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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and
+Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and Catamaran
+
+Author: Howard I. Chapelle
+
+Release Date: February 4, 2010 [EBook #31179]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Colin Bell, Louise Pattison, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+This is Paper 39 from the Smithsonian Institution United States National
+Museum Bulletin 240, comprising Papers 34-44, which will also be
+available as a complete e-book.
+
+The front material, introduction and relevant index entries from the
+Bulletin are included in each single-paper e-book.
+
+Note that several Figures in this paper consist of two images separated
+from each other in the original layout, with separate labels. These
+separate labels are preserved in this text only version.
+
+Typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
+
+    P152: "the _Simon & Jude_, later called _Invention I_" (was "latter").
+    P159: "Its importance is that it..." (was "is that is").
+    Index: "Emmet, ----, 144" (was Emmett).]
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
+
+BULLETIN 240
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SMITHSONIAN PRESS
+
+
+MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+  CONTRIBUTIONS
+  FROM THE
+  MUSEUM
+  OF HISTORY AND
+  TECHNOLOGY
+
+  _Papers 34-44_
+  _On Science and Technology_
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION · WASHINGTON, D.C. 1966
+
+
+
+
+_Publications of the United States National Museum_
+
+The scholarly and scientific publications of the United States National
+Museum include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National
+Museum_ and _United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series, the Museum publishes original articles and monographs
+dealing with the collections and work of its constituent museums--The
+Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and
+Technology--setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of
+anthropology, biology, history, geology, and technology. Copies of each
+publication are distributed to libraries, to cultural and scientific
+organizations, and to specialists and others interested in the different
+subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers from the Museum of Natural History.
+These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date
+of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear
+longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in
+several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related
+subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on
+the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the
+botanical collections of the Museum of Natural History have been
+published in the _Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions from
+the United States National Herbarium_, and since 1959, in _Bulletins_
+titled "Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology," have
+been gathered shorter papers relating to the collections and research of
+that Museum.
+
+The present collection of Contributions, Papers 34-44, comprises
+Bulletin 240. Each of these papers has been previously published in
+separate form. The year of publication is shown on the last page of each
+paper.
+
+  FRANK A. TAYLOR
+  _Director, United States National Museum_
+
+
+
+
+  CONTRIBUTIONS FROM
+  THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY:
+
+  PAPER 39
+
+  FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY":
+  BLOCKSHIP AND CATAMARAN
+
+  _Howard I. Chapelle_
+
+
+
+
+SURVIVING DESIGNS FOR FLOATING BATTERIES    145
+
+CONTROVERSIAL DESCRIPTIONS                  147
+
+COPENHAGEN PLANS                            150
+
+HISTORY OF DOUBLE-HULL CRAFT                152
+
+SAIL AND INBOARD PLANS                      157
+
+RECONSTRUCTING THE PLANS                    161
+
+APPENDIX                                    167
+
+[FOOTNOTES]
+
+[INDEX]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--SCALE MODEL of Fulton's _Steam Battery_ in
+the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-F.)]
+
+
+
+
+_Howard I. Chapelle_
+
+FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": BLOCKSHIP and CATAMARAN
+
+_Robert Fulton's "Steam Battery," a catamaran-type blockship, was built
+during the War of 1812. Until recently, not enough material has been
+available to permit a reasonably accurate reconstruction of what is
+generally acknowledged to be the first steam man-of-war._
+
+_With the discovery, in the Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen, of
+plans of this vessel, it is now possible to prepare a reconstruction and
+to build a model._
+
+_This article summarizes the history of the vessel, describes the plans
+and the reconstruction, and also evaluates its design with particular
+attention to the double-hull construction._
+
+THE AUTHOR: _Howard I. Chapelle is curator of transportation in the
+Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology._
+
+
+The identity of the first steam man-of-war has been known for many
+years, and a great deal has been written and published on the history of
+this American vessel. Until recently, the only available drawing of the
+ship has been a patent drawing made for Robert Fulton. This does not
+comply with contemporary descriptions of the steamer and the drawing or
+plan is out of proportion with the known dimensions. The lack of plans
+has heretofore made it impossible to illustrate the vessel with any
+degree of precision, or to build a scale model.
+
+The discovery in 1960 of some of the plans of this historic ship in the
+Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen now makes possible a reasonably
+accurate reconstruction of the vessel and also clarifies some of the
+incomplete and often confusing descriptions by contemporary writers.
+
+Of the numerous published accounts of the ship that are available, the
+most complete is David B. Tyler's "Fulton's Steam Frigate."[1] A
+contemporary description of the vessel by the British Minister to
+Washington, 1820-23, Stratford Canning, was published by Arthur J.
+May.[2] In _Naval and Mail Steamers of the United States_, by Charles B.
+Stuart,[3] and _The Steam Navy of the United States_, by Frank M.
+Bennett,[4] the history of the ship and some descriptive facts are
+given. Stuart, in an appendix, gives in full the report of the
+Supervisory Committee (set up to administer the building contract).
+Tyler and Stuart, and the Committee Report are the principal sources
+from which the following summary of the ship's history is drawn.
+
+[Text of Illustration: Plate N^o. 1.
+
+"DEMOLOGOS"
+
+Figure 1^st. _Transverse section A her Boiler. B the steam Engine. C the
+water wheel. E E her wooden walls 5 feet thick, diminishing to below the
+waterline as at F.F draught of water 9 feet D D her gun deck_
+
+_Scale 1/12 inch=1 foot_
+
+Waterline
+
+_Scale 1/24 inch=1 foot_
+
+Figure II^d. _This shews her gun deck, 140 feet long 24 feet wide,
+mounting 20 guns. A the Water wheel_
+
+Figure III^d
+
+_Side View_
+
+_Scale 1/24 inch=1 foot_
+
+ROBERT FULTON
+
+_November 1813._
+
+_S M^c Elroy del._
+
+_"Stuart's Naval & Mail Steamers U.S."_
+
+_Sarony & Major. Eng. N.Y._]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--"DEMOLOGOS," A WOOD ENGRAVING based on the
+sketch which Robert Fulton showed to President Madison in 1813. This
+wood engraving appears as plate 1 in Charles B. Stuart's _Naval and Mail
+Steamers of the United States_, and illustrates the section on Naval
+Steamers, from which the account "The Demologos; or, Fulton the First,"
+is here reproduced (pp. 167-171). Stuart obtained the sketch, assumed to
+have been made for Fulton's patent on the design of the _Steam Battery_,
+from the files of the U.S. Navy Department.]
+
+On December 24, 1813, Robert Fulton invited a group of
+friends--prominent merchants, professional men and naval officers--to
+his home in New York City and there presented a proposal for a project
+of great local interest. At that time the War of 1812 was in its second
+year and the economic effect of the British naval blockade was being
+felt severely. The blockade cut off seaborne trade and posed a constant
+threat of attack upon New York and other important ports, particularly
+Baltimore. To defend the ports, it had been proposed to build mobile
+floating batteries or heavily built and armed hulks with small sailing
+rigs, but the high cost of these and their doubtful value in helping to
+break the blockade, compared to the value and action of a very heavy,
+large frigate, or a 74-gun ship, caused authorities to hesitate to
+proceed with the construction of any blockships or floating batteries.
+
+Fulton's proposal concerned a floating battery propelled by steam
+power. He believed that steam propulsion not only would give it
+effective maneuverability with no loss of gunpower, but also would allow
+a successful attack upon the Royal Navy blockading ships during periods
+of protracted calm, when sailing men-of-war were nearly helpless. The
+blockaders then could be attacked and picked off, one by one, by the
+heavily armed steamboat.
+
+Among those present at the meeting was Major General Henry Dearborn, a
+leading citizen and soldier who was later to become noted in American
+political history. The first step taken during this meeting was the
+founding of the Coast and Harbor Defense Company with Dearborn as
+president, Fulton as engineer, and Thomas Morris as secretary. Next, a
+committee was established to raise funds from Federal, State, and New
+York City governments as well as from individual contributors to build
+the battery. The members of this committee consisted of General
+Dearborn, Commodore Stephen Decatur, U.S.N.; General Morgan Lewis;
+Commodore Jacob Jones; U.S.N.; Noah Brown, shipbuilder; Samuel L.
+Mitchill; Henry Rutgers; and Thomas Morris.
+
+The committee proved cumbersome and was reduced to General Lewis, Issac
+Bronson, Henry Rutgers, Nathan Sanford, Thomas Morris, Oliver Wolcott,
+and John Jacob Astor. Known as the Coast Defense Society and with the
+name of _Pyremon_ given the ship in prospectus, they attempted,
+unsuccessfully, to raise funds privately.
+
+The estimated sums to build a battery 130 feet long, with a 50-foot
+beam, capable of a speed of 5 mph, and carrying 24 long guns (18-pdr.),
+was $110,000. Fulton, still the chief engineer, in an effort to interest
+the Federal Government, built a model of the proposed vessel and
+submitted it to some prominent naval officers--Commodore Stephen
+Decatur, Jacob Jones, James Biddle, Samuel Evans, Oliver Perry, Samuel
+Warrington, and Jacob Lewis. All gave their support to the Society in a
+written statement and this recommendation proved helpful to the project
+in Congress and in the Navy Department. In the process of passing a bill
+which went to the Senate Naval Affairs Committee calling for $250,000
+for the construction of the floating battery, the sum was raised to
+$1,500,000 for the construction of "one or more" floating batteries and
+passed on March 9, 1814.
+
+To supervise the start of construction, the Coast Defense Society
+appointed a committee consisting of Dearborn, Wolcott, Morris, Mitchill,
+and Rutgers, with Fulton as engineer, and a model and drawing of the
+proposed vessel was submitted to the Patent Office. The Secretary of the
+Navy, although supporting the project, delayed action until he had
+weighed the importance of the batteries in relation to other war needs,
+for at this time the naval shipbuilding program on the Great Lakes was
+considered of prime importance. He also raised some technical questions
+concerning the design of the batteries, which Fulton answered with a
+description of the vessel as 138 feet on deck, 120 feet on the keel, 55
+feet beam (each hull to have a 20-foot beam and the "race" between to be
+15 feet wide), draft 8 or 9 feet loaded, and the intended speed was to
+be 4-1/2 to 5 mph. The ship was to carry 24 long guns (32-pdr.), the
+engine was to be 130 hp, and the total cost, $200,000. In his letters to
+the Secretary of the Navy, Fulton stated that Adam and Noah Brown would
+build the hull for $69,800 and that he would build the engine, machinery
+and boilers for $78,000, a total of $147,800. He intended to have the
+boilers, valves, fastenings, and air pumps of brass or copper, which
+would raise the machinery costs 59 percent above that of stationary
+engines and boilers then in use.
+
+On May 23, 1814, the Secretary of the Navy authorized the Coast Defense
+Society and its committee to act as Navy agents and to enter into the
+contracts required to build a vessel, and to draw on the Navy
+storekeepers or Navy Yard commandants for such stores or articles on
+hand needed for construction. The contracts were prepared and the
+committee now was officially empowered to act for the Society, with
+Rutgers, Wolcott, Morris, Dearborn, Mitchill, and Fulton. On June 4,
+Dearborn asked the Navy Department for $25,000 advance, for work had
+started. On the 6th, he informed the Secretary that he had been ordered
+to assume command of the defenses of Boston and that Rutgers had been
+appointed chairman of the construction committee in his place.
+
+It is apparent that the Navy Department was pressed for funds, due to
+the very extensive shipbuilding programs on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and
+Champlain in addition to the seagoing vessels being built in some of the
+coastal ports. This was certainly one cause for the Secretary of the
+Navy's reluctance to carry out the requirements of the bill passed by
+Congress immediately after its signature and, also, this reluctance
+caused the supervisory committee much embarrassment in its
+administration of the contract.
+
+Another factor which caused difficulty in the administration of the
+contract was the position of Adam and Noah Brown. The brothers were
+deeply involved in the shipbuilding program on the Lakes, in which they
+were associated at times with Henry Eckford. The Browns constructed a
+blockhouse, shops, and quarters at Erie; in addition to Perry's two
+brigs and five of his schooners, they also built some of the Lake
+Ontario vessels and, later, the _Saratoga_ on Lake Champlain. In their
+New York yard, whose operation continued throughout the war, they built
+some large letter-of-marques: the _General Armstrong_, _Prince de
+Neufchatel_, _Zebra_, _Paul Jones_, and some smaller vessels. They also
+cut down the 2-decked, merchant ship _China_ into a single flush-deck
+letter-of-marque, renamed _Yorktown_; and they had a contract to build
+the sloop-of-war _Peacock_. It is remarkable that the Browns could
+undertake and complete so much work between 1813 and 1815 and still be
+able to build the steam battery in a very short time.
+
+With the contracts in order, the Browns began building. The keels of the
+battery were laid June 20, 1814. It is apparent that the Browns prepared
+the original hull plans, undoubtedly before the building authority was
+obtained. The vessel required only about four months to build; she was
+launched October 29, 1814, at 9 a.m. This was an excellent performance,
+considering the size of the vessel, the amount of timber required and
+handled in her massive construction, and the other work being done by
+the builders. During the ship's construction, sightseers were a nuisance
+and finally guards had to be obtained. During the building of the steam
+battery, work had to be practically stopped on the sloop-of-war
+_Peacock_ at one period after she had been partially planked.
+
+There were difficulties in obtaining metalwork for the vessel during her
+construction, due to the blockade and the demand for such material for
+other shipbuilding at New York. On November 21, 1814, the ship was towed
+from the Browns' yard on the East River by Fulton's _Car of Neptune_ and
+_Fulton_, each lashed to the sides of the battery, and taken to Fulton's
+works on the North River. There Fulton supervised in person the
+completion of the vessel and construction of her machinery. Undoubtedly
+only a little of his time was required in inspection of the Browns' work
+on the battery, for the shipbuilders had been closely associated with
+Fulton throughout the life of the project and were fully capable as ship
+designers. The work on the machinery was another matter, however, for
+men capable of working metal were scarce and few workmen could read
+plans. Fulton had some of the work done outside of his own plant,
+particularly the brass and copper work (mostly by John Youle's foundry).
+As a result, Fulton was required to move from plant to plant, keeping
+each job under almost constant observation and personally supervising
+the workmen. The equipment then available for building a large engine
+was inadequate in many ways. The large steam cylinder presented a
+problem: it had to be recast several times and some of the other parts
+gave trouble, either in casting or in machining and fitting.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double
+hull, in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo
+P-63390-D.)]
+
+Guns for the battery were another problem. Only 3 long guns (32-pdr.),
+were available at the Navy Yard. The Secretary of the Navy promised some
+captured guns then at Philadelphia. Because of the blockade, these had
+to come overland to New York. The captured guns thus obtained were
+probably English, part of the cargo of the British ship _John of
+Lancaster_ captured by the frigate _President_ early in the war.
+Apparently 24 guns were obtained this way; only 2 were obtained from the
+Navy Yard. In July the Supervising Committee carried out some
+experimental damage studies, in which a 32-pdr. was fired at a target
+representing a section of the topsides of the battery. Drawings of the
+result were sent to the Secretary of the Navy.
+
+Further problems arose over the delays of the government in making
+payments: the banks discounted the Treasury notes, so the Committee
+members had to advance $5,000 out of their own pockets. There was fear
+that British agents might damage the vessel, and although the project
+was undoubtedly known to the British, no evidence of any act of sabotage
+was ever found. Captain David Porter was assigned to the command of the
+battery in November, and it was upon his request that the vessel was
+later rigged with sails.
+
+With the _Steam Battery_ approaching completion, the Secretary of the
+Navy became more enthusiastic and the construction of other batteries of
+this type was again proposed. Captain Stiles, a Baltimore merchant,
+offered to build a steam battery, the hull to cost $50,000; the entire
+cost of the vessel, $150,000, was raised in Baltimore and the frames of
+a battery erected. Another battery was projected at Philadelphia and the
+Secretary of the Navy wanted one or more built at Sackett's Harbor, but
+naval officers and Fulton objected. A bill put before Congress to
+authorize another half million to build steam batteries passed the first
+reading January 9, 1815, went to the House February 22, 1815, but the
+end of the war prevented any further action on it.
+
+On February 24, 1815, Fulton died. He had been to Trenton, New Jersey,
+to attend a hearing on the steamboat monopoly and, on the way back, the
+ferry on North River was caught in the ice. Fulton and his lawyer,
+Emmet, had to walk over the ice to get ashore. On the way, Emmet fell
+through and Fulton got wet and chilled while helping him. After two or
+three days in bed Fulton went to his foundry to inspect the battery's
+machinery causing a relapse from which he died. This resulted in some
+delay in completing the machinery and stopped work on the _Mute_, an
+80-foot, manually propelled, torpedo boat that Fulton was having built
+in the Browns' yard.
+
+It was decided to suspend work on the Baltimore battery after an
+expenditure of $61,500, but the New York battery was to be completed to
+prove the project was practical. The final payment of $50,000 was made
+four months after it was requested.
+
+Charles Stoudinger, Fulton's foreman or superintendent, was able to
+complete and install the ship's machinery. On June 10, 1815, the vessel
+was given a short trial run in the harbor with Stoudinger and the Navy
+inspector, Captain Smith, on board. This trial revealed the need of some
+mechanical alterations; sails were not used, and it was found she could
+stem the strong tide and a fresh headwind. The vessel also was visited
+by the officers of French men-of-war at anchor in the harbor.
+
+On July 4, 1815, she was given another trial. She left Fulton's works at
+Corlear's Hook at 9 a.m., ran out to Sandy Hook Lighthouse, bore west
+and returned, a total of 53 miles under steam, reaching her slip at 5:20
+p.m. She was found to steer "like a pilot boat." This prolonged trial
+revealed that the stokehold was not sufficiently ventilated and more
+deck openings were required. The windsails used in existing hatches were
+inadequate. The paddle wheel was too low and had to be raised 18 inches,
+and there were still some desirable modifications to be made in the
+machinery.
