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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century, by
+Henry Hartshorne
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century
+
+
+Author: Henry Hartshorne
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 3, 2010  [eBook #31171]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH
+CENTURY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Starner, Tamise Totterdell, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from
+scanned images of public domain material generously made available by the
+Google Books Library Project (http://books.google.com/)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      the the Google Books Library Project. See
+      http://books.google.com/books?vid=lU2J-EFFzjgC&id
+
+
+
+
+
+1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.
+
+by
+
+HENRY HARTSHORNE.
+
+"Coming Events Cast Their Shadows Before."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Philadelphia:
+E. Claxton & Co.,
+930 Market Street.
+1881.
+
+Copyright secured.
+1881.
+
+Collins, Printer.
+
+
+
+
+The contents of the following pages are taken from a diary, supposed to
+be written in 1931, by a gentleman of leisure and good opportunities for
+observation.
+
+Should any reader be inclined to hold the editor or author responsible
+for what is thus recorded, be it remembered that very little is expressed
+concerning what _ought_ to be; the chief purpose being to show rather what
+will _probably occur_.
+
+
+
+
+1931:
+
+A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.
+
+
+
+
+                                                    _January 1, 1931._
+
+
+I begin to-day to jot down occasional notes of whatever interests me
+most, in private or public affairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Much sympathy is just now felt everywhere for the ex-queen of England in
+her enforced retirement. She would have been perfectly safe in returning
+to England; and she will, probably, before long, again take up her
+residence at Osborne or Balmoral; but the extreme unpopularity of the
+ex-king makes his return at least undesirable.
+
+During our present, 71st Congress, meeting at St. Louis, a motion will
+be made by a member from Texas for the admission of Mexico as a State.
+When this is effected, Mexico will be the fifty-second State of our
+Union. Some Senators are understood to doubt the advantage to the
+country, at the present time, of this admission, on account of the
+constitutionally unsettled character of the population. Since
+Protestantism has so generally prevailed there, however, Mexico is said
+to have greatly improved. The acceptance of the whole of Central
+America, in the form of three Territories, must soon follow. For this
+also, but little can be urged, except the now very old argument of
+"manifest destiny." Commercial men say that it is time for this
+extension to be made, on account of the growing importance of
+interoceanic navigation, by the three routes, of Panama, Nicaragua, and
+Tehuantepec. Our large trade with Japan and China requires, besides the
+steamers running between San Francisco, Yokohama, and Hong Kong every
+two weeks, more frequent and quick water transit from Philadelphia, New
+York, Boston, and Baltimore, through one or other of these Isthmian
+routes.
+
+It has been abundantly shown that the anticipation of some speculative
+persons, that the course of the Gulf Stream, and consequently the
+climate of Western Europe, might be altered by cutting through the
+isthmus, and thus connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, was
+altogether erroneous. No change whatever in the direction, rate of
+motion, or temperature of the great current has been observed. It is too
+majestic a movement to be so affected.
+
+It is remarkable how entirely mistaken, also, those croaking prophets
+were, who formerly supposed that much addition to the old United States
+would make a cumbrous and impracticable political aggregate. Since the
+principle that only honest men shall be placed in public offices has
+been adopted throughout the nation, local administration of local
+affairs harmonizes so well with a central national government
+controlling general interests, that all works smoothly yet; even with
+the addition of the three great States which once formed the Dominion of
+Canada, and the outlying territories of Greenland, Labrador, Hawaii,
+Cuba, and St. Domingo.
+
+A motion made in the House last year, but then postponed rather than
+defeated, will probably come up again in Congress at this session:
+namely, to hold the meeting of Congress every third year in San
+Francisco. Alternation between Washington and St. Louis has now worked
+well for eleven years; and Western men are getting clamorous about their
+right to the same privilege in turn. Capitalists of San Francisco offer
+to contribute five millions of dollars towards the erection of the
+western Capitol, besides building and fitting out a Presidential mansion
+in their city. This is handsome; and, since the central Capitol at St.
+Louis, now nearly finished, has involved the expenditure of about twelve
+millions, such liberality may be needful for the success of the project.
+One of the California Senators has written an article on this topic in
+the last number of the _North American Review_. He proposes, among other
+things, that a statue of Abraham Lincoln shall be erected in front of
+the Capitol at St. Louis, and one of William Penn at that of San
+Francisco. At the three seats of government we shall then have
+perpetuated the memory of the three noblest and most era-making of
+American statesmen: Penn, representing the grandeur and security of
+Christian justice and peace; Washington, loyalty to national
+independence and republican institutions; Lincoln, the triumph, by
+sacrifice, of liberty throughout our continent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This mention of Abraham Lincoln suggests some retrospection. I remember
+that when, sixteen years ago, in 1915, our national debt was all finally
+paid off, great exultation was felt. In a Fourth-of-July oration at
+Omaha, the speaker, a young colored lawyer, referring to the civil war
+of 1861-65, as so largely adding to the national debt, said that his
+grandfather was one of the first men of color who ever sat in the Senate
+of the United States. Now, there are eight colored Senators, and fifteen
+members of the House. Of direct African descent also, are the Governor
+of Louisiana, and the Mayor of the city of Richmond, Virginia; the
+immediate predecessor of the latter having been a member of one of the
+oldest historical cavalier families of that State. The general officer
+in command at West Point, too, is a colored gentleman, of excellent
+reputation and qualifications. All prejudice of race, in fact, has now
+very much disappeared, and is looked back upon as a preposterous error
+of the past. Indian members of Congress number this session at least
+seven--two Senators, Cherokees, and five members of the House from the
+two new States formed from what was once the Indian Territory. The white
+population of those States is also well represented in the Senate and in
+the House.
+
+We learn that the United States of South America are at present holding
+their eighth biennial Congress at Lima, Peru. Brazil continues friendly;
+but the people of that nation still treasure the traditions and usages
+of their Empire. The constitutional limitations of Brazil, nevertheless,
+make it imperial only in name and form; it is as liberal as was the
+government of Great Britain in the latter days of its monarchy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We thought it a great deal for the English people, twenty-five years
+ago, to abolish the place of the House of Lords in their government; or
+even, before that, so completely to disestablish the once powerful
+Church of England. But the monarchy! What seemed so permanent as that?
+Who would have thought, fifty years ago, in good Queen Victoria's
+reign, that some persons then living might come to know of her throne
+being as vacant, nay, as utterly overturned, as the Palace of the
+Cæsars!
+
+It is one evidence of the old conservatism of the British nation, so
+terribly shattered now, that the rank, titles, and estates of the
+nobility are still left to them; with the qualification, that the eldest
+son is entitled by law to only twice the share of each of the other
+heirs of the estate; and the whole of any property may be sequestered,
+by legal process, for debt.
+
+Probably, now, the exodus of British nobles to this country, as well as
+to the continent of Europe, so active already during the last decade or
+two, will increase considerably. Marriage of American ladies with
+lordlings, earls, and even dukes, is scarcely very rare at present; it
+may be expected soon to become almost as common, at least, as such
+titles are. It is whispered that it is not entirely impossible that the
+ex-king and queen, with the royal family, may come hereafter to reside
+at New Belgravia, in California, where several thousands of acres have
+been latterly bought and occupied as estates, by English noblemen; or,
+perhaps more probably, in Loudon County, Virginia; where the Dukes of
+Cambridge and of Devonshire both own splendid properties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No wonder that the Republic of Great Britain and Ireland should differ
+chiefly from ours, in the greater share of power allotted to the Upper
+House. If men of rank will (as some of them have already done) wisely
+accept the inevitable change, and, with full loyalty to the Republic,
+seek, or allow themselves, to be elected to places in the new
+Parliament, they may, as Senators, exercise a power and skill in
+legislation, which will be beneficial not only to their own order, but
+to their country. They have the advantage of us, in England, in the
+presidential term being ten years; ours, with difficulty, having been
+prolonged only to eight. I believe that the preservation of the rank and
+property of the aristocracy during the critical times just past, and,
+indeed, the bloodless character of the revolution altogether,--have been
+mainly due to the sagacious policy of a number of noblemen of large
+influence;--especially the Argylls in Scotland and the Derbys and Dukes
+of Northumberland and Bedford, in England, in timely bending to the
+storm; yielding, step by step, what _must_ be yielded, and so keeping
+more than if they had resisted all changes to the bitter end.
+
+Especially do they now reap a reward for the good work of the
+Anglo-Irish Landlords' League; who, with their fitting motto, "_Noblesse
+oblige_," so liberally purchased from the old landlords, some years
+since, most of the properties in the distressed and disturbed parts both
+of England and Ireland, and sold them out in small farms to the
+peasantry. Glancing the other day, in our library, at Hack Tuke's
+pamphlet of 1880, on the Distress in Ireland, it is gratifying to know
+that, to-day, nearly three-fourths of the whole island are possessed by
+independent peasant farmers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And India! It reads almost like one of Southey's or Edwin Arnold's
+oriental poems to peruse the account of the splendid coronation of the
+Afghan Emperor of All India. Retribution here, indeed, for the folly of
+that charlatan prime minister who once prated about a "scientific
+boundary" of the _British_ Empire of India. Another instance of the
+"slow grinding of the mills of the gods," which is so very sure.
+
+Good news continues to come from France. Republican principles were
+never stronger; not a ghost of imperialism, and scarcely a thought of
+monarchical reaction, appears. Bourbons and Bonapartes alike are
+politically and sentimentally dead. Evangelical protestantism is
+spreading and deepening in its influence. The extreme intolerance of
+Romanism which prevailed for a while is giving way to a more reasonable
+freedom of conscience for all religions. Yet I doubt whether any city in
+Europe has fewer Roman Catholic worshippers than Paris, unless it be
+Rome; where the hatred of all relics and reminders of the old papal days
+is intense and pervading. It is to be wished that the Italian Republic
+were as settled and conservative as is that of the French. Spain is now
+going through its anti-Catholic fever; the banishment of all priests for
+five years seems an extreme measure; but, after it, there is room for
+hope that better days than those of Isabella of Castile await this long
+fallow but once intellectually fertile land. The annexation of Portugal
+is expected at least as soon as the present king dies; certainly no heir
+of his will ever wear a crown.
+
+The Pope! If he had only read, pondered, and _learned by heart_ Victor
+Hugo's poem, "Le Pape," he might perhaps be still at home in the
+Vatican. But the "infallible" can never learn. At Constantinople he is
+at least safe. The Greek government there is secure against all present
+foes. Then, the triarchate; is it not surprising? Pope, Patriarch, and
+Primate of Canterbury! Roman, Greek, and Anglican, united at last! A
+dream of the last century ecclesiastics is fulfilled,--alas, too late;
+for the glory has departed from the tiara, the crozier, and the mitre
+altogether.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan, it is said, has found an asylum in Persia. The Shah allows
+him a palace, but he is shorn already of half his _hareem_. Perhaps the
+fate of Lear may be before him yet, though not from filial ingratitude.
+
+
+
+
+                                                 _February 4th, 1931._
+
+
+Important cable news this morning is, that the German republican
+government last evening passed the bill accepting the proposal of France
+to purchase Alsace and Lorraine for 300,000,000 francs. More interesting
+still, a bill was also introduced, and is likely to pass, _ceding_ to
+the French all the rest of the territory on the west side of the Rhine
+bordering on France. The long-coveted natural boundary will thus be
+theirs. How infinitely better this than war upon war for revenge and
+conquest!
+
+The tunnel under the British Channel is nearly finished. It is to be
+constantly illuminated with electric light, and, being a joint national
+work, will be a free public (not _high_way exactly, but) way, for all.
+
+Austria-Hungary appears to be, for a time at least, tranquil. The
+emperor has conceded all that the constitutionalists required of him.
+There are now only four emperors in the world:--those of Austria,
+Brazil, India, and China; and the first two are so limited in power as
+hardly to deserve the imperial name. The title of tsar has been
+definitely denied to the present constitutional monarch of Russia; he is
+really something between a king and a president.
+
+Fearful indeed must have been the communist or nihilist war of Russia of
+thirty years ago. The country has hardly recovered from it yet. Had it
+not been for the loyalty of the large population of those families
+emancipated in 1861 by the Tsar Alexander II. from serfdom, not only the
+imperial family, but all the members of the nobility, and the whole
+class of wealthy Russians would probably have been put to death by fire
+and sword.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Welcome to all lovers of peace and prosperity will be the late
+intelligence that, at the Congress of Berlin, all the great powers have
+agreed to reduce their standing armies to 50,000 men for each nation;
+and that neither power shall increase its forces, without two months'
+notice to all the rest. The "volunteer" military organizations will
+still be allowed, besides these armies; but zeal for rifle practice
+seems to be very much on the wane. It is probable that occasional showy
+parades may soon be all that is left in civilized countries of the
+"pomp and circumstance of glorious war."
+
+It is painful to know that in Africa, and in Mongolian Asia, the arts of
+destruction have been more rapidly borrowed from Europe than those of
+peace and progress. It is said that Gatling guns, as well as Minié
+rifles and dynamite shells, and the newly reinvented projectile Greek
+fire, are now in use with terrible effect between hostile tribes in
+Central Africa, officered in great part by European and American
+adventurers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The international coinage arrangement, on the decimal system, so long in
+use between England, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, will
+be extended next year, by agreement, to Spain, Russia, Denmark, and
+Greece. It is wonderful how our fathers, even almost down to the present
+generation, were satisfied with any scheme of weights and measures other
+than the metrical, now so universally in use.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the South African Dutch-English Federal States we hear of
+settlement and progress. The Australian Republic also is thriving.
+Melbourne has now 600,000 inhabitants. How many millions of people
+to-day speak the English language! All North America (except a part of
+the people of Mexico); Australia; India; South Africa; and, this month,
+after long consideration, Japan has officially adopted English as the
+language of public affairs, to be taught in all the common schools. By
+the way, the newly elected Secretary of Education of the Japanese
+Commonwealth is an American; a graduate of the High School at Chicago.
+The extension of the use of spoken, written, and printed English in
+China is quite rapid, and so it is in Egypt, on the Continent of Europe,
+and in South America. It truly bids fair within a century to become the
+universal language.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The purchase of Jerusalem and the greater part of Palestine by an
+association of wealthy Jews, headed by the Rothschild, Montefiore, and
+Belmont families, is an accomplished fact. Along with this it may be
+noted that very many Jews have recently been converted to Christianity.
+There is a large tabernacle for the worship of evangelical Jews just
+built upon the Mount of Olives. At one of the first meetings of the
+Sanhedrim after the Russian municipal government had been withdrawn, a
+rabbi, bearing the significant name of Nicodemus, proposed this question
+for discussion: "Ought we now to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah?" By a
+small majority, the question was indefinitely postponed without debate.
+
+Jerusalem is now lit by gas, except an electric light in one of the
+central streets. Horse-cars are running in every direction; and a
+steam-train passes daily to and from Jaffa on the Mediterranean. The
+Mosque of Omar has been purchased by the Young Men's Christian
+Association, which has within its walk a Bible-School of nearly 1000
+pupils of all ages. A college for both sexes is in full operation at
+Jericho. An English weekly and an American daily newspaper are issued in
+Jerusalem, and an English daily paper also in Smyrna.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We learn that the Joint Commission appointed by England, France, Italy,
+and Greece for the provisional government of Egypt, is meeting with fair
+success; bad as the financial state of that country has been. The
+American "Egyptian Improvement Company," with a capital of forty
+millions of dollars, is paying an annual dividend of six per cent.;
+which is extraordinary for these times. New explorations along the Nile,
+near Luxor, have unearthed a number of royal tombs, with extremely
+interesting paintings, sarcophagi, and hieroglyphic inscriptions. More
+notable still; in a Coptic convent in Upper Egypt, there has been found
+a Greek Codex of the whole New Testament; believed by palæographers to
+belong to the third century. Among other things, it omits the concluding
+verses of the last chapter of the Gospel of Mark, and attaches the name
+of Barnabas to the Epistle to the Hebrews; not containing, moreover, the
+reputed Epistle of Barnabas which was found attached to the Sinaitic
+Codex.
+
+
+
+
+                                                    _March 26th, '31._
+
+
+A telegram directly from Peking to Washington announces the extension to
+all the provinces in China of the decree, already for a number of years
+enforced in the great cities, totally prohibiting the sale of opium;
+except by a few government appointees, at prescription of registered
+physicians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Euphrates Valley Railroad is almost finished. The main line of
+communication between Europe and Asia will pass through Smyrna, Aleppo,
+Bagdad, and Bassora on the Persian Gulf. A road will also run from Jaffa
+through Jerusalem, and will connect with Damascus. Parlor, sleeping, and
+hotel cars will be placed on all these roads at once, furnished by an
+Indianapolis firm on contract.
+
+By the completion, many years ago, of the trans-Indian line of telegraph
+and railroad, and now of that from Calcutta along the Brahmapootra River
+and through Southern China to Canton, the girdle around the world is
+almost completed. Puck might travel it now in less than forty minutes.
+Behring's Strait will, in a few months, be crossed by the Asian-American
+cable, and a line of steamers, owned partly by Russian and partly by
+American stockholders, will soon make that channel a ferry between the
+Continents. The greatest tunnel in the world is that being constructed
+through a spur of the Himalayas, in Northeastern India. The new
+observatory on Mount Everest is furnished with three first-class
+telescopes, and other needful appliances for astronomical observation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All friends of Africa will rejoice to know that Liberia is extending its
+annexations farther and farther into the interior. The Livingstone lock
+Canal also, along the valley of what was once called the Congo River, is
+contracted for, to be ready for navigation within twelve months. No
+doubt at all exists of the success of the project for irrigating
+portions of the desert of Sahara by means of Artesian, or rather not
+very deep driven wells, by which the desert has already been made, in a
+hundred artificial oases, to "blossom as the rose."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ship canals seem to be among the special works of our time. It is now
+almost a quarter of a century since the Caspian and Black Seas were
+connected, through the enterprise of Russian capitalists. The newest
+project broached is to cut through from the Gulf of Boothia to Hudson's
+Bay, in latitude 65° N. and longitude 90° W. from Greenwich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think I shall join, this summer, one of the excursions which are
+getting so fashionable, to Labrador, Greenland, or perhaps Iceland. The
+Upernavik House is said to be very well kept, and filled most of the
+season with boarders or transient visitors.
+
+There is something yet new in these northern places. Switzerland is
+getting spoiled and commonplace. Think of making the ascent of Mont
+Blanc on a steam railroad! Think, too, of public school excursions to
+the Yosemite, and the rocks there being placarded all over (until the
+government very properly had them taken down) with advertisements!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Certainly man must begin to repair or restore to nature some of his
+robberies. A small beginning of this has been made by the Society of
+Acclimatization and Conservation. At their Acclimatarium in West
+Philadelphia, including the old Centennial Grounds of '76, and the
+Zoological Garden, munificent arrangements have been made, by the use of
+glass, wood, iron, and water-gas heating apparatus, for the creation of
+an artificial tropical and sub-tropical climate. All the glories of
+Southern India, Ceylon, Java, Australasia, Brazil, and the West Indies
+may now be seen there, in palms, cycads, eucalypti, acacias, tree ferns,
+clinging vines, and splendid flowers, as well as in the many-colored
+birds and insects of those regions; with their animals, also, which are
+disposed, when needful for safety, in cages so large and yet so light,
+as scarcely to give the appearance of imprisonment.
+
+Also, the camel is now fairly naturalized in Texas and New Mexico, and
+the two-toed ostrich in South America; on the pampas of that continent
+travellers may meet with the gazelle, the springbok, the oryx, and the
+kangaroo. Elephants are domesticated and used for court occasions in
+Brazil, as they are in India. Tea and coffee are now largely cultivated
+in California, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. In
+exchange, the cinchona tree abounds more now in India than in Peru, and
+the cacao or cocoa tree has been planted by thousands upon the southern
+slopes of the Himalayas and in Persia.
+
+On the other hand, the bison and the prong-buck are almost extinct in the
+west. But for the great national parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Niagara
+and others, carefully guarded, the American deer, elk, and moose would
+all likewise disappear. Forest-culture, however, is, by the pressure of
+necessity, attracting, as it ought, a great deal of attention, under the
+guidance of the government Agricultural Department.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It seems to work well, better than some expected, to have our national
+Cabinet enlarged by the introduction to full rank in it of the three new
+Secretaries, of Agriculture, Education, and Health. The importance of
+the last named of these is universally acknowledged; as well as the
+necessity for State Boards of Health in all the States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century! Human
+life now averages 50 years in the United States; rather more in
+England, and nearly as much in France and Germany. By stringent
+regulations for maintaining cleanliness of ships, wharves, and, indeed
+of cities throughout, along with the abolition everywhere of the useless
+and detestable antiquated personal quarantine, yellow fever has been
+almost absolutely extinguished; only ten deaths from it occurring last
+summer in Havana, one or two in Pensacola, and not one in New Orleans,
+Memphis, Nashville, or any other city in the United States. Cholera,
+likewise, through sanitary improvements, has disappeared from the world,
+except a score or two of cases annually in the worst crowded villages
+near the Ganges in India. What a grand triumph of medical art, also,
+following Jenner's vaccination, and Pasteur's later investigations, is
+the protection afforded against the dangers of scarlet fever, measles
+and whooping-cough, by inoculation with a modified virus, appropriate to
+each!
