_, _Leyden_, and _Wasp_.
+
+_July 22._ An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen. Theo. Schwan left
+Tampa on five transports, bound for Porto Rico.
+
+_July 25._ The expedition under the command of Major-General Miles landed
+at Guanica de Porto Rico, the _Gloucester_, in charge of
+Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in order to
+reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting outside, the gallant little
+fighting yacht _Gloucester_ braved the mines which were supposed to be in
+this harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were five fathoms of
+water close inshore.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]
+
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise. Almost the first they
+knew of the approach of the army of invasion was the firing of a gun from
+the _Gloucester_, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul down the flag
+of Spain, which was floating from the flagstaff in front of a blockhouse
+standing to the east of the village.
+
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right and left of the bay and
+in order to scare the enemy, the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing
+into the town.
+
+The _Gloucester_ then hove to within about six hundred yards of the shore,
+and lowered a launch, having on board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty
+men, under the command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore without
+encountering any opposition.
+
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey to haul down the Spanish
+flag, which was done, and then they raised the first United States flag to
+float over Porto Rican soil.
+
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with Mauser rifles upon the
+American party. Lieutenant Huse and his men responded with great
+gallantry, the Colt gun doing effective work.
+
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera's surrender, and Wood, a volunteer
+lieutenant, shared the honours with Lieutenant Huse.
+
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the Americans, the
+_Gloucester_ opened fire on the enemy with all her 3 and 6-pounders which
+could be brought to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of Spanish cavalry were
+to be seen hastening toward the spot where the Americans had landed.
+
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he named Fort
+Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the street in front of it in order to
+repel the expected cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those who were fighting in
+the streets of Guanica, but the Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of
+them.
+
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen were seen climbing the
+hills to the westward, and the foot-soldiers were scurrying along the
+fences from the town.
+
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots, the town was won,
+and the enemy driven out of the neighbourhood.
+
+The troops from the transports were landed before nightfall.
+
+_July 26._ Near Yauco, while the Americans were pushing toward the
+mountains, the Spaniards ambushed eight companies of the Sixth
+Massachusetts and Sixth Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry charged and were
+routed by our infantry.
+
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from Illinois and
+Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to Yauco, leaving three dead on the
+field and thirteen wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+
+_June 27._ The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered to Commander C. H.
+Davis of the auxiliary gunboat _Dixie_. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General Miles issued the
+following proclamation:
+
+"In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of Spain by the people
+of the United States, in the cause of liberty, justice, and humanity, its
+military forces have come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble purpose, to seek the
+enemies of our government and of yours, and to destroy or capture all in
+armed resistance.
+
+"They bring you the fostering arms of a free people, whose greatest power
+is justice and humanity to all living within their fold. Hence they
+release you from your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United States will follow.
+
+"The chief object of the military forces will be to overthrow the armed
+authority of Spain, and give the people of your beautiful island the
+largest measure of liberty consistent with this military occupation.
+
+"They have not come to make war on the people of the country, who for
+centuries have been oppressed, but, on the contrary, they bring protection
+not only to yourselves, but to your property, will promote your prosperity
+and bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of our enlightened and
+liberal institutions and government.
+
+"It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing laws and customs
+which are wholesome and beneficial to the people, so long as they conform
+to the rules of the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give all within the
+control of the military and naval forces the advantages and blessings of
+enlightened civilisation."
+
+_July 28._ The expedition destined for Porto Rico, under command of
+Major-General Brooke, left Newport News. Four transports and the auxiliary
+cruisers _St. Louis_ and _St. Paul_ comprises the fleet.
+
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    "U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS, PONCE, PORTO
+                                                            RICO, July 28.
+
+"Commander Davis with _Dixie_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, and _Gloucester_ left
+Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce and capture lighters for United States
+army. City of Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis upon demand
+at 12.30 A. M., July 28th. American flag hoisted 6 A. M., 28th.
+
+"Spanish garrison evacuated.
+
+"Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by army: first,
+garrison to be allowed to retire; second, civil government to remain in
+force; third, police and fire brigade to be maintained without arms;
+fourth, captain of port not to be made prisoner.
+
+"Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with _Massachusetts_ and _Cincinnati_,
+General Miles and General Wilson and transport, at 6.40 A. M., 28th;
+commenced landing army in captured sugar lighters.
+
+"No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants; great enthusiasm.
+
+"Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and 120 tons of coal.
+
+                                                              "HIGGINSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The advance guard of General Henry's division, which landed at
+Guanica on Tuesday, arrived at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco,
+Tallaboa, Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and otherwise destroy the
+railroad between Yauco and Ponce failed, only a few flat cars being
+burned. At Yauco the Americans were welcomed in an address made by the
+alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated "Yauco, Porto Rico,
+United States of America, July 27th."
+
+_July 31._ In General Miles's despatches to the War Department, the
+following statements are made regarding the condition of affairs on the
+island:
+
+"Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms and ammunition.
+Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed at the arrival of the army. Two
+thousand from one place have volunteered to serve with it. They are
+bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed supplies.
+
+"The custom-house has already yielded fourteen thousand dollars. As soon
+as all the troops are disembarked they will be in readiness to move."
+
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania,
+occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles northeast of Ponce, on the road to
+San Juan. The American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+
+_August 1._ The American scouts were within six miles of Coamo, and the
+Spanish rear guard was retiring fast. The Spanish had fled toward
+Aibonito, thirty miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and the artillery
+commanding it rendered the position impregnable. Detours were to be made
+by the Americans from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding the
+main road, which had been mined for three miles. Captain Confields of the
+engineers went ahead to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in
+advance of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General Stone that it
+had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A signal-station was established,
+and the stars and stripes run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabricoa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas, Guayamo, and
+Salinas had all surrendered.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]
+
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San Juan before an attack
+was made. The second fleet of transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the
+_Roumanian_ bringing the cavalry detachment, and the _Indiana_ and
+_Missouri_ the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan, and Haines, with their
+staffs, were on board. The troops carried included the Thirteenth
+Illinois, Seventh Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days' rations for thirty
+thousand men, a signal corps detachment, and an ambulance corps. The whole
+force, as well as the ammunition and quartermaster's stores, was landed,
+and the men were camping on the outskirts of the town.
+
+_August 2._ San Juan blockaded by the _New Orleans_, _Puritan_, _Prairie_,
+_Dixie_, and _Gloucester_, which kept out of range of the masked batteries
+ashore.
+
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of U. S. troops. Spanish
+volunteers continued to come into the American lines and give themselves
+up.
+
+_August 4._ A portion of General Grant's brigade, on the transport
+_Hudson_, sailed from Newport News.
+
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the invading army, thus
+wrote under date of August 4th:
+
+"The Americans have taken peaceful possession of the eastern portion of
+the island.
+
+"Small parties of marines have been landed, who have lighted the lamps in
+the lighthouse at Cape San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.
+
+"Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens came out to meet them.
+
+"The war-ships now in this vicinity are the _Montgomery_, the _Annapolis_,
+the _Puritan_, and the _Amphitrite_. The two former are looking for the
+transports with troops which left the United States and have scattered all
+about the island.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ rounded up the _Whitney_, the _Florida_, and the
+_Raleigh_, yesterday, and they are now at Cape San Juan. There seems to
+have been a serious mistake as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to
+the same place, and it will take several days to overtake them and get
+them to Ponce, where General Miles is waiting.