+
+On September 11, 1815, she was again given a trial run. All alterations
+had been made, including the addition of hatches and raising the paddle
+wheel, and her battery was on board with all stores, supplies, and
+equipment. She had 26 long guns (32-pdr.), mounted on pivoted carriages,
+and now drew 10 feet 4 inches. On this day she left her slip at 8:38
+a.m. and went through the Narrows into the Lower Bay, where she
+maneuvered around the new frigate _Java_ at anchor there. The battery
+then was given a thorough trial under steam and sail and, with the ship
+underway, her guns were fired to see if concussion would damage the
+machinery. The vessel was found to be a practical one, capable of
+meeting the government's requirements in all respects; her speed was
+5-1/2 knots. However, the stokehold temperature had reached 116°
+Fahrenheit! She returned to her slip at 7:00 p.m.
+
+On December 28, 1815, the Committee in a written report to the
+Secretary of the Navy,[5] gave a description of the vessel and praised
+her performance. At this time a set of plans was made by "Mr. Morgan,"
+of whom no other reference has appeared, and sent to the Navy
+Department. These cannot now be found. The Committee recommended the
+battery be commissioned and used for training purposes. This suggestion
+was not followed.
+
+The ship remained in her slip during the winter, and in June 1816 she
+was turned over to the Navy and delivered to Captain Samuel Evans,
+commandant of the New York Navy Yard. Captain Joseph Bainbridge was
+assigned to her command. However, she was not commissioned and soon
+after her delivery she was housed over and placed "in ordinary," that
+is, laid up. The final settlement showed that the Committee, as Navy
+agents, had paid out $286,162.12 with $872.00 unpaid, as well as a claim
+for $3,364.00 by Adam and Noah Brown, making a total of $290,398.12.
+
+The following year, on June 18, 1817, she was unroofed and put into
+service with a small crew. With President James Monroe on board, she
+left the Navy Yard about noon for a short trip to the Narrows and then
+to Staten Island and returned in the evening. The next day she was again
+placed "in ordinary."
+
+Four years later, in 1821, when her guns and machinery were removed, it
+was found that she was rapidly becoming rotten. She was then utilized as
+a receiving ship. At 2:30 p.m. on June 4, 1829, she blew up, killing 24
+men and 1 woman, with 19 persons listed as injured. Among those killed
+was one officer, Lt. S. M. Brackenridge. Two lieutenants and a Sailing
+Master were hurt, four midshipmen were severely injured, and five
+persons were listed as missing. The explosion of 2-1/2 barrels of
+condemned gunpowder was sufficient, due to her rotten condition, to
+destroy the ship completely. A Court of Inquiry blamed a 60-year-old
+gunner, who supposedly entered a magazine with a candle to get powder
+for the evening gun. It was stated to the court that about 300 pounds of
+powder in casks and in cartridges was on board the ship at the time.[3]
+
+She was not replaced until the coast-defense steamer _Fulton_ was built
+in 1837-38, though in 1822 the Navy purchased for $16,000 a "steam
+galliot" of 100 tons, the _Sea Gull_, to be used as a dispatch boat for
+the West Indian squadron engaged in suppressing piracy during 1823. In
+1825 she was laid up at Philadelphia, and in 1840 she was sold for
+$4,750.
+
+It is a curious fact that the battery did not receive an official name,
+as did the sailing blockship on the ways at New Orleans, which at the
+end of the War of 1812 was officially listed as the _Tchifonta_. Nor was
+the battery given a number, as were the gunboats. In official
+correspondence and lists, the steam battery is referred to as the
+"Fulton Steam Frigate," or as the "Steam Battery," but in later years
+she was referred to as the "Fulton" or "Fulton the First." Perhaps the
+explanation is that as she was the only one of her kind she was not
+numbered, and as she was not considered fit for coastal or extended
+ocean voyages, she was not given a name.
+
+
+Surviving Designs for Floating Batteries
+
+The designs of American blockships that have survived are those of the
+_Tchifonta_,[6] 145 feet long, 43-foot moulded beam, 8-foot 6-inch depth
+in hold, and about 152 feet 9 inches on deck. She was to carry a battery
+of 22 long guns (32-pdr.), on the main deck 12 carronades (42-pdr.), on
+forecastle and quarter decks. She was to have been rigged to rather
+lofty and very square topgallant sails, and would have been capable of
+sailing fairly well, though of rather shoal draft, drawing only about 8
+feet 6 inches when ready for service. She was sold on the stocks at the
+end of the war and her later history is not known.
+
+Another and earlier design for a blockship, or floating battery, was
+prepared by Christian Bergh for Captain Charles Stewart in 1806. This
+was a sailing vessel for the defense of the port of New York, planned to
+mount 40 guns (32-pdr.), on her two lower decks and 14 carronades
+(42-pdr.), on her spar deck. She was to be 103 feet 6 inches between
+perpendiculars, a 44-foot moulded beam, 10-foot depth of hold, and
+drawing about 9 feet when ready for service. She was intended to be
+ship-rigged, but was never built.[7] A few small sloop-rigged block
+vessels also were built during Jefferson's administration. The
+sloop-of-war _Saratoga_, built on Lake Champlain by the Browns, in 1813,
+was practically a blockship. A plan for a proposed "Guard Ship," or
+"Floating Battery," was made by James Marsh at Charleston, South
+Carolina, in 1814. This was an unrigged battery, 200 feet extreme
+length, 50-foot moulded beam, 9-foot depth of hold, to mount 32 guns
+(42-pdr.), on a flush deck, with a covering deck above.[8]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--DESIGN FOR AN UNRIGGED FLOATING BATTERY
+proposed by James Marsh, Charleston, South Carolina, March 14, 1814.]
+
+Through the courtesy of the trustees of the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England, the Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and the
+Statens Sjöhistoriska Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, the author has been
+able to illustrate in this article the designs of some of the early
+floating batteries.
+
+In the last quarter of the 18th century and later, the Danes had built
+sail-propelled floating batteries or blockships, which were employed in
+the defense of Copenhagen. The British built at least one sail-propelled
+battery, the _Spanker_, in 1794. This was a scow of very angular form
+with overhanging gun-deck, bomb-ketch-rigged, and about 120 feet overall
+42-foot 4 inches moulded beam and 8-foot depth of hold. She is said to
+have been a failure due to her unseaworthy proportions and form; the
+overhanging gun deck and sides were objected to in particular. She is
+called a "Stationary Battery" in her plans, which are in the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
+
+
+Controversial Descriptions
+
+The contemporary descriptions of the Fulton _Steam Battery_ do not
+agree. This was in part due to differences between the dimensions given
+out by Fulton during the negotiations with the Federal Government, and
+after the ship's construction was authorized. From the context of
+various statements concerning the projected vessel, such as that of the
+naval officers, the changes in the intended dimensions of the ship can
+be seen. For example, the officers state the model and plan shown them
+would produce a battery carrying 24 guns (24- and 32-pdrs.), and a letter
+from Fulton to Jones,[9] shows she was to be 138 feet on deck and
+55-foot beam. The final reported dimensions, given by the Supervisory
+Committee,[10] are 156 feet length, 56 feet beam, and 20 feet depth.
+
+In addition there are a few foreign accounts which give dimensions and
+descriptions. The most complete was probably that of Jean Baptiste
+Marestier, a French naval constructor who visited the United States soon
+after the end of the War of 1812 and published a report on American
+steamboats in 1824.[11] The _Steam Battery_ is barely mentioned though a
+drawing of one of her boilers is given. Marestier made another report on
+the American Navy, however. Extensive searches have been made for this
+in Paris over the last 14 years, but this paper has not been found in
+any of the French archives. References to the original text indicate
+that the naval report dealt very extensively with the _Steam Battery_.
+Some of his comments on the battery appeared in _Procès-verbaux des
+Séances de l'Académie des Sciences_.[12] Marestier considered the powers
+of the battery to have been overrated due to fanciful accounts of some
+laymen writers. He was aware of the shortcomings of the double hull in a
+steam vessel at the then-possible speeds, but he apparently thought two
+engines, one in each hull and each with its boilers would be better than
+Fulton's arrangement of boilers in one hull and engine in the other. He
+noted that the paddle wheel turned 16-18 rpm and that steam pressure
+sustained a column of mercury 25 to 35 centimeters. The safety valve was
+set at 50 centimeters. Fuel consumption was 3-5/8 cords of pine wood per
+hour.
+
+In view of the access Marestier is known to have had to American naval
+constructors, shipbuilders, and engineers, it is highly probable that he
+not only obtained the building plan of the ship but also some of the
+earlier project plans from the builders and from Fulton's
+superintendent, Stoudinger. It is, therefore, a great misfortune that
+his lengthy report on the _Battery_ cannot be produced.
+
+A French naval officer who investigated the ship, M. Montgéry, also
+wrote a description, published in "Notice sur la Vie et les Travaux de
+Robert Fulton."[13]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.--FLOATING BATTERY _Spanker_ built, in England
+by William Barnard, at Deptford on the Thames, and launched June 14,
+1794. Rigged as a bomb ketch, its length is 111 feet 7 inches in the
+keel, extreme beam 42 feet 4 inches, depth of hold 8 feet. Upper deck
+plan also shown.]
+
+It should be noted in regard to what Montgéry wrote about the
+_Battery_, that in 1821 it had been considered desirable to disarm the
+ship. The engineer in charge, William Purcell, had reported that as
+there were not proper scuppers, dirt and water had entered the hull and
+had collected under the engine and boilers, causing damage to the hull,
+and also that with guns removed, the _Battery_ would float too high for
+the paddle wheel to propel the vessel; so it had been decided to remove
+all machinery as well as the armament.
+
+Montgéry's description, published in 1822, was taken from his report to
+the Minister of Marine and Colonies. It noted the battery was made of
+two hulls separated by a channel, or "race," 15-1/2 feet wide, running
+the full length of the vessel. The two hulls were joined by a deck just
+above the waterline, as well as by an upper deck, and also connected at
+their keels by means of 12 oak beams each 1 foot square. The vessel was
+152 feet long, 57 feet beam, and 20 feet deep. Sides were 4 feet 10
+inches thick, and the ends of the hull were rounded and alike. There
+were two rudders at each end, one on each hull, alongside the race. The
+eight paddle blades, each 14-1/2 feet by 3 feet, turned in either
+direction by stopping the engine piston at half-stroke and reversing the
+flow of steam. Rigged with two lateen sails and two jibs, the ship
+sailed either end first. The engine of 120 hp was in one hull and two
+boilers were in the other. Other sources, Marestier, and Colden in
+_Procès-verbaux des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences_,[14] gave
+additional information (some of it incorrect): the engine was inclined,
+with a 4-foot-diameter cylinder, 5-foot stroke, direct-connected to the
+paddle wheel, which was turned at 18 rpm. The boilers were 8 × 22 feet
+with the fireboxes in inside cylinders, each about 5 feet in diameter,
+and extending about half the length of the boiler from the fire doors.
+Two fire tubes, each about 3 feet in diameter, returned the gases from
+the inside end of the fireboxes to the stacks at the firing end. Except
+at the fire-door end, the firebox was completely surrounded by water.
+The boiler pressure of about 6 psi was not maintained, varying somewhat
+with each stroke of the engine.
+
+Water level in the boilers was indicated by try cocks. The safety valve
+was controlled by a counterbalanced lever. A jet of salt water was
+injected into the exhaust trunk to form a vacuum by condensation. An air
+pump transferred condensate and sea water into a tank from which it
+passed overboard. Only about a tenth of this water was returned to the
+boilers.
+
+Montgéry stated also that only the lower or gun deck was to be armed. No
+bulwarks were on the spar deck, only iron stanchions to which were
+fastened a breastwork of wet cotton bales when the _Steam Battery_ was
+in action.
+
+The _Battery_ was designed to carry 30 guns (32-pdr.), with 3 guns in
+each end and 12 on each side, but no guns in the wake of paddle wheel
+and machinery. Hatches to give air to the stokehold were located
+amidships. The _Battery_ was to have been supplemented at the ends of
+each hull by a Columbiad "submarine gun" (100-pdr.), Fulton's invention,
+but these were not fitted. Provision was to be made in the fireboxes for
+heating shot, and a force pump with a cylinder 33 inches in diameter was
+employed to throw a stream of cold water, about 60-80 gallons per
+minute, for a distance of about two hundred feet. This could be done
+only when the paddle wheel was not in operation. The paddle wheel was
+housed, the top fitted with stairs to the spar deck. The gun deck, over
+the race, was used in part for staterooms, of which the bulkheads were
+permanent. Hammocks for the complement of 500 men were to be slung on
+the rest of the gun deck. The ship drew 10 feet 4 inches, with the port
+sills about 5-1/2 feet above the loadline. Burning wood, the vessel
+could carry about 4 days' supply of fuel; burning coal, she carried 12
+days' supply.
+
+Montgéry said that the vessel would be vulnerable to bombshells and hot
+shot, and that furthermore she could be boarded. The displacement of the
+ship, at service draft, was 1,450 tons, a figure Montgéry obtained from
+a copy of the original plan given him by Noah Brown.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.--FRENCH SKETCH, in Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, of
+inboard profile and arrangement of Fulton's _Steam Battery_, showing
+details of the Fulton engine, probably taken from one of his preliminary
+designs.]
+
+In 1935, Lieutenant Ralph R. Gurley, USN, attempted a reconstruction in
+sketches of the vessel published in his article "The U.S.S. _Fulton_ the
+First" in the _U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings_.[15] This
+reconstruction was based on the Patent Office drawing prepared for
+Fulton, and published by Stuart and Bennett, and the foregoing French
+sources. The Patent Office drawing showed the engine was an inclined
+cylinder and Lt. Gurley shows this in his sketch; in his text (p. 323)
+he says, "The engine was an inclined, single-cylinder affair with a
+4-foot base and a 5-foot stroke." Gurley's attempt to reconstruct the
+_Steam Battery_ is the only one known to the author.
+
+
+Copenhagen Plans
+
+In 1960, Kjeld Rasmussen, naval architect of the Danish Greenland
+Company, was requested by the author to inspect in the Danish Royal
+Archives at Copenhagen a folio of American ship plans, the index of
+which had listed some Civil War river monitors. Mr. Rasmussen found the
+monitor plans had been withdrawn but discovered that three plans of
+Fulton's _Steam Battery_ existed, as well as plans of the first
+_Princeton_, a screw sloop-of-war.
+
+Copies of the _Steam Battery's_ plans were obtained at Copenhagen in
+September 1960 through the courtesy of the archivist, and were found to
+consist of the lines, copied in 1817, an inboard profile and
+arrangement, and a sail and rigging plan. From these the reconstruction
+for a scale model was drawn and is presented here with reproductions of
+the original drawings upon which the reconstruction is based.
+
+It is apparent that Montgéry's description is generally accurate. The
+vessel is a catamaran, made of two hulls, double-ended and exactly
+alike. The outboard sides are "moulded," with round bilges, the inboard
+sides are straight and flat, as though a hull had been split along the
+middle line and then planked up flat where split. The hulls are
+separated by the race, in which the paddle wheel is placed at
+mid-length. The topsides are made elliptical at the ends, and the
+midsection shows a marked tumble-home over the thick topside planking
+but less on the moulded lines.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.]
+
+The lines plan agreed rather closely to Montgéry's description of the
+hull. After careful fairing it was found the lines drawing would produce
+a vessel 153 feet 2 inches overall outside the stems, or about 151 feet
+over the planked rabbets, with a moulded beam of 56 feet and extreme
+beam of 58 feet. The moulded depth was 22 feet 9 inches and the width of
+the race was 14 feet 10 inches, plank to plank. The room and space of
+framing shown was 2 feet. The designed draft appears to be 13 feet and
+this would bring the port sills 5 feet 6 inches above the loadline and
+the underside of the gun-deck beams about 2 feet 9 inches above the
+loadline.
+
+The lines plan is a Danish copy, probably of the building plan by Noah
+Brown, and may be based on the plan Montgéry obtained from Brown. The
+spar deck has the iron stanchions (Gurley translated these as
+"chandeliers") which are set inboard 4 feet from the plank-sheer. This
+gives room for cotton bales, outboard the stanchions, to form a
+barricade. As will be seen by comparing the original Danish drawing with
+the model drawing, the construction indicates that the iron stanchions
+should be carried around the ends of the hull in the same manner as
+along the sides, since the lower ends of the iron stanchions pass
+through the spar deck and are secured to the inside of the inner ceiling
+of the gun deck. The rudders are as shown in the Danish drawing, and it
+is supposed that they were operated ferryboat fashion, one at each end
+of the vessel. Hence, each pair of rudders was toggled together by a
+cross-yoke. This was probably operated by a tiller (possibly the
+cross-yokes and tillers were of iron) pivoted under the beams of the gun
+deck close to the ends of the ship. Tiller ropes led from a tackle under
+the gun-deck through trunks to the spar deck, where the wheels were
+placed. This allowed proper sweep to the tillers and operation of each
+pair of rudders. The paddle wheel was apparently of iron, with wooden
+blades, and agrees with Montgéry's description. In the plan for the
+model it is shown raised 18 inches above the original design position,
+to agree with trial requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.--ORIGINAL LINES OF ROBERT FULTON'S _Steam
+Battery_, a Danish copy dated September 12, 1817; found in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.]
+
+It should be observed that the close CL-to-CL frame spacing created a
+hull having frames touching one another, at least to above the turn of
+the bilge, so the vessel was almost solid timber, before being planked
+and ceiled, from keel to about the loadline. The sides are not only
+heavily planked but, after the frames were ceiled with extraordinarily
+heavy, square timbering, a supplementary solid, vertical framing was
+introduced inboard and another ceiling added. The sides scale about 5
+feet from outside the plank to the inboard face of the inner ceiling at
+the level of the gunports.