+
+But, more than these, the waste of human life has been abridged by the
+sweeping reform effected in regard to the abuse of alcohol. That was a
+grand report made to Congress by the men and women of the "Alcohol
+Commission" of 1910. It is said to have been principally written by the
+chairwoman of the Commission, who was then, and continues to be still,
+Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University. Local option in
+nine-tenths of our States, with prohibition of dram-shops everywhere:
+what a change from a century ago! A man was almost mobbed in Boston the
+other day for selling liquor to a minor. On being taken before a
+magistrate, and afterwards tried in court, he was imprisoned for three
+years. Arrests, fines and imprisonment for selling whiskey by the glass,
+rather frequent ten years ago in New York, are seldom now heard of. The
+American people are sober! It looks like a monstrous and incredible
+folly that we read of, that, once, even otherwise sensible and
+well-meaning gentlemen would, on occasion, get staggering drunk.
+
+Wines of the finest quality, equal to the best of Europe, are made every
+year in California, New York, and Missouri; and they are occasionally
+placed upon the table at entertainments. But it is regarded as an
+intolerable indecorum for a gentleman to drink more than a single glass,
+or a lady half a glass, at a time.
+
+There is no doubt that the large and magnificent coffee and cocoa
+houses (the latter most commended on hygienic grounds), in all our great
+cities, have made much more practicable the shutting up of the drinking
+saloons that formerly lined our streets.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another great sanitary improvement was the destruction, a few years
+since, of all the tenement houses of New York and Boston, and the
+prohibition by law of their re-erection. The mortality of New York was
+lessened by one-third the very next year after it was done. I am glad to
+hear that, following this good example, a Citizens' Philanthropic
+Building Association has bought up most of the ground in the worst parts
+of the down town Philadelphia suburbs, in order to put up blocks of
+model lodging-houses there. It seems unfortunate that the terribly
+destructive fire in Philadelphia in 1890, occurring when all the
+fireplugs were frozen with zero weather, should have laid waste Arch,
+Market, Chestnut, and Walnut Streets, rather than those dens of poverty
+and misery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When the new water supply for New York city and the Hudson River towns
+from the Adirondack region, and those for Philadelphia from the upper
+Delaware and Perkiomen, are completed, and sewage irrigation relieves
+the rivers everywhere from pollution, it may be hoped that the yearly
+mortality of our great communities may be brought down below 15 in 1000;
+once thought to be the acme of healthfulness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheapening of food goes on remarkably, along with close and high culture
+of the ground. Proper appreciation of the share taken by the
+_atmosphere_ in the nutrition of plants has made soil construction a
+much simpler and surer thing than formerly. Roof-gardens in towns are
+very common and successful; half of the vegetables consumed in Baltimore
+are said to be grown on roofs. I once saw a book entitled "Our Farm of
+Four Acres;" and another, "Ten Acres Enough." Very little skill should
+be needed now to enable a frugal family to live _well_ on two or three
+acres of well-made ground.
+
+
+
+
+                                                  _August 20th, 1931._
+
+
+I bought yesterday a pound of the best grass-flavored adipo-butyrin (as
+good as any dairy butter) for ten cents; a sirloin of good western beef
+for twelve cents a pound; and, best of all, a bushel of Rocky-mountain
+grasshoppers, as crisp and delicious as could be, for only thirty-seven
+cents! They say, the supply of these last delicacies will be short this
+season; as hardly any have appeared yet in Kansas or Nebraska.
+Excursions for procuring them from farther west are, however, quite
+frequently made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I saw an account of the sale of some Southern lands in this morning's
+paper. The best farm land in Virginia brings 400 to 500 dollars an acre.
+Some in South Carolina has brought 400 and 500; good Maryland farms 5,
+6, and 700 dollars an acre. Manufactories, too, are in active operation
+in all the old Cotton States. It has happened, as every one might have
+known would be the case, that when a generation or two had passed after
+the cessation of slavery, and the old hatreds had been buried in the
+graves of the men and women who nursed them, prosperity would increase
+in the South to an extent that could hardly be imagined under the
+slaveholding régime, the "dark ages" of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How fast arts and inventions are accumulating! The nineteenth century
+seems likely to be equaled if not surpassed in new material appliances
+of civilization and luxury. Railroad speed now often reaches ninety
+miles an hour, upon the straightened and generally elevated tracks in
+use; with the automatic block-signal system so complete, that collisions
+are nearly impossible. Coal-oil is now much used in locomotives, and
+almost universally on ocean steamers. The supposed dangers of its
+conveyance and employment have been readily met by suitable precautions.
+
+The cable-telephone has been perfected; one can converse directly with a
+friend or business correspondent in Liverpool, London, or Paris, at the
+rate of twelve cents a minute. How these things promote terseness and
+pithiness of speech! I believe no one, unless it be the stockholders of
+one or two old lines, regrets that all telegraphic and telephonic
+communication in this country has been taken under the control of the
+government. Underground laying of telegraph wires is now nearly
+universal.
+
+Photographing in colors, a French invention, is one of the newer and
+more attractive arts. Printing one's own books has become almost too
+easy, by using the type-writer, with sheets of celluloid, warmed to
+300°, instead of paper. The celluloid hardens at once sufficiently for
+stereotyping; so that any number of thousands of copies can be taken
+from such off-hand plates. Truly, "of making many books there is no
+end." Pencils, moreover, whose marks are permanent, have so improved as
+to render that intolerably nasty fluid, ink, unnecessary, and confined
+in its use entirely to a few old-fashioned people.
+
+_Magnifying sound_ has gone far beyond the microphone and megaphone of
+the last century. Deaf persons are now helped by instrumental aid almost
+as much as defective sight is by proper glasses.
+
+Gunpowder and nitro-glycerin have both been utilized for the production
+of continuous motion, especially in the propulsion of the contents of
+transportation tubes. By these agencies, all the local letter
+distribution of Boston and Portland, and a good deal of that of New
+York, is effected by tube-transmission to and from the various branch
+deposit-offices of the cities.
+
+Locomotives are at present running, at a speed limited by law, on our
+best common roads. Several wealthy gentlemen in Philadelphia use small
+private steam-carriages to go daily between their homes and places of
+business. The _pocket magneto-electric lamp_ is one of the neatest of
+modern inventions; and _wiring power_ one of the most tremendous. It is
+said that the energy of a twenty-horse-power steam engine may be
+conveyed from place to place as far as 25 or 30 miles, by suitable cable
+under ground. The only difficulty is to make its management safe, as the
+least contact with the cable is as destructive as lightning; but this
+will no doubt soon be done.
+
+With all these ingenuities, no one has yet contrived a really successful
+flying-machine. Man seems designed by his Creator to remain always "a
+little lower than the angels" in this prerogative.
+
+It is a good thing to be able to be rid, as we now may be, of dirty
+anthracite or other coal in our houses. The distribution of heat,--by
+pipes conveying hydrogen gas for burning in gas-stoves, ranges, or
+furnaces, by steam, or by hot water,--is provided for on the pipe
+system, extending under and through houses from large street mains, in
+most of our cities. I am much pleased also with the method of _floor_
+and _wall_-warming now common; although, for the wealthy, an open wood
+fire is still one of the greatest of all costly luxuries. The uses of
+coal, moreover, are yet so numerous, that all coal-carrying railroads
+are earning and paying large dividends.
+
+For the summer time, the "can't get away" Philadelphians may be
+congratulated on the delightful sea-water baths they can have on Broad
+Street, in water brought by the great marine aqueduct from Atlantic
+City. The water is raised from the sea by tidal power (a kind of motor
+now having many applications) to a reservoir at a sufficient height to
+give the requisite descent towards the city. Its rate of movement, also,
+is such that, being under cover all the way, it retains much of the
+coolness of the ocean-surf.
+
+The blanching or bleaching of the London fogs, by the improved methods
+of consuming smoke, must be a very fine thing for the dwellers in that
+overgrown city. We hear, however, of one old lady, a duchess, who thinks
+the fog now to be very vulgarly pale; and regrets the good old days of
+what she thought a much more picturesque gloom.
+
+
+
+
+                                                   _October 3d, 1931._
+
+
+I have just walked up from the Public Buildings at Broad and Market
+Streets, whither I went to read the "City Bulletin" of telegraphic
+intelligence from all quarters of the world. This is displayed by means
+of letters thrown by the electric light upon screens on the four sides
+of the great square tower above the public buildings. On the North side,
+you can see the latest items of news from Europe; on the East, from
+Asia; on the South, from South America, Africa, and Australasia; on the
+West, from all parts of the United States and Territories. The
+illumination is kept up until 10 o'clock every night.
+
+Of items thrown out this evening, I remember only these: from Europe,
+that the Pan-Catholic Council of the three historical churches (so
+called), has decided to admit the precedence, but not the supremacy, of
+the Pope over the Patriarch of the Greek Church and the Anglican
+Primate. Between the latter two, the question of relative rank has not
+yet been decided. From Asia, report comes of a terrible battle between
+the Persians and the invading Tartar army, in which the latter was
+defeated, with great loss on both sides. All the European and American
+ambassadors are instructed to urge the conclusion of this useless but
+ferocious war. From Africa, we are told of the election of a new
+President, of Dutch descent, for the South African Federation. Of United
+States intelligence of to-day, I am most interested to learn that the
+intercollegiate prize for oratory, at Washington, for which the students
+of twenty-five colleges competed, has been awarded to Miss Minnie
+Stephens, a young lady of Atlanta, Georgia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The International Weather Signal Service now covers, in its
+communications, all portions of the globe. Predictions, or at least
+indications, for three days ahead, are posted daily at Washington
+(whence they are sent to our other American cities), and at London,
+Berlin, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Bombay, Calcutta, Canton, Tokio,
+Cairo, Cape Town, Sydney, Rio Janeiro, Lima, Havana, and Vera Cruz.
+
+What a practical comment upon the uselessness of our petty standing
+regular army of twenty-five thousand men is the act of Congress just
+passed, making West Point a school for Signal Service officers, and for
+training those preparing for Arctic, Antarctic, and Ocean-dredging
+explorations!
+
+Speaking of institutions of education, the National University has
+completed its endowment of six million dollars, and has commenced its
+organization by the appointment of a Board of Directors. It is to be
+located at Chicago, St. Louis, or Omaha, as the Board shall conclude.
+For the President of this University, an evening paper rather lightly
+says: "so much difficulty exists in selecting an individual belonging to
+this world, combining all the desired requisites, that it is in
+contemplation to wait (our moon being uninhabited) until one can be
+obtained from the planet Mars, or possibly Jupiter. The latter will no
+doubt be best,--as one who can bear the great heat of that planet will
+be well fitted to meet the fiery criticism to which he will be subjected
+on all sides."
+
+Industrial and half-time manual-labor schools are now, in the public
+school systems of our States, getting to be the rule rather than the
+exception. Astonishing it is, also, to look back to the time, which I
+can remember, when, instead of the natural and rational method of
+coeducation of the sexes, now universal (with very few exceptions), it
+was a common thing for boys and girls, young men and young women, to be
+educated,--monastery and nunnery fashion,--entirely apart!
+
+_Out-of-door_ schools are a grand improvement of our times. They are the
+old kindergartens of Pestalozzi and Froebel developed. The best that I
+know is in West Philadelphia, near the Acclimatarium. In winter, the
+teachers and children go together for study into the inclosures of the
+Acclimatarium, for at least three hours every day. In summer, their
+range is extended through Fairmount Park, and farther, for the same or a
+longer period. The pupils enter this school at six or seven years of
+age, and continue the "nature course" until twelve or thirteen. Then
+they take up, elsewhere, a larger share of book studies; so that they
+may be, by sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen, prepared for college, if
+desired; and after college, for the Universities.
+
+The degrees of Bachelor and Master of Education, first bestowed by some
+of the great Western Universities, are now granted also by most of our
+kindred Eastern institutions.
+
+Everybody is satisfied that the great English Spelling Reform is not
+going on too fast. Our children are taught the new spelling, the books
+being, in all the public schools, changed once in ten years. With this
+gradual transition, under the direction of the Anglo-American
+Philological Association, we are safely approaching an era of reasonable
+orthography.
+
+A seemingly extreme rule, but really very good, has lately been passed
+by the directors of three of the largest public libraries in this
+country, at the urgency of the Department of Mental Hygiene of the
+American Social Science Association. It is, that no novels shall be
+given out on the application of minors; and that only one novel in three
+months may be taken out in any one stockholder's name.
+
+
+
+
+                                                 _December 1st, 1931._
+
+
+The presidential address at the annual meeting of the Intercontinental
+Scientific Congress, this year held at Melbourne, Australia, has just
+been published. I find in it mention of the following, among other, late
+advances in science.
+
+Proof seems to be accumulating that the suggestion made by Lockyer in
+1879, that all the supposed chemical elements are really modifications
+of the same substance, and that soon after made by others, that this
+common substance is only _condensed universal ether_, the medium of
+luminous, electrical, and other vibrations, is going to be accepted as
+correct. The opinion that the _panæther_, as it is best called, is _not
+atomic_ in its constitution, while all the combinable elements are so,
+is also gaining ground.
+
+More exact knowledge being now had of the relations existing among the
+different so-called elements, it has become possible to work out the
+atomic theory, so far as to prove that the law of chemical attraction is
+identical with that of gravitation; namely, that its force is directly
+in proportion to the number and mass of the atoms, and inversely as the
+squares of their distances: _atomic distances_ being, by extremely
+abstruse calculations, approximately estimated. The long wished for full
+explanation of the relations between frictional electricity, voltaism,
+magnetism, heat, and light, seems likely soon to be obtained; and,
+consequently, also the exact physical relations of the vital or
+formative force of animals and plants.
+
+It is quite well understood that, as Newton himself anticipated, the law
+of gravitation was but a step, though a very great and important one, in
+the generalization of cosmic changes and forces. We seem to be on the
+eve of another advance, needing only the completion of some difficult
+mathematical and physical analyses,--in which all so-called attractions
+and repulsions whatever will be resolved into results or phenomena of
+motion; ethereal, atomic, molecular, and massive motions; whose mutual
+reactions and momenta make the infinite complexity of the universe.
+Towards such a conclusion, serviceable contributions were made many
+years since, by three American cosmologists, Norton, Pliny Chase, and
+Kirkwood.
+
+The 320th asteroid was discovered at Pike's Peak observatory, during
+last summer. I may jot down here too, the record of the first
+observation of a new telescopic comet, last month, by a senior student
+of Bryn Mawr College for Women.
+
+Australia, according to the address mentioned, has at last furnished to
+palæontologists the real _missing link_, not between men and apes, which
+they have generally given up, but between vertebrate and invertebrate
+animals. So that the famous ascidian mollusc, with a semi-vertebral
+larval stage, which nourished in the writings of Darwin and others, is
+no longer needful. The fossil referred to is an ancient fish-like worm,
+or worm-like fish, to which the name of Entomicthys amphisoma has been
+provisionally given. It is still more remarkable than the amphioxus or
+lancelet, which has been long known.
+
+By the improved methods of measuring both space and time in practical
+astronomy, it has been rendered nearly or quite certain that our earth
+is gradually approaching the sun; and that the same is true of all the
+other planets. Small as the rate of this approach is, it is enough to
+confirm the belief of Sir William Thomson and others in the 19th
+century, that our solar system is constructed for finite (not, as
+Laplace and Lagrange thought, infinite) duration; the whole economy of
+planets will at last run down like a clock, and all the elements will be
+melted together with fervent heat.
+
+Among the leading discoveries of the year is that of the long-looked-for
+third moon of the extra-Neptunian planet. The name of that planet
+itself, although it has been known since 1885, is not yet finally
+settled. Some call it Pluto; others Terminus; it being almost certainly
+the outermost body of our solar system.
+
+A good observation of the intra-Mercurial planet Vulcan was made from
+Mount Everest some weeks ago, by the Hindu astronomer-imperial on duty
+there.
+
+Of the _corona_ seen around the sun during eclipses, the tendency now
+seems to be to return to the explanation long ago proposed and
+discarded; that it is neither telluric, _i.e._ produced by our
+atmosphere, nor, strictly or only, solar; but mainly _selenic_; that is,
+caused by the rays of the sun being _diffracted_ around the edge of the
+moon intervening between us and it. The different appearances of the
+corona as seen from different places on the earth are thus accounted
+for, as well as their diversity during different eclipses, by the
+irregularities upon the lunar surface.
+
+A fine chemical advance has been made in the laboratory of the
+University of Vienna, in the manufacture, from strictly _inorganic_
+materials, and at very moderate and remunerative cost, of the alkaloids
+quinia, strychnia, atropia, morphia, and others. No chemist, however,
+has yet made a single speck of albumen, or any other truly protoplasmic
+substance. By the consent of all biologists, the disproof of the
+possibility of "spontaneous generation" is as strong as ever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How utterly impossible is it for any one to keep up with the science or
+the literature of the present day! One must have the hundred hands of
+Briareus, and the hundred eyes of Argus, with brains to suit, to know
+anything at all worth while, in our age. Happily, it is not expected of
+us, of anybody, to be Aristotles or Humboldts now.
+
+I like very much the Philadelphia Library Public Reading Course, carried
+on for the last seven or eight years. The Readers there give, twice
+every week, summary oral accounts of all that has been last printed in
+all parts of the world; one hour each evening being given to literature,
+and another hour to science. Once a month, the latest important books
+are briefly reviewed. This saves busy people a vast deal of time. The
+Reader is a sort of animated newspaper and monthly magazine combined.
+
+In social life, the once neglected accomplishment and enjoyment of
+conversation are coming up again. The "Conversation Club" is a great
+success. Its members meet once a week, ladies and gentlemen, young and
+old, single and married, together, at each other's houses, to the number
+of from fifty to a hundred and fifty; from half past seven or eight, to
+half past ten sharp, without any of the trouble or expense of food or
+drink; which it is rationally supposed they have all had or can get at
+home. Dancing is omitted, and only vocal music is allowed; this being in
+rooms apart from the main parlors. With those living out of town,
+afternoon hours are preferred; and only tea, coffee, cocoa, and crackers
+are placed on side tables for those who come from distant places.
+Similar _salons_ to these are usual in Paris; one of them occurring on
+the same evening in the week as ours. Last week, by arrangement, a half
+hour's telephonic discussion was maintained between Philadelphia and
+Paris, on the merits of the last two French translations of Longfellow's
+Poems.
+
+Twice at least in the winter there are yet larger gatherings of the same
+kind, at our Academy of Natural Sciences, and at the Academy of Fine
+Arts. In these, 500 or 600 people are commonly assembled; and very
+pleasant occasions they always are.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The "new Raphael" is the name rather oddly given to a young painter of
+extraordinary genius, especially for depicting the human face and form.
+Oddly given, I say, because the artist is a young woman, daughter of a
+respected minister of the Society of Friends, living in North Carolina.
+
+A Greek poet, chiefly lyric, recalling Pindaric days, has sprung up
+lately in Athens. His rendering of the dramas of Sophocles into modern
+Greek for the stage in Athens and Constantinople, is said to have
+attracted much attention amongst theatre-goers.
+
+A reunion of literary men and women of all nations is to be held at
+Athens, in view of the ruins of the Parthenon, during May, next year.
+
+A trial is now going on in this city, which is likely to illustrate
+well the difference between the present method of trial by courts of
+judges, and the old way by juries. Three judges must always be present;
+and the statement of the accused, in criminal cases, is taken as part of
+the evidence. The abomination of allowing lawyers to engage _expert_
+witnesses on behalf of their respective sides, on questions of poisoning
+or insanity, has been done away with. The court, in such cases, appoints
+a commission of experts, who make a joint report in every instance.
+
+Capital punishment has been abolished in all our States, and in all
+European countries except Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Life-imprisonment
+has taken its place; without pardoning power anywhere, even when the
+plea of insanity has been sustained. A great gain in our jurisprudence
+latterly is, making the proved _intent and effort to kill_ identical
+before the law with successful murder. Moreover, repeated crimes,
+burglaries for instance, are punished by cumulative increase of the
+penalty after every new offence and conviction. As all imprisonment is
+now conducted on the separate plan, jails are no longer, as once,
+training schools for crime.
+
+
+
+
+                                                _December 25th, 1931._
+
+
+The bells are ringing for the various church celebrations of Christmas.