+
+"Off San Juan the cruiser _New Orleans_ alone maintains the blockade. The
+city is grim and silent, but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty
+of determination to fight when the Americans fire.
+
+"Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation, in the course of which
+he says:
+
+"'Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off the American boats now
+as I did Sampson's attempt before.'
+
+"The daughter of the captain-general is helping to drill the gunners in
+the fort. Altogether there are ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the
+city. The troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce and the other
+towns on the south coast occupied by the Americans, have not yet arrived."
+
+_August 5._ General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio and the Third Illinois,
+left Arroyo for the Spanish stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was
+placed in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo its
+skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from ambush. There was a hot
+running fight from this time on until the American troops reached and
+captured Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo. The Americans lost
+three wounded, and the enemy, one killed and two wounded.
+
+_August 6._ The foreign consuls at San Juan de Porto Rico advised the
+Spanish authorities to surrender the island to the American troops. The
+Spaniards, however, in reply, announced that they had resolved to fight;
+thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish commander, Captain-General
+Macias, that they would establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and their portable
+properties in order to ensure their safety in the event of a bombardment
+of the place by the American forces. The consul sent a similar
+notification to General Miles.
+
+_August 7._ A general advance of the American forces. The custom-house in
+the village of Farjardo was seized.
+
+_August 8._ The town of Coamo was taken by the Sixteenth Pennsylvania and
+the Second and Third Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying
+blockhouse, and under cover of this fire the advance was made.
+
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty killed, including the
+commander, Rafael Igleseas, and three other officers.
+
+Five Americans were wounded.
+
+_August 9._ Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six companies of the First
+Kentucky regiment sailed for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+_Alamo_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "PONCE, August 9.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following received from General
+Wilson:
+
+"'General Ernst's brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this morning. Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Biddle, of my staff, having made a turning movement through the mountains,
+striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond town, captured the entire
+garrison of Coamo, about 150 men.
+
+"'Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez killed. Our loss reported
+six wounded, only one severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.'
+
+"Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially to be commended. This
+is a very important capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as soon
+as received here.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing Spanish engineers, after
+the capture of Coamo, a distance of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River, where the Spaniards had
+blown up the bridge, and were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest
+of Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned the fire, receiving
+no damage, and holding the position. A battalion of the Third Wisconsin
+Volunteers went to their support.
+
+_August 11._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                           "PONCE, VIA BERMUDA, August 11.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following message received from
+Schwan:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                      "'CAMP, NEAR HORMIGUEROS, August 10.
+
+"'Advance guard, including cavalry of this command, while reconnoitring
+northwest of Rosario River, near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish
+force, which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.
+
+"'In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant Byron, Eighth Cavalry,
+my aid-de-camp, was wounded in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D,
+Eleventh Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.
+
+"'It is reported that the most, if not the entire Spanish garrison of
+Mayaguez and surrounding country, consisting of one thousand regulars and
+two hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement. We drove enemy from
+his position, and it is believed inflicted heavy loss.
+
+"'A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the field and brought into our
+line. Conduct of officers and men was beyond all praise. I propose to
+continue my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.
+
+                                                                "'SCHWAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_August 12._ General Wilson moved one Lancaster battery out to the front
+for the purpose of shelling the Spanish position on the crest of the
+mountain at the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural strength, protected by
+seven lines of entrenchments, and a battery of two howitzers.
+
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in the day had fired upon
+Colonel Biddle of the engineer corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of
+New York, was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the road, two thousand yards
+away, the enemy opened an artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of
+the Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to the right of the
+road, were not permitted to respond.
+
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a terrific fire, were
+unlimbered, and were soon hurling common shell and shrapnel at the enemy
+at a lively rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]
+
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued to serve the other at
+intervals for over an hour. They had the range, and their shrapnel burst
+repeatedly over the Americans.
+
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other gun, and the men began to
+flee from the entrenchments toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then
+the guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered to advance a
+position a quarter of a mile farther on. It had just reached the new
+position when Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches and
+began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling the battery to retire
+at a gallop. Then both the enemy's howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped from the rear, but the
+American ammunition was exhausted.
+
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson's staff went forward to the enemy's lines
+with a flag of truce, and explained that peace negotiations were almost
+concluded, that their position was untenable, and demanded their
+surrender. The Spanish had had no communication with the outside world,
+and the commander asked until the next morning in order that he might
+communicate with General Macias at San Juan.
+
+_August 13._ Twelve hours later the Spanish commander gave the following
+command to one of his staff:
+
+"Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid further shedding of
+blood, to remain where he is."
+
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that he was in receipt of
+Secretary Alger's order to suspend hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers
+of the American army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be no further fighting,
+and many officers expressed regrets at the suspension of hostilities in
+the midst of the campaign.
+
+_August 14._ General Schwan's column was attacked between Mayaguez and
+Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry under Colonel Burke was descending the
+valley of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside by a force
+of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were retreating toward the north. The
+fire was returned, and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez district, was wounded and
+afterward captured in a wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss. The artillery and cavalry
+were not engaged.
+
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing of the protocol when
+the action occurred, but obtained it later in the day.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+                           THE FALL OF MANILA.
+
+
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at Manila, so far as
+concerned the American forces, were at a standstill.
+
+_June 30._ Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the army, the first
+transports of the fleet having arrived at Cavite, June 30th, before
+beginning offensive operations.
+
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was much the same as it
+had been nearly all the month of June, except that the gunboat _Leite_,
+which ran up a river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy officers and
+ninety-four men. The _Leite_ has a battery of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria
+guns, and several 2.7-inch rapid-fire guns.
+
+_July 1._ Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of the Revolutionary
+Republic on the first of July. The progress of the insurgents can be
+readily understood by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+
+"There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of Governor-General
+Augusti to surrender Manila to the Americans, but the command of the
+Spanish troops is practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.
+
+"The rebels have captured the water-works beyond Santa Mesa, which
+supplied Manila, and the Spanish fear that their water will be cut off.
+
+"The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified positions of San
+Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards were to make their last stand if
+Manila capitulated. The city is still surrounded by insurgents.
+
+_July 2._ "There was fierce fighting Saturday before Malate. The Spaniards
+had modern guns to command the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady
+fire throughout the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards finally were driven
+back."
+
+_July 4._ Brigadier-General Green, in command of the second army
+detachment, on the way from San Francisco to Manila, rediscovered and took
+formal possession of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude 19 deg. 15'
+and east longitude 166 deg. 33'.
+
+_July 5._ To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General Augusti
+telegraphed:
+
+"The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded in miraculously
+escaping from Macabora in a boat, and, having passed through the American
+vessels, all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet's column is besieged
+and attacked at Macabora."
+
+_July 15._ The steamers _City of Puebla_ and _Peru_ sailed from San
+Francisco with the fourth Manila expedition, under command of
+Major-General Otis.
+
+_July 16._ The steamer _China_, of the second Manila expedition, arrived
+at Cavite, and was followed on the next day by the steamers _Zealandia_,
+_Colon_, and _Senator_.