+
+The hulls were tied together athwartship by the deck beams of the gun
+deck and spar deck, except in the wake of the paddle wheel. Knees were
+placed along the sides of the race at alternate gun-deck beams. In
+addition, the 12 1-foot-square timbers, crossing the race at the rabbets
+of the hulls, (mentioned by Montgéry) are shown. These must have created
+extraordinary resistance, even at the low speed of this steamer. The
+deck details shown are the results of reconstruction of the inboard
+works.
+
+
+History of Double-Hull Craft
+
+The use of catamaran hulls, or "double-hulls," has been periodically
+popular with ship designers since the time of Charles II of England. The
+earliest of such vessels known in the present day were four sloops or
+shallops designed 1673-1687 by Sir William Petty, who was an inventor in
+the field of naval architecture and received some attention from Charles
+II and from the Royal Society.
+
+The first Petty experiment, the _Simon & Jude_, later called _Invention
+I_, was launched October 28, 1662. She was designed with two hulls
+cylindrical in cross section, each 2 feet in diameter, and 20 feet long.
+A platform connected the hulls, giving the boat a beam of a little over
+9 feet. She had a 20-foot mast stepped on one of the crossbeams
+connecting the hulls, with a single gaff sail. In sailing trials she
+beat three fast boats: the King's barge, a large pleasure boat, and a
+man-of-war's boat. This "double-bottom," also called a "sluiceboat" or
+"cylinder," was later lengthened at the stern to make her 30 feet
+overall.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.]
+
+The King did not support Petty, to the latter's great disappointment,
+and Petty next built a larger double-bottom, _Invention II_. This
+catamaran was lapstrake construction. Not much is known of this boat
+except that she beat the regular Irish packet boat, running between
+Holyhead and Dublin, in a race each way, winning a £20 wager. She was
+launched in July 1663; what became of her was not recorded.
+
+A third and still larger boat, the _Experiment_, launched December 22,
+1664, appears to have been a large sloop. This vessel sailed by way of
+the Thames in April 1665 and went to Oporto, Portugal. She left Portugal
+October 20, 1665, for home, but apparently went down with all hands in a
+severe storm.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.--DANISH COPY OF ORIGINAL SAIL PLAN of Robert
+Fulton's _Steam Battery_, dated September 12, 1817, in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.--LINES OF FULTON'S _Steam Battery_, as
+reconstructed for a model in the Museum of History and Technology.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.--A RECONSTRUCTION OF INBOARD WORKS of the
+_Steam Battery_, for construction of the model in the Museum of History
+and Technology.]
+
+For 18 years Petty did no more with the type, but finally, in July
+1684, he laid down a still larger sloop with two decks and a mast
+standing 55 feet above her upper deck. She was named _St. Michael the
+Archangel_ and is probably the design in Pepys' _Book of Miscellaneous
+Illustrations_ in Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. This vessel
+proved unmanageable and was a complete failure.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.--MODEL LINES REDRAWN to outside of plank to
+show hydrodynamic form of the _Steam Battery_.]
+
+Though the double canoes of the Pacific Islands were probably known to
+some in Europe in 1662, there is no evidence that Petty based his
+designs on such craft. He appears to have produced his designs
+spontaneously from independent observations and resulting theories.
+Before Petty concluded his experiments, a number of double-hull craft
+had been produced by others; however, some "double" craft, such as
+"double shallops" may have been "double-enders," as shown by a
+"double-moses boat" of the 18th century and later.[16]
+
+The use of two canoes, joined by a platform or by poles was common in
+colonial times; in Maryland and Virginia, dugouts so joined were used to
+transport tobacco down the tidal creeks to vessels' loading. Such craft
+were also used as ferries. M. V. Brewington's _Chesapeake Bay Log
+Canoes_[17] and Paul Wilstack's _Potomac Landings_[18] illustrate canoes
+used in this manner. A catamaran galley, two round-bottom hulls, flat on
+the inboard side (a hull split along the centerline and the inboard
+faces planked up), 113 feet long and each hull a 7-foot moulded beam,
+6-foot 6 inches moulded depth, and placed 13 feet apart, was proposed by
+Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., in the 1790's, and built by the British
+Admiralty. Named _Taurus_, she is shown by the Admiralty draught to have
+been a double-ender, with cabins amidships on the platform, an iron
+rudder at each end (between the hulls) steered with tillers (to unship),
+and with a ramp at one end. The plans are undated, signed by Captain Sir
+Sidney Smith, and a field-carriage gun is shown at the ramp end of the
+boat. This, and the heavy rocker in the keels, suggests the _Taurus_ was
+intended for a landing boat. No sailing rig is indicated, but tholes for
+12 oars or sweeps on each side are shown. The oarsmen apparently sat on
+deck, or on low seats, with stretchers in hatches between each pair of
+tholes (Admiralty Collection of Draughts, The National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England).
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.--GENERAL PLAN of the _Taurus_, a catamaran
+galley gunboat proposed by Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., to the British
+Admiralty in the early years of the French Revolution. From the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+Another experimenter with the double-hull type of vessel was a wealthy
+Scot named Patrick Miller who was particularly interested in manual
+propulsion of vessels, employing geared capstans to operate paddle
+wheels. In a letter dated June 9, 1790, Miller offered Gustav III of
+Sweden a design for a double-hulled 144-gun ship-of-the-line (rating as
+a 130-gun ship) propelled by manually operated capstans connected to a
+paddle wheel between the hulls. She was rigged to sail, with five masts
+and was to be 246 feet long, 63 feet beam, and 17 feet draft; the hulls
+were 16 feet apart.
+
+This project was submitted by the King to Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, the
+great Swedish naval architect, who made an adverse report. Chapman
+pointed out in great detail that the weight of the armament, the
+necessary hull structure, the stores, crew, ammunition, spars, sails,
+rigging and gear, would greatly exceed Miller's designed displacement.
+He also pointed out the prime fault of catamarans under sail--slow
+turning in stays. He suggested that the speed under sail would be
+disappointing. He doubted that a double-hull ship of such size could be
+built strong enough to stand a heavy sea. He remarked that English
+records showed that a small vessel of the catamaran type had been built
+between 1680 and 1700 which had sailed well (this may have been one of
+Petty's boats), and that "36 years ago" he had seen 8 miles from London,
+a similar boat that had been newly built by Lord Baltimore and was about
+50 feet long; this was a failure and was discarded after one trial.
+Therefore, said Chapman, the Miller project was not new but rather an
+old idea. Chapman's final remark is perhaps the best illustration of his
+opinion of the catamaran, "Despite all this, two-hull vessels are
+completely sound when the theory can be properly applied; that is in
+vessels of very light weight, and of small size, with crews of one or
+two men."
+
+A "model" of such a double-hull ship--the _Experiment_, built at Leith,
+Scotland, in 1786 by J. Laurie--was sent to Sweden by Miller. She was
+105 feet long, 31 feet beam, and cost £3000. This vessel arrived in the
+summer of 1790 and King Gustav in a letter dated July 26 ordered Col.
+Michael Anckerswärd to welcome the vessel at Stockholm. The King
+presented Miller with a gold snuffbox and a painting was made of the
+vessel. The _Experiment_ had five paddle wheels in tandem between her
+hulls, operated by geared capstans on deck. These gave her a speed of 5
+knots but caused the crew to suffer from exhaustion in a short time. The
+vessel was badly strained in a storm and was finally abandoned at St.
+Petersburg, Russia.[19]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.]
+
+Miller later turned to the idea of employing steam instead of manual
+power and built a 25-foot double-hulled pleasure boat of iron fitted
+with a steam engine built by William Symington. Also named _Experiment_,
+she was an apparent success, so Miller had a 60-foot boat built of the
+double-hull design and fitted with an engine built by Symington. She
+reached a speed of 7 mph on the Forth and Clyde Canal. However, Miller
+lost interest when he found that the Symington engine was unreliable and
+that Great Britain showed very little public support for such projects.
+
+Fulton was acquainted with Symington's work and probably had heard of
+Miller's vessels. At any rate, he employed the double-hull principle in
+his steam ferryboats, the first of which was the _Jersey_, a 188-ton
+vessel built by Charles Browne, which began service July 2, 1812. The
+next year he had a sister ship built, the _York_. These vessels were
+based on his patent drawing of 1809. In 1814 he had another vessel of
+this type built, the _Nassau_. It was, therefore, logical that he should
+apply this design to the _Steam Battery_. The double-hull design had
+worked well in these ferries, and the design would give protection from
+shot to the paddle wheel. The _Battery_ would have the ability to run
+forward or astern so as not to be exposed to a raking fire from the
+enemy while maneuvering in action. The application of this "ferryboat"
+principle to the _Battery_ reduced the need for extreme maneuverability,
+the catamaran's weakest point, even at low speed.
+
+The resistance factors in the design are of relatively small importance,
+for the speed possible under steam in this period was very low. However,
+the plans show an apparently efficient hull form for the power
+available, aside from the drag of the beams across the race in the
+vicinity of the keel. The displacement was adequate. The height of the
+gun-deck above the water at the race made the _Battery_ unsuitable for
+rough-water operation, but there is no evidence that Fulton or the
+sponsors of the vessel considered the _Battery_ as a coastwise or
+seagoing steamer. However, the clearance of the gun deck above the water
+and the dip of the paddle wheel would have made the additional weight of
+an upper- or spar-deck battery prohibitive even had experience in action
+proven it desirable.
+
+
+Sail and Inboard Plans
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.--LINES OF _Taurus_. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+The sail and rigging plan is likewise a Danish copy and shows the
+two-masted lateen rig employed. The hull is shown with bulwarks and
+gunports on the spar deck but no other evidence that the _Battery_ was
+finished in this manner has been found. The rig resembles that of some
+of Josiah Fox's designs for Jeffersonian gunboats--double-enders
+designed to sail in either direction but without the jibs. The topmasts
+do not appear to be more than signal poles and apparently were not
+fitted with sails; however, some European lateeners did have triangular
+topsails over a lateen and it is possible the _Battery_ may have carried
+such sails. Considering the stability and displacement of the _Battery_,
+the rig is very small and not sufficiently effective. Shrouds were not
+required; the masts were supported by runners that were shifted when the
+yards were reversed, and in tacking. Apparently the jibstays also could
+be slacked off so that the lateen yards would not have to be dipped
+under them.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.--RUDDER DETAIL of _Taurus_. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+The inboard profile is on tracing paper and the notes are in French.
+This drawing is of a simplified hull form having flat-bottom hulls with
+chines. It is possible that this is a tracing of a preliminary drawing
+obtained by Marestier or Montgéry, but no documentation can be found.
+Its importance is that it shows in some detail the engine and boilers,
+as well as the wheelbox, and another drawing of the paddle wheel, more
+or less duplicating the wheel shown in the Danish plan. No details of
+the deck arrangements are shown in any of the plans, except for the dome
+skylight over the fireroom in the boiler hull.
+
+Both the lines plan and the inboard drawing show construction
+midsections and hull connections. These plans show that the engine was
+not inclined, but rather was vertical, contrary to Fulton's patent
+drawing. The piston rod and the crosshead obviously passed through its
+gun deck in a large hatch. Also it is plain that there must have been
+large hatches afore and abaft the wheelbox to make the stepped wheelbox
+construction desirable. There also must have been a hatch in the gun
+deck under the domed skylight. It is improbable that the engine and
+skylight hatches were used for ladderways, passing scuttles, or
+companionways.
+
+The boilers are shown in the inboard profile about as described and
+drawn by Marestier but with two stacks on each boiler, one to each flue;
+Marestier's sketch in his report on American steamships shows the flues
+of each boiler trunked into a single stack. The battery had two boilers
+and the stacks are at the boilers' fire-door end. The steam lines came
+off the crown of the boilers and probably passed through the ends of the
+wheelbox to the engine; a trunk for the steam lines would undoubtedly
+have been necessary.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.--SKETCH OF 130-GUN SHIP proposed by Patrick
+Miller to King Gustav III of Sweden in 1790. In Statens Sjöhistoriska
+Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.--PATRICK MILLER'S manually propelled
+(paddle-wheel) catamaran ship _Experiment_, built at Leith, Scotland,
+1786. Scale drawing in Statens Sjöhistoriska Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+The engine is shown to have had counterbalanced side levers, one on
+each side, and a single flywheel on the outboard side. The cylinder is
+over the condenser or "cistern," connected by the steam line and valve
+box on the side. The cylinder crosshead is shown in the inboard profile
+to have reached the underside of the beams of the upper deck. The
+crosshead was connected by two connecting rods to the side levers. These
+levers operated the paddle wheel by connecting rods to cranks on the
+paddle-wheel shaft. There is another pair of connecting rods from the
+side levers to the crosshead of the air pump. All connecting rods are on
+one arm of the side levers, the other end having only a counterbalance
+weight beyond the fulcrum bearing. The flywheel has a shaft fitted with
+two gears, and is driven through idler gears from gears on the
+paddle-wheel shaft; it turns at about twice the speed of the paddle
+wheel. No other pumps or fittings are shown in the engine hull, although
+manual pumps were probably fitted to fill and empty the boilers. Piping
+is not shown.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.--PAINTING OF THE _Experiment_ in the Statens
+Sjöhistoriska Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+The four rudders, toggled in pairs, are shown in both the lines and
+inboard drawings, but the shape is different in the two plans. Operation
+must have been by a tiller under the gun-deck beams. The outer end of
+the tiller may have been pivoted on the toggle bar and the inboard end
+fitted, as previously described, with steering cable or chain tackles.
+This seems to be the only practical interpretation of the evidence.
+
+
+Reconstructing the Plans
+
+In the model it was necessary to reconstruct the deck arrangements
+without enough contemporary description. The outboard appearance and
+hull form, rig, and arrangement of armament require no reconstruction,
+for all that is of importance is shown in the lines and rig drawings, or
+in the inboard profile. The masts are shown to have been stepped over
+the race on the gun deck. The iron stanchions are shown in the lines
+drawing and in the construction section. However, their position at the
+ends of the _Battery_ are apparently incorrectly shown in the original
+lines plan. The construction section shows these stanchions to have been
+stepped on the inside face of the inner ceiling and, as the ceiling
+structure was carried completely around the ship, the stanchions in the
+ends must have been placed inboard, as along the sides. The bowsprit was
+above deck and would probably be secured in the knighthead timbers at
+the ends of the hull, as well as by the heel bitts shown in the Danish
+lines drawing. With the riding bitts shown inboard of the heel bitts at
+each end of the vessel, it is obvious that she would work her ground
+tackle at both ends and would therefore require two capstans; the
+wheelbox would prevent effective use of a single one. The capstans might
+be doubleheaded, as in some large frigates and ships-of-the-line.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18.--SAIL PLAN OF FULTON'S _Steam Battery_ as
+reconstructed for model in the Museum of History and Technology.]
+
+As to the remaining deck fixtures, hatches and fittings, these must be
+entirely a matter of speculation. Ladderways, passing scuttles, hatches,
+trunks, galley, heads and cabins were obviously required in a fighting
+ship and can only be located on the theory that, when completed, the
+_Battery_ was a practical vessel.
+
+It has been stated that the officers' cabins were over the race; the
+logical place for the heads, galley, wardroom and mess also would be
+over the race, giving the remaining part of the gun deck for the
+necessary hatches, ladderways, trunks, etc., in the two hulls, space
+required for armament, and to sling the hammocks of a watch below. As
+the vessel was never fully manned, apparently, the space for hammocks is
+not a serious problem in a reconstruction. If the vessel had been manned
+as proposed by 500 men, hammocks for over 200 would have been required,
+which would give very crowded quarters in view of the limited space
+available.
+
+Though no specific requirements were stated in the reports of the
+trials, it seems reasonable to suppose that additional hatches were cut
+in the decks to improve the fireroom ventilation. In the reconstruction
+drawings, these hatchways as well as the other deck openings and deck
+fittings--such as bilge pumps, companionways, skylights, binnacles,
+wheels and wheel-rope trunks, cable trunks, steampipe casings, and stack
+fiddleys--have been located in an effort to meet the imagined
+requirements of the working of a ship of this unusual form.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 19.--MODEL OF _Steam Battery_ in the Museum of
+History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo 63990-E.)]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 20.--LINES OF STEAMER _Congo_, built in 1815-1816
+for the British Admiralty and converted to a sailing survey vessel. From
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+There are some unanswered questions that arose in the preparation of
+the reconstruction drawings. As has been shown, the original inboard
+arrangement plan found in Copenhagen shows four smokestacks, while
+Marestier's sketch of the vessel's boilers shows trunked flues
+indicating that two stacks were used. It is possible that the boilers
+were first fitted so that four stacks were required; alterations made as
+a result of steaming trials may well have included the introduction of
+trunked flues and the final use of two stacks in line fore-and-aft. This
+would have required a rearrangement of the fiddley hatches amidships.
+
+Another troublesome question was the doubtful arrangement of the four
+companionways on the spar deck. Perhaps only two were fitted, one on
+each side of the officers' staterooms while the ladderways at the crew's
+end of the ship were simple ladder hatches.
+
+The decision to use four bilge pumps is based upon the lack of drag in
+the keel of the hulls, which would prevent accumulation of bilge water
+at one end of the hull. The use of four single-barrel pumps instead of
+four double-barrel pumps may be questioned, for chain pumps requiring
+two barrels would have been practical.
+
+Allowance for stores was made by use of platforms in the hold. It is
+known from statements made to the Court of Inquiry, that the magazines
+were amidships and that a part of these was close to the boilers. Fuel
+and water would be in the lower hold under the platforms; hatches and
+ladderways are arranged to permit fueling the ship.