+I will, as I hear them, jot down some items about late religious
+affairs. In yesterday's "Anglo-American Weekly Times," I read a
+well-written sermon by the Dean of St. Paul's, London, on the evidence
+of the wisdom and goodness of God derived from the facts of evolution;
+not Darwinism, as that phase of the theory of development has latterly
+become practically of secondary importance. Justice was done, however,
+in this discourse, to the immense contributions made by Darwin's genius
+and labors to the facts of natural science, and to the proofs of design
+abounding in the creation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The revised version of the Bible (of which the New Testament was issued
+in 1881) is now universally in use. The version of King James, so
+called, has become antiquated, and is consulted almost alone by scholars
+for special inquiries. Editions are now to be had of the later version
+in which the reformed spelling of 1925 is carried out.
+
+The Old Catholics, of whom Döllinger and Loyson (Father Hyacinthe) were
+leaders during the last century, have carried their reforms much farther
+than the High Church section of the Anglican body. They are, it is said,
+looking towards junction with the Reformed Episcopal Church, which now
+numbers about 600,000 members.
+
+A striking feature in the religious "movement" of our times, is a
+general tendency towards the _congregational_ principle of association.
+Councils, convocations, synods, conventions, and "yearly meetings" have
+more and more an advisory, and less and less of compulsory power, over
+independent local congregations. Denominations have so multiplied, that
+it looks as if, after awhile, every man may be his own pastor, elder,
+bishop, or over-seer,--indeed a whole "church" by himself. Let us hope
+that this disintegration only anticipates the final _reunion_ of all
+Christians in one flock (perhaps even in one fold), under one shepherd.
+
+The World's Young Men's Christian Association now counts more than two
+million members. Its annual conventions meet alternately at
+Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans, Washington, London, Rome,
+Constantinople, Jerusalem, Calcutta, Melbourne, and Tokio. Women's
+Christian Associations number, in the aggregate, almost as many members.
+
+On New Year's day, 1932, a union prayer meeting of all nations is to
+convene under the dome of St. Peter's at Rome. It will be continued
+daily for two weeks. At least ten languages will be used by those there
+assembled for united worship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Pan-Presbyterian Convention, met at San Francisco on the 15th of
+last month, a resolution was passed, after protracted debate, in which
+it was declared to be the sense of that body that Christian doctrine, in
+the progress of modern enlightenment, must not be hereafter fettered by
+any prescription, however venerable, of merely human authority; no
+minister being bound, therefore, to exclusive adherence, in his
+statement of doctrines, to language not contained in the Holy
+Scriptures. This was understood as allowing, as entirely optional, the
+abandonment of what has been known as predestinarian Calvinism.
+
+Three weeks later, in the Unitarian Convention at Boston, the following
+resolution was brought forward:--
+
+"Whereas, the occasion for the origin of New England Unitarianism was
+the need of protesting against extreme and erroneous dogmatic teaching,
+whereby the truth and beauty of Christianity were becoming obscured and
+misrepresented; and whereas, at the present day, reform in this respect
+has become general among the so-called Evangelical churches:
+
+"Therefore Resolved, that the mission of Unitarianism in this country
+may be regarded as having been performed and ended."
+
+This was passed by a fair majority. The dissenters, after the
+adjournment of the Convention, reorganized on the same basis as before,
+with a view to permanence; but several of these joined, somewhat later,
+the Association of Free Religionists, who have discarded the name of
+Christians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Congress of German philosophers and advocates of free thought was held
+some months ago at Munich. At its closing session, a declaration was
+proposed as embodying the main present result of free thought in
+Germany. It sets forth that the ideas of Christianity are necessary to a
+satisfactory theory of man and the universe. These ideas are said to
+be, the existence and eternity of God, the visible manifestation of God
+to man, the suffering of God with and for man, and the visitation of
+God, spiritually, to men.
+
+The facts of physical and natural science, interpreted according to the
+matured scheme of evolution, prove a _beginning_; a world not eternal.
+The philosophy of the Absolute requires recognition of the existence of
+an _unbeginning_ and unending Being. Cosmic science proves _unity of
+plan_, _purpose_, and _beneficence_, throughout the universe. Man's
+intelligence necessitates the belief that a greater Intelligence must
+have created him. If, then, God is, and is good, it is impossible that
+He should not make Himself known to man, both visibly and invisibly:
+once, at least, in history, and always spiritually. If man, being free,
+errs, he must, by the necessity of the laws of the universe, in
+deranging its harmony, suffer and cause suffering. But God may Himself
+accept this suffering, and so abate it; making it finite and brief,
+instead of unending, as it must, without His interference, be. All these
+conditions are met by the Christian religion; which has also stood the
+severe test of many martyrdoms. "While, therefore," it is concluded,
+"we regard ecclesiasticism and ritualism as among the greatest of evils,
+we are convinced that Christianity is the only religion reconcilable
+with philosophy; and we therefore accept it as true."
+
+This declaration is reported to have met with very loud and angry
+dissent from a considerable minority. The latter resolved themselves,
+finally, into two schools: one, the larger in number, of rational deists
+or theists, repudiating Christianity; the more extreme portion, into a
+new sect or organization, which met shortly afterwards in Dresden.
+
+These last free-thinkers, when assembled, declared that they were
+discontented with all previous protests against religion, as not going
+sufficiently far. "We have had enough," they said, "of futile efforts to
+deny or ignore the existence of God. We believe that He exists, and we
+_hate_ Him. We regard the Satan of Milton as the noblest character in
+all literature and history. All honor from us to those who, in history
+like Strauss, in philosophy like Schopenhauer, in science like
+Hoeckel, and in literature like Heine, have tried, directly or
+indirectly, to make the Christian's God seem unknowable or hateful to
+men. But the time has come to pass beyond their moderation. We unite
+ourselves in a league, not as atheists, but as _misotheists_, against
+all that is called God; not in unbelief, but in revolt and utter
+defiance."
+
+Such is the substance of the programme, announced on the pages of the
+"Anarchist," published in New York, of the new Misotheistic Association.
+It fraternizes, very naturally, with the Anti-Christian Society of
+London, and the Grand Order of the Knights of Lucifer at Rome.
+
+Lower down in the scale still, but with much the same _animus_, is the
+secret order, now said to number many members in nearly every city in
+Europe and this country, though originating in Bombay, India, of _Thugs_
+and _Burners_. These are vowed to take every opportunity to do injury to
+the cause not only of religion, but of public and private virtue and
+order; by arson, assassination, and other crimes. Through the vigilance
+of well-organized police, they have, so far, been prevented from
+effecting very much mischief; but they constitute one of the worst of
+all the dangers of our otherwise generally secure civilization.
+
+In the Calcutta "Weekly Record of Asia," just arrived, I find
+particulars of the late conversion of the young Emperor of China to
+Christianity, and of the consequences of that event.
+
+His instructor, a few years ago, while teaching him the English
+language, selected the Bible as the best specimen of its literature.
+Reading it alone, he became interested in it, and at last convinced of
+its truth. When a Moravian missionary requested and obtained an
+interview with him, his faith was confirmed. As soon as he came to the
+throne, he resolved, after much prayer, fully to act out his new belief.
+Confiding this state of mind to one of his trusted counsellors, such
+changes were made in his household and government as would insure the
+prompt and effective carrying out of the imperial mandates. Then he
+caused a proclamation to be made throughout the empire, that he, the
+Emperor, acknowledged the God of the Christians' Bible, and commanded
+all his faithful children to accept the religion of Christ. So much had
+been done already by persevering mission-work in China, as well as in
+India, that the people were not altogether unprepared for this change.
+
+But more was to come yet. In the solitude of his chamber, the Emperor
+became satisfied that the God of Christianity is a God of Peace. War
+must be absolutely forbidden and brought to an end. In a second
+proclamation, all his subjects were commanded to lay down their arms;
+and disarmament began at the imperial palace itself; maces alone being
+thenceforth carried by its officers and guards.
+
+At this juncture, a rebellion occurred, headed by a descendant of the
+leader of the great rebellion of the nineteenth century. A considerable
+undisciplined army of disaffected men was brought together, and they
+marched toward Peking. The Emperor summoned his grand mandarins, and
+also his chief religious advisers, two venerable native Christian men.
+Between these, he was borne out in his palanquin upon the great highway,
+followed by the imperial guard, unarmed, towards the approaching army.
+Cannon were discharged by the latter; but the balls went far over the
+heads of the imperial procession. Nearer and nearer they came; and, when
+within hearing, the native preachers accompanying the Emperor, and the
+Christian members of his guard, sang together an exultant Christian
+hymn. Almost paralyzed with astonishment, the rebels still slowly
+advanced. As they came within a few hundred yards, the Emperor left his
+palanquin, and he and all his suite prostrated themselves in silent
+prayer to God. As if struck by a power from on high, the rebel soldiers,
+rank by rank, fell also to the ground; leaving their three chief leaders
+sitting on their horses alone. Then the Emperor and chief mandarin
+arose, and the latter solemnly bade the officers to do obeisance to
+their Emperor. One after another, they slowly dismounted, and each, as
+he came towards the Emperor, kneeled down, and, drawing his sword,
+performed the hara-kari, or national penal suicide. The chief mandarin,
+in a loud voice, commanded the people to return in peace to their homes,
+with the forgiveness and blessing of their Emperor. They obeyed; and the
+rebellion was at an end.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of items of religious information nearer home, I may take note, that the
+Foreign Missionary Association of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of
+Orthodox Friends has now seven missionaries in different fields; most of
+them engaged in Central Africa. The Society of Friends has altogether
+more than sixty foreign missionaries laboring in different parts of the
+world.
+
+The missionaries sent out by all Protestant denominations together, from
+Europe and America, are hardly more numerous now than they were fifty
+years ago; their work being so much better done, generally, by their
+converts, the _native preachers_. Not an island in the Pacific is
+without its Christian church; not a spoken dialect in the world without
+its Bible. Yet the world has not, by any means, become altogether
+Christian, even in Christendom itself.
+
+A great revival has just begun in Brooklyn. It has already reached New
+York, and is beginning to arouse interest in Philadelphia, Boston, and
+Baltimore. Crowds of men and women of all classes, especially the
+poorest and least cultivated, gather noon and night to religious
+services of a simple but most fervent character. Old men say they have
+known nothing like it since the days of 1857, or the Moody and Sankey
+meetings of 1874-76. By cable we learn that something of the same wave
+of religious movement has appeared in London, Berlin, and Paris. We ask,
+what are we to think of it? Is there a spiritual atmosphere, with its
+heights and depths, mysteriously swayed from land to land? We can only
+wait and see.
+
+
+
+
+                                                _December 31st, 1931._
+
+
+I have been reading over the pages of this diary for the year just
+coming to a close. This has led me to some retrospection, looking yet
+farther back, and comparing the present with the last century. The 19th
+century was proud of itself; and we of the 20th have hardly gained all
+that we should in true humility. Both centuries have had their great
+events and great advances; and both, their weaknesses, errors, and
+absurdities. I will venture a comparison of some of these.
+
+The _most absurd_ things of the 19th century, I think, were these: the
+decree at Rome of the infallibility of the Pope; England's bolstering up
+the Turkish Empire for fear of Russia attacking India; Lord
+Beaconsfield's administration altogether; the financial policy of the
+American green-back party; the belief in spirit-rapping, in the first
+principles of Herbert Spencer's philosophy, and in the sufficiency of
+Darwin's theory of natural selection to account for the ascent from
+lower to higher species; the shot-gun quarantine in the South against
+yellow fever; the toleration of the waltz, in _otherwise civilized_
+society, when even Lord Byron denounced it; and the unreformed spelling
+of the English language.
+
+As the greatest national _crimes_ of the last century, I would name the
+British government forcing by war the trade in Opium upon China, and the
+long-continued bad faith of the United States government towards the
+Indian tribes of the West.
+
+Perhaps the greatest _wonders_ of the 19th century were the invention of
+photography, solar spectral analysis, the radiometer, the phonograph,
+the photophone; in public affairs, the reunion of the old and new school
+Presbyterian Churches, and the disappearance, by civil war, of negro
+slavery in the United States.
+
+The greatest _triumphs_ of the first part of the 20th century have been
+the abandonment of all tariffs for protection in the United States, as
+well as in Europe, establishing perfectly free trade throughout the
+world; the successful introduction of woman's suffrage in almost every
+State of our Union; the acceptance of the principle of arbitration,
+through international congresses, in all governmental disputes, by the
+great powers of both hemispheres; the practical conquest of intemperance,
+by the abolition of drinking-houses everywhere; and the disappearance
+of sectarianism amongst Christian denominations,--excepting only the
+persistently exclusive claims of the three great historical churches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We are clearly not yet at the close of history. Is the world nearly
+prepared for its great consummation? Not yet are fulfilled the beautiful
+prophetic words of the poet Cowper, now far too seldom read:--
+
+                      "Error has no place;
+    The creeping pestilence is driven away!
+    The breath of Heaven has chased it. In the heart
+    No passion touches a discordant string,
+    But all is harmony and love. Disease
+    Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood
+    Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.
+    One song employs all nations; and all cry
+    'Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!'
+    The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
+    Shout to each other, and the mountain tops
+    From distant mountains catch the flying joy,--
+    Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
+    Earth rolls the rapturous hosanna round."
+
+Not in our time have dawned such days as these. But, let our hearts be
+lifted up: _they will come yet_. Some New Year's bells will
+
+    "Ring out old shapes of foul disease;
+      Ring out the narrowing lust of gold;
+      Ring out the thousand wars of old,
+    Ring in the thousand years of peace.
+
+    Ring in the valiant man and free,
+      The larger heart, the kindlier hand;
+      Ring out the darkness of the land,
+    Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH
+CENTURY***
+
+
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century, by
+Henry Hartshorne</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century</p>
+<p>Author: Henry Hartshorne</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 3, 2010  [eBook #31171]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by David Starner, Tamise Totterdell,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net/c/">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from scanned images of public domain material generously made available by<br />
+    the Google Books Library Project<br />
+    (<a href="http://books.google.com/">http://books.google.com/</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      the the Google Books Library Project. See
+      <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=lU2J-EFFzjgC&amp;id">
+      http://books.google.com/books?vid=lU2J-EFFzjgC&amp;id</a>
+	</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="head">
+
+<h1>1931:<br />
+A GLANCE AT THE<br />
+Twentieth Century.</h1>
+
+<p class="centerbold">BY<br />
+HENRY HARTSHORNE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="centersmall">
+"COMING EVENTS CAST THEIR SHADOWS BEFORE."
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="centerspaced">PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+E. CLAXTON &amp; CO.,<br />
+930 Market Street.<br />
+1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerspaced2">
+Copyright secured.<br />
+1881.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller">COLLINS, PRINTER.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="spaced"><span class="smcap">The</span> contents of the following pages are taken from a diary,
+supposed to be written in 1931, by a gentleman of leisure and good opportunities for
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>Should any reader be inclined to hold the editor or author responsible
+for what is thus recorded, be it remembered that very little is
+expressed concerning what <i>ought</i> to be; the chief purpose being to show
+rather what will <i>probably occur</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1 class="second">1931:<br />
+<br />
+A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH<br />
+CENTURY.</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="right">January 1, 1931.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I begin</span> to-day to jot down occasional notes of whatever interests me
+most, in private or public affairs.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Much sympathy is just now felt everywhere for the ex-queen of England in
+her enforced retirement. She would have been perfectly safe in returning
+to England; and she will, probably, before long, again take up her
+residence at Osborne or Balmoral; but the extreme unpopularity of the
+ex-king makes his return at least undesirable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During our present, 71st Congress, meeting at St. Louis, a motion will
+be made by a member from Texas for the admission of Mexico as a State.
+When this is effected, Mexico will be the fifty-second State of our
+Union. Some Senators are understood to doubt the advantage to the
+country, at the present time, of this admission, on account of the
+constitutionally unsettled character of the population. Since
+Protestantism has so generally prevailed there, however, Mexico is said
+to have greatly improved. The acceptance of the whole of Central
+America, in the form of three Territories, must soon follow. For this
+also, but little can be urged, except the now very old argument of
+"manifest destiny." Commercial men say that it is time for this
+extension to be made, on account of the growing importance of
+interoceanic navigation, by the three routes, of Panama, Nicaragua, and
+Tehuantepec. Our large trade with Japan and China requires, besides the
+steamers running between San Francisco, Yokohama, and Hong Kong every
+two weeks, more frequent and quick water transit from Philadelphia, New
+York, Boston, and Baltimore, through one or other of these Isthmian
+routes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has been abundantly shown that the anticipation of some speculative
+persons, that the course of the Gulf Stream, and consequently the
+climate of Western Europe, might be altered by cutting through the
+isthmus, and thus connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, was
+altogether erroneous. No change whatever in the direction, rate of
+motion, or temperature of the great current has been observed. It is too
+majestic a movement to be so affected.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable how entirely mistaken, also, those croaking prophets
+were, who formerly supposed that much addition to the old United States
+would make a cumbrous and impracticable political aggregate. Since the
+principle that only honest men shall be placed in public offices has
+been adopted throughout the nation, local administration of local
+affairs harmonizes so well with a central national government
+controlling general interests, that all works smoothly yet; even with
+the addition of the three great States which once formed the Dominion of
+Canada, and the outlying territories of Greenland, Labrador, Hawaii,
+Cuba, and St. Domingo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A motion made in the House last year, but then postponed rather than
+defeated, will probably come up again in Congress at this session:
+namely, to hold the meeting of Congress every third year in San
+Francisco. Alternation between Washington and St. Louis has now worked
+well for eleven years; and Western men are getting clamorous about their
+right to the same privilege in turn. Capitalists of San Francisco offer
+to contribute five millions of dollars towards the erection of the
+western Capitol, besides building and fitting out a Presidential mansion
+in their city. This is handsome; and, since the central Capitol at St.
+Louis, now nearly finished, has involved the expenditure of about twelve
+millions, such liberality may be needful for the success of the project.
+One of the California Senators has written an article on this topic in
+the last number of the <i>North American Review</i>. He proposes, among other
+things, that a statue of Abraham Lincoln shall be erected in front of
+the Capitol at St. Louis, and one of William Penn at that of San
+Francisco. At the three seats of government we shall then have
+perpetuated the memory of the three noblest and most era-making of
+American statesmen: Penn, represent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>ing the grandeur and security of
+Christian justice and peace; Washington, loyalty to national
+independence and republican institutions; Lincoln, the triumph, by
+sacrifice, of liberty throughout our continent.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">This mention of Abraham Lincoln suggests some retrospection. I remember
+that when, sixteen years ago, in 1915, our national debt was all finally
+paid off, great exultation was felt. In a Fourth-of-July oration at
+Omaha, the speaker, a young colored lawyer, referring to the civil war
+of 1861-65, as so largely adding to the national debt, said that his
+grandfather was one of the first men of color who ever sat in the Senate
+of the United States. Now, there are eight colored Senators, and fifteen
+members of the House. Of direct African descent also, are the Governor
+of Louisiana, and the Mayor of the city of Richmond, Virginia; the
+immediate predecessor of the latter having been a member of one of the
+oldest historical cavalier families of that State. The general officer
+in command at West Point, too, is a colored gentleman, of excellent
+reputation and qualifications. All prejudice of race, in fact, has now
+very much disappeared,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and is looked back upon as a preposterous error
+of the past. Indian members of Congress number this session at least
+seven&mdash;two Senators, Cherokees, and five members of the House from the
+two new States formed from what was once the Indian Territory. The white
+population of those States is also well represented in the Senate and in
+the House.</p>
+
+<p>We learn that the United States of South America are at present holding
+their eighth biennial Congress at Lima, Peru. Brazil continues friendly;
+but the people of that nation still treasure the traditions and usages
+of their Empire. The constitutional limitations of Brazil, nevertheless,
+make it imperial only in name and form; it is as liberal as was the
+government of Great Britain in the latter days of its monarchy.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">We thought it a great deal for the English people, twenty-five years
+ago, to abolish the place of the House of Lords in their government; or
+even, before that, so completely to disestablish the once powerful
+Church of England. But the monarchy! What seemed so permanent as that?
