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diff --git a/30684-tei/30684-tei.tei b/30684-tei/30684-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..630f254 --- /dev/null +++ b/30684-tei/30684-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,17961 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd"> +<TEI.2 lang="en"> + <teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Boys of ’98</title> + <author><name reg="Otis, James">James Otis</name></author> + </titleStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg TEI edition</publisher> + <date value="2009-12-15">December 15, 2009</date> + <idno type='etext-no'>30684</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere + at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. + You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under + the terms of the Project Gutenberg License online at + www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <p>Otis, James: The Boys of ’98. - Boston : Estes, 1898</p> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en" /> + <language id="es"/> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2009-12-15">December 15, 2009</date> + <respStmt> + <resp>Taavi Kalju, Stefan Cramme, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + (This file was produced from images generously made available by + The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</resp> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> + </teiHeader> + + <pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .ill { margin-left: 2; margin-right: 2 } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + .small { font-size: 75% } + figure.hoch { width: 75%; page-float: 'htp'; text-align: center} + figure.quer { width: 100%; page-float: 'htp'; text-align: center} + head { text-align: center } + </pgStyleSheet> + <pgCharMap formats="txt"> + <char id="U0x2009"> + <charName>thinsp</charName> + <desc>THIN SPACE</desc> + <mapping></mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2032"> + <charName>prime</charName> + <desc>PRIME</desc> + <mapping>'</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> + <!-- uncomment this CharMap to directly generate ISO 8859-1; replace "(two hyphens)" in the first char with the characters mentioned --> +<!--<pgCharMap formats="txt"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>(two hyphens)</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2013"> + <charName>ndash</charName> + <desc>EN DASH</desc> + <mapping>-</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x153"> + <charName>oelig</charName> + <desc>LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE</desc> + <mapping>oe</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2018"> + <charName>lsquo</charName> + <desc>LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</desc> + <mapping>'</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2019"> + <charName>rsquo</charName> + <desc>RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</desc> + <mapping>'</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x201C"> + <charName>ldquo</charName> + <desc>LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</desc> + <mapping>"</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x201D"> + <charName>rdquo</charName> + <desc>RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK</desc> + <mapping>"</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap>--> + </pgExtensions> +<text lang="en"> +<front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <pb/> + <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">THE BOYS OF ’98</p> + + </div><div rend="page-break-before: always; x-class: boxed"> + <pb/> + <p rend="text-align: center: font-size: large"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">STORIES of<lb/>AMERICAN HISTORY</hi></p> + <p rend="text-align: center: font-size: large"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">By James Otis</hi></p> + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 12"> + <item>When We Destroyed the Gaspee</item> + <item>Boston Boys of 1775</item> + <item>When Dewey Came to Manila</item> + <item>Off Santiago with Sampson</item> + <item>When Israel Putnam Served the King</item> + <item>The Signal Boys of ’75<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(A Tale of the Siege of Boston)</hi></item> + <item>Under the Liberty Tree<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(A Story of the Boston Massacre)</hi></item> + <item>The Boys of 1745<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(The Capture of Louisburg)</hi></item> + <item>An Island Refuge<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(Casco Bay in 1676)</hi></item> + <item>Neal the Miller<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(A Son of Liberty)</hi></item> + <item>Ezra Jordan’s Escape<lb/> + <hi rend="font-size: small">(The Massacre at Fort Loyall)</hi></item> + </list> + + <p rend="text-align: center"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">DANA ESTES & COMPANY<lb/>Publishers<lb/>Estes Press, Summer St., Boston</hi></p> + + </div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <pb/> + + <pb/> + <anchor id="ill01"/> + <pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]</p> + </then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill01.png"><head rend="small">THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</head><figDesc>THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then> + <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill01.png"><head rend="small">THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</head><figDesc>THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> + </else></pgIf> + </div><titlePage rend="page-break-before: always; text-align: center"> + <pb n='iii'/><anchor id='Pgiii'/> + + <docTitle> + <titlePart><hi rend="font-size: xx-large">THE BOYS OF ’98</hi></titlePart> + </docTitle> + <lb/><lb/><lb/> + <byline>BY<lb/> + <docAuthor><hi rend="font-size: large">JAMES OTIS</hi></docAuthor><lb/> + <hi rend="small">AUTHOR OF<lb/> + <q>TOBY TYLER,</q> <q>JENNY WREN’S BOARDING HOUSE,</q><lb/> + <q>THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER,</q> ETC.</hi> + </byline> + <lb/><lb/> + <titlePart><hi rend="italic">Illustrated by</hi><lb/> + J. STEEPLE DAVIS<lb/> + FRANK T. MERRILL<lb/> + <hi rend='italic'>And with Reproductions of Photographs</hi></titlePart> + <lb/><lb/> + <docEdition><hi rend='italic'>ELEVENTH THOUSAND</hi></docEdition> + + <lb/><lb/><lb/> + <docImprint><hi rend="font-size: large">BOSTON<lb/> + DANA ESTES & COMPANY</hi><lb/> + PUBLISHERS</docImprint> + + </titlePage><div rend="page-break-before: always; text-align: center"> + <pb n='iv'/><anchor id='Pgiv'/> + + <p><hi rend='italic'>Copyright, 1898</hi><lb/> + <hi rend='smallcaps'>By Dana Estes & Company</hi></p> + + </div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <pb n='v'/><anchor id='Pgv'/> + + <head>CONTENTS.</head> + + <table rend="tblcolumns: 'r lw(40m) r'; latexcolumns: 'rlr'"> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small"> CHAPTER</hi></cell> + <cell></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small">PAGE</hi></cell></row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">I.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Battle-ship Maine</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg001">1</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">II.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Preliminaries</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg019">19</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">III.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>A Declaration of War</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg038">38</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">IV.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Battle of Manila Bay</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg064">64</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">V.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>News of the Day</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg092">92</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">VI.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cardenas and San Juan</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg117">117</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">VII.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>From All Quarters</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg130">130</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">VIII.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobson and the Merrimac</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg149">149</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">IX.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>By Wire</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg171">171</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">X.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg194">194</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XI.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>El Caney and San Juan Heights</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg224">224</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XII.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Spanish Fleet</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg254">254</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XIII.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Surrender of Santiago</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg290">290</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XIV.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Minor Events</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg302">302</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XV.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Porto Rican Campaign</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg320">320</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XVI.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Fall of Manila</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg335">335</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right">XVII.</cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Peace</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg345">345</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix A—The Philippine Islands</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg355">355</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix B—War-ships and Signals</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg370">370</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix C—Santiago de Cuba</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg379">379</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix D—Porto Rico</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg383">383</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix E—The Bay of Guantanamo</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg386">386</ref></cell> + </row> + </table> + + <pb n='vi'/><anchor id='Pgvi'/> + + </div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <pb n='vii'/><anchor id='Pgvii'/> + + <head>ILLUSTRATIONS.</head> + + <table rend="tblcolumns: 'l lw(45m) r'; latexcolumns: 'lp{7cm}r'"> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small">PAGE</hi></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Charge at El Caney</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend='italic'><ref target="ill01">Frontispiece</ref></hi></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Maine</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill02">7</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain C. D. Sigsbee</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill03">12</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ex-Minister de Lome</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill04">20</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Montgomery</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill05">24</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Fitzhugh Lee</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill06">30</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Columbia</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill07">38</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain-General Blanco</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill08">44</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Premier Sagasta</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill09">49</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>President William Mckinley</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill10">55</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Puritan</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill11">58</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral George Dewey</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill12">64</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Olympia</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill13">69</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Baltimore</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill14">72</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Battle of Manila Bay</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill15">75</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Boston</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill16">77</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Concord</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill17">82</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Terror</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill18">99</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>John D. Long, Secretary of Navy</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill19">107</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Chicago</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill20">117</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Tragedy of the Winslow</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill21">119</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Amphitrite</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill22">123</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill23">127</ref></cell> + </row> + <pb n='viii'/><anchor id='Pgviii'/> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Miantonomah</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill24">130</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Schley</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill25">135</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Monterey</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill26">144</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Massachusetts</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill27">151</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Lieutenant Hobson</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill28">156</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. New York</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill29">161</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobson and His Men on the Raft</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill30">166</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Cervera</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill31">169</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill32">171</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Garcia</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill33">181</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Camara</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill34">186</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Augusti</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill35">192</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Marblehead</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill36">201</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Vesuvius</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill37">207</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Texas</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill38">215</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Colonel Theodore Roosevelt</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill39">218</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Shafter</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill40">224</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Attack on San Juan Hill</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill41">229</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Vice-President Hobart</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill42">234</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Newark</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill43">239</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral W. T. Sampson</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill44">243</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Weyler</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill45">254</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain R. D. Evans</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill46">256</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Iowa</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill47">262</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill48">266</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Indiana</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill49">269</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Oregon</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill50">275</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Brooklyn</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill51">282</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Joseph Wheeler</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill52">292</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>King Alphonso XIII. of Spain</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill53">300</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Gomez</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill54">311</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. New Orleans</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill55">314</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. San Francisco</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill56">318</ref></cell> + </row> + <pb n='ix'/><anchor id='Pgix'/> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Miles</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill57">320</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Brooke</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill58">327</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Brooke Receiving the News of the<lb/> Protocol</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill59">333</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill60">334</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Wesley Merritt</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill61">344</ref></cell> + </row> + <row> + <cell> </cell> + <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Don Carlos</hi></cell> + <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill62">349</ref></cell> + </row> + </table> + <pb n='x'/><anchor id='Pgx'/> + +</div> +</front> +<body rend="page-break-before: right"> + <pb n='1'/><anchor id='Pg001'/> + <head>THE BOYS OF ’98.</head> + <div n="1" type="chapter"> + <index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER I.</head> +<head type="sub">THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.</head> + +<p> +At or about eleven o’clock on the morning of +January 25th the United States battle-ship +<name type="ship">Maine</name> steamed through the narrow channel which +gives entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and +came to anchor at Buoy No. 4, in obedience to orders +from the captain of the port, in from five and one-half +to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables +within five hundred yards of the arsenal, and about +two hundred yards distant from the floating dock. +</p> + +<p> +Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her +bow roared out a salute as the Spanish colours were +run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this thunderous +announcement of friendliness was first answered by +Morro Castle, followed a few moments later by the +Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name> and a German +school-ship. +</p> + +<p> +The reverberations had hardly ceased before the +<pb n='2'/><anchor id='Pg002'/>captain of the port and an officer from the Spanish +war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came alongside +the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of +naval etiquette. +</p> + +<p> +Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received +the visitors at the head of the gangway and escorted +them to the captain’s cabin. A few moments later +came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies +of welcoming the Americans were at an end. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Maine</name> was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of +the second class, 318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth, +with a draught of 21 feet, 6 inches; of 6,648 tons displacement, +with engines of 9,293 indicated horse-power, +giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in +the Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress, +August 3, 1886. Work on her was commenced October +11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890, +and put into commission September 17, 1895. She +was built after the designs of chief constructor T. D. +Wilson. The delay in going into commission is said +to have been due to the difficulty in getting satisfactory +armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick; +the two steel barbettes were each of the same thickness, +and the walls of the turrets were eight inches +thick. +</p> + +<p> +In her main battery were four 10-inch and six +6-inch breech-loading rifles; in the secondary battery +seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder rapid-fire +guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of +<pb n='3'/><anchor id='Pg003'/>370 men, and the following officers: Capt. C. D. +Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R. Wainwright, Lieut. G. +F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen, +Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J. +Blandin, Surgeon S. G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M. +Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain J. P. Chidwick, +Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant +of Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R. +Morris, Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt, Naval +Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius, +Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington, +Naval Cadet A. Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd, +Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill, Carpenter J. +Helm, Paymaster’s Clerk B. McCarthy. +</p> + +<p> +Why had the <name type="ship">Maine</name> been sent to this port? +</p> + +<p> +The official reason given by the Secretary of the +Navy when he notified the Spanish minister, Señor +Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was +simply intended as a friendly call, according to the +recognised custom of nations. +</p> + +<p> +The United States minister at Madrid, General +Woodford, also announced the same in substance to +the Spanish Minister of State. +</p> + +<p> +It having been repeatedly declared by the government +at Madrid that a state of war did not exist in +Cuba, and that the relations between the United States +and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing +less could be done than accept the official construction +put upon the visit. +</p> + +<pb n='4'/><anchor id='Pg004'/> + +<p> +The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to +view the matter in the same light, as may be seen by +the following extracts from newspapers: +</p> + +<p> +<q>If the government of the United States sends one +war-ship to Cuba, a thing it is no longer likely to do, +Spain would act with energy and without vacillation.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>El +Heraldo, January 16th.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<q>We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize +Cuba.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>The Imparcial, January 23d.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The same paper, on the 27th, declared: +</p> + +<p> +<q>If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence +in sending the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, do some rash, disagreeable +thing, the civilised world will know too well who +is responsible. The American government must know +that the road it has taken leads to war between both +nations.</q> +</p> + +<p> +On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general +comment upon the official explanation of the <name type="ship">Maine’s</name> +visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the opinion +that her visit is <q>inopportune and calculated to encourage +the insurgents.</q> It was announced that, +<q>following Washington’s example,</q> the Spanish government +will <q>instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a +few American ports.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The <hi rend='italic'>Imparcial</hi> expresses fear that the despatch of +the <name type="ship">Maine</name> to Havana will provoke a conflict, and adds: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Europe cannot doubt America’s attitude towards +Spain. But the Spanish people, if necessary, will do +their duty with honour.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='5'/><anchor id='Pg005'/> + +<p> +The <hi rend='italic'>Epocha</hi> asks if the despatch of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> to +Havana is <q>intended as a sop to the Jingoes,</q> and +adds: +</p> + +<p> +<q>We cannot suppose the American government so +naïve or badly informed as to imagine that the presence +of American war-vessels at Havana will be a cause of +satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The people of the United States generally believed +that the battle-ship had been sent to Cuba because +of the disturbances existing in the city of Havana, +which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans +there. +</p> + +<p> +On the morning of January 12th what is termed +the <q>anti-liberal outbreak</q> occurred in the city of +Havana. +</p> + +<p> +Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed +the ultra-Spanish element in an attack upon the leading +liberal newspaper offices, because, as alleged, of +Captain-General Blanco’s refusal to authorise the suppression +of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous +protest against Spain’s policy of granting autonomy to +the Cubans. +</p> + +<p> +The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the +time being most formidable, indulged in open threats +against Americans, and it was believed by the public +generally that American interests, and the safety of +citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the +protection of a war-vessel. +</p> + +<p> +The people of Havana received the big fighting ship +<pb n='6'/><anchor id='Pg006'/>impassively. Soldiers, sailors, and civilians gathered at +the water-front as spectators, but no word, either of +threat or friendly greeting, was heard. +</p> + +<p> +In the city the American residents experienced a +certain sense of relief because now a safe refuge was +provided in case of more serious rioting. +</p> + +<p> +That the officers and crew of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> were apprehensive +regarding their situation there can be little +doubt. During the first week after the arrival of the +battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or +relatives expressing fears as to what might be the +result of the visit, and on the tenth of February one of +the lieutenants is reported as having stated: +</p> + +<p> +<q>If we don’t get away from here soon there will be +trouble.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made +by the commander of the ship and his staff, and, so +far as concerned the officials of the city, the Americans +were seemingly welcome visitors. +</p> + +<p> +The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently +content with seeing the <name type="ship">Maine</name> in their harbour. +Within a week after the arrival of the ship incendiary +circulars were distributed in the streets, on the railway +cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all +Spaniards to avenge the <q>insult</q> of the battle-ship’s +visit. +</p> + +<p> +A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill02"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MAINE.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill02.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MAINE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MAINE.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='7'/><anchor id='Pg007'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be +insulted in this way?</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing +our brave and beloved Weyler, who at this +very time would have finished with this unworthy +rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and +our honour?</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to +one side and to give posts of honour and authority to +those who initiated this rebellion, these ill-born autonomists, +ungrateful sons of our beloved country.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our +affairs humiliate us to the last degree, and for still +greater taunt order to us one of the ships of war of +their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers +and driving us from our homes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived. +Sleep not. Let us show these vile traitors that we +have not yet lost shame and that we know how to protect +ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy +and strong as our Spain is and always will be.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Long live Spain!</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q>Long live Weyler!</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +At eight o’clock on the evening of February 15th +all the magazines aboard the battle-ship were closed, +and the keys delivered to her commander according +to the rules of the service. +</p> + +<pb n='8'/><anchor id='Pg008'/> + +<p> +An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was +on watch as officer of the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in +his cabin writing letters; on the starboard side of the +ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter, with +her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten +o’clock trip to the shore to bring off such of the officers +or crew as were on leave of absence. +</p> + +<p> +The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick +clouds hung over the city and harbour; the ripple of +the waves against the hulls of the vessels at anchor, +and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence. +The lights here and there, together with the dark tracery +of spar and cordage against the sky, was all +that betokened the presence of war-ship or peaceful +merchantman. +</p> + +<p> +Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the +watch on board the steamer <name type="ship">City of Washington</name>, and +some sailors ashore, saw what appeared to be a sheet +of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, +and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a +mighty, confused rumble as of grinding and rending, +followed an instant later by a roar as if a volcano had +sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour. +</p> + +<p> +Then was flung high in the air what might be +likened to a shaft of fire filled with fragments of iron, +wood, and human flesh, rising higher and higher until +its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a +column of water broken by the wind. +</p> + +<p> +The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became +<pb n='9'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>heavy with stifling smoke. Electric lights on shore were +extinguished; the tinkling of breaking glass could be +heard everywhere in that portion of the city nearest the +harbour. +</p> + +<p> +When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to +fall a dense blackness enshrouded the harbour, from the +midst of which could be heard cries of agony, appeals +for help, and the shouts of those who, even while +struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their +comrades. +</p> + +<p> +After this, and no man could have said how many +seconds passed while the confusing, bewildering blackness +lay heavy over that scene of death and destruction, +long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and +splintered decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of +distress, as well as a beacon for those who would +succour the dying. +</p> + +<p> +Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of +time from the bewilderment of the shock, ran out of +the cabin toward the deck, groping his way as best he +might in the darkness through the long passage until +he came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony, +who was at his post of duty near the captain’s quarters. +</p> + +<p> +It was a moment full of horror all the more intense +because unknown, but the soldier, mindful even then +of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of one who makes +an ordinary report: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been +blown up, and is sinking.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='10'/><anchor id='Pg010'/> + +<p> +<q>Follow me,</q> the captain replied, acknowledging +his subordinate’s salute, and the two pressed forward +through the blackness and suffocating vapour. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting +on the starboard side of the quarter-deck when the +terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down by a +piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of +the ship’s frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his +feet, he ran to the poop that he might be at his proper +station when the supreme moment came. +</p> + +<p> +Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers’ +mess-room when the first of a battle-ship’s death-throes +was felt, and as soon as possible made his way toward +the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines +to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his +comrades. +</p> + +<p> +Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval +Cadet Boyd together ran toward the hatch, but only +to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through, and +then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were +vain, and the engineer went down with his ship. +</p> + +<p> +It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time +elapsed before the uninjured survivors were gathered +on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where a moment +previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass +looming up in the darkness like some threatening +promontory. +</p> + +<p> +On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite +her, on the port side, was the barge. +</p> + +<pb n='11'/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<p> +During the first two or three seconds only muffled, +gurgling, choking exclamations were heard indistinctly; +and then, when the terrible vibrations of the air ceased, +cries for help went up from every quarter. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but +terrible moments: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the +launch be lowered, and the officers and men, who by +this time had assembled, got the boats out and rescued +a number in the water.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright +forward to see the extent of the damage, and if +anything could be done to rescue those forward, or to +extinguish the flames which followed close upon the +explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were +any combustibles above water to feed them.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported +the total and awful character of the calamity, +and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order, <q>Abandon +ship,</q> to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm +and apparently unexcited.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of +command from the captain aroused his officers from +the stupefaction of horror which had begun to creep +over them, and this handful of men, who even then +were standing face to face with death, set about aiding +their less fortunate companions. +</p> + +<p> +As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from +the vessels in the harbour, and the work of rescue was +<pb n='12'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>continued until all the torn and mangled bodies in +which life yet remained had been taken from the water. +</p> + +<p> +Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer <name type="ship">Thurston</name>, +was among the first in this labour of mercy, and concerning +it he says: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">My vessel was within half a mile of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, +and my small boat was the first to gain the wreck. +It is beyond my power to describe the explosion. It +was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments. +The cries that came over the water awakened us to a +realisation that some great tragedy had occurred.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I made all haste to the wreck. There were very +few men in the water. All told, I do not believe there +were thirty. We picked up some of them and passed +them on to other vessels, and then continued our work +of rescue.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and +trunks of bodies were floating about, together with +pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all sorts of +wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some +poor suffering fellow could be heard above the tumult.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene. +That was Captain Sigsbee. Every American has reason +to be proud of that officer. He seemed to have realised +in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did +he show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool. +Discipline? Why, man, the discipline was there as +strong as ever, despite the fact that all around was +death and disaster.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill03"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill03.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</figDesc></figure></p></then> + <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill03.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='13'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> + +<p> +The commander of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was the last to leave +the wreck, and then all that was left of the mighty ship +was beginning to settle in the slime and putrefaction +which covers the bottom of Havana harbour. +</p> + +<p> +Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if +they had been assisting at some social function, the +officers took their respective places in the boats, and, +amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a short +distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their +post of duty. +</p> + +<p> +A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand +Hotel, was seated in front of the building when the +explosion occurred. +</p> + +<p> +<q>It was followed by another and a much louder one,</q> + he said. <q rend="post: none">We thought the whole city had been blown +to pieces. Some said the insurgents were entering +Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was +blown up.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute +after the explosion was heard the cabmen cracked their +whips and went rattling over the cobblestones like +crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies +of cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets. +There was no sleep in Havana that night.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and +General Solano put off to the wreck, and offered their +services to Captain Sigsbee. +</p> + +<p> +There were many wonderful escapes from death. +<pb n='14'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>One of the ward-room cooks was thrown outboard into +the water. +</p> + +<p> +A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling +in the sea, was picked up alive. +</p> + +<p> +One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the +davits. The boat was crushed like an egg-shell; but +the sailor fell overboard and was picked up unhurt. +</p> + +<p> +Three men were doing punishment watch on the +port quarter-deck, and thus probably escaped death. +</p> + +<p> +One sailor swam about until help came, although +both his legs were broken. Another had the bones of +his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep afloat. +</p> + +<p> +Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged, +wooden portion of the wreck had been consumed by +the flames, and at 11.30 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the smoke-stacks of the +ill-fated ship fell. +</p> + +<p> +On board the steamer <name type="ship">City of Washington</name>, two boats +were literally riddled by fragments of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> which +fell after the explosion, and among them was an iron +truss which, crashing through the pantry, demolished +the tableware. +</p> + +<p> +When morning came the wreck was the central +figure of an otherwise bright picture, sad as it was +terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred débris forward +looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean +storehouse of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron. +</p> + +<p> +Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight +angle from the perpendicular, while the poop afforded +a resting-place for the workmen or divers. +</p> + +<pb n='15'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> + +<p> +Of the predominant white which distinguishes our +war-vessels in time of peace, not a vestige remained. +In its place was the blackness of desolating death, +marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six +brave men had gone over into the Beyond. +</p> + +<p> +The total loss to the government as a result of the +disaster was officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31. +This embraced the cost of hull, machinery, equipment, +armour, gun protection and armament, both in main and +secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition, +shells, current supplies, coal, and, in short, the +entire outfit. +</p> + +<p> +The pet of the <name type="ship">Maine’s</name> crew, a big cat, was found +next morning, perched on a fragment of a truss which +yet remained above the water, and near her, as if seeking +companionship, was the captain’s dog, Peggy. +</p> + +<p> +Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the +afternoon of the sixteenth: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Profound sorrow is expressed by the government +and municipal authorities, consuls of foreign nations, +organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens generally.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general’s +palace, on shipping in the harbour, and in the city.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Business is suspended, and the theatres are +closed.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +<p> +On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies +which had been found up to that time were buried in +<pb n='16'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>Havana with military honours, two companies of +Spanish sailors from the cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name> acting +as escort. +</p> + +<p> +A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson +of the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Iowa</name> as presiding officer, Commander +Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F. E. +Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the +<name type="ship">New York</name>, was convened, and on March 28th President +McKinley sent a message to Congress, the conclusion +of which was as follows: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our +country with crushing force, and for a brief time an +intense excitement prevailed, which in a community +less just and self-controlled than ours might have led +to hasty acts of blind resentment.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer +processes of reason, and to the resolve to investigate +the facts and await material proof before forming a +judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if +the facts warranted, the remedy due. This course +necessarily recommended itself from the outset to the +executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately +ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and +measure of its full duty in the matter.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of +casualty or disaster to national vessels of any maritime +state.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A naval court of inquiry was at once organised, +composed of officers well qualified by rank and +prac<pb n='17'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>tical experience to discharge the onerous duty imposed +upon them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, +the court proceeded to make a thorough investigation +on the spot, employing every available means for impartial +and exact determination of the causes of the +explosion. Its operations have been conducted with +the utmost deliberation and judgment, and, while independently +pursued, no source of information was +neglected, and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a +simultaneous investigation by the Spanish authorities.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The finding of the court of inquiry was reached, +after twenty-three days of continuous labour, on the +twenty-first of March instant, and, having been approved +on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief +of the United States naval force in the North +Atlantic station, was transmitted to the executive.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It is herewith laid before the Congress, together +with the voluminous testimony taken before the court.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of +the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was not in any respect due to fault or +negligence on the part of any of the officers or members +of her crew.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a +submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of +two or more of her forward magazines; and that no +evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility +for the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> upon any person or +persons.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='18'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I have directed that the finding of the court of +inquiry and the views of this government thereon be +communicated to the government of her majesty, the +queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that +the sense of justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a +course of action suggested by honour and the friendly +relations of the two governments.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It will be the duty of the executive to advise the +Congress of the result, and in the meantime deliberate +consideration is invoked.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of ’61 +who had worn the blue or the gray, this tragedy in the +harbour of Havana, and, when the government gave +permission, the boys of ’98 came forward many and +many a thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their +fathers—the boys of ’61—who, although the hand of +Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to participate +in the punishment of those who were responsible +for the slaughter of American sailors within the shadow +of Morro Castle. +</p> + +</div><div n="2" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='19'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER II.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE PRELIMINARIES.</head> + +<p> +War between two nations does not begin suddenly. +The respective governments are exceedingly +ceremonious before opening the <q>game of death,</q> +and it is not to be supposed that the United States +commenced hostilities immediately after the disaster to +the <name type="ship">Maine</name> in the harbour of Havana. +</p> + +<p> +To tell the story of the war which ensued, without +first giving in regular order the series of events which +marked the preparations for hostilities, would be much +like relating an adventure without explaining why the +hero was brought into the situation. +</p> + +<p> +It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially +those of a political nature, are dry reading; but once +take into consideration the fact that they all aid in +giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins hostilities +with another, and much of the tediousness may be +forgiven. +</p> + +<p> +Just previous to the disaster to the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, during +the last <anchor id="corr019"/><corr sic="(missing)">days</corr> of <corr sic="March">January</corr> or the first of February, Señor Enrique +Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister at Washington, +wrote a private letter to the editor of the +<pb n='20'/><anchor id='Pg020'/>Madrid <hi rend='italic'>Herald</hi>, Señor Canalejas, who was his intimate +friend, in which he made some uncomplimentary remarks +regarding the President of the United States, +and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain +commercial negotiations which were then being carried +on between the two countries. +</p> + +<p> +By some means, not yet fully explained, certain +Cubans got possession of this letter, and caused it to +be published in the newspapers. Señor de Lome did +not deny having written the objectionable matter; but +claimed that, since it was a private communication, it +should not affect him officially. The Secretary of +State instructed General Woodford, our minister at +Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately +recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he +was not relieved from duty within twenty-four hours, +the President would issue to him his passports, which +is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out +of the country. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>February 9.</hi> Señor de Lome made all haste to resign, +and the resignation was accepted by his government +before—so it was claimed by the Spanish authorities—President +McKinley’s demand for the recall was +received. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>February 15.</hi> The de Lome incident was a political +matter which caused considerable diplomatic correspondence; +but it was overshadowed when the battle-ship +<name type="ship">Maine</name> was blown up in the harbour of +Havana. +</p> +<anchor id="ill04"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill04.jpg"><head rend="small">EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</head><figDesc>EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill04.jpg"><head rend="small">EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</head><figDesc>EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='21'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> + +<p> +As has already been said, the United States government +at once ordered a court of inquiry to ascertain +the cause of the disaster, and this, together with the +search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was prosecuted +with utmost vigour. +</p> + +<p> +Very many of the people in the United States +believed that Spanish officials were chargeable with the +terrible crime, while those who were not disposed to +make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that +the Spanish government was responsible for the safety +of the vessel,—that she had been destroyed by outside +agencies in a friendly harbour. In the newspapers, on +the streets, in all public places, the American people +spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the +government set to work as if, so it would seem, they also +were confident there would be an open rupture between +the two nations. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>February 28.</hi> In Congress, Representative Gibson +of Tennessee introduced a bill appropriating twenty +million dollars <q>for the maintenance of national honour +and defence.</q> Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced +a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount +of money <q>to place the naval strength of the country +upon a proper footing for immediate hostilities with +any foreign power.</q> On the same day orders were +issued to the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida, +directing him to send men to man the guns at Santa +Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>February 28.</hi> Señor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed +<pb n='22'/><anchor id='Pg022'/>minister in the place of Señor de Lome, who resigned, +sailed from Gibraltar. +</p> + +<p> +By the end of February the work of preparing the +vessels at the different navy yards for sea was being +pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and munitions +of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and +fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department +believed that hostilities might be begun at any moment. +</p> + +<p> +Nor was it only within the borders of this country +that such preparations were making. A despatch from +Shanghai to London reported that the United States +squadron, which included the cruisers <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, <name type="ship">Boston</name>, +<name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Concord</name>, and <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, were concentrating at +Hongkong, with a view of active operations against +Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in event of war. +</p> + +<p> +At about the same time came news from Spain +telling that the Spanish were making ready for hostilities. +An exceptionally large number of artisans were +at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and +torpedo-boat destroyers. The cruisers <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> and <anchor id="corr022"/><corr sic="Viscaya"><name type="ship">Vizcaya</name></corr>, +with the torpedo-boat destroyers <name type="ship">Furor</name> and +<name type="ship">Terror</name>, were already on their way to Cuba, where +were stationed the <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name>, the <name type="ship">Infanta Isabel</name>, +and the <name type="ship">Nueva Espana</name>, together with twelve gunboats +of about three hundred tons each, and eighteen vessels +of two hundred and fifty tons each. +</p> + +<p> +The United States naval authorities decided that +heavy batteries should be placed on all the revenue +cutters built within the previous twelve months, and +<pb n='23'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>large quantities of high explosives were shipped in +every direction. +</p> + +<p> +During the early days of March, Señor Gullon, +Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, intimated to +Minister Woodford that the Spanish government +desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General +Lee. +</p> + +<p> +Spain also intimated that the American war-ships, +which had been designated to convey supplies to +Cuba for the relief of the sufferers there, should be +replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the +assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official +character. +</p> + +<p> +Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the +government at Washington, to which it replied by +refusing to recall General Lee under the present circumstances, +or to countermand the orders for the +despatch of war-vessels, making the representation +that relief vessels are not fighting ships. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 5.</hi> Secretary Long closed a contract for the +delivery at Key West, within forty days, of four hundred +thousand tons of coal. Work was begun upon the +old monitors, which for years had been lying at League +Island navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to +the Norfolk navy yard to concentrate all the energies +and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser <name type="ship">Newark</name>, to the +end that she might be ready for service within sixty +days. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 6.</hi> The President made a public statement +<pb n='24'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>that under no circumstances would Consul-General +Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request of Spain. +He had borne himself, so it was stated from the +White House, throughout the crisis with judgment, +fidelity, and courage, to the President’s entire satisfaction. +As to supplies for the relief of the Cuban +people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments +at once from Key West by one of the naval +vessels, whichever might be best adapted and most +available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 6.</hi> Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations +committee introduced a resolution that fifty +millions of dollars be appropriated for the national defence. +It was passed almost immediately, without a +single negative vote. +</p> + +<p> +Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser +<name type="ship">Montgomery</name> had been ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General +Wilson, chief of the engineers of the army, +arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of +men, who were in charge of locating and firing submarine +mines. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 10.</hi> The newly appointed Spanish minister +arrived at Washington. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 11.</hi> The House committee on naval affairs +authorised the immediate construction of three battle-ships, +one to be named the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, and provided for an +increase of 473 men in the marine force. +</p> + +<p> +The despatch-boat <name type="ship">Fern</name> sailed for Matanzas with +supplies for the relief of starving Cubans. +</p> +<anchor id="ill05"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill05.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='25'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> + +<p> +News by cable was received from the Philippine +Islands to the effect that the rebellion there had +broken out once more; the whole of the northern +province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to +pay taxes, and the insurgents appeared to be well +supplied with arms and ammunition. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 12.</hi> Señor Bernabe was presented to President +McKinley, and laid great stress upon the love +which Spain bore for the United States. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 14.</hi> The Spanish flying squadron, composed +of three torpedo-boats, set sail from Cadiz, bound for +Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be good +proof that the Spanish government anticipated war +with the United States, Señor Bernabe made two +demands upon this government on the day following +the receipt of such news. The first was that the +United States fleet at Key West and Tortugas be +withdrawn, and the second, that an explanation be +given as to why two war-ships had been purchased +abroad. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 17.</hi> A bill was submitted to both houses of +Congress reorganising the army, and placing it on a +war footing of one hundred and four thousand men. +Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the +Senate, on the condition of affairs in Cuba. He +announced himself as being opposed to annexation, +and declared that the Cubans were <q>suffering under +the worst misgovernment in the world.</q> The public +generally accepted his remarks as having been +sanc<pb n='26'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>tioned by the President, and understood them as +indicating that this country should recognise the independence +of Cuba on the ground that the people are +capable of self-government, and that under no other +conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the +island. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 17.</hi> The more important telegraphic news +from Spain was to the effect that the Minister of +Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo +flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana; +that the government arsenal was being run night and +day in the manufacture of small arms, and that infantry +and cavalry rifles were being purchased in +Germany. +</p> + +<p> +The United States revenue cutter cruiser <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> +was ordered to proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to +Hongkong, in order that she might be attached to the +Asiatic squadron, if necessary. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 18.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">Amazonas</name>, purchased from +the Brazilian government, was formally transferred to +the United States at Gravesend, England, to be known +in the future as the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 19.</hi> The <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry concluded +its work. The general sentiments of the people, as +voiced by the newspapers, were that war with Spain +was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened +March 24th, when authority was given by the Navy +Department for unlimited enlistment in all grades of +the service, when the revenue service was transferred +<pb n='27'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>from the Treasury to the Naval Department, and +arrangements made for the quick employment of the +National Guards of the States and Territories. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 24.</hi> The report of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry +arrived at Washington. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 27.</hi> Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers +declared that war with the United States was +next to certain. The United States cruisers <name type="ship">San +Francisco</name> and <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> sailed from England for +New York, and the active work of mining the harbours +of the United States coast was begun. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 28.</hi> The President sent to Congress, with a +message, the report of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry, as +has been stated in a previous chapter. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>March 29.</hi> Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and +recognising the independence of Cuba, were introduced +in both houses of Congress. +</p> + +<p> +With the beginning of April it was to the public +generally as if the war had already begun. +</p> + +<p> +In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the +country the newspapers were scanned eagerly for notes +of warlike preparation, and from Washington, sent by +those who were in position to know what steps were +being taken by the government, came information +which dashed the hopes of those who had been praying +that peace might not be broken. +</p> + +<p> +There had been a conference between the President, +the Secretary of the Treasury, and the chairman of +the committee on ways and means, regarding the best +<pb n='28'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war. +A joint board of the army and navy had met to formulate +plans of defence, and a speedy report was made to +Secretary Long. +</p> + +<p> +Instructions were sent by the State Department to +all United States consuls in Cuba to be prepared +to leave the island at any moment, and to hold themselves +in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to +embark for the United States. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 2.</hi> A gentleman in touch with public affairs +wrote from Washington as follows: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">To-day’s developments show that there is only the +very faintest hope of peace. Unless Spain yields war +must come. The administration realises that as fully +as do members of Congress.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The orders sent by the State Department to all +our consuls in Cuba, especially those in the interior, +to hold themselves in readiness to leave their positions +and proceed to Havana, show that the department +looks upon war as a certainty, and has taken all proper +precautions for the safety of its agents.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not +have been issued unless a crisis was imminent, and the +State Department, as well as other branches of the +government, has now become convinced that peace +cannot much longer be maintained, and that the safety +of the consular agents is a first consideration.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Lee has also been advised that he should +be ready to leave as soon as notified, and that the +<pb n='29'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>American newspaper correspondents now in Havana +must prepare themselves to receive the notification of +instant departure.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the +Boston Towboat Company, which corporation had +charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S. +<name type="ship">Maine</name>, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of +War has authorised an allotment of one million dollars +from the emergency fund for the office of the +chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended +in purchasing material for the torpedo defences connected +with the seacoast fortifications. The United +States naval attaché at London has purchased a +cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable +of a speed of sixteen knots, and the vessel will +put to sea immediately. The Spanish torpedo flotilla +is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde +Islands.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 4.</hi> Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins +spoke in the Senate, charging Spain with the murder +of the sailors of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, claiming that it was properly +an act of war, and insisting that the United States +should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed +intervention. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 5.</hi> Senator Chandler announced as his belief +that the United States was justified in beginning hostilities, +and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and Turner made +powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing +Spain. General Woodford was instructed by cable to +<pb n='30'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>be prepared to ask of the Madrid government his +passports at any moment. +</p> + +<p> +Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable, +doubled their rates. The merchants and manufacturers’ +board of trade of New York notified Congress +and the President that it believed Spain was responsible +for the blowing up of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>; that the independence +of Cuba should be recognised, and that it should +be brought about by force of arms, if necessary. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 7.</hi> The representatives of six great powers +met at the White House in the hope of being able +to influence the President for peace. In closing his +address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The government of the United States appreciates +the humanitarian and disinterested character of the +communication now made in behalf of the powers +named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation +will be shown for its own earnest and unselfish +endeavours to fulfil a duty to humanity by ending a +situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has +become insufferable.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning +that Consul-General Lee had received orders to set sail +from Havana on or before the ninth. The American +consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that +city. +</p> + +<p> +Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary +Islands, was, by the State Department, ordered not +<pb n='31'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>to proceed to his post, and he remained at New +York. +</p> + <anchor id="ill06"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill06.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill06.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town +for Washington, by order of his government. +</p> + +<p> +The following cablegram gives a good idea of the +temper of the Spanish people: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">London, April 7.—A special dispatch from Madrid +says that the ambassadors of France, Germany, Russia, +and Italy waited together this evening upon Señor +Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint +note in the interests of peace.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Señor Gullon, replying, declared that the members +of the Spanish Cabinet were unanimous in considering +that Spain had reached the limit of international policy +in the direction of conceding the demands and allowing +the pretensions of the United States.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 9.</hi> Guards about the United States legation +in Madrid were trebled. General Blanco, captain-general +of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on every able-bodied +man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to +register for immediate military duty. At ten o’clock +in the morning, Consul-General Lee, accompanied by +British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid +him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to +receive visitors. General Lee left the island at six +o’clock in the evening. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 11.</hi> The President sent a message, together +<pb n='32'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>with Consul Lee’s report, to the Congress, and Senator +Chandler thus analysed it: +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>First</hi>: A graphic and powerful description of the +horrible condition of affairs in Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>: An assertion that the independence of the +revolutionists should not be recognised until Cuba has +achieved its own independence beyond the possibility +of overthrow. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>: An argument against the recognition of the +Cuban republic. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>: As to intervention in the interest of humanity, +that is well enough, and also on account of +the injury to commerce and peril to our citizens, and +the generally uncomfortable conditions all around. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fifth</hi>: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions +is the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>. It helps make the +existing situation intolerable. But Spain proposes an +arbitration, to which proposition the President has no +reply. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Sixth</hi>: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain +cannot end it, mediation or intervention must take +place. President Cleveland said <q>intervention would +finally be necessary.</q> The enforced pacification of +Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore, +the President should be authorised to terminate hostilities, +secure peace, and establish a stable government, +and to use the military and naval forces of the United +States to accomplish these results, and food supplies +should also be furnished by the United States. +</p> + +<pb n='33'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 12.</hi> Consul-General Lee was summoned before +the Senate committee on foreign relations. It was +announced that the Republican members of the +ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan +for raising revenue in case of need to carry on war +with Spain. The plan was intended to raise more than +$100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was +thus distributed: +</p> + +<p> +An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel, +estimated to yield $35,000,000; a bank stamp tax +on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated to yield +$30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on +coffee, and ten cents per pound on tea on hand in the +United States, estimated to yield $28,000,000; additional +tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000. +</p> + +<p> +The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing +of $500,000,000 bonds. These bonds to be offered +for sale at all post-offices in the United States in +amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular +loan to be absorbed by the people. +</p> + +<p> +To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury +to be authorised to issue treasury certificates. +</p> + +<p> +These certificates or debentures to be used to pay +running expenses when the revenues do not meet the +expenditures. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +These preparations were distinctly war measures, +and would be put in operation only should war +occur. +</p> + +<pb n='34'/><anchor id='Pg034'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 13.</hi> The House of Representatives passed the +following resolutions: +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, the government of Spain for three years +past has been waging war on the island of Cuba +against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof, without +making any substantial progress toward the +suppression of said revolution, and has conducted +the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws of +nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing +the death by starvation of more than two hundred +thousand innocent non-combatants, the victims being +for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting +intolerable injury to the commercial interests of +the United States, involving the destruction of the +lives and property of many of our citizens, entailing +the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our +coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain +our neutrality; and, +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, this long series of losses, injuries, and +burdens for which Spain is responsible has culminated +in the destruction of the United States battle-ship +<name type="ship">Maine</name> in the harbour of Havana, and the death of +two hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,— +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Resolved</hi>, That the President is hereby authorised +and directed to intervene at once to stop the war in +Cuba, to the end and with the purpose of securing +permanent peace and order there, and establishing by +the free action of the people there of a stable and +independent government of their own in the island +<pb n='35'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and +empowered to use the land and naval forces of the +United States to execute the purpose of this +resolution. +</p> + +<p> +In the Senate the majority resolution reported: +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, the abhorrent conditions which have +existed for more than three years in the island of +Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace +to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in +the destruction of a United States battle-ship with two +hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on +a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot +longer be endured, as has been set forth by the +President of the United States in his message to +Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action +of Congress was invited; therefore, +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Resolved</hi>, First, that the people of the island of +Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>, That it is the duty of the United States to +demand, and the government of the United States does +hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once +relinquish its authority and government in the island of +Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from +Cuba and Cuban waters. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>, That the President of the United States be, +and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the +entire land and naval forces of the United States, and +to call into the actual service of the United States the +<pb n='36'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>militia of the several States to such extent as may be +necessary, to carry these resolutions into effect. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 14.</hi> The Spanish minister at Washington +sealed his archives and placed them in the charge +of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen +regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for +the Cortes to meet on the twentieth of the month, and +a decree opening a national subscription for increasing +the navy and other war services. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 15.</hi> The United States consulate at Malaga, +Spain, was attacked by a mob, and the shield torn +down and trampled upon. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 17.</hi> The Spanish committee of inquiry into +the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> reported that the explosion +could not have been caused by a torpedo or a +mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was +found to justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony +of two eye-witnesses to the catastrophe, who +swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on +the surface of the harbour around the <name type="ship">Maine</name>. The +committee gave great stress to the fact that the explosion +did no damage to the quays, and none to the +vessels moored close to the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, whose officers and +crews noticed nothing that could lead them to suppose +that the disaster was caused otherwise than by an accident +inside the American vessel. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 18.</hi> Congress passed the Senate resolution, +as given above, with an additional clause as follows: +</p> + +<pb n='37'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>, That the United States hereby disclaim any +disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction +or control over said island, except for the +pacification thereof; and asserts its determination, +when that is accomplished, to leave the government +and control of the island to its people. +</p> + +</div><div n="3" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='38'/><anchor id='Pg038'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER III.</head> + +<head type="sub">A DECLARATION OF WAR.</head> + +<p> +All that had been done by the governments of the +United States and of Spain was indicative of war,—it +was virtually a declaration that an appeal would +be made to arms. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 20.</hi> Preparations were making in each country +for actual hostilities, and the American people were +prepared to receive the statement made by a gentleman +in close touch with high officials, when he wrote: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The United States has thrown down the gage of +battle and Spain has picked it up.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The signing by the President of the joint resolutions +instructing him to intervene in Cuba was no +sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than he +immediately asked the State Department to furnish +him with his passports.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was defiance, prompt and direct.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain +to answer our ultimatum.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Nominally Spain has three days in which to make +her reply. Actually that reply has already been +delivered.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill07"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. COLUMBIA.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill07.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. COLUMBIA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. COLUMBIA.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='39'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When a nation withdraws her minister from the +territory of another it is an open announcement to +the world that all friendly relations have terminated.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Answers to ultimatums have before this been +returned at the cannon’s mouth. First the minister +is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is ready +to speak through shotted guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And the United States is ready to answer, gun for +gun.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid +yesterday, saying, in her speech from the throne: <q>I +have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights, whatever +sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish +people to gather behind my son’s throne. With our +glorious army, navy, and nation united before foreign +aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome, +without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust +attacks made on us.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at +Key West to have all the vessels of his fleet under full +steam, ready to move immediately upon orders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members +of his staff, departed from Washington during the +evening, after having made a hurried call at the French +embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish +interests were left in charge, having announced that he +would spend several days in Toronto, Canada. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 21.</hi> The ultimatum of the United States was +received at Madrid early in the morning, and the +gov<pb n='40'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>ernment immediately broke off diplomatic relations by +sending the following communication to Minister +Woodford, before he could present any note from +Washington: +</p> + +<p> +<text> +<body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dear Sir</hi>:—In compliance with a painful duty, I +have the honour to inform you that there has been +sanctioned by the President of the republic a resolution +of both chambers of the United States, which +denies the legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens +armed intervention in Cuba, which is equivalent to +a declaration of war.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The government of her majesty have ordered her +minister to return without loss of time from North +American territory, together with all the personnel of +the legation.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing +between the two countries, and all official communication +between their respective representatives, cease.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may +make such arrangements as you think fit. I beg your +excellency to acknowledge receipt of this note at such +time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to +reiterate to you the assurances of my distinguished +consideration.</q> +</p> + +<signed> +(Signed) <name>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>H. Gullon.</hi>”</name> +</signed> + +</body> +</text> +</p> + +<p> +Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the +government of this country gave out the following +information: +</p> + +<pb n='41'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o’clock <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, +the Department of State served notice of the purposes +of this government by delivering to Minister Polo a +copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also +a copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the +United States on the nineteenth instant. After the +receipt of this notice the Spanish minister forwarded +to the State Department a request for his passports, +which were furnished him on yesterday afternoon.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith +appended. The United States minister at Madrid +was at the same time instructed to make a like communication +to the Spanish government.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This morning the Department received from +General Woodford a telegram, a copy of which is +hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government +had broken off diplomatic relations with this +government.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic +action on the part of the United States.