+
+A few prints or drawings of the ship, aside from the patent drawing,
+have been found. There are two prints that show the launch of the
+vessel. One, a print of 1815, is in possession of the Mariners' Museum,
+Newport News, Va., and is reproduced in Alexander Crosby Brown's _Twin
+Ships, Notes on the Chronological History of the Use of Multiple Hulled
+Vessels_.[20] A poor copy of this print appears on page 13 of Bennett's
+_Steam Navy of the United States_, and another and inaccurate sketch is
+shown on page 8. These pictures were of no use in the reconstruction as
+they show no details that are not in the Copenhagen plans. The patent
+drawing does not show deck details and in fact does not represent the
+vessel as built in any respect other than in being a catamaran with
+paddle wheel amidships between the hulls.
+
+The _Steam Battery_ did not have any particular influence on the design
+of men-of-war that followed her. In the first place, steampower was not
+viewed with favor by naval officers generally. This was without doubt
+due to prejudice, but engines in 1820-30 were still unreliable when
+required to run for long periods, as experienced by the early
+ocean-going steamers. The great weight of the early steam engines and
+their size in relation to power were important, and also important were
+practical objections that prevented the design of efficient naval ocean
+steamers until about 1840; even then, the paddle wheels made them very
+vulnerable in action. Until the introduction of the screw propellor it
+was not possible to design a really effective ocean-going naval steamer;
+hence until about 1840-45, sail remained predominant in naval vessels
+for ocean service, and steamers were accepted only in coast defense and
+towing services, or as dispatch vessels.
+
+No immediate use of the double hull in naval vessels of the maritime
+powers resulted from the construction of the _Steam Battery_. The
+flat-bottom chine-built design employed by Fulton in _North River_,
+_Raritan_, and other early steamboats was utilized in the design for a
+projected steamer by the British Admiralty in 1815-16. This vessel was
+about 76 feet overall, 16-foot beam, and 8-foot 10 inches depth in hold.
+Her design was for a flat-bottom, chine-built hull with no fore-and-aft
+camber in the bottom, a sharp entrance, and a square-tuck stern with
+slight overhang above the cross-seam. Her side frames were straight and
+vertical amidships, but curved as the bow and stern were approached. She
+was to be a side-paddle-wheel steamer, and her hull was diagonally
+braced; the wheel and engine were to be about amidships where she was
+dead flat for about 14 feet. However, the engine and boilers were not
+installed; the engine was utilized ashore for pumping, and the vessel
+was completed in the Deptford Yard as a sailing ship. Under the name
+_Congo_ she was employed in the African coast survey. Her plan is in the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, at the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England.
+
+The double hull continued to be employed in both steam and team
+ferryboats in the United States and in England and France. A few river
+and lake steamers were also built with this design of hull. Continued
+efforts to obtain fast sailing by use of the double hull produced a
+number of sailing catamarans; of these the Herreshoff catamarans of the
+1870's showed high speed when reaching in a fresh breeze.
+
+Designs for double-hulled steamers appeared during the last half of the
+19th century; in 1874 the _Castalia_, a large, double-hull, iron,
+cross-channel steamer, was built by the Thames Iron-works Company at
+Blackwall, England. She was 290 feet long, and each hull had a beam of
+17 feet. The paddle wheel was placed between the hulls and, ready for
+sea, she drew 6-1/2 feet. She ran the 22 miles between Dover and Calais
+in 1 hour and 50 minutes, a speed much slower than that of the
+paddle-wheel, cross-channel steamers having one hull. Another
+double-hull steamer was built for this service by Hawthorn, Leslie and
+Company, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Scotland, in 1877. First named _Express_,
+she was renamed _Calais-Douvres_ when she went into service in May 1878.
+Her length was 302 feet, her extreme beam 62 feet, and each hull had a
+beam of 18 feet, 3 inches. She drew 6-foot 7-1/2 inches ready for sea
+and the paddle wheel was between the hulls. On her trials she made 14
+knots and burned coal excessively. Sold to France in 1880, she was taken
+out of service in 1889. Though popular, she was not faster than the
+single-hull steamers in this service and had been a comparatively
+expensive vessel to build and operate.
+
+The many attempts to produce a very fast double-hull steamer and large
+sailing vessels have led to disappointment for their designers and
+sponsors. In the history of naval architecture, since Petty's time,
+there have been a number of periods when the new-old idea of the double
+hull has become popular. Craft of this type have been commonly well
+publicized but, on the whole, their basic designs have followed the same
+principles over and over again and have not produced the sought-for
+increase in speed and handiness.
+
+In very recent years there has been a revival in interest in sailing
+double-hull boats that is enthusiastic as to very small craft and
+somewhat restrained as to large boats. A few projects are under
+development for double-hull craft, power and sail, of over 90-foot
+length, including an oceanographic research vessel. In general, however,
+the performance of double-hull boats has shown that Chapman's estimate
+of the type was reasonably correct and that there are limitations,
+particularly in maneuverability in the double-hull craft that could have
+been found by reference to the history of past experiments with the
+type.
+
+
+NAVAL STEAMERS.
+
+
+THE DEMOLOGOS; OR, FULTON THE FIRST.
+
+At the close of the year eighteen hundred and thirteen, Robert Fulton
+exhibited to the President of the United States, the original drawing
+from which the engraving on Plate One is sketched, being a
+representation of the proposed war-steamer or floating-battery, named by
+him, the Demologos. This sketch possesses more than ordinary interest,
+from the circumstance that it is, doubtless, the only record of the
+_first war-steamer in the world_, designed and drawn by the immortal
+Fulton, and represented by him to the Executive, as capable of carrying
+a strong battery, with furnaces for red hot shot, and being propelled by
+the power of steam, at the rate of _four_ miles an hour.
+
+It was contemplated that this vessel, besides carrying her proposed
+armament on deck, should also be furnished with submarine guns, two
+suspended from each bow, so as to discharge a hundred pound ball into an
+enemy's ship at ten or twelve feet below her water-line. In addition to
+this, her machinery was calculated for the addition of an engine which
+would discharge an immense column of water upon the decks, and through
+the port-holes of an enemy, making her the most formidable engine for
+warfare that human ingenuity has contrived.
+
+The estimated cost of the vessel was three hundred and twenty thousand
+dollars, nearly the sum requisite for a frigate of the first class.
+
+The project was zealously embraced by the Executive, and the national
+legislature in March, eighteen hundred and fourteen, passed a law,
+authorizing the President of the United States to cause to be built,
+equipped, and employed, one or more floating batteries, for the defense
+of the waters of the United States.
+
+The building of the vessel was committed by the Coast and Harbor Defense
+Association, to a sub-committee of five gentlemen, who were recognized
+by the Government as their agents for that purpose, and whose
+interesting history of the Steam Frigate is copied in Note A, of the
+Appendix to this volume.
+
+Robert Fulton, whose soul animated the enterprise, was appointed the
+engineer; and on the twentieth day of June, eighteen hundred and
+fourteen, the keel of this novel steamer was laid at the ship-yard of
+Adam and Noah Brown, her able and active constructors, in the city of
+New York, and on the twenty-ninth of the following October, or in little
+more than four months, she was safely launched, in the presence of
+multitudes of spectators who thronged the surrounding shores, and were
+seen upon the hills which limited the beautiful prospect around the bay
+of New York.
+
+The river and bay were filled with steamers and vessels of war, in
+compliment to the occasion. In the midst of these was the enormous
+floating mass, whose bulk and unwieldy form seemed to render her as
+unfit for motion, as the land batteries which were saluting her.
+
+In a communication from Captain David Porter, U. S. Navy, to the Hon.
+Secretary of the Navy, dated New York, October 29, 1814, he states,--"I
+have the pleasure to inform you that the "FULTON THE FIRST," was this
+morning safely launched. No one has yet ventured to suggest any
+improvement that could be made in the vessel, and to use the words of
+the projector, '_I would not alter her if it were in my power to do
+so._'
+
+"She promises fair to meet our most sanguine expectations, and I do not
+despair in being able to navigate in her from one extreme of our coast
+to the other. Her buoyancy astonishes every one, she now draws _only
+eight feet three inches water_, and her draft will only be _ten_ feet
+with all her guns, machinery, stores, and crew, on board. The ease with
+which she can now be towed with a single steamboat, renders it certain
+that her velocity will be sufficiently great to answer every purpose,
+and the manner it is intended to secure her machinery from the gunner's
+shot, leaves no apprehension for its safety. I shall use every exertion
+to prepare her for immediate service; her guns will soon be mounted, and
+I am assured by Mr. Fulton, that her machinery will be in operation in
+about six weeks."
+
+On the twenty-first of November, the Steam Frigate was moved from the
+wharf of Messrs. Browns, in the East River, to the works of Robert
+Fulton, on the North River, to receive her machinery, which operation
+was performed by fastening the steamboat "Car of Neptune," to her
+larboard, and the steamboat "Fulton," to her starboard side; they towed
+her through the water from three and a-half to four miles per hour.
+
+The dimensions of the "Fulton the First" were:--
+
+     Length, one hundred and fifty-six feet.
+
+     Breadth, fifty-six feet.
+
+     Depth, twenty feet.
+
+     Water-wheel, sixteen feet diameter.
+
+     Length of bucket, fourteen feet.
+
+     Dip, four feet.
+
+     Engine, forty-eight inch cylinder, and five feet stroke.
+
+     Boiler, length, twenty-two feet; breath, twelve feet; and depth,
+     eight feet.
+
+     Tonnage, two thousand four hundred and seventy-five.
+
+By June, eighteen hundred and fifteen, her engine was put on board, and
+she was so far completed as to afford an opportunity of trying her
+machinery. On the first of June, at ten o'clock in the morning, the
+"Fulton the First," propelled by her own steam and machinery, left the
+wharf near the Brooklyn ferry, and proceeded majestically into the
+river; though a stiff breeze from the south blew directly ahead, she
+stemmed the current with perfect ease, as the tide was a strong ebb. She
+sailed by the forts and saluted them with her thirty-two pound guns. Her
+speed was equal to the most sanguine expectations; she exhibited a novel
+and sublime spectacle to an admiring people. The intention of the
+Commissioners being solely to try her enginery, no use was made of her
+sails. After navigating the bay, and receiving a visit from the officers
+of the French ship of war lying at her anchors, the Steam Frigate came
+to at Powles' Hook ferry, about two o'clock in the afternoon, without
+having experienced a single unpleasant occurrence.
+
+On the fourth of July, of the same year, she made a passage to the ocean
+and back, and went the distance, which, in going and returning, is
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes, without the aid of
+sails; the wind and tide were partly in her favor and partly against
+her, the balance rather in her favor.
+
+In September, she made another trial trip to the ocean, and having at
+this time the weight of her whole armament on board, she went at an
+average of five and a half miles an hour, with and against the tide.
+When stemming the tide, which ran at the rate of three miles an hour,
+she advanced at the rate of two and a-half miles an hour. This
+performance was not more than equal to Robert Fulton's expectations, but
+it exceeded what he had premised to the Government, which was that she
+should be propelled by steam at the rate of from three to four miles an
+hour.
+
+The English were not uninformed as to the preparations which were
+making for them, nor inattentive to their progress. It is certain that
+the Steam Frigate lost none of her terrors in the reports or
+imaginations of the enemy. In a treatise on steam vessels, published in
+Scotland at that time, the author states that he has taken great care to
+procure _full_ and _accurate_ information of the Steam Frigate launched
+in New York, and which he describes in the following words:--
+
+"Length on deck, _three hundred feet_; breadth, _two hundred feet_;
+thickness of her sides, _thirteen feet_ of alternate oak plank and cork
+wood--carries forty-four guns, four of which are _hundred pounders_;
+quarter-deck and forecastle guns, forty-four pounders; and further to
+annoy an enemy attempting to board, can discharge _one hundred gallons
+of boiling water in a minute_, and by mechanism, brandishes _three
+hundred cutlasses_ with the utmost regularity over her gunwales; works
+also an equal number of heavy iron pikes of great length, darting them
+from her sides with prodigious force, and withdrawing them every quarter
+of a minute"!!
+
+The war having terminated before the "_Fulton the First_" was entirely
+completed, she was taken to the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, and moored on the
+flats abreast of that station, where she remained, and was used as a
+receiving-ship until the fourth of June, eighteen hundred and
+twenty-nine, when she was blown up. The following letters from Commodore
+Isaac Chauncey (then Commandant of the New York Navy Yard) to the
+Honorable Secretary of the Navy, informing him of the distressing event,
+concludes this brief history of the _first steam vessel of war ever
+built_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+U. S. NAVY YARD, NEW YORK,
+_June 5th, 1829_.
+
+SIR:
+
+It becomes my painful duty to report to you a most unfortunate
+occurrence which took place yesterday, at about half past two o'clock,
+P. M., in the accidental blowing up of the Receiving Ship Fulton, which
+killed twenty-four men and a woman, and wounded nineteen; there are also
+five missing. Amongst the killed I am sorry to number Lieutenant S. M.
+Brackenridge, a very fine, promising officer, and amongst the wounded
+are, Lieutenants Charles F. Platt, and A. M. Mull, and Sailing-Master
+Clough, the former dangerously, and the two last severely; there are
+also four Midshipmen severely wounded. How this unfortunate accident
+occurred I am not yet able to inform you, nor have I time to state more
+particularly; I will, as soon as possible, give a detailed account of
+the affair.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+  Very respectfully,
+    J. CHAUNCEY.
+
+HON. JOHN BRANCH,
+  _Secretary of the Navy, Washington._
+
+U.S. NAVY YARD, NEW YORK,
+_June 8th, 1829_.
+
+Sir:
+
+I had been on board the "Fulton" all the morning, inspecting the ship
+and men, particularly the sick and invalids, which had increased
+considerably from other ships, and whom I had intended to ask the
+Department permission to discharge, as being of little use to the
+service. I had left the ship but a few moments before the explosion took
+place, and was in my office at the time. The report did not appear to me
+louder than a thirty-two pounder, although the destruction of the ship
+was complete and entire, owing to her very decayed state, for there was
+not on board, at the time, more than two and a-half barrels of damaged
+powder, which was kept in the magazine for the purpose of firing the
+morning and evening gun. It appears to me that the explosion could not
+have taken place from accident, as the magazine was as well, or better
+secured, than the magazines of most of our ships, yet it would be
+difficult to assign a motive to those in the magazine for so horrible an
+act, as voluntarily to destroy themselves and those on board. If the
+explosion was not the effect of design, I am at a loss to account for
+the catastrophe.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+  Very respectfully,
+    J. CHAUNCEY.
+
+HON. JOHN BRANCH,
+  _Secretary of the Navy, Washington_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+STEAM FRIGATE.
+
+_Report of HENRY RUTGERS, SAMUEL L. MITCHEL, and THOMAS MORRIS, the
+Commissioners superintending the construction of a steam vessel of war,
+to the Secretary of the Navy._
+
+NEW YORK, _December 28th, 1815_.
+
+SIR:
+
+The war which was terminated by the treaty of Ghent, afforded, during
+its short continuance, a glorious display of the valor of the United
+States by land and by sea--it made them much better known to foreign
+nations, and, what is of much greater importance, it contributed to make
+them better acquainted with themselves--it excited new enterprises--it
+educed latent talents--it stimulated to exertions unknown to our people
+before.
+
+A long extent of coast was exposed to an enemy, powerful above every
+other on the ocean. His commanders threatened to lay waste our country
+with fire and sword, and, actually, in various instances, carried their
+menaces into execution. It became necessary, for our defense, to resist,
+by every practicable method, such a formidable foe.
+
+It was conceived, by a most ingenious and enterprising citizen, that
+the power of Steam could be employed to propel a floating battery,
+carrying heavy guns, to the destruction of any hostile force that should
+hover on the shores, or enter the ports of our Atlantic frontier. The
+perfect and admirable success of his project for moving boats containing
+travelers and baggage by the same elastic agent, opened the way to its
+employment for carrying warriors and the apparatus for fighting.
+
+The plan was submitted to the consideration of the executive of an
+enlightened government. Congress, influenced by the most liberal and
+patriotic spirit, appropriated money for the experiment, and the Navy
+Department, then conducted by the honorable William Jones, appointed
+commissioners to superintend the construction of a convenient vessel
+under the direction of ROBERT FULTON, the inventor, as engineer, and
+Messrs. Adam and Noah Brown, as naval constructors. The enterprise, from
+its commencement, and during a considerable part of its preparatory
+operations, was aided by the zealous co-operation of Major General
+Dearborn, then holding his head-quarters at the city of New York, as the
+officer commanding the third military district. The loss of his valuable
+counsel in conducting a work which he had maturely considered, and which
+he strongly recommended, was the consequence of his removal to another
+section of the Union, where his professional talents were specially
+required.
+
+The keels of this steam-frigate were laid on the twentieth day of June,
+eighteen hundred and fourteen. The strictest blockade the enemy could
+enforce interrupted the coasting trade, and greatly enhanced the price
+of timber. The vigilance with which he guarded our coast against
+intercourse with foreign nations, rendered difficult the importation of
+copper and iron. The same impediment attended the supplies of coal
+heretofore brought to New York from Richmond and Liverpool. Lead, in
+like manner, was procured under additional disadvantages. These attempts
+of the enemy to frustrate the design, were vain and impotent. All the
+obstacles were surmounted. Scarcity of the necessary woods and metals
+were overcome by strenuous exertions; and all the blockading squadron
+could achieve, was not a disappointment in the undertaking, but merely
+an increase of the expense.
+
+So, in respect to tradesmen and laborers, there was an extraordinary
+difficulty. Shipwrights had repaired to the lakes, for repelling the
+enemy, in such numbers, that, comparatively speaking, few were left on
+the seaboard. A large portion of the men who had been engaged in daily
+work, had enlisted as soldiers, and had marched under the banners of the
+nation to the defense of its rights--yet amidst the scarcity of hands, a
+sufficient number were procured for the purpose which the Commissioners
+had in charge. An increase of wages was the chief impediment, and this
+they were enabled practically to overcome.