+Who would have thought, fifty years ago, in good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Queen Victoria's
+reign, that some persons then living might come to know of her throne
+being as vacant, nay, as utterly overturned, as the Palace of the
+Cæsars!</p>
+
+<p>It is one evidence of the old conservatism of the British nation, so
+terribly shattered now, that the rank, titles, and estates of the
+nobility are still left to them; with the qualification, that the eldest
+son is entitled by law to only twice the share of each of the other
+heirs of the estate; and the whole of any property may be sequestered,
+by legal process, for debt.</p>
+
+<p>Probably, now, the exodus of British nobles to this country, as well as
+to the continent of Europe, so active already during the last decade or
+two, will increase considerably. Marriage of American ladies with
+lordlings, earls, and even dukes, is scarcely very rare at present; it
+may be expected soon to become almost as common, at least, as such
+titles are. It is whispered that it is not entirely impossible that the
+ex-king and queen, with the royal family, may come hereafter to reside
+at New Belgravia, in California, where several thousands of acres have
+been latterly bought and occupied as estates, by English noblemen; or,
+perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> more probably, in Loudon County, Virginia; where the Dukes of
+Cambridge and of Devonshire both own splendid properties.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">No wonder that the Republic of Great Britain and Ireland should differ
+chiefly from ours, in the greater share of power allotted to the Upper
+House. If men of rank will (as some of them have already done) wisely
+accept the inevitable change, and, with full loyalty to the Republic,
+seek, or allow themselves, to be elected to places in the new
+Parliament, they may, as Senators, exercise a power and skill in
+legislation, which will be beneficial not only to their own order, but
+to their country. They have the advantage of us, in England, in the
+presidential term being ten years; ours, with difficulty, having been
+prolonged only to eight. I believe that the preservation of the rank and
+property of the aristocracy during the critical times just past, and,
+indeed, the bloodless character of the revolution altogether,&mdash;have been
+mainly due to the sagacious policy of a number of noblemen of large
+influence;&mdash;especially the Argylls in Scotland and the Derbys and Dukes
+of Northumberland and Bedford, in England, in timely bending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> to the
+storm; yielding, step by step, what <i>must</i> be yielded, and so keeping
+more than if they had resisted all changes to the bitter end.</p>
+
+<p>Especially do they now reap a reward for the good work of the
+Anglo-Irish Landlords' League; who, with their fitting motto, "<i>Noblesse
+oblige</i>," so liberally purchased from the old landlords, some years
+since, most of the properties in the distressed and disturbed parts both
+of England and Ireland, and sold them out in small farms to the
+peasantry. Glancing the other day, in our library, at Hack Tuke's
+pamphlet of 1880, on the Distress in Ireland, it is gratifying to know
+that, to-day, nearly three-fourths of the whole island are possessed by
+independent peasant farmers.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">And India! It reads almost like one of Southey's or Edwin Arnold's
+oriental poems to peruse the account of the splendid coronation of the
+Afghan Emperor of All India. Retribution here, indeed, for the folly of
+that charlatan prime minister who once prated about a "scientific
+boundary" of the <i>British</i> Empire of India. Another instance of the
+"slow grinding of the mills of the gods," which is so very sure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Good news continues to come from France. Republican principles were
+never stronger; not a ghost of imperialism, and scarcely a thought of
+monarchical reaction, appears. Bourbons and Bonapartes alike are
+politically and sentimentally dead. Evangelical protestantism is
+spreading and deepening in its influence. The extreme intolerance of
+Romanism which prevailed for a while is giving way to a more reasonable
+freedom of conscience for all religions. Yet I doubt whether any city in
+Europe has fewer Roman Catholic worshippers than Paris, unless it be
+Rome; where the hatred of all relics and reminders of the old papal days
+is intense and pervading. It is to be wished that the Italian Republic
+were as settled and conservative as is that of the French. Spain is now
+going through its anti-Catholic fever; the banishment of all priests for
+five years seems an extreme measure; but, after it, there is room for
+hope that better days than those of Isabella of Castile await this long
+fallow but once intellectually fertile land. The annexation of Portugal
+is expected at least as soon as the present king dies; certainly no heir
+of his will ever wear a crown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Pope! If he had only read, pondered, and <i>learned by heart</i> Victor
+Hugo's poem, "Le Pape," he might perhaps be still at home in the
+Vatican. But the "infallible" can never learn. At Constantinople he is
+at least safe. The Greek government there is secure against all present
+foes. Then, the triarchate; is it not surprising? Pope, Patriarch, and
+Primate of Canterbury! Roman, Greek, and Anglican, united at last! A
+dream of the last century ecclesiastics is fulfilled,&mdash;alas, too late;
+for the glory has departed from the tiara, the crozier, and the mitre
+altogether.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The Sultan, it is said, has found an asylum in Persia. The Shah allows
+him a palace, but he is shorn already of half his <i>hareem</i>. Perhaps the
+fate of Lear may be before him yet, though not from filial ingratitude.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">February 4th, 1931.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Important</span> cable news this morning is, that the German republican
+government last evening passed the bill accepting the proposal of France
+to purchase Alsace and Lorraine for 300,000,000 francs. More interesting
+still, a bill was also introduced, and is likely to pass, <i>ceding</i> to
+the French all the rest of the territory on the west side of the Rhine
+bordering on France. The long-coveted natural boundary will thus be
+theirs. How infinitely better this than war upon war for revenge and
+conquest!</p>
+
+<p>The tunnel under the British Channel is nearly finished. It is to be
+constantly illuminated with electric light, and, being a joint national
+work, will be a free public (not <i>high</i>way exactly, but) way, for all.</p>
+
+<p>Austria-Hungary appears to be, for a time at least, tranquil. The
+emperor has conceded all that the constitutionalists required of him.
+There are now only four emperors in the world:&mdash;those of Austria,
+Brazil, India, and China; and the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> two are so limited in power as
+hardly to deserve the imperial name. The title of tsar has been
+definitely denied to the present constitutional monarch of Russia; he is
+really something between a king and a president.</p>
+
+<p>Fearful indeed must have been the communist or nihilist war of Russia of
+thirty years ago. The country has hardly recovered from it yet. Had it
+not been for the loyalty of the large population of those families
+emancipated in 1861 by the Tsar Alexander II. from serfdom, not only the
+imperial family, but all the members of the nobility, and the whole
+class of wealthy Russians would probably have been put to death by fire
+and sword.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Welcome to all lovers of peace and prosperity will be the late
+intelligence that, at the Congress of Berlin, all the great powers have
+agreed to reduce their standing armies to 50,000 men for each nation;
+and that neither power shall increase its forces, without two months'
+notice to all the rest. The "volunteer" military organizations will
+still be allowed, besides these armies; but zeal for rifle practice
+seems to be very much on the wane. It is probable that occasional showy
+parades may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> soon be all that is left in civilized countries of the
+"pomp and circumstance of glorious war."</p>
+
+<p>It is painful to know that in Africa, and in Mongolian Asia, the arts of
+destruction have been more rapidly borrowed from Europe than those of
+peace and progress. It is said that Gatling guns, as well as Minié
+rifles and dynamite shells, and the newly reinvented projectile Greek
+fire, are now in use with terrible effect between hostile tribes in
+Central Africa, officered in great part by European and American
+adventurers.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The international coinage arrangement, on the decimal system, so long in
+use between England, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, will
+be extended next year, by agreement, to Spain, Russia, Denmark, and
+Greece. It is wonderful how our fathers, even almost down to the present
+generation, were satisfied with any scheme of weights and measures other
+than the metrical, now so universally in use.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">From the South African Dutch-English Federal States we hear of
+settlement and progress. The Australian Republic also is thriving.
+Melbourne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> has now 600,000 inhabitants. How many millions of people
+to-day speak the English language! All North America (except a part of
+the people of Mexico); Australia; India; South Africa; and, this month,
+after long consideration, Japan has officially adopted English as the
+language of public affairs, to be taught in all the common schools. By
+the way, the newly elected Secretary of Education of the Japanese
+Commonwealth is an American; a graduate of the High School at Chicago.
+The extension of the use of spoken, written, and printed English in
+China is quite rapid, and so it is in Egypt, on the Continent of Europe,
+and in South America. It truly bids fair within a century to become the
+universal language.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The purchase of Jerusalem and the greater part of Palestine by an
+association of wealthy Jews, headed by the Rothschild, Montefiore, and
+Belmont families, is an accomplished fact. Along with this it may be
+noted that very many Jews have recently been converted to Christianity.
+There is a large tabernacle for the worship of evangelical Jews just
+built upon the Mount of Olives. At one of the first meetings of the
+San<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>hedrim after the Russian municipal government had been withdrawn, a
+rabbi, bearing the significant name of Nicodemus, proposed this question
+for discussion: "Ought we now to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah?" By a
+small majority, the question was indefinitely postponed without debate.</p>
+
+<p>Jerusalem is now lit by gas, except an electric light in one of the
+central streets. Horse-cars are running in every direction; and a
+steam-train passes daily to and from Jaffa on the Mediterranean. The
+Mosque of Omar has been purchased by the Young Men's Christian
+Association, which has within its walk a Bible-School of nearly 1000
+pupils of all ages. A college for both sexes is in full operation at
+Jericho. An English weekly and an American daily newspaper are issued in
+Jerusalem, and an English daily paper also in Smyrna.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">We learn that the Joint Commission appointed by England, France, Italy,
+and Greece for the provisional government of Egypt, is meeting with fair
+success; bad as the financial state of that country has been. The
+American "Egyptian Improvement Company," with a capital of forty
+millions of dollars, is paying an annual dividend of six per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> cent.;
+which is extraordinary for these times. New explorations along the Nile,
+near Luxor, have unearthed a number of royal tombs, with extremely
+interesting paintings, sarcophagi, and hieroglyphic inscriptions. More
+notable still; in a Coptic convent in Upper Egypt, there has been found
+a Greek Codex of the whole New Testament; believed by palæographers to
+belong to the third century. Among other things, it omits the concluding
+verses of the last chapter of the Gospel of Mark, and attaches the name
+of Barnabas to the Epistle to the Hebrews; not containing, moreover, the
+reputed Epistle of Barnabas which was found attached to the Sinaitic
+Codex.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">March 26th, '31.</p>
+
+<p>A telegram directly from Peking to Washington announces the extension to
+all the provinces in China of the decree, already for a number of years
+enforced in the great cities, totally prohibiting the sale of opium;
+except by a few government appointees, at prescription of registered
+physicians.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The Euphrates Valley Railroad is almost finished. The main line of
+communication between Europe and Asia will pass through Smyrna, Aleppo,
+Bagdad, and Bassora on the Persian Gulf. A road will also run from Jaffa
+through Jerusalem, and will connect with Damascus. Parlor, sleeping, and
+hotel cars will be placed on all these roads at once, furnished by an
+Indianapolis firm on contract.</p>
+
+<p>By the completion, many years ago, of the trans-Indian line of telegraph
+and railroad, and now of that from Calcutta along the Brahmapootra River
+and through Southern China to Canton, the girdle around the world is
+almost completed. Puck might travel it now in less than forty minutes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+Behring's Strait will, in a few months, be crossed by the Asian-American
+cable, and a line of steamers, owned partly by Russian and partly by
+American stockholders, will soon make that channel a ferry between the
+Continents. The greatest tunnel in the world is that being constructed
+through a spur of the Himalayas, in Northeastern India. The new
+observatory on Mount Everest is furnished with three first-class
+telescopes, and other needful appliances for astronomical observation.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">All friends of Africa will rejoice to know that Liberia is extending its
+annexations farther and farther into the interior. The Livingstone lock
+Canal also, along the valley of what was once called the Congo River, is
+contracted for, to be ready for navigation within twelve months. No
+doubt at all exists of the success of the project for irrigating
+portions of the desert of Sahara by means of Artesian, or rather not
+very deep driven wells, by which the desert has already been made, in a
+hundred artificial oases, to "blossom as the rose."</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Ship canals seem to be among the special works<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> of our time. It is now
+almost a quarter of a century since the Caspian and Black Seas were
+connected, through the enterprise of Russian capitalists. The newest
+project broached is to cut through from the Gulf of Boothia to Hudson's
+Bay, in latitude 65° N. and longitude 90° W. from Greenwich.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">I think I shall join, this summer, one of the excursions which are
+getting so fashionable, to Labrador, Greenland, or perhaps Iceland. The
+Upernavik House is said to be very well kept, and filled most of the
+season with boarders or transient visitors.</p>
+
+<p>There is something yet new in these northern places. Switzerland is
+getting spoiled and commonplace. Think of making the ascent of Mont
+Blanc on a steam railroad! Think, too, of public school excursions to
+the Yosemite, and the rocks there being placarded all over (until the
+government very properly had them taken down) with advertisements!</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Certainly man must begin to repair or restore to nature some of his
+robberies. A small begin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>ning of this has been made by the Society of
+Acclimatization and Conservation. At their Acclimatarium in West
+Philadelphia, including the old Centennial Grounds of '76, and the
+Zoological Garden, munificent arrangements have been made, by the use of
+glass, wood, iron, and water-gas heating apparatus, for the creation of
+an artificial tropical and sub-tropical climate. All the glories of
+Southern India, Ceylon, Java, Australasia, Brazil, and the West Indies
+may now be seen there, in palms, cycads, eucalypti, acacias, tree ferns,
+clinging vines, and splendid flowers, as well as in the many-colored
+birds and insects of those regions; with their animals, also, which are
+disposed, when needful for safety, in cages so large and yet so light,
+as scarcely to give the appearance of imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>Also, the camel is now fairly naturalized in Texas and New Mexico, and
+the two-toed ostrich in South America; on the pampas of that continent
+travellers may meet with the gazelle, the springbok, the oryx, and the
+kangaroo. Elephants are domesticated and used for court occasions in
+Brazil, as they are in India. Tea and coffee are now largely cultivated
+in California, Georgia, Ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>nessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. In
+exchange, the cinchona tree abounds more now in India than in Peru, and
+the cacao or cocoa tree has been planted by thousands upon the southern
+slopes of the Himalayas and in Persia.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the bison and the prong-buck are almost extinct in the
+west. But for the great national parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Niagara
+and others, carefully guarded, the American deer, elk, and moose would
+all likewise disappear. Forest-culture, however, is, by the pressure of
+necessity, attracting, as it ought, a great deal of attention, under the
+guidance of the government Agricultural Department.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">It seems to work well, better than some expected, to have our national
+Cabinet enlarged by the introduction to full rank in it of the three new
+Secretaries, of Agriculture, Education, and Health. The importance of
+the last named of these is universally acknowledged; as well as the
+necessity for State Boards of Health in all the States.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century! Human
+life now averages 50<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> years in the United States; rather more in
+England, and nearly as much in France and Germany. By stringent
+regulations for maintaining cleanliness of ships, wharves, and, indeed
+of cities throughout, along with the abolition everywhere of the useless
+and detestable antiquated personal quarantine, yellow fever has been
+almost absolutely extinguished; only ten deaths from it occurring last
+summer in Havana, one or two in Pensacola, and not one in New Orleans,
+Memphis, Nashville, or any other city in the United States. Cholera,
+likewise, through sanitary improvements, has disappeared from the world,
+except a score or two of cases annually in the worst crowded villages
+near the Ganges in India. What a grand triumph of medical art, also,
+following Jenner's vaccination, and Pasteur's later investigations, is
+the protection afforded against the dangers of scarlet fever, measles
+and whooping-cough, by inoculation with a modified virus, appropriate to
+each!</p>
+
+<p>But, more than these, the waste of human life has been abridged by the
+sweeping reform effected in regard to the abuse of alcohol. That was a
+grand report made to Congress by the men and women of the "Alcohol
+Commission" of 1910.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> It is said to have been principally written by the
+chairwoman of the Commission, who was then, and continues to be still,
+Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University. Local option in
+nine-tenths of our States, with prohibition of dram-shops everywhere:
+what a change from a century ago! A man was almost mobbed in Boston the
+other day for selling liquor to a minor. On being taken before a
+magistrate, and afterwards tried in court, he was imprisoned for three
+years. Arrests, fines and imprisonment for selling whiskey by the glass,
+rather frequent ten years ago in New York, are seldom now heard of. The
+American people are sober! It looks like a monstrous and incredible
+folly that we read of, that, once, even otherwise sensible and
+well-meaning gentlemen would, on occasion, get staggering drunk.</p>
+
+<p>Wines of the finest quality, equal to the best of Europe, are made every
+year in California, New York, and Missouri; and they are occasionally
+placed upon the table at entertainments. But it is regarded as an
+intolerable indecorum for a gentleman to drink more than a single glass,
+or a lady half a glass, at a time.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that the large and magnificent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> coffee and cocoa
+houses (the latter most commended on hygienic grounds), in all our great
+cities, have made much more practicable the shutting up of the drinking
+saloons that formerly lined our streets.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Another great sanitary improvement was the destruction, a few years
+since, of all the tenement houses of New York and Boston, and the
+prohibition by law of their re-erection. The mortality of New York was
+lessened by one-third the very next year after it was done. I am glad to
+hear that, following this good example, a Citizens' Philanthropic
+Building Association has bought up most of the ground in the worst parts
+of the down town Philadelphia suburbs, in order to put up blocks of
+model lodging-houses there. It seems unfortunate that the terribly
+destructive fire in Philadelphia in 1890, occurring when all the
+fireplugs were frozen with zero weather, should have laid waste Arch,
+Market, Chestnut, and Walnut Streets, rather than those dens of poverty
+and misery.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">When the new water supply for New York city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> and the Hudson River towns
+from the Adirondack region, and those for Philadelphia from the upper
+Delaware and Perkiomen, are completed, and sewage irrigation relieves
+the rivers everywhere from pollution, it may be hoped that the yearly
+mortality of our great communities may be brought down below 15 in 1000;
+once thought to be the acme of healthfulness.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Cheapening of food goes on remarkably, along with close and high culture
+of the ground. Proper appreciation of the share taken by the
+<i>atmosphere</i> in the nutrition of plants has made soil construction a
+much simpler and surer thing than formerly. Roof-gardens in towns are
+very common and successful; half of the vegetables consumed in Baltimore
+are said to be grown on roofs. I once saw a book entitled "Our Farm of
+Four Acres;" and another, "Ten Acres Enough." Very little skill should
+be needed now to enable a frugal family to live <i>well</i> on two or three
+acres of well-made ground.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">August 20th, 1931.</p>
+
+<p>I bought yesterday a pound of the best grass-flavored adipo-butyrin (as
+good as any dairy butter) for ten cents; a sirloin of good western beef
+for twelve cents a pound; and, best of all, a bushel of Rocky-mountain
+grasshoppers, as crisp and delicious as could be, for only thirty-seven
+cents! They say, the supply of these last delicacies will be short this
+season; as hardly any have appeared yet in Kansas or Nebraska.
+Excursions for procuring them from farther west are, however, quite
+frequently made.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">I saw an account of the sale of some Southern lands in this morning's
+paper. The best farm land in Virginia brings 400 to 500 dollars an acre.