</q> +</p> + +<p><text><body> + <dateline rend="text-align: right">“ ‘April 20, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Woodford, Minister, Madrid</hi>:—You have been +furnished with the text of a joint resolution, voted by +the Congress of the United States on the nineteenth +instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification +of the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act, +the President directs you to immediately communicate +to the government of Spain said resolution, with the +<pb n='42'/><anchor id='Pg42'/>formal demand of the government of the United States, +that the government of Spain at once relinquish her +authority and government in the island of Cuba, and +withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and +Cuban waters.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">In taking this step, the United States disclaims +any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, +jurisdiction, or control over said island, except for the +pacification thereof, and asserts its determination when +that is accomplished to leave the government and control +of the island to its people under such free and +independent government as they may establish.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the +twenty-third day of April, there be not communicated +to this government by that of Spain a full and satisfactory +response to this demand and resolutions, whereby +the ends of peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President +will proceed without further notice to use the power +and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by the +said joint resolution to such an extent as may be +necessary to carry the same into effect.</q></q> +</p> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sherman.</hi>’</signed> +</body></text></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This is Woodford’s telegram of this morning:</q> +</p> + +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“ ‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Madrid</hi></name>, April 21. (Received at <date>9.02 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi></date>)</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To Sherman, Washington</hi>:—Early this morning +(Tuesday), immediately after the receipt of your telegram, +and before I communicated the same to the +<pb n='43'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign +Affairs notified me that diplomatic relations are broken +between the two countries, and that all official communication +between the respective representatives has +ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have +turned the legation over to the British embassy, and +leave for Paris this afternoon. Have notified consuls.</q></q> +</p> + +<signed>“‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Woodford</hi>.’ ”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p> +The Spanish newspapers applauded the <q>energy</q> of +their government, and printed the paragraph inserted +below as a semi-official statement from the throne: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The Spanish government having received the ultimatum +of the President of the United States, considers +that the document constitutes a declaration of war +against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted +is not to make any further reply, but to await the +expiration of the time mentioned in the ultimatum +before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish +authorities have placed their possessions in a state +of defence, and their fleet is already on its way to meet +that of the United States.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 21.</hi> General Woodford left Madrid late in the +afternoon, and although an enormous throng of citizens +were gathered at the railway station to witness his +departure, no indignities were attempted. The people +of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war, +and the general opinion among the masses was that +Spain would speedily vanquish the United States. +</p> + +<pb n='44'/><anchor id='Pg044'/> + +<p> +In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the +palace, the citizens began early to decorate the public +buildings and many private residences, balconies, and +windows with the national colours. A general illumination +followed, as on the occasion of a great national +festivity. Early in the evening no less than eight +thousand demonstrators filled the square opposite the +palace, a committee entering and tendering to the +captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property, +and lives in aid of the government, and pledging +their readiness to fight the invader. +</p> + +<p> +General Blanco thanked them in the name of the +king, the queen regent and the imperial and colonial +governments, assuring them that he would do everything +in his power to prevent the invaders from setting +foot in Cuba. <q>Otherwise I shall not live,</q> he said, in +conclusion. <q>Do you swear to follow me to the fight?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes, yes, we do!</q> the crowd answered. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in +your veins before letting a foreigner step his foot on +the land we discovered, and place his yoke upon the +people we civilised?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes, yes, we do!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The enemy’s fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost +at the doors of Havana,</q> General Blanco added. <q>They +have money; but we have blood to shed, and we are +ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill08"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill08.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill08.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The people interrupted him with cries of applause, +and he finished his speech by shouting <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva Espana!</foreign></q> +<pb n='45'/><anchor id='Pg045'/><q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva el Rey!</foreign></q> <q>Long live the army, the navy, and the +volunteers!</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +The Congress of the United States passed a joint +resolution authorising the President, in his discretion, +to prohibit the exportation of coal and other war material. +The measure was of great importance, because +through it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports +in the West Indies where it might be used by Spain. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 22.</hi> At half past five o’clock in the morning +the vessels composing the North Atlantic Squadron put +to sea from Key West. The flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> led +the way. Close behind her steamed the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the +<name type="ship">Indiana</name>. Following the war-ships came the gunboat +<name type="ship">Machias</name>, and then the <name type="ship">Newport</name>. The <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>, the +first of the fleet, lying close to shore, steamed out after +the <name type="ship">Machias</name>, and then followed in order the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, +the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, the <name type="ship">Castine</name>, the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, and the +other boats of the fleet, save the monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and +<name type="ship">Puritan</name>, which were coaling, the cruiser <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, +the despatch-boat <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, and the gunboat <name type="ship">Helena</name>. +</p> + +<p> +After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral +was hoisted over the <name type="ship">New York</name>, indicating to +the fleet that Captain Sampson was acting as a rear-admiral. +When in the open sea the fleet was divided +into three divisions. The <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and <name type="ship">Indiana</name> +had the position of honour. Stretching out to the +right were the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, <name type="ship">Newport</name>, and +smaller craft; to the left was the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> in the lead, +<pb n='46'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>followed by the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, <name type="ship">Castine</name>, <name type="ship">Machias</name>, <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>, +and some of the torpedo-boats. +</p> + +<p> +At seven o’clock in the morning the first gun of the +war was fired. The <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, which had been sailing +at about six knots an hour, in obedience to orders, +suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke +poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually +increased until the water ascended in fine spray +on each side of the bow, and behind her trailed out a +long, creamy streak on the quiet waters. +</p> + +<p> +She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which +was then about half a mile away, apparently paying no +heed to the monsters of war. +</p> + +<p> +A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across +the stranger’s bow, and then, no attention having been +paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged. This last shot +struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile +or more, sending up great clouds of spray. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and +within five minutes a boat was lowered from the +<name type="ship">Nashville</name> to put on board the first prize a crew of +six men, under command of Ensign Magruder. +</p> + +<p> +The captured vessel was the <name type="ship">Buena Ventura</name>, of 1,741 +tons burthen; laden with lumber, valued at eleven +thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load of cattle. +</p> + +<p> +The record of this first day of hostilities was not to +end with one capture. +</p> + +<p> +Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the +Cuban shore, while the United States fleet was +stand<pb n='47'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>ing toward Havana, with the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> a mile or more +in advance of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name>, the merchant +steamship <name type="ship">Pedro</name> hove in sight. The <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> suddenly +swung sharply to the westward, and a moment +later a string of butterfly flags went fluttering to her +masthead. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">New York</name> flung her answering pennant to the +breeze, and, making another signal to the fleet, which +probably meant <q>Stay where you are until I get back,</q> +swung her bow to the westward and went racing for +the game that the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> had sighted. The big +cruiser dashed forward, smoke trailing in dense masses +from each of her three big funnels, a hill of foam +around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal +wave. It was a winning pace, and a magnificent sight +she presented as she dashed through the choppy seas +with never an undulation of her long, graceful hull. +</p> + +<p> +When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came +from the bow of the cruiser, followed by a dull report, +then another and another, until four shots had been +sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish +steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried +no heavier guns, was trying to keep at a safe +distance until the friendly darkness of night should +hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the +big cruiser held her course in silence, and then her +entire bow was hidden from the spectators in a swirl +of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its +demand. +</p> + +<pb n='48'/><anchor id='Pg048'/> + +<p> +The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft, +and had hardly more than flung up a column of water +a hundred yards or less in front of the merchantman +before she was hastily rounded to with her engines +reversed. +</p> + +<p> +A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on +board, and the steamer <name type="ship">Pedro</name>, twenty-eight hundred +tons burthen, suddenly had a change of commanders. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 22.</hi> The President issued a proclamation +announcing a blockade of Cuban ports, and also signed +the bill providing for the utilising of volunteer forces +in times of war. +</p> + +<p> +The foreign news of immediate interest to the people +of the United States was, first, from Havana, that +Captain-General Blanco had published a decree confirming +his previous decree, and declaring the island +to be in a state of war. +</p> + +<p> +He also annulled his former similar decrees granting +pardon to insurgents, and placed under martial law +all those who were guilty of treason, espionage, crimes +against peace or against the independence of the +nation, seditious revolts, attacks against the form of +government or against the authorities, and against +those who disturb public order, though only by means +of printed matter. +</p> + +<p> +From Madrid came the information that during the +evening a throng of no less than six thousand people, +carrying flags and shouting <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva Espana!</foreign></q> <q>We want +war!</q> and <q>Down with the Yankees!</q> burned the stars +<pb n='49'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>and stripes in front of the residence of Señor Sagasta, +the premier, who was accorded an ovation. The mob +then went to the residence of M. Patenotre, the French +ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance, +but the French ambassador was not at home. +</p> + <anchor id="ill09"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill09.jpg"><head rend="small">PREMIER SAGASTA.</head><figDesc>PREMIER SAGASTA.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill09.jpg"><head rend="small">PREMIER SAGASTA.</head><figDesc>PREMIER SAGASTA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> + +</else></pgIf> +<p> +Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral +Dewey had ordered the commanders of the vessels +composing his squadron to be in readiness for an +immediate movement against the Philippine Islands. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 23.</hi> The President issued a proclamation calling +for one hundred and twenty-five thousand volunteer +soldiers. +</p> + +<p> +In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was +provided for in the form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds. +</p> + +<p> +The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early +in the morning by the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>. The fishing-boat +<name type="ship">Perdito</name> was sighted making for Havana harbour, +and overhauled only when she was directly under +the guns of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the +fortification might have sunk either craft. After a +prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral Sampson +decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted +to return to Havana to spread the news of the blockade. +</p> + +<p> +During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner <name type="ship">Mathilde</name> +was taken, after a lively chase, by the torpedo-boat +<name type="ship">Porter</name>. Between five and six o’clock in the +evening the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Foote</name>, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers +commanding, received the first Spanish fire. +</p> + +<p> +She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas, +<pb n='50'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>and had approached within two or three hundred yards +of the shore, when suddenly a masked battery on the +east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the +<name type="ship">Foote</name>, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The +missiles went wide of the mark, and the <name type="ship">Foote</name> leisurely +returned to the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name> to report the result of her +work. +</p> + +<p> +At Hongkong the United States consul notified +Governor Blake of the British colony that the American +fleet would leave the harbour in forty-eight hours, +and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be +necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port, +would be shipped. +</p> + +<p> +The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner +of the Cape Verde Islands, that, in accordance with +international law, she send the Spanish war-ships away +from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that +port during the war. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 24.</hi> The following decree was gazetted in +Madrid: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain +and the United States, and a state of war being begun +between the two countries, numerous questions of +international law arise, which must be precisely defined +chiefly because the injustice and provocation came +from our adversaries, and it is they who by their detestable +conduct have caused this great conflict.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The royal decree then states that Spain maintains +her right to have recourse to privateering, and +an<pb n='51'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>nounces that for the present only auxiliary cruisers +will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States +are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships +to leave Spanish ports, and the rules Spain will observe +during the war are outlined in five clauses, covering +neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what will +be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what +constitutes contraband of war, ending with saying that +foreign privateers will be regarded as pirates. +</p> + +<p> + Continuing, the decree declared: <q rend="post: none">We have observed +with the strictest fidelity the principles of international +law, and have shown the most scrupulous +respect for morality and the right of government.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There is an opinion that the fact that we have not +adhered to the declaration of Paris does not exempt us +from the duty of respecting the principles therein +enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused +to admit then was the abolition of privateering.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The government now considers it most indispensable +to make absolute reserve on this point, in order to +maintain our liberty of action and uncontested right +to have recourse to privateering when we consider it +expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of +cruisers, auxiliary to the navy, which will be composed +of vessels of our mercantile marine, and with equal +distinction in the work of our navy.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 1</hi>: The state of war existing between Spain +and the United States annuls the treaty of peace and +amity of October 27, 1795, and the <anchor id="corr051"/><corr sic="procotol">protocol</corr> of January +<pb n='52'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions +in force between the two countries.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 2</hi>: From the publication of these presents, +thirty days are granted to all ships of the United States +anchored in our harbours to take their departure free +of hindrance.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 3</hi>: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered +to the declaration of Paris, the government, +respecting the principles of the law of nations, proposes +to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the +following regulations of maritime laws:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>One</hi>: Neutral flags cover the enemy’s merchandise, +except contraband of war.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Two</hi>: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of +war, is not seizable under the enemy’s flag.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Three</hi>: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be +effective; viz., it must be maintained with sufficient +force to prevent access to the enemy’s littoral.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Four</hi>: The Spanish government, upholding its +rights to grant letters of marque, will at present +confine itself to organising, with the vessels of the +mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which +will coöperate with the navy, according to the needs of +the campaign, and will be under naval control.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Five</hi>: In order to capture the enemy’s ships, and +confiscate the enemy’s merchandise and contraband of +war under whatever form, the auxiliary cruisers will +exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in +the waters under the enemy’s jurisdiction, in accordance +<pb n='53'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>with international law and the regulations which will +be published.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Six</hi>: Defines what is included in contraband of war, +naming weapons, ammunition, equipments, engines, and, +in general, all the appliances used in war.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>Seven</hi>: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with +all the rigour of the law, are captains, masters, officers, +and two-thirds of the crew of vessels, which, not being +American, shall commit acts of war against Spain, even +if provided with letters of marque by the United States.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 24.</hi> The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Helena</name> captured the steamer +<name type="ship">Miguel Jover</name>. The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Detroit</name> captured the steamer +<name type="ship">Catalania</name>; the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> took the schooner <name type="ship">Candidor</name>; +the <name type="ship">Winona</name> made a prize of the steamer <name type="ship">Saturnia</name>, and +the <name type="ship">Terror</name> brought in the schooners <name type="ship">Saco</name> and <name type="ship">Tres +Hermanes</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 25.</hi> Early in the day the President sent the +following message to Congress: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration +and appropriate action, copies of correspondence recently +had with the representatives of Spain and the +United States, with the United States minister at Madrid, +through the latter with government of Spain, showing +the action taken under the joint resolution approved +April 20, 1898, <q>For the recognition of the independence +of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government +of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the +island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces +<pb n='54'/><anchor id='Pg054'/>from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President +of the United States to carry these resolutions +into effect.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in +Washington the demand, which it became the duty of +the executive to address to the government of Spain +in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for +his passports and withdrew. The United States minister +at Madrid was in turn notified by the Spanish +Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal of +the Spanish representative from the United States +had terminated diplomatic relations between the two +countries, and that all official communications between +their respective representatives ceased therewith.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I commend to your especial attention the note +addressed to the United States minister at Madrid by +the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on the twenty-first +instant, whereby the foregoing notification was +conveyed. It will be perceived therefrom, that the +government of Spain, having cognisance of the joint +resolution of the United States Congress, and, in view +of the things which the President is thereby required +and authorised to do, responds by treating the reasonable +demands of this government as measures of hostility, +following with that instant and complete severance +of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations +accompanied an existing state of war between sovereign +powers.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The position of Spain being thus made known, and +<pb n='55'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>the demands of the United States being denied, with a +complete rupture of intercourse by the act of Spain, I +have been constrained, in exercise of the power and +authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution +aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April 22, 1898, a +blockade of certain ports of the north coast of Cuba, +lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the +port of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and +further in exercise of my constitutional powers, and +using the authority conferred upon me by act of Congress, +approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation, +dated April 23, 1898, calling for volunteers in +order to carry into effect the said resolution of April +20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto +appended.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill10"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill10.jpg"><head rend="small">PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</head><figDesc>PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill10.jpg"><head rend="small">PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</head><figDesc>PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In view of the measures so taken, and other measures +as may be necessary to enable me to carry out the +express will of the Congress of the United States in +the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body +the adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state +of war exists between the United States of America +and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge speedy action +thereon to the end that the definition of the international +status of the United States as a belligerent +power may be made known, and the assertion of all its +rights and the maintenance of all its duties in the conduct +of a public war may be assured.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed> + +<dateline>“<date><hi rend='italic'>Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898.</hi></date>”</dateline> + +</body></text></p> + +<pb n='56'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> + +<p> +The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately +after it had been signed the following notice was +sent to the representatives of the foreign nations: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th, +directed intervention for the pacification and independence +of the island of Cuba. The Spanish government +on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that it +considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration +of war, and that it had accordingly withdrawn its minister +from Washington and terminated all diplomatic +relations.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day, +declared that a state of war exists between the two +countries since and including April 21st.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>You will inform the government to which you are +accredited, so that its neutrality may be assured in the +existing war.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary +of State, had resigned; Assistant Secretary William +R. Day was appointed the head of the department, +with John B. Moore as his successor. +</p> + +<p> +The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong, +under orders to rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public +attention was turned towards Manila, it being believed +that there the first action would take place. +</p> + +<p> +During the evening the tiny steamer <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, a +lighthouse tender, captured the richest prize of the war +thus far, when she hove to the <name type="ship">Panama</name>, a big +trans<pb n='57'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>atlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the Spanish +navy, which had been plying between New York and +Havana. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, Lieut.-Commander William H. +Everett commanding, was cruising along the Cuban +coast about twenty miles from Havana when she +sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two +12-pounders. As the latter came within range the +<name type="ship">Mangrove</name> sent a shot across her bow; but the Spaniard +gave no heed; another missile followed without +result, and the third whistled in the air when the two +vessels were hardly more than a hundred yards apart, +Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun +died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she +would be sunk forthwith. +</p> + +<p> +The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the +battle-ship <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, three miles to the rear. The +<name type="ship">Mangrove’s</name> officers admit that they expected the enemy’s +12-pounders to open on them in response +to the threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to. +Ensign Dayton boarded the prize. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Indiana</name> had seen the capture, and meanwhile +drew up to the <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, giving her a lusty cheer. +Lieutenant-Commander Everett reported to Captain +Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a prize-crew +on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer +and fifteen marines. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 26.</hi> The President issued a proclamation +respecting the rights of Spanish vessels then in, or +<pb n='58'/><anchor id='Pg058'/>bound to, ports in the United States, and also with +regard to the right of search. +</p> + +<p> +The United States gunboat <name type="ship">Newport</name> carried into +Key West the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Piereno</name> and the sloop +<name type="ship">Paquette</name>, which she captured off Havana, while the +monitor <name type="ship">Terror</name> took to the same port the coasting +steamer <name type="ship">Ambrosia Bolivar</name>. This last prize had on +board silver specie to the amount of seventy thousand +dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a cargo of +bananas. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 27.</hi> The steamers <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and +<name type="ship">Cincinnati</name> bombarded the forts at the mouth of Matanzas +Harbour. The engagement commenced at 12.57, +and ceased at 1.15 <hi rend="small">P. M.</hi> The object of the attack was +to prevent the completion of the earthworks at Punta +Gorda. +</p> + +<p> +A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened +fire on the flag-ship, and this was also shelled. Twelve +8-inch shells were fired from the eastern forts, but +all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired +from the half completed batteries. Two of these +whizzed over the <name type="ship">New York</name>, and one fell short. +</p> + +<p> +The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object +of discovering the whereabouts of the batteries having +been accomplished. In the neighbourhood of three +hundred shots were put on land from the three ships +at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand +yards. No casualties on the American side. +</p> + +<p> +The little monitor <name type="ship">Terror</name> captured her third prize, +<pb n='59'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>and the story of the chase is thus told by an eye-witness: +</p> + <anchor id="ill11"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. PURITAN.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill11.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. PURITAN.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. PURITAN.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Guido</name>, Captain Armarechia, +was bound for Havana. There was Spanish urgency +that she should reach that port. Aboard was a large +cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for +the Spanish troops—or officers. The steamer had +left Liverpool on April 2d, and Corunna on April 9th.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the +<name type="ship">Guido</name>, setting her fastest pace, made for Havana and +the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles off Cardenas +plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed +the fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would +be a long chase. Men in the engine-room toiled like +galley-slaves under the whip. There was prize-money +to be gained. The <name type="ship">Guido</name> fled fast. Every light aboard +her was hid.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It +was prize aim, and the shot found more than a billet in +the <name type="ship">Guido’s</name> pilot-house. It tore a part away; the +splinters flew.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable +shooting. The pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece +by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits of wood floated +in the steamer’s wake.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The gunboat <name type="ship">Machias</name>, which was some distance +away, heard the sound of the firing, came up, and +brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one shot, +<pb n='60'/><anchor id='Pg060'/>which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however, +brought her to, and Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew +were put on board.</q> +</p> + +<p> +A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture +of the American bark <name type="ship">Saranac</name> off Manila, by the +Spanish gunboat <name type="ship">El Correo</name>. +</p> + +<p> +By a conference of both branches of Congress a +naval bill of $49,277,558 was agreed upon. It stands +as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil war, providing +for the construction of three battle-ships, four +monitors, sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve +torpedo-boats. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Newport</name> captured the Spanish sloop +<name type="ship">Engracia</name>, and the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> made a prize of +the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Lola</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 29.</hi> The flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> was lying about +two miles off the harbour of Cabanas, having just completed +a cruise of inspection. With her were the +torpedo-boats <name type="ship">Porter</name> and <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>. On the shore +could be seen the white ruins of what may have been +the dwelling of a plantation. No signs of life were +visible. It was as if war’s alarms had never been +heard on this portion of the island. +</p> + +<p> +Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated +again and again, at regular intervals, and the tiny jets +of water which were sent up by the bullets told that, +concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop +of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they +may have believed to be an attack upon the big +war-<pb n='61'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had set +about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to +have as little effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed +it was necessary to teach the enemy that any +playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to +themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be +manned. +</p> + +<p> +Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered +sufficient, although there was no evidence any +execution had been done, and the big vessel’s bow was +turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode +rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as +a target for a 4-inch gun in the starboard battery, +and the troop dispersed in hot haste. +</p> + +<p> +While this mimic warfare was being carried on off +Cabanas, a most important capture was made. The +<name type="ship">Nashville</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> left the station +on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos, +arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth. +</p> + +<p> +They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning, +in order to get better information, steamed close +to the mouth of the harbour of Cienfuegos. The <name type="ship">Eagle</name> +was to the eastward, and in the van. The <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> +was slightly in the rear, and the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> to the +westward. +</p> + +<p> +All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was +seen rising on the western horizon, and the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, +because of her position, put on all steam in that direction. +Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across +<pb n='62'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>the bow of the coming steamer, which promptly hove to. +She was the <name type="ship">Argonauta</name>. Ensign Keunzli was sent +with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of her. +</p> + +<p> +Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word +was given to send them to the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> immediately +as prisoners of war, and when this had been done +arrangements were made to transfer the passengers +and non-combatants to the shore. The women and +children were placed in the first boat, and under cover +of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance +to Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers +and landed them about noon. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Argonauta</name> had on board Colonel Corijo of the +Third Spanish Cavalry, his first lieutenant, sergeant-major, +seven other lieutenants, and ten privates and +non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried +a large cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She +was bound from Satabanao, Spain, for Cienfuegos, +stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo. +</p> + +<p> +Half an hour later the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> hoisted a signal conveying +the intelligence that she had been fired upon by +Spanish boats coming out of the river. She immediately +returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and +held her ground until the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> came up. Both +vessels then fired broadside after broadside up the +entrance to the river. +</p> + +<p> +The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and +one torpedo-boat destroyer. After twenty minutes of +firing by the <name type="ship">Eagle</name>, during the last five of which the +<pb n='63'/><anchor id='Pg063'/><name type="ship">Marblehead</name> participated, the Spanish vessels ceased +firing. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 29.</hi> A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape +Verde, reported the departure from that port of the +Spanish squadron, consisting of the first-class cruisers +<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>, +and <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers +<name type="ship">Furor</name>, <name type="ship">Terror</name>, and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>, bound westward, probably +for Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 30.</hi> The American schooner <name type="ship">Ann Louisa +Lockwood</name> was taken by the Spaniards off Mole St. +Nicolas. +</p> + +<p> +The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the <name type="ship">Mascota</name>, +near Havana, by the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Foote</name>, closed +the record of the month of April. +</p> + +<p> +Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the +people of the United States, and it was as if everything +else was relegated to the background until information +could be had regarding that American fleet which +sailed from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon +of April 27th. +</p> + +</div><div n="4" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='64'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER IV.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</head> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <hi rend='italic'>May 1.</hi> <q rend="post: none">Manila, May 1.—The squadron arrived +at Manila at daybreak this morning. Immediately +engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following +Spanish vessels: <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name>, <name type="ship">Reina + Christina</name>, <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, <name type="ship">Don Antonio d’Ulloa</name>, + <name type="ship">Don Juan d’Austria</name>, <name type="ship">Velasco</name>, <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>, + <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, <name type="ship">Marques +del Duero</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, and the water-battery at +Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were +slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to +American consulate, Hongkong. I shall communicate +with him.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed> +</body></text></p> +<p> +All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he +performs his deeds of valour without too many preliminaries, +and, therefore, when on the seventh of May the +telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an +anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country +remembered but one name,—that of Dewey. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 25.</hi> It was known to the public that the +Asiatic Squadron had sailed from Hongkong on the +<pb n='65'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>25th of April to avoid possible complications such as +might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in +Mirs Bay, there to await orders from the government +at Washington. +</p> + <anchor id="ill12"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill12.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill12.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 26.</hi> So also was it known that on the next +day Commodore Dewey received the following cablegram. +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Washington</hi></name>, April 26th.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dewey, Asiatic Squadron</hi>:—Commence operations +at once, particularly against Spanish fleet. You must +capture or destroy them.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mckinley.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>April 27.</hi> On the twenty-seventh came information +from Hongkong that the squadron had put to sea, and +from that day until the seventh of May no word regarding +the commodore’s movements had been received, +save through Spanish sources. +</p> + +<p> +Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts +concerning the most complete naval victory the world +had ever known. It was the first engagement of the +war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not +strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with +joy, gave little heed to the movements of our forces +elsewhere until the details of this marvellous fight +could be sent under the oceans and across the countries, +thousands of leagues in distance, describing the +deeds of the heroes who had made their names famous +so long as history shall exist. +</p> + +<pb n='66'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> + +<p> +During such time of waiting all were eager to +familiarise themselves with the theatre of this scene +of action, and every source of information was applied +to until the bay of Manila had become as well known +as the nearest home waters. +</p> + +<p> +For a better understanding of the battle a rough +diagram of the bay, from the entrance as far as the +city of Manila, may not come amiss.<note place="foot">See <ref target="appa">Appendix, Part A</ref>, for general description of the Philippine +Islands and their inhabitants.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is +situated the city of Manila, through which the river +Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the old city from +the new, and forming several small islands. +</p> + +<p> +Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal +of Cavite, which, projecting as it does from the mainland, +forms a most commodious and safe harbour. +Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort, +on the mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between +the arsenal and the city was a Krupp battery, at what +was known as the Luneta Fort, while further toward +the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion +of Limbones Point, were shore-batteries,—formidable +forts, so it had been given out by the Spanish +government, such as would render the city of Manila +impregnable. +</p> + +<p> +Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands, +Corregidor and Caballo, which divide the entrance of +the bay into three channels. On each of these islands +<pb n='67'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly +fortified with modern guns. North of Corregidor, +nearly opposite, but on the inner shore, is the point of +San José, where was another water-battery mounting +formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor +and San José Point is known as the Boca Grande, and +is nearly two miles wide. The middle channel, or the +one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and +but little used. The third, which separates Caballo +Island from Limbones Point, is nearly three miles in +width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and known as the +Boca Chica. +</p> + +<p> +All of these channels, as well as the waters of +the bay, were said to have been thickly mined, and +the enemy had caused it to be reported that no +ship could safely enter without the aid of a government +pilot. +</p> + +<p> +In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as +set down at the conclusion of this chapter, were two +transports, the steamers <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, which +had come into the port of Hongkong laden with +coal shortly before Commodore Dewey’s departure, and +had been purchased by him, together with their cargoes, +in anticipation of the declaration of war. +</p> + +<p> +And now, the details having been set down in order +that what follows may be the better understood, we +will come to that sultry Sunday morning, shortly after +midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the +coast toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship +<pb n='68'/><anchor id='Pg068'/><name type="ship">Olympia</name> leading, with the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, the +<name type="ship">Petrel</name>, the <name type="ship">Concord</name>, and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> following in the +order named. In the rear of these came the two +transports, the <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, convoyed by the +despatch steamer <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca +Grande channel, and the fleet kept well out from +Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor came +into view. +</p> + +<p> +Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned +on deck, the men ordered to wash, and afterwards +served with a cup of coffee. All lights were extinguished +except one on the stern of each ship, and that +was hooded. All hands were at quarters; all guns +loaded, with extra charges ready at hand; every eye +was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the +slightest sound. +</p> + +<p> +Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to +seaman, who believed it would be possible for the war-vessels +to enter the bay without giving an alarm, and +yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past +Corregidor Island before a gun was fired. +</p> + +<p> +The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a +four-knot speed, when from the smoke-stack of the +little <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> a column of sparks shot up high +into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low, +and it became necessary to replenish them. The +firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should not be in +at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and +<pb n='69'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>thus a signal was given to the sleepy garrison of +Corregidor. +</p> + <anchor id="ill13"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. OLYMPIA.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill13.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. OLYMPIA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. OLYMPIA.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +<q>Perhaps they will see us now,</q> the commodore +remarked, quietly, as his attention was called to this +indiscretion. +</p> + +<p> +A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull +report, and in the air could be heard that peculiar singing +and sighing of a flying projectile as a heavy missile +passed over the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> and the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not +until after the last vessel in that ominous procession +had steamed past. +</p> + +<p> +It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and +it neither worked harm nor caused alarm. +</p> + +<p> +Again and again in rapid succession came these +flashes of light, dull reports, and sinister hummings in +the air, before the American fleet gave heed that this +signal to heave to had been heard. +</p> + +<p> +Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the <name type="ship">Concord</name> +directly inside of the fortification, where it exploded. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> each threw a shell by +way of salute, and then all was silent. +</p> + +<p> +The channel, which had been thickly mined, according +to the Spanish reports, was passed in safety, and +the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in the darkness, had +yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish +fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about +the city. +</p> + +<p> +On the forward bridge of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> stood +Commo<pb n='70'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>dore Dewey, his chief of staff, Commander Lamberton, +Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an insurgent +Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot. +</p> + +<p> +In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much +against his will, was forced to take up his position in +that partially sheltered place because the commander +of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that +all the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to +death on the bridge. +</p> + +<p> +The word was given to <q>slow down,</q> and the speed +of the big ships decreased until they had barely +steerageway. +</p> + +<p> +The men were allowed to sleep beside their +guns. +</p> + +<p> +The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was +almost profound, until suddenly day broke, as it does in +the tropics, like unto a flash of light, and all that bay, +with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first +signal, was disclosed to view. +</p> + +<p> +From the masthead of the American vessels rose +tiny balls of bunting, and then were broken out, +disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes. +</p> + +<p> +Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and +beyond, the city of Manila. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>, flying the Spanish rear-admiral’s +flag, lay off the arsenal. Astern of her was +moored the <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, her port battery ready for action. +Slightly to seaward were the <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>, the +<name type="ship">Don Antonio de Ulloa</name>, + the <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name> and <name type="ship">Isla de +<pb n='71'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>Luzon</name>, the <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, the <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>, and the +<name type="ship">General Lezo</name>. +</p> + +<p> +They were under steam and slowly moving about, +apparently ready to receive the fire of the advancing +squadron. The flag-ship <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name> also was +under way. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot +speed!</q> were the signals which floated from the +<name type="ship">Olympia</name> as she led the fleet in, keeping well toward +the shore opposite the city. +</p> + +<p> +The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when +from the arsenal came a flame and report; but the +missile was not to be seen. Another shot from Cavite, +and then was strung aloft on the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> a line of tiny +flags, telling by the code what was to be the American +battle-cry: <q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,</q> and from the throat +of every man on the incoming ships went up a shout +of defiance and exultation that the moment was near +at hand when the dastardly deed done in the harbour of +Havana might be avenged. +</p> + +<p> +Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels, +dropping astern and beyond range the transports as +they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having gained +such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution, +the fleet swung swiftly around until it held a +course parallel with the westernmost shore, and distant +from it mayhap six thousand yards. +</p> + +<p> +Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each +man took a mental grip upon himself, believing that he +<pb n='72'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>stood face to face with death; but no cheek paled; no +hand trembled save it might have been from excitement. +</p> + +<p> +The ships were coming down on their fighting course +when a shell from one of the shore-batteries burst over +the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>; the guns from the fort and from the +water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming +missiles with thunderous reports; every man on the +American fleet save one believed the moment had come +when they should act their part in the battle which had +been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Hold your fire until close in.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of +Manila would have been laid in ashes and thousands +of non-combatants slain. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> was yet two miles from Cavite when, +directly in front of the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, a huge shaft of water +shot high into the air, and with a heavy booming that +drowned the reports of the Spanish guns. +</p> + +<p> +<q>The torpedoes!</q> some one on the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> said, +in a low tone, with an indrawing of the breath; but +it was as if Dewey did not hear. With Farragut in +Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of +destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to +that which might in a single instant send his vessel +to the bottom, even as the <name type="ship">Maine</name> had been sent. +</p> + +<p> +Then, so near the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> as to send a flood across +her decks, another spouting of water, another dull roar, +and the much vaunted mines of the Spaniards in Manila +Bay had been exploded. +</p> + <anchor id="ill14"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. BALTIMORE.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill14.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. BALTIMORE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. BALTIMORE.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='73'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +<p> +The roar and crackle of the enemy’s guns still continued, +yet Dewey withheld the order which every man +was now most eager to hear. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the +shells which had passed over our fleet now fell close +about them; the tension among officers and men was +terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore +would restrain them from firing. The heat was +rapidly becoming intense. The guns’ crews began to +throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but +their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their +bodies. +</p> + +<p> +Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships +steadily steamed on and drew nearer the fort. Orders +were given by the officers in low voices, but they were +perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was +broken only by the throbbing of the engines. The men +hugged their posts ready to open fire at the word. +</p> + +<p> +A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and +came directly for the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. High over the smoke-stack +it burst with a mighty snap. Commodore Dewey +did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a +motion to a boatswain’s mate who stood near the +after 5-inch gun. With a voice of thunder the man +bellowed an order along the decks. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>!</q> yelled a chorus of five +hundred gallant sailors. Below decks in the engine-rooms +the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance and +revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and +<pb n='74'/><anchor id='Pg074'/>the threatening notes were swept across the bay to the +other ships. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>!</q> +</p> + +<p> +In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of +hundreds of American sailors who resented the cowardly +death of their comrades. It bespoke the terrible vengeance +that was about to be dealt out to the defenders +of a detestable flag. +</p> + +<p> +<q>You may fire when you are ready, Gridley,</q> was +Commodore Dewey’s quiet remark to the captain of the +<name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who was still in the conning-tower. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Olympia’s</name> 8-inch gun in the forward turret +belched forth, and an instant later was run up the +signal to the ships astern: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Fire as convenient.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The other vessels in the squadron followed the +example set by the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. The big 8-inch guns +of the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> hurled their two hundred +and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and +at the <name type="ship">Castilla</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns +on Cavite hurled their shells at the swiftly moving +vessels; the water-batteries added their din to the +horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous +with the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of +smoke hung here and there, obscuring this vessel or +that from view. It was the game of death with all its +horrible accompaniments. +</p> + +<p> +One big shell came toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> straight for +<pb n='75'/><anchor id='Pg075'/>the bridge. When a hundred feet away it suddenly +burst, its fragments continuing onward. One piece +struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander +Lamberton. He did not wince. +</p> + <anchor id="ill15"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill15.png"><head rend="small">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</head><figDesc>THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> continued on. It was evident Commodore +Dewey was making straight for the centre +of the enemy’s line, which was the big cruiser <name type="ship">Reina +Christina</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Being the nearest ship, the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> received more +attention from the Spaniards than any of the other +vessels. +</p> + +<p> +The water was now getting shallow. Commodore +Dewey did not wish to run aground. He altered his +course when about four thousand yards from the +Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his +broadside. +</p> + +<p> +A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the +shore near the arsenal, making for the coal-laden +steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary +batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear +upon her; it was a veritable shower of shot and shell +which fell ahead, astern, and either side of her. To +continue on would have been certain destruction, and, +turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had +half disabled her, the craft was run high and dry +on the beach, where she was at once abandoned, +her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would +explode. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Open with all guns,</q> came the signal as the course +<pb n='76'/><anchor id='Pg076'/>of the American vessels was changed, and soon all the +port guns were at work. +</p> + +<p> +The American fleet was steaming back and forth off +Cavite Bay as if bent on leaving such a wake as would +form a figure eight, delivering broadside after broadside +with splendid results. +</p> + +<p> +All this time the enemy’s vessels were keeping up +a steady fire, the smaller ships retreating inside the +mole several times during the action. The forts were +not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with +no noticeable effect. The enemy’s fire seemed to be +concentrated on the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, and she was hit several +times. +</p> + +<p> +A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side +on the main-deck line, tore up the wooden deck, and, +striking the steel deck under this, glanced upward, +went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging, +struck the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the +quarter-deck, temporarily rendering the gun unfit for +use. +</p> + +<p> +In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder +ammunition, exploding one shell, which in turn slightly +wounded one of No. 4 gun’s crew. +</p> + +<p> +One shell pierced her starboard side forward of +No. 2 sponson, and lodged in a clothes-locker on the +berth-deck; another struck her port beam a little above +the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above +this, another shell came crashing across the berth-deck, +striking a steam-pipe and exploding behind the starboard +<pb n='77'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>blower-engine, but with no serious results. A fragment +of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and the +colours of the mainmast were shot through. +</p> + <anchor id="ill16"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. BOSTON.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill16.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. BOSTON.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. BOSTON.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop +shattered the whaleboats, and they had to be cut +adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the +quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant +Brumby held in his hand. +</p> + +<p> +On the <name type="ship">Boston</name> a shell came through a port-hole in +Ensign Doddridge’s stateroom, and wrecked it badly. +The explosion set a fire which was quickly put out. +Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where +it burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also +soon extinguished. Still another shell struck the +<name type="ship">Boston’s</name> foremast, cutting a great gash in it. It came +within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> was forced inshore by the strong +current, and carried directly upon the bows of two +Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of warfare she +should have been sunk; but instead, her commander +delivered two raking broadsides as she steamed back +into place. +</p> + +<p> +Three times the American ships passed back and +forth, opening first with one broadside and then with +another as the ship swung around, and then the <name type="ship">Reina +Christina</name>, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a +vapour as of wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly +sallied out to meet the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which +<pb n='78'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>the Spaniard was speedily worsted to such a degree +that she was literally forced to turn and make for the +shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly +toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, an 8-inch shell struck her +squarely, and the explosive must have travelled directly +through the ill-fated craft until it reached the after +boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and +vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions +of dismembered human bodies. +</p> + +<p> +A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier, +and made directly for the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. In less than five +minutes she was in a sinking condition; as she turned, +a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she +disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some +titanic force. +</p> + +<p> +Navigator Calkins of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> had soundings +taken, and told Commodore Dewey that he could take +the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Take her in, then,</q> the commodore replied. +</p> + +<p> +The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of +the Spanish fleet. This brought the smaller guns into +effective play. +</p> + +<p> +The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was +terrific. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Castilla</name> was in flames from stem to stern. +Black smoke poured up from the decks of the <name type="ship">Isla de +Cuba</name>, and on the flag-ship fire was completing the work +of destruction begun by the American shells. +</p> + +<p> +It was 7.35 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> when the battle, which began at +<pb n='79'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>5.41, came to a temporary close. The first round was +concluded. +</p> + +<p> +There was yet ample time in which to finish the +work so well begun, and from the flag-ship <name type="ship">Olympia</name> +went up the signal: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Cease firing and follow.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once +partially beyond range, <q>mess-gear</q> was sounded. +</p> + +<p> +The only casualty worthy of mention which had +occurred was the death of Chief Engineer Frank B. +Randall, of the steamer <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>, who died from heart +disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the +fleet was passing Corregidor. +</p> + +<p> +There were handshakings and congratulations on +every hand as smoke-begrimed friends, parted during +the battle, met again, and loud were the cheers that +went up from the various ships in passing. +</p> + +<p> +After breakfast had been served and the ships made +ready for the second round, or, in other words, at 10.15 +in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name> +hauled down her colours, and the admiral’s flag was +transferred to the <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name>. +</p> + +<p> +At 10.45 a signal was made from the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Get under way with men at quarters.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> +in the lead, but the latter vessel’s course was quickly +changed as a strange steamer was observed entering the +bay. +</p> + +<p> +Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring; +<pb n='80'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>the signal flags soon told that the stranger was flying +the English ensign. +</p> + +<p> +Then came the order for the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> to stand in +and destroy the enemy’s fortifications, and ten minutes +later the battle was on once more. +</p> + +<p> +Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners +taking careful aim, bent on expending the least amount +of ammunition with the greatest possible execution. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> suffered most at the beginning of this +second round, because all the enemy’s fire was concentrated +upon her. +</p> + +<p> +Soon after this second half of the engagement had +begun a Spanish shell exploded on the <anchor id="corr080a"/><name type="ship">Baltimore’s</name> +deck, wounding five of the crew, and another partially +disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface +in that portion of the bay was covered by a missile +from the enemy’s guns, and yet no further damage to +the American fleet was done. +</p> + +<p> +When the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> was within twenty-five hundred-yard +range she poured a broadside into the <name type="ship">Reina +Christina</name> which literally blew that craft into fragments, +and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud +above the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath +the waters of the bay. +</p> + +<p> +The <anchor id="corr080"/><corr sic="San"><name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name></corr> was the next of the enemy’s +fleet to be sunk, and then a like fate overtook the <name type="ship">El +Correo</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name> was run on shore and abandoned +to the flames. +</p> + +<pb n='81'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> + +<p> +The cruiser <name type="ship">Castilla</name> was scuttled by her crew lest +the fire which was raging fiercely should explode her +magazine. +</p> + +<p> +The <anchor id="corr081"/><corr sic="Valasco"><name type="ship">Velasco</name></corr> went down before all her men could +escape to the boats. The guns of the <name type="ship">Don Antonio +de Ulloa</name> were fought with most desperate bravery, +and even as she sank beneath the surface were the +pieces discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at +their posts of duty until death overtook them. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Concord</name> started after the <name type="ship">Mindanao</name> lying close +inshore, and was soon joined by the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who +poured 8-inch shells into the transport until she was +set on fire in a dozen places. +</p> + +<p> +The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a +vessel remained afloat, and Commodore Dewey turned +his attention to the Cavite battery. +</p> + +<p> +It was 12.45 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> when the magazine in the arsenal +was exploded by a shell from the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, or the <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, +it is impossible to say which, and the battle of +Manila had been fought and won. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore +Dewey’s official report received at the Navy Department, +and then it was given to the public without loss +of time. It is copied below: +</p> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align:right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Flagship Olympia, Cavite</hi></name>, May 4, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived +off Bolinao on the morning of April 30th, and +<pb n='82'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>finding no vessels there proceeded down the coast and +arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same +afternoon. The <name type="ship">Boston</name> and <name type="ship">Concord</name> were sent to +reconnoitre Point Subic.... A thorough search +of the port was made by the <name type="ship">Boston</name> and the <name type="ship">Concord</name>, +but the Spanish fleet was not found....</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Entered the south channel at 11.30 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, steaming +in column at eight knots. After half the squadron +had passed, a battery on the south side of the channel +opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The +<name type="ship">Boston</name> and <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> returned the fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow +speed, and arrived off Manila at daybreak, and was +fired upon at 5.15 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> by three batteries at Manila +and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored +in an approximately east and west line across the +mouth of Baker Bay, with their left in shoal water in +Canacoa Bay.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the +flag-ship <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, under my personal direction, leading, +followed at distance by the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, +<name type="ship">Concord</name>, and <name type="ship">Boston</name>, in the order named, which formation +was maintained throughout the action. The +squadron opened fire at 5.41 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">While advancing to the attack two mines were +exploded ahead of the flag-ship, too far to be effective. +The squadron maintained a continuous and precise fire +at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand +yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel +<pb n='83'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>to that of the Spanish fleet. The enemy’s fire was +vigorous, but generally ineffective.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill17"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. CONCORD.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill17.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. CONCORD.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. CONCORD.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Early in the engagement two launches put out +toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, with the apparent intention of +using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other disabled +by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred +to fire torpedoes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At seven <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> the Spanish flag-ship, <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>, +made a desperate attempt to leave the line and come +out to engage at short range, but was received with +such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> +being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able +to return to the shelter of the point. The fires started +in her by our shell at this time were not extinguished +until she sank.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous +report from the beginning of the engagement, +which fire was not returned by this squadron.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The first of these batteries was situated on the +South Mole head, at the entrance to the Pasig River, +the second on the south bastion of the walled city of +Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile +farther south. At this point I sent a message to the +governor-general, in effect that if the batteries did not +cease firing the city would be shelled. This had the +effect of silencing them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At 7.35 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> I ceased firing and withdrew the +squadron for breakfast.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At 11.16 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> returned to the attack. By this +<pb n='84'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>time the Spanish flag-ship and almost the entire Spanish +fleet were in flames. At 12.30 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the squadron +ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships +sunk, burned, and destroyed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At 12.40 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the squadron returned and anchored +off Manila, the <name type="ship">Petrel</name> being left behind to complete +the destruction of the smaller gunboats, which were +behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed +by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious +and complete manner possible.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish lost the following vessels:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Sunk: <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>, <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, <name type="ship">Don Antonio de +Ulloa</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Burned: <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name>, <name type="ship">Isla +de Cuba</name>, <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>, <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>, + <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, +<name type="ship">Velasco</name>, and <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, transport.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captured: <name type="ship">Rapido</name> and <name type="ship">Hercules</name>, tugs, and several +small launches.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the +enemy’s killed and wounded, but believe their losses to +be very heavy.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name> alone had 150 killed, including +the captain, and ninety wounded.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am happy to report that the damage done to the +squadron under my command was inconsiderable. There +were none killed, and only seven men in the squadron +were slightly wounded.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated, +but the damage was of the slightest, and the +<pb n='85'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>squadron is in as good condition now as before the +battle.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I beg to state to the department that I doubt if +any commander-in-chief was ever served by more loyal, +efficient, and gallant captains than those of the squadron +now under my command.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><anchor id="corr085"/><corr sic="no quote">Capt.</corr> Frank Wildes, commanding the <name type="ship">Boston</name>, volunteered +to remain in command of his vessel, although his +relief arrived before leaving Hongkong. Assistant +Surgeon Kindleberger of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> and Gunner +J. C. Evans of the <name type="ship">Boston</name> also volunteered to remain +after orders detaching them had arrived.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. +Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff, was a +volunteer for that position, and gave me most efficient +aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign +W. P. Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal +officers in a highly creditable manner.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> being short of officers for the battery, +Ensign H. H. Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for +and was assigned to a subdivision of 5-inch battery. +Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in the United +States navy, and now correspondent of the <hi rend='italic'>New York +Herald</hi>, volunteered for duty as my aid, and did +valuable service.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut. +C. G. Calkins, the navigator of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who came +under my personal observation, being on the bridge +with me throughout the entire action, and giving the +<pb n='86'/><anchor id='Pg086'/>ranges to the guns with an accuracy that was proved +by the excellence of the firing.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the +squadron again went to Cavite, where it remained.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite +arsenal, which was taken possession of by a landing +party. On the same day the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> and <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> +secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor +Island, paroling the garrison and destroying the +guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>On the morning of May 4th the transport <name type="ship">Manila</name>, +which had been aground in Baker Bay, was towed off +and made a prize.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +<p> +List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of +Manila Bay, together with the officers of the American +fleet:<note place="foot">See <ref target="appb">Appendix B</ref> for types of war-ships and methods of signalling +while in action.</note> +</p> + +<p rend="text-align: center"> +AMERICAN FLEET. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons, +speed, 21.6 knots. Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten +5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen 6-pounder rapid-fire +guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings, +with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, protected cruiser, 4,600 +tons, speed, 20.09 knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six +6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire +<pb n='87'/><anchor id='Pg087'/>guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four 37-millimetre +Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Boston</name>, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons, +speed, 15.6 knots. Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch +rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, +two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre +Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons, +speed, nineteen knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch +rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, four +1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Concord</name>, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed, +16.8 knots. Battery: six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, +two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss +cannon, and two Gatlings. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7 +knots. Battery: four 6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire +gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two +Gatlings. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons, +speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, supply ships. +</p> + +<p rend="text-align: center"> +SPANISH FLEET. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Reina Maria Christina</name>, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen +knots. Battery: six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two +2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire rifles, six 1.4-inch, +and two machine guns. +</p> + +<pb n='88'/><anchor id='Pg0882'/> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch +Krupp rifles, two 4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch +rapid-fire, and two machine guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Velasco</name>, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch +Armstrong rifles, two 2.7-inch hontorias, and two +machine guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Don Antonio de Ulloa</name> and <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>, +each 1,130 tons, speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four +4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch, +and two machine guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>, and <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, gun vessels, 524 +tons, speed, 11.5 knots. The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name> had two +hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one 3.5-inch, two +small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the <name type="ship">El Correo</name> +had three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two +machine guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>, despatch-boat, 500 tons. +Battery: one smooth bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two +4.7-inch and one machine gun. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name> and the <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name> were +both small gunboats, 1,030 tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch +hontorias, two small guns, and two machine +guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons, +speed, 13.5 knots. +</p> + +<p> +Two torpedo-boats and two transports. +</p> + +<p> +Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear +Admiral George Dewey, commander-in-chief; Commander +B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T. M. +<pb n='89'/><anchor id='Pg089'/>Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell, +secretary. +</p> + +<p> + U. S. S. <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, <anchor id="corr089"/><corr sic="flagship">flag-ship</corr>: Captain, Charles V. Gridley; +Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants, +C. G. Calkins, V. S. Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller, +S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M. Taylor, F. B. Upham, +W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S. +Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant +Surgeon, C. P. Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A. +Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle; Assistant Engineers, +E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain, +J. B. Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner, +L. J. G. Kuhlwein; Carpenter, W. McDonald; +Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott. +</p> + +<p> +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander, +F. Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder, +B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan; Ensigns, F. L. +Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller; +Assistant Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant +Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief Engineer, F. H. Bailey; +Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead; Assistant +Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines, +T. C. Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone; +Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley. +</p> + +<p> +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Boston</name>: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander, +J. A. Norris; Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L. +Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H. Everhart, +J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant +Surgeon, R. S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin; +<pb n='90'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom; Assistant Engineer, +L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R. +McM. Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I. +H. Hilton. +</p> + +<p> +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander, +G. Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther, +A. G. Winterhalter, F. W. Kellogg, J. M. +Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward, +M. D. McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh, +I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer, T. A. Karney; Passed +Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon, +R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief +Engineer, A. Kirby; Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price, +H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt; Chaplain, T. S. K. +Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams; +Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner, +L. J. Waller; Carpenter, O. Bath. +</p> + +<p> +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Concord</name>: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander, +G. P. Colvocoresses; Lieutenants, +T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A. Kiser, +W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon, +R. G. Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster, +E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard Inch; Passed +Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer, +E. H. Dunn. +</p> + +<p> +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Petrel</name>: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants, +E. M. Hughes, B. A. Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P. +Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S. Montgomery; +Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant +<pb n='91'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>Paymaster, G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer, +R. T. Hall. +</p> + +<p> +Revenue Cutter <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon. +</p> + +<p> +American loss: Two officers and six men wounded. +</p> + +<p> +Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six +hundred wounded. +</p> + +</div><div n="5" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='92'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER V.</head> + +<head type="sub">NEWS OF THE DAY.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 2.</hi> In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second +of May, there was much to be done in order to +complete the work so thoroughly begun the day +previous. +</p> + +<p> +Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor, +under flag of truce, to Commodore Dewey, with a +proposal of surrender from the commandant of the fortifications. +The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> was sent to attend to the +business; but when she arrived at the island no one +save the commanding officer was found. All his men +had deserted him after overthrowing the guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> had but just steamed away, when +Commander Lamberton was ordered to go on board the +<name type="ship">Petrel</name> and run over to Cavite arsenal in order that he +might take possession, for on the previous day a white +flag had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender. +</p> + +<p> +To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing, +that the troops were under arms, and Captain Sostoa, +of the Spanish navy, was in anything rather than a surrendering +mood. On being asked as to the meaning +of affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted +for a truce, not as a token of capitulation. He was +<pb n='93'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>given until noon to decide as to his course of action, +and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white +flag was again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on +shore once more he found that the Spaniard had +marched his men away, taking with them all their +arms. +</p> + +<p> +This was the moment when the insurgents, who had +gathered near the town, believed their opportunity +had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began an +indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to +an end until the American marines were landed. +</p> + +<p> +The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about +the entrance of Manila Bay were destroyed; the cable +from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and Commodore +Dewey began a blockade of the port. +</p> + +<p> +Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency +war appropriation bill. +</p> + +<p> +Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten +light batteries of artillery were concentrated at Tampa +and Port Tampa. General Shafter assumed command +on this date. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Newport</name> captured the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Pace</name>. +</p> + +<p> +By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d, +news regarding the condition of affairs in Madrid was +received. The Spanish public was greatly excited by +information from the Philippines, and the authorities +found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document +being couched in warlike language beginning: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, as Spain finds herself at war with the +<pb n='94'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>United States, the power of civil authorities in Spain +is suspended.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it is necessary to prevent an impairment +of the patriotic efforts which are being made by the +nation with manly energy and veritable enthusiasm;</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Article 1.</hi> A state of siege in Madrid is hereby +proclaimed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Article 2.</hi> As a consequence of article one, all +offences against public order, those of the press +included, will be tried by the military tribunals.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>Article 3.</hi> In article two are included offences +committed by those who, without special authorisation, +shall publish news relative to any operations of +war whatsoever.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings +and public demonstrations. +</p> + +<p> +Commenting upon the defeat, the <hi rend='italic'>El Nacional</hi>, of +Madrid, published the following article: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived, +nothing better occurred to Admiral Bermejo (Minister +of Marine) than to send to all newspapers comparative +statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison +he sought to direct public attention to the immense +superiority over a squadron of wooden vessels +dried up by the heat in those latitudes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">But in this document Spain can see nothing kind. +Spain undoubtedly sees therein the heroism of our +marines; but she sees also and above all the nefarious +crime of the government.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='95'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> + +<p> +<q>It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing +forces superior to ours; but what is worthy of being +blamed with all possible vehemence is this infamous +government, which allowed our inferiority without +neutralising it by means of preparations. This is +the truth. Our sailors have been basely delivered +over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler +and more worthy of respect than those baneful ministers, +who brought about the first victory and its victims.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <hi rend='italic'>El Heraldo de Madrid</hi> said: <q rend="post: none">It was no caprice of +the fortunes of war. From the very first cannon-shot +our fragile ships were at the mercy of the formidable +hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one +after another under the fire of the American batteries, +powerless to strike, and were defended only by the +valour in the breasts of their sailors.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>What has been gained by the illusion that Manila +was fortified? What has been gained by the intimation +that the broad and beautiful bay on whose bosom +the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered +inaccessible? What use was made of the famous +island of Corregidor? What was done with its guns? +Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive +preparations concerning which we were requested +to keep silence?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 2.</hi> Late in the afternoon the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> +destroyed a Spanish fort on the island of Cuba, near +Cojimar. +</p> + +<p> +The government tug <name type="ship">Leyden</name> left Key West, towing +<pb n='96'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>a Cuban expedition under government auspices to +establish communication with the Cuban forces in +Havana province. The expedition was accompanied +by Lieutenant-Colonel Acosta. Under him were five +other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly commanded +a cavalry troop in Havana province. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 4.</hi> A telegram from Key West gave the following +information: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning +with all the big vessels of his blockading squadron on +some mysterious mission.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the fleet were the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name>, the battle-ships +<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, the cruisers <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, +and <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, the monitor <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and the +torpedo-gunboat <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of +their bunkers, and all available places on the decks are +piled high with coal.</q> +</p> + +<p> +On the same day the Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Condor</name> +arrived with twelve American refugees and their immediate +relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been +practising his profession in Cienfuegos for eight +months, after six years’ study in the United States, +was one of the passengers. He gave the following +account of himself: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if +I had been born in America, I was obliged to flee for +my life. I left my mother, six sisters, and five brothers +<pb n='97'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in danger. +May heaven protect them! What was I to do?</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There are now about two hundred Americans at +Cienfuegos clamouring to get away. They are sending +to Boston and New York for steamers, but without +avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me +on his departure that the Spanish law would protect +me. Other Americans would have come on the <name type="ship">Condor</name>, +but Captain Miller would not take them. There was +not room for them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet +become personally insulting on the streets, but a mob +of Spanish residents marched through the city four +days before the <name type="ship">Condor</name> left, shouting, <q>We want to kill +all Americans.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>There are between four thousand and six thousand +Spanish troops concentrating at Cienfuegos under command +of Major-General Aguirre. They have thrown up +some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries +look toward the open sea.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the +Bay of Biscay, the rioters made a stand and were fired +upon by the troops. Fourteen were killed or wounded, +yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were +they driven back until the artillery was ordered out. +Then a portion of the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon +with ammunition was seized, and directed against +the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and +an order issued that all the bread be baked in the government +bakeries, because the mob had looted the shops. +</p> + +<pb n='98'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> + +<p> +At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo, +a mob attacked the railroad station, entirely destroying +it, setting fire to the cars, and starting the engines wild +upon the track. They burned several houses owned +by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests +to flee for their lives. Procuring wine from the inns, +they grew more bold, and made an attack upon the +prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at +this point they were held in check by the guard. +</p> + +<p> +The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing +by inciting riots. At Caceres several people +were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the guards +and looted the shops. The British steam yacht <name type="ship">Lady +of Clonmel</name>, owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London, +was attacked as she lay at the pier. Stones smashed +her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did +not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from +Gibraltar reported the outrage to London. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 5.</hi> The government tug <name type="ship">Leyden</name>, which on the +second day of May left Key West with a Cuban expedition, +returned to port, giving the following account +of her voyage: +</p> + +<p> +She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and +landed five men, with four boxes of ammunition and +two horses. +</p> + +<p> +General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he +communicated with the forces of the insurgents. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Leyden</name> lay to outside the harbour until five +o’clock in the morning, when, observing a troop of +<pb n='99'/><anchor id='Pg099'/>Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea and +got safely away. +</p> + <anchor id="ill18"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. TERROR.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill18.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. TERROR.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. TERROR.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of +the third landed another small party near there. +</p> + +<p> +Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the +monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>, which were on the +blockade in that vicinity, but being unable to locate +them the <name type="ship">Leyden</name> returned to the original landing-place, +reaching there early on the morning of the +fourth. +</p> + +<p> +There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred +Cubans, half of whom were armed with rifles. +They united with the men on the tug, and an +attempt was made to land the remaining arms and +men, when two hundred of the Villa Viscosa cavalry +swooped down on them, and an engagement of a half +hour’s duration followed. +</p> + +<p> +The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving +them into the woods. The Spanish carried with +them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the +field. +</p> + +<p> +During the engagement the bullets went through +the <name type="ship">Leyden’s</name> smoke-stack, but no one was injured. +</p> + +<p> +The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship, +found her lying near Havana, and reported the +facts. +</p> + +<p> +Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> +back with the <name type="ship">Leyden</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The two vessels reached the scene of the landing +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/>on the afternoon of the fourth, and found the Spanish +cavalry in waiting to welcome another attempted +invasion. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> promptly opened fire on a number +of small houses marking the entrance to the place. +</p> + +<p> +The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back +the Spaniards, and Captain Dorst, with the ammunition, +landed safely, the <name type="ship">Leyden</name> returning to Key +West. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> Orders were given from Washington to +release the French mail steamer, <name type="ship">Lafayette</name>, and to +send her to Havana under escort. The capture of +the Frenchman by the gunboat <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> was an +unfortunate incident, resulting from a mistake, but +no protest was made by the representatives of the +French government in the United States. It appeared +that, before the <name type="ship">Lafayette</name> sailed for Havana, +the French legation in Washington was instructed +to communicate with the State Department. This +was done and permission was granted to the steamer +to enter and discharge her passengers and cargo, +with the understanding that she would take on nothing +there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such +agreement were sent from Washington to Admiral +Sampson’s squadron, and it was only learned after the +capture was made that they were never delivered. +</p> + +<p> +The War Department issued an order organising the +regular and volunteer forces into seven army corps. +</p> + +<p> +The following letter needs no explanation: +</p> + +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +<p><text><body> + <dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>597 Fifth Avenue, New York</hi></name>.</dateline> +<p><address> +<addrLine>“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Treasurer of the United States</hi></name>, +</addrLine> +<addrLine> Washington, D. C.</addrLine> +</address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dear Sir</hi>:—Some days ago I wrote President +McKinley offering the government the sum of +$100,000 for use in the present difficulty with +Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority +to receive moneys in behalf of the United +States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be +served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer +at New York to the credit of the treasurer of +the United States, or by remitting my check direct +to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check +for the above amount, drawn payable to your order +on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you kindly +acknowledge the receipt of the same?</q> +</p> + +<salute rend="text-align: center">“Very truly,</salute> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Helen Miller Gould</hi>.</signed> + +<dateline rend="text-align: left">“<date><hi rend='italic'>May 6, 1898.</hi></date>”</dateline> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +It was replied to twenty-four hours later: +</p> +<p><text><body> + <dateline rend="text-align: right">“Treasury Department of the United States.<lb/>“Office + of the Treasury.<lb/>“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Washington, D. C.</hi></name>, May 7, 1898.</dateline> +<p> + <address> +<addrLine>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miss Helen Miller Gould</hi>,</addrLine> +<addrLine> 597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.</addrLine> +</address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Madam</hi>:—It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge +the receipt of your letter under date of May +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/>6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000, according +to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the +government. This sum has been placed in the general +fund of the treasury of the United States as a +donation from you, for use in the present difficulty with +Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism +which prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the +government. Certificates of deposit will follow in due +course. Respectfully yours,</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ellis H. Roberts</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Treasurer of the United States.</hi>”</signed> +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> The torpedo-boats <name type="ship">Dupont</name> and <name type="ship">Hornet</name> +shelled the blockhouse near the lighthouse at Point +Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of Matanzas, +and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as +a blockhouse, lying three and one-half miles to the +east. +</p> + +<p> +As the <name type="ship">Dupont</name> was leaving her position off the +lighthouse point, a big shell was fired from the middle +embrasure of a battery on the other side of the harbour, +called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation +was bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a +thousand yards short. The <name type="ship">Hornet</name> was ordered to use +her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first shell +failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target +fairly, and the Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for +shelter among the neighbouring trees. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Hornet</name> fired twelve shells, six of which struck +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>the mark. The <name type="ship">Dupont</name>, after ascertaining that Point +Maya was being made too warm for Spanish occupation, +steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called +Garcia Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward, +and turned loose her 1-pounders. +</p> + +<p> +Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent +business behind the forest woods and hills. After +making certain they had gone to stay, the <name type="ship">Dupont</name> +resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at +Fortina, but remained there only long enough to see +the torpedo-boat’s menacing attitude. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, Captain Converse, +was the first ship of the American squadron to acquire +the distinction of capturing two prizes in one day, which +she did on the sixth. The captives were the <name type="ship">Frasquito</name> +and the <name type="ship">Lorenzo</name>, both small vessels of no great value as +compared with the big steamers taken during the first +days of the war. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Montgomery</name> was cruising about fifty miles off +Havana when the <name type="ship">Frasquito</name>, a two-master, came bowling +along toward the Cuban capital. When the yellow +flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in +her direction, and a blank shot was put across her +bow. The Spaniard hove to and the customary +prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the +<name type="ship">Frasquito</name> was bound from Montevideo to Havana +with a cargo of jerked beef. She was of about 140 +tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The prize-crew +took her to Havana waters, and the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/>assigned the cutter <name type="ship">Hamilton</name> to carry her into Key +West. +</p> + +<p> +A few minutes afterwards the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name> encountered +the <name type="ship">Lorenzo</name>, a Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona +to Havana with a cargo of dried beef. She was +taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several +<q>Jackies,</q> sailed her into port. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 7.</hi> Quite a sharp little affair occurred off +Havana, in which the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> and the cutter <name type="ship">Morrill</name> +were very nearly enticed to destruction. +</p> + +<p> +A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour +shortly before daylight to draw some of the Americans +into an ambuscade. +</p> + +<p> +She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with +the wind on her starboard quarter. About three miles +east of the entrance of the harbour she came over on +the port tack. +</p> + +<p> +A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not +discovered until three miles off shore, when the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> +made her out and signalled the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> and +<name type="ship">Morrill</name>. Captain Smith of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> immediately +clapped on all steam and started in pursuit. +</p> + +<p> +The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro +Castle before the wind. On doing so, she would, +according to the plot, lead the two American war-ships +directly under the guns of the Santa Clara +batteries. +</p> + +<p> +These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are +a part of the defences of the harbour. There were two +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/>batteries, one at the shore, which had been recently +thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures +for 8-inch guns, and the other on the crest of the +rocky eminence which juts out into the waters of +the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted +modern 10 and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot +stone parapet, in front of which were twenty feet +of earthwork and belting of railroad iron. +</p> + +<p> +The American vessels were about six miles from the +schooner when the chase began. They steamed after +her at full speed, the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> leading, until within a +mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries. +</p> + +<p> +Commander Smith of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> was the first to +realise the danger into which the reckless pursuit had +led them. He concluded it was time to haul off, and +sent a shot across the bow of the schooner. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel +about, but while she was still rolling in the trough of +the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch shrapnel +shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery, +a mile and a half away. +</p> + +<p> +It passed over the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, between the pilot-house +and the smoke-stack, and exploded less than fifty feet +away on the port quarter. +</p> + +<p> +Two more shots followed in quick succession, both +shrapnel. One burst close under the starboard quarter, +filling the engine-room with the smoke of the exploding +shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and +exploded just beyond. +</p> + +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/> + +<p> +The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time +fuses were accurately set. +</p> + +<p> +The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant +Craig, who was in charge of the bow 4-inch +rapid-fire gun of the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, asked for and obtained +permission to return the fire. +</p> + +<p> +At the first shot the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, which was in the +wake of the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, slightly inshore, sheered off and +passed to windward under the <name type="ship">Morrill’s</name> stern. In the +meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and +was none too soon, for as the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> stood off a solid +8-inch shot grazed her starboard quarter and kicked +up tons of water as it struck a wave one hundred yards +beyond. +</p> + +<p> +All the guns of the water-battery were now at work. +One of them cut the Jacob’s-ladder of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> +adrift, and another carried away a portion of the rigging. +</p> + +<p> +As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were +used, but only a few shots were fired. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Morrill’s</name> 6-inch gun was elevated for four +thousand yards, and struck the earthwork repeatedly. +The <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> discharged only three shots from her +6-pounder. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for +twenty minutes, but none of the latter shots came +within one hundred yards. +</p> + +<p> +Later in the day the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> captured the Spanish +schooner <name type="ship">Espana</name>, bound for Havana, and towed the +prize to Key West. +</p> +<anchor id="ill19"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill19.jpg"><head rend="small">JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</head><figDesc>JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill19.jpg"><head rend="small">JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</head><figDesc>JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Newport</name> added to the list of captures by bringing +in the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Padre de Dios</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 7.</hi> The United States despatch-boat <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> +arrived at Hongkong from Manila, with details of +Commodore Dewey’s victory. +</p> + +<p> +Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from +Hongkong had been received, sent the following +despatch: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The President, in the name of the American people, +thanks you and your officers and men for your splendid +achievement and overwhelming victory. In recognition +he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend +a vote of thanks to you by Congress as a +foundation for further promotion.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 8.</hi> A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was +that in which the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Winslow</name> engaged off +Cardenas Bay. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and gunboat <name type="ship">Machias</name> were on the +blockade off Cardenas. +</p> + +<p> +In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines +and torpedoes, three small gunboats had been bottled +up since the beginning of the war. Occasionally they +stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond +the inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the +American torpedo boats. +</p> + +<p> +Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the +entrance of the bay to mark the position for the +entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on +the shore opposite was instructed to notify the +gun<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/>boats inside when the torpedo-boats were within the +limit distance marked by the buoy. +</p> + +<p> +The scheme was that the gunboats could run out, +open fire at a one-mile range thus marked off for them, +and retreat without the chance of being cut off. The +men of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> eyed this buoy and guessed its +purpose, but did not attempt to remove it. +</p> + +<p> +On the afternoon of the eighth the <name type="ship">Machias</name> stood +away to the eastward for a jaunt, and the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> was +left alone to maintain the blockade. +</p> + +<p> +In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas +Harbour. There was great excitement at the signal-station, +and flags fluttered hysterically. The three +gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to +their safety limit. +</p> + +<p> +Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand +yards. In a few minutes the shore signals told them +that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every Spaniard +aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of +the water. +</p> + +<p> +Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw +waterspouts around the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, but she was not +struck. Instead of running away, she upset calculations +by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats, +and Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white +smoke puffs from the Spanish guns than he gave the +word to the men already stationed at the two forward +1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot +in the middle of the flotilla. +</p> + +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> + +<p> +On plunged the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> to within fifteen hundred +yards of the gunboats, while the row raised by the +rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling tattoo. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this +fierce onslaught, single-handed, and fired wildly. The +<name type="ship">Winslow</name> swung around broadside to, to bring her two +after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and +lost formation. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> soon manœuvred so that she was +peppering at all three gunboats at once. The sea was +very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat rolled so +wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice, +but despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire +and the remarkable effectiveness of her guns demoralised +all three opponents, which, after the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> had +fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back +toward the shelter of the harbour. +</p> + +<p> +They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders, +but were wild. Several shells passed over +the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. One exploded a hundred feet astern, +but the others fell short. +</p> + +<p> +At last a 1-pounder from the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> went fair +and true, and struck the hull of the <name type="ship">Lopez</name> a little aft of +amidships, apparently exploding on the inside. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> men yelled. The <name type="ship">Lopez</name> stopped, evidently +disabled, while one of her comrades went to her +assistance. By this time the Spanish boats had retreated +nearly inside, where they could not be followed +because of the mines. The <name type="ship">Lopez</name> got under way +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>slowly and limped homeward with the help of a towline +from her consort. +</p> + +<p> +During this episode the <name type="ship">Machias</name> had returned, and +when within a two-mile range let fly two 4-inch +shells from her starboard battery, which accelerated the +Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back +into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of +the shore-battery. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish gunboats that lured the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> into +the death-trap were the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, <name type="ship">Lealtad</name>, and +<name type="ship">Ligera</name>. During the fight the two former retreated +behind the wharves, and the <name type="ship">Ligera</name> behind the key. It +was the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name> that opened fire on the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> +and decoyed her into the channel. The Spanish troops +formed on the public square, not daring to go to the +wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they +furnished targets, and the women and children fled to +Jovellanos. +</p> + +<p> +Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack +<name type="ship">Santiago Apostal</name> was captured by the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Newport</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Yale</name> captured the Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Rita</name> +on the eighth, but did not succeed in getting the prize +into port until the thirteenth. The <name type="ship">Rita</name> was loaded +with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the +day. At Linates a crowd of women stormed the town +hall and the civil guard fired upon them, killing twelve. +<hi rend='italic'>El Pais</hi>, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid, +<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/>was suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos +and Alicante. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 9.</hi> Congress passed a joint resolution of +thanks to Commodore Dewey; the House passed a bill +increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to +seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a +sword, and a bronze memorative medal to each officer +and man of his command. +</p> + +<p> +The record of the navy for the day was summed up +in the capture of the fishing-smack <name type="ship">Fernandito</name> by the +U. S. S. <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, and the capture of the Spanish +schooner <name type="ship">Severito</name> by the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was +proclaimed in Catalonia. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 10.</hi> The steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name> sailed from Tampa, +Florida, with two companies of the First Infantry, and +munitions and supplies for Cuban insurgents. +</p> + +<p> +Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante +the mob sacked and burned a bonded warehouse. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak +on the morning of May 11th, were three telegraph +cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood consisted +of the cruiser <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, which had been on the +station three weeks, the gunboat <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, which had +been there two weeks, and the converted revenue cutter +<name type="ship">Windom</name>, which had arrived two days before. The station +had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes +with some Spanish gunboats, which occasionally ventured +a very little way out of Cienfuegos Harbour. +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/>They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated, +as usual, when fired on. +</p> + +<p> +Commander McCalla of the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, ranking +officer, instructed Lieutenant Anderson to call for +volunteers to cut the cable early on the morning of the +eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser +and the gunboat, and three times the desired number of +men offered to serve. No one relented, even after +repeated warnings that the service was especially +dangerous. +</p> + +<p> +<q>I want you men to understand,</q> Anderson said, +<q>that you are not ordered to do this work, and are not +obliged to.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The men nearly tumbled over one another in their +eagerness to be selected. In the end, the officer had +simply the choice of the entire crew of the two ships. +</p> + +<p> +A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch +containing six, were manned from each ship, and a +guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder +guns of the launches, were put on board. In the +meantime the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> had taken a position one +thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado Point +lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow +entrance to Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable +landing, and, with the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> a little farther to the +west, had begun shelling the beach. +</p> + +<p> +The shore there is low, and covered with a dense +growth of high grass and reeds. The lighthouse stood +on an elevation, behind which, as well as hidden in the +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/>long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits, +some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders. +These the Spaniards deserted as fast as the ships’ fire +reached them. As the enemy’s fire slackened and died +out, the boats were ordered inshore. +</p> + +<p> +They advanced in double column. The launches, +under Lieutenant Anderson and Ensign McGruder of +the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, went ahead with their sharpshooters and +gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters +were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the +men peering into the green water for a sight of the +cables. At a distance of two hundred feet from +shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent +ahead. +</p> + +<p> +The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore. +No sooner had the work of cutting it been +begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the soldiers +skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire +guns through the high grass. The launches replied +and the fire from the ships quickened, but although the +Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every now and +then they grew stronger. +</p> + +<p> +The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first +cable, stowed it away for safety, and then grappled for +the next. Meantime the Spaniards were firing low in +an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of +their shots fell short. The second cable was finally +found, and the men with the pipe-cutters went to work +on it. +</p> + +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/> + +<p> +Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the +cutters in position, and the first man wounded was one +of these. No one else in the boat knew it, however, +till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others +took the cue from this, and there was not a groan or a +complaint from the two boats, as the bullets, that were +coming thicker and faster every minute, began to bite +flesh. +</p> + +<p> +The men simply possessed themselves with heroic +patience, and went on with the work. They did not +even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish fire, +but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard +enough for all. +</p> + +<p> +The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a +smaller one, was grappled and hoisted to the surface. +The fire of the Spanish had reached its maximum. It +was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were +speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious, +and exposed themselves in groups here and +there. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Use shrapnel,</q> came the signal, and can after can +exploded over the Spaniards, causing them to break +and run to cover. +</p> + +<p> +This cover was a sort of fortification behind the +lighthouse, and to this place they dragged a number of +their machine guns, and again opened fire on the +cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could +not be answered so well from the launches, and the +encouraged Spaniards fired all the oftener. +</p> + +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> + +<p> +Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a +sound escape him. Like silent machines they worked, +grimly hacking and tearing at the third cable. During +half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind +the lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant +Anderson’s signal, the cable was dropped and +the boats retreated. +</p> + +<p> +The work had lasted two hours and a half. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Windom</name>, which had laid out of range with a +collier, was now ordered in, and the surgeon called to +attend the wounded. The <name type="ship">Windom</name> was signalled to +shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on +before, according to the usages of international law. +It had been used as a shelter by the Spaniards. The +revenue cutter’s rapid-fire guns riddled the structure +in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun, +which was in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it +fair, exploded, and toppled it over. +</p> + +<p> +With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards +broke and ran again, the screaming shrapnel bursting +all around them. +</p> + +<p> +At the fall of the lighthouse the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> signalled, +<q>Well done,</q> and then a moment later, <q>Cease +firing.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The only man killed instantly was a marine named +Eagan. A sailor from one of the boats died of his +wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of +the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant +Winslow was wounded in the hand. +</p> + +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/> + +<p> +The list of casualties resulting from this display of +heroism was two killed, two fatally and four badly +wounded. The Spanish loss could not be ascertained, +but it must necessarily have been heavy. +</p> +<anchor id="ill20"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. CHICAGO.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill20.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. CHICAGO.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. CHICAGO.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +</div><div n="6" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> + <pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER VI.</head> + +<head type="sub">CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour +were silenced on May 11th, and at the +same time there was a display of heroism, on the part +of American sailors, such as has never been surpassed. +</p> + +<p> +A plan of action having been decided upon, the +<name type="ship">Wilmington</name> arrived at the blockading station from Key +West on the morning of the eleventh. She found there, +off Piedras Bay, the cruiser <name type="ship">Machias</name>, the torpedo-boat +<name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and the revenue cutter <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, which last +carried two 6-pounders. Shortly after noon the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, +<name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and <name type="ship">Hudson</name> moved into the inner +harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of +the Spanish batteries on the water-front. The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> +took a range of about twenty-five hundred +yards. +</p> + +<p> +The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery +in a stone fortification on the mole or quay, a battery +of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with long-range +rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire +guns. +</p> + +<p> +Firing commenced at one o’clock, and when the +Cardenas batteries were silenced at two in the afternoon, +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/>the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> had sent 376 shells into them and the +town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times. +She had aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and +110 from her 1-pounders, over six shots a minute. +</p> + +<p> +When the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> ceased firing she had moved +up to within one thousand yards range of the Spanish +guns, and there were only six inches of water under her +keel. The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> draws nine feet of water forward +and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings +showed that she was almost touching, her guns +were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a +beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must +have miscalculated her distance and misjudged her +draught, else they would have done more effective +work at a range of two thousand yards. +</p> + +<p> +During the engagement, when the commander of the +<name type="ship">Winslow</name> found that he could not approach close enough +to the Spanish gunboats to use his torpedo-tubes to +any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time +he could have got out of harm’s way by taking shelter +to the leeward of the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower +of the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for +the torpedo-boat, do its deadly work. The shell struck +the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on the deck +of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. There is little room for men anywhere +on a torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it +is almost sure to hit a group. Such was the case in +the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. The exploding shell cost the lives of +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the +craft by wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her +captain and one of his crew were wounded by separate +shots. +</p> + <anchor id="ill21"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill21.png"><head rend="small">THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</head><figDesc>THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill21.png"><head rend="small">THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</head><figDesc>THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group +of five died on the deck of the disabled torpedo-boat, +and the other two died while being removed to the +<name type="ship">Wilmington</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The signal, <q>Many wounded,</q> went up from the staff +of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of +the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> boarded the torpedo-boat. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Hudson</name> tied up to the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and towed her +out of danger, escaping unscathed. The wounded +men were tenderly cared for on the cruiser, and that +night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay, +bearing the dead and wounded to Key West. +</p> + +<p> +William O’Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the +<name type="ship">Winslow’s</name> crew, thus tells his story of the battle to a +newspaper correspondent: +</p> + +<p> +<q>From the very beginning,</q> he said, <q>I think every +man on the boat believed that we could not escape +being sunk, and that is what would have happened +had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the +<name type="ship">Hudson</name>, who worked for over an hour under the most +terrific fire to get us out of range.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Were you ordered to go in there?</q> he was asked. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was +given from the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Was it a signal order?</q> +</p> + +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/> + +<p> +<q>No; we were near enough to the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> so +that they shouted it to us from the deck, through the +megaphone.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Do you remember the words of the commander +who gave them?</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I don’t know who shouted the order; but the +words as I remember them were, <q>Mr. Bagley, go in +and see what gunboats there are.</q> We started at once +towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon +after.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q>The first thing I saw,</q> continued O’Hearn, <q rend="post: none">was a +shot fired from a window or door in the second story of +the storehouse just back of the dock where the Spanish +gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing +over our heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat +at the wharf, and from the shore. The effect of +shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under fire +is something terrible.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and +then something seems to strike you in the face and +head. I noticed that at first the boys threw their hands +to their heads every time a shell went over; but they +soon came so fast and so close that it was a roaring, +shrieking, crashing hell.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but +everybody went on deck when the battle began. John +Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek, the +firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained +below they would not have been killed.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After the firing began I went below again to attend +to the boiler, and a few minutes later a solid shot +came crashing through the side of the boat and into +the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy +of the tubes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in +the boiler it threw both the furnace doors open, and +the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was a terrible +crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust +and steam. For several seconds I was partially stunned, +and my ears rang so I could hear nothing. I went up +on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about +with a towel wound around his left leg. He was +shouting, and the noise of all the guns was like continuous +thunder. <q>Captain,</q> I cried, <q>the forward +boiler is disabled. A shell has gone through it.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Get out the hose,</q> he said, and turned to the gun +again. I made my way to the boiler-room, in a few +minutes went up on the deck again, and the fighting +had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were +missing, and I looked around.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the +starboard quarter, near the after conning-tower, I saw +five of our men where they had wilted down after the +shell struck them. In other places were men lying +groaning, or dragging themselves about, wounded and +covered with blood. There were big red spots on the +deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I went to where the five men were lying, and saw +that all were not dead. John Meek could speak and +move one hand slightly. I put my face down close to +his.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Can I do anything for you, John?</q> I asked, and +he replied, <q>No, Jack, I am dying; good-bye,</q> and he +asked me to grasp his hand. <q>Go help the rest,</q> +he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where +Captain Bernadou was still firing the forward gun. +The next minute he was dead.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn +to pieces, and the bodies of the other three were on top +of him. The coloured cook was a little apart from +the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We +supposed he was dead, and covered him up the same +as the others. Nearly half an hour after that we heard +him calling, and saw that he was making a slight +movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and +he said:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Oh, boys, for God’s sake move me. I am lying +over the boiler and burning up.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been +almost roasted. He complained that his neck was +cramped, but did not seem to feel his terrible wound. +We moved him into an easier position, and gave him +some water.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><q>Thank you, sir,</q> he said, and in five seconds he +was dead.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/>shot, which practically tore through his body. He +sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the +enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and +placed him on the deck. +</p> + <anchor id="ill22"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill22.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The young officer, realising that the wound was +fatal, and that he had only a short time to live, allowed +no murmur of complaint or cry of pain to escape him, +but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply +said: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Thank you, Reagan.</q> +</p> + +<p> +These were the last words he spoke. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> The forts of San Juan, the capital of +Porto Rico, were bombarded by a portion of Rear-Admiral +Sampson’s fleet on Thursday morning, May +12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the +battle-ships <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, the cruisers +<name type="ship">Detroit</name> and <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, and the monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and +<name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15 +<hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, resulting in a loss to the Americans of one +killed and seven wounded, and the death of one from +prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported +by cable to Madrid, was five killed and forty-three +wounded. +</p> + +<p> +Admiral Sampson’s orders were to refrain from +making any land attack so long as the batteries on +shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in case +the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the +offending fortifications. +</p> + +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/> + +<p> +These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire +at different Cuban ports became so irritating to the +American bluejackets that discipline was, in a measure, +threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they +were no longer to remain passive targets for the +Spaniards, but were to return any shots against them, +all grumbling against inaction ceased. +</p> + +<p> +It was not Admiral Sampson’s original intention to +attack San Juan. He was looking for bigger game +than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His +orders from the Navy Department were to find and +capture or destroy the Spanish squadron that was en +route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was this +business that took him into the neighbourhood of San +Juan, he being desirous of learning if the Spanish +squadron were there. +</p> + +<p> +The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on +Thursday. The tug <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> was ordered to take +soundings in the channel, and at once proceeded to do +so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when +she entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept +the lead going at a lively rate. +</p> + +<p> +It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention +at that time of entering the harbour itself, his +object, when he found that the Spanish squadron was +not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly +how much water there was in the channel, and if any +attempt had been made to block the way. +</p> + +<p> +At all events, while the <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> was engaged in +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>this work she was seen by the sentries at the Morro, +and a few minutes later was fired on. +</p> + +<p> +Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson +determine to teach the Spaniards a lesson regarding +the danger of firing on the American flag. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Quarters!</q> rang out aboard the war-ships almost +before the report of the Morro gun had died away, the +flag-ship having signalled for action. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> opened the bombardment with her big +12-inch gun, the missile striking Morro Castle squarely, +and knocking a great hole in the masonry. +</p> + +<p> +Then the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> sent a 13-inch projectile from +the forward turret, and one after the other, with but +little loss of time, the remaining vessels of the fleet +aided in the work of destruction. +</p> + +<p> +The French war-ship <name type="ship">Admiral Rigault de Genoailly</name> +was at anchor in the harbour, and a shell exploded +within a few hundred feet of where she lay, but worked +no injury. +</p> + +<p> +The French officers thus reported the action: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The American gunners were generally accurate in +their firing, while the marksmanship of the Spaniards +was inferior. Some of the American shells, however, +passed over the fortifications into the city, where they +did terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of +buildings before exploding, and there killing many +citizens.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly +masses of masonry were blown skyward by +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>the shells from the American guns. Fragments from +one shell struck the commandante’s residence, which +was situated near the fortifications, damaging it +terrifically.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the +guns of the fleet were turned on the land-batteries +and the fortifications near the government buildings. +</p> + +<p> +The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the +volunteers, panic-stricken, ran frantically in every +direction, discharging their weapons at random, until +they were a menace to all within possible range. The +crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy +guns, the shrieks of the terrified and groans of the +wounded, formed a horrible accompaniment to the work +of destruction. +</p> + +<p> +Three times the line of American ships passed from +the entrance of the harbour to the extreme eastward +battery, sending shot and shell into the crumbling +forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles +struck, but the smoke hung over everything. The +shells screeching overhead and dropping around were +the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their +guns. +</p> + +<p> +At 7.45 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> Admiral Sampson signalled, <q>Cease +firing.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Retire</q> was sounded on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and she headed +from the shore. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Terror</name> was the last ship in the line, and, failing +to see the signal, banged away alone for about half an +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>hour, the concert of shore guns roaring at her and the +water flying high around her from the exploding shells. +But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly +retired at 8.15. +</p> + <anchor id="ill23"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill23.png"><head rend="small">THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.</head><figDesc>THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 13.</hi> In the Spanish Cortes, Señor Molinas, +deputy for Porto Rico, protested against the bombardment +of San Juan without notice, as an infringement of +international usage. +</p> + +<p> +To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that +the conduct of the Americans was <q>vandalism,</q> and +that the government <q>will bring their outrageous +action under the notice of the powers.</q> He echoed +Señor Molinas’s eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish +troops and marines, and promised that the government +would send its thanks. +</p> + +<p> +An authority on international law thus comments +upon the bombardment, in the columns of the New +York <hi rend='italic'>Sun</hi>: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There is nothing in the laws of war which requires +notice of bombardment to be given to a fortified place, +during the progress of war. When the Germans +threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months +ago, they gave a notice of a few hours, but in that case +no state of war existed. Again, when Spain bombarded +Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour’s interval was allowed between +the blank charge that gave the notice, and +the actual bombardment. But that interval was +intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the +specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>flag, in atonement for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso +was wholly unfortified, and the guns were directed, +not at military works, but at public buildings.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities +had been going on in Gulf waters for weeks, while, as +Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on international +law, says, <q>In case of war, the very fact of a place being +fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack, +and the non-combatants residing within its limits +must be prepared for a contingency of this kind.</q> This +is true, also, of the investment of fortified places by +armies, where <q>if the assault is made, no notice is given, +as surprise is essential to success.</q> In the same spirit +Halleck says that <q>every besieged place is for a time a +military garrison; its inhabitants are converted into +soldiers by the necessities of self-defence.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson, +we find him saying that, as soon as it was light enough, +he began <q>an attack upon the batteries defending the +city. This attack lasted about three hours, and resulted +in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a +portion of the city adjacent to the batteries.</q> It is, +therefore, clear that this latter damage was simply the +result of the proximity of the defensive works to some +of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding +Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards, +if they suddenly appeared in New York Bay, +would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on +Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>adjacent settlements would suffer from the fire? The +advantage of suddenness in the attack upon a place, not +only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot +be renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works +know what they risk in war.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were +repeated instances, according to the authority already +quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns instead +of on their fortifications, and <q>there were cases, like +that of Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed +while the ramparts were nearly intact.</q> The ground +taken was that which a military writer, General Le +Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the +pressure for surrender exercised by the people becomes +greater on subjecting them to the loss of life and property. +<q>The governor is made responsible for all the +disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and +his own troops seek to compel him to an immediate +capitulation.</q> At San Juan there was no attempt of +this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries, +with the single view of destroying them. The likelihood +that adjacent buildings and streets would suffer did not +require previous notice of the bombardment, and, in +fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without +notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals, +Bismarck simply replied that no such notification +was required by the laws of war.</q> +</p> + +</div><div n="7" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER VII.</head> + +<head type="sub">FROM ALL QUARTERS.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> A state of siege proclaimed throughout +Spain. In a dozen cities or more continued rioting +and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between +Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division +of the Spanish navy, consisting of the battle-ship +<name type="ship">Pelayo</name>, the armoured cruiser <name type="ship">Carlos V.</name>, the protected +cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XIII.</name>, the converted cruisers <name type="ship">Rapido</name> +and <name type="ship">Patria</name>, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz +Harbour. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> The story of an attempt to land American +troops in Cuba is thus told by one of the officers of +the steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, which vessel left Tampa on the +tenth. +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first +U. S. Infantry on the shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon, +with five hundred rifles, sixty thousand rounds +of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents, +the first land fight of the war took place. Each +side may claim a victory, for if the Spaniards frustrated +the effort to connect with the insurgents, the Americans +got decidedly the better of the battle, killing +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>twelve or more of the enemy, and on their own part +suffering not a wound.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill24"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill24.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel +steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name> of the Morgan line, with troops +and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban coast. At +sunrise she fell in with the gunboat <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> on the +blockade off Havana. Other blockading vessels came +up also. The converted revenue cutter <name type="ship">Manning</name>, Captain +Munger, was detailed to convoy the <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, and, +three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Cuban guides on the <name type="ship">Gussie</name> took their machetes +to a grindstone on the hurricane-deck. Our +soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their long +knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge +of these barbarous instruments with his thumb.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish +troops were gathered. Several shots were fired by the +gunboat <name type="ship">Manning</name>, and presently no troops were visible. +It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of +water was not favourable.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the <name type="ship">Gussie</name> +anchored, the <name type="ship">Manning</name> covering the landing-place with +her guns, and the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Wasp</name> came up eager +to assist. The first American soldier to step on the +Cuban shore from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton, +Captain O’Connor with the first boatload having +gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw +the men out, and they stumbled through the water up +to their breasts. When they reached dry land they +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/>immediately went into the bush to form a picket-line. +Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when +suddenly a rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp +firing, warned the men that the enemy had been in +waiting.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships, +and the <name type="ship">Manning</name> fired into the woods beyond our +picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the air like hot +iron plunged in water. The <name type="ship">Wasp</name> opened with her +small guns. The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted +a quarter of an hour; then our pickets appeared, the +ships circled around, and, being told by Captain O’Connor, +who had come from shore with the clothing torn +from one leg, where the Spaniards were, a hundred +shots more were fired in that direction.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Anybody hurt, captain?</q> some one asked.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,</q> +he shouted back.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The soldiers on board the <name type="ship">Gussie</name> heard the news +without a word, but learning where the enemy were +situated, gathered aft on the upper deck, and sent volleys +toward the spot.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept +along the beach, but the Spaniards had drawn back. +It was decided that the soldiers should reëmbark on +the <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, and that the guides take the horses, seek +the insurgents, and make a new appointment. They +rode off to the westward, and disappeared around a +point.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> + +<p> +<q><q>Say,</q> shouted a man from Company G after them, +<q>you forgot your grindstone.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> On Thursday morning, May 12th, <anchor id="corr133"/><corr sic="the the">the</corr> +gunboat <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> stood in close to the coast, off +the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters. +</p> + +<p> +She had come for a specific purpose, which was to +avenge the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and not until she was within +range of the gunboats that had decoyed the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> +did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which +had opened on the American boat with such deadly +effect, was covered by the <name type="ship">Wilmington’s</name> guns. +</p> + +<p> +There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was +there to teach the Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and +set about the task without delay. +</p> + +<p> +The town is three miles distant from the gulf +entrance to the harbour, therefore no time need be +wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were in +little or no danger. +</p> + +<p> +During two weeks troops had been gathering near +about Cardenas to protect it against American invasion; +masked batteries were being planted, earthworks +thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no +lack of targets. +</p> + +<p> +Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> +opened fire from her 4-inch guns, throwing shells +here, there, everywhere; but more particularly in the +direction of that masked battery which had trained its +guns on the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken, +hearing a death-knell in the sighing, whistling +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/>missiles, fled in mad terror, the gunboats’ machine guns +were called into play. +</p> + +<p> +It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the +American sailors’ vengeance was completely destroyed. +Not a gun remained mounted, not a man was alive, +save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment +was terrible, but complete. +</p> + +<p> +Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had +believed they might with impunity open fire on any +craft flying the American flag; but now they began to +understand that such sport was in the highest degree +dangerous. +</p> + +<p> +During a full hour—and in that time nearly three +hundred shells had been sent on errands of destruction—the +<name type="ship">Wilmington</name> continued her bombardment of the +defences. +</p> + +<p> +When the work was completed two gunboats had +been sunk so quickly that their crews had no more than +sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were converted +into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse +was consumed by flames, and signal-stations, masked +batteries, and forts were in ruins. +</p> + +<p> +While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did +their best to bring it to a close; but despite all efforts +the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> was unharmed. There was absolutely +no evidence of conflict about her when she finally +steamed away, save such as might have been read +on the smoke-begrimed faces of the hard-worked but +triumphant and satisfied crew. +</p> + <anchor id="ill25"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill25.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill25.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 13.</hi> An English correspondent, cabling from +Hongkong regarding the Spaniards in the Philippine +Islands, made the following statement: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They are in a position to give the Americans +a deal of trouble. There are twenty-five thousand +Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one +hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting +steamers are imprisoned on the river Pasig, which +is blocked at the mouth by some sunken schooners.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me +that, according to his despatches, a flag of truce is flying +over Manila, and the people are allowed to proceed +freely to and from the ships in the harbour.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The Americans are on duty night and day on the +lookout for boats which endeavour to run the blockade +with food supplies. The hospital is supported by the +Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big +battle-ship <name type="ship">Pelayo</name> is coming, and will demolish the +Americans in ten minutes.</q> +</p> + +<p> +On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron, +Commodore W. S. Schley commanding, set sail from +Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The following +vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, the +flag-ship, the battle-ships <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> and <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and +the torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Scorpion</name>. The <name type="ship">Sterling</name>, +with 4,000 tons of coal, was the collier of the squadron. +At eight o’clock in the evening the <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name> followed, +and Captain Sigsbee of the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> received +orders to get under way at midnight. +</p> + +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 14.</hi> Eleven steamers, chartered by the government +as troop-ships, sailed from New York for Key +West. At San Francisco, the cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name>, with +supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey’s fleet +at Manila, had been made ready for sea. +</p> + +<p> +At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy +in preparing for the expected siege by American forces. +The city and forts were reported as being provisioned +sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was +surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty +miles. The troops in the garrison numbered seventy +thousand, and a like number were in the interior fighting +the insurgents. +</p> + +<p> +The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had +grown steadily worse. The mortality increased among +this wretched class, who had taken to begging morsels +of food. +</p> + +<p> +Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew +that the Spanish fleet was annihilated at Manila, and the +story was believed that the Americans were beaten there. +</p> + +<p> +At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Señor Bores +asked the government to inform the house of the condition +of the Philippines. After the pacification of the +islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and +Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion, +he asked, or a continuation of the old one? If it was +a continuation of the old rebellion, then General Prima +de Rivera’s pacification of the islands had been a perfect +fraud. +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the +old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one, +he said, arose from the incitements of the Americans. +</p> + +<p> +Señor Bores retorted that he had received a private +letter from the Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to +the arising of any fear of war with the United States, +giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there, and +passengers arriving by the steamer <name type="ship">Leon III.</name> had told +similar stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops +in the Philippines were in a terrible condition, being +between two fires, the natives and the Americans. +Señor Bores’s remarks created a profound sensation. +</p> + +<p> +The cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name> was reported as being ready +to sail from San Francisco for Manila. Three hundred +sailors and marines to reinforce Admiral Dewey’s fleet +were to be sent on the cruiser. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Marietta</name>, and <name type="ship">Nictheroy</name> arrived +at Bahia, Brazil. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Terror</name>, of the Cape Verde +fleet, reported as yet remaining at Port de France, +Martinique. +</p> + +<p> +A press correspondent gives the following spirited +account, under the date of May 14th, of a second +attempt to entice the American blockading squadron +within range of the Santa Clara battery guns: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset +to-night, attempted to execute a ruse, which, if successful, +would have cleared the front of Havana of six ships +on that blockading station.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the +tactics of the spider, and cunningly planned to draw +the prey into his net, but, though a clever and pretty +scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a +repetition of the trick by which the gunboat <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> +and the little converted revenue cutter <name type="ship">Morrill</name> were +last week decoyed by a fishing-smack under the big +Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion +managed to get out of range without being sunk, though +some of the shells burst close aboard, and the <name type="ship">Vicksburg’s</name> +Jacob’s-ladder was cut adrift.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station +were dumfounded to see two vessels steam out +of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was +streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a +glance showed that they were under full head of steam.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>, +which was flying the pennant, made out the +larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred feet +long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement, +to be the cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name>, and the small one to +be the gunboat <name type="ship">Legaspi</name>, both of which were known +to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At first he supposed that they were taking advantage +of the absence of the heavy fighting-ships, and +were making a bona-fide run for the open sea.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As superior officer, he immediately signalled the +other war-ships on the station, the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/><name type="ship">Wasp</name>, <name type="ship">Tecumseh</name>, and <name type="ship">Osceola</name>. The little squadron gave +chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a running +fire as they advanced. The <name type="ship">Alphonso</name> and her consort +circled inshore about five miles below Havana, and +headed back for Morro Castle.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet +did not follow them in. Commander Lilly saw that +the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in under the +guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery +officers could plot out the exact range with their telemeters. +So the return was made in line ahead, parallel +with the shore.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his +ships came abreast of Santa Clara battery the big guns +opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance of about +five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than +half the missiles overshot the mark, and others fell +short, some as much as a mile.