+
+By the exemplary combination of diligence and skill, on the part of the
+Engineer and Constructors, the business was so accelerated, that the
+vessel was launched on the twenty-ninth day of October, amidst the
+plaudits of an unusual number of citizens.
+
+Measures were immediately taken to complete her equipment; the boiler,
+the engine, and the machinery were put on board with all possible
+expedition. Their weight and size far surpassed any thing that had been
+witnessed before among us.
+
+The stores of artillery in New York not furnishing the number and kind
+of cannon which she was destined to carry, it became necessary to
+transport guns from Philadelphia. A prize, taken from the enemy, put
+some fit and excellent pieces at the disposal of the Navy Department. To
+avoid the danger of capture by the enemy's cruisers, these were carted
+over the miry roads of New Jersey. Twenty heavy cannon were thus
+conveyed by the strength of horses. Carriages of the most approved model
+were constructed, and every thing done to bring her into prompt action,
+as an efficient instrument of war.
+
+About this time, an officer, pre-eminent for bravery and discipline,
+was commissioned by the government to her command. Prior to this event,
+it had been intended by the Commissioners to finish her conformably to
+the plan originally submitted to the Executive. She is a structure
+resting upon two boats and keels, separated from end to end by a canal
+fifteen feet wide, and sixty-six long. One boat contained the caldrons
+of copper to prepare her steam. The vast cylinder of iron, with its
+piston, levers, and wheels, occupied a part of its fellow; the great
+water-wheel revolved in the space between them; the main or gun-deck
+supported her armament, and was protected by a bulwark four feet ten
+inches thick, of solid timber. This was pierced by thirty port-holes, to
+enable as many thirty-two pounders to fire red hot balls; her upper or
+spar deck was plain, and she was to be propelled by her enginery alone.
+
+It was the opinion of Captain Porter and Mr. Fulton, that the upper deck
+ought to be surrounded with a bulwark and stanchions--that two stout
+masts should be erected to support latteen sails--that there should be
+bowsprits for jibs, and that she should be rigged in a corresponding
+style. Under authorities so great, and with the expectation of being
+able to raise the blockade of New London, by destroying, taking, or
+routing the enemy's ships, all these additions were adopted and
+incorporated with the vessel.
+
+It must here be observed, that during the exhaustion of the treasury,
+and the temporary depression of public credit, the Commissioners were
+exceedingly embarrassed--their payments were made in treasury notes,
+which they were positively instructed to negotiate at par. On several
+occasions even these were so long withheld, that the persons who had
+advanced materials and labor were importunate for payment, and silently
+discontented. To a certain extent, the Commissioners pledged their
+private credit. Notwithstanding all this, the men, at one time, actually
+broke off. The work was retarded, and her completion unavoidably
+deferred, to the great disappointment of the Commissioners, until winter
+rendered it impossible for her to act.
+
+Under all this pressure, they, nevertheless, persevered in the important
+object confided to them. But their exertions were further retarded by
+the premature and unexpected death of the Engineer. The world was
+deprived of his invaluable labors before he had completed this favorite
+undertaking. They will not inquire, wherefore, in the dispensations of
+Divine Providence, he was not permitted to realize his grand conception.
+_His discoveries, however, survive for the benefit of mankind_, and will
+extend to unborn generations.
+
+At length all matters were ready for a trial of the machinery to urge
+such a bulky vessel through the water. This essay was made on the first
+day of June, eighteen hundred and fifteen. She proved herself capable of
+opposing the wind, and of stemming the tide, of crossing currents, and
+of being steered among vessels riding at anchor, though the weather was
+boisterous and the water rough. Her performance demonstrated that the
+project was successful--no doubt remained that a floating battery,
+composed of heavy artillery, could be moved by steam. The Commissioners
+returned from the exercise of the day, satisfied that the vessel would
+answer the intended purpose, and consoled themselves that their care had
+been bestowed upon a worthy object.
+
+But it was discovered, that various alterations were necessary. Guided
+by the light of experience, they caused some errors to be corrected, and
+some defects to be supplied. She was prepared for a second voyage with
+all practicable speed.
+
+On the fourth of July she was again put in action. She performed a trip
+to the ocean, eastward of Sandy Hook, and back again, a distance of
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes. A part of this
+time she had the tide against her, and had no assistance whatever from
+sails. Of the gentlemen who formed the company invited to witness the
+experiment, not one entertained a doubt of her fitness for the intended
+purpose.
+
+Additional expedients were, notwithstanding, necessary to be sought for
+quickening and directing her motion. These were devised and executed
+with all possible care.
+
+Suitable arrangements having been made, a third trial of her powers was
+attempted on the eleventh day of September, with the weight of
+twenty-six of her long and ponderous guns, and a considerable quantity
+of ammunition and stores on board; her draft of water was short of
+eleven feet. She changed her course by inverting the motion of the
+wheel, without the necessity of putting about. She fired salutes as she
+passed the forts, and she overcame the resistance of the wind and tide
+in her progress down the bay. She performed beautiful man[oe]uvres
+around the United States' Frigate JAVA, then at anchor near the
+light-house. She moved with remarkable celerity, and she was perfectly
+obedient to her double helm. It was observed that the explosion of
+powder produced very little concussion. The machinery was not affected
+by it in the smallest degree. Her progress, during the firing, was
+steady and uninterrupted. On the most accurate calculations, derived
+from heaving the log, her average velocity was five and a-half miles per
+hour. Notwithstanding the resistance of currents, she was found to make
+headway at the rate of two miles an hour against the ebb of the East
+River, running three and a-half knots. The day's exercise was
+satisfactory to the respectable company who attended, beyond their
+utmost expectations. It was universally agreed that we now possessed a
+new auxiliary against every maratime invader. The City of New York,
+exposed as it is, was considered as having the means of rendering itself
+invulnerable. The Delaware, Chesapeake, Long Island Sound, and every
+other bay and harbor in the nation, may be protected by the same
+tremendous power.
+
+Among the inconveniences observable during the experiment, was the heat
+endured by the men who attended the fires. To enable a correct judgment
+to be formed on this point, one of the Commissioners (Dr. Mitchel)
+descended and examined, by a thermometer, the temperature of the hold,
+between the two boilers. The quicksilver, exposed to the radiant heat of
+the burning fuel, rose to one hundred and sixteen degrees of
+Fahrenheit's scale. Though exposed thus to its intensity, he experienced
+no indisposition afterwards. The analogy of potteries, forges,
+glass-houses, kitchens, and other places, where laborers are habitually
+exposed to high heats, is familiar to persons of business and of
+reflection. In all such occupations, the men, by proper relays, perform
+their services perfectly well.
+
+The Government, however, will understand that the hold of the present
+vessel could be rendered cooler by other apertures for the admission of
+air, and that on building another steam frigate, the comfort of the
+firemen might be provided for, as in the ordinary steamboats.
+
+The Commissioners congratulate the Government and the nation on the
+event of this noble project. Honorable alike, to its author and its
+patrons, it constitutes an era in warfare and the arts. The arrival of
+peace, indeed, has disappointed the expectations of conducting her to
+battle. That last and conclusive act of showing her superiority in
+combat, has not been in the power of the Commissioners to make.
+
+If a continuance of tranquillity should be our lot, and this steam
+vessel of war be not required for the public defense, the nation may
+rejoice that the fact we have ascertained is of incalculably greater
+value than the expenditure--and that if the present structure should
+perish, we have the information never to perish, how, on a future
+emergency, others may be built. The requisite variations will be
+dictated by circumstances.
+
+Owing to the cessation of hostilities, it has been deemed inexpedient to
+finish and equip her as for immediate and active employ. In a few weeks
+every thing that is incomplete could receive the proper adjustment.
+
+After so much has been done, and with such encouraging results, it
+becomes the Commissioners to recommend that the steam frigate be
+officered and manned for discipline and practice. A discreet commander,
+with a selected crew, could acquire experience in the mode of navigating
+this peculiar vessel. The supplies of fuel, the tending of the fire, the
+replenishing of the expended water, the management of the mechanism, the
+heating of shot, the exercise of the guns, and various matters, can only
+become familiar by use. It is highly important that a portion of seamen
+and marines should be versed in the order and economy of the steam
+frigate. They will augment, diffuse, and perpetuate knowledge. When, in
+process of time, another war shall call for more structures of this
+kind, men, regularly trained to her tactics, may be dispatched to the
+several stations where they may be wanted. If, on any such disposition,
+the Government should desire a good and faithful agent, the
+Commissioners recommend Captain Obed Smith to notice, as a person who
+has ably performed the duties of inspector from the beginning to the end
+of the concern.
+
+Annexed to the report, you will find, Sir, several statements
+explanatory of the subject. A separate report of our colleague, the
+honorable Oliver Wolcott, whose removal from New York precluded him from
+attending to the latter part of the business, with his accustomed zeal
+and fidelity, is herewith presented. A drawing of her form and
+appearance, by Mr. Morgan, as being like to give satisfaction to the
+department, is also subjoined, as are likewise an inventory of her
+furniture and effects, and an account of the timber and metals
+consolidated in her fabric.
+
+It is hoped these communications will evince the pains taken by the
+Commissioners, to execute the honorable and responsible trust reposed in
+them by the Government.
+
+  SAMUEL L. MITCHEL.
+  THOMAS MORRIS.
+  HENRY RUTGERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
+Washington, D.C. 20402--Price 70 cents
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _The American Neptune_ (1946), vol. 6, pp. 253-274.
+
+[2] _The American Neptune_ (1944), vol. 4, pp. 327-329.
+
+[3] New York, 1853, pp. 13-17.
+
+[4] Pittsburgh, 1896, pp. 8-16.
+
+[5] See pages 172 through 176 for this report, which is reproduced from
+CHARLES B. STUART, _Naval and Mail Steamers of the United States_ (New
+York, 1853), app., pp. 155-159.
+
+[6] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-14; and HOWARD I.
+CHAPELLE, _History of the American Sailing Navy_ (New York: W. W. Norton
+& Co., 1949), pp. 293-295.
+
+[7] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-9; and CHAPELLE,
+_History of the American Sailing Navy_, pp. 226, 228.
+
+[8] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-15.
+
+[9] National Archives, Naval Records Collection, Miscellaneous Letters,
+1819, II.
+
+[10] See p. 169, reproduced from CHARLES B. STUART, _Naval and Mail
+Steamers of the United States_ (New York, 1853), p. 15.
+
+[11] JEAN BAPTISTE MARESTIER, _Mémoire sur les bateaux à vapeur des
+États-Unis d'Amérique, avec un appendice sur diverses machines relatives
+à la Marine_ (Paris: L'imprimerie Royal, 1824).
+
+[12] 1820-1823, vol. 7, p. 437.
+
+[13] _Annales de l'industrie nationale et étrangère, ou Mercure
+Technologique_ (Paris, 1822), pp. 760-762.
+
+[14] January 27, 1823, vol. 7, pp. 436-438.
+
+[15] January-March 1935, vol. 61, pp. 322-328.
+
+[16] HOWARD I. CHAPELLE, _American Small Sailing Craft_ (New York: W. W.
+Norton & Co., Inc., 1951), pp. 29, 31.
+
+[17] Newport News, Va.: The Mariners' Museum, 1937, p. 23.
+
+[18] Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs Merrill, 1932, p. 291.
+
+[19] HENRY WILLIAM EDWARD, _The Double Bottom or Twin Hulled Ship of Sir
+William Petty_ (Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1931).
+
+[20] Publication No. 5 (Newport News: The Mariners' Museum, 1939), p.
+22.
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Anckerswärd, Col. Michael, 157
+
+Astor, John Jacob, 141
+
+
+Baltimore, Lord. _See_ Calvert.
+
+Bennett, Frank M., 139, 150, 165
+
+Bergh, Christian, 145
+
+Biddle, James, 141
+
+Brackenridge, S. M., 145
+
+Brewington, M. V., 155
+
+Brown, Adam and Noah, 141, 142, 145
+
+Brown, Alexander Crosby, 165
+
+Brown, Noah, 141, 150, 151
+
+Browne, Charles, 157
+
+Browns' yard, 142, 144
+
+
+Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, 156
+
+Canning, Stratford, 139
+
+Chapman, Fredrik Henrik af, 156, 166
+
+Charles II of England, 152, 153
+
+Coast and Harbor Defense Company, 141
+
+Coast Defense Society, 141, 142
+
+Colden, C. D., 149
+
+
+Danish Greenland Company, 150
+
+Danish Royal Archives, 139, 150
+
+Dearborn, Henry, 141, 142
+
+Decatur, Stephen, 141
+
+Deptford Yard (England), 165
+
+
+Eckford, Henry, 142
+
+Emmet, ----, 144
+
+Evans, Samuel, 141, 145
+
+
+Fox, Josiah, 157
+
+Fulton, Robert, 139, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149, 150, 157, 159, 165
+
+
+Gurley, Ralph R. (USN), 150, 151
+
+Gustav III of Sweden, 156, 157
+
+
+Hawthorn, Leslie, and Company (Scotland), 166
+
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, 145
+
+Jones, Jacob, 141
+
+Jones, William, 147
+
+
+Laurie, J., 157
+
+Lewis, Jacob, 141
+
+Lewis, Morgan, 141
+
+
+Marestier, Jean Baptiste, 147, 149, 159, 162
+
+Mariners' Museum, 165
+
+Marsh, James, 145
+
+May, Arthur J., 139
+
+Miller, Patrick, 156, 157
+
+Mitchill, Samuel L., 141, 142
+
+Monroe, James, 145
+
+Montgéry, M., 147, 149, 159
+
+Morgan, "Mr.", 144
+
+Morris, Thomas, 141, 142
+
+
+National Maritime Museum (England), 147, 156, 165
+
+
+Pepys, Samuel, 155
+
+Perry, Oliver, 141
+
+Petty, Sir William, 152, 153, 155, 166
+
+Porter, David, 144
+
+Purcell, William, 147
+
+
+Rasmussen, Kjeld, 150
+
+Rigsarkivet (Denmark), 147
+
+Royal Society of London, 152
+
+Rutgers, Henry, 141, 142
+
+
+Smith, ---- (Captain, USN), 144
+
+Smith, Sir Sidney (RN), 155
+
+Statens Sjöhistoriska Museum (Sweden), 147
+
+Stewart, Charles, 145
+
+Stiles, George, 144
+
+Stoudinger, Charles, 144
+
+Stuart, Charles B., 139, 150
+
+Symington, William, 157
+
+
+Thames Iron-works Company (England), 165
+
+Tyler, David B., 139
+
+
+Warrington, Samuel, 141
+
+Wilstack, Paul, 155
+
+Wolcott, Oliver, 141, 142
+
+
+Youle, John, foundry, 142
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship
+and Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and
+Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and Catamaran
+
+Author: Howard I. Chapelle
+
+Release Date: February 4, 2010 [EBook #31179]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Colin Bell, Louise Pattison, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="tnote">
+<p>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes:</p>
+
+<p>This is Paper 39 from the Smithsonian Institution United States
+National Museum Bulletin 240, comprising Papers 34-44, which will
+also be available as a complete e-book.</p>
+
+<p>The front material, introduction and relevant index entries from
+the Bulletin are included in each single-paper e-book.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#corrections_39">Corrections</a> to typographical errors are underlined
+<ins class="mycorr" title="Original: like thsi">like this</ins>. Mouse over to view the original text.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION<br />
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM<br />
+BULLETIN 240</h1>
+
+<div class="figright">
+  <img src="images/i_002.png" alt="Smithsonian Press Logo" title=" " />
+</div>
+
+<p class="right" style="clear:both;">SMITHSONIAN PRESS<br /></p>
+
+<p>MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY</p>
+
+<p style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold;" class="smcap">Contributions<br />
+From the<br />
+Museum<br />
+of History and<br />
+Technology</p>
+
+<p style="font-size: 1.25em;"><em>Papers 34-44<br />
+On Science and Technology</em></p>
+
+<p>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION &middot; WASHINGTON, D.C. 1966</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.25em;"><em>Publications of the United States National Museum</em></p>
+
+<p>The scholarly and scientific publications of the United States National Museum
+include two series, <cite>Proceedings of the United States National Museum</cite> and <cite>United States
+National Museum Bulletin</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>In these series, the Museum publishes original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of its constituent museums&mdash;The Museum of Natural
+History and the Museum of History and Technology&mdash;setting forth newly acquired
+facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, history, geology, and technology. Copies
+of each publication are distributed to libraries, to cultural and scientific organizations,
+and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Proceedings</cite>, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate
+form, of shorter papers from the Museum of Natural History. These are gathered
+in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the
+table of contents of the volume.</p>
+
+<p>In the <cite>Bulletin</cite> series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate
+publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes
+in which are collected works on related subjects. <cite>Bulletins</cite> are either octavo or
+quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating
+to the botanical collections of the Museum of Natural History have been
+published in the <cite>Bulletin</cite> series under the heading <cite>Contributions from the United States
+National Herbarium</cite>, and since 1959, in <cite>Bulletins</cite> titled &ldquo;Contributions from the Museum
+of History and Technology,&rdquo; have been gathered shorter papers relating to the collections
+and research of that Museum.</p>
+
+<p>The present collection of Contributions, Papers 34-44, comprises Bulletin 240.