+Some in South Carolina has brought 400 and 500; good Maryland farms 5,
+6, and 700 dollars an acre. Manufactories, too, are in active operation
+in all the old Cotton States. It has happened, as every one might have
+known would be the case, that when a generation or two had passed after
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> cessation of slavery, and the old hatreds had been buried in the
+graves of the men and women who nursed them, prosperity would increase
+in the South to an extent that could hardly be imagined under the
+slaveholding régime, the "dark ages" of America.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">How fast arts and inventions are accumulating! The nineteenth century
+seems likely to be equaled if not surpassed in new material appliances
+of civilization and luxury. Railroad speed now often reaches ninety
+miles an hour, upon the straightened and generally elevated tracks in
+use; with the automatic block-signal system so complete, that collisions
+are nearly impossible. Coal-oil is now much used in locomotives, and
+almost universally on ocean steamers. The supposed dangers of its
+conveyance and employment have been readily met by suitable precautions.</p>
+
+<p>The cable-telephone has been perfected; one can converse directly with a
+friend or business correspondent in Liverpool, London, or Paris, at the
+rate of twelve cents a minute. How these things promote terseness and
+pithiness of speech! I believe no one, unless it be the stockholders of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+one or two old lines, regrets that all telegraphic and telephonic
+communication in this country has been taken under the control of the
+government. Underground laying of telegraph wires is now nearly
+universal.</p>
+
+<p>Photographing in colors, a French invention, is one of the newer and
+more attractive arts. Printing one's own books has become almost too
+easy, by using the type-writer, with sheets of celluloid, warmed to
+300°, instead of paper. The celluloid hardens at once sufficiently for
+stereotyping; so that any number of thousands of copies can be taken
+from such off-hand plates. Truly, "of making many books there is no
+end." Pencils, moreover, whose marks are permanent, have so improved as
+to render that intolerably nasty fluid, ink, unnecessary, and confined
+in its use entirely to a few old-fashioned people.</p>
+
+<p><i>Magnifying sound</i> has gone far beyond the microphone and megaphone of
+the last century. Deaf persons are now helped by instrumental aid almost
+as much as defective sight is by proper glasses.</p>
+
+<p>Gunpowder and nitro-glycerin have both been utilized for the production
+of continuous motion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> especially in the propulsion of the contents of
+transportation tubes. By these agencies, all the local letter
+distribution of Boston and Portland, and a good deal of that of New
+York, is effected by tube-transmission to and from the various branch
+deposit-offices of the cities.</p>
+
+<p>Locomotives are at present running, at a speed limited by law, on our
+best common roads. Several wealthy gentlemen in Philadelphia use small
+private steam-carriages to go daily between their homes and places of
+business. The <i>pocket magneto-electric lamp</i> is one of the neatest of
+modern inventions; and <i>wiring power</i> one of the most tremendous. It is
+said that the energy of a twenty-horse-power steam engine may be
+conveyed from place to place as far as 25 or 30 miles, by suitable cable
+under ground. The only difficulty is to make its management safe, as the
+least contact with the cable is as destructive as lightning; but this
+will no doubt soon be done.</p>
+
+<p>With all these ingenuities, no one has yet contrived a really successful
+flying-machine. Man seems designed by his Creator to remain always "a
+little lower than the angels" in this prerogative.</p>
+
+<p>It is a good thing to be able to be rid, as we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> now may be, of dirty
+anthracite or other coal in our houses. The distribution of heat,&mdash;by
+pipes conveying hydrogen gas for burning in gas-stoves, ranges, or
+furnaces, by steam, or by hot water,&mdash;is provided for on the pipe
+system, extending under and through houses from large street mains, in
+most of our cities. I am much pleased also with the method of <i>floor</i>
+and <i>wall</i>-warming now common; although, for the wealthy, an open wood
+fire is still one of the greatest of all costly luxuries. The uses of
+coal, moreover, are yet so numerous, that all coal-carrying railroads
+are earning and paying large dividends.</p>
+
+<p>For the summer time, the "can't get away" Philadelphians may be
+congratulated on the delightful sea-water baths they can have on Broad
+Street, in water brought by the great marine aqueduct from Atlantic
+City. The water is raised from the sea by tidal power (a kind of motor
+now having many applications) to a reservoir at a sufficient height to
+give the requisite descent towards the city. Its rate of movement, also,
+is such that, being under cover all the way, it retains much of the
+coolness of the ocean-surf.</p>
+
+<p>The blanching or bleaching of the London fogs,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> by the improved methods
+of consuming smoke, must be a very fine thing for the dwellers in that
+overgrown city. We hear, however, of one old lady, a duchess, who thinks
+the fog now to be very vulgarly pale; and regrets the good old days of
+what she thought a much more picturesque gloom.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">October 3d, 1931.</p>
+
+<p>I have just walked up from the Public Buildings at Broad and Market
+Streets, whither I went to read the "City Bulletin" of telegraphic
+intelligence from all quarters of the world. This is displayed by means
+of letters thrown by the electric light upon screens on the four sides
+of the great square tower above the public buildings. On the North side,
+you can see the latest items of news from Europe; on the East, from
+Asia; on the South, from South America, Africa, and Australasia; on the
+West, from all parts of the United States and Territories. The
+illumination is kept up until 10 o'clock every night.</p>
+
+<p>Of items thrown out this evening, I remember only these: from Europe,
+that the Pan-Catholic Council of the three historical churches (so
+called), has decided to admit the precedence, but not the supremacy, of
+the Pope over the Patriarch of the Greek Church and the Anglican
+Primate. Between the latter two, the question of relative rank has not
+yet been decided. From Asia, report comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> of a terrible battle between
+the Persians and the invading Tartar army, in which the latter was
+defeated, with great loss on both sides. All the European and American
+ambassadors are instructed to urge the conclusion of this useless but
+ferocious war. From Africa, we are told of the election of a new
+President, of Dutch descent, for the South African Federation. Of United
+States intelligence of to-day, I am most interested to learn that the
+intercollegiate prize for oratory, at Washington, for which the students
+of twenty-five colleges competed, has been awarded to Miss Minnie
+Stephens, a young lady of Atlanta, Georgia.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The International Weather Signal Service now covers, in its
+communications, all portions of the globe. Predictions, or at least
+indications, for three days ahead, are posted daily at Washington
+(whence they are sent to our other American cities), and at London,
+Berlin, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Bombay, Calcutta, Canton, Tokio,
+Cairo, Cape Town, Sydney, Rio Janeiro, Lima, Havana, and Vera Cruz.</p>
+
+<p>What a practical comment upon the uselessness of our petty standing
+regular army of twenty-five<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> thousand men is the act of Congress just
+passed, making West Point a school for Signal Service officers, and for
+training those preparing for Arctic, Antarctic, and Ocean-dredging
+explorations!</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of institutions of education, the National University has
+completed its endowment of six million dollars, and has commenced its
+organization by the appointment of a Board of Directors. It is to be
+located at Chicago, St. Louis, or Omaha, as the Board shall conclude.
+For the President of this University, an evening paper rather lightly
+says: "so much difficulty exists in selecting an individual belonging to
+this world, combining all the desired requisites, that it is in
+contemplation to wait (our moon being uninhabited) until one can be
+obtained from the planet Mars, or possibly Jupiter. The latter will no
+doubt be best,&mdash;as one who can bear the great heat of that planet will
+be well fitted to meet the fiery criticism to which he will be subjected
+on all sides."</p>
+
+<p>Industrial and half-time manual-labor schools are now, in the public
+school systems of our States, getting to be the rule rather than the
+exception. Astonishing it is, also, to look back to the time, which I
+can remember, when, instead of the natu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>ral and rational method of
+coeducation of the sexes, now universal (with very few exceptions), it
+was a common thing for boys and girls, young men and young women, to be
+educated,&mdash;monastery and nunnery fashion,&mdash;entirely apart!</p>
+
+<p><i>Out-of-door</i> schools are a grand improvement of our times. They are the
+old kindergartens of Pestalozzi and Froebel developed. The best that I
+know is in West Philadelphia, near the Acclimatarium. In winter, the
+teachers and children go together for study into the inclosures of the
+Acclimatarium, for at least three hours every day. In summer, their
+range is extended through Fairmount Park, and farther, for the same or a
+longer period. The pupils enter this school at six or seven years of
+age, and continue the "nature course" until twelve or thirteen. Then
+they take up, elsewhere, a larger share of book studies; so that they
+may be, by sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen, prepared for college, if
+desired; and after college, for the Universities.</p>
+
+<p>The degrees of Bachelor and Master of Education, first bestowed by some
+of the great Western Universities, are now granted also by most of our
+kindred Eastern institutions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Everybody is satisfied that the great English Spelling Reform is not
+going on too fast. Our children are taught the new spelling, the books
+being, in all the public schools, changed once in ten years. With this
+gradual transition, under the direction of the Anglo-American
+Philological Association, we are safely approaching an era of reasonable
+orthography.</p>
+
+<p>A seemingly extreme rule, but really very good, has lately been passed
+by the directors of three of the largest public libraries in this
+country, at the urgency of the Department of Mental Hygiene of the
+American Social Science Association. It is, that no novels shall be
+given out on the application of minors; and that only one novel in three
+months may be taken out in any one stockholder's name.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">December 1st, 1931.</p>
+
+<p>The presidential address at the annual meeting of the Intercontinental
+Scientific Congress, this year held at Melbourne, Australia, has just
+been published. I find in it mention of the following, among other, late
+advances in science.</p>
+
+<p>Proof seems to be accumulating that the suggestion made by Lockyer in
+1879, that all the supposed chemical elements are really modifications
+of the same substance, and that soon after made by others, that this
+common substance is only <i>condensed universal ether</i>, the medium of
+luminous, electrical, and other vibrations, is going to be accepted as
+correct. The opinion that the <i>panæther</i>, as it is best called, is <i>not
+atomic</i> in its constitution, while all the combinable elements are so,
+is also gaining ground.</p>
+
+<p>More exact knowledge being now had of the relations existing among the
+different so-called elements, it has become possible to work out the
+atomic theory, so far as to prove that the law of chemical attraction is
+identical with that of gravi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>tation; namely, that its force is directly
+in proportion to the number and mass of the atoms, and inversely as the
+squares of their distances: <i>atomic distances</i> being, by extremely
+abstruse calculations, approximately estimated. The long wished for full
+explanation of the relations between frictional electricity, voltaism,
+magnetism, heat, and light, seems likely soon to be obtained; and,
+consequently, also the exact physical relations of the vital or
+formative force of animals and plants.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite well understood that, as Newton himself anticipated, the law
+of gravitation was but a step, though a very great and important one, in
+the generalization of cosmic changes and forces. We seem to be on the
+eve of another advance, needing only the completion of some difficult
+mathematical and physical analyses,&mdash;in which all so-called attractions
+and repulsions whatever will be resolved into results or phenomena of
+motion; ethereal, atomic, molecular, and massive motions; whose mutual
+reactions and momenta make the infinite complexity of the universe.
+Towards such a conclusion, serviceable contributions were made many
+years since, by three American cosmologists, Norton, Pliny Chase, and
+Kirkwood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The 320th asteroid was discovered at Pike's Peak observatory, during
+last summer. I may jot down here too, the record of the first
+observation of a new telescopic comet, last month, by a senior student
+of Bryn Mawr College for Women.</p>
+
+<p>Australia, according to the address mentioned, has at last furnished to
+palæontologists the real <i>missing link</i>, not between men and apes, which
+they have generally given up, but between vertebrate and invertebrate
+animals. So that the famous ascidian mollusc, with a semi-vertebral
+larval stage, which nourished in the writings of Darwin and others, is
+no longer needful. The fossil referred to is an ancient fish-like worm,
+or worm-like fish, to which the name of Entomicthys amphisoma has been
+provisionally given. It is still more remarkable than the amphioxus or
+lancelet, which has been long known.</p>
+
+<p>By the improved methods of measuring both space and time in practical
+astronomy, it has been rendered nearly or quite certain that our earth
+is gradually approaching the sun; and that the same is true of all the
+other planets. Small as the rate of this approach is, it is enough to
+confirm the belief of Sir William Thomson and others in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> 19th
+century, that our solar system is constructed for finite (not, as
+Laplace and Lagrange thought, infinite) duration; the whole economy of
+planets will at last run down like a clock, and all the elements will be
+melted together with fervent heat.</p>
+
+<p>Among the leading discoveries of the year is that of the long-looked-for
+third moon of the extra-Neptunian planet. The name of that planet
+itself, although it has been known since 1885, is not yet finally
+settled. Some call it Pluto; others Terminus; it being almost certainly
+the outermost body of our solar system.</p>
+
+<p>A good observation of the intra-Mercurial planet Vulcan was made from
+Mount Everest some weeks ago, by the Hindu astronomer-imperial on duty
+there.</p>
+
+<p>Of the <i>corona</i> seen around the sun during eclipses, the tendency now
+seems to be to return to the explanation long ago proposed and
+discarded; that it is neither telluric, <i>i.e.</i> produced by our
+atmosphere, nor, strictly or only, solar; but mainly <i>selenic</i>; that is,
+caused by the rays of the sun being <i>diffracted</i> around the edge of the
+moon intervening between us and it. The different appearances of the
+corona as seen from different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> places on the earth are thus accounted
+for, as well as their diversity during different eclipses, by the
+irregularities upon the lunar surface.</p>
+
+<p>A fine chemical advance has been made in the laboratory of the
+University of Vienna, in the manufacture, from strictly <i>inorganic</i>
+materials, and at very moderate and remunerative cost, of the alkaloids
+quinia, strychnia, atropia, morphia, and others. No chemist, however,
+has yet made a single speck of albumen, or any other truly protoplasmic
+substance. By the consent of all biologists, the disproof of the
+possibility of "spontaneous generation" is as strong as ever.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">How utterly impossible is it for any one to keep up with the science or
+the literature of the present day! One must have the hundred hands of
+Briareus, and the hundred eyes of Argus, with brains to suit, to know
+anything at all worth while, in our age. Happily, it is not expected of
+us, of anybody, to be Aristotles or Humboldts now.</p>
+
+<p>I like very much the Philadelphia Library Public Reading Course, carried
+on for the last seven or eight years. The Readers there give, twice
+every week, summary oral accounts of all that has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> been last printed in
+all parts of the world; one hour each evening being given to literature,
+and another hour to science. Once a month, the latest important books
+are briefly reviewed. This saves busy people a vast deal of time. The
+Reader is a sort of animated newspaper and monthly magazine combined.</p>
+
+<p>In social life, the once neglected accomplishment and enjoyment of
+conversation are coming up again. The "Conversation Club" is a great
+success. Its members meet once a week, ladies and gentlemen, young and
+old, single and married, together, at each other's houses, to the number
+of from fifty to a hundred and fifty; from half past seven or eight, to
+half past ten sharp, without any of the trouble or expense of food or
+drink; which it is rationally supposed they have all had or can get at
+home. Dancing is omitted, and only vocal music is allowed; this being in
+rooms apart from the main parlors. With those living out of town,
+afternoon hours are preferred; and only tea, coffee, cocoa, and crackers
+are placed on side tables for those who come from distant places.
+Similar <i>salons</i> to these are usual in Paris; one of them occurring on
+the same evening in the week as ours.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Last week, by arrangement, a half
+hour's telephonic discussion was maintained between Philadelphia and
+Paris, on the merits of the last two French translations of Longfellow's
+Poems.</p>
+
+<p>Twice at least in the winter there are yet larger gatherings of the same
+kind, at our Academy of Natural Sciences, and at the Academy of Fine
+Arts. In these, 500 or 600 people are commonly assembled; and very
+pleasant occasions they always are.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The "new Raphael" is the name rather oddly given to a young painter of
+extraordinary genius, especially for depicting the human face and form.
+Oddly given, I say, because the artist is a young woman, daughter of a
+respected minister of the Society of Friends, living in North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>A Greek poet, chiefly lyric, recalling Pindaric days, has sprung up
+lately in Athens. His rendering of the dramas of Sophocles into modern
+Greek for the stage in Athens and Constantinople, is said to have
+attracted much attention amongst theatre-goers.</p>
+
+<p>A reunion of literary men and women of all nations is to be held at
+Athens, in view of the ruins of the Parthenon, during May, next year.</p>
+
+<p>A trial is now going on in this city, which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> likely to illustrate
+well the difference between the present method of trial by courts of
+judges, and the old way by juries. Three judges must always be present;
+and the statement of the accused, in criminal cases, is taken as part of
+the evidence. The abomination of allowing lawyers to engage <i>expert</i>
+witnesses on behalf of their respective sides, on questions of poisoning
+or insanity, has been done away with. The court, in such cases, appoints
+a commission of experts, who make a joint report in every instance.</p>
+
+<p>Capital punishment has been abolished in all our States, and in all
+European countries except Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Life-imprisonment
+has taken its place; without pardoning power anywhere, even when the
+plea of insanity has been sustained. A great gain in our jurisprudence
+latterly is, making the proved <i>intent and effort to kill</i> identical
+before the law with successful murder. Moreover, repeated crimes,
+burglaries for instance, are punished by cumulative increase of the
+penalty after every new offence and conviction. As all imprisonment is
+now conducted on the separate plan, jails are no longer, as once,
+training schools for crime.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">December 25th, 1931.</p>
+
+<p>The bells are ringing for the various church celebrations of Christmas.
+I will, as I hear them, jot down some items about late religious
+affairs. In yesterday's "Anglo-American Weekly Times," I read a
+well-written sermon by the Dean of St. Paul's, London, on the evidence
+of the wisdom and goodness of God derived from the facts of evolution;
+not Darwinism, as that phase of the theory of development has latterly
+become practically of secondary importance. Justice was done, however,
+in this discourse, to the immense contributions made by Darwin's genius
+and labors to the facts of natural science, and to the proofs of design
+abounding in the creation.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">The revised version of the Bible (of which the New Testament was issued
+in 1881) is now universally in use. The version of King James, so
+called, has become antiquated, and is consulted almost alone by scholars
+for special inquiries. Editions are now to be had of the later version
+in which the reformed spelling of 1925 is carried out.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Old Catholics, of whom Döllinger and Loyson (Father Hyacinthe) were
+leaders during the last century, have carried their reforms much farther
+than the High Church section of the Anglican body. They are, it is said,
+looking towards junction with the Reformed Episcopal Church, which now
+numbers about 600,000 members.</p>
+
+<p>A striking feature in the religious "movement" of our times, is a
+general tendency towards the <i>congregational</i> principle of association.
+Councils, convocations, synods, conventions, and "yearly meetings" have
+more and more an advisory, and less and less of compulsory power, over
+independent local congregations. Denominations have so multiplied, that
+it looks as if, after awhile, every man may be his own pastor, elder,
+bishop, or over-seer,&mdash;indeed a whole "church" by himself. Let us hope
+that this disintegration only anticipates the final <i>reunion</i> of all
+Christians in one flock (perhaps even in one fold), under one shepherd.</p>
+
+<p>The World's Young Men's Christian Association now counts more than two
+million members. Its annual conventions meet alternately at
+Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans, Washington, London, Rome,
+Constantinople, Jerusalem, Cal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>cutta, Melbourne, and Tokio. Women's
+Christian Associations number, in the aggregate, almost as many members.</p>
+
+<p>On New Year's day, 1932, a union prayer meeting of all nations is to
+convene under the dome of St. Peter's at Rome. It will be continued
+daily for two weeks. At least ten languages will be used by those there
+assembled for united worship.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">At the Pan-Presbyterian Convention, met at San Francisco on the 15th of
+last month, a resolution was passed, after protracted debate, in which
+it was declared to be the sense of that body that Christian doctrine, in
+the progress of modern enlightenment, must not be hereafter fettered by
+any prescription, however venerable, of merely human authority; no
+minister being bound, therefore, to exclusive adherence, in his
+statement of doctrines, to language not contained in the Holy
+Scriptures. This was understood as allowing, as entirely optional, the
+abandonment of what has been known as predestinarian Calvinism.</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks later, in the Unitarian Convention at Boston, the following
+resolution was brought forward:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas, the occasion for the origin of New England Unitarianism was
+the need of protesting against extreme and erroneous dogmatic teaching,
+whereby the truth and beauty of Christianity were becoming obscured and
+misrepresented; and whereas, at the present day, reform in this respect
+has become general among the so-called Evangelical churches:</p>
+
+<p>"Therefore Resolved, that the mission of Unitarianism in this country
+may be regarded as having been performed and ended."</p>
+
+<p>This was passed by a fair majority. The dissenters, after the
+adjournment of the Convention, reorganized on the same basis as before,
+with a view to permanence; but several of these joined, somewhat later,
+the Association of Free Religionists, who have discarded the name of
+Christians.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">A Congress of German philosophers and advocates of free thought was held
+some months ago at Munich. At its closing session, a declaration was
+proposed as embodying the main present result of free thought in
+Germany. It sets forth that the ideas of Christianity are necessary to a
+satisfactory theory of man and the universe. These ideas are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> said to
+be, the existence and eternity of God, the visible manifestation of God
+to man, the suffering of God with and for man, and the visitation of
+God, spiritually, to men.</p>
+
+<p>The facts of physical and natural science, interpreted according to the
+matured scheme of evolution, prove a <i>beginning</i>; a world not eternal.
+The philosophy of the Absolute requires recognition of the existence of
+an <i>unbeginning</i> and unending Being. Cosmic science proves <i>unity of
+plan</i>, <i>purpose</i>, and <i>beneficence</i>, throughout the universe. Man's
+intelligence necessitates the belief that a greater Intelligence must
+have created him. If, then, God is, and is good, it is impossible that
+He should not make Himself known to man, both visibly and invisibly:
+once, at least, in history, and always spiritually. If man, being free,
+errs, he must, by the necessity of the laws of the universe, in
+deranging its harmony, suffer and cause suffering. But God may Himself
+accept this suffering, and so abate it; making it finite and brief,
+instead of unending, as it must, without His interference, be. All these
+conditions are met by the Christian religion; which has also stood the
+severe test of many martyrdoms. "While, therefore,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> it is concluded,
+"we regard ecclesiasticism and ritualism as among the greatest of evils,
+we are convinced that Christianity is the only religion reconcilable
+with philosophy; and we therefore accept it as true."</p>
+
+<p>This declaration is reported to have met with very loud and angry
+dissent from a considerable minority. The latter resolved themselves,
+finally, into two schools: one, the larger in number, of rational deists
+or theists, repudiating Christianity; the more extreme portion, into a
+new sect or organization, which met shortly afterwards in Dresden.</p>
+
+<p>These last free-thinkers, when assembled, declared that they were
+discontented with all previous protests against religion, as not going
+sufficiently far. "We have had enough," they said, "of futile efforts to
+deny or ignore the existence of God. We believe that He exists, and we
+<i>hate</i> Him. We regard the Satan of Milton as the noblest character in
+all literature and history. All honor from us to those who, in history
+like Strauss, in philosophy like Schopenhauer, in science like
+H&#339;ckel, and in literature like Heine, have tried, directly or
+indirectly, to make the Christian's God seem unknowable or hateful to
+men. But the time has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> come to pass beyond their moderation. We unite
+ourselves in a league, not as atheists, but as <i>misotheists</i>, against
+all that is called God; not in unbelief, but in revolt and utter
+defiance."</p>
+
+<p>Such is the substance of the programme, announced on the pages of the
+"Anarchist," published in New York, of the new Misotheistic Association.
+It fraternizes, very naturally, with the Anti-Christian Society of
+London, and the Grand Order of the Knights of Lucifer at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Lower down in the scale still, but with much the same <i>animus</i>, is the
+secret order, now said to number many members in nearly every city in
+Europe and this country, though originating in Bombay, India, of <i>Thugs</i>
+and <i>Burners</i>. These are vowed to take every opportunity to do injury to
+the cause not only of religion, but of public and private virtue and
+order; by arson, assassination, and other crimes. Through the vigilance
+of well-organized police, they have, so far, been prevented from
+effecting very much mischief; but they constitute one of the worst of
+all the dangers of our otherwise generally secure civilization.</p>
+
+<p>In the Calcutta "Weekly Record of Asia," just arrived, I find
+particulars of the late conversion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the young Emperor of China to
+Christianity, and of the consequences of that event.</p>
+
+<p>His instructor, a few years ago, while teaching him the English
+language, selected the Bible as the best specimen of its literature.