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The big <name type="ship">Alphonso</name> and her convoy steamed swiftly +from the dark shadow of the harbour’s mouth, and, turning +sharply east, ran along the coast as though to slip +through the cordon of blockade.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was a bold trick and not at first transparent, +although the folly of it created a suspicion.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood +along the coast as long as they dared, to give zest to +the chase. The <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> signalled her consorts, +<q>Close in and charge.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>Spaniards veered about, and, bringing their stern-chasers +to bear on the Americans, doubled back for +Morro.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Two of the shells from the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> burst in the +rigging of the <name type="ship">Alphonso</name>, and some of it came down, +but it was, of course, impossible to know whether any +fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more +accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter +fell short of their pursuers.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships +fully four miles out, when flame leaped from the batteries +of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds of white +smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull, +heavy roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason +of an organ on high treble of smaller guns. It was +from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there, +and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half +a mile inside of the American line, throwing up a tower +of white spray. It ricochetted and struck again half +a mile outside.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure +of their plot, the Spaniards continued to fire at intervals +of about ten minutes. In all, thirteen shots were +fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of +our ships.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly +signalled, and his fleet stood offshore. Captain McKensie, +on the bridge of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, watched the fall +of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire +of the men at the guns, however, by letting go a +final broadside at the Spanish ships, in the chance +hope of making them pay for their daring before they +gained the harbour, but they steamed under Morro’s +guns untouched, and, as they disappeared, discharged +several guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that +moment by the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, which dropped inside the +harbour, probably creating consternation among scores +of boats on the water-front.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 15.</hi> The Spanish cruisers <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, and <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and +torpedo-boat destroyers, which arrived off the port of +Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after having +purchased coal and provisions. +</p> + +<p> +The flying squadron under command of Commodore +Schley arrived off Charleston, S. C. +</p> + +<p> +Admiral Sampson’s squadron passed Cape Haytien. +</p> + +<p> +All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have +resigned. +</p> + +<p> +A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May +15th, describes the inhabitants of the island as living +in constant fear of a renewal of the bombardment of +San Juan by Admiral’s Sampson’s fleet. There are no +submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally +unprotected condition of the place is a cause of +much anxiety. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 16.</hi> Freeman Halstead, an American + news<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>paper correspondent, arrested at San Juan de Porto +Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the +fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal +to nine years’ imprisonment. +</p> + +<p> +In a general order issued at the War Department, +the assignments to the different corps and other important +commands were announced. The order is as +follows: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The following assignments of general officers to +command is hereby made by the President:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department +of the Pacific.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps +and the Department of the Gulf.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the +second corps, with headquarters at Falls Church, Va.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the +third corps, reporting to Major-General Brooke, +Chickamauga.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the +fourth corps, Mobile, Ala.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers, +the fifth corps, Tampa, Fla.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to +report to Major-General Merritt, U. S. A., for duty +with troops in the Department of the Pacific.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the +sixth corps, Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General +Brooke.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the +seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers, +the cavalry division, Tampa, Fla.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain +Goodrich of the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, on May 15th, to take the +fleet tender in tow and proceed to Santiago de Cuba to +cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements +were secured from the tug <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> on May +16th, and at eleven <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the expedition, in the small +boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of Santiago. It +was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago +light was burning brightly. Moonrise was not until +3.45 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> At three <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> on May 17th the expedition +returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to +find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and +was protected by two patrol-boats. Then a start was +made to cut the cable on the other side of the island. +At seven <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name> fired her first gun at the +forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and +after a little time the fire was returned by what must +have been a 2-pounder. +</p> + +<p> +At eight <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name> was about two miles +distant from the fort, which seemed to be unprovided +with modern guns. After three hours grappling in +over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been +found. At 12.15 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the guns of Morro Castle +opened fire, followed by the shore battery on the +southerly point, and also the west battery. The <name type="ship">St. +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/>Louis</name> kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and +soon succeeded in silencing the guns of Morro Castle, +the Spaniards running in all directions. +</p> + +<p> +Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship. +Shells from the mortar battery went over the cruiser +and exploded in the water quite close to the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>. +The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, after a fusilade +of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was +grappled, hauled on board, and cut. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 17.</hi> The Spanish squadron reported as yet +remaining at Cadiz. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> had a slight action with a +Spanish gunboat off the Cuban coast, during which the +latter was disabled. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 18.</hi> The U. S. cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name> left San +Francisco for the Philippines with supplies for Commodore +Dewey’s fleet. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 19.</hi> By cable from Madrid it was learned that +the Spanish fleet had arrived at Santiago de Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +The cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name>, which sailed for Manila, +returned to Mare Island navy yard with her condensers +out of order. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 21.</hi> An order was despatched to San Francisco +to prepare the <name type="ship">Monterey</name> for a voyage to Manila, +where she would join Commodore Dewey’s fleet. The +<name type="ship">Monterey</name> is probably the most formidable monitor +in the world; technically described she is a barbed +turret, low freeboard monitor of four thousand tons +displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam, and +<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/>fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two +turrets, surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and +two 10-inch guns, while on her superstructure, between +the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four +1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven +and one-half and eight inches thick, and the surrounding +barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven +and one-half inches of steel. +</p> + <anchor id="ill26"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MONTEREY.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill26.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MONTEREY.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MONTEREY.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +One of the most important prizes captured during +the war was taken by the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name> off the +eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the Spanish +brig <name type="ship">Santa Maria de Lourdes</name>, loaded with coal, ammunition, +arms, and supplies for Admiral Cervera. +</p> + +<p> +Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a +large quantity of arms and ammunition, sailed for a +point about twenty-five miles east of Havana, on the +steamer <name type="ship">Florida</name>. These men and their equipment +constituted an expedition able to operate independently, +and to defend itself against any body of +Spanish troops which might oppose it. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Florida</name> returned to Key West on the thirty-first, +after having successfully landed the ammunition and +men. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 22.</hi> The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Charleston</name> again left San +Francisco, bound for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 25.</hi> The U. S. S. <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> captured the +British steamer <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, loaded with coal, off Santiago +de Cuba. The prize is a long, low tramp collier +belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/>left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared, +with twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest +grade of Cardiff coal consigned to a Spanish firm in +San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was +supposed to make its first stop. +</p> + +<p> +<q>When we reached San Juan,</q> said the captain of + the <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, <q rend="post: none">the consignees told me very curtly +that the persons for whom the coal was destined were +in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had +been declared. I began to suspect that the coal was +going to Cervera’s fleet, but my Spanish consignees +said it would be all right. They told me not to ask any +questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I +did so, placing my cargo under orders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer. +He said there had been another change of base, and +that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba. I tried +to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the +cables had been cut. Under the circumstances there +was nothing for me to do but to go to Santiago. By +this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo +was for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made +a contraband of war, so I wasn’t a bit surprised when +the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> brought us to, with a shot, three and a +half miles from shore.</q> +</p> + +<p> +In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the +coal, and release the steamer. +</p> + +<p> +The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five +thousand men. +</p> + +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> + +<p> +Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from +San Francisco for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 26.</hi> The battle-ship <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, which left San +Francisco March 19th, arrived at Key West. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 27.</hi> The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived +at San Juan de Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 28.</hi> From Commodore Dewey the following +cablegram was received: +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cavite</hi></name>, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary Navy, Washington</hi>:—No change in the +situation of the blockade. Is effective. It is impossible +for the people of Manila to buy provisions, except +rice.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The captain of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, Gridley, condemned +by medical survey. Is ordered home. Leaves by +Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong the +twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander +of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>.</q> + +</p> +</body></text> +</p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 29.</hi> Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order +formally announcing that he had taken command of the +Philippine forces and expeditions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 31.</hi> United States troops board transports for +Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +The beginning of June saw the opening of the first +regular campaign of the war, and it is eminently proper +the operations around and about Santiago de Cuba be +told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>further attempt at giving the news from the various +parts of the world in chronological order. +</p> + +<p> +Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign, +as are worthy a place in history, will be set +down in regular sequence after certain deeds of the +boys of ’98 have been related in such detail as is +warranted by the heroism displayed. +</p> + +</div><div n="8" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER VIII.</head> + +<head type="sub">HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 29.</hi> The blockading fleet, under command of +Commodore Schley, off Santiago de Cuba, was +composed of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, +<name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>. +</p> + +<p> +At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the +deck on board the <name type="ship">Texas</name> saw, by aid of his night-glass, +two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers stealing +out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the +shadows of the land. +</p> + +<p> +As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel’s +search-lights were turned full on, and at the same +moment the sleeping crew were awakened. +</p> + +<p> +It was known beyond a question that the Spanish +fleet under Admiral Cervera was hidden within the +harbour, not daring to come boldly out while the blockading +squadron was so strong, and the first thought of +men as well as officers, when these stealthily moving +vessels were sighted, was that the Spaniards were +making a desperate effort to escape from the trap they +had voluntarily entered. +</p> + +<p> +The search-lights of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> revealed the fact that +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/>the two strangers were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire +was opened upon them instantly. +</p> + +<p> +With the report of the first gun the call to quarters +was sounded on all the other ships, and a dozen rays of +blinding light flashed here and there across the entrance +to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly +illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever +set sail could not have come out unobserved. +</p> + +<p> +The same report which aroused the squadron told +the Spaniards that their purpose was no longer a secret, +and the two torpedo-boats were headed for the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> +and the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, running at full speed in the hope of +discharging their tubes before the fire should become +too heavy. +</p> + +<p> +The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a +warm and immediate reception. It was as if every gun +on board both the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">Texas</name> was in action +within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted, +and there remained nothing for the venturesome +craft save to seek the shelter of the harbour again, +fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed +them. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 31.</hi> The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, cruising inshore +to relieve the monotony of blockading duties, discovered +that lying behind the batteries at the mouth of +Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two +torpedo-boat destroyers. +</p> + +<p> +When this fact was reported to the commodore he +decided to tempt the Spanish fleet into a fight, and at +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>the same time discover the location of the masked batteries. +In pursuance of this plan he transferred his +flag from the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> to the more heavily armed +<name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>. +</p> + <anchor id="ill27"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill27.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +Two hours after noon the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">New +Orleans</name>, and <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, in the order named, and not more +than a cable length apart, steamed up to the harbour +mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle. +</p> + +<p> +Two miles out to sea lay the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and +other ships of the blockading fleet awaiting the summons +which should bring them into the fight; but +none came. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> opened fire first, taking the Spanish +flag-ship for its target. An 8-inch shell was the +missile, and it fell far short of its mark. Then the big +machine tried her 13-inch guns. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> and four batteries—two on the +east side, one on the west, and one on an island in +the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10 and +12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes, +eights and thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular, +but not effective on either side. +</p> + +<p> +The American fleet steamed across before the batteries +at full speed; circled, and passed again. Both +sides had found the range by the time of the second +passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots +burst directly over the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, three fell dangerously +near the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, and one sprayed the bow of +the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>. +</p> + +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/> + +<p> +After half an hour both forts on the east and the one +on the island were silenced. Five minutes later our +ships ceased firing. The western battery and the +Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes +longer, but their work was ineffective. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 1.</hi> Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the <name type="ship">New York</name> +as his flag-ship, and accompanied by the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, the +<name type="ship">Mayflower</name>, and the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Porter</name>, joined Commodore +Schley’s squadron off Santiago on the first +of June. +</p> + +<p> +A naval officer with the squadron summed up the +situation in a communication to his friend at home: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson’s plan +of campaign, our ships form a cordon about the entrance +of Santiago Harbour to prevent the possible egress of +the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy +enough to attempt to cut his way out.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The officers of the blockading squadron were well +informed as to the situation ashore. Communication +with the Cubans had been established, and it was +known that a line of insurgents had been drawn +around Santiago, in order that they might be of +assistance when the big war-vessels had struck the +first blow. +</p> + +<p> +The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known +despite the vigilance of the enemy, and it was no secret +that within the narrow neck of the channel, which at +the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet +wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted. +</p> + +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/> + +<p> +A report from one of the newspaper correspondents, +under date of June 1st, was as follows: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">So far as has been ascertained, there are three +new batteries on the west side of the entrance. +These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned +with the glasses. Cayo Smith, a small island +which lies directly beyond the entrance, is fortified, +and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences +at the right of the entrance, are Estrella battery +and St. Carolina fort. Further up the bay, guarding +the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco +battery.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The first are of stone, and were constructed in the +early sixties. St. Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The +guns in Morro Castle and Estrella are of old pattern, 18 +and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered +were it not for the great height of the fortifications, +which would enable these weapons to deliver a plunging +fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the +left of the entrance. On Cayo Smith and at Blanco +battery there are also four modern guns. The mines +in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the +forts and batteries, which must increase the effectiveness +of the enemy’s fire, and at the same time decrease +that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the Spanish +fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost +impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it +<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/>would be folly to attempt to force its passage with our +ships.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is +being considered to drive in the cork. If that is done, +the next news may be a thrilling story of closing the +harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave +the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready +to hoist the white flag.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>To drive in the cork,</q> was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral +Sampson’s heart, and he at once went into +consultation with his officers as to how it could best +be done. One plan after another was discussed and +rejected, and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond +Pearson Hobson proposed that the big collier +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, which then had on board about six hundred +tons of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a +manner as to completely block it. +</p> + +<p> +The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain +death for those who should attempt to carry it out as +proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however, claimed that, if +the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed +to take command of the enterprise. +</p> + +<p> +The end to be attained was so great that Admiral +Sampson decided that the lives of six or seven men +could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage to +be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that +his services were accepted; the big steamer was at his +disposal to do with as he saw fit. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> The preliminary work of this desperate +<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/>undertaking was a strain upon the officers and men. +On Wednesday morning the preparations to scuttle the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> in the channel were commenced. All day +long crews from the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> were +on board the collier, never resting in their efforts +to prepare her. She lay alongside the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, +discharging coal, when the work was first begun. +</p> + +<p> +The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly +through the fleet, and it soon became known that +volunteers were needed for a desperate undertaking. +From the <name type="ship">Iowa’s</name> signal-yard quickly fluttered the announcement +that she had 140 volunteers, and the other +ships were not far behind. On the <name type="ship">New York</name> the enthusiasm +was intense. Over two hundred members of the +crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and +face death. The junior officers literally tumbled over +each other in their eagerness to get their names on the +volunteer list. +</p> + +<p> +When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant +Hobson were to go, there was much disappointment +on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews worked +on board the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; and the other ships, as they +passed the collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant +Hobson paid a brief visit to the flag-ship shortly +before midnight, and then returned to the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. +</p> + +<p> +While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson +thus detailed his plan of action: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I shall go right into the harbour until about four +hundred yards past the Estrella battery, which is +<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/>behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can sink +me before I reach somewhere near that point. The +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> has seven thousand tons buoyancy, and I +shall keep her full speed ahead. She can make about +ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel +is reached I shall put her helm hard aport, stop the +engines, drop the anchors, open the sea connections, +touch off the torpedoes, and leave the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> a +wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as +broad as the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> is long. There are ten 8-inch +improvised torpedoes below the water-line, on the +<name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> port-side. They are placed on her side +against the bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with +each other by a wire under the ship’s keel. Each torpedo +contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each +torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should +do their work in a minute, and it will be quick work +even if done in a minute and a quarter.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On deck there will be four men and myself. In +the engine-room there will be two other men. This +is the total crew, and all of us will be in our underclothing, +with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight +packing strapped around our waists. Forward there +will be a man on deck, and around his waist will be +a line, the other end of the line being made fast to the +bridge, where I will stand. By that man’s side will be +an axe. When I stop the engines I shall jerk this +cord, and he will thus get the signal to cut the lashing +which will be holding the forward anchor. He will +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/>then jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy, +which we shall tow astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys, +and is unsinkable. In it are rifles. It is to be +held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one +at her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in +the tow-line and pull the dingy to starboard. The next +to leave the ship are the rest of the crew. The quartermaster +at the wheel will not leave until after having +put it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump +overboard.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill28"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill28.jpg"><head rend="small">LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</head><figDesc>LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill28.jpg"><head rend="small">LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</head><figDesc>LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +<q>Down below, the man at the reversing gear will +stop the engines, scramble up on deck, and get over +the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the +engine-room will break open the sea connections with +a sledge-hammer, and will follow his leader into the +water. This last step ensures the sinking of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> +whether the torpedoes work or not. By this +time I calculate the six men will be in the dingy and +the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> will have swung athwart the channel, to +the full length of her three hundred yards of cable, +which will have been paid out before the anchors are +cut loose. Then, all that is left for me is to touch the +button. I shall stand on the starboard side of the +bridge. The explosion will throw the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> on +her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York +City will be able to raise her after that.</q> +</p> + +<p> +In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said: +</p> + +<p> +<q>I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us +a bit, but the ships will throw their search-lights in the +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/>gunners’ faces, and they won’t see much of us. If +we are torpedoed we should even then be able to +make the desired position in the channel. It won’t be +easy to hit us, and I think the men should be able to +swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown up. +But I don’t see that it makes much difference what I +do. I have a fair chance of life either way. If our +dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then try to swim for +the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep +together at all hazards. Then we may be able to +make our way alongside, and perhaps get back to the +ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the +last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers, +and our surrender will only take place as a last +and almost uncontemplated emergency.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous +enterprise were, after Lieutenant Hobson: George F. +Phillips, machinist on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; Francis Kelly, +water tender on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; Randolph Clausen, +coxswain on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; George Charette, first-class +gunner’s mate on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; Daniel Montague, +<anchor id="corr158"/><corr sic="first class">first-class</corr> machinist on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; Osburn +Deignan, coxswain on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; J. C. Murphy, +coxswain on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> At three o’clock in the morning the +admiral and Flag Lieutenant Staunton got into the +launch to make an inspection of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. The +working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers +of the flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>the big black hull that was to form an impassable +obstacle for Spain’s best ships. +</p> + +<p> +The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed +their work on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, but at last a boatload of +men, black and tired out, came over to the flag-ship. +Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been +delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch. +</p> + +<p> +Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and +nearly everybody thought it was too late for the +attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody +cried: +</p> + +<p> +<q>She is going in.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was +seen heading straight for Morro Castle. A few moments +later, however, she was recalled by Admiral +Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to +venture in at that hour. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> did not return +at once. Word came back: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on +his course. He thinks he can make it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect +that the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> must return at once, and in due +course of time the doomed collier slowly steamed back, +her commander evidently disappointed with the order. +All day Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and +more elaborate preparations were made to carry out the +mission of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> successfully. During these +preparations Hobson was cool and confident, supervising +personally every little detail. +</p> + +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/> + +<p> +When, finally, he went on board the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> Thursday +night, he had been without sleep since Wednesday +morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands were +black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at +work in and about an engine-room for a long time. +As he said good-bye, the lieutenant remarked that his +only regret was that all of the <name type="ship">New York’s</name> volunteers +could not go with him. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> The hazardous voyage was begun at three +o’clock Friday morning. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was lying to +the westward. Under cover of the clouds over the +moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her +way to the eastward, followed by a steam launch +from the <name type="ship">New York</name>, with the following crew on board: +Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K. +Peterson, coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the +first class; J. Mullings, coal passer; G. L. Russell, +machinist of the second class. In the launch were +bandages and appliances for the wounded. +</p> + +<p> +From the crowded decks of the <name type="ship">New York</name> nothing +could be seen of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> after she got under the +shadow of the hills. For half an hour officers and men +strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when, suddenly, +the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro +Castle, and then all on board the <name type="ship">New York</name> knew the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was nearing her end. +</p> + +<p> +The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro +Castle answered quickly with more flashes, and for +about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to leap +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too +far away to hear the reports, and when the firing +ceased it was judged that Hobson had blown up the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. +</p> + <anchor id="ill29"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. NEW YORK.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill29.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. NEW YORK.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. NEW YORK.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +During an hour the anxious watchers waited for +daylight. Rear-Admiral Sampson and Captain Chadwick +were on the bridge of the <name type="ship">New York</name> during +the entire time. At five o’clock thin streams of +smoke were seen against the western shore, quite +close to the Spanish batteries, and strong glasses +made out the launch of the <name type="ship">New York</name> returning to +the flag-ship. +</p> + +<p> +Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a +puff of smoke issued from a battery on the western +arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far over the +launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore +kept up an irregular fire on the little craft. As the +shells fell without hitting the object for which they +were intended, the men on board the <name type="ship">New York</name> +jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered +their shipmates. +</p> + +<p> +At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but +she did not have on board any of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> crew. +Cadet Powell reported that he had been unable to see +any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had +gone directly under the batteries, and only returned +when he found his efforts were useless. +</p> + +<p> +He also reported that he had clearly seen the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> +masts sticking up just where Hobson hoped to +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and well past +the guns of Morro Castle. +</p> + +<p> +Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had +with the officer whom it seemed certain had voluntarily +gone to his death: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few +hours, which was often interrupted. At a quarter +before two he came on deck and made a final inspection, +giving his last instructions. Then we had a little +lunch. Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about +half past two I took the men who were not going on +the trip into the launch, and started for the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, the +nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant +engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I +shook hands with Hobson last of all. He said:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Powell, watch the boat’s crew when we pull out +of the harbour. We will be cracks, pulling thirty strokes +to the minute.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After leaving the <name type="ship">Texas</name> I saw the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> steaming +slowly in.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was +quite visible. We followed about three-quarters of a +mile astern. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> stood about a mile to the +westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning +completely around, and finally heading to the east, +she ran down and then turned in. We were then +chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his +bearings.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When Hobson was about two hundred yards from +<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>the harbour the first gun was fired, from the eastern +bluff. We were then about half a mile offshore, and +nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly. +We steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> +in the smoke which the wind carried offshore. It hung +heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> the western battery picked us up and commenced firing. +They shot wild, however, and we ran +in still farther to the shore until the gunners lost sight +of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes +on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, +half a mile to the westward of Morro, keeping a sharp +lookout for the boat or for swimmers, but saw nothing. +Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but +thinking that some one might have drifted out, we +crossed in front of Morro and the mouth of the harbour, +to the eastward.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>At about five o’clock we crossed the harbour again, +and stood to the westward. In passing we saw one +spar of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> sticking out of the water. We +hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a +mile, and then turned toward the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, when the +batteries saw us and opened fire. It was then broad +daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern, +but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all +she was worth, finally making the <name type="ship">New York</name>. The +men behaved splendidly.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> Later in the day a boat with a white flag put +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>out from the harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of +staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded the <name type="ship">New York</name>, and +informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had +been captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant +Hobson was not hurt. The Spanish admiral was +so impressed with the courage of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> crew +that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact +that they had not lost their lives, but were prisoners of +war and could be exchanged. +</p> + +<p> +To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley +said, as he stood on his flag-ship pointing towards +Morro Castle: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">History does not record an act of finer heroism +than that of the gallant men who are prisoners over +there. I watched the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> as she made her way +to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I +saw the perfect hell of fire that fell upon those devoted +men. I did not think it possible one of them could +have gone through it alive.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava +over again without the means of defence which +the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope +without the power to cut his way out; but fortune +once more favoured the brave, and I hope he will have +the recognition and promotion he deserves. His name +will live as long as the heroes of the world are +remembered.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Admiral Sampson made the following report to the +Navy Department: +</p> + +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Permit me to call your especial attention to +Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As stated in a special telegram, before coming here +I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against +the possibility of egress by Spanish ships, by obstructing +the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier +at that point.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional +opinion as to a sure method of sinking the ship, he +manifested the most lively interest in the problem. +After several days’ consideration, he presented a solution +which he considered would ensure the immediate +sinking of the ship when she reached the desired point +in the channel. This plan we prepared for execution +when we reached Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men +and Mr. Hobson, who begged that it might be entrusted +to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck for +both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including +the anchoring of the ship automatically. As soon +as I reached Santiago, and I had the collier to work +upon, the details were completed and diligently prosecuted, +hoping to complete them in one day, as the +moon and tide served best the first night after our +arrival.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four +o’clock arrived, and the preparation was scarcely completed. +After a careful inspection of the final preparations, +I was forced to relinquish the plan for that +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/>morning, as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged +to try it at all hazards.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt +start could be made. Nothing could have been more +gallantly executed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We waited impatiently after the firing by the +Spaniards had ceased. When they did not reappear +from the harbour at six o’clock, I feared that they +had all perished. A steam launch, which had been +sent in charge of Naval Cadet Powell to rescue the +men, appeared at this time, coming out under a persistent +fire of the batteries, but brought none of the +crew.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship +showed that the vessel <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> had been sunk in the +channel.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral +Cervera came out under a flag of truce, with a letter +from the admiral, extolling the bravery of the crew in +an unusual manner.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation +of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. +I venture to say that a more brave or daring thing has +not been done since Cushing blew up the <anchor id="corr166"/><corr sic="Albermarle"><name type="ship">Albemarle</name></corr>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed +to the officers at the beginning of the war, +I am sure you will offer a suitable professional reward +to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that +Commander J. M. Miller relinquished his command with +<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/>the very greatest reluctance, believing he should retain +his command under all circumstances.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill30"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill30.png"><head rend="small">HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.</head><figDesc>HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt +of another person to carry out the multitude of details +which had been in preparation by Mr. Hobson might +endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the +liberty to relieve him, for this reason only.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious +to participate. There were a hundred and fifty men +from the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, nearly as many from this ship, and large +numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“W. T. SAMPSON.”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave +comrades exchanged, and then to his messmates the +gallant lieutenant told the story of his perilous voyage +on that morning of June 4th: +</p> + +<p> +<q>I did not miss the entrance to the harbour,</q> he + said, <q rend="post: none">as Cadet Powell in the launch supposed. I +headed east until I got my bearings, and then made +for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was +grand, flashing out first from one side of the harbour +and then from the other, from those big guns on the +hill, the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, lying inside the harbour, joining in.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the +news of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> coming was telegraphed, and +soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing wildly across, +and killing each other with the cross-fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> steering-gear broke as she got to +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/>Estrella Point. Only three of the torpedoes on her +side exploded when I touched the button. A huge +submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the +water high in the air, and tearing a great rent in her +side.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing +to the work done by the mine, she began to sink slowly. +At that time she was across the channel, but before she +settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft, +lying on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around. +Six-inch shells from the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> came tearing into the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, crashing into wood and iron, and passing +clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts +broke through her deck.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Not a man must move,</q> I said, and it was only +owing to the splendid discipline of the men that we all +were not killed, as the shells rained over us, and the +minutes became hours of suspense. The men’s mouths +became parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I +told them. Now and again, one or the other of the +men, lying with his face glued to the deck and wondering +whether the next shell might not come our way, +would say, <q>Hadn’t we better drop off now, sir?</q> But +I said, <q>Wait till daylight.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It would have been impossible to get the catamaran +anywhere but on to the shore, where the soldiers stood +shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we might be +recognised and saved.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The grand old <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> kept sinking. I wanted to +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/>go forward and see the damage done there, where nearly +all the fire was directed. One man said that if I rose +it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay motionless. +It was splendid the way these men behaved.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill31"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill31.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CERVERA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CERVERA.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill31.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CERVERA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CERVERA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> + +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> +was awful. When the water came up on the +<name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> deck the catamaran floated amid the wreckage, +but she was still made fast to the boom, and we +caught hold of the edges and clung on, our heads only +being above water.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">One man thought we were safer right there; it was +quite light, the firing had ceased, except that on the +<name type="ship">New York’s</name> launch, and I feared Cadet Powell and his +men had been killed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A Spanish launch came toward the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. We +agreed to capture her and run. Just as she came close +the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines jumped +up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of +the water.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Is there any officer in that boat to receive a +surrender of prisoners of war?</q> I shouted.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">An old man leaned out under the awning and +waved his hand. It was Admiral Cervera. The +marines lowered their rifles and we were helped +into the launch.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It +was a grand sight a few days later to see the bombardment, +the shells striking and bursting around El Morro. +Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>martial room in the barracks. My men were kept +prisoners in the hospital.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">From my window I could see the army moving, +and it was terrible to watch those poor lads coming +across the opening and being shot down by the Spaniards +in the rifle-pits in front of me.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could +be. I knew something was coming, and then I was +exchanged.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill32"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill32.jpg"><head rend="small">QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></then> + <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill32.jpg"><head rend="small">QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> + +</else></pgIf> +</div><div n="9" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER IX.</head> + +<head type="sub">BY WIRE.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>May 30.</hi> The auxiliary cruisers <name type="ship">Leyden</name> and <name type="ship">Uncas</name> +made an attack on one of the outlying blockhouses +at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until the +Spaniards deserted their batteries. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 1.</hi> The government of Paraguay represented +to the American consul at Asuncion that the Spanish +torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Temerario</name> was disabled, and had been +granted permission to remain at that port until the war +between the United States and Spain had come to an +end. +</p> + +<p> +In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding +the conduct of the war, as evinced by a newspaper +article to which was signed the name of Emilio +Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman. +</p> + +<p> +Señor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching +her with being a foreigner and unpopular, and with +interfering unjustifiably in political affairs. He compared +her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette +on the eve of the French revolution. +</p> + +<p> +The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca +demanded the prosecution of Castelar, and other +Sena<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>tors expressed in violent terms their indignation at +Señor Castelar’s conduct. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 2.</hi> The British steamer <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, captured by +the auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> off Santiago de Cuba, +was released by the government. It was shown that +the <name type="ship">Restormel</name> sailed previous to the declaration of war, +there being no evidence that the steamer’s owners were +wilfully and knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy’s +fleet, and she was ordered released. The cargo was +condemned. +</p> + +<p> +The names of the captains and commanders of the +ships in Admiral Dewey’s squadron were sent to the +Senate, by the President, for advancement because of +their conspicuous conduct. +</p> + +<p> +The House of Representatives passed an urgency +appropriation of nearly eighteen million dollars for war +purposes. +</p> + +<p> +From Captain Clark’s report, the Navy Department +made public the following extract relative to the +extraordinary voyage of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>: +</p> + +<p> +<q>It is gratifying to call the department’s attention +to the spirit aboard this ship in both officers and men. +This best can be described by referring to instances +such as that of the engineer officers in voluntarily +doubling their watches when high speed was to be +made, to the attempt of men to return to the fire-room +after being carried out of it insensible, and to the fact +that most of the whole crew, who were working by +watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>leave their hammocks in the nettings until they could +get the ship coaled and ready to sail from Sandy +Point.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> The collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was sunk in the +channel of Santiago Harbour, as has already been told. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 4.</hi> Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander +of the cruiser <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, and commanding her +during the battle of Manila Bay, died at Kobe, Japan. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 5.</hi> An account of personal heroism which +should be set down in every history, that future generations +may know of what metal the boys of ’98 were +made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse +on Lafayette Street, near the brigade headquarters, +and which was being used by the government +as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the +civil war, prevented what might have been a calamity. +</p> + +<p> +While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying +boxes of ammunition from the warehouse and loading +them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen issuing +from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of +fire went up, and soldiers and negro roustabouts +piled over each other in their scramble for safety. +McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up, +and was staggering in the direction of the river, some +distance away, when Lieutenant Parker, who had heard +the warning cry, came to his assistance. Together +they carried the smoking box until it was possible to +throw it into the water. +</p> + +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/> + +<p> +How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse +were piled hundreds of boxes of ammunition, +each containing one thousand cartridges. Had the +cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of +life might have resulted, as there were at least a score +of soldiers working in and around the building. +</p> + +<p> +At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued +orders that every one connected with the admiralty +must abstain from giving information of any kind +regarding naval affairs. +</p> + +<p> +General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting +foreign newspaper correspondents from remaining +in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated +as spies. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> As is told in that chapter relating to +Santiago de Cuba, American troops were landed a few +miles east of the city, at a place known as Aguadores; +the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were +bombarded. +</p> + +<p> +The Navy Department made public a cablegram +from Admiral Dewey: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The insurgents are acting energetically in the province +of Cavite. During the past week they have won +several victories, and have taken prisoners about eighteen +hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish +troops, not natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being +prepared for occupation by United States troops on +the arrival of the transports.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>insurgents had cut the railway lines and were closing +in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo’s +forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the +foreign residents were making all haste to leave the +city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent chief +points to a desire to set up a native administration +in the Philippines under an American protectorate. +Aguinaldo, with an advisory council, would hold the +dictatorship until the conquest of the islands, and would +then establish a republican assembly. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 7.</hi> The monitor <name type="ship">Monterey</name> and the collier <name type="ship">Brutus</name> +sailed from San Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted +monitor <name type="ship">Monadnock</name> has been ordered to set +out for the same port within ten days. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 9.</hi> The Spanish bark <name type="ship">Maria Dolores</name>, laden with +coal and patent fuel, was captured by the cruiser <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name> +twelve miles off San Juan de Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 10.</hi> A battalion of marines was landed in +the harbour of Guantanamo, forty miles east of +Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport +steamer <name type="ship">Panther</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 11–12.</hi> Attack upon American marines in +Guantanamo Bay by Spanish regulars and guerillas.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> The British steamer <name type="ship">Twickenham</name>, laden +with coal for Admiral Cervera’s fleet, was captured off +San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S. <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 12.</hi> Major-General Merritt issued orders to the +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>officers assigned to the second Philippine expedition, to +the effect that they must be ready to embark their +troops not later than the fifteenth instant. +</p> + +<p> +The following cablegram was made public by the +Navy Department: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Cavite, June 12.—The insurgents continue hostilities, +and have practically surrounded Manila. They +have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish prisoners, whom +they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack +the city at the present time.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay, +with refugees on board, under guard of neutral men-of-war; +this with my permission. Health of the squadron +continues excellent. German commander-in-chief +arrived to-day. Three Germans, two British, one +French, one Japanese man-of-war in port. Another +German man-of-war expected.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The following is a corrected list of vessels captured +or destroyed: Two protected cruisers, five unprotected +cruisers, one transport, one surveying vessel, +both armed. The following are captured: Transport +<name type="ship">Manila</name>, gunboat <name type="ship">Callao</name>.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H. +Renjes, vice-consul for Spain, at Honolulu, sent the +following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian Minister +of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the +American troops at Honolulu: +</p> + +<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> +<p><text><body> +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I +have the honour to-day to enter formal protest with +the Hawaiian government against the constant violation +of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists +between Spain and the United States of America.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as +follows: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In reply to your note of the first instant, I +have the honour to say that, owing to the intimate relations +now existing between this country and the United +States, this government has not proclaimed a proclamation +of neutrality having reference to the present +conflict between the United States and Spain, but, on +the contrary, has tendered to the United States privileges +and assistance, for which reason your protest can +receive no further consideration than to acknowledge +its receipt.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 13.</hi> American troops sailed from Tampa and +Key West for Santiago. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards again attacked the American marines +at Guantanamo Bay, and were repulsed after seven +hours’ hard fighting.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +President McKinley signed the war revenue bill. +</p> + +<p> +Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions +to the popular loan. +</p> + +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/> + +<p> +The dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> joined Admiral +Sampson’s fleet.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +While the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Yankee</name> was off Cienfuegos on +this day, a Spanish gunboat steamed out of the harbour, +evidently mistaking the character of the newcomer; +but on learning that the <name type="ship">Yankee</name> was ready +for business, put back in hot haste. Both vessels +opened fire, and after the gunboat had gained the +security of the harbour the <name type="ship">Yankee</name> engaged the eastern +and western batteries. During the brief action a +shell burst over the American ship, its fragments +wounding one man. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> The American marines at Guantanamo +Bay again attacked by the Spaniards.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, +rewarded by the Navy Department.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +First trial of the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes +went into effect on this date. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> From Manila on June 14th much of interest +was received. A severe engagement occurred, when +one thousand insurgents attacked twice that number of +Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had +drawn their lines closely around the landward side of +the city, and Captain-General Augusti published a +decree ordering all the male population under arms. +Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York +<hi rend='italic'>World</hi>, thus summed up the situation: +</p> + +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Terrific fighting has been going on for six days +between the Philippine insurgents and the Spaniards. +The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held their +ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents +now hold three thousand prisoners, mostly +Spanish soldiers.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was +present at the taking of the garrisoned church at Old +Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred insurgents captured +a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days’ +bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous +fighters. They have captured the entire provinces of +Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the provinces of +Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo’s troops, in three divisions, have now +surrounded Manila. They have the Spaniards hemmed +in, and could capture the city if they wanted to, but +will await the arrival of the American troops before +doing so.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia +Penas, of Cavite province, and Gov. Antonio Cardola, +of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit suicide +before surrendering. He shot himself three times in +the head, but will recover. The insurgents behaved +gallantly in the fight for the possession of the stone +convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti sent +two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to +attack Aguinaldo’s forces at Cavite. The fight lasted +all day. The Spaniards were repulsed, and the officers +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>led in retreat. They took refuge in the old convent, a +substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for +all time.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first +plan was to starve out the beleaguered ones, but he +found, June 6th, that provisions were being smuggled +in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning +by opening fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General +Augusti, hearing of his soldiers’ plight, sent four +thousand regulars to relieve them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand. +But after the first brush he adopted another method. +He sent detachments of three hundred or four hundred +men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards, +who constantly harassed them. In the first attack +of these detachments one hundred and fifty Spanish +soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed. In the +second onslaught four officers and sixty men were +killed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Again and again these attacks were repeated until +nine hundred Spaniards had been killed, the insurgents +report. The convent, too, became untenable. The +Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made +a stand at Bacoor.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there, +and the Spanish fled again. The rebels pursued the +enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning, Aguinaldo +stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards +who remained there he killed ninety and captured 250.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill33"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill33.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GARCIA.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GARCIA.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill33.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GARCIA.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GARCIA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 15.</hi> The second fleet of transports, comprised +of the steamers <name type="ship">China</name>, <name type="ship">Colon</name>, + <name type="ship">Senator</name>, and <name type="ship">Zealandia</name>, +carrying 3,465 men, left San Francisco for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed +for twice over. +</p> + +<p> +Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo +Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian +annexation resolution. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 16.</hi> Third bombardment of the batteries near +Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired +the damages inflicted by the American vessels +when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th +another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley +and his brave comrades. Five blockhouses were +completely demolished, the enemy beating a hasty +retreat without having fired a shot. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 17.</hi> Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled +by American naval force.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Capture of the Spanish sloop <name type="ship">Chato</name> in Guantanamo +Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 18.</hi> Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo +Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Texas</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 19.</hi> First American troops landed on Cuban soil.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 20.</hi> General Shafter and Admiral Sampson +visit General Garcia in his camp.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> Landing of General Shafter’s army begun.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government +that he, having been forced to take refuge in the +walled city,<note place="foot">See <ref target="appa">Appendix A</ref> for description of Manila.</note> would be unable to continue communication. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> By a decision of the Attorney-General, +the United States government will surrender to the +ambassadors of France and Germany, as the diplomatic +representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews +of the prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the +American navy since the declaration of war. +</p> + +<p> +Boats’ crews from the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> +remove the mines from Guantanamo Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Texas</name> engages the west battery of +Cabanas.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, in reporting +his cruise of twenty-three days, gave the following +account of a meeting with the enemy off San Juan de +Porto Rico on the 22d of June: +</p> + +<p> + <hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> <q rend="post: none">We came off the port on the twenty-second. +The weather was fair, the trade wind blowing fresh +from the eastward and raising somewhat of a sea. At +about 12.40 the third-class cruiser <name type="ship">Isabel III.</name> came out, +and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/>of the batteries, commenced edging out toward us, +firing at such a long range that her shots were ineffective.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire +of the batteries, we took but little notice of her, lying +still and occasionally sending in our largest shell at her +to try the range.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and +the torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Terror</name>, or it may have been +her sister ship, the <name type="ship">Furor</name>, was sighted steaming along +shore under the batteries.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We watched her for awhile, and worked along with +her, in order to separate her from the cruiser and keep +her in trough if she came for us. She then circled to +get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as far +as direction went, but her shots fell short.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When within range of our guns, the signal <q>commence +firing</q> was made, and for several minutes we let +fly our starboard battery at her at from fifty-five hundred +to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around +her.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us +and her fire soon ceased. She then headed inshore, +to the southward and westward, going slow, and it was +evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off +the Morro she flashed some signals to the shore, +and afterward a tug came out and towed her into the +harbour.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>of her shots and those of the <name type="ship">Terror</name> fell pretty close. +The cruiser followed the <name type="ship">Terror</name> back toward the port +and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the +two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but +when the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, making an inshore turn, seemed to +be going for them, they returned to the harbour, and we +saw no more of them.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 23.</hi> The U. S. monitor <name type="ship">Monadnock</name> left San +Francisco for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> again shells +the Santiago fortifications.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal +decree. The Chamber of Deputies adjourned without +the customary cheers for the throne. +</p> + +<p> +Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Action near Juragua.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 25.</hi> Skirmish near Sevilla. +</p> + +<p> +The American government protested a draft drawn +by its consul at St. Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances +calculated to make an extremely dangerous +precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne +for the purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal, +which arrived in St. Thomas in the <name type="ship">Ardenrose</name> about +the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it for +ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered +twenty dollars a ton for it. Van Horne apparently did +the proper thing and did not exceed instructions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 26.</hi> General Garcia with three thousand +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>Cuban insurgents landed at Juragua by American +transports.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila +embarked at San Francisco. +</p> + +<p> +The sloop <name type="ship">Isabel</name> arrived at Key West flying the +Cuban flag. On her were Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut. +Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban army, +carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government +to Señor T. Estrada Palma, of the New York junta. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> shelled the +fortifications at the entrance to Santiago harbour.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American +forces.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said, +Egypt, at the head of the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth. +It was composed of: +</p> + +<p> +Battle-ship <name type="ship">Pelayo</name>, Admiral Camara’s flag-ship. +</p> + +<p> +Armoured cruiser <name type="ship">Emperador Carlos V.</name> +</p> + +<p> +Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Patriota</name>, equipped with twelve +guns, and carrying troops and marines. +</p> + +<p> +Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Buenos Ayres</name>, equipped with ten +guns, and carrying stores and a few troops. +</p> + +<p> +Torpedo destroyer <name type="ship">Audaz</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Armed merchantman <name type="ship">Isla de Pany</name>, equipped with +two guns, and carrying stores and a few troops. +</p> + +<p> +Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Rapido</name>, equipped with twelve guns. +</p> + +<p> +Steamship <name type="ship">Colon</name>, unarmed and with no troops. +</p> + +<p> +Torpedo destroyer <name type="ship">Proserpina</name>. +</p> + +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/> + +<p> +Torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Osada</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Transport <name type="ship">Covadonga</name>, carrying no guns. +</p> + +<p> +Collier <name type="ship">San Francisco</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The United States government, determined +to delay, if possible, the progress of the fleet toward +the Philippines, instructed its consul to protest to the +English government against the coaling of the fleet at +Port Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian +government refused Admiral Camara’s request to buy +coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a hundred +and fifty native stokers. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. transport <name type="ship">Yale</name>, laden with troops, arrived +at Daiquiri.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The President sent to Congress the following messages: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Congress of the United States</hi>:—On the +morning of the third of June, 1898, Assistant Naval +Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with a +volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially +dismantled collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, entered the fortified +harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for the purpose of sinking +the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel and +thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of +the Spanish fleet, which had recently entered that +harbour.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and +bravery amounting to heroism, was carried into +success<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>ful execution in the face of a persistent fire from the +hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore. +Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our +naval force in Cuban waters, in an official report addressed +to the Secretary of the Navy, referring to Mr. +Hobson’s gallant exploit, says:</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill34"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill34.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CAMARA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CAMARA.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill34.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CAMARA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CAMARA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> + +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I decided to make the harbour entrance secure +against the possibility of egress of the Spanish ships +by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance, by +sinking a collier at that point.</q></q> +</p> + + <p> <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented +a solution which he considered would ensure the +immediate sinking of the ship when she had reached +the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated +a crew of only seven men, and Mr. Hobson +begged that it might be entrusted to him.</q></q> +</p> + + <p><q rend="post: none"><q>I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation +of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant +crew. I venture to say that a more brave and daring +thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the +<name type="ship">Albemarle</name>.</q></q> +</p> + + <p><q rend="post: none">The members of the crew who were with Mr. +Hobson on the memorable occasion have already been +rewarded for their services by advancement, which, +under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary +of the Navy was authorised to make; and the +nomination to the Senate of Naval Cadet Powell, who, +in a steam launch, followed the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> on her +perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>after the sinking of that vessel, to be advanced in rank +to the grade of ensign, has been prepared and will be +submitted.</q> +</p> + + <p><q rend="post: none">Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the +<name type="ship">Albemarle</name>, during the civil war, Admiral Sampson compares +Mr. Hobson’s sinking of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, received +the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the +President, by name, and was in consequence, under +the provisions of Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes, +advanced one grade, such advancement embracing fifty-six +numbers. The section cited applies, however, to +line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of +the staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be +so advanced.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In considering the question of suitably rewarding +Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson for his valiant +conduct on the occasion referred to, I have deemed it +proper to address this message to you with the recommendation +that he receive the thanks of Congress, and +further that he be transferred to the line of the navy +and promoted to such position therein as the President, +by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may +determine.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Mr. Hobson’s transfer from the construction corps +to the line is fully warranted, he having received the +necessary technical training as a graduate of the naval +academy, where he stood number one in his class, and +such action is recommended partly in deference to +what is understood to be his own desire, although, he +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>being a prisoner now in the hands of the enemy, no +direct communication on the subject has been received +from him, and partly for the reason that the abilities +displayed by him at Santiago are of such a character +as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of the line.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed> + +<dateline> +“<name><hi rend='italic'>Executive Mansion, June 27.</hi></name>” +</dateline> +</body></text></p> +<p> +The second message was as follows: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Congress of the United States</hi>:—On the +eleventh day of May, 1898, there occurred a conflict +in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval +torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Winslow</name> was disabled, her commander +wounded, and one of her officers and a part of her +crew killed by the enemy’s fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy’s +guns the revenue cutter <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, commanded by First +Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service, +rescued the disabled <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and her wounded +crew. The commander of the <name type="ship">Hudson</name> kept his vessel +in the very hottest fire of the action, although in constant +danger of going ashore on account of the shallow +water, until he finally got a line made fast to the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, +and towed that vessel out of range of the enemy’s +guns, a deed of special gallantry.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act +of heroism of First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. +Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth, the thanks of +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>Congress be extended to him and to his officers and +men of the <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, and that a gold medal of honour +be presented to Lieutenant Newcomb, a silver medal +of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze medal of +honour to each member of his crew who served with +him at Cardenas.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley</hi>.”