+Each of these papers has been previously published in separate form. The year of
+publication is shown on the last page of each paper.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Frank A. Taylor</span><br />
+<em>Director, United States National Museum</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1><a name="Paper_39" id="Paper_39"></a><span class="smcap">Contributions from <br />The Museum of History and Technology</span>:<br />
+<span class="smcap">Paper</span> 39<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class="smcap">Fulton&rsquo;s &ldquo;Steam Battery&rdquo;:<br />
+Blockship and Catamaran</span><br /></h1>
+<p><span class="rnum" style="font-size: larger;"><em>Howard I. Chapelle</em></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>SURVIVING DESIGNS FOR FLOATING BATTERIES  <span class="rnum"><a href="#SURVI">145</a></span></p>
+<p>CONTROVERSIAL DESCRIPTIONS  <span class="rnum"><a href="#CONTR">147</a></span></p>
+<p>COPENHAGEN PLANS  <span class="rnum"><a href="#COPEN">150</a></span></p>
+<p>HISTORY OF DOUBLE-HULL CRAFT  <span class="rnum"><a href="#HISTO">152</a></span></p>
+<p>SAIL AND INBOARD PLANS  <span class="rnum"><a href="#SAIL_">157</a></span></p>
+<p>RECONSTRUCTING THE PLANS  <span class="rnum"><a href="#RECON">161</a></span></p>
+<p>APPENDIX  <span class="rnum"><a href="#NAVAL">167</a></span></p>
+<p><a href="#FOOTNOTES_39">FOOTNOTES</a></p>
+<p><a href="#INDEX_39">INDEX</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_138_s.png" width="600" height="453" alt="Figure 1.&mdash;Scale model of Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-F.)"
+title="Figure 1.&mdash;Scale model of Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery" />
+<span class="caption">Figure 1.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Scale model</span> of Fulton&#39;s <i>Steam Battery</i> in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-F.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="rnum"><i>Howard I. Chapelle</i></span></p>
+
+<h2>FULTON&rsquo;S <br />&ldquo;STEAM BATTERY&rdquo;: <br />BLOCKSHIP and CATAMARAN</h2>
+<div class="blockquotn">
+<p><i>Robert Fulton&rsquo;s &ldquo;Steam Battery,&rdquo; a catamaran-type blockship, was built
+during the War of 1812. Until recently, not enough material has been
+available to permit a reasonably accurate reconstruction of what is
+generally acknowledged to be the first steam man-of-war.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>With the discovery, in the Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen, of
+plans of this vessel, it is now possible to prepare a reconstruction and
+to build a model.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>This article summarizes the history of the vessel, describes the plans
+and the reconstruction, and also evaluates its design with particular
+attention to the double-hull construction.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Author</span>: <i>Howard I. Chapelle is curator of transportation in the
+Smithsonian Institution&rsquo;s Museum of History and Technology.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The identity of the first steam man-of-war has been known for many
+years, and a great deal has been written and published on the history of
+this American vessel. Until recently, the only available drawing of the
+ship has been a patent drawing made for Robert Fulton. This does not
+comply with contemporary descriptions of the steamer and the drawing or
+plan is out of proportion with the known dimensions. The lack of plans
+has heretofore made it impossible to illustrate the vessel with any
+degree of precision, or to build a scale model.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery in 1960 of some of the plans of this historic ship in the
+Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen now makes possible a reasonably
+accurate reconstruction of the vessel and also clarifies some of the
+incomplete and often confusing descriptions by contemporary writers.</p>
+
+<p>Of the numerous published accounts of the ship that are available, the
+most complete is David B. Tyler&rsquo;s &ldquo;Fulton&rsquo;s Steam Frigate.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> A
+contemporary description of the vessel by the British Minister to
+Washington, 1820-23, Stratford Canning, was published by Arthur J.
+May.<a name="FNanchor_2_3" id="FNanchor_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In <i>Naval and Mail Steamers of the United States</i>, by Charles B.
+Stuart,<a name="FNanchor_3_4" id="FNanchor_3_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_4" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and <i>The Steam Navy of the United States</i>, by Frank M.
+Bennett,<a name="FNanchor_4_5" id="FNanchor_4_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_5" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> the history of the ship and some descriptive facts are
+given. Stuart, in an appendix, gives in full the report of the
+Supervisory Committee (set up to administer the building contract).
+Tyler and Stuart, and the Committee Report are the principal sources
+from which the following summary of the ship&rsquo;s history is drawn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_140_s.png" width="600" height="839" alt="Plate No. 1. &lsquo;DEMOLOGOS&rsquo;
+Figure 1st. Transverse section A her Boiler. B the steam Engine. C the water wheel.
+E E her wooden walls 5 feet thick, diminishing to below the waterline as at F.F draught of water 9 feet D D her gun deck
+Scale 1/12 inch=1 foot
+Waterline Scale
+1/24 inch=1 foot
+Figure IId This shews her gun deck, 140 feet long 24 feet wide, mounting 20 guns. A the Water wheel
+Figure IIId Side View
+Scale 1/24 inch=1 foot
+ROBERT FULTON November 1813.
+S Mc Elroy del. &quot;Stuart&#39;s Naval &amp; Mail Steamers U.S.&quot; Sarony &amp; Major. Eng. N.Y." title="Plate No. 1." />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+<p class="caption">
+Figure 2.&mdash;&ldquo;<span class="smcap">Demologos</span>,&rdquo; <span class="smcap">a wood engraving</span> based on the
+sketch which Robert Fulton showed to President Madison in 1813. This
+wood engraving appears as plate 1 in Charles B. Stuart&rsquo;s <i>Naval and Mail
+Steamers of the United States</i>, and illustrates the section on Naval
+Steamers, from which the account &ldquo;The Demologos; or, Fulton the First,&rdquo;
+is here reproduced (pp. 167-171). Stuart obtained the sketch, assumed to
+have been made for Fulton&rsquo;s patent on the design of the <i>Steam Battery</i>,
+from the files of the U.S. Navy Department.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>On December 24, 1813, Robert Fulton invited a group of
+friends&mdash;prominent merchants, professional men and naval officers&mdash;to
+his home in New York City and there presented a proposal for a project
+of great local interest. At that time the War of 1812 was in its second
+year and the economic effect of the British naval blockade was being
+felt severely. The blockade cut off seaborne trade and posed a constant
+threat of attack upon New York and other important ports, particularly
+Baltimore. To defend the ports, it had been proposed to build mobile
+floating batteries or heavily built and armed hulks with small sailing
+rigs, but the high cost of these and their doubtful value in helping to
+break the blockade, compared to the value and action of a very heavy,
+large frigate, or a 74-gun ship, caused authorities to hesitate to
+proceed with the construction of any blockships or floating batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Fulton&rsquo;s proposal concerned a floating battery propelled by steam
+power. He believed that steam propulsion not only would give it
+effective maneuverability with no loss of gunpower, but also would allow
+a successful attack upon the Royal Navy blockading ships during periods
+of protracted calm, when sailing men-of-war were nearly helpless. The
+blockaders then could be attacked and picked off, one by one, by the
+heavily armed steamboat.</p>
+
+<p>Among those present at the meeting was Major General Henry Dearborn, a
+leading citizen and soldier who was later to become noted in American
+political history. The first step taken during this meeting was the
+founding of the Coast and Harbor Defense Company with Dearborn as
+president, Fulton as engineer, and Thomas Morris as secretary. Next, a
+committee was established to raise funds from Federal, State, and New
+York City governments as well as from individual contributors to build
+the battery. The members of this committee consisted of General
+Dearborn, Commodore Stephen Decatur, U.S.N.; General Morgan Lewis;
+Commodore Jacob Jones; U.S.N.; Noah Brown, shipbuilder; Samuel L.
+Mitchill; Henry Rutgers; and Thomas Morris.</p>
+
+<p>The committee proved cumbersome and was reduced to General Lewis, Issac
+Bronson, Henry Rutgers, Nathan Sanford, Thomas Morris, Oliver Wolcott,
+and John Jacob Astor. Known as the Coast Defense Society and with the
+name of <i>Pyremon</i> given the ship in prospectus, they attempted,
+unsuccessfully, to raise funds privately.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated sums to build a battery 130 feet long, with a 50-foot
+beam, capable of a speed of 5 mph, and carrying 24 long guns (18-pdr.),
+was $110,000. Fulton, still the chief engineer, in an effort to interest
+the Federal Government, built a model of the proposed vessel and
+submitted it to some prominent naval officers&mdash;Commodore Stephen
+Decatur, Jacob Jones, James Biddle, Samuel Evans, Oliver Perry, Samuel
+Warrington, and Jacob Lewis. All gave their support to the Society in a
+written statement and this recommendation proved helpful to the project
+in Congress and in the Navy Department. In the process of passing a bill
+which went to the Senate Naval Affairs Committee calling for $250,000
+for the construction of the floating battery, the sum was raised to
+$1,500,000 for the construction of &ldquo;one or more&rdquo; floating batteries and
+passed on March 9, 1814.</p>
+
+<p>To supervise the start of construction, the Coast Defense Society
+appointed a committee consisting of Dearborn, Wolcott, Morris, Mitchill,
+and Rutgers, with Fulton as engineer, and a model and drawing of the
+proposed vessel was submitted to the Patent Office. The Secretary of the
+Navy, although supporting the project, delayed action until he had
+weighed the importance of the batteries in relation to other war needs,
+for at this time the naval shipbuilding program on the Great Lakes was
+considered of prime importance. He also raised some technical questions
+concerning the design of the batteries, which Fulton answered with a
+description of the vessel as 138 feet on deck, 120 feet on the keel, 55
+feet beam (each hull to have a 20-foot beam and the &ldquo;race&rdquo; between to be
+15 feet wide), draft 8 or 9 feet loaded, and the intended speed was to
+be 4-1/2 to 5 mph. The ship was to carry 24 long guns (32-pdr.), the
+engine was to be 130 hp, and the total cost, $200,000. In his letters to
+the Secretary of the Navy, Fulton stated that Adam and Noah Brown would
+build the hull for $69,800 and that he would build <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>the engine, machinery
+and boilers for $78,000, a total of $147,800. He intended to have the
+boilers, valves, fastenings, and air pumps of brass or copper, which
+would raise the machinery costs 59 percent above that of stationary
+engines and boilers then in use.</p>
+
+<p>On May 23, 1814, the Secretary of the Navy authorized the Coast Defense
+Society and its committee to act as Navy agents and to enter into the
+contracts required to build a vessel, and to draw on the Navy
+storekeepers or Navy Yard commandants for such stores or articles on
+hand needed for construction. The contracts were prepared and the
+committee now was officially empowered to act for the Society, with
+Rutgers, Wolcott, Morris, Dearborn, Mitchill, and Fulton. On June 4,
+Dearborn asked the Navy Department for $25,000 advance, for work had
+started. On the 6th, he informed the Secretary that he had been ordered
+to assume command of the defenses of Boston and that Rutgers had been
+appointed chairman of the construction committee in his place.</p>
+
+<p>It is apparent that the Navy Department was pressed for funds, due to
+the very extensive shipbuilding programs on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and
+Champlain in addition to the seagoing vessels being built in some of the
+coastal ports. This was certainly one cause for the Secretary of the
+Navy&rsquo;s reluctance to carry out the requirements of the bill passed by
+Congress immediately after its signature and, also, this reluctance
+caused the supervisory committee much embarrassment in its
+administration of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>Another factor which caused difficulty in the administration of the
+contract was the position of Adam and Noah Brown. The brothers were
+deeply involved in the shipbuilding program on the Lakes, in which they
+were associated at times with Henry Eckford. The Browns constructed a
+blockhouse, shops, and quarters at Erie; in addition to Perry&rsquo;s two
+brigs and five of his schooners, they also built some of the Lake
+Ontario vessels and, later, the <i>Saratoga</i> on Lake Champlain. In their
+New York yard, whose operation continued throughout the war, they built
+some large letter-of-marques: the <i>General Armstrong</i>, <i>Prince de
+Neufchatel</i>, <i>Zebra</i>, <i>Paul Jones</i>, and some smaller vessels. They also
+cut down the 2-decked, merchant ship <i>China</i> into a single flush-deck
+letter-of-marque, renamed <i>Yorktown</i>; and they had a contract to build
+the sloop-of-war <i>Peacock</i>. It is remarkable that the Browns could
+undertake and complete so much work between 1813 and 1815 and still be
+able to build the steam battery in a very short time.</p>
+
+<p>With the contracts in order, the Browns began building. The keels of the
+battery were laid June 20, 1814. It is apparent that the Browns prepared
+the original hull plans, undoubtedly before the building authority was
+obtained. The vessel required only about four months to build; she was
+launched October 29, 1814, at 9 a.m. This was an excellent performance,
+considering the size of the vessel, the amount of timber required and
+handled in her massive construction, and the other work being done by
+the builders. During the ship&rsquo;s construction, sightseers were a nuisance
+and finally guards had to be obtained. During the building of the steam
+battery, work had to be practically stopped on the sloop-of-war
+<i>Peacock</i> at one period after she had been partially planked.</p>
+
+<p>There were difficulties in obtaining metalwork for the vessel during her
+construction, due to the blockade and the demand for such material for
+other shipbuilding at New York. On November 21, 1814, the ship was towed
+from the Browns&rsquo; yard on the East River by Fulton&rsquo;s <i>Car of Neptune</i> and
+<i>Fulton</i>, each lashed to the sides of the battery, and taken to Fulton&rsquo;s
+works on the North River. There Fulton supervised in person the
+completion of the vessel and construction of her machinery. Undoubtedly
+only a little of his time was required in inspection of the Browns&rsquo; work
+on the battery, for the shipbuilders had been closely associated with
+Fulton throughout the life of the project and were fully capable as ship
+designers. The work on the machinery was another matter, however, for
+men capable of working metal were scarce and few workmen could read
+plans. Fulton had some of the work done outside of his own plant,
+particularly the brass and copper work (mostly by John Youle&rsquo;s foundry).
+As a result, Fulton was required to move from plant to plant, keeping
+each job under almost constant observation and personally supervising
+the workmen. The equipment then available for building a large engine
+was inadequate in many ways. The large steam cylinder presented a
+problem: it had to be recast several times and some of the other parts
+gave trouble, either in casting or in machining and fitting.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_143_s.png" width="500" height="868" alt="Figure 3.&mdash;Scale model of Steam Battery, showing double hull, in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-D.)" title="Figure 3.&mdash;Scale model of Steam Battery" />
+<br /><span class="caption">Figure 3.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Scale model</span> of <i>Steam Battery</i>, showing double
+hull, in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo
+P-63390-D.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Guns for the battery were another problem. Only 3 long guns (32-pdr.),
+were available at the Navy Yard. The Secretary of the Navy promised some
+captured guns then at Philadelphia. Because of the blockade, these had
+to come overland to New York. The captured guns thus obtained were
+probably English, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>part of the cargo of the British ship <i>John of
+Lancaster</i> captured by the frigate <i>President</i> early in the war.