+
+_July 19._ The work of surrounding Manila by American forces was begun by
+advancing the First California regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the
+Spanish lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at Paranaque,
+directly from the transports. Over fifteen hundred men encamped between
+Manila and Cavite. The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+
+_July 23._ The transport steamer _Rio Janeiro_, bearing two battalions of
+South Dakota volunteers, recruits for the Utah Light Artillery, and a
+detachment of the signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 25._ Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite. Secretary Long
+forwarded to Admiral Dewey the joint resolution of Congress, extending the
+thanks of Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution was
+beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a formal attestation of its
+authenticity by Secretary of State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes reference to a letter
+from the Secretary of State complimenting Admiral Dewey upon his direction
+of affairs since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that the State
+Department is thoroughly well satisfied with the diplomatic qualities the
+admiral has exhibited. The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                        "NAVY DEPARTMENT,
+                                                WASHINGTON, July 25, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--The Department has received from the Secretary of State an
+engrossed and certified copy of a joint resolution of Congress, tendering
+the thanks of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the squadron
+under your command, for transmission to you, and herewith encloses the
+same.
+
+"Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the Department received a
+letter from the Secretary of State requesting that there be conveyed to
+you his high appreciation of your character as a naval officer, and of the
+good judgment and prudence you have shown in directing affairs since the
+date of your great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.
+
+"This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most heartily on behalf of
+the Navy Department, as well as personally, in the commendation of the
+Secretary of State. Very respectfully,
+
+                                               "JOHN D. LONG, _Secretary_.
+
+"_Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval
+Force, Asiatic Station._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The transport steamer _St. Paul_, bearing the first battalion
+of North Dakota volunteers, the Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed
+from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 31._ The transports _Indiana_, _Ohio_, _Valencia_, _Para_, and
+_Morgan City_ arrived at Cavite with American troops.
+
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces in Manila attacked
+the American lines. A typhoon had set in, rain was falling in torrents,
+and the blackness of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of not more than nine
+hundred Americans.
+
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack, and checked the
+Spanish advance until the Utah battery, the First California Volunteers,
+and two companies of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get
+up to strengthen the right of the line.
+
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards through and beyond the
+American right flank, when the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as
+infantrymen, pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians and Utah
+battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+
+_August 1._ After the attack on the right wing had been repulsed, the
+second Spanish attack at two in the morning was directed against the
+American left wing.
+
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was again beaten off, and the
+rain seemed to be so heavy as to make further attack impossible.
+
+But at 3.50 A. M. the battle was resumed at longer range, Spanish
+sharpshooters firing from the trees, and the batteries working constantly,
+using brass-coated bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief, and shortly after
+sunrise the Spanish retreated. The American loss was eight killed, ten
+seriously and thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+
+_August 4._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the convoyed collier _Brutus_
+arrived at Cavite.
+
+_August 7._ Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila within
+forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander replied that, the insurgents
+being outside the walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours additional delay.
+This Admiral Dewey granted.
+
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral Dewey and General Merritt
+consulted and decided to postpone the attack.
+
+_August 13._ The American commanders decided to begin hostilities on the
+thirteenth of August, and the navy began the action at 9.30 A. M., the
+_Olympia_ opening fire, followed by the _Raleigh_, _Petrel_, and _Callao_.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within eight hundred yards of
+the Malate forts and trenches, doing grand work and driving back the
+Spanish forces.
+
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the Spanish then
+retreating from Malate, where the fire was centred, and the American land
+forces stormed the trenches, sweeping all before them. The First Colorado
+Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second line of defence. Then the
+troops swept on, driving all the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen minutes after the
+Spaniards were driven to the second line of defences, they were forced to
+retreat to the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white flag was hoisted over Manila.
+
+The total number of killed on the American side was forty-five, and
+wounded about one hundred. The Spanish losses were two hundred killed and
+four hundred wounded.
+
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the German ship _Kaiserin
+Augusta_, and was conveyed to Hongkong.
+
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"MANILA, August 13, 1898.
+
+"_Secretary of Navy, Washington_:--Manila surrendered to-day to the
+American land and naval forces, after a combined attack.
+
+"A division of the squadron shelled the forts and entrenchments at Malate,
+on the south side of the city, driving back the enemy, our army advancing
+from that side at the same time.
+
+"The city surrendered about five o'clock, the American flag being hoisted
+by Lieutenant Brumby.
+
+"About seven thousand prisoners were taken.
+
+"The squadron had no casualties, and none of the vessels were injured.
+
+"August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded the surrender of the
+city, which the Spanish governor-general refused.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--The following are the terms of the
+capitulation:
+
+"The undersigned, having been appointed a commission to determine the
+details of the capitulation of the city and defences of Manila and its
+suburbs and the Spanish forces stationed therein, in accordance with
+agreement entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt,
+U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the Philippines, and His
+Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, acting general-in-chief of the Spanish
+army in the Philippines, have agreed upon the following:
+
+"The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate with the city and
+defences, with all honours of war, depositing their arms in the places
+designated by the authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their officers and subject to
+control of the aforesaid United States authorities, until the conclusion
+of a treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the officers remaining in
+their respective homes, which shall be respected as long as they observe
+the regulations prescribed for their government and the laws enforced.
+
+"2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses, and private property.
+All public horses and public property of all kinds shall be turned over to
+staff officers designated by the United States.
+
+"3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation, and full lists
+of public property and stores shall be rendered to the United States
+within ten days from this date.
+
+"4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the officers and men of
+the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expense which said
+repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the government of the
+United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at any time
+convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or when the Americans
+evacuate.
+
+"5. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the
+United States according to rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though
+they were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace
+between the United States and Spain. All the funds in the Spanish treasury
+and all other public funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.
+
+"6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
+educational establishments, and its private property of all description,
+are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.
+
+                                                           "F. V. GREENE,
+                              "_Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A._
+                                                        "B. P. LAMBERTON,
+                                                    "_Captain U. S. Navy_.
+                                                   "CHARLES A. WHITTIER,
+                              "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General_.
+                                                         "E. H. CROWDER,
+                                 "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate_.
+                                                   "NICHOLAS DE LA PENA,
+                                               "_Auditor-General's excts._
+                                                          "CARLOS REYEO,
+                                                 "_Colonel de Ingenieros_.
+                                                     "JOSE MARIA OLQUEN,
+                                                "_Felia de Estado Majors_.
+                                                       (Signed) "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--Cablegram of the twelfth directing
+operations to be suspended received afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish
+commander notified. Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date,
+containing proclamation of President.
+
+                                                                "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+                                  PEACE.
+
+
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three o'clock in the
+afternoon, the French ambassador, M. Cambon, accompanied by his first
+secretary, called at the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been given. With the
+President at the time was Secretary of State Day.
+
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing the diplomatic
+interests of the kingdom of Spain, "with whom at the present time the
+United States is unhappily engaged in hostilities," he had been directed
+by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on what terms the
+United States would agree to a suspension of hostilities.
+
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain, realising the
+hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that she was unable to cope with the
+great power of her adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation
+of the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life and result
+in great misery to her people, on the ground of humanity appealed to the
+President to consider a proposition for peace.
+
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to fight to vindicate her
+honour, and having vindicated it, having fought bravely and been conquered
+by a more powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the victor to
+bring the war to an end.