+Reading it alone, he became interested in it, and at last convinced of
+its truth. When a Moravian missionary requested and obtained an
+interview with him, his faith was confirmed. As soon as he came to the
+throne, he resolved, after much prayer, fully to act out his new belief.
+Confiding this state of mind to one of his trusted counsellors, such
+changes were made in his household and government as would insure the
+prompt and effective carrying out of the imperial mandates. Then he
+caused a proclamation to be made throughout the empire, that he, the
+Emperor, acknowledged the God of the Christians' Bible, and commanded
+all his faithful children to accept the religion of Christ. So much had
+been done already by persevering mission-work in China, as well as in
+India, that the people were not altogether unprepared for this change.</p>
+
+<p>But more was to come yet. In the solitude of his chamber, the Emperor
+became satisfied that the God of Christianity is a God of Peace. War<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+must be absolutely forbidden and brought to an end. In a second
+proclamation, all his subjects were commanded to lay down their arms;
+and disarmament began at the imperial palace itself; maces alone being
+thenceforth carried by its officers and guards.</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture, a rebellion occurred, headed by a descendant of the
+leader of the great rebellion of the nineteenth century. A considerable
+undisciplined army of disaffected men was brought together, and they
+marched toward Peking. The Emperor summoned his grand mandarins, and
+also his chief religious advisers, two venerable native Christian men.
+Between these, he was borne out in his palanquin upon the great highway,
+followed by the imperial guard, unarmed, towards the approaching army.
+Cannon were discharged by the latter; but the balls went far over the
+heads of the imperial procession. Nearer and nearer they came; and, when
+within hearing, the native preachers accompanying the Emperor, and the
+Christian members of his guard, sang together an exultant Christian
+hymn. Almost paralyzed with astonishment, the rebels still slowly
+advanced. As they came within a few hundred yards, the Emperor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> left his
+palanquin, and he and all his suite prostrated themselves in silent
+prayer to God. As if struck by a power from on high, the rebel soldiers,
+rank by rank, fell also to the ground; leaving their three chief leaders
+sitting on their horses alone. Then the Emperor and chief mandarin
+arose, and the latter solemnly bade the officers to do obeisance to
+their Emperor. One after another, they slowly dismounted, and each, as
+he came towards the Emperor, kneeled down, and, drawing his sword,
+performed the hara-kari, or national penal suicide. The chief mandarin,
+in a loud voice, commanded the people to return in peace to their homes,
+with the forgiveness and blessing of their Emperor. They obeyed; and the
+rebellion was at an end.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">Of items of religious information nearer home, I may take note, that the
+Foreign Missionary Association of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of
+Orthodox Friends has now seven missionaries in different fields; most of
+them engaged in Central Africa. The Society of Friends has altogether
+more than sixty foreign missionaries laboring in different parts of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The missionaries sent out by all Protestant denominations together, from
+Europe and America, are hardly more numerous now than they were fifty
+years ago; their work being so much better done, generally, by their
+converts, the <i>native preachers</i>. Not an island in the Pacific is
+without its Christian church; not a spoken dialect in the world without
+its Bible. Yet the world has not, by any means, become altogether
+Christian, even in Christendom itself.</p>
+
+<p>A great revival has just begun in Brooklyn. It has already reached New
+York, and is beginning to arouse interest in Philadelphia, Boston, and
+Baltimore. Crowds of men and women of all classes, especially the
+poorest and least cultivated, gather noon and night to religious
+services of a simple but most fervent character. Old men say they have
+known nothing like it since the days of 1857, or the Moody and Sankey
+meetings of 1874-76. By cable we learn that something of the same wave
+of religious movement has appeared in London, Berlin, and Paris. We ask,
+what are we to think of it? Is there a spiritual atmosphere, with its
+heights and depths, mysteriously swayed from land to land? We can only
+wait and see.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">December 31st, 1931.</p>
+
+<p>I have been reading over the pages of this diary for the year just
+coming to a close. This has led me to some retrospection, looking yet
+farther back, and comparing the present with the last century. The 19th
+century was proud of itself; and we of the 20th have hardly gained all
+that we should in true humility. Both centuries have had their great
+events and great advances; and both, their weaknesses, errors, and
+absurdities. I will venture a comparison of some of these.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>most absurd</i> things of the 19th century, I think, were these: the
+decree at Rome of the infallibility of the Pope; England's bolstering up
+the Turkish Empire for fear of Russia attacking India; Lord
+Beaconsfield's administration altogether; the financial policy of the
+American green-back party; the belief in spirit-rapping, in the first
+principles of Herbert Spencer's philosophy, and in the sufficiency of
+Darwin's theory of natural selection to account for the ascent from
+lower to higher species; the shot-gun quarantine in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> South against
+yellow fever; the toleration of the waltz, in <i>otherwise civilized</i>
+society, when even Lord Byron denounced it; and the unreformed spelling
+of the English language.</p>
+
+<p>As the greatest national <i>crimes</i> of the last century, I would name the
+British government forcing by war the trade in Opium upon China, and the
+long-continued bad faith of the United States government towards the
+Indian tribes of the West.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the greatest <i>wonders</i> of the 19th century were the invention of
+photography, solar spectral analysis, the radiometer, the phonograph,
+the photophone; in public affairs, the reunion of the old and new school
+Presbyterian Churches, and the disappearance, by civil war, of negro
+slavery in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest <i>triumphs</i> of the first part of the 20th century have been
+the abandonment of all tariffs for protection in the United States, as
+well as in Europe, establishing perfectly free trade throughout the
+world; the successful introduction of woman's suffrage in almost every
+State of our Union; the acceptance of the principle of arbitration,
+through international congresses, in all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> governmental disputes, by the
+great powers of both hemispheres; the practical conquest of
+intemperance, by the abolition of drinking-houses everywhere; and the
+disappearance of sectarianism amongst Christian
+denominations,&mdash;excepting only the persistently exclusive claims of the
+three great historical churches.</p>
+
+<p class="sp">We are clearly not yet at the close of history. Is the world nearly
+prepared for its great consummation? Not yet are fulfilled the beautiful
+prophetic words of the poet Cowper, now far too seldom read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+<span class="p1">"Error has no place;</span><br />
+The creeping pestilence is driven away!<br />
+The breath of Heaven has chased it. In the heart<br />
+No passion touches a discordant string,<br />
+But all is harmony and love. Disease<br />
+Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood<br />
+Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.<br />
+One song employs all nations; and all cry<br />
+'Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!'<br />
+The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks<br />
+Shout to each other, and the mountain tops<br />
+From distant mountains catch the flying joy,&mdash;<br />
+Till, nation after nation taught the strain,<br />
+Earth rolls the rapturous hosanna round."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Not in our time have dawned such days as these. But, let our hearts be
+lifted up: <i>they will come yet</i>. Some New Year's bells will</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Ring out old shapes of foul disease;<br />
+<span class="p2">Ring out the narrowing lust of gold;</span><br />
+<span class="p2">Ring out the thousand wars of old,</span><br />
+Ring in the thousand years of peace.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+Ring in the valiant man and free,<br />
+<span class="p2">The larger heart, the kindlier hand;</span><br />
+<span class="p2">Ring out the darkness of the land,</span><br />
+Ring in the Christ that is to be."</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 31171-h.txt or 31171-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century, by
+Henry Hartshorne
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century
+
+
+Author: Henry Hartshorne
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 3, 2010  [eBook #31171]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH
+CENTURY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Starner, Tamise Totterdell, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from
+scanned images of public domain material generously made available by the
+Google Books Library Project (http://books.google.com/)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      the the Google Books Library Project. See
+      http://books.google.com/books?vid=lU2J-EFFzjgC&id
+
+
+
+
+
+1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.
+
+by
+
+HENRY HARTSHORNE.
+
+"Coming Events Cast Their Shadows Before."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Philadelphia:
+E. Claxton & Co.,
+930 Market Street.
+1881.
+
+Copyright secured.
+1881.
+
+Collins, Printer.
+
+
+
+
+The contents of the following pages are taken from a diary, supposed to
+be written in 1931, by a gentleman of leisure and good opportunities for
+observation.
+
+Should any reader be inclined to hold the editor or author responsible
+for what is thus recorded, be it remembered that very little is expressed
+concerning what _ought_ to be; the chief purpose being to show rather what
+will _probably occur_.
+
+
+
+
+1931:
+
+A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.
+
+
+
+
+                                                    _January 1, 1931._
+
+
+I begin to-day to jot down occasional notes of whatever interests me
+most, in private or public affairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Much sympathy is just now felt everywhere for the ex-queen of England in
+her enforced retirement. She would have been perfectly safe in returning
+to England; and she will, probably, before long, again take up her
+residence at Osborne or Balmoral; but the extreme unpopularity of the
+ex-king makes his return at least undesirable.
+
+During our present, 71st Congress, meeting at St. Louis, a motion will
+be made by a member from Texas for the admission of Mexico as a State.
+When this is effected, Mexico will be the fifty-second State of our
+Union. Some Senators are understood to doubt the advantage to the
+country, at the present time, of this admission, on account of the
+constitutionally unsettled character of the population. Since
+Protestantism has so generally prevailed there, however, Mexico is said
+to have greatly improved. The acceptance of the whole of Central
+America, in the form of three Territories, must soon follow. For this
+also, but little can be urged, except the now very old argument of
+"manifest destiny." Commercial men say that it is time for this
+extension to be made, on account of the growing importance of
+interoceanic navigation, by the three routes, of Panama, Nicaragua, and
+Tehuantepec. Our large trade with Japan and China requires, besides the
+steamers running between San Francisco, Yokohama, and Hong Kong every
+two weeks, more frequent and quick water transit from Philadelphia, New
+York, Boston, and Baltimore, through one or other of these Isthmian
+routes.
+
+It has been abundantly shown that the anticipation of some speculative
+persons, that the course of the Gulf Stream, and consequently the
+climate of Western Europe, might be altered by cutting through the
+isthmus, and thus connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, was
+altogether erroneous. No change whatever in the direction, rate of
+motion, or temperature of the great current has been observed. It is too
+majestic a movement to be so affected.
+
+It is remarkable how entirely mistaken, also, those croaking prophets
+were, who formerly supposed that much addition to the old United States
+would make a cumbrous and impracticable political aggregate. Since the
+principle that only honest men shall be placed in public offices has
+been adopted throughout the nation, local administration of local
+affairs harmonizes so well with a central national government
+controlling general interests, that all works smoothly yet; even with
+the addition of the three great States which once formed the Dominion of
+Canada, and the outlying territories of Greenland, Labrador, Hawaii,
+Cuba, and St. Domingo.
+
+A motion made in the House last year, but then postponed rather than
+defeated, will probably come up again in Congress at this session:
+namely, to hold the meeting of Congress every third year in San
+Francisco. Alternation between Washington and St. Louis has now worked
+well for eleven years; and Western men are getting clamorous about their
+right to the same privilege in turn. Capitalists of San Francisco offer
+to contribute five millions of dollars towards the erection of the
+western Capitol, besides building and fitting out a Presidential mansion
+in their city. This is handsome; and, since the central Capitol at St.
+Louis, now nearly finished, has involved the expenditure of about twelve
+millions, such liberality may be needful for the success of the project.
+One of the California Senators has written an article on this topic in
+the last number of the _North American Review_. He proposes, among other
+things, that a statue of Abraham Lincoln shall be erected in front of
+the Capitol at St. Louis, and one of William Penn at that of San
+Francisco. At the three seats of government we shall then have
+perpetuated the memory of the three noblest and most era-making of
+American statesmen: Penn, representing the grandeur and security of
+Christian justice and peace; Washington, loyalty to national
+independence and republican institutions; Lincoln, the triumph, by
+sacrifice, of liberty throughout our continent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This mention of Abraham Lincoln suggests some retrospection. I remember
+that when, sixteen years ago, in 1915, our national debt was all finally
+paid off, great exultation was felt. In a Fourth-of-July oration at
+Omaha, the speaker, a young colored lawyer, referring to the civil war
+of 1861-65, as so largely adding to the national debt, said that his
+grandfather was one of the first men of color who ever sat in the Senate
+of the United States. Now, there are eight colored Senators, and fifteen
+members of the House. Of direct African descent also, are the Governor
+of Louisiana, and the Mayor of the city of Richmond, Virginia; the
+immediate predecessor of the latter having been a member of one of the
+oldest historical cavalier families of that State. The general officer
+in command at West Point, too, is a colored gentleman, of excellent
+reputation and qualifications. All prejudice of race, in fact, has now
+very much disappeared, and is looked back upon as a preposterous error
+of the past. Indian members of Congress number this session at least
+seven--two Senators, Cherokees, and five members of the House from the
+two new States formed from what was once the Indian Territory. The white
+population of those States is also well represented in the Senate and in
+the House.
+
+We learn that the United States of South America are at present holding
+their eighth biennial Congress at Lima, Peru. Brazil continues friendly;
+but the people of that nation still treasure the traditions and usages
+of their Empire. The constitutional limitations of Brazil, nevertheless,
+make it imperial only in name and form; it is as liberal as was the
+government of Great Britain in the latter days of its monarchy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We thought it a great deal for the English people, twenty-five years
+ago, to abolish the place of the House of Lords in their government; or
+even, before that, so completely to disestablish the once powerful
+Church of England. But the monarchy! What seemed so permanent as that?
+Who would have thought, fifty years ago, in good Queen Victoria's
+reign, that some persons then living might come to know of her throne
+being as vacant, nay, as utterly overturned, as the Palace of the
+Caesars!
+
+It is one evidence of the old conservatism of the British nation, so
+terribly shattered now, that the rank, titles, and estates of the
+nobility are still left to them; with the qualification, that the eldest
+son is entitled by law to only twice the share of each of the other
+heirs of the estate; and the whole of any property may be sequestered,
+by legal process, for debt.
+
+Probably, now, the exodus of British nobles to this country, as well as
+to the continent of Europe, so active already during the last decade or
+two, will increase considerably. Marriage of American ladies with
+lordlings, earls, and even dukes, is scarcely very rare at present; it
+may be expected soon to become almost as common, at least, as such
+titles are. It is whispered that it is not entirely impossible that the
+ex-king and queen, with the royal family, may come hereafter to reside
+at New Belgravia, in California, where several thousands of acres have
+been latterly bought and occupied as estates, by English noblemen; or,
+perhaps more probably, in Loudon County, Virginia; where the Dukes of
+Cambridge and of Devonshire both own splendid properties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No wonder that the Republic of Great Britain and Ireland should differ
+chiefly from ours, in the greater share of power allotted to the Upper
+House. If men of rank will (as some of them have already done) wisely
+accept the inevitable change, and, with full loyalty to the Republic,
+seek, or allow themselves, to be elected to places in the new
+Parliament, they may, as Senators, exercise a power and skill in
+legislation, which will be beneficial not only to their own order, but
+to their country. They have the advantage of us, in England, in the
+presidential term being ten years; ours, with difficulty, having been
+prolonged only to eight. I believe that the preservation of the rank and
+property of the aristocracy during the critical times just past, and,
+indeed, the bloodless character of the revolution altogether,--have been
+mainly due to the sagacious policy of a number of noblemen of large
+influence;--especially the Argylls in Scotland and the Derbys and Dukes
+of Northumberland and Bedford, in England, in timely bending to the
+storm; yielding, step by step, what _must_ be yielded, and so keeping
+more than if they had resisted all changes to the bitter end.
+
+Especially do they now reap a reward for the good work of the
+Anglo-Irish Landlords' League; who, with their fitting motto, "_Noblesse
+oblige_," so liberally purchased from the old landlords, some years
+since, most of the properties in the distressed and disturbed parts both
+of England and Ireland, and sold them out in small farms to the
+peasantry. Glancing the other day, in our library, at Hack Tuke's
+pamphlet of 1880, on the Distress in Ireland, it is gratifying to know
+that, to-day, nearly three-fourths of the whole island are possessed by
+independent peasant farmers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And India! It reads almost like one of Southey's or Edwin Arnold's
+oriental poems to peruse the account of the splendid coronation of the
+Afghan Emperor of All India. Retribution here, indeed, for the folly of
+that charlatan prime minister who once prated about a "scientific
+boundary" of the _British_ Empire of India. Another instance of the
+"slow grinding of the mills of the gods," which is so very sure.
+
+Good news continues to come from France. Republican principles were
+never stronger; not a ghost of imperialism, and scarcely a thought of
+monarchical reaction, appears. Bourbons and Bonapartes alike are
+politically and sentimentally dead. Evangelical protestantism is
+spreading and deepening in its influence. The extreme intolerance of
+Romanism which prevailed for a while is giving way to a more reasonable
+freedom of conscience for all religions. Yet I doubt whether any city in
+Europe has fewer Roman Catholic worshippers than Paris, unless it be
+Rome; where the hatred of all relics and reminders of the old papal days
+is intense and pervading. It is to be wished that the Italian Republic
+were as settled and conservative as is that of the French. Spain is now
+going through its anti-Catholic fever; the banishment of all priests for
+five years seems an extreme measure; but, after it, there is room for
+hope that better days than those of Isabella of Castile await this long
+fallow but once intellectually fertile land. The annexation of Portugal
+is expected at least as soon as the present king dies; certainly no heir
+of his will ever wear a crown.
+
+The Pope! If he had only read, pondered, and _learned by heart_ Victor
+Hugo's poem, "Le Pape," he might perhaps be still at home in the
+Vatican. But the "infallible" can never learn. At Constantinople he is
+at least safe. The Greek government there is secure against all present
+foes. Then, the triarchate; is it not surprising? Pope, Patriarch, and
+Primate of Canterbury! Roman, Greek, and Anglican, united at last! A
+dream of the last century ecclesiastics is fulfilled,--alas, too late;
+for the glory has departed from the tiara, the crozier, and the mitre
+altogether.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan, it is said, has found an asylum in Persia. The Shah allows
+him a palace, but he is shorn already of half his _hareem_. Perhaps the
+fate of Lear may be before him yet, though not from filial ingratitude.
+
+
+
+
+                                                 _February 4th, 1931._
+
+
+Important cable news this morning is, that the German republican
+government last evening passed the bill accepting the proposal of France
+to purchase Alsace and Lorraine for 300,000,000 francs. More interesting
+still, a bill was also introduced, and is likely to pass, _ceding_ to
+the French all the rest of the territory on the west side of the Rhine
+bordering on France. The long-coveted natural boundary will thus be
+theirs. How infinitely better this than war upon war for revenge and
+conquest!
+
+The tunnel under the British Channel is nearly finished. It is to be
+constantly illuminated with electric light, and, being a joint national
+work, will be a free public (not _high_way exactly, but) way, for all.
+
+Austria-Hungary appears to be, for a time at least, tranquil. The
+emperor has conceded all that the constitutionalists required of him.
+There are now only four emperors in the world:--those of Austria,
+Brazil, India, and China; and the first two are so limited in power as
+hardly to deserve the imperial name. The title of tsar has been
+definitely denied to the present constitutional monarch of Russia; he is
+really something between a king and a president.
+
+Fearful indeed must have been the communist or nihilist war of Russia of
+thirty years ago. The country has hardly recovered from it yet. Had it
+not been for the loyalty of the large population of those families
+emancipated in 1861 by the Tsar Alexander II. from serfdom, not only the
+imperial family, but all the members of the nobility, and the whole
+class of wealthy Russians would probably have been put to death by fire
+and sword.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Welcome to all lovers of peace and prosperity will be the late
+intelligence that, at the Congress of Berlin, all the great powers have
+agreed to reduce their standing armies to 50,000 men for each nation;
+and that neither power shall increase its forces, without two months'
+notice to all the rest. The "volunteer" military organizations will
+still be allowed, besides these armies; but zeal for rifle practice
+seems to be very much on the wane. It is probable that occasional showy
+parades may soon be all that is left in civilized countries of the
+"pomp and circumstance of glorious war."
+
+It is painful to know that in Africa, and in Mongolian Asia, the arts of
+destruction have been more rapidly borrowed from Europe than those of
+peace and progress. It is said that Gatling guns, as well as Minie
+rifles and dynamite shells, and the newly reinvented projectile Greek
+fire, are now in use with terrible effect between hostile tribes in
+Central Africa, officered in great part by European and American
+adventurers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The international coinage arrangement, on the decimal system, so long in
+use between England, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, will
+be extended next year, by agreement, to Spain, Russia, Denmark, and
+Greece. It is wonderful how our fathers, even almost down to the present
+generation, were satisfied with any scheme of weights and measures other
+than the metrical, now so universally in use.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the South African Dutch-English Federal States we hear of
+settlement and progress. The Australian Republic also is thriving.