+Apparently 24 guns were obtained this way; only 2 were obtained from the
+Navy Yard. In July the Supervising Committee carried out some
+experimental damage studies, in which a 32-pdr. was fired at a target
+representing a section of the topsides of the battery. Drawings of the
+result were sent to the Secretary of the Navy.</p>
+
+<p>Further problems arose over the delays of the government in making
+payments: the banks discounted the Treasury notes, so the Committee
+members had to advance $5,000 out of their own pockets. There was fear
+that British agents might damage the vessel, and although the project
+was undoubtedly known to the British, no evidence of any act of sabotage
+was ever found. Captain David Porter was assigned to the command of the
+battery in November, and it was upon his request that the vessel was
+later rigged with sails.</p>
+
+<p>With the <i>Steam Battery</i> approaching completion, the Secretary of the
+Navy became more enthusiastic and the construction of other batteries of
+this type was again proposed. Captain Stiles, a Baltimore merchant,
+offered to build a steam battery, the hull to cost $50,000; the entire
+cost of the vessel, $150,000, was raised in Baltimore and the frames of
+a battery erected. Another battery was projected at Philadelphia and the
+Secretary of the Navy wanted one or more built at Sackett&rsquo;s Harbor, but
+naval officers and Fulton objected. A bill put before Congress to
+authorize another half million to build steam batteries passed the first
+reading January 9, 1815, went to the House February 22, 1815, but the
+end of the war prevented any further action on it.</p>
+
+<p>On February 24, 1815, Fulton died. He had been to Trenton, New Jersey,
+to attend a hearing on the steamboat monopoly and, on the way back, the
+ferry on North River was caught in the ice. Fulton and his lawyer,
+Emmet, had to walk over the ice to get ashore. On the way, Emmet fell
+through and Fulton got wet and chilled while helping him. After two or
+three days in bed Fulton went to his foundry to inspect the battery&rsquo;s
+machinery causing a relapse from which he died. This resulted in some
+delay in completing the machinery and stopped work on the <i>Mute</i>, an
+80-foot, manually propelled, torpedo boat that Fulton was having built
+in the Browns&rsquo; yard.</p>
+
+<p>It was decided to suspend work on the Baltimore battery after an
+expenditure of $61,500, but the New York battery was to be completed to
+prove the project was practical. The final payment of $50,000 was made
+four months after it was requested.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Stoudinger, Fulton&rsquo;s foreman or superintendent, was able to
+complete and install the ship&rsquo;s machinery. On June 10, 1815, the vessel
+was given a short trial run in the harbor with Stoudinger and the Navy
+inspector, Captain Smith, on board. This trial revealed the need of some
+mechanical alterations; sails were not used, and it was found she could
+stem the strong tide and a fresh headwind. The vessel also was visited
+by the officers of French men-of-war at anchor in the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>On July 4, 1815, she was given another trial. She left Fulton&rsquo;s works at
+Corlear&rsquo;s Hook at 9 a.m., ran out to Sandy Hook Lighthouse, bore west
+and returned, a total of 53 miles under steam, reaching her slip at 5:20
+p.m. She was found to steer &ldquo;like a pilot boat.&rdquo; This prolonged trial
+revealed that the stokehold was not sufficiently ventilated and more
+deck openings were required. The windsails used in existing hatches were
+inadequate. The paddle wheel was too low and had to be raised 18 inches,
+and there were still some desirable modifications to be made in the
+machinery.</p>
+
+<p>On September 11, 1815, she was again given a trial run. All alterations
+had been made, including the addition of hatches and raising the paddle
+wheel, and her battery was on board with all stores, supplies, and
+equipment. She had 26 long guns (32-pdr.), mounted on pivoted carriages,
+and now drew 10 feet 4 inches. On this day she left her slip at 8:38
+a.m. and went through the Narrows into the Lower Bay, where she
+maneuvered around the new frigate <i>Java</i> at anchor there. The battery
+then was given a thorough trial under steam and sail and, with the ship
+underway, her guns were fired to see if concussion would damage the
+machinery. The vessel was found to be a practical one, capable of
+meeting the government&rsquo;s requirements in all respects; her speed was
+5-1/2 knots. However, the stokehold temperature had reached 116&deg;
+Fahrenheit! She returned to her slip at 7:00 p.m.</p>
+
+<p>On December 28, 1815, the Committee in a written report to the
+Secretary of the Navy,<a name="FNanchor_5_6" id="FNanchor_5_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_6" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> gave a description of the vessel and praised
+her performance. At this time a set of plans was made by &ldquo;Mr. Morgan,&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>of whom no other reference has appeared, and sent to the Navy
+Department. These cannot now be found. The Committee recommended the
+battery be commissioned and used for training purposes. This suggestion
+was not followed.</p>
+
+<p>The ship remained in her slip during the winter, and in June 1816 she
+was turned over to the Navy and delivered to Captain Samuel Evans,
+commandant of the New York Navy Yard. Captain Joseph Bainbridge was
+assigned to her command. However, she was not commissioned and soon
+after her delivery she was housed over and placed &ldquo;in ordinary,&rdquo; that
+is, laid up. The final settlement showed that the Committee, as Navy
+agents, had paid out $286,162.12 with $872.00 unpaid, as well as a claim
+for $3,364.00 by Adam and Noah Brown, making a total of $290,398.12.</p>
+
+<p>The following year, on June 18, 1817, she was unroofed and put into
+service with a small crew. With President James Monroe on board, she
+left the Navy Yard about noon for a short trip to the Narrows and then
+to Staten Island and returned in the evening. The next day she was again
+placed &ldquo;in ordinary.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Four years later, in 1821, when her guns and machinery were removed, it
+was found that she was rapidly becoming rotten. She was then utilized as
+a receiving ship. At 2:30 p.m. on June 4, 1829, she blew up, killing 24
+men and 1 woman, with 19 persons listed as injured. Among those killed
+was one officer, Lt. S. M. Brackenridge. Two lieutenants and a Sailing
+Master were hurt, four midshipmen were severely injured, and five
+persons were listed as missing. The explosion of 2-1/2 barrels of
+condemned gunpowder was sufficient, due to her rotten condition, to
+destroy the ship completely. A Court of Inquiry blamed a 60-year-old
+gunner, who supposedly entered a magazine with a candle to get powder
+for the evening gun. It was stated to the court that about 300 pounds of
+powder in casks and in cartridges was on board the ship at the time.<a name="FNanchor_3_a" id="FNanchor_3_a"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_a" class="fnanchor">[3a]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was not replaced until the coast-defense steamer <i>Fulton</i> was built
+in 1837-38, though in 1822 the Navy purchased for $16,000 a &ldquo;steam
+galliot&rdquo; of 100 tons, the <i>Sea Gull</i>, to be used as a dispatch boat for
+the West Indian squadron engaged in suppressing piracy during 1823. In
+1825 she was laid up at Philadelphia, and in 1840 she was sold for
+$4,750.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious fact that the battery did not receive an official name,
+as did the sailing blockship on the ways at New Orleans, which at the
+end of the War of 1812 was officially listed as the <i>Tchifonta</i>. Nor was
+the battery given a number, as were the gunboats. In official
+correspondence and lists, the steam battery is referred to as the
+&ldquo;Fulton Steam Frigate,&rdquo; or as the &ldquo;Steam Battery,&rdquo; but in later years
+she was referred to as the &ldquo;Fulton&rdquo; or &ldquo;Fulton the First.&rdquo; Perhaps the
+explanation is that as she was the only one of her kind she was not
+numbered, and as she was not considered fit for coastal or extended
+ocean voyages, she was not given a name.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="SURVI" id="SURVI">Surviving Designs for Floating Batteries</a></h3>
+
+<p>The designs of American blockships that have survived are those of the
+<i>Tchifonta</i>,<a name="FNanchor_6_7" id="FNanchor_6_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_7" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> 145 feet long, 43-foot moulded beam, 8-foot 6-inch depth
+in hold, and about 152 feet 9 inches on deck. She was to carry a battery
+of 22 long guns (32-pdr.), on the main deck 12 carronades (42-pdr.), on
+forecastle and quarter decks. She was to have been rigged to rather
+lofty and very square topgallant sails, and would have been capable of
+sailing fairly well, though of rather shoal draft, drawing only about 8
+feet 6 inches when ready for service. She was sold on the stocks at the
+end of the war and her later history is not known.</p>
+
+<p>Another and earlier design for a blockship, or floating battery, was
+prepared by Christian Bergh for Captain Charles Stewart in 1806. This
+was a sailing vessel for the defense of the port of New York, planned to
+mount 40 guns (32-pdr.), on her two lower decks and 14 carronades
+(42-pdr.), on her spar deck. She was to be 103 feet 6 inches between
+perpendiculars, a 44-foot moulded beam, 10-foot depth of hold, and
+drawing about 9 feet when ready for service. She was intended to be
+ship-rigged, but was never built.<a name="FNanchor_7_8" id="FNanchor_7_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_8" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> A few small sloop-rigged block
+vessels also were built during Jefferson&rsquo;s administration. The
+sloop-of-war <i>Saratoga</i>, built on Lake Champlain by the Browns, in 1813,
+was practically a blockship. A plan for a proposed &ldquo;Guard Ship,&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;Floating Battery,&rdquo; was made by James Marsh at Charleston, South
+Carolina, in 1814. This was an unrigged battery, 200 feet extreme
+length, 50-foot moulded beam, 9-foot depth of hold, to mount 32 guns
+(42-pdr.), on a flush deck, with a covering deck above.<a name="FNanchor_8_9" id="FNanchor_8_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_9" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_146_s.png" width="600" height="436" alt="Figure 4.&mdash;Design for an unrigged floating battery
+proposed by James Marsh, Charleston, South Carolina, March 14, 1814." title="Figure 4.&mdash;Design for an unrigged floating battery" />
+<p class="caption"> Figure 4.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Design for an unrigged floating battery</span>
+proposed by James Marsh, Charleston, South Carolina, March 14, 1814.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>Through the courtesy of the trustees of the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England, the Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and the
+Statens Sj&ouml;historiska Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, the author has been
+able to illustrate in this article the designs of some of the early
+floating batteries.</p>
+
+<p>In the last quarter of the 18th century and later, the Danes had built
+sail-propelled floating batteries or blockships, which were employed in
+the defense of Copenhagen. The British built at least one sail-propelled
+battery, the <i>Spanker</i>, in 1794. This was a scow of very angular form
+with overhanging gun-deck, bomb-ketch-rigged, and about 120 feet overall
+42-foot 4 inches moulded beam and 8-foot depth of hold. She is said to
+have been a failure due to her unseaworthy proportions and form; the
+overhanging gun deck and sides were objected to in particular. She is
+called a &ldquo;Stationary Battery&rdquo; in her plans, which are in the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="CONTR" id="CONTR">Controversial Descriptions</a></h3>
+
+<p>The contemporary descriptions of the Fulton <i>Steam Battery</i> do not
+agree. This was in part due to differences between the dimensions given
+out by Fulton during the negotiations with the Federal Government, and
+after the ship&rsquo;s construction was authorized. From the context of
+various statements concerning the projected vessel, such as that of the
+naval officers, the changes in the intended dimensions of the ship can
+be seen. For example, the officers state the model and plan shown them
+would produce a battery carrying 24 guns (24- and 32-pdrs.), and a letter
+from Fulton to Jones,<a name="FNanchor_9_10" id="FNanchor_9_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_10" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> shows she was to be 138 feet on deck and
+55-foot beam. The final reported dimensions, given by the Supervisory
+Committee,<a name="FNanchor_10_11" id="FNanchor_10_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_11" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> are 156 feet length, 56 feet beam, and 20 feet depth.</p>
+
+<p>In addition there are a few foreign accounts which give dimensions and
+descriptions. The most complete was probably that of Jean Baptiste
+Marestier, a French naval constructor who visited the United States soon
+after the end of the War of 1812 and published a report on American
+steamboats in 1824.<a name="FNanchor_11_12" id="FNanchor_11_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_12" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The <i>Steam Battery</i> is barely mentioned though a
+drawing of one of her boilers is given. Marestier made another report on
+the American Navy, however. Extensive searches have been made for this
+in Paris over the last 14 years, but this paper has not been found in
+any of the French archives. References to the original text indicate
+that the naval report dealt very extensively with the <i>Steam Battery</i>.
+Some of his comments on the battery appeared in <i>Proc&egrave;s-verbaux des
+S&eacute;ances de l&rsquo;Acad&eacute;mie des Sciences</i>.<a name="FNanchor_12_13" id="FNanchor_12_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_13" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Marestier considered the powers
+of the battery to have been overrated due to fanciful accounts of some
+laymen writers. He was aware of the shortcomings of the double hull in a
+steam vessel at the then-possible speeds, but he apparently thought two
+engines, one in each hull and each with its boilers would be better than
+Fulton&rsquo;s arrangement of boilers in one hull and engine in the other. He
+noted that the paddle wheel turned 16-18 rpm and that steam pressure
+sustained a column of mercury 25 to 35 centimeters. The safety valve was
+set at 50 centimeters. Fuel consumption was 3-5/8 cords of pine wood per
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the access Marestier is known to have had to American naval
+constructors, shipbuilders, and engineers, it is highly probable that he
+not only obtained the building plan of the ship but also some of the
+earlier project plans from the builders and from Fulton&rsquo;s
+superintendent, Stoudinger. It is, therefore, a great misfortune that
+his lengthy report on the <i>Battery</i> cannot be produced.</p>
+
+<p>A French naval officer who investigated the ship, M. Montg&eacute;ry, also
+wrote a description, published in &ldquo;Notice sur la Vie et les Travaux de
+Robert Fulton.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_13_14" id="FNanchor_13_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_14" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_148_as.png" width="598" height="334" alt="Figure 5.&mdash;Floating battery Spanker built, in England
+by William Barnard, at Deptford on the Thames, and launched June 14,
+1794. Rigged as a bomb ketch, its length is 111 feet 7 inches in the
+keel, extreme beam 42 feet 4 inches, depth of hold 8 feet. Upper deck
+plan also shown." title="Figure 5.&mdash;Floating battery Spanker" />
+
+<img src="images/i_148_bs.png" width="600" height="258" alt="Figure 5" title="Figure 5.&mdash;Floating battery Spanker" />
+<p class="caption">Figure 5.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Floating battery</span> <i>Spanker</i> built, in England
+by William Barnard, at Deptford on the Thames, and launched June 14,
+1794. Rigged as a bomb ketch, its length is 111 feet 7 inches in the
+keel, extreme beam 42 feet 4 inches, depth of hold 8 feet. Upper deck
+plan also shown.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It should be noted in regard to what Montg&eacute;ry wrote about the
+<i>Battery</i>, that in 1821 it had been considered desirable to disarm the
+ship. The engineer in charge, William Purcell, had reported that as
+there were not proper scuppers, dirt and water had entered the hull and
+had collected under the engine and boilers, causing damage to the hull,
+and also that with guns removed, the <i>Battery</i> would float too high for
+the paddle wheel to propel the vessel; so it had <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>been decided to remove
+all machinery as well as the armament.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i_149_s.png" width="400" height="607" alt="Figure 5" title="Figure 5.&mdash;Floating battery Spanker" />
+<span class="caption">Figure 5.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Montg&eacute;ry&rsquo;s description, published in 1822, was taken from his report to
+the Minister of Marine and Colonies. It noted the battery was made of
+two hulls separated by a channel, or &ldquo;race,&rdquo; 15-1/2 feet wide, running
+the full length of the vessel. The two hulls were joined by a deck just
+above the waterline, as well as by an upper deck, and also connected at
+their keels by means of 12 oak beams each 1 foot square. The vessel was
+152 feet long, 57 feet beam, and 20 feet deep. Sides were 4 feet 10
+inches thick, and the ends of the hull were rounded and alike. There
+were two rudders at each end, one on each hull, alongside the race. The
+eight paddle blades, each 14-1/2 feet by 3 feet, turned in either
+direction by stopping the engine piston at half-stroke and reversing the
+flow of steam. Rigged with two lateen sails and two jibs, the ship
+sailed either end first. The engine of 120 hp was in one hull and two
+boilers were in the other. Other sources, Marestier, and Colden in
+<i>Proc&egrave;s-verbaux des S&eacute;ances de l&rsquo;Acad&eacute;mie des Sciences</i>,<a name="FNanchor_14_15" id="FNanchor_14_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_15" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> gave
+additional information (some of it incorrect): the engine was inclined,
+with a 4-foot-diameter cylinder, 5-foot stroke, direct-connected to the
+paddle wheel, which was turned at 18 rpm. The boilers were 8 &times; 22 feet
+with the fireboxes in inside cylinders, each about 5 feet in diameter,
+and extending about half the length of the boiler from the fire doors.
+Two fire tubes, each about 3 feet in diameter, returned the gases from
+the inside end of the fireboxes to the stacks at the firing end. Except
+at the fire-door end, the firebox was completely surrounded by water.