+
+The President's reply showed that he was responsive to the appeal. He was
+evidently moved by the almost pathetic position which the once proud
+nation of Spain had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous of peace, that he
+would welcome a cessation of hostilities, but he delicately intimated that
+if Spain were really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer such
+terms as could be accepted by the United States. The President asked the
+French ambassador if he had been instructed to formally propose terms, or
+make any offer.
+
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed, that his
+instructions were to ask on what terms it would be possible to make peace.
+
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered by the Cabinet, and a
+formal answer returned at the earliest possible moment. The French
+ambassador thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with expressions
+of good-will on both sides, the historical interview was brought to a
+close.
+
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the United States was
+delivered to the ambassador of France, and, in plain words, it was
+substantially as follows:
+
+The President does not now put forward any claim for pecuniary indemnity,
+but requires the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title
+to the island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by Spain of the
+island, the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Porto
+Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and
+the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbour of
+Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine
+the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety, it is stated that
+the commissioners will be named by the United States to meet commissioners
+on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on
+the basis above indicated.
+
+
+
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally begun between the United
+States and Spain.
+
+A few minutes before four o'clock, in the midst of a drenching rain, M.
+Cambon, the French ambassador, attended by his secretary, entered the
+White House. They were immediately ushered to the library, where the
+President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant Secretaries of State
+Moore, Adee, and Cridler were awaiting them.
+
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who returned the
+salutation with equal warmth, and then shook hands with Secretary Day and
+the Assistant Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the French
+ambassador were discussing the weather,--and Washington has seldom known
+such a rain-storm as that which engulfed the city while peace was being
+signed,--M. Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were comparing the two
+copies of the protocol to see that they corresponded, and were identical
+in form.
+
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in French and English.
+In the copy retained by the American government the English text is in the
+first column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to Madrid, the
+French text leads the paper.
+
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol correct, Judge Day and
+the French ambassador moved over to the table to affix their signatures.
+Mr. Cridler lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression on
+the protocols.
+
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador to stop, feel in
+his pocket, and then remember that he had come away from his embassy
+without his seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to seal such
+an important document with anything else but the ambassador's personal
+seal.
+
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White House messengers dashed
+out into the rain, and went to the French embassy. Until his return the
+distinguished party in the White House library continued to discuss the
+weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban rain would cease falling. In a
+few minutes the messenger returned. The ambassador drew from a small box
+his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to the table. The American
+copy of the protocol was placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed his signature and
+seal.
+
+  [Illustration: DON CARLOS.]
+
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador, who signed, and in
+turn handed back the pen to Judge Day.
+
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and last, and with the last
+stroke of his pen hostilities ceased.
+
+
+
+
+            BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+                            _A PROCLAMATION._
+
+
+_Whereas_, by a protocol concluded and signed August 12, 1898, by Wm. R.
+Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and His Excellency Jules
+Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of
+France, at Washington, respectively representing for this purpose the
+government of the United States and the government of Spain, the
+governments of the United States and Spain have formally agreed upon the
+terms on which negotiations for the establishment of peace between the two
+countries shall be undertaken; and,
+
+_Whereas_, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its conclusion and
+signature hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and
+that notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each
+government to the commanders of its military and naval forces;
+
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do,
+in accordance with the stipulations of the protocol, declare and proclaim
+on the part of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given through the proper
+channels to the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United
+States to abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
+United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of August, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+
+                                                         WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+                                                       By the President,
+                                                         WILLIAM R. DAY,
+                                                       SECRETARY OF STATE.
+
+
+                                 THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDICES
+
+
+                               APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX A.
+
+
+                         THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are believed to be upwards
+of fourteen hundred, with an aggregate land area (estimated on Domann's
+map) of not less than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia,
+extending from 40 deg. 40' to 20 deg. north latitude, and from 116 deg. 40' to 126 deg.
+30' east longitude.
+
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March 12, 1521, and named by
+him the St. Lazarus Islands. The discoverer was a Portuguese, who had
+sought service under Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the
+court of his own country.
+
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493, which was then
+universally recognised as law, the earth was divided into two hemispheres.
+All lands thereafter discovered in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to
+belong to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal's rights, but as the use
+of the log and the variation of the compass were unknown, an error of
+fifty-two degrees in longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were
+given on the basis of that error.
+
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the archipelago it is
+impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to have been used for the first
+time.
+
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton, and pina fibres
+cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse pottery, and musical
+instruments.
+
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region of the typhoon,
+and have three seasons,--the cold, the hot, and the wet. The first extends
+from November to February or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather
+than cold. The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat becomes
+very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon.
+Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur during May and June. The wet
+season begins with heavy rains, known by the natives as "collas," and
+until the end of October the downpour is excessive.
+
+"Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the Philippines to
+affect the style adopted in the erection of buildings; in 1874, for
+instance, they were very numerous throughout the archipelago, and in
+Manila and the adjacent provinces shocks were felt daily for several
+weeks. The most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense, both in the
+capital and in other important towns of central Luzon."
+
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations of the mountains
+give a range of climate that allows the production of a great variety of
+valuable crops. Tobacco, sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples
+produced. The swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species. Rich deposits of
+gold are known to exist, but have been little developed.
+
+To quote from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ of Paris:
+
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras, Malays,
+Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards, Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and
+other tribes. The Negritos (little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than
+a great many of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining four feet nine
+inches in height, and with small, retreating skulls. This race forms a
+branch equal in importance to the Papuan. It is believed to be the first
+race inhabiting the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed by the stronger
+races, and the result in the archipelago has been the formation of several
+tribes of half-breeds numbering considerably more than half a million.
+Side by side with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras, a
+cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate descendants of
+the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in
+1411. Then come the Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by
+their Sultan and their _datos_, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty of
+the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+
+The soil is fully sufficient--indeed, more than sufficient--to support this
+population, whose wants are of the most limited character. The land is
+exceedingly fertile and bears in abundance all tropical products,
+particularly rice, sugar, and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The
+fibres of the abaca are employed in making the finest and most delicate
+fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars' worth are exported
+annually. The exports of sugar amount to about four millions and a half,
+of gold to two millions and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to
+a million and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It forms the
+staple food of the people, and nearly three million dollars' worth is
+imported yearly. The husbandman cannot complain that his toil is
+inadequately rewarded. A rice plantation will yield a return of at least
+fifteen per cent.; if he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise
+thirty per cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour is
+very low. An adult who gains a _real fuerte_ (about thirteen cents) a day,
+thinks he is doing well.
+
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners, and
+traditions are so often in collision, the religious fanaticism of the
+Spaniards has, more than once, come into conflict with a fanaticism fully
+as fierce as that of the Mussulman. At a distance of six thousand leagues
+from Toledo and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless antagonism that
+swayed them in the days of the Cid and Ferdinand the Catholic. The island
+of Sulu, on account of its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the
+commercial, political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre they spread
+over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded as merciless pirates and
+unflinching fanatics, they scattered everywhere terror, ruin, and death,
+sailing in their light proas up the narrow channels and animated with
+implacable hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never gave
+quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly beaten in pitched
+battle, they as constantly took again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the
+heavy Spanish vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one could
+follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising the villages, massacring
+the old men, leading away the women and the adults into slavery, pushing
+the audacious prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand captives.