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +The President also sent the following special nomination +to Congress: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Executive Mansion, Washington</hi></name>, June 27, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Senate of the United States</hi>:—I nominate +Naval Cadet Joseph W. Powell to be advanced two numbers +under the provisions of section 1,506 of the Revised +Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary +heroism while in charge of the steam launch +which accompanied the collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, for the purpose +of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel was, +under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run +into the mouth of the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on +the third instant, and dexterously sunk in the channel.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley</hi>.”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The third fleet of vessels, laden with +soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for the Philippines. +</p> + +<p> +From London the following news was received from +the Canary Islands: +</p> + +<p> +Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>still quite exposed to view. The earthworks are not +nearly completed. It is reported that ten thousand +more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these +five thousand are for the Grand Canary, and the +others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish government is +determined to hold the islands at any cost. +</p> + +<p> +Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and +many of the sugar mills are closed. If this state of +uncertainty continues much longer it will mean starvation +to the working classes. All lights that can be +seen from the sea are ordered extinguished at night, +though the lighthouse on Isletta is still lighted. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Yankee</name>, off the Isle of Pines, captured +and destroyed the Spanish sloops <name type="ship">Nemesia</name>, of Batabano, +<name type="ship">Amistad</name> and <name type="ship">Manuelita</name>, of Coloma, and the pilot-boats +<name type="ship">Luz</name> and <name type="ship">Jacinto</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 28.</hi> The President issued a proclamation +extending the blockade of Cuba to the southern +coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, +and also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +The proclamation was as follows: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation +of April 22, 1898, a blockade of ports on the +northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to Bahia Honda, +inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south +coast of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it has become desirable to extend the +blockade to other southern ports,</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>the United States, do hereby declare and proclaim that, +in addition to the blockade of the ports specified in my +proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of +America has instituted and will maintain an effective +blockade of all of the ports on the south coast of Cuba, +from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and also of +the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which +the blockade is by the present proclamation extended, +will be allowed thirty days to issue therefrom with +cargo.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, while trying to +enter the river San Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico, +secretly, with a cargo of provisions and war material, +was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped +by swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined +to land his cargo, headed for the shore at +Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the boiler. +The Spanish gunboats <name type="ship">Concha</name> and <name type="ship">Isabella</name> issued to the +assistance of the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, whereupon the Americans +withdrew, and the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name> landed her +cargo. +</p> + +<p> +Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable +from Manila to the government at Madrid: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain +my position inside the line of blockhouses, but the +enemy is increasing in numbers, as the rebels occupy +the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains +are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>of defence difficult. The number of sick among the +troops is increasing, making the situation very distressing, +and causing increased desertions of the native +soldiers.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill35"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill35.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL AUGUSTI.</head><figDesc>GENERAL AUGUSTI.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill35.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL AUGUSTI.</head><figDesc>GENERAL AUGUSTI.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty +thousand armed with rifles, and one hundred thousand +armed with swords, etc.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I +have treated his proposals with disdain, for I am +resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and the +honour of the flag to the last extremity.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred +wounded. The citadel has been invaded by the +suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their homes, +owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants +constitute an embarrassment, aggravating the +situation, in view of a bombardment, which, however, +is not seriously apprehended for the moment.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The captain-general’s family was made prisoners by +the insurgents several days prior to the sending of this +despatch, and all efforts to effect their release had thus +far been in vain. +</p> + +<p> +From all parts of the world the Spanish people, +during the last days of June, looked toward Santiago +de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned Cervera’s +fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the +American arms. +</p> + +</div><div n="10" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="chap10"/> +<head>CHAPTER X.</head> + +<head type="sub">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</head> + +<p> +The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish +fleet under Admiral Cervera was entirely destroyed, +and which ended with the capture of the city, +can best be told as a continuous story. The record +of other events will be found elsewhere in regular +order. +</p> + +<p> +Even though a repetition, it should be set down that +the North Atlantic fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson +commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson and +W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively, +which blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted +of the battle-ships <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, +<name type="ship">Oregon</name>; <anchor id="corr194"/><corr sic="armored">armoured</corr> cruisers <name type="ship">New York</name>, Admiral Sampson’s +flag-ship, <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, Commodore Schley’s flag-ship; +protected cruisers <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Newark</name>, Commodore +Watson’s flag-ship; converted yachts <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>.<note place="foot">For types of war-ships see <ref target="appb">Appendix B</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of +their own making, lay the Spanish fleet under command +of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of the armoured +cruisers <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, +<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/><name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>, Admiral Cervera’s flag-ship; torpedo-boat +destroyers <name type="ship">Furor</name> and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence +their prey should escape, and it may well be +supposed that the Spaniards, knowing full well they +were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a +favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading +squadron. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 2.</hi> The first detachment of troops, including +heavy and light artillery and the engineer corps, embarked +for Santiago on the second of June. Four days +later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles +east of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson’s +guns. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> The American fleet began the bombardment +of the batteries guarding the entrance to the harbour +at six o’clock in the morning, having steamed in +to within three thousand yards of the shore, the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> +in advance of the first column, with the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, +the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> in line. The +second column was led by the <name type="ship">New York</name>, with the <name type="ship">New +Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Yankee</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and <name type="ship">Oregon</name> in the order named. +On the left flank were the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>, and +on the right the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> and the <name type="ship">Porter</name> kept watchful +eyes upon the riflemen ashore. The first column took +station opposite the Estrella and Catalina batteries,<note place="foot">See <ref target="appc">Appendix C</ref> for description of Santiago Harbour.</note> +while the second was stationed off the new earthworks +near Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/>shots should be thrown into El Morro, because of the +fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were imprisoned +there. +</p> + +<p> +The fleet continued the bombardment without moving +from the stations originally taken. It was the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> +which opened the action with a 12-inch shell, and +the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of +stone which spouted up from the base of the Estrella +battery. As if this shot was the signal agreed upon, +the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy +answering promptly but ineffectively. +</p> + +<p> +Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the +<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name>. Estrella Fort was soon on +fire; the Catalina battery gave up the struggle in less +than an hour, and the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> engaged +with some light inshore works, speedily reducing them +to ruins. Until nine o’clock the bombardment continued +without interruption, and then the American fire +ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that +their port batteries might be brought into play. +</p> + +<p> +One hour more, that is to say, until ten o’clock, this +terrible rain of iron was sent from the fleet to the +shore, and then on the flag-ship was hoisted the signal: +<q>Cease firing.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,—not +a ship had been hit by the Spaniards nor a man +wounded. +</p> + +<p> +On board the Spanish ship <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>, a lieutenant +and five seamen had been killed, and seventeen +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/>wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less than three +times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles. +Near about Morro Castle, although none of the American +guns were aimed at that structure, two were killed +and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great havoc was +wrought. +</p> + +<p> +Admiral Cervera made the following report to his +government: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications +at Santiago and along the adjacent coast.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on +board the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>; three officers were killed +and an officer and seventeen men were wounded among +the troops.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different +calibres. The damage inflicted upon the batteries +of La Socapa and Morro Castle were unimportant. +The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The enemy had noticeable losses.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 8.</hi> Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand +men were embarked at Tampa for Santiago on the +eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen. +William R. Shafter. +</p> + +<p> +Fire was opened by the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the <name type="ship">Yankee</name> +of the blockading squadron upon the fortifications of +Camianera, a port on Cumberland Harbour fifteen miles +distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to +retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Vixen</name> entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>truce from Admiral Sampson, to arrange for an exchange +of Lieutenant Hobson and his men. Admiral +Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred +to General Blanco. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions +for the insurgents at a point fifteen miles west +of Santiago. +</p> + +<p> +In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish +soldiers, mostly infantry; but with cavalry and artillery +that may be drawn from the surrounding country. On +the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed, +watched for a favourable opportunity to make a descent +upon the city. +</p> + +<p> +Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral +Sampson to notify Admiral Cervera that, if the +latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers and two +torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain, +at the end of the war, would be made to pay an additional +indemnity at least equivalent to the value of +these vessels. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 10.</hi> The American troops made a landing on +the eastern side of Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles +east of Santiago, at two <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> on the tenth of June. The +debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns +of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire +on the earthworks which lined the shore, a blockhouse, +and a cable station which was occupied by Spanish +soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>in hot haste after firing a few shots. A small gunboat +came down from Guantanamo, four miles away, at the +beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with +all speed after having approached within range. +</p> + +<p> +Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the +steamer <name type="ship">Panther</name> arrived with a battalion of marines +under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Huntington. +She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri, +ten miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any +reply. +</p> + +<p> +Colonel Huntington’s force took possession of the +heights overlooking the bay, where was a fortified +camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards. +There was nothing to betoken the presence of the +enemy in strong numbers, and the men soon settled +down to ordinary camp duties, believing their first +serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> It was three o’clock on Saturday afternoon; +Colonel Huntington’s marines were disposed +about the camp according to duty or fancy; some +were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of +carrying water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket +was heard, followed by another and another until +the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of considerable +importance was in progress on the picket-line. +</p> + +<p> +The principal portion of the enemy’s fire appeared +to come from a small island about a thousand yards +away, and a squad of men was detailed with a 3-inch +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction, +while the main force defended the camp. +</p> + +<p> +After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time +the boys of ’98 were virtually firing at random, the +men on the picket-line fell back on the camp. Two of +their number were missing. The battalion was formed +on three sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to +resist an attack which was not to be made until +considerably later. +</p> + +<p> +The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers +were sent out and failed to find anything save +a broad trail, marked here and there by blood, which +came to an end at the water’s edge. +</p> + +<p> +There were no longer detonations to be heard from +the island. The 3-inch gun had been well served. +</p> + +<p> +The skirmishers which had been sent out returned, +bearing the bodies of two boys in blue who had been +killed by the first shots, and, after death, mutilated by +blows from Spanish machetes. +</p> + +<p> +Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the +force of the wind had increased almost to a gale; below +in the bay the war-ships were anchored, their search-lights +streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold +on a pall of black velvet. +</p> + +<p> +No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for +those two cold, lifeless forms on the heights, one might +have believed the previous rattle of musketry had been +heard only by the imagination. +</p> + +<p> +Until nine o’clock in the evening the occupants of +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>the camp kept careful watch, and then without warning, +as before, the crack of repeating rifles broke the almost +painful stillness. +</p> + <anchor id="ill36"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill36.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The enemy was making his presence known once +more, and this time it became evident he was in +larger force. +</p> + +<p> +Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch +from the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, with a Colt machine gun in +her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened fire; +skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of +foliage, and only when a dark form was seen, which +might have been that of a Spaniard, or only the swaying +branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a +target. +</p> + +<p> +It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test +the nerves of the young soldiers who were receiving +their <q>baptism of blood.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Until midnight this random firing continued, and +then a large body of Spanish troops charged up the hill +until they were face to face with the defenders of the +camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost +immediately in the blackness of the night. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 12.</hi> Again and again the firing was renewed +from this quarter or that, but the enemy did not show +himself until the morning came like a flash of light, as +it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of +Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket. +</p> + +<p> +Now more guns were brought into play at the camp; +the war-ships began shelling the shore, and the action +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>was speedily brought to an end. Four Americans had +been killed, and among them one of the surgeons. +</p> + +<p> +At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would +tell that Spanish sharpshooters were hovering around +the camp; but not until eight o’clock in the evening +did the enemy approach in any great numbers. +</p> + +<p> +Then the battle was on once more; again did the +little band of bluejackets stand to their posts, fighting +against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships flashed +their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the +thicket, and all the while the Spanish fire was continued +with deadly effect. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of +ten men, were sent out to dislodge the advance line +of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung around +into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the +Spaniards gave way, firing rapidly while so doing. +</p> + +<p> +The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued, +following the foe nearly to a small stone house near +the coast, which had been used as a fort. They were +well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon +them in every direction from out the darkness. Sergeant +Goode fell fatally wounded, and the Spaniards +charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a +cliff, over which one man fell and was killed; another +fell, but with no further injury than a broken leg. A +third was shot through the arm, after which he and the +man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on +their own account. One more was wounded, and then +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>the Americans made a desperate charge, forcing the +enemy back into the stone house, and then out again, +after fifteen had been killed. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity +of the camp; but six field-pieces were brought up, +and the second battle was ended after two Americans +had been killed and seven wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 13.</hi> The camp was moved to a less exposed +position, while the war-ships poured shell and shrapnel +into the woods, and then the marines filed solemnly out +to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were +six newly made graves. +</p> + +<p> +All the marines could not attend the funeral, many +having to continue the work of moving camp, or to rest +on their guns, keeping a constant watch for the lurking +Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the +stumbling bearers of the dead over the loose gravel, +and grouped themselves about the graves. +</p> + +<p> +The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted +to its place, and Chaplain Jones of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> was +about to begin the reading of the burial service, when +the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the +western chaparral. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall +in!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Fall in!</q> was the word from one end of the camp +to the other. The graves were deserted by all save +the chaplain and escort, who still stood unmoved. +</p> + +<p> +The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves +<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/>behind the rolled tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in +the hollows, boxes and piles of stones, their rifles +ready, their eyes strained into the brush. +</p> + +<p> +Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells +struck and burst in the chaparral, and rifles sounded +angrily. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Texas</name> fired seven shots at the place from which +the shooting came, and the Spaniards, as usual, fled +out of sight. +</p> + +<p> +The funeral services had hardly been resumed when +there was another attack; but this time the pits near +the old blockhouse got the range of the malignant marksmen +and shattered them with a few shots. The <name type="ship">Texas</name> +and <name type="ship">Panther</name> shelled the brush to the eastward, but the +chaplain kept right on with the service, and from that +time until night there was little shooting from the +cover. +</p> + +<p> +On this day the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> joined +Admiral Sampson’s fleet, and the weary marines, holding +their posts on shore against overwhelming odds, +hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of +the soldiers who were so sadly needed. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> Substantial recognition was given by the +Navy Department to the members of the gallant +crew who took the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> into the entrance of +Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel +under the very muzzles of the Spanish guns. +</p> + +<p> +The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the +promotion of the men as follows: +</p> + +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/> + +<p> +Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain, +from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars +a year. +</p> + +<p> +George Charette, gunner’s mate, to be a gunner, +from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars a +year. +</p> + +<p> +Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and —— Murphy, +coxswains, to be chief boatswain’s mates, an increase +of twenty dollars a month. +</p> + +<p> +George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a +month to seventy dollars a month. +</p> + +<p> +Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist, +from thirty-seven dollars a month to seventy dollars +a month. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Hobson’s reward would come through +Congress. +</p> + +<p> +While a grateful people were discussing the manner +in which their heroes should be crowned, that little +band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo Bay, +worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the +enemy during seventy-two hours, was once more battling +against a vastly superior force in point of +numbers. +</p> + +<p> +From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until +this morning of the fourteenth, the Americans had +remained on the defensive,—seven hundred against +two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics +were to be used. Colonel Huntington had decided +that it was time to turn the tables, and before the night +<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/>was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of +the hill had been avenged. +</p> + +<p> +A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two +hundred and eighty marines, and forty-one Cubans, was +divided into four divisions, the first of which had +orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy +drew supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish +camp beyond the first range of hills. The third had +for its objective point a signal-station from which information +as to the movements of the American fleet +had been flashed into Santiago. The fourth division +was to act as the reserve. +</p> + +<p> +In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the +signal-station was in the hands of the Americans, and +the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy. The boys of +’98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with +faces upturned to the rays of the burning sun. +</p> + +<p> +At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a +loss of two Cubans killed, one American and four +Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead. +</p> + +<p> +The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken, +was fleeing here and there, yet further harassed +by a heavy fire from the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, who sent her +shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view. +</p> + +<p> +When the day drew near its close, and the weary but +triumphant marines returned to camp, a hundred of +the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more than twice +that number must have been wounded, and eighteen +were being brought in as prisoners. +</p> + <anchor id="ill37"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. VESUVIUS.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill37.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. VESUVIUS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. VESUVIUS.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> + +<p> +On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to +Santiago Harbour, the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name>—that +experimental engine of destruction—was given +a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus +graphically pictured by a correspondent of the New +York <hi rend='italic'>Herald</hi>: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds +of guncotton, were fired last night from the dynamite +guns of the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> at the hill at the western entrance +to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The frightful execution done by those three shots +will be historic.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the +fleet drew off after the attack that followed the discovery +of the presence of the Spanish fleet in the +harbour.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the intense darkness of last night the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> +steamed into close range and let go one of her +mysterious missiles.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise +at first. The pneumatic guns on the little cruiser did +their work silently. It was only when they felt the +shock that the men on the other war-ships knew +the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> was in action.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A few seconds after the gun was fired there was +a frightful convulsion on the land. On the hill, where +the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles of the +ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in +air. The land was smitten as by an earthquake.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken +hills and mountains. Sampson’s ships, far out at sea, +trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose to the +clouds and hid the scene of destruction.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Then came a long silence; next another frightful +upheaval, and following it a third, so quickly that the +results of the work of the two mingled in mid-air.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish +battery, that, after the noise of the dynamite, sounded +like the crackle of firecrackers.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> had tested herself. She was found +perfect as a destroyer. She proved that no fortification +can withstand her terrible missiles.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Just what damage she did I could not tell from +the sea. Whatever was within hundreds of feet of the +point of impact must have gone to destruction.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 16.</hi> On the fifteenth of June the marines at +Guantanamo Bay were given an opportunity to rest, for +the lesson the Spaniards received on the fourteenth +had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago +remained inactive. It was but the lull before the +storm of iron which was rained upon the Spanish on +the sixteenth. +</p> + +<p> +The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago +was a second trial of the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> at midnight on the +fifteenth, when she sent three more 250-pound charges +of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the +fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective +station, until half-past three o’clock on the morning +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>of the sixteenth, when the bluejackets were aroused +and served with coffee. +</p> + +<p> +Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared, +the ships steamed in toward the fortifications of Santiago +until within three thousand yards, and there, lying +broadside on, three cables’-lengths apart, they waited for +the day to break. +</p> + +<p> +It was 5.25 when the <name type="ship">New York</name> opened with a broadside +from her main battery, and the bombardment was +begun. +</p> + +<p> +All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns +roared and the smaller ones crackled and snapped, each +piece throughout the entire squadron being worked +with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous +wave of crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion +came projectiles of enormous weight, until it seemed +as if all that line of shore must be rent and riven. +</p> + +<p> +Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was +believed the brave Hobson and his gallant comrades +were held prisoners. +</p> + +<p> +When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not +a man had been wounded, nor a vessel struck by the +fire from the shore. +</p> + +<p> +The governor of Santiago sent the following message +to Madrid relative to the bombardment: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several +Spanish shells hit the enemy’s vessels. Our losses are +three killed and twenty wounded, including two officers. +The Spanish squadron was not damaged.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/> + +<p> +While the Americans were making their presence +felt at Santiago, those who held Guantanamo Bay were +not idle. The <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> bombarded +the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at +the terminus of the railroad leading to the city of +Guantanamo, demolishing them entirely after an hour +and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled from +the fortifications, the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> shelled them until they +were hidden in the surrounding forest. +</p> + +<p> +An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the +<name type="ship">Marblehead’s</name> steam launch began dragging the harbour +near the fort for mines. One was found and taken up, +and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of +Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed +toward shore and began banging away, but the bow +gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the gunner with +it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat; +the gunner was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets +continued their interrupted work. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 17.</hi> Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point +and Hospital Cay were shelled, the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the +<name type="ship">St. Paul</name> attending to the first, and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> caring +for the latter, while the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> and even the +collier <name type="ship">Scindia</name> fired a few shots for diversion. The +task was concluded in less than half an hour, and had +no more than come to an end when a small sloop was +sighted off the entrance to the bay. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Marblehead’s</name> steam launch was sent in pursuit, +and an hour later returned with the prize, which proved +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>to be the <name type="ship">Chato</name>. Her crew of five were taken on +board the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> as prisoners. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 18.</hi> The active little steam launch made +another capture next day while cruising outside the +bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men who +claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape +Maysi to Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong +reasons for believing this party had come to spy out +the position of the American ships, and all were transferred +to the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The crew of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had gun practice again on +this day when they shelled and destroyed a blockhouse +three miles up the bay, killing, so it was reported, no +less than twenty of the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports, +carrying the second detachment of General Shafter’s +army, hove in sight of Admiral Sampson’s squadron on +the evening of June 18th, and next morning at daylight +the launches of the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> reconnoitred +the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the +entrance to Santiago Harbour, and Guayaganaco, two +miles farther west, in search of a landing-place. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition, +made the following report: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The expedition consisted of a steam launch from +the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, in charge of Cadet Hart, and a +launch from the <name type="ship">New York</name>, in charge of Cadet Powell. +I took passage on the <name type="ship">Massachusetts’</name> launch, leading +the way. Soundings were taken on entering the bay +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/>close under the old fort, and we were preparing to circumnavigate +the bay at full speed when fire was opened +from the fort and rocks on the shore. The <name type="ship">Massachusetts’</name> +launch was some distance ahead and about forty +yards off the fort. There was no room to turn, and +our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We +backed and turned under a heavy fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be +brought to bear, sitting exposed in the bow, and working +the gun as coolly and carefully as at target +practice.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards +opened. He was also perfectly cool. Both launches +ran out under a heavy fire of from six to eight minutes. +I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the +parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was +larger, but indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was +practicable, sheered to give the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> the range of the +fort. The <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> silenced the shore fire +promptly.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell +for the cool management of the launches. One launch +was struck seven times. Nobody in either was hurt. +A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart’s feet between +the projectile and the powder, but failed to explode the +latter.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Coxswain O’Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended, +as is also the coolness with which the marines +and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco +it is evident a landing is practicable for ships’ +boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz, a small bay +to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas, +but useless without it.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am informed that to the north and westward of +Cabanas Bay there is a large clearing, with plenty +of grass and water.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>I think a simultaneous landing at the three places +named would be practicable if the ships shelled the +adjacent wood. A junction would naturally follow at +the clearing.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on +Guantanamo Bay that the streets of Caimanera have +been covered with straw saturated in oil, in order that +the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince +any disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat +<name type="ship">Sandoval</name>, lying at one of the piers, has been loaded +with inflammables, and will be burned with the city, her +commander declaring that she shall never become an +American prize. +</p> + +<p> +During this Sunday night the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> again discharged +her dynamite guns, with the western battery +as a target, and because of the frightful report which +followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had +been exploded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 20.</hi> The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago +at noon on the twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon +of war-vessels. General Shafter immediately went on +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/>board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an +hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when +the two officers sailed for Asserradero, seventeen +miles from Santiago, where General Calixto Garcia +was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans. +Here a long conference was held with the insurgent +general, after which the two commanders returned to +the fleet. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> The despatch quoted below was sent by +Admiral Sampson to the Navy Department, and gives +in full the work of the day: +</p> + +<p> + <q>Landing of the army is progressing favorably at +Daiquiri. There is very little, if any, resistance. The +<name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, <name type="ship">Castine</name>, <name type="ship">Wasp</name>, and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> +shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a +demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of +the enemy. The <name type="ship">Texas</name> engaged the west battery for +some hours. She had one man killed. Ten submarine +mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo. +Communication by telegraph has been established +at Guantanamo.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by +General Shafter, and its only fortifications were a +blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of an iron pier, +together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear. +From this town extends a good road to Santiago, and +in the immediate vicinity of the port the water-supply +is plentiful. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> Bombarding the coast as a cover for the +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>troops which were being disembarked, was the principal +work of the war-ships on the twenty-second of June, +except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were +called for from the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> to +grapple for and remove the contact mines in the harbour. +It was an undertaking as perilous as anything +that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets +showed no fear. Four times the designated number +came forward in response to the call, and before nightfall +seven mines had been removed. +</p> + <anchor id="ill38"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. TEXAS.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill38.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. TEXAS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. TEXAS.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The battle-ship <name type="ship">Texas</name> was assigned to duty off Matamoras, +the works of which were to be bombarded as a +portion of the general programme for this day while the +troops were being landed. The men of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> performed +their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly +silenced; but not quite soon enough to save the life of +one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired by the +retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet +abaft the stem on the port side. It passed through the +hull about three feet below the main-deck line, and +failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion at the +centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns’ +crews, and among them the fragments of the shell flew +in a deadly shower, killing one and wounding eight. +Later in the day the <name type="ship">Texas</name> steamed out to sea to bury +the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before +nightfall to her station on the blockade. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 23.</hi> General Shafter thus reported to the War +Department: +</p> + +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/> +<p><text><body> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Daiquiri, June 23.—Had very fine voyage; lost +less than fifty animals, six or eight to-day; lost more +putting them through the surf to land, than on +transports.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men +sick; only deaths, two men drowned in landing; landings +difficult; coast quite similar to that in vicinity +of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of +bushes. Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points +occupied by Spanish troops heavily bombarded by +navy to clear them out.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua, +a naturally strong place, this morning. Spanish troops +retreating as soon as our advance was known. Had no +mounted troops, or could have captured them, about +six hundred all told.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in +possession.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand +men yesterday, and as many more to-day.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light +artillery and greater portion of pack-train, probably all +of it, with some of the wagons; animals have to be +jumped to the water and towed ashore.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and +Castillo, on afternoon of twentieth, twenty miles west +of Santiago. These officers were unanimously of the +opinion that the landing should be made east of +Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua +to-morrow with between three thousand and four +thousand men, who will be brought from west of +Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there +disembarked.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This will give me between four thousand and five +thousand Cubans, and leave one thousand under +General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Kent’s division is being disembarked this +afternoon at Juragua, and this will be continued during +the night. The assistance of the navy has been of the +greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them +I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at +all, as I believe I should have lost so many boats in the +surf.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At present want nothing; weather has been good, +no rain on land, and prospects of fair weather.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>,</signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='italic'>Major-General U. S. Commanding.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p> +The boys of ’98 occupied the town of Aguadores +before nightfall on the twenty-third of June, the Spaniards +having applied the torch to many buildings before +they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago, +General Linares commanding in person, and +close to his heels hung General Lawton and the +advance of the American forces. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> It was evident that the Spanish intended +to make a stand at Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/>five miles from Santiago. The Americans were pressing +them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining +time to make preparations for an encounter, when the +Rough Riders, as Colonel Wood’s regiment was termed, +and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell into an ambuscade. +Then what will probably be known as the battle of +La Quasina was fought. +</p> + +<p> +It is thus described by a correspondent of the +Associated Press: +</p> + +<p> +That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to +the route to be taken by the Americans in their movement +toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by the +careful preparations they had made. +</p> + +<p> +The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a +hill, on the heavily wooded slopes of which had been +erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular intrenchments +of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of +these hills run two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel +Roosevelt’s men, and eight troops of the First +and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers, +advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies, +rough and narrow, and at places almost impassable. +</p> + +<p> +In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a +mile separated Roosevelt’s men from the regulars, +and between, and on both sides of the road in the +thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards +that must have been large, judging from the terrific +and constant fire they poured in on the Americans. +</p> + +<p> +The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry, +<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/>under General Young. A force of Spaniards was known +to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and early in the +morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt’s men started off +up the precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack +the enemy on his right flank. General Young at the +same time took the road at the foot of the hill. +</p> + <anchor id="ill39"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill39.jpg"><head rend="small">COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</head><figDesc>COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill39.jpg"><head rend="small">COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</head><figDesc>COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +About two and one-half miles out from Siboney +some Cubans, breathless and excited, rushed into camp +with the announcement that the Spaniards were but a +little way in front, and were strongly entrenched. +Quickly the Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought +to the rear, while a strong scouting line was thrown +out. +</p> + +<p> +Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward +until a bend in the road disclosed a hill where the +Spaniards were located. The guns were again brought +to the front and placed in position, while the men +crouched down in the road, waiting impatiently to give +Roosevelt’s men, who were toiling over the little trail +along the crest of the hill, time to get up. +</p> + +<p> +At 7.30 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> General Young gave the command to +the men at the Hotchkiss guns to open fire. That +command was the signal for a fight that for stubbornness +has seldom been equalled. The instant the +Hotchkiss guns were fired, from the hillside commanding +the road came volley after volley from the Mausers +of the Spaniards. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Don’t shoot until you see something to shoot at,</q> +yelled General Young, and the men, with set jaws and +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/>gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling along the +edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as +possible from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the +troopers, some of them stripped to the waist, watching +the base of the hill, and when any part of a Spaniard +became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did +they falter. +</p> + +<p> +One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a +ragged wound in his thigh, coolly knelt behind a rock, +loading and firing, and when told by one of his comrades +that he was wounded, laughed and said: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Oh, that’s all right. That’s been there for some +time.</q> +</p> + +<p> +In the meantime, away off to the left could be +heard the crack of the rifles of Colonel Wood’s men, +and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing of the +Spaniards. +</p> + +<p> +Over there the American losses were the greatest. +Colonel Wood’s men, with an advance-guard well out +in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but apparently +with no flankers, went squarely into the trap +set for them by the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering +courage of the men in the face of a fire that would +even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily +have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard +under the unfortunate Captain Capron, was +almost surrounded, and but for the reinforcement +hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have +been killed or wounded. +</p> + +<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> + +<p> +When the reserves came up there was no hesitation. +Colonel Wood, with the right wing, charged straight at +a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and Colonel +Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up +the men went, yelling like fiends, and never stopping to +return the fire of the Spaniards, but keeping on with +a grim determination to capture that blockhouse. +</p> + +<p> +That charge was the end. When within five hundred +yards of the coveted point, the Spaniards broke and +ran, and for the first time the boys of ’98 had the +pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all +through the engagement, of shooting with the enemy +in sight. +</p> + +<p> +The losses among the Rough Riders were reported +as thirteen killed and forty wounded; while the First +Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward Marshall, a +newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest +of Juragua, Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that +the Spaniards were endeavouring to destroy the railroad +leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +This road runs west along the seashore, under cover +of the guns of the American fleet, until within three +miles of El Morro, and then cuts through the mountains +along the river into Santiago. +</p> + +<p> +When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered, +the <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Scorpion</name>, and <name type="ship">Wasp</name> closed in and cleared +the hill and brush of Spaniards. +</p> + +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 26.</hi> The American lines were advanced to +within four miles of Santiago, and the boys could look +into the doomed city. It was possible to make accurate +note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as +men were astonished by the preparations which had +been made. +</p> + +<p> +There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour +batteries, sweeping in a semicircle to the eastward +of the city, were rifle-pits and intrenchments skilfully +arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line, completely +shut off approach to the city, and in front of the +entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences, +or trochas. +</p> + +<p> +Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite +cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> throw into the batteries at the +mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June +26th, and next morning the evidences of her work +could be seen on the western battery, a portion of +which was in ruins. The water-mains which supplied +the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and +the doomed city thus brought so much nearer to +capitulation. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> Knowing that with the close of June the +American army was in readiness for a decisive action, +the people waited anxiously, tearfully, for the first terrible +word which should be received telling of slaughter +and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of +July 1st, when the cablegram given below was flashed +over the wires to the War Department: +</p> + +<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Playa del Este</hi></name>, July 1, 1898.</dateline> + +<p><address><addrLine>“<name><hi rend='italic'>A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington</hi>:</name></addrLine></address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement +to-day, which lasted from eight <hi rend="small">A. M.</hi> till sundown.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We have carried their outer works and are now in +possession of them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open +country between my lines and city; by morning troops +will be entrenched and considerable augmentation of +forces will be there.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Lawton’s division and General Bates’s +brigade, which had been engaged all day in carrying +El Caney, which was accomplished at four <hi rend="small">P. M.</hi>, will be +in line and in front of Santiago during the night.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I regret to say that our casualties will be above +four hundred; of these not many are killed.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Major-General</hi>.”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +</div><div n="11" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XI.</head> + +<head type="sub">EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.</head> + +<p> +General W. R. Shafter, in his official +report of the operations around Santiago, says: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about +Santiago and made my plan of attack. From a high +hill, from which the city was in plain view, I could see +the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney. +The roads were very poor and, indeed, little better than +bridle-paths until the San Juan River and El Caney +were reached. The position of El Caney, to the +northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to +the enemy, as holding the Guantanamo road, as well +as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost that might +be used to assail the right flank of any force operating +against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided +to begin the attack next day at El Caney with one +division, while sending two divisions on the direct +road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and +as a diversion to direct a small force against Aguadores, +from Siboney along the railroad by the sea, with +a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards +in the latter direction, and of preventing them from +<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/>attacking our left flank.... But we were in a sickly +climate; our supplies had to be brought forward by a +narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time +render impassable; fear was entertained that a storm +might drive the vessels containing our stores to sea, +thus separating us from our base of supplies, and, +lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight +thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route +for Manzanillo, and might be expected in a few days. +Under these conditions I determined to give battle +without delay.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill40"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill40.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill40.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in +position around El Caney, Chaffee’s brigade on the +right across the Guantanamo road, Miles’s brigade in +the centre and Ludlow’s on the left. The duty of +cutting off the enemy’s retreat along the Santiago +road was assigned to the latter brigade. The artillery +opened on the town at 6.15 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> The battle here soon +became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy’s +position was naturally strong, and was rendered more +so by blockhouses, a stone fort and entrenchments cut +in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built +stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy +was greater than had been anticipated, and prevented +Lawton from joining the right of the main line during +the day, as had been intended. After the battle had +continued for some time, Bates’s brigade of two regiments +reached my headquarters from Siboney. I directed +him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/>necessary. He did so, and was put in position between +Miles and Chaffee. The battle continued with varying +intensity during most of the day and until the place +was carried by assault about 4.30 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> As the Spaniards +endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road, +Ludlow’s position enabled him to do very effective +work, and practically to cut off all retreat in that direction.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and +the sound of the small-arms fire caused us to believe +that Lawton was driving the enemy before him, I directed +Grimes’s battery to open fire from the heights of +El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the +enemy’s entrenchments, extending along the crest of +San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and the enemy +could be seen running away from the vicinity of the +blockhouse. The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon +returned by the enemy’s artillery. They evidently had +the range of this hill, and their first shells killed and +wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless +powder, it was very difficult to locate the position +of their pieces, while, on the contrary, the smoke caused +by our black powder plainly indicated the position of +our battery.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At this time the cavalry division, under General +Sumner, which was lying concealed in the general +vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered forward +with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy +to the right on the Santiago side, while Kent’s division +<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/>was to follow closely in its rear and deploy to the left. +These troops moved forward in compliance with orders, +but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable +to retain the column of fours formation at all points, +while the undergrowth on both sides was so dense as +to preclude the possibility of deploying skirmishers. +It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow, +and the long-range rifles of the enemy’s infantry killed +and wounded a number of our men while marching +along this road, and before there was any opportunity +to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and +Sumner were ordered to push forward with all possible +haste, and place their troops in position to engage the +enemy. General Kent, with this end in view, forced +the head of his column alongside the cavalry column +as far as the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried +his arrival at the San Juan, and the formation beyond +that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching the +San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered +by Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had +approached well to the front in a war balloon. This +information he furnished to the troops, resulting in +Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was +enabled to utilise the road to the left. General +Wheeler, the permanent commander of the cavalry +division, who had been ill, came forward during the +morning, and later returned to duty and rendered most +gallant and efficient service during the remainder of the +day. After crossing the stream the cavalry moved to +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/>the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton’s left +when he would come up, with their left resting near +the Santiago road.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the meantime, Kent’s division, with the exception +of two regiments of Hawkins’s brigade, being thus +uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks +previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails, +but more especially the one to the left, and, crossing +the creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan +Hill. During this formation the Third Brigade suffered +severely. While personally superintending this movement +its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was +killed. The command of the brigade then devolved +upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry, +who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel +Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, +five minutes later, also fell under the terrible fire +of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then +devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth +Infantry.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">While the formation just described was taking place, +General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear +brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered +to follow Wikoff’s brigade, while the Twenty-first was +sent on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade +under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream +and formed on the right of the division. The Second +and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding, +moved forward in good order on the left of the division, +<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/>passing over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back +toward his trenches.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill41"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill41.png"><head rend="small">THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</head><figDesc>THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill41.png"><head rend="small">THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</head><figDesc>THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After completing their formation under a destructive +fire, advancing a short distance, both divisions found in +their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed a +barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there was +a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was +strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these gallant men +pushed on to drive the enemy from his chosen position, +both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel +Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, +and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all +in the cavalry, were wounded. Great credit is due to +Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself +between his regiments, urged them on by voice and +bugle-call to the attack so brilliantly executed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to +the gallant regimental commanders and their heroic +men, for, while the generals indicated the formation +and the points of attack, it was, after all, the intrepid +bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted +our colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the +enemy from his trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining +a position which sealed the fate of Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the action on this part of the field, most efficient +service was rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth +Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment under +his command.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/>our men held resolutely to the position gained at the +cost of so much blood and toil.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield, +at Siboney, to send forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan +and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of which had just +arrived from the United States.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">All day on the second the battle raged with more or +less fury, but such of our troops as were in position at +daylight held their ground, and Lawton gained a strong +and commanding position on the right. About ten <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> +the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my +lines, but he was repulsed at all points.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>On the morning of the third the battle was renewed, +but the enemy seemed to have expended his energy in +the assault of the previous night, and the firing along +the line was desultory.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Such is the official report of the battle before +Santiago, where were killed of the American forces +twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded eighty +officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total, +1,595. +</p> + +<p> +An account of any engagement is made more vivid by +a recital of those who participated in the bloody work, +since the commanding officer views the action as a +whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the +private, who may know little or nothing regarding the +general outcome, understands full well what took place +immediately around him. Mr. W. K. Hearst, the +pro<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/>prietor of the New York <hi rend='italic'>Journal</hi>, told the following +graphic story in the columns of his paper: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback +with Honore Laine, who is a colonel in the Cuban army. +We rode over eight miles of difficult country which +intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and +the fighting line, which is being driven forward toward +Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen. +The Spaniards had formerly occupied it as a fort, and +they knew precisely the distance to it from their guns, +and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect +knowledge of the range.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant +way all over the tiled roof of the white house at the +back of the ridge. It was the doors of this house which +we were approaching for shelter, and later, when we +came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel +ball had passed clean through one of our cans of pressed +beef which our pack-mule was carrying.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We turned here to the right toward our battery on +the ridge. When we were half-way between the white +house and the battery, the second shell which the +Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not +ten feet over the heads of our men. Six of our fellows +were killed, and sixteen wounded.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then +rallied and returned to their guns, and the firing went +on. We passed from there to the right again, where +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/>General Shafter’s war balloon was ascending. Six +shells fell in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased +firing.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The smoke clouds from our guns were forming +altogether too plain a target for the Spaniards. There +was no trace to be seen of the enemy’s batteries, by +reason of their use of smokeless powder.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain +Capron’s artillery, which had come through from +Daiquiri without rest, could be heard banging away at +Caney. We had started with a view of getting where +we could observe artillery operations, so we directed +our force thither.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We found Captain Capron blazing away with four +guns, where he should have had a dozen. He had begun +shelling Caney at four o’clock in the morning. It +was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming +to reduce the large stone fort which stood on the hill +above the town and commanded it. Captain O’Connell +had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the +four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet. +Since that time dozens of shells had struck the fort, +but it was not yet reduced. It had been much weakened, +however.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing +toward this fort. As the cannon at our side would +bang, and the shell would swish through the air with its +querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its +explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black +<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/>specks of infantry dodging in and out among the +groups of trees. Now they would disappear wholly +from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying +along the open spaces, over the grass-covered +slopes, or across ploughed fields. The infantry firing +was ceaseless, our men popping away continuously, as +a string of firecrackers pops.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men. +Many times we heard the volley fire, and saw the brave +fellows pitch forward and lie still on the turf, while the +others hurried on to the next protecting clump of +bushes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from +slits in the stone fort, from their deep trenches, and +from the windows of the town. For hours our men +answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For +hours cannon at our side banged and shells screamed +through air and fell upon fort and town. Always our +infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up on +the village, till at last they formed under a group of +mangrove-trees at the foot of the very hill on which +the stone fort stood.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone +fort was ours. Then you should have heard the yells +that went up from the knoll on which our battery stood. +Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their +hats and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery +stopped firing for fear we should hurt our own +men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried across +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/>to take up a position near the infantry, who were now +firing on Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery +had not sent half a dozen shots from its new +position before the musketry firing ceased, and the +Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney +in the direction of Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found +that James Creelman, a <hi rend='italic'>Journal</hi> correspondent with the +infantry column, had been seriously wounded and was +lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were +still firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses +and isolated trenches, from which the Spaniards could +not safely retreat, flags of truce were waving.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Guns and side-arms were being taken away from +such Spaniards as had outlived the pitiless fire, and +their dead were being dumped without ceremony into +the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found +him, bloody and bandaged, lying on his back on a +blanket on the ground, but shown all care and attention +that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His +first words to me were that he was afraid he could not +write much of a story, as he was pretty well dazed, but +if I would write for him he would dictate the best he +could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman +told me his story of the fight. Here it is:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the +fights I have seen, is the enormous amount of ammunition +fired. There was a continuous roar of musketry +<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/>from four o’clock in the morning until four in the +afternoon.</q></q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill42"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill42.jpg"><head rend="small">VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</head><figDesc>VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill42.jpg"><head rend="small">VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</head><figDesc>VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Chaffee’s brigade began the fight by moving along +the extreme right, with Ludlow down in the low country +to the left of Caney. General Chaffee’s brigade +consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth +Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the +extreme right.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The formation was like two sides of an equilateral +triangle, Ludlow to the south, and Chaffee to the east.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we +could see through the palm-trees and tangle of bushes +the brown and blue figures of our soldiers in a line a +mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush, +firing as they went.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing +Caney, moved his troops very early in the morning, and +the battle opened by Ludlow’s artillery firing on the +fort and knocking several holes in it.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and +town, and finally demolished the fort. Several times +the Spaniards were driven from it, but each time they +returned before our infantry could approach it.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though +they fired with great accuracy, it was ten hours before +they finally reduced the stone fort on the hill and +enabled our infantry to take possession.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our +attack, the Seventeenth held the right, while the +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/>Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied the +centre.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone +houses of the town, and, furthermore, were massed in +trenches on the east side of the fort. They fought +like devils.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">From all the ridges round about the stream of fire +was kept up on Chaffee’s men, who were kept wondering +how they were being wounded. For a time they +thought General Ludlow’s men were on the opposite +side of the fort and were firing over it.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks +on the northwest corner of Caney, where the principal +Spanish force lay, with their hats on sticks to deceive +our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in +a fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat +under the pounding, but even then men were killed.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the +back of his head like a magnificent cowboy, urging his +men on, crying to them to get in and help their country +win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible +to locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire +comes from. When you stand up to see you get a +bullet.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">We finally located the trenches, and could see the +officers moving about urging their men. The enemy +was making a turning movement to the right. To turn +the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to +get a blockhouse, which held the right of our line. +<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/>General Chaffee detailed Captain Clark to approach +and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the artillery had +sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope. +I told them I had been on the ridge and knew the +condition of affairs, so I would show them the way.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">We pushed right up to the trench around the fort, +and, getting out our wire-cutters, severed the barbed +wire in front of it. I jumped over the severed strand +and got into the trench.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an +inferno of agony. Many men lay dead, with gleaming +teeth, and hands clutching their throats. Others were +crawling there alive.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they +held up their hands.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish +officer and four men alive, while seven lay dead in one +room. The whole floor ran with blood. Blood splashed +all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Three poor wretches put their hands together in +supplication. One had a white handkerchief tied on +a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me. The +other held up his hands, while the third began to pray +and plead.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I took the guns from all three and threw them +outside the fort. Then I called some of our men and +put them in charge of the prisoners.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/>side, and secured the Spanish flag. I displayed it to +our troops, and they cheered lustily.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><q>Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was +struck by a bullet from the trenches on the Spanish +side.</q></q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Before five o’clock, on the morning of July 2d, the +crew of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> was astir, eating a +hurried breakfast. +</p> + +<p> +At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship +headed in toward Aguadores, about three miles +east of Morro Castle. The other ships retained their +blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the +smoke of an approaching train from Altares was seen. +It was composed of open cars full of General Duffield’s +troops. +</p> + +<p> +At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train +stopped, and the Cuban scouts proceeded along the +railroad track. The troops got out of the cars, and +soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly +against the yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly +above, shutting them off from the main body of the +army, which was on the other side of the hill, several +miles north. +</p> + +<p> +From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal, +by a vigorously wigwagged letter, and a few minutes +later, from a clump of green at the water’s edge, came +an answer from the army. This was the first coöperation +for offensive purposes between the army and navy. +<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/>The landing of the army at Daiquiri and Altares was +purely a naval affair. +</p> + <anchor id="ill43"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. NEWARK.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill43.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. NEWARK.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. NEWARK.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked +like a butterfly. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Are you waiting for us to begin?</q> was the signal +made by Rear-Admiral Sampson to the army. +</p> + +<p> +<q>General Duffield is ahead with the scouts,</q> came +the answer from the shore to the flag-ship. +</p> + +<p> +By this time it was seven <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> The admiral ran the +flag-ship’s bow within three-quarters of a mile of the +beach. She remained almost as near during the forenoon, +and the daring way she was handled by Captain +Chadwick, within sound of the breakers, made the +Cuban pilot on board stare with astonishment. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was in company with the flag-ship, +still closer inshore, and the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was to the +westward, near Morro Castle. From the southward +the <name type="ship">Newark</name> came up and took a position to the westward. +Her decks were black with fifteen hundred or +more troops. +</p> + +<p> +She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to +disembark the troops at Altares. +</p> + +<p> +Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield: +</p> + +<p> +<q>When do you want us to commence firing?</q> +</p> + +<p> +In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the +answer: +</p> + +<p> +<q>When the rest of the command arrives; then I +will signal you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/>the second fifty car-loads of troops came puffing along +from Altares. +</p> + +<p> +By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open +railroad tracks, disappearing in the thick brush that +covered the eastern side of Aguadores inlet. +</p> + +<p> +The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of +the big guns was growing hot in the burning sun. +</p> + +<p> +Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They +were believed to be on the western bluff. +</p> + +<p> +Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into +Santiago City. On the extremity of the western arm +was an old castellated fort, from which the Spanish flag +was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill, commanding +the gully, two stretches of red earth could +easily be seen against the brush. These were the +rifle-pits. +</p> + +<p> +At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral +Sampson to commence firing, and a minute later the +<name type="ship">New York’s</name> guns blazed away at the rifle-pits and at +the old fort. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> joined in the firing. +</p> + +<p> +Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be +seen, but the ping, ping, of the small arms of the army +floated out to sea during the occasional lull in the +firing of the big guns, which peppered the rifle-pits +until clouds of red earth rose above them. +</p> + +<p> +An 8-inch shell from the <name type="ship">Newark</name> dropped in the +massive old fort, and clouds of white dust and huge +stones filled the air. When the small shells hit its +<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/>battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments +of masonry came tumbling down. A shot from +the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> hit the eastern parapet, and it crumbled +away. Amid the smoke and débris, the flagstaff was +seen to fall forward. +</p> + +<p> +<q>The flag has been shot down!</q> shouted the ship’s +crew, but, when the smoke cleared away, the emblem +of Spain was seen to be still flying and blazing brilliantly +in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending +toward the earth. +</p> + +<p> +A few more shots from the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> levelled the +battlements until the old castle was a pitiful sight. +</p> + +<p> +When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the +<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was anxious to finish his work, so he signalled +to the <name type="ship">New York</name>, asking permission to knock down the +Spanish flag. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes,</q> replied Admiral Sampson, <q>if you can do it +in three shots.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> then lay about sixteen hundred yards +from the old fort. She took her time. Lieutenant +Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the crews of all +the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement. +</p> + +<p> +When the smoke of the <name type="ship">Suwanee’s</name> first shot cleared +away, only two red streamers of the flag were left. The +shell had gone through the centre of the bunting. +</p> + +<p> +A delighted yell broke from the crew of the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Two or three minutes later the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> fired again, +and a huge cloud of débris rose from the base of the +flagstaff. +</p> + +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/> + +<p> +For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had +been the effect of the shot. Then it was seen that the +shell had only added to the ruin of the fort. +</p> + +<p> +The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence, +and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> only had one charge left. It seemed +hardly possible for her to achieve her object with the +big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target. +</p> + +<p> +There was breathless silence among the watching +crews. They crowded on the ships’ decks, and all eyes +were on that tattered flag, bending toward the top of +what had once been a grand old castle. But it was +only bending, not yet down. Lieutenant-Commander +Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their time. The +<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> changed her position slightly. +</p> + +<p> +Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up +went a shooting cloud of débris from the parapet, and +down fell the banner of Spain. +</p> + +<p> +Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be +heard again. There was more excitement than witnessed +at the finish of a college boat-race, or a popular +race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big +track. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Suwanee’s</name> last shot had struck right at the +base of the flagstaff, and had blown it clear of the +wreckage, which had held it from finishing its fall. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Well done!</q> signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander +Delehanty. +</p> + +<p> +At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts +reported that no damage had been done to the Spanish +<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/>rifle-pits by the shells from the ships, and Admiral +Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but +that there was no one in the pits. However, the +<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was ordered to fire a few more shots in their +direction. +</p> + <anchor id="ill44"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill44.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill44.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +At 12.18 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> the <name type="ship">New York</name> having discontinued +fire at Aguadores, commenced firing 8-inch shells +clear over the gully into the city of Santiago de Cuba. +Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the +hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible +to tell, as the smoke hid everything. In reply +to General Duffield’s question: +</p> + +<p> +<q>What is the news?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Admiral Sampson replied: +</p> + +<p> +<q>There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts +thought reinforcements were marching to the battered +old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him: +</p> + +<p> +<q>There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the +<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> will take care of them.</q> +</p> + +<p> +A little later the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> joined the <name type="ship">New York</name> intending +8-inch shells into the city of Santiago. This +was kept up until 1.40 <hi rend="small">P. M.</hi> By that time General +Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops +could not cross the stream, but would return to Altares. +</p> + +<p> +On the report that some Spanish troops were still +in the gully, the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> shelled it +once more, and <name type="ship">Newark</name>, which had not fired, +signalled: +</p> + +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/> + +<p> +<q>Can I fire for target practice? Have had no +previous opportunity.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she +blazed away, shooting well, her 6-inch shells exploding +with remarkable force among the rocks. +</p> + +<p> +At 2.40 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to +cease firing, and the flag-ship returned to the blockading +station. +</p> + +<p> +On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left +for Altares. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston <hi rend='italic'>Globe</hi>, thus relates +his personal experience: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July +1st, every man was physically spent, and needed food +and rest more than anything else. For a majority of +the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make +coffee; for the men of the hospital corps, the work of +the day was commencing. At convenient points hospitals +were established, and men from every company +were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead +and wounded.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It is the men of the hospital corps who have the +ghastly side of war. There is never any popular glory +for them; there is no passion of excitement to sustain +them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under +fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave. +But all that is wanting when the surgeons go into +action.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Men come staggering into the hospital with blood +dripping from their wounds; squads of four follow one +another rapidly, bearing stretchers and blankets, on +which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">To those of us at home who are in the habit of +seeing our sick and injured treated with the utmost +consideration and delicacy, who see the poor and outcast +and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded +with luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a +battle-field are disposed of seems barbarous in the +extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is nevertheless +horrible.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As soon as men were brought in they were at once +taken off the litters and placed on the bare ground. +Time was too precious, and there were too many men +needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher +until the surgeon could reach him.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare +ground with the sun streaming down on them, many +of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet very few +giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations +for a time there was only one surgeon, who took +every man in his turn, and necessarily had to make +many of them wait a long time.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And yet these men were much more fortunate than +many others, some of whom lay on the battle-field for +twenty-four hours before they were found. There was +no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain. +Painful gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/>roughly, until ambulances could be sent out to take +the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were +inadequate, and that many regiments went into action +without a surgeon. From what I saw I think the +criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were +taken care of first,—the last duties to the dead could +be performed later.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to +come across an upturned face lying in a pool of blood, +to see what was once a man, bent, and twisted, and +doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight +fell over the field, and at unexpected places one +ran against this fruit of war and saw faces in the pallor +of death made even more ghostlike by the light, while +the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling +vividness by the contrast.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We had won the battle, but our position was a +somewhat precarious one.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger +of the Spaniards breaking through and attacking us in +the rear or left flank. To guard against this possibility, +Lawton’s division at El Caney was ordered to move on +to El Pozo, and Kent’s division was under orders to +draw in its left. The men who had fought at El Caney +were hoping to be allowed to sleep on the battle-field +and obtain the rest which they so badly needed, but +after supper they were placed under arms and the +march commenced.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird +march. Immediately after leaving El Caney we crossed +an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out, and the +men were commanded to maintain absolute silence. +We were in the heart of the enemy’s country, and +caution was necessary.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After crossing this field we came to a deep gully +through which ran a swift stream almost knee-deep. +Our way led across this stream, and there was only +one means of getting over. That was to plunge in +and splash through. Tired as we all were, after getting +thoroughly wet our feet felt like lead, and marching +was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We pressed steadily forward until we came to where +the road forked off. Our directions had not been very +explicit, we had no maps, and our commander took the +road which he thought was the right one. It soon led +between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on +either side. The moon had disappeared behind the +clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to ambuscade +us we were at their mercy.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I +think we would all rather have been out of that lane. +The fear that your enemy may be crouching behind +bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until +he pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the +nerves.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The command was frequently halted for the officers +to consult, and after we had gone about a mile they +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/>concluded they were on the wrong road, and went to +the right about. When we came out where we had +started we found Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting +silent on a big horse and watching a seemingly never-ending +line of men marching past him. We fell into +position and pushed on the road to Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It +seemed interminable. My watch had run down and no +one around me had the time. Finally we were ordered +to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off +their packs, and rest.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me +weighed not less than two hundred pounds, on the +muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing +I knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was +three o’clock, and I had been asleep for some hours. +The regiment was again under arms, and was receiving +ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from +the rear. We pressed on until early dawn, when we +were well in front of Santiago. Entrenchments were +hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy. +The enemy did not give us much time for rest. They +made an assault upon our position early in the morning, +which we repulsed....</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us, +they succeeded in forcing our artillery back, which had +taken a position that subjected it to a withering infantry +fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and +entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made +<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/>the position impregnable. The guns were so placed +they could do tremendous destruction.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening +the Spaniards opened up an attack along our entire line, +with the intention, evidently, of taking us by surprise and +rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their purpose +was a failure.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon +and the capture of El Caney by his division during the +first day’s fighting, says: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It may not be out of place to call attention to this +peculiar phase of the battle.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched +within a compact town of stone and concrete +houses, some with walls several feet thick, and supported +by a number of covered solid stone forts, and +the enemy continued to resist until nearly every man +was killed or wounded, with a seemingly desperate +resolution.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth +Infantry, who shot and disabled General Linares, the +commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago. The +Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan +Hill was taken, during the first day’s fighting. The +American saw a Spaniard, evidently a general officer, +followed by his staff, riding frantically about the Spanish +position, rallying his men. +</p> + +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/> + +<p> +Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser’s permission +to try a shot at the officer, and greatly regretted +to find the request refused. Major Bole was consulted. +He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else +should fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into +his rifle, adjusted the sights for one thousand yards, +and fired. The shell fell short. Then he put in +another, raised the sights for another one thousand +yards, took careful aim, and let her go. The officer on +the white horse threw up his arms and fell forward. +</p> + +<p> +<q>That is for Corporal Joyce,</q> said McKinnery as he +saw that his ball had reached the mark. The officer on +the white horse was General Linares himself. It was +afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder. +He immediately relinquished the command to General +Toral. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent +the following cablegram to the War Department: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters Fifth Army Corps,<lb/> +“Near Santiago</hi></name>. +</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">To-night my lines completely surrounded the town +from beyond the north of the city to point of San Juan +River on the south. The enemy holds from west bend +San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city. +General Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away, +and will not get into Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>.”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> + +<p> +July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication +given below: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters Fifth Army Corps</hi></name>, July 3. +</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The following is my demand for the surrender of +the city of Santiago:</q> +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“ ‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters U. S. Forces, Near San Juan +River, Cuba</hi></name>, July 3, 1898, 8.30 <date><hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi></date> +</dateline> + +<p><address><addrLine>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>To the Commanding General of the Spanish +Forces</hi>, Santiago de Cuba.</addrLine></address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to +shell Santiago de Cuba. Please inform the citizens of +foreign countries and all women and children that they +should leave the city before ten o’clock to-morrow +morning. Very respectfully,</q></q> +</p> + +<salute rend="text-align: center">“ ‘Your obedient servant,</salute> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>,</signed> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='italic'>Major-General, U. S. A.</hi>’</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst +has returned at 6.30 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>:</q> +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“ ‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></name>, 2 <date><hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi></date>, July 3, 1898. +</dateline> + <p><address><addrLine>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>His Excellency, the General Commanding +Forces of United States</hi>, San Juan River.</addrLine></address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I have the honour to reply to your communication +of to-day, written at 8.30 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> and received +at 1 <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, demanding the surrender of this city; on the +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/>contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard +this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and +children that they must leave the city before ten o’clock +to-morrow morning. It is my duty to say to you that +this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the +foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your +message.</q></q> +</p> + +<salute rend="text-align: center">“ ‘Very respectfully,</salute> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Toral</hi>,</signed> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='italic'>Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps.</hi>’</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian +consuls have come to my line with Colonel Dorst. +They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of +Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o’clock of +fifth instant before city is fired on. They claim that +there are between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand +people, many of them old, who will leave. They ask +if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for +want of transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles +from my landing. The following is my reply:</q> +</p> +<p><text><body> + +<p><address><addrLine>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>The Commanding General Spanish Forces</hi>,</addrLine> + <addrLine>“ ‘Santiago de Cuba.</addrLine></address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In consideration of the request of the +consuls and officers in your city for delay in carrying +out my intention to fire on the city, and in the interest +of the poor women and children, who will suffer very +greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the +<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/>city, I have the honour to announce that I will delay +such action solely in their interest until noon of the +fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make +no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I +am, with great respect,</q></q> +</p> + +<salute rend="text-align: center">“ ‘Your obedient servant,</salute> +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>,<lb/> +“ ‘<hi rend='italic'>Major-General U. S. A.</hi>’</signed> +</body></text></p> + <signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>,<lb/> +“<hi rend='italic'>Major-General Commanding</hi>.”</signed> +</body></text></p> +</div><div n="12" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XII.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE SPANISH FLEET.</head> + +<epigraph> +<p><q><hi rend='italic'>Don’t cheer; the poor devils are dying.</hi></q></p> +</epigraph> + +<p> +It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American +squadron lay off Santiago Harbour intent only on +blockade duty. No signs of life were visible about old +Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After +two days of fighting the armies of both nations were +resting in their trenches. +</p> + +<p> +The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the +land. The battle-ship <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, the protected +cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, and Commodore Watson’s flag-ship, +the cruiser <name type="ship">Newark</name>, were absent, coaling fifty +miles or more away. +</p> + +<p> +Shortly before nine o’clock Admiral Sampson, desiring +to ascertain the exact condition of the Spanish +coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the flag-ship +to go that way, and after flying the signal, <q>Disregard +the motions of the commander-in-chief,</q> the <name type="ship">New York</name> +steamed leisurely off to the eastward. +</p> + +<p> +The little <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> lay nearest the shore; the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> +was opposite in a straight line, and to the eastward of +her about five miles. A mile or less from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, +<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/>to the seaward, was the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>. Nearly as far from +the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>. +The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying +four miles from the harbour entrance; next her, to the +eastward, each vessel slightly nearer inshore, were the + <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> in the order named. +</p> + <anchor id="ill45"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill45.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL WEYLER.</head><figDesc>GENERAL WEYLER.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill45.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL WEYLER.</head><figDesc>GENERAL WEYLER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long +line of black smoke. On board the fleet religious +services were being held, but the lookouts of every +ship were at their stations. +</p> + +<p> +Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was +seen coming out past the point of the harbour, and +instantly all was seemingly confusion on the big fighting +machines. +</p> + +<p> +<q>The enemy is escaping,</q> was the signal run up on +Commodore Schley’s flag-ship, and within a few seconds +the roar of a 6-pounder on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> broke the stillness +of the Sabbath morning. +</p> + +<p> +It was as if every American vessel was put in motion +at the same instant, and even as the flag-ship’s signal +appeared, the clouds of dense smoke from their stacks +told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already +begun their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for +all the fleet. +</p> + +<p> +John R. Spear, author of <q>The History of our +Navy,</q> who was with Sampson’s fleet, wrote this complete +story of the marvellous naval battle off Santiago +and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the <hi rend='italic'>World</hi>: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/>men of the American batteries were standing erect +and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting for the +order to commence firing, and watching out of the +corners of their eyes the boys who were still sprinkling +the decks with sand that no one’s foot might slip when +blood began to flow across the planks.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">But though silence prevailed among the guns, down +in the sealed stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels +that sprayed the coal over the glowing grate-bars, the +song of the fans that raised the air pressure, and +the throb of pump and engine made music for the +whole crew, for the steam-gauges were climbing, and +the engineers were standing by the wide-open throttles +as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For, as it happened, the <name type="ship">Texas</name> had been lying directly +off the harbour, and a little more than two miles +away the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was but a few lengths farther out and to +the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and +<q>Fighting Bob</q> Evans of the other, were both on +deck when the cry was raised announcing the enemy. +Hastening to their bridges, they headed away at once +for the Spaniards, while the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> +went flying to westward to intercept the leader.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The mightiest race known to the history of the +world, and the most thrilling, was begun.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They were all away in less time than it has taken the +reader to get thus far in the story, and in much less +time still,—indeed, before the gongs in the engine-rooms +of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate +<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/>under the imperative order of <q>Ahead, full speed!</q>—the +<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, fugitive as she was, had +opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet +more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of +his long 11-inch hontoria rifles in the direction of +the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and pulled the lanyard. The shell came +shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill46"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill46.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill46.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet +above the water, and those of the Socapa battery, +lying higher still, with all the batteries beneath those +two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with +frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance +of the first Spaniard to the firing of the first American +gun.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In these three minutes the distance between the +squadrons was lessened by at least a mile,—the range +was not more than two thousand yards.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">But while two thousand yards is the range (about +one and one-sixth miles) selected for great gun target +practice, it will never do for an eager fight, and as the +trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to southward, +the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to +fifteen hundred yards before they were obliged to head +a course parallel with the Spaniards.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Meantime the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, as they were +stretching away toward the coast, had opened fire also, +and then the last of the big Spaniards, the <name type="ship">Infanta +Maria Teresa</name>, having rounded the point, the + magnifi<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/>cent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea—of +a battle between four of the best modern armed +cruisers on the Spanish side, against three battle-ships +and an armoured cruiser on our side—was spread out +to view.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And their best was the worst struggle the world +ever saw, for it was a struggle to get out of range +while firing with hysterical vehemence their unaimed +guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The first shot from the American ships fell short, +and a second, in like fashion, dropped into the sea. At +that the gunner said things to himself under his breath +(it was in the forward turret of the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>), and tried it +once more.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke +shrouded the turret, but as that thinned away the eager +crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the hull of the +<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>. Instantly it exploded with +tremendous effect. Flame and smoke belched from +the hole the shell had made, and puffed from port and +hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast rolled +up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the +woodwork had taken fire and was burning fiercely all +over the after part of the stricken ship.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that +sight swelled to a roar of triumph a moment later, for +as he saw that smoke, the captain of the <name type="ship">Teresa</name> threw +her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky +beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And then came Wainwright of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,—Lieut.-Commander +Richard Wainwright, who for weeks conducted +the weary search for the dead bodies of shipmates +on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He +was captain of the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, that was once known as +the yacht <name type="ship">Corsair</name>. A swift and beautiful craft she, but +only armed with lean 6-pounders.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Ahead, full speed,</q> said Wainwright.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the +wake of the mighty <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name> came Spain’s two big +torpedo-boats, called destroyers, because of their size,—the +<name type="ship">Pluton</name> and the <name type="ship">Furor</name>. Either was more than a +match for the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, for one carried two 12-pounders, +and the other two 14-pounders, besides the +6-pounders that both carried.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the +<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> by at least ten knots per hour. But both +had thin-plated sides. The shells of the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> +could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with +the memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his +mind.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The two boats—even the whole Spanish fleet—were +still within easy range of the Spanish forts, and to +reach his choice of enemies the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was obliged +to risk not only the land fire, but that of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> +and the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats +steered toward the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, evidently bound to torpedo +her, Wainwright headed them off, and they never +got beyond range of the forts.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The shots they threw at him outweighed his three +to one, but theirs flew wild, and his struck home.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The day of the destroyers was done. As the big +<name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name> turned toward the shore, these two +destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled fluttering and +splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as +they fled.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">While the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> was on fire, and +running for the beach, her crew was still working their +guns, and the big <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was handily by to double the +storm of projectiles she was hurling at the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and +<name type="ship">Texas</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was not that the <name type="ship">Vizcaya’s</name> crew were manfully +striving to protect the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>; they were making the +snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime to escape the relentless +Yankees that were closing upon them. For both +the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> had the range, and it was only +when the smoke of their own guns blinded them that +their fire was withheld, or a shot went astray.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> had headed off both the +<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> and the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>, while the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> +was coming with tremendous speed to join them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch +shell from the <name type="ship">Texas</name> went crashing into the stoke-hole, +and the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,—the ship whose beauty and power +once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled +pleasure and fear—was mortally wounded. Hope +was gone, and with helm aport she headed away for the +beach, as her consort had done.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o’clock, +and at 9.58 two of the magnificent armoured cruisers of +the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming wrecks on the +Cuban beach, with the <name type="ship">Texas</name> rounding to less than a +thousand yards away off the stern of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For a moment the <name type="ship">Texas</name> tarried there to let the +smoke clear, and to see accurately the condition of +the enemy, but while her gunners were taking aim for +a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down +the fever-hued ensign from her peak and hoisted the +white flag instead.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Cease firing!</q> commanded Captain Jack Philip of +the <name type="ship">Texas</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">So far as the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> and the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> +were concerned, the battle—and for that matter the +war—was ended.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red +flame, rolled from every port and shot hole of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +as from the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>. They were both furnaces of +glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour +to certain battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition +in the quarters either of officers or men had been +taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent ashore. +Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden +fixtures been prepared to resist fire. Apparently the +crew had not even wet down the decks.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">But the <name type="ship">Texas</name> tarried at this gruesome scene only +for a moment. They wished only to make sure that +<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/>the two Spaniards were really out of the fight, and +when they saw the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was going to stand by both, +away they went to join the race between the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> +and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> on our side, and the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> +and <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> on the other.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In spite of the original superior speed on the part +of the Spaniards, and in spite of the delay on the part +of the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, the Spaniards were not yet wholly out of +range, though the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> was reaching away at +a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen, +stripped to their trousers, plied their shovels and +raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships +were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were +driven as never before since their trial trips. The +Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had turned +us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that +neither tusks nor legs could save.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For while the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was showing a speed that was +the equal at least of our own <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, long-headed +Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging the +coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance +to cut her off or drive her out to sea.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards, +Schley headed straight for that point,—took the shortest +cut for it, so to speak,—and in that way drew +steadily ahead of the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, leaving to the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and +<name type="ship">Texas</name> the task of holding the Spaniards from turning +out across the <name type="ship">Brooklyn’s</name> stern.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill47"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. IOWA.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill47.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. IOWA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. IOWA.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of +the gallant officer, and it won.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The task of the battle-ships was well within their +powers. It is not without reason that both the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> +and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> are the pride of the nation as well as of +their crews.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had hurled a relentless +fire at the flying Spaniards, and it had told on +the <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> with increasing effect.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">For the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> was fair on the <name type="ship">Oquendo’s</name> beam, +and there was not enough armour on any Spanish ship +to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles the ship from +the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">At ten o’clock sharp the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> was apparently +still fore and aft, but within five minutes she wavered +and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship though she was, +she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and +fled for life to the beach.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Texas</name> was coming with unflagging speed astern, +and off to the east could be seen the flag-ship of +Admiral Sampson racing as never before to get a +shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by +Commodore Schley to call her, and it had met her +coming at the call of the guns of the Spanish fleet. +She had overhauled and passed the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> long since, +and was well-nigh abreast of the <name type="ship">Texas</name>. So the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, +in order to vie with the <name type="ship">New York</name> in the last of the +mighty race, abandoned the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> to her fate and +stretched away after the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Some of the crew who looked back saw the <name type="ship">Texas</name> +bring to near the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, and then the sea trembled +under the impulse of a tremendous explosion on board +the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke +filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they +been near enough they would have heard the crew of the +<name type="ship">Texas</name> start in to cheer, and have heard as well the voice +of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to check it:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Don’t cheer; the poor devils are <anchor id="corr264"/><corr sic="superfluous double quote">dying.</corr></q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Only a man fit to command could have had that +thought.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the +Spanish squadron remained, and she was now in the +last desperate struggle, the flurry of a monster of +the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows +through gilded glasses at the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> forging ahead +far off their port bow; at the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> within range off +the port quarter; at the <name type="ship">New York</name> just getting the +range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They +shivered in unison with the quivering hulk as shot +after shot struck home. They screamed at their crews +and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews +worked with drunken desperation, but down in the +stoke-hole the firemen plied their shovels with a will +and a skill that formed the most surprising feature of +the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this +was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put +to the full test the powers of the men of the three +ships in chase.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the open sea they might have led the Yankees +for an hour or more beyond, but the strategy of Schley +had cut them off, and yet it was not until 1.15 o’clock—three +hours and three-quarters after the first gun of +the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>—that the <name type="ship">Colon’s</name> gallant captain lost all +hope, and, from a race to save the ship, turned to the +work of destroying her, so that we should not be able +to float the stars and stripes above her.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had drawn up abeam of her, and was +about a mile away. The shots from the <name type="ship">New York</name> +astern were beginning to tell, and those from the +<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had all along been smiting her in the face.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard +aground near Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago, +and then hauled down her flag.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The most powerful sea force that ever fought under +the American flag had triumphed; the most remarkable +race in the history of the world was ended.</q> +</p> + +<p> +On board the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> is published a tiny +daily newspaper, 4 × 7 inches in size, with the name +<q>Squadron Bulletin</q> on the title-page. Following is +the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as +given in that publication: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as +dating the entire destruction of Admiral Cervera’s formidable +fleet; the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +<name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the deep-sea torpedo-boats +<name type="ship">Furor</name> and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The flag-ship had started from her station about nine +<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/>to go to Siboney, whence the admiral had proposed +going for a consultation with General Shafter; the +other ships, with the exception of the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> +and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>, which had, unfortunately, gone this +morning to Guantanamo for coal, were in their usual +positions, viz., beginning at the east, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, +<name type="ship">Indiana</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, + <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and +about four miles east of her usual position, the Spanish +fleet was observed coming out and making westward in +the following order: <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> (flag), <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +<name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Furor</name>, and +<name type="ship">Pluton</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They were at once engaged by the ships nearest, +and the result was practically established in a very +short time. The heavy and rapid shell fire was very +destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers <name type="ship">Infanta +Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, and <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> +were run ashore in the order named, afire and burning +fiercely. The first ship was beached at Nima, nine and +one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan +Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos, +fifteen miles. The torpedo-boat destroyers were both +sunk, one near the beach, the other in deep water about +three miles west of the harbour entrance.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The remaining ship, the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, stood on +and gave a long chase of forty-eight miles, in which +the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, and <name type="ship">New York</name> +took part. The <name type="ship">Colon</name> is reputed by her captain to +<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/>have been going at times as much as seventeen and a +half knots, but they could not keep this up, chiefly on +account of the fatigue of her men, who, many of them, +had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had +been, while there, long without food; her average speed +was actually thirteen and seven-tenths knots, the ship +leaving the harbour at 9.43 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, and reaching Rio +Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance) +at 1.15.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill48"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill48.png"><head rend="small">THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.</head><figDesc>THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and, +seeing no chance of an escape from so overwhelming a +force, the heavy shells of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> already dropping +around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino +and hauled down her flag.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves +were treacherously opened, and in spite of all efforts +she gradually sank, and now lies near the beach in +water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she +may be floated, as she was far the finest ship of the +squadron. All her breech plugs were thrown overboard +after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of her +Mauser rifles thrown away.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven +<hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, and then returned to Santiago. The <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, +and <name type="ship">Vixen</name> remained by the prize. Commodore second +in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first class, +Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don +Emilio Moreu, commanding the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, and Teniente de +Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas, aid and secretary +<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/>to the commodore, were taken on board the <name type="ship">New York</name>. +The 525 men of the crew of the <name type="ship">Colon</name> were placed +aboard the <name type="ship">Resolute</name>, which came from Santiago to +report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser, which +turned out to be the Austrian <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>. The +other officers were placed aboard the <name type="ship">Resolute</name> and +<name type="ship">Vixen</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken +off the shore by the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, and transferred to the +<name type="ship">Iowa</name>, which ship had already taken off many from the +<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on +board the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and seven officers and 203 men were +aboard the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>All these were in a perfectly destitute condition, +having been saved by swimming, or having been taken +from the water by our boats. Admiral Cervera was in +a like plight. He was received with the usual honours +when he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the +<name type="ship">Iowa’s</name> crew.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +The Independence Day number is very brief. It +announces that the prisoners are to be sent north on +the <name type="ship">Harvard</name> and <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>; that they number 1,750; +that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six +hundred; that General Pando had reached Santiago +with five thousand men; that the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> +had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal, +and then tells of the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes’s</name> skirmish on that +day, saying: +</p> +<anchor id="ill49"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. INDIANA.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill49.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. INDIANA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. INDIANA.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='269'/><anchor id='Pg269'/> + +<p> +<q>Just before midnight of this date the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, +which was in front of the port with her search-light up +to the entrance, reported an enemy’s vessel coming out, +and she and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> fired a number of shots in the +direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also +opened, and a number of shell fell at various points, the +attention paid by the batteries to the ships being general. +The <name type="ship">Indiana</name> was struck on the starboard side of +the quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on +reaching the second deck near the ward-room ladder; +it caused a fire which was quickly extinguished. This +was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The vessel +inside turned out to be the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>, which +was sunk on the east edge of the channel just by the +Estrella battery. She heads north, and is canted over +to port with her port rail under water. She does not +appear to obstruct the channel.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The issue of July 5th is of greater interest: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>, +on the third instant, was unfortunately omitted. +She was in company with a flag-ship, and turned at +once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing +away from the <name type="ship">New York</name> she signalled, asking permission +to continue in chase, but she was directed to pick +up two men in the water, which she did, and on reaching +the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> she was directed by the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, the +flag-ship having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of +the <name type="ship">Vizcaya’s</name> crew. She took off eleven officers and +ninety men. The guns of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> during the + oper<pb n='270'/><anchor id='Pg270'/>ation were going off from the heat, and explosions +were frequent, so that the work was trying and perilous +for the boats of the two vessels (<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>) +engaged.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The former report from the army, which was official, +regarding General Pando’s entry into Santiago, +was an error. General Shafter thought that he had +been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his +men only had been able to do so; the general himself +and his remaining force, it is thought, will not be +able.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint. +The flag-ship went to the wrecks of the <name type="ship">Infanta +Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Almirante</name>. The former lies in +an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal +draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned +out inside above her protective deck, but the shell of +her hull seems very good, and her machinery is probably +not seriously injured.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It looks very much as if she were salvable. The +<name type="ship">Almirante</name> was much worse <anchor id="corr270"/><corr sic="of">off</corr>. She had been subjected +to a much heavier gun fire, being racked and +torn in every part; she is much more out of water, +and the forward part is much distorted and torn by the +explosion of her magazine and torpedoes. The loss of +life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn everywhere, +the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room, +particularly, was almost covered. The torpedo exploded +in the tube; it may be by a shot. This is a question +<pb n='271'/><anchor id='Pg271'/>which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The +fact of so many bodies being about would seem to bear +this out, but two of her crew, taken off the beach this +afternoon, were questioned, and both stated that it was +the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to +be accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is +just below, and that many wounded came up that far +and were suffocated. The two men were intelligent +young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the +gun fire was such that it was impossible to keep +the men at the guns. One was a powder passer, the +other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two +officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a +6-pounder shell between the top of the turret and the +gun shield. Altogether the ship was a most striking +instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may +accomplish. She was terribly battered about.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">While the flag-ship was lying near the <name type="ship">Almirante</name>, +and her steam cutter was alongside, and a small boat +from the press tug <name type="ship">Hercules</name> lying on the starboard +quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and +a piece went through the tug’s boat, cutting it in two; +the man in the boat was not hurt. It is somewhat +extraordinary that this shell should have waited so long +to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well +cooled off. There was still much heat and some flames +about the bow. One extraordinary fact is the survival, +in proper shape, of many powder grains, baked hard; +several of these were picked up about the deck.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='272'/><anchor id='Pg272'/> + +<p> +<q>A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief +to report in detail upon the stranded ships.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his +official report, which is given in full: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. Flagship New York, First Rate, Off<lb/> +Santiago de Cuba, Cuba</hi></name>, July 15, 1898. +</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I have the honour to make the following +report upon the battle with and the destruction of the +Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral Cervera, off +Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">2. The enemy’s vessels came out of the harbour +between 9.35 and 10 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, the head of the column +appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging +from the channel five or six minutes later.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">3. The positions of the vessels of my command +off Santiago at that moment were as follows: The flag-ship +<name type="ship">New York</name> was four miles east of her blockading +station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance. +She had started for Siboney, where I had +intended to land, accompanied by several of my staff, +and go to the front to consult with General Shafter. +A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding +between us of the operations proposed, had +been rendered necessary by the unexpectedly strong +resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day +before to arrange an interview with General Shafter, +<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/>who had been suffering from heat prostration. I made +arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my flag-ship +was in the position mentioned above when the +Spanish squadron appeared in the channel.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The remaining vessels were in or near their usual +blockading positions, distributed in a semicircle about +the harbour entrance, counting from the eastward to +the westward in the following order: The <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, +about a mile and a half from shore, the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>,—the +<name type="ship">New York’s</name> place between these two,—the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, +<name type="ship">Texas</name>, and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, the latter two miles from the shore +west of Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The distance of the vessels from the harbour +entrance was two and a half to four miles,—the latter +being the limit of day blockading distance. The length +of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> had left at four <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> for Guantanamo +for coal. Her station was between the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> +and <name type="ship">Texas</name>. The auxiliaries, <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, lay +close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than +the large vessels, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> to the eastward and +the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> to the westward.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name> was in company with +the flag-ship, and remained with her during the chase +until ordered to discontinue, when she rendered very +efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning +<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>. I enclose a diagram showing approximately +the positions of the vessels as described above.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the +<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/>harbour, at a speed estimated at from eight to ten knots, +and in the following order: <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> (flag-ship), +<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the <name type="ship">Almirante +Oquendo</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The distance between these ships was about eight +hundred yards, which means that, from the time the +first one became visible in the upper reach of the channel +until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval +of only about twelve minutes elapsed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Following the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, at a distance of about +twelve hundred yards, came the torpedo-boat destroyer +<name type="ship">Pluton</name>, and after her came the <name type="ship">Furor</name>. The armoured +cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to +bear, opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, +and emerged from the channel shrouded in the +smoke from their guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">5. The men of our ships in front of the port were +at Sunday <q>quarters for inspection.</q> The signal was +given simultaneously from several vessels, <q>Enemy’s +ships escaping,</q> and general quarters were sounded. +The men cheered as they sprang to their guns, and +fire was opened, probably within eight minutes, by the +vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">New York</name> turned about and steamed for the +escaping fleet, flying the signal, <q>Close in toward +harbour entrance and attack vessels,</q> and gradually +increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she +was making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly +closing on the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill50"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. OREGON.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill50.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. OREGON.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. OREGON.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='275'/><anchor id='Pg275'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">She was not, at any time, within the range of the +heavy Spanish ships, and her only part in the firing was +to receive the undivided fire from the forts in passing +the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at +one of the destroyers, thought at the moment to be +attempting to escape from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour, +turned to the westward in column, increasing their +speed to the full power of their engines. The heavy +blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the +Morro, at the instant of the enemy’s appearance, and +at their best speed, delivered a rapid fire, well sustained +and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed +and silenced the Spanish fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them +rapidly past the blockading vessels, and the battle +developed into a chase in which the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and +<name type="ship">Texas</name> had at the start the advantage of position. The +<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> maintained this lead.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, steaming with amazing speed from the +commencement of the action, took first place. The +<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> having done good work, and not +having the speed of the other ships, were directed by +me, in succession, at about the time the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was +beached, to drop out of the chase and resume blockading +stations. These vessels rescued many prisoners. +The <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships +would put her between two fires, ran outside of our own +column and remained there during the battle and chase.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the +<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> excited the admiration of every one who +witnessed it, and merits the commendation of the Navy +Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected +auxiliary vessel,—the yacht <name type="ship">Corsair</name>,—and has a good +battery of light rapid-fire guns.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">She was lying about two miles from the harbour +entrance to the southward and eastward, and immediately +steamed in, opening fire upon the large +ships.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Anticipating the appearance of the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> and +<name type="ship">Furor</name>, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was slowed, thereby gaining more +rapidly a high pressure of steam, and when the destroyers +came out she steamed for them at full speed and +was able to close at short range, where her fire was +accurate, deadly, and of great volume.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">During this fight the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was under the fire +of the Socapa battery. Within twenty minutes from +the time they emerged from Santiago Harbour the +careers of the <name type="ship">Furor</name> and the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> were ended, and +two-thirds of their people killed. The <name type="ship">Furor</name> was +beached and sunk in the surf; the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> sank in deep +water a few minutes later. The destroyer probably +suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary +batteries of the battle-ships <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, and the +<name type="ship">Texas</name>, yet I think a very considerable factor in their +speedy destruction was the fire, at close range, of the +<name type="ship">Gloucester’s</name> battery.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the +<pb n='277'/><anchor id='Pg277'/><name type="ship">Gloucester</name> did excellent service in landing and securing +the crew of the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">8. The method of escape attempted by the +Spaniards—all steering in the same direction, and +in formation—removed all practical doubts or difficulties, +and made plain the duty of every United States +vessel to close in, immediately engage and pursue. +This was promptly and effectively done.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish +squadron carried it past a number of the blockading +ships, which could not immediately work up to their +best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and +the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> were probably +set on fire by the shells fired during the first fifteen +minutes of the engagement. It was afterward learned +that the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa’s</name> fire main had been cut +by one of our first shots, and that she was unable to +extinguish the fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower +deck aft these vessels gave up both fight and flight, and +ran in on the beach, the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> at +about 10.15 <hi rend="small">A. M.</hi>, at Nima, nine and one-half miles +from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the <name type="ship">Almirante +Oquendo</name> at about 10.30 <hi rend="small">A. M.</hi>, at Juan Gonzales, seven +miles from the port.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">9. The <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was still under the fire of the +leading vessels. The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> had drawn ahead, +leading the chase, and soon passed beyond the range +of the guns of the leading American ships. The <name type="ship">Viz<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/>caya</name> was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore +and was beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles +from Santiago, burning fiercely, and with her reserves +of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When about ten miles west of Santiago the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> +had been signalled to go back to the harbour entrance, +and at Acerraderos the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was signalled to <q>resume +blockading station.</q> The <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, assisted by the <name type="ship">Ericsson</name> +and the <name type="ship">Hist</name>, took off the crew of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, while +the <name type="ship">Harvard</name> and the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> rescued those of the +<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded +from the burning Spanish vessels, was the occasion of +some of the most daring and gallant conduct of the +day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns +and reserve ammunition were exploding, and it was not +known at what moment the fire would reach the main +magazine.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In addition to this a heavy surf was running just +inside of the Spanish ships. But no risk deterred our +officers and men until their work of humanity was +complete.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only +the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, but she was their best and fastest +vessel. Forced by the situation to hug the Cuban +coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and +sustained speed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">When the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> went ashore the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was about +six miles ahead of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, but +<pb n='279'/><anchor id='Pg279'/>her spurt was finished, and the American ships were +now gaining upon her. Behind the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the +<name type="ship">Oregon</name> came the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, + and <name type="ship">New York</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was evident from the bridge of the <name type="ship">New York</name> +that all the American ships were gradually overhauling +the chase, and that she had no chance of escape. At +12.50 the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> opened fire and +got her range,—the <name type="ship">Oregon’s</name> heavy shells striking +beyond her,—and at 1.20 she gave up without firing +another shot, hauled down her colours and ran ashore +at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captain Cook of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> went on board to +receive the surrender. While his boat was alongside I +came up in the <name type="ship">New York</name>, receiving his report, and +placed the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> in charge of the wreck to save her, +if possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred +to the <name type="ship">Resolute</name>, which had followed the chase. Commodore +Schley, whose chief of staff had gone on board +to receive the surrender, had directed that all their +personal effects should be retained by the officers. +This order I did not modify.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> was not injured by our firing, +and probably is not injured by beaching, though she +ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so steep that +she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea +valves were opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure, +after her surrender, and despite all efforts she sank. +When it became evident that she could not be kept +afloat she was pushed by the <name type="ship">New York</name> bodily upon +<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/>the beach, the <name type="ship">New York’s</name> stem being placed against +her for this purpose, the ship being handled by Captain +Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in shoal +water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she +would have gone down in deep water, and would have +been to a certainty a complete loss.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">11. I regard this complete and important victory +over the Spanish forces as the successful finish +of several weeks of arduous and close blockade, so +stringent and effective during the night that the enemy +was deterred from making the attempt to escape at +night, and deliberately elected to make the attempt in +daylight. That this was the case I was informed by +the commanding officer of the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the +manner in which this was accomplished. The harbour +of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there being +but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep +water extending close up to the shore line, presenting +no difficulties of navigation outside of the entrance. +At the time of my arrival before the port, June 1st, +the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light +during the night to enable any movement outside of +the entrance to be detected; but with the waning +of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was +opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats +to make an attack upon the blockading vessels.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the +<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, so gallantly taken into the channel on June +<pb n='281'/><anchor id='Pg281'/>3d, did not obstruct it. I therefore maintained the +blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was assigned +the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up +to the port, at a distance of from one to two miles +from the Morro,—dependent upon the condition of the +atmosphere,—they threw a search-light beam directly +up the channel and held it steadily there.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel +for half a mile inside of the entrance so brilliantly that +the movement of small boats could be detected.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Why the batteries never opened fire upon the +search-light-ship was always a matter of surprise to +me; but they never did. Stationed close to the entrance +of the port were three picket-launches, and, at +a little distance further out, three small picket-vessels—usually +converted yachts—and, when they were +available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">With this arrangement there was at least a certainty +that nothing could get out of the harbour undetected.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After the arrival of the army, when the situation +forced upon the Spanish admiral a decision, our vigilance +increased. The night blockading distance was +reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship +was placed alongside the search-light-ship, with her +broadside trained upon the channel in readiness to fire +the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The commanding +officers merit great praise for the perfect +manner in which they entered into this plan, and put +it into execution. The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, which, according +<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/>to routine, was sent that morning to coal at Guantanamo, +like the others, had spent weary nights upon +this work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent +that morning.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I enclose, for the information of the department, +copies of orders and memorandums issued from time +to time, relating to the manner of maintaining the +blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is +difficult to discriminate in praise.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The object of the blockade of Cervera’s squadron +was fully accomplished, and each individual bore well +his part in it, the commodore in command of the second +division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and +destructive, and the resistance of the Spanish squadron +was, in great part, broken almost before they had +got beyond the range of their own force.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The fine speed of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> enabled her to take a +front position in the chase, and the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> did +not give up until the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had thrown a 13-inch shell +beyond her. This performance adds to the already +brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks +highly of the skill and care with which her admirable +efficiency has been maintained during a service unprecedented +in the history of vessels of her class.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Brooklyn’s</name> westerly blockading position gave +her an advantage in the chase which she maintained to +the end, and she employed her fine battery with telling +effect.</q> +</p> +<anchor id="ill51"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. BROOKLYN.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill51.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. BROOKLYN.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. BROOKLYN.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='283'/><anchor id='Pg283'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">New York</name> were gaining on +the chase during the last hour, and, had any accident +befallen the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> or the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, would have speedily +overhauled the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her +first burst of speed, the result was never in doubt. +She fell, in fact, far below what might reasonably have +been expected of her.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Careful measurements of time and distance give her +an average speed, from the time she cleared the harbour +mouth until the time she was run on shore at Rio +Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Neither the <name type="ship">New York</name> nor the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> stopped to +couple up their forward engines, but ran out of the +chase with one pair, getting steam, of course, as rapidly +as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the +forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen +minutes, or four miles in the chase.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">14. Several of the ships were struck, the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> +more often than the others, but very light material +injury was done, the greatest being aboard the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both +on the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>. It is difficult to explain the immunity +from loss of life or injury to ships in a combat with +modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery +is poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy +of our fire speedily drove the men from their guns and +silenced their fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and +<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/>by observation. The Spanish vessels, as they dashed +out of the harbour, were covered with the smoke from +their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume, +and soon almost disappeared.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships +appears to have been remarkably destructive. +An examination of the stranded vessels shows that the +<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> especially had suffered terribly from +this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her +decks were strewn with the charred remains of those +who had fallen.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and +the commanding officers are enclosed.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has +made a critical examination of the stranded vessels, both +with a view of reporting upon the result of our fire and +the military features involved, and of reporting upon +the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the +remainder. The report of the board will be speedily +forwarded. Very respectfully,</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. T. SAMPSON</hi>,</signed> + +<signed> +“<hi rend='italic'>Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief<lb/>U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station.</hi> +</signed> +<lb/> +<closer> +“<hi rend='italic'>The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.</hi>” +</closer> +</body></text></p> +<p> +A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New +York</name>, to his wife, is an entertaining addition to the story +of this most marvellous sea fight: +</p> + +<pb n='285'/><anchor id='Pg285'/> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Flagship New York</hi></name>, July 4, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in +a few hours after my writing this.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on +account of a little note from Shafter. He wanted to +know why the navy could not go under a destructive +fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and +have a consultation with him, explain the situation, +and lay our plans before him, which were to countermine +the harbour, going in at the same time, and +also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one +thousand marines landed in Estrella cove.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about +9.30, so Sampson, Staunton, and I put on our leggings, +got some sandwiches, filled a flask, and the ship started +to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to +find horses and a cavalry escort.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We were within a mile or so of the place when a +message came to me that a ship was coming out, and +by the time I was on deck I found the <name type="ship">New York</name> +turned around, and headed back, and there they were, +coming out one after the other, and putting west as +hard as they could go.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The situation was one which rather left us out of it. +We were too far off to shoot, but could see the rest +banging away. The last to come were the two torpedo-boat +destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt +on their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright +in the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> firing at them for all he was worth, +<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/>and soon one evidently had a hole through her boiler, +as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot +into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the +other, which was moving back toward the entrance, and +then left him to Wainwright’s mercy, as it was a clear +case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to +one and then the other, but a little way apart, the +<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> afire and +ashore.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought +to have mentioned two men in the water, stripped, to +whom we threw life-buoys, with which they expressed +themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case, +with two of the enemy’s ships going ahead of us, to +stop.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far, +until we saw the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> head in, and soon she was on +the beach and aflame, at Ascerraderos, right under the +old Cuban camp.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There was still the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, a good way +ahead, the newest and fastest and much more powerful. +We had passed the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> (which we left with the +burning <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>) and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, which we ordered to +return off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession +after the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, which consisted of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, +the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, and <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and the <name type="ship">Vixen</name>. We got each +of our extra boilers into operation until we were going a +good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance +somewhat.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='287'/><anchor id='Pg287'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> kept well up, and soon +the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> began to fire, and we could see the <name type="ship">Cristobal +Colon</name> gradually edge inshore, so that we knew the game +was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in, +and went under one of the points which come down +from the mountains, which here (some sixty miles west +of Santiago) are close at the water’s edge, and are the +highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried +forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag +down, and was ashore.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had sent a boat, and Cook, who had +gone in it, came alongside on his return, and stated he +had received their surrender, stating he was not empowered +to make any condition as to personal effects, etc., +as to which they seemed anxious.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I then went on board and arranged things, the +admiral allowing them, of course, to take with them all +their personal belongings, so while we were dividing +them up among the ships (525 men) along came the +<name type="ship">Resolute</name>, reporting having been chased by a Spanish +armoured ship, so we put all the prisoners in her. This +was a long job.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The thing was to save the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, as she +is one of the finest modern ships of her class. We +hurried a prize-crew aboard from the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, closed all +water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking somewhere, +but for all we could do she settled down on the +beach after floating with the rising tide. It was a great +pity, but the rascally engineers’ force had opened all +<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/>the valves connecting with the sea, and we could not +get at them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her +in charge of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, and are now steaming +back to our post off Santiago. The failure to save +the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was too bad. It is possible to do so, of +course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but +she was practically in an undamaged condition. She +had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this +morning. Poor Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo +coaling, will be full of grief, as also Watson, in +the <name type="ship">Newark</name>.