+Melbourne has now 600,000 inhabitants. How many millions of people
+to-day speak the English language! All North America (except a part of
+the people of Mexico); Australia; India; South Africa; and, this month,
+after long consideration, Japan has officially adopted English as the
+language of public affairs, to be taught in all the common schools. By
+the way, the newly elected Secretary of Education of the Japanese
+Commonwealth is an American; a graduate of the High School at Chicago.
+The extension of the use of spoken, written, and printed English in
+China is quite rapid, and so it is in Egypt, on the Continent of Europe,
+and in South America. It truly bids fair within a century to become the
+universal language.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The purchase of Jerusalem and the greater part of Palestine by an
+association of wealthy Jews, headed by the Rothschild, Montefiore, and
+Belmont families, is an accomplished fact. Along with this it may be
+noted that very many Jews have recently been converted to Christianity.
+There is a large tabernacle for the worship of evangelical Jews just
+built upon the Mount of Olives. At one of the first meetings of the
+Sanhedrim after the Russian municipal government had been withdrawn, a
+rabbi, bearing the significant name of Nicodemus, proposed this question
+for discussion: "Ought we now to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah?" By a
+small majority, the question was indefinitely postponed without debate.
+
+Jerusalem is now lit by gas, except an electric light in one of the
+central streets. Horse-cars are running in every direction; and a
+steam-train passes daily to and from Jaffa on the Mediterranean. The
+Mosque of Omar has been purchased by the Young Men's Christian
+Association, which has within its walk a Bible-School of nearly 1000
+pupils of all ages. A college for both sexes is in full operation at
+Jericho. An English weekly and an American daily newspaper are issued in
+Jerusalem, and an English daily paper also in Smyrna.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We learn that the Joint Commission appointed by England, France, Italy,
+and Greece for the provisional government of Egypt, is meeting with fair
+success; bad as the financial state of that country has been. The
+American "Egyptian Improvement Company," with a capital of forty
+millions of dollars, is paying an annual dividend of six per cent.;
+which is extraordinary for these times. New explorations along the Nile,
+near Luxor, have unearthed a number of royal tombs, with extremely
+interesting paintings, sarcophagi, and hieroglyphic inscriptions. More
+notable still; in a Coptic convent in Upper Egypt, there has been found
+a Greek Codex of the whole New Testament; believed by palaeographers to
+belong to the third century. Among other things, it omits the concluding
+verses of the last chapter of the Gospel of Mark, and attaches the name
+of Barnabas to the Epistle to the Hebrews; not containing, moreover, the
+reputed Epistle of Barnabas which was found attached to the Sinaitic
+Codex.
+
+
+
+
+                                                    _March 26th, '31._
+
+
+A telegram directly from Peking to Washington announces the extension to
+all the provinces in China of the decree, already for a number of years
+enforced in the great cities, totally prohibiting the sale of opium;
+except by a few government appointees, at prescription of registered
+physicians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Euphrates Valley Railroad is almost finished. The main line of
+communication between Europe and Asia will pass through Smyrna, Aleppo,
+Bagdad, and Bassora on the Persian Gulf. A road will also run from Jaffa
+through Jerusalem, and will connect with Damascus. Parlor, sleeping, and
+hotel cars will be placed on all these roads at once, furnished by an
+Indianapolis firm on contract.
+
+By the completion, many years ago, of the trans-Indian line of telegraph
+and railroad, and now of that from Calcutta along the Brahmapootra River
+and through Southern China to Canton, the girdle around the world is
+almost completed. Puck might travel it now in less than forty minutes.
+Behring's Strait will, in a few months, be crossed by the Asian-American
+cable, and a line of steamers, owned partly by Russian and partly by
+American stockholders, will soon make that channel a ferry between the
+Continents. The greatest tunnel in the world is that being constructed
+through a spur of the Himalayas, in Northeastern India. The new
+observatory on Mount Everest is furnished with three first-class
+telescopes, and other needful appliances for astronomical observation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All friends of Africa will rejoice to know that Liberia is extending its
+annexations farther and farther into the interior. The Livingstone lock
+Canal also, along the valley of what was once called the Congo River, is
+contracted for, to be ready for navigation within twelve months. No
+doubt at all exists of the success of the project for irrigating
+portions of the desert of Sahara by means of Artesian, or rather not
+very deep driven wells, by which the desert has already been made, in a
+hundred artificial oases, to "blossom as the rose."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ship canals seem to be among the special works of our time. It is now
+almost a quarter of a century since the Caspian and Black Seas were
+connected, through the enterprise of Russian capitalists. The newest
+project broached is to cut through from the Gulf of Boothia to Hudson's
+Bay, in latitude 65 deg. N. and longitude 90 deg. W. from Greenwich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think I shall join, this summer, one of the excursions which are
+getting so fashionable, to Labrador, Greenland, or perhaps Iceland. The
+Upernavik House is said to be very well kept, and filled most of the
+season with boarders or transient visitors.
+
+There is something yet new in these northern places. Switzerland is
+getting spoiled and commonplace. Think of making the ascent of Mont
+Blanc on a steam railroad! Think, too, of public school excursions to
+the Yosemite, and the rocks there being placarded all over (until the
+government very properly had them taken down) with advertisements!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Certainly man must begin to repair or restore to nature some of his
+robberies. A small beginning of this has been made by the Society of
+Acclimatization and Conservation. At their Acclimatarium in West
+Philadelphia, including the old Centennial Grounds of '76, and the
+Zoological Garden, munificent arrangements have been made, by the use of
+glass, wood, iron, and water-gas heating apparatus, for the creation of
+an artificial tropical and sub-tropical climate. All the glories of
+Southern India, Ceylon, Java, Australasia, Brazil, and the West Indies
+may now be seen there, in palms, cycads, eucalypti, acacias, tree ferns,
+clinging vines, and splendid flowers, as well as in the many-colored
+birds and insects of those regions; with their animals, also, which are
+disposed, when needful for safety, in cages so large and yet so light,
+as scarcely to give the appearance of imprisonment.
+
+Also, the camel is now fairly naturalized in Texas and New Mexico, and
+the two-toed ostrich in South America; on the pampas of that continent
+travellers may meet with the gazelle, the springbok, the oryx, and the
+kangaroo. Elephants are domesticated and used for court occasions in
+Brazil, as they are in India. Tea and coffee are now largely cultivated
+in California, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. In
+exchange, the cinchona tree abounds more now in India than in Peru, and
+the cacao or cocoa tree has been planted by thousands upon the southern
+slopes of the Himalayas and in Persia.
+
+On the other hand, the bison and the prong-buck are almost extinct in the
+west. But for the great national parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Niagara
+and others, carefully guarded, the American deer, elk, and moose would
+all likewise disappear. Forest-culture, however, is, by the pressure of
+necessity, attracting, as it ought, a great deal of attention, under the
+guidance of the government Agricultural Department.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It seems to work well, better than some expected, to have our national
+Cabinet enlarged by the introduction to full rank in it of the three new
+Secretaries, of Agriculture, Education, and Health. The importance of
+the last named of these is universally acknowledged; as well as the
+necessity for State Boards of Health in all the States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century! Human
+life now averages 50 years in the United States; rather more in
+England, and nearly as much in France and Germany. By stringent
+regulations for maintaining cleanliness of ships, wharves, and, indeed
+of cities throughout, along with the abolition everywhere of the useless
+and detestable antiquated personal quarantine, yellow fever has been
+almost absolutely extinguished; only ten deaths from it occurring last
+summer in Havana, one or two in Pensacola, and not one in New Orleans,
+Memphis, Nashville, or any other city in the United States. Cholera,
+likewise, through sanitary improvements, has disappeared from the world,
+except a score or two of cases annually in the worst crowded villages
+near the Ganges in India. What a grand triumph of medical art, also,
+following Jenner's vaccination, and Pasteur's later investigations, is
+the protection afforded against the dangers of scarlet fever, measles
+and whooping-cough, by inoculation with a modified virus, appropriate to
+each!
+
+But, more than these, the waste of human life has been abridged by the
+sweeping reform effected in regard to the abuse of alcohol. That was a
+grand report made to Congress by the men and women of the "Alcohol
+Commission" of 1910. It is said to have been principally written by the
+chairwoman of the Commission, who was then, and continues to be still,
+Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University. Local option in
+nine-tenths of our States, with prohibition of dram-shops everywhere:
+what a change from a century ago! A man was almost mobbed in Boston the
+other day for selling liquor to a minor. On being taken before a
+magistrate, and afterwards tried in court, he was imprisoned for three
+years. Arrests, fines and imprisonment for selling whiskey by the glass,
+rather frequent ten years ago in New York, are seldom now heard of. The
+American people are sober! It looks like a monstrous and incredible
+folly that we read of, that, once, even otherwise sensible and
+well-meaning gentlemen would, on occasion, get staggering drunk.
+
+Wines of the finest quality, equal to the best of Europe, are made every
+year in California, New York, and Missouri; and they are occasionally
+placed upon the table at entertainments. But it is regarded as an
+intolerable indecorum for a gentleman to drink more than a single glass,
+or a lady half a glass, at a time.
+
+There is no doubt that the large and magnificent coffee and cocoa
+houses (the latter most commended on hygienic grounds), in all our great
+cities, have made much more practicable the shutting up of the drinking
+saloons that formerly lined our streets.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another great sanitary improvement was the destruction, a few years
+since, of all the tenement houses of New York and Boston, and the
+prohibition by law of their re-erection. The mortality of New York was
+lessened by one-third the very next year after it was done. I am glad to
+hear that, following this good example, a Citizens' Philanthropic
+Building Association has bought up most of the ground in the worst parts
+of the down town Philadelphia suburbs, in order to put up blocks of
+model lodging-houses there. It seems unfortunate that the terribly
+destructive fire in Philadelphia in 1890, occurring when all the
+fireplugs were frozen with zero weather, should have laid waste Arch,
+Market, Chestnut, and Walnut Streets, rather than those dens of poverty
+and misery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When the new water supply for New York city and the Hudson River towns
+from the Adirondack region, and those for Philadelphia from the upper
+Delaware and Perkiomen, are completed, and sewage irrigation relieves
+the rivers everywhere from pollution, it may be hoped that the yearly
+mortality of our great communities may be brought down below 15 in 1000;
+once thought to be the acme of healthfulness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheapening of food goes on remarkably, along with close and high culture
+of the ground. Proper appreciation of the share taken by the
+_atmosphere_ in the nutrition of plants has made soil construction a
+much simpler and surer thing than formerly. Roof-gardens in towns are
+very common and successful; half of the vegetables consumed in Baltimore
+are said to be grown on roofs. I once saw a book entitled "Our Farm of
+Four Acres;" and another, "Ten Acres Enough." Very little skill should
+be needed now to enable a frugal family to live _well_ on two or three
+acres of well-made ground.
+
+
+
+
+                                                  _August 20th, 1931._
+
+
+I bought yesterday a pound of the best grass-flavored adipo-butyrin (as
+good as any dairy butter) for ten cents; a sirloin of good western beef
+for twelve cents a pound; and, best of all, a bushel of Rocky-mountain
+grasshoppers, as crisp and delicious as could be, for only thirty-seven
+cents! They say, the supply of these last delicacies will be short this
+season; as hardly any have appeared yet in Kansas or Nebraska.
+Excursions for procuring them from farther west are, however, quite
+frequently made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I saw an account of the sale of some Southern lands in this morning's
+paper. The best farm land in Virginia brings 400 to 500 dollars an acre.
+Some in South Carolina has brought 400 and 500; good Maryland farms 5,
+6, and 700 dollars an acre. Manufactories, too, are in active operation
+in all the old Cotton States. It has happened, as every one might have
+known would be the case, that when a generation or two had passed after
+the cessation of slavery, and the old hatreds had been buried in the
+graves of the men and women who nursed them, prosperity would increase
+in the South to an extent that could hardly be imagined under the
+slaveholding regime, the "dark ages" of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How fast arts and inventions are accumulating! The nineteenth century
+seems likely to be equaled if not surpassed in new material appliances
+of civilization and luxury. Railroad speed now often reaches ninety
+miles an hour, upon the straightened and generally elevated tracks in
+use; with the automatic block-signal system so complete, that collisions
+are nearly impossible. Coal-oil is now much used in locomotives, and
+almost universally on ocean steamers. The supposed dangers of its
+conveyance and employment have been readily met by suitable precautions.
+
+The cable-telephone has been perfected; one can converse directly with a
+friend or business correspondent in Liverpool, London, or Paris, at the
+rate of twelve cents a minute. How these things promote terseness and
+pithiness of speech! I believe no one, unless it be the stockholders of
+one or two old lines, regrets that all telegraphic and telephonic
+communication in this country has been taken under the control of the
+government. Underground laying of telegraph wires is now nearly
+universal.
+
+Photographing in colors, a French invention, is one of the newer and
+more attractive arts. Printing one's own books has become almost too
+easy, by using the type-writer, with sheets of celluloid, warmed to
+300 deg., instead of paper. The celluloid hardens at once sufficiently
+for stereotyping; so that any number of thousands of copies can be taken
+from such off-hand plates. Truly, "of making many books there is no
+end." Pencils, moreover, whose marks are permanent, have so improved as
+to render that intolerably nasty fluid, ink, unnecessary, and confined
+in its use entirely to a few old-fashioned people.
+
+_Magnifying sound_ has gone far beyond the microphone and megaphone of
+the last century. Deaf persons are now helped by instrumental aid almost
+as much as defective sight is by proper glasses.
+
+Gunpowder and nitro-glycerin have both been utilized for the production
+of continuous motion, especially in the propulsion of the contents of
+transportation tubes. By these agencies, all the local letter
+distribution of Boston and Portland, and a good deal of that of New
+York, is effected by tube-transmission to and from the various branch
+deposit-offices of the cities.
+
+Locomotives are at present running, at a speed limited by law, on our
+best common roads. Several wealthy gentlemen in Philadelphia use small
+private steam-carriages to go daily between their homes and places of
+business. The _pocket magneto-electric lamp_ is one of the neatest of
+modern inventions; and _wiring power_ one of the most tremendous. It is
+said that the energy of a twenty-horse-power steam engine may be
+conveyed from place to place as far as 25 or 30 miles, by suitable cable
+under ground. The only difficulty is to make its management safe, as the
+least contact with the cable is as destructive as lightning; but this
+will no doubt soon be done.
+
+With all these ingenuities, no one has yet contrived a really successful
+flying-machine. Man seems designed by his Creator to remain always "a
+little lower than the angels" in this prerogative.
+
+It is a good thing to be able to be rid, as we now may be, of dirty
+anthracite or other coal in our houses. The distribution of heat,--by
+pipes conveying hydrogen gas for burning in gas-stoves, ranges, or
+furnaces, by steam, or by hot water,--is provided for on the pipe
+system, extending under and through houses from large street mains, in
+most of our cities. I am much pleased also with the method of _floor_
+and _wall_-warming now common; although, for the wealthy, an open wood
+fire is still one of the greatest of all costly luxuries. The uses of
+coal, moreover, are yet so numerous, that all coal-carrying railroads
+are earning and paying large dividends.
+
+For the summer time, the "can't get away" Philadelphians may be
+congratulated on the delightful sea-water baths they can have on Broad
+Street, in water brought by the great marine aqueduct from Atlantic
+City. The water is raised from the sea by tidal power (a kind of motor
+now having many applications) to a reservoir at a sufficient height to
+give the requisite descent towards the city. Its rate of movement, also,
+is such that, being under cover all the way, it retains much of the
+coolness of the ocean-surf.
+
+The blanching or bleaching of the London fogs, by the improved methods
+of consuming smoke, must be a very fine thing for the dwellers in that
+overgrown city. We hear, however, of one old lady, a duchess, who thinks
+the fog now to be very vulgarly pale; and regrets the good old days of
+what she thought a much more picturesque gloom.
+
+
+
+
+                                                   _October 3d, 1931._
+
+
+I have just walked up from the Public Buildings at Broad and Market
+Streets, whither I went to read the "City Bulletin" of telegraphic
+intelligence from all quarters of the world. This is displayed by means
+of letters thrown by the electric light upon screens on the four sides
+of the great square tower above the public buildings. On the North side,
+you can see the latest items of news from Europe; on the East, from
+Asia; on the South, from South America, Africa, and Australasia; on the
+West, from all parts of the United States and Territories. The
+illumination is kept up until 10 o'clock every night.
+
+Of items thrown out this evening, I remember only these: from Europe,
+that the Pan-Catholic Council of the three historical churches (so
+called), has decided to admit the precedence, but not the supremacy, of
+the Pope over the Patriarch of the Greek Church and the Anglican
+Primate. Between the latter two, the question of relative rank has not
+yet been decided. From Asia, report comes of a terrible battle between
+the Persians and the invading Tartar army, in which the latter was
+defeated, with great loss on both sides. All the European and American
+ambassadors are instructed to urge the conclusion of this useless but
+ferocious war. From Africa, we are told of the election of a new
+President, of Dutch descent, for the South African Federation. Of United
+States intelligence of to-day, I am most interested to learn that the
+intercollegiate prize for oratory, at Washington, for which the students
+of twenty-five colleges competed, has been awarded to Miss Minnie
+Stephens, a young lady of Atlanta, Georgia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The International Weather Signal Service now covers, in its
+communications, all portions of the globe. Predictions, or at least
+indications, for three days ahead, are posted daily at Washington
+(whence they are sent to our other American cities), and at London,
+Berlin, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Bombay, Calcutta, Canton, Tokio,
+Cairo, Cape Town, Sydney, Rio Janeiro, Lima, Havana, and Vera Cruz.
+
+What a practical comment upon the uselessness of our petty standing
+regular army of twenty-five thousand men is the act of Congress just
+passed, making West Point a school for Signal Service officers, and for
+training those preparing for Arctic, Antarctic, and Ocean-dredging
+explorations!
+
+Speaking of institutions of education, the National University has
+completed its endowment of six million dollars, and has commenced its
+organization by the appointment of a Board of Directors. It is to be
+located at Chicago, St. Louis, or Omaha, as the Board shall conclude.
+For the President of this University, an evening paper rather lightly
+says: "so much difficulty exists in selecting an individual belonging to
+this world, combining all the desired requisites, that it is in
+contemplation to wait (our moon being uninhabited) until one can be
+obtained from the planet Mars, or possibly Jupiter. The latter will no
+doubt be best,--as one who can bear the great heat of that planet will
+be well fitted to meet the fiery criticism to which he will be subjected
+on all sides."
+
+Industrial and half-time manual-labor schools are now, in the public
+school systems of our States, getting to be the rule rather than the
+exception. Astonishing it is, also, to look back to the time, which I
+can remember, when, instead of the natural and rational method of
+coeducation of the sexes, now universal (with very few exceptions), it
+was a common thing for boys and girls, young men and young women, to be
+educated,--monastery and nunnery fashion,--entirely apart!
+
+_Out-of-door_ schools are a grand improvement of our times. They are the
+old kindergartens of Pestalozzi and Froebel developed. The best that I
+know is in West Philadelphia, near the Acclimatarium. In winter, the
+teachers and children go together for study into the inclosures of the
+Acclimatarium, for at least three hours every day. In summer, their
+range is extended through Fairmount Park, and farther, for the same or a
+longer period. The pupils enter this school at six or seven years of
+age, and continue the "nature course" until twelve or thirteen. Then
+they take up, elsewhere, a larger share of book studies; so that they
+may be, by sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen, prepared for college, if
+desired; and after college, for the Universities.
+
+The degrees of Bachelor and Master of Education, first bestowed by some
+of the great Western Universities, are now granted also by most of our
+kindred Eastern institutions.
+
+Everybody is satisfied that the great English Spelling Reform is not
+going on too fast. Our children are taught the new spelling, the books
+being, in all the public schools, changed once in ten years. With this
+gradual transition, under the direction of the Anglo-American
+Philological Association, we are safely approaching an era of reasonable
+orthography.
+
+A seemingly extreme rule, but really very good, has lately been passed
+by the directors of three of the largest public libraries in this
+country, at the urgency of the Department of Mental Hygiene of the
+American Social Science Association. It is, that no novels shall be
+given out on the application of minors; and that only one novel in three
+months may be taken out in any one stockholder's name.
+
+
+
+
+                                                 _December 1st, 1931._
+
+
+The presidential address at the annual meeting of the Intercontinental
+Scientific Congress, this year held at Melbourne, Australia, has just
+been published. I find in it mention of the following, among other, late
+advances in science.
+
+Proof seems to be accumulating that the suggestion made by Lockyer in
+1879, that all the supposed chemical elements are really modifications
+of the same substance, and that soon after made by others, that this
+common substance is only _condensed universal ether_, the medium of
+luminous, electrical, and other vibrations, is going to be accepted as
+correct. The opinion that the _panaether_, as it is best called, is _not
+atomic_ in its constitution, while all the combinable elements are so,
+is also gaining ground.