+
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade the struggle was
+unequal, but it did not last the less long on that account, nor, obscure
+though it was, was it the less bloody. On both sides there was the same
+bravery, the same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not until after a
+conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish squadron was able to
+bring its broadside to bear on Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates,
+land a division of troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town
+and its inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a new city on the
+smoking ruins. This city is protected by a strong garrison. For a time, at
+least, it was all over with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which
+was exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the rovers of the
+seas succeeded the organisation known as _juramentados_.
+
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their contempt of
+death. They have transmitted it with their blood to the Polynesians, who
+see in it only one of the multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of
+existence, and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a mat, while in
+perfect health, and without any symptom of disease whatever, and there
+wait patiently for the end, convinced that it is near, and refuse all
+nourishment and die without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of
+him, "He feels he is going to die," and the imaginary patient dies, his
+mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious idea, some invisible
+wound through which life escapes. When to this absolute indifference to
+death is united Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a
+glimpse of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited senses
+revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a longing for extinction takes
+hold of him and throws him like a wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them
+and gladly invites their daggers in return. The _juramentado_ kills for
+the sake of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for a
+life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence promised by
+Mahomet to his followers.
+
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of his creditor, and
+not only the man himself, but his family also are enslaved. To free them
+there is only one means left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life.
+Reduced to this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks of the
+_juramentados_, and has nothing to do but await the hour when the will of
+his superior shall let him loose upon the Christians. Meanwhile the
+_panditas_, or priests, subject him to a system of enthusiastic excitement
+that will turn him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more supple his oily
+limbs, until they have the strength of steel and the nervous force of the
+tiger or panther. They sing to him their rhythmic impassioned chants,
+which show to his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the gleam of the
+moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual energies of the eternally
+young and beautiful companions who are calling him, opening their arms to
+receive him. Thus prepared, the _juramentado_ is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil. He will accomplish
+prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten times he will remain on his feet,
+will strike back, borne along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until
+the moment when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions into
+the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that he will never leave
+it, but he knows also that he will not die alone, and he has but one
+aim,--to butcher as many Christians as he can.
+
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission to the Philippines
+by the French government, describes the entry of eleven _juramentados_
+into Tianggi. Divided into three or four bands, they managed to get
+through the gates of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle
+which they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had hidden their
+creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed the guards, then, in their
+frenzied course, they struck all whom they met.
+
+Hearing the cry of "_Los juramentados!_" the soldiers seized their arms.
+The _juramentados_ rushed on them fearlessly, their creeses clutched in
+their hands. The bullets fell like hail among them. They bent, crept,
+glided, and struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through and
+through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the troops. He was again
+transfixed by a bayonet; he remained erect, vainly trying to reach his
+enemy, who held him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man's brains out before he let go his prey. When the last of
+the _juramentados_ had fallen, and the corpses were picked up from the
+street which consternation had rendered empty, it was found that these
+eleven men had, with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not
+to reckon the wounded.
+
+"And what wounds!" exclaims Doctor Montano; "the head of one corpse is cut
+off as clean as if it had been done with the sharpest razor; another
+soldier is almost cut in two! The first of the wounded to come under my
+hands was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting guard at the
+gate through which some of the assassins entered. His left arm was
+fractured in three places; his shoulder and breast were literally cut up
+like mince-meat; amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which could be cut a
+shred."
+
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been Spanish rule on most
+of the islands of this vast archipelago. In the interior of the great
+island of Mindanao there is no system of control, no pretence even of
+maintaining order. It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and
+cruelty. There murder is a regular institution. A _bagani_, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The number is
+carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and the _bagani_ alone
+possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban. All the batos, or chiefs,
+are _baganis_. It is carnage organised, honoured, and consecrated; and so
+the depopulation is frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be _baganis_ by
+perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their aerial abodes do not
+always shelter them from their enemies. They build a hut on a trunk from
+forty to fifty feet in height, and huddle together in it to pass the
+night, and to be in sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The
+_baganis_ generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin their
+attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour to set on fire the
+bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers form a _testudo_, like the ancient
+Romans, with their locked shields, and advance under cover up to the
+posts, which they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition is
+exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to do but witness, as
+impotent spectators, the work of destruction, until the moment comes when
+their habitation topples over and falls. Then the captives are divided
+among the assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are cut
+off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this Malay race. The
+missionaries alone venture to travel among these ferocious tribes. They,
+too, have made the sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth
+nothing, they have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God and for their country,
+and the poorest and most wretched among the natives are not unwilling to
+accept the faith and to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on
+their leaving their homes and going to another district, to which, for
+many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After several days' journey a
+pueblo is founded. These villages have multiplied for many years past,
+forming oases of comparative peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by
+which they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek a
+shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds, the less exposed it
+is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano gives a very striking account of
+one of these daring missionaries, Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society
+of Jesus, who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the Philippine group.
+Their area exceeds that of Great Britain. Pine and fir-trees are abundant.
+Large areas are suitable for wheat. There are eight ports open to
+commerce. The principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual value of the sugar
+output was $30,000,000. Now it is almost nothing.
+
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of which more than
+three million are in Luzon, the insurgent stronghold.
+
+"Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were subject to a
+governor-general with supreme powers, assisted by a 'junta of authorities'
+instituted in 1850, and consisting of the archbishop, the commander of the
+forces, the admiral, the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central
+junta of agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and a
+council of administration. In the provinces and districts the chief power
+is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military governors. The
+chief magistrate of a commune is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain;
+the native who is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a
+certain group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian between
+the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was forced to pay tribute
+to the amount of $1.17, descendants of the first Christians of Cebu, new
+converts, gobernadorcillos, etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to
+special taxes, and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes were
+required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50."
+
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an area of 40,885
+square miles, and on which is situated the city of Manila.
+
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports for 1880, is in
+the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs from 250,000 to 300,000.
+
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the eastern shore of a
+circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference. It looks like a fragment
+of Spain transplanted to the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and
+convents, even on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the mother
+country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy, stretches interminably
+along its gloomy streets, bordered with convents whose flat facades are
+only broken here and there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a
+new city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called the
+Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this city is alive with
+its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala women, shod in high-heeled
+shoes, and every nerve in their bodies quivering with excitement. They are
+almost all employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,--Europeans, Chinese,
+Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some 260,000 people of every known race
+and of every known colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto,
+carriages and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians swarm in
+crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously picturesque
+square, lit up by the slanting rays of the setting sun, which purples the
+lofty peaks of the Sierra de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long,
+luminous train on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city's sloping banks. This is the hour when all the
+inhabitants hold high festival, able at length to breathe freely after the
+heat of the noontide.
+
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive taxation by
+Spain to raise money to carry on the war in Cuba. The islands were already
+overburdened with assessments to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the
+native poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last straw.
+
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived from Spain with
+reinforcements. He did not undertake to penetrate the mountains, but
+massacred the native population in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del
+Laguna he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in the
+mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with fury, but they were
+helpless.
+
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten thousand dead
+prisoners had been taken from prison in a year.