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday +we bombarded the forts very heavily, knocking off +a good deal of the poor old Morro, and bringing down +the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted +in our eyes for more than a month.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration +while they attacked. They did not, however, +make the attack, as it turned out.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one +reads lurid accounts of them in the papers, but nothing +really is gained unless we strike the guns themselves, +and this we have not done.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends +of the western battery, who paid a great deal of attention +to us yesterday, banged away at us in fine style, +and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when +<pb n='289'/><anchor id='Pg289'/>I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention +only to the torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous +screech, and everybody on the forecastle +dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred +yards to our right. We did not reply as we came +along. I thought it a waste of material, and thought +they might have their amusement so long as they did +no damage.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There—the engines have stopped and we are +back at Santiago; it is 4.30, and I shall turn in again +for a final nap. The captain of the <name type="ship">Colon</name> is occupying +my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as +are most Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer +said to me, are the flower of the Spanish blood.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom +we took in the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, a nice old boy and very chirpy. +The captain, of course, takes the loss of his ship to +heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as +cheerful as possible. I suppose they think <q>it’s none +of their funeral.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I stored the general in Staunton’s room, Staunton +going to Santiago in a torpedo-boat to send the news.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now +loafing. It is a great relief to feel that there is nothing +to look after to-night.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>This goes in the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, so I hope you will have +it before many days, and I hope, too, it won’t be long +before I get to see you. I think this terrific defeat +must go far toward ending things.</q> +</p> +</body></text></p> +</div><div n="13" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XIII.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.</head> + +<p> +With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill +fresh in their minds, the American people believed +that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information +that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected. +</p> + +<p> +There was much to be done, however, before the +enemy was willing to admit himself beaten. The city +of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the Spaniards, +Manila was still defiant; and until those two +strongholds had been reduced, the boys of ’98 must +continue to struggle in the trenches and on the field. +</p> + +<p> +The end was not far away, however. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> General Shafter telegraphed to the War +Department on the fifth of July to the effect that the +people of Santiago were not only panic-stricken through +fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack of +actual necessaries of life. There was no food save +rice, and the supply of that was exceedingly limited. +The belief of the war officials, however, was that the +Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only +when it should become absolutely necessary. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the +<pb n='291'/><anchor id='Pg291'/>close of the truce, and, as the hour set by General +Shafter drew near, every nerve was strained to its +utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was +carried down the line, and all knew the truce had been +prolonged. +</p> + +<p> +General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital +and barracks of Santiago, was notified by the enemy +that Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson and his companions +were confined in the extreme northern building, +over which two white flags were flying. +</p> + +<p> +The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral +refused to consider the question of surrender, began to +leave the city,—a mournful procession. +</p> + +<p> +General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington +under date of July 5th: +</p> + +<p> +<q>I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral, +agreeing to exchange Hobson and men here; to make +exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused my +proposition of exchange.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 7.</hi> General Miles and staff left Washington en +route for Santiago. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Hobson and the other <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> heroes +were brought into the American lines on the morning +of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners had been +arranged to take place under a tree midway between +the entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and +the first lines of the Spanish position. Col. John +Jacob Astor represented the American commander, +and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish +<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/>lieutenants and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles, +a Spanish staff officer, acted for the enemy. The +transfer was quickly effected, and once more the +brave fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice +on the altar of their country were free. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 10.</hi> The truce continued, with the exception of +a brief time on the tenth, when the bombardment was +resumed by the fleet, until the thirteenth, when Generals +Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an +interview with General Toral and his staff at a point +about halfway between the lines. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 13.</hi> During this interview the situation was +placed frankly before General Toral, and he was offered +the alternative of being sent home with his garrison, or +leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed +being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications, +and should leave his arms behind. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 15.</hi> Not until two days later were the details +arranged, and then the Spanish commander sent the +following letter: +</p> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></name>, July 15, 1898.</dateline> + +<p><address><addrLine>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Excellency Commander-in-Chief<lb/> +of the American Forces</hi>.</addrLine></address></p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Excellent Sir</hi>:—I am now authorised by my government +to capitulate. I have the honour to so advise +you, requesting you to designate hour and place where +my representatives should appear to compare with those +of your excellency, to effect that article of capitulation +<pb n='293'/><anchor id='Pg293'/>on the basis of what has been agreed upon to this +date.</q> +</p> + <anchor id="ill52"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill52.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill52.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency +that I desire to know the resolution of the United +States government respecting the return of arms, so as +to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and +gentlemanly deportment of your great grace’s representatives, +and return for their generous and noble impulse +for the Spanish soldiers, will allow them to return +to the peninsula with the arms that the American +army do them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully +descended.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Toral</hi>,<lb/> +“<hi rend='italic'>Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 16.</hi> Commissioners on behalf of the United +States and of Spain were appointed, and after but little +discussion an agreement between them was arrived at. +</p> + +<p> +The agreement consists of nine articles. +</p> + +<p> +The first declared that all hostilities cease pending +the agreement of final capitulation. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish +forces and the surrender of all war material within +the prescribed limits. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>: The transportation of the troops to Spain at +the earliest possible moment, each force to be embarked +at the nearest port. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>: That the Spanish officers shall retain their +side-arms and the enlisted men their personal property. +</p> + +<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fifth</hi>: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish +forces shall assist in the removal of all obstructions to +navigation in Santiago Harbour. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Sixth</hi>: That after the final capitulation the commanding +officers shall furnish a complete inventory of +all arms and munitions of war, and a roster of all the +soldiers in the district. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Seventh</hi>: That the Spanish general shall be permitted +to take the military archives and records with him. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Eighth</hi>: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars +shall be permitted to remain in Cuba if they so elect, +giving a parole that they will not again take up arms +against the United States unless properly paroled. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Ninth</hi>: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted +to march out with all the honours of war, depositing +their arms to be disposed of by the United States in +the future. The American commissioners to recommend +to their government that the arms of the soldiers +be returned to those <q>who so bravely defended them.</q> +</p> + +<p> +General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the +cheering news: +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Camp Near Santiago</hi></name>, July 16.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The surrender has been definitely settled and the +arms will be turned over to-morrow morning, and +the troops will be marched out as prisoners of war.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine +o’clock, and the American flag hoisted.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Major-General</hi>.”</signed> + +</body></text> +</p> + +<pb n='295'/><anchor id='Pg295'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 17.</hi> The ceremony of surrendering the city was +impressive, and, as can well be imagined, thrilling for +those boys of ’98 who had been standing face to face +with death in the trenches. +</p> + +<p> +At six o’clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of +General Shafter’s staff, entered the city, and all the +arms in the arsenal were turned over to him. The +work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation +at the entrance of the harbour had been progressing +all night. At about seven o’clock General Toral, +the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General +Shafter, as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 <hi rend="small">A. M.</hi> +all the general officers and their staffs assembled at +General Shafter’s headquarters. Each regiment was +drawn up along the crest of the heights. +</p> + +<p> +Shortly after nine o’clock the Ninth Infantry entered +the city. This position of honour was given them as a +reward for their heroic assault on San Juan Hill. +</p> + +<p> +The details of the surrender are thus described by a +correspondent of the Associated Press, who accompanied +General Shafter’s staff: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Shafter and his generals, with mounted +escort of one hundred picked men of the Second Cavalry, +then rode over our trenches to the open ground at +the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway +to the then deserted Spanish works. There they +were met by General Toral and his staff, all in full uniform +and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish +troops.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">What followed took place in full view of our troops.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General +Shafter, with his generals and their staffs grouped +immediately in their rear, and with the troops of dashing +cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced +to meet the vanquished foe.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">After a few words of courteous greeting, General +Shafter’s first act was to return General Toral’s sword. +The Spanish general appeared to be touched by the +complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied +this action, and he thanked the American +commander feelingly.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Then followed a short conversation as to the place +selected for the Spanish forces to deposit their arms, +and a Spanish infantry detachment marched forward to +a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were +halted. The latter were without their colours.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were +saluted, in turn, by our trumpeters, both giving flourishes +for lieutenant and major-generals.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish +company, which in miniature represented the forces +under his command, to ground arms. Next, by his +direction, the company wheeled and marched across +our lines to the rear, and thence to the place selected +for camping them. The Spaniards moved rapidly, to +the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the +companies; but it impressed one like the <q>Dead March</q> +from Saul.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='297'/><anchor id='Pg297'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Although no attempt was made to humiliate them, +the Spanish soldiers seemed to feel their disgrace +keenly, and scarcely glanced at their conquerors as +they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling +was not displayed by the other regiments. Without +being sullen, the Spaniards appeared to be utterly indifferent +to the reverses suffered by the Spanish arms, +and some of them, when not under the eyes of their +officers, seemed to secretly rejoice at the prospect of +food and an immediate return to Spain.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely +dejected. When General Shafter introduced him by +name to each member of his staff, the Spanish general +appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be +about sixty years of age, and of frail constitution, +although stern resolution shone in every feature. The +lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn, +as if with physical pain.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">General Toral replied with an air of abstraction +to the words addressed to him, and when he accompanied +General Shafter at the head of the escort into +the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he +spoke but few words. The appealing faces of the +starving refugees streaming back into the city did not +move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers +lining the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned, +stalwart-framed conquerors. Only once did a faint +shadow of a smile lurk about the corners of his mouth.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This was when the cavalcade passed through a +<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/>barbed-wire entanglement. No body of infantry could +ever have got through this defence alive, and General +Shafter’s remark about its resisting power found the +first gratifying echo in the defeated general’s heart.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Farther along the desperate character of the +Spanish resistance, as planned, amazed our officers. +Although primitive, it was well done. Each approach +to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the +barricades were high enough and sufficiently strong to +withstand shrapnel. The slaughter among our troops +would have been frightful had it ever become necessary +to storm the city.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Around the hospitals and public buildings and +along the west side of the line there were additional +works and emplacements for guns, though no guns +were mounted in them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow +lines of one-storied houses, most of which are very +dilapidated, but every veranda of every house was +thronged by its curious inhabitants,—disarmed soldiers. +These were mostly of the lower classes.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Few expressions of any kind were heard along the +route. Here and there was a shout for free Cuba from +some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there were +only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards +remained indoors, or satisfied their curiosity from +behind drawn blinds.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages +averted their faces as we passed. The squalor in the +<pb n='299'/><anchor id='Pg299'/>streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses and +other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards, +as tame as sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The windows of the hospitals, in which there are +over fifteen hundred sick men, were crowded with +invalids, who dragged themselves there to witness our +incoming.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The palace was reached soon after ten o’clock. +There General Toral introduced General Shafter and +the other American generals to the alcalde, Señor +Feror, and to the chief of police, Señor Guiltillerrez, +as well as to the other municipal authorities.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Luncheon was then served at the palace. The +meal consisted mainly of rum, wine, coffee, rice, and +toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many apologies +on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently +of their heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city +was absolutely exhausted, and the Spaniards had nothing +to live on except rice, on which the soldiers in the +trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve +days.</q> +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of +hoisting the stars and stripes over the governor’s palace +in Santiago. +</p> + +<p> +A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would +be difficult to imagine. The palace, a picturesque old +dwelling in the Moorish style of architecture, faces +the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square. +<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/>Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On +one side is a quaint, brilliantly painted building with +broad verandas, the club of San Carlos; on the other +a building of much the same description, the Café de +la Venus. +</p> + +<p> +Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry, +headed by the Sixth Cavalry band. In the street +facing the palace stood a picked troop of the Second +Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain +Brett. Massed on the stone flagging between +the band and the line of horsemen were the brigade +commanders of General Shafter’s division, with their +staffs. On the red-tiled roof of the palace stood +Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant Miles, and Lieutenant +Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the flagstaff, +was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend, +<q><hi rend='italic'>Vive Alphonso XIII.</hi></q> +</p> + +<p> +All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding +to windows and doors, and lining the roofs, were +the people of the town, principally women and non-combatants. +</p> + +<p> +As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour +of twelve, the infantry and cavalry presented arms. +Every American uncovered, and Captain McKittrick +hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds +unfurled in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky, +the cavalry band broke into the strains of <q>The Star +Spangled Banner,</q> making the American pulse leap and +the American heart thrill with joy. +</p> +<anchor id="ill53"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill53.jpg"><head rend="small">KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill53.jpg"><head rend="small">KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='301'/><anchor id='Pg301'/> + +<p> +At the same instant the sound of the distant booming +of Captain Capron’s battery, firing a salute of twenty-one +guns, drifted in. +</p> + +<p> +When the music ceased, from all directions around +our lines came flying across the plaza the strains of the +regimental bands and the muffled, hoarse cheers of our +troops. +</p> + +<p> +The infantry came to <q>order arms</q> a moment later, +after the flag was up, and the band played <q>Rally +Round the Flag, Boys.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers +for General Shafter, which were given with great +enthusiasm, the band playing <q>The Stars and Stripes +For Ever.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff +returned to the American lines, leaving the city in the +possession of the municipal authorities subject to the +control of General McKibben, who had been appointed +temporary military governor. +</p> + +</div><div n="14" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XIV.</head> + +<head type="sub">MINOR EVENTS.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> The details of the bloodless capture of +the principal of the Ladrone Islands are thus told +by a private letter from the naval officer who figured +in the leading rôle of the exploit, Lieutenant William +Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser +<name type="ship">Charleston</name>: +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Charleston, at Sea and One<lb/> +“Thousand Miles from Manila</hi></name>,<lb/> +“June 24, 1898. +</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We have just carried out our orders to capture +the Spanish authorities at the capital of the Ladrone +Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain to +undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a +starter.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I went ashore to have a talk with the governor +about affairs, and the results were that I did not lose +even a single man. The matter was all settled in one +day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers +(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles +and nearly ten thousand pounds of ammunition.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The +<pb n='303'/><anchor id='Pg303'/>captain’s instructions were to wait a half hour for his +answer to our ultimatum, then use my troops. I waited, +and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed +me his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship +out in the harbour about four or five miles off.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining +time, and hence I broke the seal, read the contents, +the governor protesting and saying that was a letter for +my captain. I replied: <q>I represent him here. You +are now my prisoners, and will have to come on board +ship with me.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor +said:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>You came on shore to talk over matters, and you +make us prisoners instead.</q> I replied: <q>I came on +shore to hand you a letter and to get your reply; +in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender +all under your jurisdiction. If this means anything at +all, it means that you will accede to any demands I may +deem proper to make. You will at once write an order +to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place +was five miles distant), directing him to deliver at this +place at four <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> (it was 10.30 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, June 21st) all ammunition +and flags in the island, each soldier to bring +his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native +and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They protested and demurred, saying there was not +time enough to do it, but I said: <q>Señors, it must be +done.</q></q> +</p> + +<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I +took all the officers with me in a boat, and at four <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi> +went ashore again and rounded in the whole outfit. I +was three miles away from my troops, and I had only +four men with me. At four <hi rend='small'>P. M.</hi>, when I disarmed 108 +men and two officers, I had forty-six men and three +officers with me.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The key-note to the whole business was my breaking +the seal of that letter and acting at once. They +had no time to delay or prepare any treacherous tricks, +and I got the <q>drop</q> on the whole outfit, as they say +out West.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The native troops I released and allowed to return +to their homes unrestricted; they had manifested great +joy in being relieved from Spanish rule. While it is +harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish +treachery it was all that could be done.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Twenty-four hours would have—yes, I believe +even four hours with a leader such as the governor was, +a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army—given them +a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals +in the dense tropical foliage they could have almost +annihilated any force that could land.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The approaches to the landing over shallow coral +reefs would have made a landing without a terrible loss +of life almost an impossibility.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">We have increased by conquest the population of +the United States by nearly twelve thousand people. +The capital has a population of six thousand people. +<pb n='305'/><anchor id='Pg305'/>This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of access, +plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of +a large number of vessels at the same time, and is an +ideal place for a coaling station.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">If our government decided to hold the Philippines +it would then come in so well; San Francisco to Honolulu +twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to island of +Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen +hundred miles. With a chain of supply stations +like this, we could send troops the whole year round if +necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of +thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had +the officers and soldiers dreamed for one moment that +they were to be torn from their homes, there would, I +feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am +firmly convinced this letter would never have been +written.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The captain, in extending to me his congratulations, +remarked: <q>Braunerzruther, you’ll never, as long as +you live, have another experience such as this. I congratulate +you on your work.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I +had an interpreter with me, but forgot all about using +him. I did not want them to get a chance to think, +even, before it was too late.</q> +</p> +</body></text> +</p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 25.</hi> The <name type="ship">Florida</name> and the <name type="ship">Fanita</name> left Key West +Saturday, June 25th, under convoy of the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, commanded +by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On board the steamers +<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/>were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty +troopers of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants +Johnson and Ahearn, and twenty-five Rough +Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col. +William Astor Chanler. +</p> + +<p> +The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses +of the cavalry and 167 sacks of oats and 216 bales of +hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms were two +dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and +two full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of +regular ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with +them, and 1,500 cartridges. In the matter of infantry +rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with 954,000 +cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells. +</p> + +<p> +Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers, +and the others had Springfields. For the insurgent officers +were provided 200 army Colts and 2,700 cartridges. +Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry +tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along. +In the expedition were also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths, +and 450 bridles. For the Cuban soldiers there +were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275 +blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks. +</p> + +<p> +There were these commissary stores carried, calculated +by pounds: Bacon, 67,275; corn-meal, 31,250; +roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250; sugar, 2,425; +mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans +18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 29.</hi> The expectation was that the landing +<pb n='307'/><anchor id='Pg307'/>would be effected at San Juan Point, on the south +coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and Trinidad. +This place was reached Wednesday evening, +June 29th. A scouting party put off in a small boat +and sculled toward shore, but had made only half the +distance when there came a lively fire from what had +been taken to be an abandoned blockhouse near the +point. The men were called back and the three ships +moved to the eastward. About four o’clock the next +afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away. +</p> + +<p> +Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the +Tallabacoa River, stood a large fort built of railroad +iron and surrounded by earthworks. The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> ran +boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders, +but brought no response and no signs of life. Here +was thought to be the desired opportunity, and another +scouting party was organised. This was made up of +fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as +many Cubans under Captain Nunez. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> took a position within short range of the +fort to protect a landing or cover a retreat, and the +small boats headed for the shore. They reached it five +hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached, +and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the +brush. But at almost the very moment they set foot +on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments around it +burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the +little band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping +from his boat when a shot struck him between the eyes +<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/>and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a broken +arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied +with a sharp fire directed at the entrenchments. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> set all her guns at work, and +rained shells upon the fort until the enemy’s fire +ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened fire, however, +the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it +became evident that their forces were too large to allow +a landing there. A retreat was ordered, and the party +on shore rushed to the boats, but volley after volley +came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw +themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the +boats with only their heads exposed, until the ships +were reached. The Spaniards had the range, however, +and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously. +Returning to the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, the men reported that a +vicious fire had come from a grove of cocoanut palms +to the eastward of the fort. The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> opened her +guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many +Spaniards, for her shells dropped into the smoke and +flash of the adversary’s fire, silenced it at once, and +forced them to send up rockets for help. +</p> + +<p> +A number of volleys were sent at the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> with a +view to disabling her gunners, but they were badly +directed, and fell against her side and into the water. +When the small boats reached the ship it was dark. +Then the discovery was made that, besides Captain +Nunez, whose body was left on the beach, there were +missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant +<pb n='309'/><anchor id='Pg309'/>Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that +Chanler had been mortally wounded, and was kept hidden +in the bushes along the shore by the two doctors. +Rescue parties were immediately <anchor id="corr309"/><corr sic="organized">organised</corr>, composed +of volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore +during the night. Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn, +in charge of one of these, found Chanler and his +companion. +</p> + +<p> +Chanler’s wound proved to be in the right elbow. +After sunrise Agramonte and his Cubans were discovered +and brought off. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> The next day the gunboat <name type="ship">Helena</name>, under +Captain Swynburn, arrived, and she and the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> +steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the Spaniards +had been vigorously fortifying. +</p> + +<p> +Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a +town of considerable size, and reinforcements and artillery +had been rapidly coming in. Range buoys had +been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships +drew in to close range, and opened fire, the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> at +twelve hundred and the <name type="ship">Helena</name> at fourteen hundred +yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp field-pieces +of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along +the water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed +reply with shell and shrapnel. The fire of the +American ships was most accurate and terribly destructive. +The Spanish gunners had not fired more than +fifteen or twenty shots before their guns were flying +in the air, their earthworks a mass of blood-stained +<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/>dust, and their gunners running for their lives. Both +the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> and the <name type="ship">Helena</name> were struck several times, +chiefly by shrapnel, but no one on either ship was +injured. As they withdrew, several buildings on shore +were in flames. +</p> + +<p> +That afternoon both ships again turned their attention +to the fort and the entrenchments at the mouth of +the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour poured a +wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been +largely reinforced during the day, and some field-pieces +had been mounted near the fort. These replied to the +American fire, but without effect, and the shells of the +two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse +was struck repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially +destroyed. No damage was done to the ships, +and they again withdrew. +</p> + +<p> +That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and +the adjacent buildings, evidently expecting a landing in +force the next day. +</p> + +<p> +It was learned from various sources that reinforcements +were pouring into Las Tunas from all directions; +a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated that two thousand +men had been despatched from the nearest trocha. +It was determined to proceed during the night to Palo +Alto, fifty miles to the eastward, the <name type="ship">Helena</name> remaining +at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in the belief +that an attempt was to be made to land there. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 2.</hi> At ten o’clock Saturday night, while the +<name type="ship">Helena</name> lay offshore, making lively play with her + search-<pb n='311'/><anchor id='Pg311'/>lights toward shore, the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, the <name type="ship">Florida</name>, and the +<name type="ship">Fanita</name>, with all lights out, slipped silently away. Palo +Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a +Spaniard to be seen, and the men and cargo were put +ashore without a single obstacle. +</p> + <anchor id="ill54"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill54.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GOMEZ.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GOMEZ.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill54.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GOMEZ.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GOMEZ.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 4.</hi> Gomez, with two thousand men, was known +to be in the vicinity, and scouts hurried into his lines. +On Monday the old warrior appeared in person at Palo +Alto. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> A steamer was sighted about midnight by +the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Hawk</name>, formerly the yacht <name type="ship">Hermione</name>, off +the north coast of Pinar del Rio, steaming eastward, +close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots +across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The <name type="ship">Hawk</name> +then opened fire and gave chase. +</p> + +<p> +Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three +were without effect. The vessel was soon on fire, and +flew signals of distress while making full speed head on +to the beach. The <name type="ship">Hawk</name> ceased firing, and manned a +relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on +a reef, under cover of Fort Mariel. +</p> + +<p> +Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in +response to the <name type="ship">Hawk’s</name> attack, and was burning signals +calling for help, the American relief-boat was received +with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer and +the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed, +By this time daylight was breaking, and +another Yankee ship, the gunboat <name type="ship">Castine</name>, hove in sight, +reinforcing the <name type="ship">Hawk</name>. +</p> + +<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/> + +<p> +The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and +fort. A well-directed 4-inch shell from the <name type="ship">Castine</name> +blew the steamer up. +</p> + +<p> +Most of the latter’s crew and passengers by this time +had, however, escaped by rowing or swimming ashore. +Just at sunrise, while the <name type="ship">Castine</name> and <name type="ship">Hawk</name> were +reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big +Spanish gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries +on the two American boats. It was an exciting +moment. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Castine’s</name> 4-inchers opened promptly, and the +Spaniard returned at full speed to cover, under Morro +Castle. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara, +arrived at Suez, and was notified by the officials of the +Egyptian government that it must leave the port within +twenty-four hours. +</p> + +<p> +The government also notified Admiral Camara that +he would not be allowed to coal. +</p> + +<p> +While the U. S. gunboat <name type="ship">Eagle</name> was on the blockading +route in the vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the +south Cuban coast, about five miles from the shore, +she sighted the schooner <name type="ship">Gallito</name>, provision laden. She +immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until +about a quarter of a mile from the shore, when she +dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped over her +side and swam ashore. +</p> + +<p> +Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from +the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> were sent in a small boat to board the +<pb n='313'/><anchor id='Pg313'/>schooner. They found her deserted, and while examining +her were fired upon by her crew from the beach. +Several rifle-shots went through the schooner’s sails, +but no one was injured. The <name type="ship">Eagle</name> drew closer in, and +sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from her +6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The +<name type="ship">Gallito</name> was taken into Key West. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 7.</hi> Congress having passed resolutions to the +effect that Hawaii be annexed to the United States, +the President added his signature, and a new territory +was thus added to the American nation. +</p> + +<p> +Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the +<name type="ship">Philadelphia</name> from Mare Island for Hawaii. She was +to carry the flag of the United States to those islands +and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller, +commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the +function of hoisting the flag. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 8.</hi> Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish +fleet, which was bound for the Philippines, informed the +Egyptian government that he had been ordered to +return home, and would, therefore, reënter the Suez +Canal. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 12.</hi> The auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Eagle</name> sighted the +Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>, fifty-five hundred +tons, aground near the Cuban coast, off Cape Francis, +and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy +shots at her, nearly all of which took effect. +</p> + +<p> +While this was going on, another steamer came out +of the bay and took off the officers and crew of the +<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/><name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>. When the men from the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> +boarded the latter they found that she carried two +5-inch and two 12-inch guns, the latter being loaded +and her magazines open. The steamer had been drawing +twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground +in twenty feet. +</p> + +<p> +The men from the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> decided that the steamer +could not be floated, and she was set on fire after +fifty head of cattle, which were on board, had been +shot. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name> carried a large cargo of grain, +corn, etc. While the steamer was burning, the vessel +which had previously taken off the crew emerged from +the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but +failed. The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and +was totally destroyed. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 17.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> captured the +French steamer <name type="ship">Olinde Rodriguez</name> off San Juan de +Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port with +passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco. +</p> + +<p> +The U. S. S. <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> captured the British steamer +<name type="ship">Newfoundland</name> off Cienfuegos while the latter was trying +to run the Cuban blockade. +</p> + +<p> +The Spanish sloop <name type="ship">Domingo Aurello</name> was captured by +the U. S. S. <name type="ship">Maple</name> as the former was leaving the port +of Sagua de Tanamo, province of Santiago, with a +cargo of tobacco. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 22.</hi> The following cablegram was received at +the Navy Department: +</p> +<anchor id="ill55"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill55.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='315'/><anchor id='Pg315'/> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Playa</hi></name>, July 22.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful, +although the mines have not been removed for want of +time.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Jorge Juan</name>, defending the +place, was destroyed, without loss on our part.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> and <name type="ship">Wasp</name> afterward proceeded +from Nipe to assist in the landing of the commanding +general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sampson.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 30.</hi> Another <q>jackie</q> achieved the reputation +of a hero. He is boatswain’s mate Nevis of the gunboat +<name type="ship">Bancroft</name>, and the tale of his valour is not unmixed +with humour. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Bancroft</name>, accompanied by the converted yacht +<name type="ship">Eagle</name>, which had been covering the blockading station +around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small Spanish +schooner in Sigunea Bay. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Bancroft’s</name> steam launch, in charge of Nevis and +one seaman, each armed with a rifle, were sent in to +take the schooner. This was only a task of minutes, +and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to +be the schooner <name type="ship">Nito</name>, little more than a smack, and +with no cargo. +</p> + +<p> +Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor +near the wreck of the Spanish transatlantic liner <name type="ship">Santo +Domingo</name>, sunk by the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> a few weeks ago. Then +the <name type="ship">Bancroft</name> and <name type="ship">Eagle</name> cruised off to Mangle Point, +<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/>where they happened to be put in communication with +the insurgent camp. +</p> + +<p> +Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing +could be seen of the launch or the prize. Suddenly +Commander Clover, who was scanning the waters with +his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the <name type="ship">Eagle</name>: +<q>By heavens, they have recaptured my prize.</q> The +little schooner lay near the wrecked steamer, but +the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and, +instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was +apparently filled with men. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile the gunboat <name type="ship">Maple</name> had drawn up, and +Commander Clover ordered her into the work of rescue. +With guns ready she steamed toward the schooner, but +the sight that greeted her was not what was expected. +</p> + +<p> +Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat +attempting to navigate her out of the harbour. Each +had his rifle across his knee and was keeping a wary +eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards +huddled in the other end of the boat. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Maple</name> asked for information, and offered Nevis +a tow, but he replied with a joke and declined the +proffered assistance. Then it developed that, in going +in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish +boats near the wreck of the <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>, and +had resolved to capture them, too. He knew it was +hazardous work, but <q>bluff</q> carried him through. +</p> + +<p> +He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran +them up, and boldly sailed in. There were six men on +<pb n='317'/><anchor id='Pg317'/>the two other boats, and they watched the approach of +their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily +changed to consternation when Nevis and the other +<q>jackie</q> suddenly whipped their rifles to their shoulders, +and demanded an immediate surrender. +</p> + +<p> +The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying, +and had the unique experience of surrendering +to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid, Nevis took +them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact +manner reported the adventure to his astonished commander. +</p> + +<p> +The capture was no mean one, for these six men +gave important information to the American ships. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> The Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Franklin</name>, of +about five hundred tons, bound from Vera Cruz with +a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the converted +yacht <name type="ship">Siren</name> off Francis Key, near Caibarien. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 6.</hi> The Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Aladdin</name>, sugar-laden, +was captured by the auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Hawk</name> off +Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> The auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Viking</name> captured +the Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Bergen</name> off Francis Key. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 8.</hi> General Shafter and the Spanish General +Toral held a consultation at the palace in Santiago, +with regard to the embarkation of the Spanish prisoners +of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand +of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on +board the <name type="ship">Alicante</name> next morning, to be sent to Spain as +soon as the vessel was properly loaded. +</p> + +<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 10.</hi> The President to-day promoted Sampson +and Schley to be rear-admirals, ranking in the +order named. +</p> + +<p> +A department of the army, to be known as the +Department of Santiago, was created, and Maj.-Gen. +Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command. +</p> + +<p> +The Norwegian steamers <name type="ship">Aladdin</name> and <name type="ship">Bergen</name> were +released, by orders from Washington. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 12.</hi> The flag-ship <name type="ship">San Francisco</name>, the monitor +<name type="ship">Miantonomah</name>, and the auxiliary yacht <name type="ship">Sylvia</name> were fired +upon by the Havana batteries. One 10 or 12-inch +shell struck the <name type="ship">San Francisco’s</name> stern as she turned +to get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in +diameter, completely wrecking Commodore Howell’s +quarters, and smashing his book-case to fragments. +Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to +attack the batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their +engines could carry them. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> General Shafter, at Santiago, learned +that Manzanillo had been bombarded for twenty hours. +</p> + +<p> +General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander +at Manzanillo that peace had been declared,<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap17">Chapter XVII</ref>.</note> and +requesting him to advise the American commander of +the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the +shelling of the town ceased. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 16.</hi> The following message was the first +received in this country from the territory so lately +annexed: +</p> +<anchor id="ill56"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.]</p> +</then><else> + <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill56.jpg"><head rend="small">U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.</figDesc></figure></p> +</else></pgIf> +<pb n='319'/><anchor id='Pg319'/> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Honolulu</hi></name>, August 16.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Day, State Department</hi>:—Flag raised Friday, the +twelfth, at noon. Ceremonies of transfer produced +excellent impression.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sewall.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +</div><div n="15" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XV.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 20.</hi> With bands playing and thirty thousand +people cheering, the first expedition to Porto Rico +left Charleston, S. C., at seven o’clock in the evening, +under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second +and Third Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania +regiments, and two companies of the Sixth Illinois, +made up the list of troops. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 21.</hi> General Miles accompanied the expedition +bound for Porto Rico, which left Guantanamo Bay, +made up of eight transports convoyed by the <name type="ship">New +Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, <name type="ship">Leyden</name>, and <name type="ship">Wasp</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 22.</hi> An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen. +Theo. Schwan left Tampa on five transports, +bound for Porto Rico. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 25.</hi> The expedition under the command of +Major-General Miles landed at Guanica de Porto +Rico, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, in charge of Lieutenant-Commander +Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in +order to reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting +outside, the gallant little fighting yacht <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> +braved the mines which were supposed to be in this +<pb n='321'/><anchor id='Pg321'/>harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were +five fathoms of water close inshore. +</p> + <anchor id="ill57"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill57.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill57.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise. +Almost the first they knew of the approach of the +army of invasion was the firing of a gun from the +<name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul +down the flag of Spain, which was floating from the + <anchor id="corr321"/><corr sic="flag-staff">flagstaff</corr> in front of a blockhouse standing to the east +of the village. +</p> + +<p> +The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right +and left of the bay and in order to scare the enemy, +the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing into the +town. +</p> + +<p> +The <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> then hove to within about six hundred +yards of the shore, and lowered a launch, having on +board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty men, under the +command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore +without encountering any opposition. +</p> + +<p> +Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey +to haul down the Spanish flag, which was done, and +then they raised the first United States flag to float over +Porto Rican soil. +</p> + +<p> +Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with +Mauser rifles upon the American party. Lieutenant +Huse and his men responded with great gallantry, the +Colt gun doing effective work. +</p> + +<p> +Norman, who received Admiral Cervera’s surrender, +and Wood, a volunteer lieutenant, shared the honours +with Lieutenant Huse. +</p> + +<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/> + +<p> +Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the +Americans, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> opened fire on the enemy +with all her 3 and 6-pounders which could be brought +to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into +the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of +Spanish cavalry were to be seen hastening toward the +spot where the Americans had landed. +</p> + +<p> +Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he +named Fort Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the +street in front of it in order to repel the expected +cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt +gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent +from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those +who were fighting in the streets of Guanica, but the +Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of them. +</p> + +<p> +Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen +were seen climbing the hills to the westward, and the +foot-soldiers were scurrying along the fences from the +town. +</p> + +<p> +By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots, +the town was won, and the enemy driven out of the +neighbourhood. +</p> + +<p> +The troops from the transports were landed before +nightfall. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 26.</hi> Near Yauco, while the Americans were +pushing toward the mountains, the Spaniards ambushed +eight companies of the Sixth Massachusetts and Sixth +Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and +<pb n='323'/><anchor id='Pg323'/>driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry +charged and were routed by our infantry. +</p> + +<p> +General Garretson led the fight with the men from +Illinois and Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to +Yauco, leaving three dead on the field and thirteen +wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three +were slightly wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered +to Commander C. H. Davis of the auxiliary +gunboat <name type="ship">Dixie</name>. There was no resistance, and the +Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General +Miles issued the following proclamation: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of +Spain by the people of the United States, in the cause +of liberty, justice, and humanity, its military forces have +come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come +bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble +purpose, to seek the enemies of our government and of +yours, and to destroy or capture all in armed resistance.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They bring you the fostering arms of a free people, +whose greatest power is justice and humanity to all +living within their fold. Hence they release you from +your former political relations, and it is hoped your +cheerful acceptance of the government of the United +States will follow.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The chief object of the military forces will be to +overthrow the armed authority of Spain, and give the +people of your beautiful island the largest measure of +liberty consistent with this military occupation.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">They have not come to make war on the people of +the country, who for centuries have been oppressed, +but, on the contrary, they bring protection not only to +yourselves, but to your property, will promote your +prosperity and bestow upon you the immunities and +blessings of our enlightened and liberal institutions +and government.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing +laws and customs which are wholesome and beneficial +to the people, so long as they conform to the rules of +the military administration, order, and justice. This is +not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give +all within the control of the military and naval forces the +advantages and blessings of enlightened civilisation.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 28.</hi> The expedition destined for Porto Rico, +under command of Major-General Brooke, left Newport +News. Four transports and the auxiliary cruisers <name type="ship">St. +Louis</name> and <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> comprises the fleet. +</p> + +<p> +The Navy Department made public the following telegram: +</p> +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right"> +“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U. S. S. Massachusetts, Ponce, Porto<lb/> + Rico</hi></name>, July 28. +</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Commander Davis with <name type="ship">Dixie</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, <name type="ship">Wasp</name>, and +<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> left Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce +and capture lighters for United States army. City of +Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis +upon demand at 12.30 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, July 28th. American +flag hoisted 6 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, 28th.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Spanish garrison evacuated.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='325'/><anchor id='Pg325'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by +army: first, garrison to be allowed to retire; second, +civil government to remain in force; third, police and +fire brigade to be maintained without arms; fourth, +captain of port not to be made prisoner.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> +and <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, General Miles and General Wilson and +transport, at 6.40 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, 28th; commenced landing army +in captured sugar lighters.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants; +great enthusiasm.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and +120 tons of coal.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Higginson.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 29.</hi> The advance guard of General Henry’s +division, which landed at Guanica on Tuesday, arrived +at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco, Tallaboa, +Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas. +</p> + +<p> +Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and +otherwise destroy the railroad between Yauco and Ponce +failed, only a few flat cars being burned. At Yauco +the Americans were welcomed in an address made by +the alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated +<q>Yauco, Porto Rico, United States of America, July +27th.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 31.</hi> In General Miles’s despatches to the War +Department, the following statements are made regarding +the condition of affairs on the island: +</p> + +<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms +and ammunition. Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed +at the arrival of the army. Two thousand from +one place have volunteered to serve with it. They +are bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed +supplies.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The custom-house has already yielded fourteen +thousand dollars. As soon as all the troops are disembarked +they will be in readiness to move.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth +Pennsylvania, occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles +northeast of Ponce, on the road to San Juan. The +American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm +by the populace. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> The American scouts were within six +miles of Coamo, and the Spanish rear guard was retiring +fast. The Spanish had fled toward Aibonito, thirty +miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified. +There the road winds around among the mountains, and +the artillery commanding it rendered the position impregnable. +Détours were to be made by the Americans +from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding +the main road, which had been mined for three +miles. Captain Confields of the engineers went ahead +to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in advance +of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General +Stone that it had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A +signal-station was established, and the stars and stripes +run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm. +Yabri<pb n='327'/><anchor id='Pg327'/>coa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas, +Guayamo, and Salinas had all surrendered. +</p> + <anchor id="ill58"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill58.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill58.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San +Juan before an attack was made. The second fleet of +transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the <name type="ship">Roumanian</name> +bringing the cavalry detachment, and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> +and <name type="ship">Missouri</name> the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan, +and Haines, with their staffs, were on board. The +troops carried included the Thirteenth Illinois, Seventh +Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and +Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry. +</p> + +<p> +There were also one thousand animals, thirty days’ +rations for thirty thousand men, a signal corps detachment, +and an ambulance corps. The whole force, as +well as the ammunition and quartermaster’s stores, was +landed, and the men were camping on the outskirts of +the town. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 2.</hi> San Juan blockaded by the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, +<name type="ship">Puritan</name>, <name type="ship">Prairie</name>, <name type="ship">Dixie</name>, and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, which kept out +of range of the masked batteries ashore. +</p> + +<p> +The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of +U. S. troops. Spanish volunteers continued to come +into the American lines and give themselves up. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 4.</hi> A portion of General Grant’s brigade, on +the transport <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, sailed from Newport News. +</p> + +<p> +A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the +invading army, thus wrote under date of August 4th: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Americans have taken peaceful possession of +the eastern portion of the island.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Small parties of marines have been landed, who +have lighted the lamps in the lighthouse at Cape +San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast. +They met with no resistance.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens +came out to meet them.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The war-ships now in this vicinity are the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, +the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, the <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and the <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>. +The two former are looking for the transports with +troops which left the United States and have scattered +all about the island.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> rounded up the <name type="ship">Whitney</name>, the <name type="ship">Florida</name>, +and the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, yesterday, and they are now at Cape +San Juan. There seems to have been a serious mistake +as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to the +same place, and it will take several days to overtake +them and get them to Ponce, where General Miles is +waiting.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Off San Juan the cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> alone +maintains the blockade. The city is grim and silent, +but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty of +determination to fight when the Americans fire.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation, +in the course of which he says:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off +the American boats now as I did Sampson’s attempt +before.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The daughter of the captain-general is helping to +drill the gunners in the fort. Altogether there are +<pb n='329'/><anchor id='Pg329'/>ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the city. The +troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce +and the other towns on the south coast occupied by +the Americans, have not yet arrived.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 5.</hi> General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio +and the Third Illinois, left Arroyo for the Spanish +stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was placed +in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo +its skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from +ambush. There was a hot running fight from this +time on until the American troops reached and captured +Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo. +The Americans lost three wounded, and the enemy, +one killed and two wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 6.</hi> The foreign consuls at San Juan de +Porto Rico advised the Spanish authorities to surrender +the island to the American troops. The Spaniards, +however, in reply, announced that they had resolved +to fight; thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish +commander, Captain-General Macias, that they would +establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio +Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and +their portable properties in order to ensure their safety +in the event of a bombardment of the place by the +American forces. The consul sent a similar notification +to General Miles. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> A general advance of the American +forces. The custom-house in the village of Farjardo +was seized. +</p> + +<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 8.</hi> The town of Coamo was taken by the +Sixteenth Pennsylvania and the Second and Third +Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying blockhouse, +and under cover of this fire the advance was +made. +</p> + +<p> +Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty +killed, including the commander, Rafael Igleseas, and +three other officers. +</p> + +<p> +Five Americans were wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 9.</hi> Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six +companies of the First Kentucky regiment sailed +for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport +<name type="ship">Alamo</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ponce</hi></name>, August 9.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of War, Washington</hi>:—The following +received from General Wilson:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">General Ernst’s brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this +morning. Sixteenth Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings +commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Biddle, of my +staff, having made a turning movement through the +mountains, striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond +town, captured the entire garrison of Coamo, +about 150 men.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q>Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez +killed. Our loss reported six wounded, only one +severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially +to be commended. This is a very important +<pb n='331'/><anchor id='Pg331'/>capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as +soon as received here.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miles.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text> +</p> + +<p> +Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing +Spanish engineers, after the capture of Coamo, a distance +of four miles along the road to Aibonito. +</p> + +<p> +The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River, +where the Spaniards had blown up the bridge, and +were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest of +Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned +the fire, receiving no damage, and holding the position. +A battalion of the Third Wisconsin Volunteers went to +their support. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 11.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ponce, Via Bermuda</hi></name>, August 11.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of War, Washington</hi>:—The following +message received from Schwan:</q> +</p> +<p><text><body> + +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“ ‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Camp, Near Hormigueros</hi></name>, August 10.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Advance guard, including cavalry of this command, +while reconnoitring northwest of Rosario River, +near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish force, +which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant +Byron, Eighth Cavalry, my aid-de-camp, was wounded +in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D, Eleventh +Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen +enlisted men were wounded.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">It is reported that the most, if not the entire +<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/>Spanish garrison of Mayaguez and surrounding country, +consisting of one thousand regulars and two +hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement. +We drove enemy from his position, and it is believed +inflicted heavy loss.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the +field and brought into our line. Conduct of officers +and men was beyond all praise. I propose to continue +my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.</q></q> +</p> + +<signed>“ ‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Schwan.</hi>’</signed> + </body></text></p> +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miles.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 12.</hi> General Wilson moved one Lancaster +battery out to the front for the purpose of shelling the +Spanish position on the crest of the mountain at +the head of the pass through which the road winds. +</p> + +<p> +The enemy occupied a position of great natural +strength, protected by seven lines of entrenchments, +and a battery of two howitzers. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in +the day had fired upon Colonel Biddle of the engineer +corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of New York, +was reconnoitring on their right flank. +</p> + +<p> +As the American battery rounded a curve in the +road, two thousand yards away, the enemy opened an +artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of the +Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to +the right of the road, were not permitted to respond. +</p> + +<p> +The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a +<pb n='333'/><anchor id='Pg333'/>terrific fire, were unlimbered, and were soon hurling +common shell and shrapnel at the enemy at a lively +rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments +with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer. +</p> + <anchor id="ill59"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill59.png"><head rend="small">GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</head><figDesc>GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill59.png"><head rend="small">GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</head><figDesc>GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued +to serve the other at intervals for over an hour. They +had the range, and their shrapnel burst repeatedly over +the Americans. +</p> + +<p> +In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other +gun, and the men began to flee from the entrenchments +toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then the +guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered +to advance a position a quarter of a mile farther +on. It had just reached the new position when +Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches +and began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling +the battery to retire at a gallop. Then +both the enemy’s howitzers reopened, the shrapnel +screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped +from the rear, but the American ammunition was +exhausted. +</p> + +<p> +Colonel Bliss of General Wilson’s staff went forward +to the enemy’s lines with a flag of truce, and explained +that peace negotiations were almost concluded, that +their position was untenable, and demanded their surrender. +The Spanish had had no communication with +the outside world, and the commander asked until the +next morning in order that he might communicate with +General Macias at San Juan. +</p> + +<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> Twelve hours later the Spanish commander +gave the following command to one of his +staff: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid +further shedding of blood, to remain where he is.</q> +</p> + +<p> +General Miles telegraphed the War Department that +he was in receipt of Secretary Alger’s order to suspend +hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers of the American +army generally received the news of peace with delight, +although some were disappointed that there was to be +no further fighting, and many officers expressed regrets +at the suspension of hostilities in the midst of the +campaign. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 14.</hi> General Schwan’s column was attacked +between Mayaguez and Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry +under Colonel Burke was descending the valley +of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside +by a force of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were +retreating toward the north. The fire was returned, +and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed, +considerable loss. +</p> + +<p> +Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez +district, was wounded and afterward captured in a +wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants, +who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss. +The artillery and cavalry were not engaged. +</p> + +<p> +General Schwan had not received news of the signing +of the protocol when the action occurred, but +obtained it later in the day. +</p> +<anchor id="ill60"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill60.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</head><figDesc>GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill60.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</head><figDesc>GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +</div><div n="16" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='335'/><anchor id='Pg335'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>CHAPTER XVI.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE FALL OF MANILA.</head> + +<p> +With the opening of the month of July, affairs at +Manila, so far as concerned the American forces, +were at a standstill. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>June 30.</hi> Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the +army, the first transports of the fleet having arrived +at Cavite, June 30th, before beginning offensive +operations. +</p> + +<p> +The situation on and around the island of Luzon was +much the same as it had been nearly all the month of +June, except that the gunboat <name type="ship">Leite</name>, which ran up a +river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and +surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy +officers and ninety-four men. The <name type="ship">Leite</name> has a battery +of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria guns, and several 2.7-inch +rapid-fire guns. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of +the Revolutionary Republic on the first of July. The +progress of the insurgents can be readily understood +by the following extract from a letter written by Mr. +E. W. Harden: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of +Governor-General Augusti to surrender Manila to the +<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/>Americans, but the command of the Spanish troops is +practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who +opposes surrender.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The rebels have captured the water-works beyond +Santa Mesa, which supplied Manila, and the Spanish +fear that their water will be cut off.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified +positions of San Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards +were to make their last stand if Manila capitulated. +The city is still surrounded by insurgents.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 2.</hi> <q>There was fierce fighting Saturday before +Malate. The Spaniards had modern guns to command +the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady fire throughout +the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the +natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards +finally were driven back.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 4.</hi> Brigadier-General Green, in command of the +second army detachment, on the way from San Francisco +to Manila, rediscovered and took formal possession +of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude +19° 15′ and east longitude 166° 33′. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General +Augusti telegraphed: +</p> + +<p> +<q>The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded +in miraculously escaping from Macabora in a +boat, and, having passed through the American vessels, +all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet’s column +is besieged and attacked at Macabora.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 15.</hi> The steamers <name type="ship">City of Puebla</name> and <name type="ship">Peru</name> +<pb n='337'/><anchor id='Pg337'/>sailed from San Francisco with the fourth Manila +expedition, under command of Major-General Otis. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 16.</hi> The steamer <name type="ship">China</name>, of the second Manila +expedition, arrived at Cavite, and was followed on the +next day by the steamers <name type="ship">Zealandia</name>, <name type="ship">Colon</name>, and <name type="ship">Senator</name>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 19.</hi> The work of surrounding Manila by American +forces was begun by advancing the First California +regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the Spanish +lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at +Paranaque, directly from the transports. Over fifteen +hundred men encamped between Manila and Cavite. +The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery, +landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 23.</hi> The transport steamer <name type="ship">Rio Janeiro</name>, bearing +two battalions of South Dakota volunteers, recruits for +the Utah Light Artillery, and a detachment of the +signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 25.</hi> Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite. +Secretary Long forwarded to Admiral Dewey the +joint resolution of Congress, extending the thanks of +Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution +was beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a +formal attestation of its authenticity by Secretary of +State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly +ornamented Russia covers. +</p> + +<p> +Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes +reference to a letter from the Secretary of State complimenting +Admiral Dewey upon his direction of affairs +since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that +<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/>the State Department is thoroughly well satisfied +with the diplomatic qualities the admiral has exhibited. +The letter of Secretary Long is as follows: +</p> + +<p><text><body> + <dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Navy Department,<lb/>Washington</hi></name>, July 25, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—The Department has received from the +Secretary of State an engrossed and certified copy of +a joint resolution of Congress, tendering the thanks +of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the +squadron under your command, for transmission to +you, and herewith encloses the same.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the +Department received a letter from the Secretary of +State requesting that there be conveyed to you his +high appreciation of your character as a naval officer, +and of the good judgment and prudence you have +shown in directing affairs since the date of your +great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most +heartily on behalf of the Navy Department, as well as +personally, in the commendation of the Secretary of +State. Very respectfully,</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>John D. Long</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Secretary</hi>.</signed> + <lb/> + <salute rend="text-align: left"> +“<hi rend='italic'>Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval Force, Asiatic Station.