+
+More exact knowledge being now had of the relations existing among the
+different so-called elements, it has become possible to work out the
+atomic theory, so far as to prove that the law of chemical attraction is
+identical with that of gravitation; namely, that its force is directly
+in proportion to the number and mass of the atoms, and inversely as the
+squares of their distances: _atomic distances_ being, by extremely
+abstruse calculations, approximately estimated. The long wished for full
+explanation of the relations between frictional electricity, voltaism,
+magnetism, heat, and light, seems likely soon to be obtained; and,
+consequently, also the exact physical relations of the vital or
+formative force of animals and plants.
+
+It is quite well understood that, as Newton himself anticipated, the law
+of gravitation was but a step, though a very great and important one, in
+the generalization of cosmic changes and forces. We seem to be on the
+eve of another advance, needing only the completion of some difficult
+mathematical and physical analyses,--in which all so-called attractions
+and repulsions whatever will be resolved into results or phenomena of
+motion; ethereal, atomic, molecular, and massive motions; whose mutual
+reactions and momenta make the infinite complexity of the universe.
+Towards such a conclusion, serviceable contributions were made many
+years since, by three American cosmologists, Norton, Pliny Chase, and
+Kirkwood.
+
+The 320th asteroid was discovered at Pike's Peak observatory, during
+last summer. I may jot down here too, the record of the first
+observation of a new telescopic comet, last month, by a senior student
+of Bryn Mawr College for Women.
+
+Australia, according to the address mentioned, has at last furnished to
+palaeontologists the real _missing link_, not between men and apes, which
+they have generally given up, but between vertebrate and invertebrate
+animals. So that the famous ascidian mollusc, with a semi-vertebral
+larval stage, which nourished in the writings of Darwin and others, is
+no longer needful. The fossil referred to is an ancient fish-like worm,
+or worm-like fish, to which the name of Entomicthys amphisoma has been
+provisionally given. It is still more remarkable than the amphioxus or
+lancelet, which has been long known.
+
+By the improved methods of measuring both space and time in practical
+astronomy, it has been rendered nearly or quite certain that our earth
+is gradually approaching the sun; and that the same is true of all the
+other planets. Small as the rate of this approach is, it is enough to
+confirm the belief of Sir William Thomson and others in the 19th
+century, that our solar system is constructed for finite (not, as
+Laplace and Lagrange thought, infinite) duration; the whole economy of
+planets will at last run down like a clock, and all the elements will be
+melted together with fervent heat.
+
+Among the leading discoveries of the year is that of the long-looked-for
+third moon of the extra-Neptunian planet. The name of that planet
+itself, although it has been known since 1885, is not yet finally
+settled. Some call it Pluto; others Terminus; it being almost certainly
+the outermost body of our solar system.
+
+A good observation of the intra-Mercurial planet Vulcan was made from
+Mount Everest some weeks ago, by the Hindu astronomer-imperial on duty
+there.
+
+Of the _corona_ seen around the sun during eclipses, the tendency now
+seems to be to return to the explanation long ago proposed and
+discarded; that it is neither telluric, _i.e._ produced by our
+atmosphere, nor, strictly or only, solar; but mainly _selenic_; that is,
+caused by the rays of the sun being _diffracted_ around the edge of the
+moon intervening between us and it. The different appearances of the
+corona as seen from different places on the earth are thus accounted
+for, as well as their diversity during different eclipses, by the
+irregularities upon the lunar surface.
+
+A fine chemical advance has been made in the laboratory of the
+University of Vienna, in the manufacture, from strictly _inorganic_
+materials, and at very moderate and remunerative cost, of the alkaloids
+quinia, strychnia, atropia, morphia, and others. No chemist, however,
+has yet made a single speck of albumen, or any other truly protoplasmic
+substance. By the consent of all biologists, the disproof of the
+possibility of "spontaneous generation" is as strong as ever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+How utterly impossible is it for any one to keep up with the science or
+the literature of the present day! One must have the hundred hands of
+Briareus, and the hundred eyes of Argus, with brains to suit, to know
+anything at all worth while, in our age. Happily, it is not expected of
+us, of anybody, to be Aristotles or Humboldts now.
+
+I like very much the Philadelphia Library Public Reading Course, carried
+on for the last seven or eight years. The Readers there give, twice
+every week, summary oral accounts of all that has been last printed in
+all parts of the world; one hour each evening being given to literature,
+and another hour to science. Once a month, the latest important books
+are briefly reviewed. This saves busy people a vast deal of time. The
+Reader is a sort of animated newspaper and monthly magazine combined.
+
+In social life, the once neglected accomplishment and enjoyment of
+conversation are coming up again. The "Conversation Club" is a great
+success. Its members meet once a week, ladies and gentlemen, young and
+old, single and married, together, at each other's houses, to the number
+of from fifty to a hundred and fifty; from half past seven or eight, to
+half past ten sharp, without any of the trouble or expense of food or
+drink; which it is rationally supposed they have all had or can get at
+home. Dancing is omitted, and only vocal music is allowed; this being in
+rooms apart from the main parlors. With those living out of town,
+afternoon hours are preferred; and only tea, coffee, cocoa, and crackers
+are placed on side tables for those who come from distant places.
+Similar _salons_ to these are usual in Paris; one of them occurring on
+the same evening in the week as ours. Last week, by arrangement, a half
+hour's telephonic discussion was maintained between Philadelphia and
+Paris, on the merits of the last two French translations of Longfellow's
+Poems.
+
+Twice at least in the winter there are yet larger gatherings of the same
+kind, at our Academy of Natural Sciences, and at the Academy of Fine
+Arts. In these, 500 or 600 people are commonly assembled; and very
+pleasant occasions they always are.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The "new Raphael" is the name rather oddly given to a young painter of
+extraordinary genius, especially for depicting the human face and form.
+Oddly given, I say, because the artist is a young woman, daughter of a
+respected minister of the Society of Friends, living in North Carolina.
+
+A Greek poet, chiefly lyric, recalling Pindaric days, has sprung up
+lately in Athens. His rendering of the dramas of Sophocles into modern
+Greek for the stage in Athens and Constantinople, is said to have
+attracted much attention amongst theatre-goers.
+
+A reunion of literary men and women of all nations is to be held at
+Athens, in view of the ruins of the Parthenon, during May, next year.
+
+A trial is now going on in this city, which is likely to illustrate
+well the difference between the present method of trial by courts of
+judges, and the old way by juries. Three judges must always be present;
+and the statement of the accused, in criminal cases, is taken as part of
+the evidence. The abomination of allowing lawyers to engage _expert_
+witnesses on behalf of their respective sides, on questions of poisoning
+or insanity, has been done away with. The court, in such cases, appoints
+a commission of experts, who make a joint report in every instance.
+
+Capital punishment has been abolished in all our States, and in all
+European countries except Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Life-imprisonment
+has taken its place; without pardoning power anywhere, even when the
+plea of insanity has been sustained. A great gain in our jurisprudence
+latterly is, making the proved _intent and effort to kill_ identical
+before the law with successful murder. Moreover, repeated crimes,
+burglaries for instance, are punished by cumulative increase of the
+penalty after every new offence and conviction. As all imprisonment is
+now conducted on the separate plan, jails are no longer, as once,
+training schools for crime.
+
+
+
+
+                                                _December 25th, 1931._
+
+
+The bells are ringing for the various church celebrations of Christmas.
+I will, as I hear them, jot down some items about late religious
+affairs. In yesterday's "Anglo-American Weekly Times," I read a
+well-written sermon by the Dean of St. Paul's, London, on the evidence
+of the wisdom and goodness of God derived from the facts of evolution;
+not Darwinism, as that phase of the theory of development has latterly
+become practically of secondary importance. Justice was done, however,
+in this discourse, to the immense contributions made by Darwin's genius
+and labors to the facts of natural science, and to the proofs of design
+abounding in the creation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The revised version of the Bible (of which the New Testament was issued
+in 1881) is now universally in use. The version of King James, so
+called, has become antiquated, and is consulted almost alone by scholars
+for special inquiries. Editions are now to be had of the later version
+in which the reformed spelling of 1925 is carried out.
+
+The Old Catholics, of whom Dollinger and Loyson (Father Hyacinthe) were
+leaders during the last century, have carried their reforms much farther
+than the High Church section of the Anglican body. They are, it is said,
+looking towards junction with the Reformed Episcopal Church, which now
+numbers about 600,000 members.
+
+A striking feature in the religious "movement" of our times, is a
+general tendency towards the _congregational_ principle of association.
+Councils, convocations, synods, conventions, and "yearly meetings" have
+more and more an advisory, and less and less of compulsory power, over
+independent local congregations. Denominations have so multiplied, that
+it looks as if, after awhile, every man may be his own pastor, elder,
+bishop, or over-seer,--indeed a whole "church" by himself. Let us hope
+that this disintegration only anticipates the final _reunion_ of all
+Christians in one flock (perhaps even in one fold), under one shepherd.
+
+The World's Young Men's Christian Association now counts more than two
+million members. Its annual conventions meet alternately at
+Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans, Washington, London, Rome,
+Constantinople, Jerusalem, Calcutta, Melbourne, and Tokio. Women's
+Christian Associations number, in the aggregate, almost as many members.
+
+On New Year's day, 1932, a union prayer meeting of all nations is to
+convene under the dome of St. Peter's at Rome. It will be continued
+daily for two weeks. At least ten languages will be used by those there
+assembled for united worship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Pan-Presbyterian Convention, met at San Francisco on the 15th of
+last month, a resolution was passed, after protracted debate, in which
+it was declared to be the sense of that body that Christian doctrine, in
+the progress of modern enlightenment, must not be hereafter fettered by
+any prescription, however venerable, of merely human authority; no
+minister being bound, therefore, to exclusive adherence, in his
+statement of doctrines, to language not contained in the Holy
+Scriptures. This was understood as allowing, as entirely optional, the
+abandonment of what has been known as predestinarian Calvinism.
+
+Three weeks later, in the Unitarian Convention at Boston, the following
+resolution was brought forward:--
+
+"Whereas, the occasion for the origin of New England Unitarianism was
+the need of protesting against extreme and erroneous dogmatic teaching,
+whereby the truth and beauty of Christianity were becoming obscured and
+misrepresented; and whereas, at the present day, reform in this respect
+has become general among the so-called Evangelical churches:
+
+"Therefore Resolved, that the mission of Unitarianism in this country
+may be regarded as having been performed and ended."
+
+This was passed by a fair majority. The dissenters, after the
+adjournment of the Convention, reorganized on the same basis as before,
+with a view to permanence; but several of these joined, somewhat later,
+the Association of Free Religionists, who have discarded the name of
+Christians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Congress of German philosophers and advocates of free thought was held
+some months ago at Munich. At its closing session, a declaration was
+proposed as embodying the main present result of free thought in
+Germany. It sets forth that the ideas of Christianity are necessary to a
+satisfactory theory of man and the universe. These ideas are said to
+be, the existence and eternity of God, the visible manifestation of God
+to man, the suffering of God with and for man, and the visitation of
+God, spiritually, to men.
+
+The facts of physical and natural science, interpreted according to the
+matured scheme of evolution, prove a _beginning_; a world not eternal.
+The philosophy of the Absolute requires recognition of the existence of
+an _unbeginning_ and unending Being. Cosmic science proves _unity of
+plan_, _purpose_, and _beneficence_, throughout the universe. Man's
+intelligence necessitates the belief that a greater Intelligence must
+have created him. If, then, God is, and is good, it is impossible that
+He should not make Himself known to man, both visibly and invisibly:
+once, at least, in history, and always spiritually. If man, being free,
+errs, he must, by the necessity of the laws of the universe, in
+deranging its harmony, suffer and cause suffering. But God may Himself
+accept this suffering, and so abate it; making it finite and brief,
+instead of unending, as it must, without His interference, be. All these
+conditions are met by the Christian religion; which has also stood the
+severe test of many martyrdoms. "While, therefore," it is concluded,
+"we regard ecclesiasticism and ritualism as among the greatest of evils,
+we are convinced that Christianity is the only religion reconcilable
+with philosophy; and we therefore accept it as true."
+
+This declaration is reported to have met with very loud and angry
+dissent from a considerable minority. The latter resolved themselves,
+finally, into two schools: one, the larger in number, of rational deists
+or theists, repudiating Christianity; the more extreme portion, into a
+new sect or organization, which met shortly afterwards in Dresden.
+
+These last free-thinkers, when assembled, declared that they were
+discontented with all previous protests against religion, as not going
+sufficiently far. "We have had enough," they said, "of futile efforts to
+deny or ignore the existence of God. We believe that He exists, and we
+_hate_ Him. We regard the Satan of Milton as the noblest character in
+all literature and history. All honor from us to those who, in history
+like Strauss, in philosophy like Schopenhauer, in science like
+Hoeckel, and in literature like Heine, have tried, directly or
+indirectly, to make the Christian's God seem unknowable or hateful to
+men. But the time has come to pass beyond their moderation. We unite
+ourselves in a league, not as atheists, but as _misotheists_, against
+all that is called God; not in unbelief, but in revolt and utter
+defiance."
+
+Such is the substance of the programme, announced on the pages of the
+"Anarchist," published in New York, of the new Misotheistic Association.
+It fraternizes, very naturally, with the Anti-Christian Society of
+London, and the Grand Order of the Knights of Lucifer at Rome.
+
+Lower down in the scale still, but with much the same _animus_, is the
+secret order, now said to number many members in nearly every city in
+Europe and this country, though originating in Bombay, India, of _Thugs_
+and _Burners_. These are vowed to take every opportunity to do injury to
+the cause not only of religion, but of public and private virtue and
+order; by arson, assassination, and other crimes. Through the vigilance
+of well-organized police, they have, so far, been prevented from
+effecting very much mischief; but they constitute one of the worst of
+all the dangers of our otherwise generally secure civilization.
+
+In the Calcutta "Weekly Record of Asia," just arrived, I find
+particulars of the late conversion of the young Emperor of China to
+Christianity, and of the consequences of that event.
+
+His instructor, a few years ago, while teaching him the English
+language, selected the Bible as the best specimen of its literature.
+Reading it alone, he became interested in it, and at last convinced of
+its truth. When a Moravian missionary requested and obtained an
+interview with him, his faith was confirmed. As soon as he came to the
+throne, he resolved, after much prayer, fully to act out his new belief.
+Confiding this state of mind to one of his trusted counsellors, such
+changes were made in his household and government as would insure the
+prompt and effective carrying out of the imperial mandates. Then he
+caused a proclamation to be made throughout the empire, that he, the
+Emperor, acknowledged the God of the Christians' Bible, and commanded
+all his faithful children to accept the religion of Christ. So much had
+been done already by persevering mission-work in China, as well as in
+India, that the people were not altogether unprepared for this change.
+
+But more was to come yet. In the solitude of his chamber, the Emperor
+became satisfied that the God of Christianity is a God of Peace. War
+must be absolutely forbidden and brought to an end. In a second
+proclamation, all his subjects were commanded to lay down their arms;
+and disarmament began at the imperial palace itself; maces alone being
+thenceforth carried by its officers and guards.
+
+At this juncture, a rebellion occurred, headed by a descendant of the
+leader of the great rebellion of the nineteenth century. A considerable
+undisciplined army of disaffected men was brought together, and they
+marched toward Peking. The Emperor summoned his grand mandarins, and
+also his chief religious advisers, two venerable native Christian men.
+Between these, he was borne out in his palanquin upon the great highway,
+followed by the imperial guard, unarmed, towards the approaching army.
+Cannon were discharged by the latter; but the balls went far over the
+heads of the imperial procession. Nearer and nearer they came; and, when
+within hearing, the native preachers accompanying the Emperor, and the
+Christian members of his guard, sang together an exultant Christian
+hymn. Almost paralyzed with astonishment, the rebels still slowly
+advanced. As they came within a few hundred yards, the Emperor left his
+palanquin, and he and all his suite prostrated themselves in silent
+prayer to God. As if struck by a power from on high, the rebel soldiers,
+rank by rank, fell also to the ground; leaving their three chief leaders
+sitting on their horses alone. Then the Emperor and chief mandarin
+arose, and the latter solemnly bade the officers to do obeisance to
+their Emperor. One after another, they slowly dismounted, and each, as
+he came towards the Emperor, kneeled down, and, drawing his sword,
+performed the hara-kari, or national penal suicide. The chief mandarin,
+in a loud voice, commanded the people to return in peace to their homes,
+with the forgiveness and blessing of their Emperor. They obeyed; and the
+rebellion was at an end.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of items of religious information nearer home, I may take note, that the
+Foreign Missionary Association of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of
+Orthodox Friends has now seven missionaries in different fields; most of
+them engaged in Central Africa. The Society of Friends has altogether
+more than sixty foreign missionaries laboring in different parts of the
+world.
+
+The missionaries sent out by all Protestant denominations together, from
+Europe and America, are hardly more numerous now than they were fifty
+years ago; their work being so much better done, generally, by their
+converts, the _native preachers_. Not an island in the Pacific is
+without its Christian church; not a spoken dialect in the world without
+its Bible. Yet the world has not, by any means, become altogether
+Christian, even in Christendom itself.
+
+A great revival has just begun in Brooklyn. It has already reached New
+York, and is beginning to arouse interest in Philadelphia, Boston, and
+Baltimore. Crowds of men and women of all classes, especially the
+poorest and least cultivated, gather noon and night to religious
+services of a simple but most fervent character. Old men say they have
+known nothing like it since the days of 1857, or the Moody and Sankey
+meetings of 1874-76. By cable we learn that something of the same wave
+of religious movement has appeared in London, Berlin, and Paris. We ask,
+what are we to think of it? Is there a spiritual atmosphere, with its
+heights and depths, mysteriously swayed from land to land? We can only
+wait and see.
+
+
+
+
+                                                _December 31st, 1931._
+
+
+I have been reading over the pages of this diary for the year just
+coming to a close. This has led me to some retrospection, looking yet
+farther back, and comparing the present with the last century. The 19th
+century was proud of itself; and we of the 20th have hardly gained all
+that we should in true humility. Both centuries have had their great
+events and great advances; and both, their weaknesses, errors, and
+absurdities. I will venture a comparison of some of these.
+
+The _most absurd_ things of the 19th century, I think, were these: the
+decree at Rome of the infallibility of the Pope; England's bolstering up
+the Turkish Empire for fear of Russia attacking India; Lord
+Beaconsfield's administration altogether; the financial policy of the
+American green-back party; the belief in spirit-rapping, in the first
+principles of Herbert Spencer's philosophy, and in the sufficiency of
+Darwin's theory of natural selection to account for the ascent from
+lower to higher species; the shot-gun quarantine in the South against
+yellow fever; the toleration of the waltz, in _otherwise civilized_
+society, when even Lord Byron denounced it; and the unreformed spelling
+of the English language.
+
+As the greatest national _crimes_ of the last century, I would name the
+British government forcing by war the trade in Opium upon China, and the
+long-continued bad faith of the United States government towards the
+Indian tribes of the West.
+
+Perhaps the greatest _wonders_ of the 19th century were the invention of
+photography, solar spectral analysis, the radiometer, the phonograph,
+the photophone; in public affairs, the reunion of the old and new school
+Presbyterian Churches, and the disappearance, by civil war, of negro
+slavery in the United States.
+
+The greatest _triumphs_ of the first part of the 20th century have been
+the abandonment of all tariffs for protection in the United States, as
+well as in Europe, establishing perfectly free trade throughout the
+world; the successful introduction of woman's suffrage in almost every
+State of our Union; the acceptance of the principle of arbitration,
+through international congresses, in all governmental disputes, by the
+great powers of both hemispheres; the practical conquest of intemperance,
+by the abolition of drinking-houses everywhere; and the disappearance
+of sectarianism amongst Christian denominations,--excepting only the
+persistently exclusive claims of the three great historical churches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We are clearly not yet at the close of history. Is the world nearly
+prepared for its great consummation? Not yet are fulfilled the beautiful
+prophetic words of the poet Cowper, now far too seldom read:--
+
+                      "Error has no place;
+    The creeping pestilence is driven away!
+    The breath of Heaven has chased it. In the heart
+    No passion touches a discordant string,
+    But all is harmony and love. Disease
+    Is not: the pure and uncontaminate blood
+    Holds its due course, nor fears the frost of age.
+    One song employs all nations; and all cry
+    'Worthy the Lamb, for he was slain for us!'
+    The dwellers in the vales and on the rocks
+    Shout to each other, and the mountain tops
+    From distant mountains catch the flying joy,--
+    Till, nation after nation taught the strain,
+    Earth rolls the rapturous hosanna round."
+
+Not in our time have dawned such days as these. But, let our hearts be
+lifted up: _they will come yet_. Some New Year's bells will
+
+    "Ring out old shapes of foul disease;
+      Ring out the narrowing lust of gold;
+      Ring out the thousand wars of old,
+    Ring in the thousand years of peace.
+
+    Ring in the valiant man and free,
+      The larger heart, the kindlier hand;
+      Ring out the darkness of the land,
+    Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1931: A GLANCE AT THE TWENTIETH
+CENTURY***
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