+
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than half a cent to
+collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it now costs ninety-five
+cents. The only taxes that can be profitably collected are those in
+Manila. The rich islands of Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically
+nothing.
+
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and Leyte. About one
+year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists appealed to the
+government at Washington to interfere in their behalf. The petition was
+received and filed.
+
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the heat is so
+intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat apoplexy. Even the
+Spaniards do their business in the early hours, whiling away the heat of
+the day in sleep. Late in the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers of all ranks
+and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like behind his ear.
+Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled hooded cabriolets peculiar to the
+natives, crowd the roadway, together with the buggies and open carriages
+of the foreign element.
+
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand of
+employees turn out into the streets. They form a motley yet effective
+feature among the wayfarers. The Malay girls are usually very pretty, with
+languishing eyes, shaded by long lashes, and supple figures, whose
+graceful lines are revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their
+bare feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet weather
+they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates a very becoming
+swinging of the hips.
+
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better classes affect lace
+and flowers, those of the lower wear their own hair flowing down their
+backs, in a long, blue-black wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman
+sparkles with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males are
+similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen for a cent are
+in chief favour with the natives. Cigars at $1.50 a hundred are in favour
+with the foreigners. The handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are
+mostly bachelors, eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large house at Sampalog,
+which is club and boarding-house combined, or in "chummeries," established
+in adjacent buildings.
+
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under three religious
+groups,--the infidels, who have held to their ancient heathen rights, the
+Moors, who retain the Mahometan religion of their first conquerors, and
+the infinitely larger class of Catholics.
+
+An important, though numerically small, element in the population of the
+larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds, the result of admixture
+either between the Chinese or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos
+occupy about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising among the native
+population.
+
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish priest. He is in most
+instances a Spaniard by birth, and enrolled in one or other of the three
+great religious orders, Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established
+by the conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if not more,
+of a native than the natives themselves. He is bound for life to the land
+of his adoption. He has no social or domestic tie, no anticipated home
+return, to bind him to any other place.
+
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday resort in a Philippine
+village is the cock-pit, usually a large building wattled like a coarse
+basket and surrounded by a high paling of the same description, which
+forms a sort of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to come
+upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in arranging a
+satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a respectable Malay father has
+been seen escaping from amid the ruins of his burning home bearing away in
+his arms his favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift
+for themselves.
+
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly, with their
+gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They eschew opium and spirituous
+liquors. Their chief sustenance, morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice
+crop seldom fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow which broods over so
+many a rice-subsisting population, is unknown here. Even scarcity is of
+rare occurrence. In the worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be
+imported. It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what the
+world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of the tropics,
+limits his labour by the measure of his requirements, and that measure is
+narrow indeed. Hence it is often difficult to obtain his services in the
+development of the tobacco, coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which
+might make the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth's face.
+
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The English were its
+captors, although they held it only a few months. It was in 1762, a few
+weeks after the English capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to
+side with France in the war usually known in this country as the French
+and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel William Draper; he
+was made a brigadier-general for the expedition and put in command, with
+Admiral Cornish as his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and
+frigates, several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked just south of Manila.
+The Archbishop of Manila, who was also governor-general of the island,
+collected and armed some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of the siege some
+daring attempts were made by the British to prevent the further
+construction of defences, but the assailants were repulsed with great
+slaughter.
+
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, who "ran furiously
+on the ranks of the besiegers and fought with almost incredible ferocity,
+and many of them died, like wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the
+bayonets by which they were transfixed."
+
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, the English
+carried the city by storm, and gave it up for several hours to the ravages
+of a merciless soldiery. The Archbishop and his officers had retired to
+the citadel, but this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several ships and the
+military stores, were surrendered, while for their private property the
+Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom $2,000,000 in coin, and the same in
+bills on the treasury at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX B.
+
+
+                          WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS.
+
+
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the United States navy,
+distinguished one from another by the differences in their uses and by
+their strength and speed. The general principle underlying their
+construction is that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of
+her own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel which is inferior
+in armament, and has no compensating superiority in speed, is outclassed.
+The same is true of any vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in
+speed to an adversary.
+
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement. This displacement is
+the number of tons of water she will push aside to make room for herself.
+A vessel of ten thousand tons will take engines of a certain weight and
+power to drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the larger
+the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required. Now, if it is
+necessary to give this vessel heavy protective armour and big guns, the
+additional weight of this equipment must be saved somewhere else, and
+usually in the engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships carry the
+lightest armament, and that those which carry the biggest guns in their
+batteries and the thickest armour on their sides are comparatively slow,
+the extreme variation among vessels of the same displacement being about
+eight or nine miles an hour.
+
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished by the
+number and weight of the guns they carry, and by the distribution and
+thickness of their armour. Protective armour is of two kinds, that which
+surrounds the guns, so as to protect them from the enemy's fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent the engines
+from being rendered useless.
+
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of speed are to be found in
+the first-class battle-ship, which is simply a floating fortress, so
+constructed that she need never run away, but can stand up and fight as
+long as her gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines with a wall
+of Harveyized steel armour eighteen inches or so thick, and seven or eight
+feet high, which extends about four feet below the water-line and three
+feet above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the ship, but
+is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in front of and behind the
+space occupied by the engines and magazines, and the whole affair is
+covered with a solid steel roof three or four inches thick. Outside this
+central fortress, and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at each
+end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick, which is placed
+several feet below the water-line. Everything above this deck and outside
+this fortress might be shot away, and the vessel would still float and
+fight.
+
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing the big
+guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre, weigh about sixty tons
+each, and will carry a shell weighing eleven hundred pounds about twelve
+miles. The turrets are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns,
+and are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen inches thick.
+They revolve within a barbette or ring of steel eighteen inches thick,
+which protects the machinery by which the guns are trained. Farther back
+on the roof of the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are stationed
+rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by thinner armour than that
+of the main belt.
+
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving nothing but the
+turrets with the big guns, and these are brought down close to the water,
+and the armour belt is reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the
+type of vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a battle-ship
+on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow and cannot stand rough
+weather, on account of their low freeboard. The speed of the monitors is
+seldom more than twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended
+to act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries. The
+best types in the navy are the _Terror_ and the _Puritan_.
+
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an hour. The best
+specimen in the navy is the _Indiana_, declared by its admirers to be the
+most powerful battle-ship afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the
+_Texas_, are smaller vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they
+have a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not carry so
+heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The _Maine_ was a
+second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns were of 10-inch calibre; her
+armour was twelve inches thick, and her turrets were eight inches thick
+only.
+
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the battle-ship
+proper, at the same time increasing the speed, produces the armoured
+cruiser. This type of vessel may carry no guns of more than 8-inch
+calibre, and the armour belt is reduced to three or four inches in
+thickness. Instead of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck
+is carried all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle it is three
+inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they slope abruptly to
+below the water-line. Between these sloping sides and the thin armour belt
+coal is stored, so that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt,
+six or eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches thick,
+the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal to a solid
+horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship, because it could
+not accomplish anything with its 8-inch guns against the 18-inch armour of
+its heavier rival, while one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a
+battle-ship or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship, so that
+she can run away, and the weight that is saved in the armour belt and big
+guns is therefore put into the engine-room. The average speed of an
+armoured cruiser is about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of
+this class in the navy are probably the _Brooklyn_ and _New York_.