</hi>”</salute> +</body></text></p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 29.</hi> The transport steamer <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, bearing +the first battalion of North Dakota volunteers, the +<pb n='339'/><anchor id='Pg339'/>Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed from San +Francisco for Manila. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>July 31.</hi> The transports <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, <name type="ship">Ohio</name>, + <name type="ship">Valencia</name>, +<name type="ship">Para</name>, and <name type="ship">Morgan City</name> arrived at Cavite with American +troops. +</p> + +<p> +At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces +in Manila attacked the American lines. A typhoon had +set in, rain was falling in torrents, and the blackness +of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand +Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of +not more than nine hundred Americans. +</p> + +<p> +The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack, +and checked the Spanish advance until the Utah battery, +the First California Volunteers, and two companies +of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get up +to strengthen the right of the line. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards +through and beyond the American right flank, when +the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as infantrymen, +pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians +and Utah battery aiding gallantly in the work. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> After the attack on the right wing had +been repulsed, the second Spanish attack at two in +the morning was directed against the American left +wing. +</p> + +<p> +After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was +again beaten off, and the rain seemed to be so heavy as +to make further attack impossible. +</p> + +<p> +But at 3.50 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi> the battle was resumed at longer +<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/>range, Spanish sharpshooters firing from the trees, and +the batteries working constantly, using brass-coated +bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained, +stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief, +and shortly after sunrise the Spanish retreated. The +American loss was eight killed, ten seriously and +thirty-eight slightly wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 4.</hi> The monitor <name type="ship">Monterey</name> and the convoyed +collier <name type="ship">Brutus</name> arrived at Cavite. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender +of Manila within forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander +replied that, the insurgents being outside the +walls, he had no safe place for the women and children +who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours +additional delay. This Admiral Dewey granted. +</p> + +<p> +At the expiration of the specified time Admiral +Dewey and General Merritt consulted and decided to +postpone the attack. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> The American commanders decided to +begin hostilities on the thirteenth of August, and the +navy began the action at 9.30 <hi rend='small'>A. M.</hi>, the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> opening +fire, followed by the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, and <name type="ship">Callao</name>. +The latter showed great daring, approaching within +eight hundred yards of the Malate forts and trenches, +doing grand work and driving back the Spanish forces. +</p> + +<p> +The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the +Spanish then retreating from Malate, where the fire was +centred, and the American land forces stormed the +trenches, sweeping all before them. The First +Colo<pb n='341'/><anchor id='Pg341'/>rado Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second +line of defence. Then the troops swept on, driving all +the Spaniards into the inner fortification. +</p> + +<p> +The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen +minutes after the Spaniards were driven to the +second line of defences, they were forced to retreat to +the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance, +they surrendered, and soon afterward a white +flag was hoisted over Manila. +</p> + +<p> +The total number of killed on the American side was +forty-five, and wounded about one hundred. The +Spanish losses were two hundred killed and four hundred +wounded. +</p> + +<p> +Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the +German ship <name type="ship">Kaiserin Augusta</name>, and was conveyed to +Hongkong. +</p> + +<p> +The following official reports were made by cable: +</p> + +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="tect-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Manila</hi></name>, August 13, 1898.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of Navy, Washington</hi>:—Manila surrendered +to-day to the American land and naval forces, +after a combined attack.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">A division of the squadron shelled the forts and +entrenchments at Malate, on the south side of the city, +driving back the enemy, our army advancing from that +side at the same time.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The city surrendered about five o’clock, the American +flag being hoisted by Lieutenant Brumby.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">About seven thousand prisoners were taken.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The squadron had no casualties, and none of the +vessels were injured.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded +the surrender of the city, which the Spanish +governor-general refused.</q> +</p> + +<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p><text><body> +<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hongkong</hi></name>, August 20th.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Adjutant-General, Washington</hi>:—The following +are the terms of the capitulation:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The undersigned, having been appointed a commission +to determine the details of the capitulation of the city +and defences of Manila and its suburbs and the Spanish +forces stationed therein, in accordance with agreement +entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley +Merritt, U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the +Philippines, and His Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, +acting general-in-chief of the Spanish army in the Philippines, +have agreed upon the following:</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate +with the city and defences, with all honours of war, +depositing their arms in the places designated by the +authorities of the United States, remaining in the +quarters designated and under the orders of their +officers and subject to control of the aforesaid United +States authorities, until the conclusion of a treaty of +peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons +included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the +officers remaining in their respective homes, which +<pb n='343'/><anchor id='Pg343'/>shall be respected as long as they observe the regulations +prescribed for their government and the laws +enforced.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses, +and private property. All public horses and public +property of all kinds shall be turned over to staff +officers designated by the United States.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation, +and full lists of public property and stores shall +be rendered to the United States within ten days from +this date.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the +officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their +families, and of the expense which said repatriation +may occasion, shall be referred to the government of +the United States at Washington. Spanish families +may leave Manila at any time convenient to them. +The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish +forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or +when the Americans evacuate.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">5. Officers and men included in the capitulation +shall be supplied by the United States according to +rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though they +were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty +of peace between the United States and Spain. All +the funds in the Spanish treasury and all other public +funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the +United States.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and +reli<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/>gious worship, its educational establishments, and its +private property of all description, are placed under +the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the +American army.</q> +</p> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>F. V. Greene</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A.</hi></signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>B. P. Lamberton</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Captain U. S. Navy</hi>.</signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Charles A. Whittier</hi>, + <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General</hi>.</signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>E. H. Crowder</hi>, + <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate</hi>.</signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Nicholas de la Pena</hi>, + <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Auditor-General’s excts.</hi></signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Carlos Reyeo</hi>, + <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Colonel de Ingenieros</hi>.</signed> + +<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Maria Olquen</hi>, + <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Felia de Estado Majors</hi>.</signed> + <signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Merritt.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> + +<p><text><body><dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hongkong</hi></name>, August 20th.</dateline> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Adjutant-General, Washington</hi>:—Cablegram of the +twelfth directing operations to be suspended received +afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish commander notified. +Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date, containing +proclamation of President.</q> +</p> + <signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Merritt.</hi>”</signed> + +</body></text></p> +<anchor id="ill61"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill61.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill61.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +</div><div n="17" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='345'/><anchor id='Pg345'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="chap17"/> +<head>CHAPTER XVII.</head> + +<head type="sub">PEACE.</head> + +<p> +On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three +o’clock in the afternoon, the French ambassador, +M. Cambon, accompanied by his first secretary, called at +the White House, the interview having been previously +arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been +given. With the President at the time was Secretary +of State Day. +</p> + +<p> +M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing +the diplomatic interests of the kingdom of Spain, <q>with +whom at the present time the United States is unhappily +engaged in hostilities,</q> he had been directed by +the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on +what terms the United States would agree to a suspension +of hostilities. +</p> + +<p> +The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain, +realising the hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that +she was unable to cope with the great power of her +adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation of +the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life +and result in great misery to her people, on the ground +of humanity appealed to the President to consider a +proposition for peace. +</p> + +<p> +Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to +<pb n='346'/><anchor id='Pg346'/>fight to vindicate her honour, and having vindicated it, +having fought bravely and been conquered by a more +powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the +victor to bring the war to an end. +</p> + +<p> +The President’s reply showed that he was responsive +to the appeal. He was evidently moved by the almost +pathetic position which the once proud nation of Spain +had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well +under control and behaved with great dignity. +</p> + +<p> +The President frankly admitted that he was desirous +of peace, that he would welcome a cessation of hostilities, +but he delicately intimated that if Spain were +really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer +such terms as could be accepted by the United States. +The President asked the French ambassador if he had +been instructed to formally propose terms, or make any +offer. +</p> + +<p> +M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed, +that his instructions were to ask on what +terms it would be possible to make peace. +</p> + +<p> +Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered +by the Cabinet, and a formal answer returned at the +earliest possible moment. The French ambassador +thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with +expressions of good-will on both sides, the historical +interview was brought to a close. +</p> + +<p> +On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the +United States was delivered to the ambassador of France, +and, in plain words, it was substantially as follows: +</p> + +<pb n='347'/><anchor id='Pg347'/> + +<p> +The President does not now put forward any claim +for pecuniary indemnity, but requires the relinquishment +of all claim of sovereignty over or title to the +island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by +Spain of the island, the cession to the United States +and immediate evacuation of Porto Rico and other +islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, +and the like cession of an island in the Ladrones. +</p> + +<p> +The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, +and harbour of Manila, pending the conclusion of a +treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, +disposition, and government of the Philippines. +</p> + +<p> +If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety, +it is stated that the commissioners will be named +by the United States to meet commissioners on the part +of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace +on the basis above indicated. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally +begun between the United States and Spain. +</p> + +<p> +A few minutes before four o’clock, in the midst of a +drenching rain, M. Cambon, the French ambassador, +attended by his secretary, entered the White House. +They were immediately ushered to the library, where +the President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant +Secretaries of State Moore, Adee, and Cridler were +awaiting them. +</p> + +<p> +The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who +returned the salutation with equal warmth, and then +<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/>shook hands with Secretary Day and the Assistant +Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the +French ambassador were discussing the weather,—and +Washington has seldom known such a rain-storm as that +which engulfed the city while peace was being signed,—M. +Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were +comparing the two copies of the protocol to see that +they corresponded, and were identical in form. +</p> + +<p> +The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in +French and English. In the copy retained by the +American government the English text is in the first +column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to +Madrid, the French text leads the paper. +</p> + +<p> +The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol +correct, Judge Day and the French ambassador moved +over to the table to affix their signatures. Mr. Cridler +lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression +on the protocols. +</p> + +<p> +The striking of the match caused the French ambassador +to stop, feel in his pocket, and then remember +that he had come away from his embassy without his +seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to +seal such an important document with anything else +but the ambassador’s personal seal. +</p> + +<p> +A note was hastily written, and one of the White +House messengers dashed out into the rain, and went +to the French embassy. Until his return the distinguished +party in the White House library continued to +discuss the weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban +<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/>rain would cease falling. In a few minutes the messenger +returned. The ambassador drew from a small +box his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to +the table. The American copy of the protocol was +placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then +handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed +his signature and seal. +</p> + <anchor id="ill62"/> +<pgIf output='txt'><then> + <p rend="ill">[Illustration: DON CARLOS.]</p> +</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill62.jpg"><head rend="small">DON CARLOS.</head><figDesc>DON CARLOS.</figDesc></figure></p></then> +<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill62.jpg"><head rend="small">DON CARLOS.</head><figDesc>DON CARLOS.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> +</else></pgIf> +<p> +The second copy was then laid before the ambassador, +who signed, and in turn handed back the pen to Judge +Day. +</p> + +<p> +Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and +last, and with the last stroke of his pen hostilities +ceased. +</p> + +<div rend="page-break-before: always"><pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/> + +<head>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED +STATES OF AMERICA.</head> + +<head type="sub"><hi rend='italic'>A PROCLAMATION.</hi></head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, by a protocol concluded and signed August +12, 1898, by Wm. R. Day, Secretary of State of the +United States, and His Excellency Jules Cambon, +Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the +Republic of France, at Washington, respectively representing +for this purpose the government of the United +States and the government of Spain, the governments +of the United States and Spain have formally agreed +upon the terms on which negotiations for the establishment +of peace between the two countries shall be +undertaken; and, +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its +conclusion and signature hostilities between the two +countries shall be suspended, and that notice to that +effect shall be given as soon as possible by each government +to the commanders of its military and naval +forces; +</p> + +<p> +Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of +the United States, do, in accordance with the stipulations +of the protocol, declare and proclaim on the part +<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/>of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do +hereby command that orders be immediately given +through the proper channels to the commanders of the +military and naval forces of the United States to +abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation. +</p> + +<p> +In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand +and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. +</p> + +<p> +Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of +August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight +hundred and ninety-eight, and of the Independence of +the United States the one hundred and twenty-third. +</p> + +<signed><hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed> + +<signed>By the President, +<lb/><hi rend='smallcaps'>William R. Day, +<lb/>Secretary of State</hi>. +</signed> + +<trailer rend="text-align: center; margin-top: 2"> +<hi rend="small">THE END.</hi> +</trailer> +</div> + +<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/> + + </div></body> + <back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div> + +<pb n='353'/><anchor id='Pg353'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/> +<head>APPENDICES</head> + +<pb n='355'/><anchor id='Pg355'/> + +<head>APPENDICES.</head> + <div type="appendix" n="A"> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appa"/> + <head>APPENDIX A.</head> +<head type="sub">THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.</head> + +<p> +The number of islands in the Philippine group are +believed to be upwards of fourteen hundred, with an +aggregate land area (estimated on Domann’s map) of not less +than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia, extending +from 40° 40′ to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40′ +to 126° 30′ east longitude. +</p> + +<p> +The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March +12, 1521, and named by him the St. Lazarus Islands. The +discoverer was a Portuguese, who had sought service under +Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the court of +his own country. +</p> + +<p> +By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493, +which was then universally recognised as law, the earth was +divided into two hemispheres. All lands thereafter discovered +in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to belong +to Portugal; all the Western to Spain. +</p> + +<p> +The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal’s +rights, but as the use of the log and the variation of the +compass were unknown, an error of fifty-two degrees in +longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were given +on the basis of that error. +</p> + +<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/> + +<p> +By whom the name of Philippines was given to the +archipelago it is impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to +have been used for the first time. +</p> + +<p> +The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton, +and piña fibres cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse +pottery, and musical instruments. +</p> + +<p> +The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region +of the typhoon, and have three seasons,—the cold, the hot, +and the wet. The first extends from November to February +or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather than cold. +The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat +becomes very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly +monsoon. Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur +during May and June. The wet season begins with heavy +rains, known by the natives as <q>collas,</q> and until the end of +October the downpour is excessive. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the +Philippines to affect the style adopted in the erection of +buildings; in 1874, for instance, they were very numerous +throughout the archipelago, and in Manila and the adjacent +provinces shocks were felt daily for several weeks. The +most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred +in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was +immense, both in the capital and in other important towns +of central Luzon.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations +of the mountains give a range of climate that allows the +production of a great variety of valuable crops. Tobacco, +sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples produced. The +swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the +dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species. +Rich deposits of gold are known to exist, but have been +little developed. +</p> + +<p> +To quote from the <hi rend='italic'>Revue des Deux Mondes</hi> of Paris: +</p> + +<pb n='357'/><anchor id='Pg357'/> + +<p> +In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras, +Malays, Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards, +Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and other tribes. The Negritos +(little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than a great many +of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in +isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining +four feet nine inches in height, and with small, retreating +skulls. This race forms a branch equal in importance to +the Papuan. It is believed to be the first race inhabiting +the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except +in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed +by the stronger races, and the result in the archipelago has +been the formation of several tribes of half-breeds numbering +considerably more than half a million. Side by side +with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras, +a cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate +descendants of the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by +the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in 1411. Then come the +Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by their +Sultan and their <hi rend='italic'>datos</hi>, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty +of the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power. +</p> + +<p> +The soil is fully sufficient—indeed, more than sufficient—to +support this population, whose wants are of the most +limited character. The land is exceedingly fertile and bears +in abundance all tropical products, particularly rice, sugar, +and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The fibres of +the abaca are employed in making the finest and most +delicate fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars’ +worth are exported annually. The exports of sugar amount +to about four millions and a half, of gold to two millions +and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to a million +and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It +forms the staple food of the people, and nearly three million +dollars’ worth is imported yearly. The husbandman cannot +<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/>complain that his toil is inadequately rewarded. A rice +plantation will yield a return of at least fifteen per cent.; if +he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise thirty per +cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour +is very low. An adult who gains a <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>real fuerte</foreign> (about thirteen +cents) a day, thinks he is doing well. +</p> + +<p> +In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners, +and traditions are so often in collision, the religious +fanaticism of the Spaniards has, more than once, come into +conflict with a fanaticism fully as fierce as that of the Mussulman. +At a distance of six thousand leagues from Toledo +and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European +Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless +antagonism that swayed them in the days of the Cid and +Ferdinand the Catholic. The island of Sulu, on account of +its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the commercial, +political, and religious centre of the followers of the +Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre +they spread over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded +as merciless pirates and unflinching fanatics, they scattered +everywhere terror, ruin, and death, sailing in their light +proas up the narrow channels and animated with implacable +hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never +gave quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly +beaten in pitched battle, they as constantly took +again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the heavy Spanish +vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one +could follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising +the villages, massacring the old men, leading away the +women and the adults into slavery, pushing the audacious +prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles +of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand +captives. +</p> + +<p> +Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade +<pb n='359'/><anchor id='Pg359'/>the struggle was unequal, but it did not last the less long on +that account, nor, obscure though it was, was it the less +bloody. On both sides there was the same bravery, the +same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge +these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not +until after a conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish +squadron was able to bring its broadside to bear on +Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates, land a division of +troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town and its +inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it. +The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a +new city on the smoking ruins. This city is protected +by a strong garrison. For a time, at least, it was all over +with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which was +exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the +rovers of the seas succeeded the organisation known as +<foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their +contempt of death. They have transmitted it with their +blood to the Polynesians, who see in it only one of the +multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of existence, +and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference. +Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a +mat, while in perfect health, and without any symptom of +disease whatever, and there wait patiently for the end, convinced +that it is near, and refuse all nourishment and die +without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of him, +<q>He feels he is going to die,</q> and the imaginary patient +dies, his mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious +idea, some invisible wound through which life escapes. +When to this absolute indifference to death is united +Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a glimpse +of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited +senses revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a +long<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/>ing for extinction takes hold of him and throws him like a +wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them and gladly invites +their daggers in return. The <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentado</foreign> kills for the sake +of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for +a life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence +promised by Mahomet to his followers. +</p> + +<p> +The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of +his creditor, and not only the man himself, but his family +also are enslaved. To free them there is only one means +left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life. Reduced to +this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable +oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks +of the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign>, and has nothing to do but await the +hour when the will of his superior shall let him loose upon +the Christians. Meanwhile the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>panditas</foreign>, or priests, subject +him to a system of enthusiastic excitement that will turn +him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They +madden his already disordered brain, they make still more +supple his oily limbs, until they have the strength of steel +and the nervous force of the tiger or panther. They sing +to him their rhythmic impassioned chants, which show to +his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating +houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the +gleam of the moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual +energies of the eternally young and beautiful companions +who are calling him, opening their arms to receive +him. Thus prepared, the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentado</foreign> is ready for everything. +Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil. +He will accomplish prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten +times he will remain on his feet, will strike back, borne +along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until the moment +when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions +into the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that +he will never leave it, but he knows also that he will not die +<pb n='361'/><anchor id='Pg361'/>alone, and he has but one aim,—to butcher as many +Christians as he can. +</p> + +<p> +An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission +to the Philippines by the French government, describes the +entry of eleven <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> into Tianggi. Divided into +three or four bands, they managed to get through the gates +of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle which +they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had +hidden their creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed +the guards, then, in their frenzied course, they struck all +whom they met. +</p> + +<p> +Hearing the cry of <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Los juramentados!</foreign></q> the soldiers +seized their arms. The <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> rushed on them fearlessly, +their creeses clutched in their hands. The bullets +fell like hail among them. They bent, crept, glided, and +struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through +and through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the +troops. He was again transfixed by a bayonet; he remained +erect, vainly trying to reach his enemy, who held +him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up +and blow the man’s brains out before he let go his prey. +When the last of the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> had fallen, and the corpses +were picked up from the street which consternation had +rendered empty, it was found that these eleven men had, +with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not to +reckon the wounded. +</p> + +<p> +<q>And what wounds!</q> exclaims Doctor Montano; <q>the +head of one corpse is cut off as clean as if it had been done +with the sharpest razor; another soldier is almost cut in +two! The first of the wounded to come under my hands +was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting +guard at the gate through which some of the assassins +entered. His left arm was fractured in three places; his +shoulder and breast were literally cut up like mince-meat; +<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/>amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in +that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which +could be cut a shred.</q> +</p> + +<p> +It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been +Spanish rule on most of the islands of this vast archipelago. +In the interior of the great island of Mindanao there is no +system of control, no pretence even of maintaining order. +It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and cruelty. +There murder is a regular institution. A <hi rend='italic'>bagani</hi>, or man of +might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The +number is carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and +the <hi rend='italic'>bagani</hi> alone possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban. +All the batos, or chiefs, are <hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi>. It is carnage organised, +honoured, and consecrated; and so the depopulation is +frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable. +</p> + +<p> +The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be +<hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi> by perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their +aerial abodes do not always shelter them from their enemies. +They build a hut on a trunk from forty to fifty feet in height, +and huddle together in it to pass the night, and to be in +sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The <hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi> +generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin +their attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour +to set on fire the bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers +form a <hi rend='italic'>testudo</hi>, like the ancient Romans, with their locked +shields, and advance under cover up to the posts, which +they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down +showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition +is exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to +do but witness, as impotent spectators, the work of destruction, +until the moment comes when their habitation topples +over and falls. Then the captives are divided among the +assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are +cut off, and the women and children are led away as slaves. +</p> + +<pb n='363'/><anchor id='Pg363'/> + +<p> +The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this +Malay race. The missionaries alone venture to travel +among these ferocious tribes. They, too, have made the +sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth nothing, they +have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in +evangelising and converting them. They work for God +and for their country, and the poorest and most wretched +among the natives are not unwilling to accept the faith and +to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on their +leaving their homes and going to another district, to which, +for many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After +several days’ journey a pueblo is founded. These villages +have multiplied for many years past, forming oases of comparative +peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by which +they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek +a shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds, +the less exposed it is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano +gives a very striking account of one of these daring missionaries, +Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society of Jesus, +who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred +people. +</p> + +<p> +There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the +Philippine group. Their area exceeds that of Great Britain. +Pine and fir-trees are abundant. Large areas are suitable +for wheat. There are eight ports open to commerce. The +principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars, +coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual +value of the sugar output was $30,000,000. Now it is +almost nothing. +</p> + +<p> +The population of the islands is about eight million, of +which more than three million are in Luzon, the insurgent +stronghold. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were +subject to a governor-general with supreme powers, assisted +<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/>by a <q>junta of authorities</q> instituted in 1850, and consisting +of the archbishop, the commander of the forces, the admiral, +the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central junta of +agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and +a council of administration. In the provinces and districts +the chief power is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military +governors. The chief magistrate of a commune +is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain; the native who +is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a certain +group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian +between the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was +forced to pay tribute to the amount of $1.17, descendants of +the first Christians of Cebu, new converts, gobernadorcillos, +etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to special taxes, +and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes +were required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an +area of 40,885 square miles, and on which is situated the +city of Manila. +</p> + +<p> +The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports +for 1880, is in the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs +from 250,000 to 300,000. +</p> + +<p> +The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the +eastern shore of a circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference. +It looks like a fragment of Spain transplanted to +the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and convents, even +on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863, +time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the +mother country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy, +stretches interminably along its gloomy streets, bordered +with convents whose flat façades are only broken here and +there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a new +city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called +the Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this +<pb n='365'/><anchor id='Pg365'/>city is alive with its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala +women, shod in high-heeled shoes, and every nerve in their +bodies quivering with excitement. They are almost all +employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output +inundates all Asia. +</p> + +<p> +Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,—Europeans, +Chinese, Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some +260,000 people of every known race and of every known +colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto, carriages +and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians +swarm in crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously +picturesque square, lit up by the slanting rays of +the setting sun, which purples the lofty peaks of the Sierra +de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long, luminous train +on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the +sombre verdure of the city’s sloping banks. This is the +hour when all the inhabitants hold high festival, able at +length to breathe freely after the heat of the noontide. +</p> + +<p> +The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive +taxation by Spain to raise money to carry on the war in +Cuba. The islands were already overburdened with assessments +to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the native +poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last +straw. +</p> + +<p> +Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived +from Spain with reinforcements. He did not undertake to +penetrate the mountains, but massacred the native population +in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del Laguna +he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in +the mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with +fury, but they were helpless. +</p> + +<p> +It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten +thousand dead prisoners had been taken from prison in a +year. +</p> + +<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/> + +<p> +Three years ago it cost the government a little more than +half a cent to collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it +now costs ninety-five cents. The only taxes that can be +profitably collected are those in Manila. The rich islands of +Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically nothing. +</p> + +<p> +The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and +Leyte. About one year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists +appealed to the government at Washington to +interfere in their behalf. The petition was received and +filed. +</p> + +<p> +In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the +heat is so intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat +apoplexy. Even the Spaniards do their business in the early +hours, whiling away the heat of the day in sleep. Late in +the afternoon Manila begins to awaken. +</p> + +<p> +The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers +of all ranks and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like +behind his ear. Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled +hooded cabriolets peculiar to the natives, crowd the roadway, +together with the buggies and open carriages of the +foreign element. +</p> + +<p> +At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand +of employees turn out into the streets. They form a +motley yet effective feature among the wayfarers. The Malay +girls are usually very pretty, with languishing eyes, shaded +by long lashes, and supple figures, whose graceful lines are +revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their bare +feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet +weather they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates +a very becoming swinging of the hips. +</p> + +<p> +There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better +classes affect lace and flowers, those of the lower wear their +own hair flowing down their backs, in a long, blue-black +wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman sparkles +<pb n='367'/><anchor id='Pg367'/>with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males +are similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen +for a cent are in chief favour with the natives. Cigars +at $1.50 a hundred are in favour with the foreigners. The +handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are mostly bachelors, +eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter +surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large +house at Sampalog, which is club and boarding-house combined, +or in <q>chummeries,</q> established in adjacent buildings. +</p> + +<p> +The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under +three religious groups,—the infidels, who have held to their +ancient heathen rights, the Moors, who retain the Mahometan +religion of their first conquerors, and the infinitely +larger class of Catholics. +</p> + +<p> +An important, though numerically small, element in the +population of the larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds, +the result of admixture either between the Chinese +or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos occupy +about the same social position as the mulattos of the United +States. But they are the richest and most enterprising +among the native population. +</p> + +<p> +The most important personage is the cura, or parish +priest. He is in most instances a Spaniard by birth, and +enrolled in one or other of the three great religious orders, +Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established by the +conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if +not more, of a native than the natives themselves. He is +bound for life to the land of his adoption. He has no social +or domestic tie, no anticipated home return, to bind him to +any other place. +</p> + +<p> +Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday +resort in a Philippine village is the cock-pit, usually a +large building wattled like a coarse basket and surrounded +<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/>by a high paling of the same description, which forms a sort +of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to +come upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in +arranging a satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a +respectable Malay father has been seen escaping from amid +the ruins of his burning home bearing away in his arms his +favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift for +themselves. +</p> + +<p> +The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly, +with their gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They +eschew opium and spirituous liquors. Their chief sustenance, +morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice crop seldom +fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a +large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow +which broods over so many a rice-subsisting population, is +unknown here. Even scarcity is of rare occurrence. In the +worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be imported. +It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what +the world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of +the tropics, limits his labour by the measure of his requirements, +and that measure is narrow indeed. Hence it is often +difficult to obtain his services in the development of the tobacco, +coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which might make +the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous +portions of the earth’s face. +</p> + +<p> +Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The +English were its captors, although they held it only a few +months. It was in 1762, a few weeks after the English +capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to side +with France in the war usually known in this country as the +French and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it. +</p> + +<p> +The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel +William Draper; he was made a brigadier-general for the +expedition and put in command, with Admiral Cornish as +<pb n='369'/><anchor id='Pg369'/>his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and frigates, +several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred +including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines. +</p> + +<p> +On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked +just south of Manila. The Archbishop of Manila, who was +also governor-general of the island, collected and armed +some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the +Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of +the siege some daring attempts were made by the British to +prevent the further construction of defences, but the assailants +were repulsed with great slaughter. +</p> + +<p> +A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, +who <q>ran furiously on the ranks of the besiegers and fought +with almost incredible ferocity, and many of them died, like +wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the bayonets by +which they were transfixed.</q> +</p> + +<p> +On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, +the English carried the city by storm, and gave it up for +several hours to the ravages of a merciless soldiery. The +Archbishop and his officers had retired to the citadel, but +this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed +upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several +ships and the military stores, were surrendered, while for +their private property the Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom +$2,000,000 in coin, and the same in bills on the treasury +at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid. +</p> + +</div><div type="appendix" n="B" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appb"/> +<head>APPENDIX B.</head> + + <head type="sub"><anchor id="corr370"/><corr sic="WARSHIPS">WAR-SHIPS</corr> AND SIGNALS.</head> + +<p> +There are ten principal classes of vessels in the +United States navy, distinguished one from another +by the differences in their uses and by their strength and +speed. The general principle underlying their construction is +that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of her +own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel +which is inferior in armament, and has no compensating +superiority in speed, is outclassed. The same is true of any +vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in speed to +an adversary. +</p> + +<p> +The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement. +This displacement is the number of tons of water she will +push aside to make room for herself. A vessel of ten thousand +tons will take engines of a certain weight and power to +drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the +larger the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required. +Now, if it is necessary to give this vessel heavy protective +armour and big guns, the additional weight of this equipment +must be saved somewhere else, and usually in the +engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following +out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships +carry the lightest armament, and that those which carry the +biggest guns in their batteries and the thickest armour on +their sides are comparatively slow, the extreme variation +among vessels of the same displacement being about eight +or nine miles an hour. +</p> + +<pb n='371'/><anchor id='Pg371'/> + +<p> +In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished +by the number and weight of the guns they carry, +and by the distribution and thickness of their armour. +Protective armour is of two kinds, that which surrounds the +guns, so as to protect them from the enemy’s fire, and that +which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent +the engines from being rendered useless. +</p> + +<p> +The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of +speed are to be found in the first-class battle-ship, which is +simply a floating fortress, so constructed that she need +never run away, but can stand up and fight as long as her +gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a +battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines +with a wall of Harveyized steel armour eighteen +inches or so thick, and seven or eight feet high, which +extends about four feet below the water-line and three feet +above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the +ship, but is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in +front of and behind the space occupied by the engines and +magazines, and the whole affair is covered with a solid steel +roof three or four inches thick. Outside this central fortress, +and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at +each end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick, +which is placed several feet below the water-line. Everything +above this deck and outside this fortress might be +shot away, and the vessel would still float and fight. +</p> + +<p> +On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing +the big guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre, +weigh about sixty tons each, and will carry a shell weighing +eleven hundred pounds about twelve miles. The turrets +are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns, and +are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen +inches thick. They revolve within a barbette or ring of +steel eighteen inches thick, which protects the machinery by +<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/>which the guns are trained. Farther back on the roof of +the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch +steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are +stationed rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by +thinner armour than that of the main belt. +</p> + +<p> +If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving +nothing but the turrets with the big guns, and these are +brought down close to the water, and the armour belt is +reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the type of +vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a +battle-ship on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow +and cannot stand rough weather, on account of their low +freeboard. The speed of the monitors is seldom more than +twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended to +act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries. +The best types in the navy are the <name type="ship">Terror</name> and the +<name type="ship">Puritan</name>. +</p> + +<p> +The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an +hour. The best specimen in the navy is the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, declared +by its admirers to be the most powerful battle-ship +afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, are smaller +vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they have +a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not +carry so heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The +<name type="ship">Maine</name> was a second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns +were of 10-inch calibre; her armour was twelve inches thick, +and her turrets were eight inches thick only. +</p> + +<p> +The first step in reducing the armament from that of the +battle-ship proper, at the same time increasing the speed, +produces the armoured cruiser. This type of vessel may +carry no guns of more than 8-inch calibre, and the armour +belt is reduced to three or four inches in thickness. Instead +of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck is carried +all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal +<pb n='373'/><anchor id='Pg373'/>thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle +it is three inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they +slope abruptly to below the water-line. Between these +sloping sides and the thin armour belt coal is stored, so +that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt, six or +eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches +thick, the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal +to a solid horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick. +</p> + +<p> +A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship, +because it could not accomplish anything with its 8-inch +guns against the 18-inch armour of its heavier rival, while +one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a battle-ship +or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat. +For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship, +so that she can run away, and the weight that is saved +in the armour belt and big guns is therefore put into the +engine-room. The average speed of an armoured cruiser is +about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of this +class in the navy are probably the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">New York</name>. +</p> + +<p> +Some vessels, like the Spaniard <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, are about half +way between a battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy +guns of the former and the speed of the latter. The <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, +although a cruiser, carried 11-inch guns with a 12-inch +armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an hour. +</p> + +<p> +The next step in reducing armament and increasing +speed, produced the protected cruiser, which carries no +armour belt, but retains the protective deck, upon the +sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The turrets +disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch +gun, the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire +guns and 6, 4, and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel +is not able to cope with the armoured cruiser, it must be +faster, for the general principle holds good that the weaker +the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or defensive +<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/>armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to +run away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the +navy may be found in the <name type="ship">Columbia</name> and <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name>, which +have a speed of about twenty-seven miles an hour. +</p> + +<p> +The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected +cruisers, which have neither armour-belt nor protective deck, +and carry only light batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these +vessels are slow, like the <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, they are intended for long +voyages and for duty in foreign countries, and are of little +use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected cruiser, like +the American line steamers, <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> and <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, attach +little importance to their armament, and rely for protection +upon stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the +armour belt in other vessels. All the beautiful wood-work, +which was so much admired in these vessels, was ripped +out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are sufficient +to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns. +On account of their extreme weakness as fighters, these +cruisers are necessarily the fastest of all the large vessels, +and can run away from anything. For this reason no +concern was felt for the <name type="ship">Paris</name> by those who knew the +principles which govern the safety of modern vessels. +</p> + +<p> +The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight +with any but vessels of their own class, which they may +encounter in the discharge of similar duties, such as scouring +the seas as the advance guard of the slower line of +battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels, +blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships. +Gunboats are simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended +for use in shallow waters and rivers. +</p> + +<p> +Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely +upon the torpedo as the weapon of attack, and they carry +no guns except a very few light-calibre rapid-fires to keep +off small boats. Their success depends on their ability +<pb n='375'/><anchor id='Pg375'/>to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo, and +retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their +great requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the <name type="ship">Porter</name> can speed +thirty-two miles an hour. Naval experts consider their bark +worse than their bite, because, with the modern system of +lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and rapidity +of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat +to get within range without exposing itself to instant +destruction, and after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a +serious repulse, it is believed that it would be almost +impossible to get the crews to go into action again. +</p> + +<p> +The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief, +does not carry any heavy guns, but depends on its great +speed and its ability to cripple a torpedo-boat with its +6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy’s tubes. +All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves, +so that they can be used against the enemy’s battle-ships or +cruisers if the occasion offers. The fastest boat in the +United States navy is the destroyer <name type="ship">Bailey</name>, which can steam +thirty-four miles an hour. +</p> + +<milestone unit="tb"/> + +<p> +In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may +depend on keeping open communication between the different +vessels of the squadron engaged. Owing to the fact +that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by the +smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval +experts have been kept busy devising some method by which +the flag-ship can communicate with the other vessels of the +squadron at all times and under all conditions. So far +nothing has been put in general service which meets this +demand, but lately there have been experiments with the +telephone, which, it is said, can be used without wires, by +which signals can be projected by a vibrator on one vessel +against a receiver on another. The Navy Department is +<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/>keeping the details of this new system carefully to itself, as +it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our +own ships of battle. +</p> + +<p> +The present method of communication is by the use of +flags representing numerals which are displayed in the rigging; +by the use of the Ardois system of lights for night +work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and by the use +of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that +the enemy should not read the message, the signal books on +board a vessel are protected with the greatest care, and are +destroyed along with the cipher code whenever it is seen that +capture is inevitable. The semaphore system in use in the +British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our vessels, +but it never became popular, and has been abandoned. +</p> + +<p> +In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is +looked up in the code-book and its corresponding number is +obtained. This number is never more than four figures, on +account of the necessity of setting the signal with the least +delay. The number having been obtained, the quartermaster +in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the +flags representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as +to read from the top down. These flags represent the numerals +from one to nine and cipher, and there is a triangular +pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a combination +where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to +those found in the general signal-book, in which are printed +all the words, phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an +order, make an inquiry, indicate a geographical position, or +signal a compass course. Answering, interrogatory, preparatory, +and geographical pennants form part of this code; also +telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags. +</p> + +<p> +The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left +flying until the vessel to which the message has been sent +signifies that it is understood by hoisting what is called the +<pb n='377'/><anchor id='Pg377'/>answering pennant. If the number hoisted by the flag-ship +is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left flying +until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is +pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood +as the command for the execution of the movement +just communicated. +</p> + +<p> +It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate +with a merchant vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging +to a foreign country. For this purpose the international +code is also carried in the signal-chest. These signals are +those in general use by all the merchant navies of the +world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen +flags and a code pennant, corresponding to the consonants +of the alphabet, omitting x and z. The code pennant +is also used with these signals. +</p> + +<p> +If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of +night signals, with which all our vessels carrying an electric +plant are fitted, is employed. These signals consist essentially +of five groups of double lamps, the two lamps in each +group containing incandescent electric lamps, and showing +white and red respectively. By the combination of these +lights letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word, +and hence an order, can be spelled out for the guidance of +the ships of the squadron. These lamps are suspended on +a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a keyboard from the +upper bridge. +</p> + +<p> +On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not +fitted with electric lighting, Very’s night signals are used. +This set includes the implements for firing and recharging +the signals. +</p> + +<p> +The latter show green and red stars on being projected +from pistols made for them. The combination in various +ways is used to express the numbers from one to nine and +cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits, contained in the +<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/>signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is +employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are +employed. The official flag is a red field with a small white +square in the centre; the unofficial flag is the same with the +colours reversed. The operator, having attracted the attention +of the ship which is to be signalled by waving the flag +or torch from right to left, transmits his message by motions +right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of +the alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four +motions. +</p> + +<p> +When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes +used. The rays of the sun are thrown by a system of +mirrors to the point with which it is desired to communicate, +and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making dots +and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system +is used only when operations ashore are going on, as the +rolling of the ship would prevent the concentration of the +sun’s rays. +</p> + +<p> +The present systems of flag signalling are products of +experience in the past, and are the natural growth of the +cruder flag system in use during the War of 1812, and in +the Civil War. There have been some changes in the construction +of flags, and the scope of communication has been +enlarged, but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much +the same way as we do now. Of course the Ardois light +signal is something very modern. In old times they communicated +at night either with coloured lights or by torches, +and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the +process was by means of flashes (representing numbers in +the signal book), and it was long and tedious. +</p> + +</div><div type="appendix" n="C" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='379'/><anchor id='Pg379'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appc"/> +<head>APPENDIX C.</head> + +<head type="sub">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</head> + +<p> +Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern +coast of Cuba, second only to Havana in its strategic +and political importance, and is the capital of the eastern +department, as well as its most flourishing seaport. +</p> + +<p> +The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action +where American heroism was displayed, is thus described by +Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his entertaining work on Cuba: +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but, +looking landward, nothing is seen but the same continuous +mountains which we have had for the last twelve hours, except +where, low down on the shore, there seems to be a slight +opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently, +some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half +hour more we discover the small opening to be the entrance +to a valley, and the dwelling-house to be the fort of the +Cabanas. Still, no town and no harbour; and yet ahead +we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking old castle, +with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated +walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves +dashing at their base. That is the Morro Castle, which, +with the battery of Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella, +and the above named Cabanas, commands the approaches +to the harbour and town of Cuba.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered +along it the remains of several vessels, whose captains, +<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/>in trying to escape from the dangers of the storm, have +vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour, and the bleaching +timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter +there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we +are up to the castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us +into a narrow channel and past the Morro and the battery +adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as big as himself, +hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find ourselves +in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains +are seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town, +and no place where there will likely be one; but now a turn +to the right, and there, rising from the water’s side almost to +the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago de Cuba, with its +red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of +its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a +brilliant foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie +behind the city....</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside, +to the high plain called the Campo del Marte, the city of +Santiago reaches in its highest point 160 feet above the +level of the sea, and commands from almost any portion +superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic +ranges of mountains that surround it. With a population +of about fifty thousand inhabitants, it has regularly laid out +streets and well-built houses of stone in most portions of +the city; though being built as it is on the side of a hill, +many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and from +the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks, +are anything but an agreeable promenade.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered +the conqueror of the island, who landed here in that +year on his first voyage; and it was from here that Juan de +Grijalva, in 1518, started on his expedition for the conquest +of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes, who, +how<pb n='381'/><anchor id='Pg381'/>ever, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called +then), now Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of <q>City</q> +and <q>Bishopric</q> were bestowed upon the town, having +been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where they had +been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European +settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca, +first bishop of the island, arrived and established here his +headquarters.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his +expedition for the conquest of Florida, where he met his +fate and found a tomb.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly +one thousand men, having been authorised, in addition to +the command of his Florida expedition, to assume that of +the whole island of Cuba.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French +arquebusiers, who took possession of it until a ransom of +$80,000 was paid, the invaders remaining nearly a month in +the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent were the attacks +of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was almost +depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo, +some distance in the interior.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake, +the Bishop Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana, +and almost all the diocesans, as well as the ecclesiastical +chapter, did the same, which action created great excitement, +the superior governor and chief of the island opposing it.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be +made into a cathedral, through the efforts of the prelate, +Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by the captain-general, +Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief +and all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession +to curse and stone his house.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place +<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/>by a squadron of fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose +people landed at the place now known as the <q>Aguadores,</q> +and to the number of eight hundred men marched without +opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after +repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders, +it appears, partook freely of the church-bells, carried +off the guns from the forts, took charge of the slaves, and +not finding the valuables they anticipated, which had been +carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their disappointment, +blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the +cathedral, remaining nearly a month in possession of the +city.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now +known as the Morro was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and +at the same time the fortresses of Santa Catalina, La Punta, +and La Estrella.</q> +</p> + +<p> + <q rend="post: none">In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city +was ruined by earthquakes, more than one hundred persons +being killed.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The town has the honour of having for its first mayor, +or <q>alcalde,</q> Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the +remains of Diego Velasquez, the first explorer and conqueror, +were buried there in the old cathedral. It is related +in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November, +1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the +broken slab of his tomb was found, seven and a half feet +under ground, the inscription upon which is illegible, with +the exception of a few Latin words giving name and date.</q> +</p> + +</div><div type="appendix" n="D" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='383'/><anchor id='Pg383'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appd"/> +<head>APPENDIX D.</head> + +<head type="sub">PORTO RICO.</head> + +<p> +Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November, +1493. In 1510 Ponce de Leon founded the town +of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as Pureto +Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan +Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native +inhabitants were soon subdued and swept away. In 1595 +the capital was sacked by Drake, and in 1598 by the Earl +of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman, +lost his life in an attack on the Castello del <anchor id="corr383"/><corr sic="Mono">Morro</corr>. The +attempt of the English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful, +and Abercrombie, in 1797, had to retire after a three +days’ strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward the +declaration of independence on the part of the Porto +Ricans, but Spanish supremacy was completely reëstablished +by 1823. The last traces of slavery were abolished +in 1873. +</p> + +<p> +San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island, +saving that it is well fortified, for it is the coolest, the +healthiest port, with thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour, +and twenty-eight feet of water alongside the coal wharves. +It is the only port on the island with fortifications. There +are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but outside of the +eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few +fighting men on the island. +</p> + +<p> +The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor +<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/>in fighting by those who know them, and are almost all +Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up of the best of +the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto +Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless +they please, and very few of them please. +</p> + +<p> +The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del +Morro fortress is at the entrance of the harbour. It is +the principal defence from the sea, and has three rows of +batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the city, +which lies at the back of it, but communication between the +city and fort is had by a tunnel. +</p> + +<p> +The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad. +There are some notable exceptions. There is a splendid +road built by the Spanish government from Ponce to San +Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and a young Porto +Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his +bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road +from Guayama, meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been +recently finished. The scenery is the most beautiful in the +West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are all over the +island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants everywhere +abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild +animals of any kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other +tropical fruits thrive in Porto Rico, but they are not specially +cultivated. +</p> + +<p> +Some years ago a railway around the island was projected, +but only three sections have been built. There is one to +the north from San Juan to Camuy, one on the west from +Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south from Yauco +to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from +San Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their +journey by stage-coaches, one from Camuy to Aguadilla, +and one from Mayaguez to Yauco. +</p> + +<p> +San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce +<pb n='385'/><anchor id='Pg385'/>has almost thirty thousand. There are many towns of +between twelve thousand and thirty thousand people. The +buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few three-story +buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples +of modern construction. +</p> + +</div><div type="appendix" n="E" rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='386'/><anchor id='Pg386'/> +<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appe"/> +<head>APPENDIX E.</head> + +<head type="sub">THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.</head> + +<p> +On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance +east of Santiago, is Guantanamo, or Cumberland +Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of water, with a +narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve +miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and +high hills on the north and east. +</p> + +<p> +Five miles from the entrance is the little town of +Caimanera, from which runs a railroad to the town of +Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its terminus at the +town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles +of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to +be fully protected from the wind. For vessels drawing +twenty-four feet or less there are about two more square +miles of harbourage. +</p> +</div> + </div> + <div> + <pgIf output="pdf"> + <then/> + <else> + <div id="footnotes" rend="page-break-before: right"> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + </else> + </pgIf> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before:right; x-class: boxed"> + <index index="pdf"/><index index="toc"/> + <head>Transcriber’s Note</head> + <p>The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original edition, + have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions, which + can be seen in the list of illustrations.</p> + <p>The following changes have been made to the text:</p> + <list> + <item><ref target="corr019">page 19</ref>, <q>last of March</q> changed to <q>last days of January</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr022">page 22</ref>, <q>Viscaya</q> changed to <q>Vizcaya</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr051">page 51</ref>, <q>procotol</q> changed to <q>protocol</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr080a">page 80</ref>, italics added to <q>Baltimore’s</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr080">page 80</ref>, <q>San Juan de Austria</q> changed to <q>Don Juan de Austria</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr081">page 81</ref>, <q>Valasco</q> changed to <q>Velasco</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr085">page 85</ref>, quote added before <q>Capt. Frank Wildes</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr089">page 89</ref>, <q>flagship</q> changed to <q>flag-ship</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr133">page 133</ref>, double <q>the</q> removed before <q>gunboat</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr158">page 158</ref>, <q>first class</q> changed to <q>first-class</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr166">page 166</ref>, <q>Albermarle</q> changed to <q>Albemarle</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr194">page 194</ref>, <q>armored</q> changed to <q>armoured</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr264">page 264</ref>, double quote removed after <q>dying.’</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr270">page 270</ref>, <q>of</q> changed to <q>off</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr309">page 309</ref>, <q>organized</q> changed to <q>organised</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr321">page 321</ref>, <q>flag-staff</q> changed to <q>flagstaff</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr370">page 370</ref>, <q>WARSHIPS</q> changed to <q>WAR-SHIPS</q></item> + <item><ref target="corr383">page 383</ref>, <q>Mono</q> changed to <q>Morro</q></item> + </list> + <p>Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been changed.</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> + </back> + </text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/30684-tei/images/ill01.png b/30684-tei/images/ill01.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1205b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/30684-tei/images/ill01.png diff --git a/30684-tei/images/ill02.jpg b/30684-tei/images/ill02.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..351ce7b --- /dev/null +++ b/30684-tei/images/ill02.jpg diff --git a/30684-tei/images/ill03.jpg b/30684-tei/images/ill03.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fa886c --- /dev/null +++ b/30684-tei/images/ill03.jpg diff --git a/30684-tei/images/ill04.jpg b/30684-tei/images/ill04.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bac30ee --- /dev/null +++ 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