+
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard _Vizcaya_, are about half way between a
+battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy guns of the former and the
+speed of the latter. The _Vizcaya_, although a cruiser, carried 11-inch
+guns with a 12-inch armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an
+hour.
+
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing speed, produced the
+protected cruiser, which carries no armour belt, but retains the
+protective deck, upon the sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The
+turrets disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch gun,
+the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire guns and 6, 4,
+and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel is not able to cope with the
+armoured cruiser, it must be faster, for the general principle holds good
+that the weaker the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or
+defensive armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to run
+away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the navy may be found in
+the _Columbia_ and _Minneapolis_, which have a speed of about twenty-seven
+miles an hour.
+
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected cruisers, which
+have neither armour-belt nor protective deck, and carry only light
+batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these vessels are slow, like the
+_Detroit_, they are intended for long voyages and for duty in foreign
+countries, and are of little use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected
+cruiser, like the American line steamers, _St. Paul_ and _St. Louis_,
+attach little importance to their armament, and rely for protection upon
+stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the armour belt in other
+vessels. All the beautiful wood-work, which was so much admired in these
+vessels, was ripped out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are
+sufficient to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns. On account
+of their extreme weakness as fighters, these cruisers are necessarily the
+fastest of all the large vessels, and can run away from anything. For this
+reason no concern was felt for the _Paris_ by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight with any but
+vessels of their own class, which they may encounter in the discharge of
+similar duties, such as scouring the seas as the advance guard of the
+slower line of battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships. Gunboats are
+simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended for use in shallow waters
+and rivers.
+
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely upon the torpedo as
+the weapon of attack, and they carry no guns except a very few
+light-calibre rapid-fires to keep off small boats. Their success depends
+on their ability to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo,
+and retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their great
+requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the _Porter_ can speed thirty-two miles
+an hour. Naval experts consider their bark worse than their bite, because,
+with the modern system of lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and
+rapidity of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant destruction, and
+after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a serious repulse, it is believed
+that it would be almost impossible to get the crews to go into action
+again.
+
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief, does not carry any
+heavy guns, but depends on its great speed and its ability to cripple a
+torpedo-boat with its 6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy's
+tubes. All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves, so that
+they can be used against the enemy's battle-ships or cruisers if the
+occasion offers. The fastest boat in the United States navy is the
+destroyer _Bailey_, which can steam thirty-four miles an hour.
+
+
+
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may depend on keeping
+open communication between the different vessels of the squadron engaged.
+Owing to the fact that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by
+the smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval experts
+have been kept busy devising some method by which the flag-ship can
+communicate with the other vessels of the squadron at all times and under
+all conditions. So far nothing has been put in general service which meets
+this demand, but lately there have been experiments with the telephone,
+which, it is said, can be used without wires, by which signals can be
+projected by a vibrator on one vessel against a receiver on another. The
+Navy Department is keeping the details of this new system carefully to
+itself, as it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+
+The present method of communication is by the use of flags representing
+numerals which are displayed in the rigging; by the use of the Ardois
+system of lights for night work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and
+by the use of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that the
+enemy should not read the message, the signal books on board a vessel are
+protected with the greatest care, and are destroyed along with the cipher
+code whenever it is seen that capture is inevitable. The semaphore system
+in use in the British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our
+vessels, but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is looked up in
+the code-book and its corresponding number is obtained. This number is
+never more than four figures, on account of the necessity of setting the
+signal with the least delay. The number having been obtained, the
+quartermaster in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the flags
+representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as to read from the
+top down. These flags represent the numerals from one to nine and cipher,
+and there is a triangular pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a
+combination where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to those
+found in the general signal-book, in which are printed all the words,
+phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an order, make an inquiry,
+indicate a geographical position, or signal a compass course. Answering,
+interrogatory, preparatory, and geographical pennants form part of this
+code; also telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left flying until the
+vessel to which the message has been sent signifies that it is understood
+by hoisting what is called the answering pennant. If the number hoisted by
+the flag-ship is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left
+flying until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood as the
+command for the execution of the movement just communicated.
+
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate with a merchant
+vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging to a foreign country. For
+this purpose the international code is also carried in the signal-chest.
+These signals are those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen flags and a code
+pennant, corresponding to the consonants of the alphabet, omitting x and
+z. The code pennant is also used with these signals.
+
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of night signals,
+with which all our vessels carrying an electric plant are fitted, is
+employed. These signals consist essentially of five groups of double
+lamps, the two lamps in each group containing incandescent electric lamps,
+and showing white and red respectively. By the combination of these lights
+letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word, and hence an
+order, can be spelled out for the guidance of the ships of the squadron.
+These lamps are suspended on a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a
+keyboard from the upper bridge.
+
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not fitted with
+electric lighting, Very's night signals are used. This set includes the
+implements for firing and recharging the signals.
+
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected from pistols made
+for them. The combination in various ways is used to express the numbers
+from one to nine and cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits,
+contained in the signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are employed. The
+official flag is a red field with a small white square in the centre; the
+unofficial flag is the same with the colours reversed. The operator,
+having attracted the attention of the ship which is to be signalled by
+waving the flag or torch from right to left, transmits his message by
+motions right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of the
+alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four motions.
+
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes used. The rays of
+the sun are thrown by a system of mirrors to the point with which it is
+desired to communicate, and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making
+dots and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system is used
+only when operations ashore are going on, as the rolling of the ship would
+prevent the concentration of the sun's rays.
+
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of experience in the
+past, and are the natural growth of the cruder flag system in use during
+the War of 1812, and in the Civil War. There have been some changes in the
+construction of flags, and the scope of communication has been enlarged,
+but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much the same way as we do
+now. Of course the Ardois light signal is something very modern. In old
+times they communicated at night either with coloured lights or by
+torches, and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the process
+was by means of flashes (representing numbers in the signal book), and it
+was long and tedious.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX C.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern coast of Cuba, second
+only to Havana in its strategic and political importance, and is the
+capital of the eastern department, as well as its most flourishing
+seaport.
+
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action where American
+heroism was displayed, is thus described by Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his
+entertaining work on Cuba:
+
+"Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but, looking landward,
+nothing is seen but the same continuous mountains which we have had for
+the last twelve hours, except where, low down on the shore, there seems to
+be a slight opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half hour more we
+discover the small opening to be the entrance to a valley, and the
+dwelling-house to be the fort of the Cabanas. Still, no town and no
+harbour; and yet ahead we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking
+old castle, with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves dashing at
+their base. That is the Morro Castle, which, with the battery of
+Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella, and the above named Cabanas,
+commands the approaches to the harbour and town of Cuba.
+
+"The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered along it the
+remains of several vessels, whose captains, in trying to escape from the
+dangers of the storm, have vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour,
+and the bleaching timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we are up to the
+castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us into a narrow channel and
+past the Morro and the battery adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as
+big as himself, hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find
+ourselves in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains are
+seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town, and no place where
+there will likely be one; but now a turn to the right, and there, rising
+from the water's side almost to the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago
+de Cuba, with its red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a brilliant
+foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie behind the city....
+
+"Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside, to the high plain
+called the Campo del Marte, the city of Santiago reaches in its highest
+point 160 feet above the level of the sea, and commands from almost any
+portion superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic ranges of
+mountains that surround it. With a population of about fifty thousand
+inhabitants, it has regularly laid out streets and well-built houses of
+stone in most portions of the city; though being built as it is on the
+side of a hill, many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and
+from the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks, are
+anything but an agreeable promenade.
+
+"The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered the
+conqueror of the island, who landed here in that year on his first voyage;
+and it was from here that Juan de Grijalva, in 1518, started on his
+expedition for the conquest of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes,
+who, however, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called then), now
+Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of 'City' and 'Bishopric' were bestowed
+upon the town, having been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where
+they had been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca, first bishop of
+the island, arrived and established here his headquarters.
+
+"In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his expedition for the
+conquest of Florida, where he met his fate and found a tomb.
+
+"In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly one thousand men,
+having been authorised, in addition to the command of his Florida
+expedition, to assume that of the whole island of Cuba.
+
+"In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French arquebusiers, who
+took possession of it until a ransom of $80,000 was paid, the invaders
+remaining nearly a month in the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent
+were the attacks of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was
+almost depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo, some
+distance in the interior.
+
+"In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake, the Bishop
+Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana, and almost all the diocesans, as
+well as the ecclesiastical chapter, did the same, which action created
+great excitement, the superior governor and chief of the island opposing
+it.
+
+"The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be made into a cathedral,
+through the efforts of the prelate, Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by
+the captain-general, Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief and
+all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession to curse and
+stone his house.
+
+"In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place by a squadron of
+fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose people landed at the place now
+known as the 'Aguadores,' and to the number of eight hundred men marched
+without opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders, it appears,
+partook freely of the church-bells, carried off the guns from the forts,
+took charge of the slaves, and not finding the valuables they anticipated,
+which had been carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their
+disappointment, blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the cathedral,
+remaining nearly a month in possession of the city.
+
+"It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now known as the Morro
+was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and at the same time the fortresses of
+Santa Catalina, La Punta, and La Estrella.
+
+"In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city was ruined by
+earthquakes, more than one hundred persons being killed.
+
+"The town has the honour of having for its first mayor, or 'alcalde,'
+Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the remains of Diego Velasquez, the
+first explorer and conqueror, were buried there in the old cathedral. It
+is related in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the broken slab of
+his tomb was found, seven and a half feet under ground, the inscription
+upon which is illegible, with the exception of a few Latin words giving
+name and date."
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX D.
+
+
+                               PORTO RICO.
+
+
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November, 1493. In 1510 Ponce de
+Leon founded the town of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as
+Pureto Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native inhabitants were
+soon subdued and swept away. In 1595 the capital was sacked by Drake, and
+in 1598 by the Earl of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del Morro. The attempt of the
+English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful, and Abercrombie, in 1797, had
+to retire after a three days' strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward
+the declaration of independence on the part of the Porto Ricans, but
+Spanish supremacy was completely reestablished by 1823. The last traces of
+slavery were abolished in 1873.
+
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island, saving that it is
+well fortified, for it is the coolest, the healthiest port, with
+thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour, and twenty-eight feet of water
+alongside the coal wharves. It is the only port on the island with
+fortifications. There are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but
+outside of the eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor in fighting by those
+who know them, and are almost all Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up
+of the best of the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless they please,
+and very few of them please.
+
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del Morro fortress is at
+the entrance of the harbour. It is the principal defence from the sea, and
+has three rows of batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the
+city, which lies at the back of it, but communication between the city and
+fort is had by a tunnel.
+
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad. There are some
+notable exceptions. There is a splendid road built by the Spanish
+government from Ponce to San Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and
+a young Porto Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road from Guayama,
+meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been recently finished. The scenery
+is the most beautiful in the West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are
+all over the island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants
+everywhere abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild animals of any
+kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other tropical fruits thrive in Porto
+Rico, but they are not specially cultivated.
+
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected, but only three
+sections have been built. There is one to the north from San Juan to
+Camuy, one on the west from Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south
+from Yauco to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from San
+Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their journey by stage-coaches,
+one from Camuy to Aguadilla, and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce has almost thirty
+thousand. There are many towns of between twelve thousand and thirty
+thousand people. The buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few
+three-story buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples of
+modern construction.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX E.
+
+
+                          THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.
+
+
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance east of Santiago,
+is Guantanamo, or Cumberland Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of
+water, with a narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and high hills on
+the north and east.
+
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of Caimanera, from which
+runs a railroad to the town of Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its
+terminus at the town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to be fully
+protected from the wind. For vessels drawing twenty-four feet or less
+there are about two more square miles of harbourage.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 See Appendix, Part A, for general description of the Philippine
+      Islands and their inhabitants.
+
+    2 See Appendix B for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+      while in action.
+
+    3 See Chapter X.
+
+    4 See Chapter X.
+
+    5 See Chapter X.
+
+    6 See Chapter X.
+
+    7 See Chapter X.
+
+    8 See Chapter X.
+
+    9 See Chapter X.
+
+   10 See Chapter X.
+
+   11 See Chapter X.
+
+   12 See Chapter X.
+
+   13 See Chapter X.
+
+   14 See Chapter X.
+
+   15 See Chapter X.
+
+   16 See Chapter X.
+
+   17 See Chapter X.
+
+   18 See Chapter X.
+
+   19 See Chapter X.
+
+   20 See Chapter X.
+
+   21 See Appendix A for description of Manila.
+
+   22 See Chapter X.
+
+   23 See Chapter X.
+
+   24 See Chapter X.
+
+   25 See Chapter X.
+
+   26 See Chapter X.
+
+   27 See Chapter X.
+
+   28 See Chapter X.
+
+   29 See Chapter X.
+
+   30 See Chapter X.
+
+   31 See Chapter X.
+
+   32 See Chapter X.
+
+   33 For types of war-ships see Appendix B.
+
+   34 See Appendix C for description of Santiago Harbour.
+
+   35 See Chapter XVII.
+
+
+
+
+
+                            TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
+
+
+The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original
+edition, have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions,
+which can be seen in the list of illustrations.
+
+The following changes have been made to the text:
+
+      page 19, "last of March" changed to "last days of January"
+      page 22, "Viscaya" changed to "Vizcaya"
+      page 51, "procotol" changed to "protocol"
+      page 80, italics added to "Baltimore's"
+      page 80, "San Juan de Austria" changed to "Don Juan de Austria"
+      page 81, "Valasco" changed to "Velasco"
+      page 85, quote added before "Capt. Frank Wildes"
+      page 89, "flagship" changed to "flag-ship"
+      page 133, double "the" removed before "gunboat"
+      page 158, "first class" changed to "first-class"
+      page 166, "Albermarle" changed to "Albemarle"
+      page 194, "armored" changed to "armoured"
+      page 264, double quote removed after "dying.'"
+      page 270, "of" changed to "off"
+      page 309, "organized" changed to "organised"
+      page 321, "flag-staff" changed to "flagstaff"
+      page 370, "WARSHIPS" changed to "WAR-SHIPS"
+      page 383, "Mono" changed to "Morro"
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been
+changed.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
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