+The boiler pressure of about 6 psi was not maintained, varying somewhat
+with each stroke of the engine.</p>
+
+<p>Water level in the boilers was indicated by try cocks. The safety valve
+was controlled by a counterbalanced lever. A jet of salt water was
+injected into the exhaust trunk to form a vacuum by condensation. An air
+pump transferred condensate and sea water into a tank from which it
+passed overboard. Only about a tenth of this water was returned to the
+boilers.</p>
+
+<p>Montg&eacute;ry stated also that only the lower or gun deck was to be armed. No
+bulwarks were on the spar deck, only iron stanchions to which were
+fastened a breastwork of wet cotton bales when the <i>Steam Battery</i> was
+in action.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Battery</i> was designed to carry 30 guns (32-pdr.), with 3 guns in
+each end and 12 on each side, but no guns in the wake of paddle wheel
+and machinery. Hatches to give air to the stokehold were located
+amidships. The <i>Battery</i> was to have been supplemented at the ends of
+each hull by a Columbiad &ldquo;submarine gun&rdquo; (100-pdr.), Fulton&rsquo;s invention,
+but these were not fitted. Provision was to be made in the fireboxes for
+heating shot, and a force pump with a cylinder 33 inches in diameter was
+employed to throw a stream of cold water, about 60-80 gallons per
+minute, for a distance of about two hundred feet. This could be done
+only when the paddle wheel was not in operation. The paddle wheel was
+housed, the top fitted with stairs to the spar deck. The gun deck, over
+the race, was used in part for staterooms, of which the bulkheads were
+permanent. Hammocks for the complement of 500 men were to be slung on
+the rest of the gun deck. The ship drew 10 feet 4 inches, with the port
+sills about 5-1/2 feet above the loadline. Burning wood, the vessel
+could carry about 4 days&rsquo; supply of fuel; burning coal, she carried 12
+days&rsquo; supply.</p>
+
+<p>Montg&eacute;ry said that the vessel would be vulnerable to bombshells and hot
+shot, and that furthermore she could be boarded. The displacement of the
+ship, at service draft, was 1,450 tons, a figure Montg&eacute;ry <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>obtained from
+a copy of the original plan given him by Noah Brown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i_150_s.png" width="400" height="509" alt="Figure 6.&mdash;French sketch, in Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, of
+inboard profile and arrangement of Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery, showing
+details of the Fulton engine, probably taken from one of his preliminary
+designs." title="Figure 6.&mdash;French sketch, in Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen," />
+<p class="caption">Figure 6.&mdash;<span class="smcap">French sketch</span>, in Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, of
+inboard profile and arrangement of Fulton&rsquo;s <i>Steam Battery</i>, showing
+details of the Fulton engine, probably taken from one of his preliminary
+designs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1935, Lieutenant Ralph R. Gurley, USN, attempted a reconstruction in
+sketches of the vessel published in his article &ldquo;The U.S.S. <i>Fulton</i> the
+First&rdquo; in the <i>U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings</i>.<a name="FNanchor_15_16" id="FNanchor_15_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_16" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> This
+reconstruction was based on the Patent Office drawing prepared for
+Fulton, and published by Stuart and Bennett, and the foregoing French
+sources. The Patent Office drawing showed the engine was an inclined
+cylinder and Lt. Gurley shows this in his sketch; in his text (p. 323)
+he says, &ldquo;The engine was an inclined, single-cylinder affair with a
+4-foot base and a 5-foot stroke.&rdquo; Gurley&rsquo;s attempt to reconstruct the
+<i>Steam Battery</i> is the only one known to the author.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="COPEN" id="COPEN">Copenhagen Plans</a></h3>
+
+<p>In 1960, Kjeld Rasmussen, naval architect of the Danish Greenland
+Company, was requested by the author to inspect in the Danish Royal
+Archives at Copenhagen a folio of American ship plans, the index of
+which had listed some Civil War river monitors. Mr. Rasmussen found the
+monitor plans had been withdrawn but discovered that three plans of
+Fulton&rsquo;s <i>Steam Battery</i> existed, as well as plans of the first
+<i>Princeton</i>, a screw sloop-of-war.</p>
+
+<p>Copies of the <i>Steam Battery&rsquo;s</i> plans were obtained at Copenhagen in
+September 1960 through the courtesy of the archivist, and were found to
+consist of the lines, copied in 1817, an inboard profile and
+arrangement, and a sail and rigging plan. From these the reconstruction
+for a scale model was drawn and is presented here with reproductions of
+the original drawings upon which the reconstruction is based.</p>
+
+<p>It is apparent that Montg&eacute;ry&rsquo;s description is generally accurate. The
+vessel is a catamaran, made of two hulls, double-ended and exactly
+alike. The outboard sides are &ldquo;moulded,&rdquo; with round bilges, the inboard
+sides are straight and flat, as though a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>hull had been split along the
+middle line and then planked up flat where split. The hulls are
+separated by the race, in which the paddle wheel is placed at
+mid-length. The topsides are made elliptical at the ends, and the
+midsection shows a marked tumble-home over the thick topside planking
+but less on the moulded lines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_152_s.png" width="600" height="291" alt="Figure 6." title="Figure 6." />
+<span class="caption">Figure 6.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The lines plan agreed rather closely to Montg&eacute;ry&rsquo;s description of the
+hull. After careful fairing it was found the lines drawing would produce
+a vessel 153 feet 2 inches overall outside the stems, or about 151 feet
+over the planked rabbets, with a moulded beam of 56 feet and extreme
+beam of 58 feet. The moulded depth was 22 feet 9 inches and the width of
+the race was 14 feet 10 inches, plank to plank. The room and space of
+framing shown was 2 feet. The designed draft appears to be 13 feet and
+this would bring the port sills 5 feet 6 inches above the loadline and
+the underside of the gun-deck beams about 2 feet 9 inches above the
+loadline.</p>
+
+<p>The lines plan is a Danish copy, probably of the building plan by Noah
+Brown, and may be based on the plan Montg&eacute;ry obtained from Brown. The
+spar deck has the iron stanchions (Gurley translated these as
+&ldquo;chandeliers&rdquo;) which are set inboard 4 feet from the plank-sheer. This
+gives room for cotton bales, outboard the stanchions, to form a
+barricade. As will be seen by comparing the original Danish drawing with
+the model drawing, the construction indicates that the iron stanchions
+should be carried around the ends of the hull in the same manner as
+along the sides, since the lower ends of the iron stanchions pass
+through the spar deck and are secured to the inside of the inner ceiling
+of the gun deck. The rudders are as shown in the Danish drawing, and it
+is supposed that they were operated ferryboat fashion, one at each end
+of the vessel. Hence, each pair of rudders was toggled together by a
+cross-yoke. This was probably operated by a tiller (possibly the
+cross-yokes and tillers were of iron) pivoted under the beams of the gun
+deck <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>close to the ends of the ship. Tiller ropes led from a tackle under
+the gun-deck through trunks to the spar deck, where the wheels were
+placed. This allowed proper sweep to the tillers and operation of each
+pair of rudders. The paddle wheel was apparently of iron, with wooden
+blades, and agrees with Montg&eacute;ry&rsquo;s description. In the plan for the
+model it is shown raised 18 inches above the original design position,
+to agree with trial requirements.</p>
+
+<p>It should be observed that the close CL-to-CL frame spacing created a
+hull having frames touching one another, at least to above the turn of
+the bilge, so the vessel was almost solid timber, before being planked
+and ceiled, from keel to about the loadline. The sides are not only
+heavily planked but, after the frames were ceiled with extraordinarily
+heavy, square timbering, a supplementary solid, vertical framing was
+introduced inboard and another ceiling added. The sides scale about 5
+feet from outside the plank to the inboard face of the inner ceiling at
+the level of the gunports.</p>
+
+<p>The hulls were tied together athwartship by the deck beams of the gun
+deck and spar deck, except in the wake of the paddle wheel. Knees were
+placed along the sides of the race at alternate gun-deck beams. In
+addition, the 12 1-foot-square timbers, crossing the race at the rabbets
+of the hulls, (mentioned by Montg&eacute;ry) are shown. These must have created
+extraordinary resistance, even at the low speed of this steamer. The
+deck details shown are the results of reconstruction of the inboard
+works.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_152_s.png" width="600" height="291" alt="Figure 7.&mdash;Original lines of Robert Fulton&#39;s Steam
+Battery, a Danish copy dated September 12, 1817; found in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen." title="Figure 7." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 7.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Original lines of Robert Fulton&rsquo;s</span> <i>Steam
+Battery</i>, a Danish copy dated September 12, 1817; found in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3><a name="HISTO" id="HISTO">History of Double-Hull Craft</a></h3>
+
+<p>The use of catamaran hulls, or &ldquo;double-hulls,&rdquo; has been periodically
+popular with ship designers since the time of Charles II of England. The
+earliest of such vessels known in the present day were four sloops or
+shallops designed 1673-1687 by Sir William Petty, who was an inventor in
+the field of naval architecture and received some attention from Charles
+II and from the Royal Society.</p>
+
+<p>The first Petty experiment, the <i>Simon &amp; Jude</i>, <ins class="mycorr" title="Original: latter"><a name="corr_39_1" id="corr_39_1"></a>later</ins> called <i>Invention
+I</i>, was launched October 28, 1662. She was designed with two hulls
+cylindrical in cross section, each 2 feet in diameter, and 20 feet long.
+A platform connected the hulls, giving the boat a beam of a little over
+9 feet. She had a 20-foot mast stepped on one of the crossbeams
+connecting the hulls, with a single gaff sail. In sailing trials she
+beat three fast boats: the King&rsquo;s barge, a large pleasure boat, and a
+man-of-war&rsquo;s boat. This <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>&ldquo;double-bottom,&rdquo; also called a &ldquo;sluiceboat&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;cylinder,&rdquo; was later lengthened at the stern to make her 30 feet
+overall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:400px;">
+<img src="images/i_153a_s.png" width="400" height="482" alt="Figure 7." title="Figure 7." />
+<span class="caption">Figure 7.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The King did not support Petty, to the latter&rsquo;s great disappointment,
+and Petty next built a larger double-bottom, <i>Invention II</i>. This
+catamaran was lapstrake construction. Not much is known of this boat
+except that she beat the regular Irish packet boat, running between
+Holyhead and Dublin, in a race each way, winning a &pound;20 wager. She was
+launched in July 1663; what became of her was not recorded.</p>
+
+<p>A third and still larger boat, the <i>Experiment</i>, launched December 22,
+1664, appears to have been a large sloop. This vessel sailed by way of
+the Thames in April 1665 and went to Oporto, Portugal. She left Portugal
+October 20, 1665, for home, but apparently went down with all hands in a
+severe storm.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_153_s.png" width="600" height="399" alt="Figure 8.&mdash;Danish copy of original sail plan of Robert
+Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery, dated September 12, 1817, in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen." title="Figure 8." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 8.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Danish copy of original sail plan</span> of Robert
+Fulton&rsquo;s <i>Steam Battery</i>, dated September 12, 1817, in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/i_154-low.png" width="800" height="258" alt="Figure 9.&mdash;Lines of Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery, as
+reconstructed for a model in the Museum of History and Technology." title="Figure 9." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 9.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lines of Fulton&rsquo;s</span> <i>Steam Battery</i>, as
+reconstructed for a model in the Museum of History and Technology.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/i_154_2-low.png" width="800" height="264" alt="Figure 10.&mdash;A reconstruction of inboard works of the
+Steam Battery, for construction of the model in the Museum of History
+and Technology." title="Figure 10." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 10.&mdash;<span class="smcap">A reconstruction of inboard works</span> of the
+<i>Steam Battery</i>, for construction of the model in the Museum of History
+and Technology.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>For 18 years Petty did no more with the type, but finally, in July
+1684, he laid down a still larger sloop <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>with two decks and a mast
+standing 55 feet above her upper deck. She was named <i>St. Michael the
+Archangel</i> and is probably the design in Pepys&rsquo; <i>Book of Miscellaneous
+Illustrations</i> in Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. This vessel
+proved unmanageable and was a complete failure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_155-low.png" width="600" height="325" alt="Figure 11.&mdash;Model lines redrawn to outside of plank to
+show hydrodynamic form of the Steam Battery." title="Figure 11." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 11.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Model lines redrawn</span> to outside of plank to
+show hydrodynamic form of the Steam Battery.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though the double canoes of the Pacific Islands were probably known to
+some in Europe in 1662, there is no evidence that Petty based his
+designs on such craft. He appears to have produced his designs
+spontaneously from independent observations and resulting theories.
+Before Petty concluded his experiments, a number of double-hull craft
+had been produced by others; however, some &ldquo;double&rdquo; craft, such as
+&ldquo;double shallops&rdquo; may have been &ldquo;double-enders,&rdquo; as shown by a
+&ldquo;double-moses boat&rdquo; of the 18th century and later.<a name="FNanchor_16_17" id="FNanchor_16_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_17" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>The use of two canoes, joined by a platform or by poles was common in
+colonial times; in Maryland and Virginia, dugouts so joined were used to
+transport tobacco down the tidal creeks to vessels&rsquo; loading. Such craft
+were also used as ferries. M. V. Brewington&rsquo;s <i>Chesapeake Bay Log
+Canoes</i><a name="FNanchor_17_18" id="FNanchor_17_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_18" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> and Paul Wilstack&rsquo;s <i>Potomac Landings</i><a name="FNanchor_18_19" id="FNanchor_18_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_19" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> illustrate canoes
+used in this manner. A catamaran galley, two round-bottom hulls, flat on
+the inboard side (a hull split along the centerline and the inboard
+faces planked up), 113 feet long and each hull a 7-foot moulded beam,
+6-foot 6 inches moulded depth, and placed 13 feet apart, was proposed by
+Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., in the 1790&rsquo;s, and built by the British
+Admiralty. Named <i>Taurus</i>, she is shown by the Admiralty draught to have
+been a double-ender, with cabins amidships on the platform, an iron
+rudder at each end (between the hulls) steered with tillers (to unship),
+and with a ramp at one end. The plans are undated, signed by Captain Sir
+Sidney Smith, and a field-carriage gun is shown at the ramp end of the
+boat. This, and the heavy rocker in the keels, suggests the <i>Taurus</i> was
+intended for a landing boat. No sailing rig is indicated, but tholes for
+12 oars or sweeps on each side are shown. The oarsmen apparently sat on
+deck, or on low seats, with stretchers in hatches <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>between each pair of
+tholes (Admiralty Collection of Draughts, The National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_156_s.png" width="600" height="325" alt="Figure 12.&mdash;General plan of the Taurus, a catamaran
+galley gunboat proposed by Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., to the British
+Admiralty in the early years of the French Revolution. From the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich." title="Figure 12." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 12.&mdash;<span class="smcap">General plan</span> of the <i>Taurus</i>, a catamaran
+galley gunboat proposed by Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., to the British
+Admiralty in the early years of the French Revolution. From the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another experimenter with the double-hull type of vessel was a wealthy
+Scot named Patrick Miller who was particularly interested in manual
+propulsion of vessels, employing geared capstans to operate paddle
+wheels. In a letter dated June 9, 1790, Miller offered Gustav III of
+Sweden a design for a double-hulled 144-gun ship-of-the-line (rating as
+a 130-gun ship) propelled by manually operated capstans connected to a
+paddle wheel between the hulls. She was rigged to sail, with five masts
+and was to be 246 feet long, 63 feet beam, and 17 feet draft; the hulls
+were 16 feet apart.</p>
+
+<p>This project was submitted by the King to Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, the
+great Swedish naval architect, who made an adverse report. Chapman
+pointed out in great detail that the weight of the armament, the
+necessary hull structure, the stores, crew, ammunition, spars, sails,
+rigging and gear, would greatly exceed Miller&rsquo;s designed displacement.
+He also pointed out the prime fault of catamarans under sail&mdash;slow
+turning in stays. He suggested that the speed under sail would be
+disappointing. He doubted that a double-hull ship of such size could be
+built strong enough to stand a heavy sea. He remarked that English
+records showed that a small vessel of the catamaran type had been built
+between 1680 and 1700 which had sailed well (this may have been one of
+Petty&rsquo;s boats), and that &ldquo;36 years ago&rdquo; he had seen 8 miles from London,
+a similar boat that had been newly built by Lord Baltimore and was about
+50 feet long; this was a failure and was discarded after one trial.
+Therefore, said Chapman, the Miller project was not new but rather an
+old idea. Chapman&rsquo;s final remark is perhaps the best illustration of his
+opinion of the catamaran, &ldquo;Despite all this, two-hull vessels are
+completely sound when the theory can be properly applied; that is in
+vessels of very light weight, and of small size, with crews of one or
+two men.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A &ldquo;model&rdquo; of such a double-hull ship&mdash;the <i>Experiment</i>, built at Leith,
+Scotland, in 1786 by J. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>Laurie&mdash;was sent to Sweden by Miller. She was
+105 feet long, 31 feet beam, and cost &pound;3000. This vessel arrived in the
+summer of 1790 and King Gustav in a letter dated July 26 ordered Col.
+Michael Anckersw&auml;rd to welcome the vessel at Stockholm. The King
+presented Miller with a gold snuffbox and a painting was made of the
+vessel. The <i>Experiment</i> had five paddle wheels in tandem between her
+hulls, operated by geared capstans on deck. These gave her a speed of 5
+knots but caused the crew to suffer from exhaustion in a short time. The
+vessel was badly strained in a storm and was finally abandoned at St.
+Petersburg, Russia.<a name="FNanchor_19_20" id="FNanchor_19_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_20" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/i_157_s.png" width="300" height="628" alt="Figure 12." title="Figure 12." />
+<span class="caption">Figure 12.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Miller later turned to the idea of employing steam instead of manual
+power and built a 25-foot double-hulled pleasure boat of iron fitted
+with a steam engine built by William Symington. Also named <i>Experiment</i>,
+she was an apparent success, so Miller had a 60-foot boat built of the
+double-hull design and fitted with an engine built by Symington. She
+reached a speed of 7 mph on the Forth and Clyde Canal. However, Miller
+lost interest when he found that the Symington engine was unreliable and
+that Great Britain showed very little public support for such projects.</p>
+
+<p>Fulton was acquainted with Symington&rsquo;s work and probably had heard of
+Miller&rsquo;s vessels. At any rate, he employed the double-hull principle in
+his steam ferryboats, the first of which was the <i>Jersey</i>, a 188-ton
+vessel built by Charles Browne, which began service July 2, 1812. The
+next year he had a sister ship built, the <i>York</i>. These vessels were
+based on his patent drawing of 1809. In 1814 he had another vessel of
+this type built, the <i>Nassau</i>. It was, therefore, logical that he should
+apply this design to the <i>Steam Battery</i>. The double-hull design had
+worked well in these ferries, and the design would give protection from
+shot to the paddle wheel. The <i>Battery</i> would have the ability to run
+forward or astern so as not to be exposed to a raking fire from the
+enemy while maneuvering in action. The application of this &ldquo;ferryboat&rdquo;
+principle to the <i>Battery</i> reduced the need for extreme maneuverability,
+the catamaran&rsquo;s weakest point, even at low speed.</p>
+
+<p>The resistance factors in the design are of relatively small importance,
+for the speed possible under steam in this period was very low. However,
+the plans show an apparently efficient hull form for the power
+available, aside from the drag of the beams across the race in the
+vicinity of the keel. The displacement was adequate. The height of the
+gun-deck above the water at the race made the <i>Battery</i> unsuitable for
+rough-water operation, but there is no evidence that Fulton or the
+sponsors of the vessel considered the <i>Battery</i> as a coastwise or
+seagoing steamer. However, the clearance of the gun deck above the water
+and the dip of the paddle wheel would have made the additional weight of
+an upper- or spar-deck battery prohibitive even had experience in action
+proven it desirable.</p>
+
+
+<h3 style="clear: both"><a name="SAIL_" id="SAIL_">Sail and Inboard Plans</a></h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_158_s.png" width="600" height="427" alt="Figure 13.&mdash;Lines of Taurus. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich." title="Figure 13." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 13.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lines of</span> <i>Taurus</i>. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The sail and rigging plan is likewise a Danish copy and shows the
+two-masted lateen rig employed. The hull is shown with bulwarks and
+gunports on the spar deck but no other evidence that the <i>Battery</i> was
+finished in this manner has been found. The rig resembles that of some
+of Josiah Fox&rsquo;s designs for Jeffersonian gunboats&mdash;double-enders
+designed to sail in either direction but without the jibs. The topmasts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+do not appear to be more than signal poles and apparently were not
+fitted with sails; however, some European lateeners did have triangular
+topsails over a lateen and it is possible the <i>Battery</i> may have carried
+such sails. Considering the stability and displacement of the <i>Battery</i>,
+the rig is very small and not sufficiently effective. Shrouds were not
+required; the masts were supported by runners that were shifted when the
+yards were reversed, and in tacking. Apparently the jibstays also could
+be slacked off so that the lateen yards would not have to be dipped
+under them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_159_s.png" width="600" height="263" alt="Figure 14.&mdash;Rudder detail of Taurus. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich." title="Figure 14." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 14.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rudder detail</span> of <i>Taurus</i>. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The inboard profile is on tracing paper and the notes are in French.
+This drawing is of a simplified hull form having flat-bottom hulls with
+chines. It is possible that this is a tracing of a preliminary drawing
+obtained by Marestier or Montg&eacute;ry, but no documentation can be found.
+Its importance is that <ins class="mycorr" title="Original: is"><a name="corr_39_3" id="corr_39_3"></a>it</ins> shows in some detail the engine and boilers,
+as well as the wheelbox, and another drawing of the paddle wheel, more
+or less duplicating the wheel shown in the Danish plan. No details of
+the deck arrangements are shown in any of the plans, except for the dome
+skylight over the fireroom in the boiler hull.</p>
+
+<p>Both the lines plan and the inboard drawing show construction
+midsections and hull connections. These plans show that the engine was
+not inclined, but rather was vertical, contrary to Fulton&rsquo;s patent
+drawing. The piston rod and the crosshead obviously passed through its
+gun deck in a large hatch. Also it is plain that there must have been
+large hatches afore and abaft the wheelbox to make the stepped wheelbox
+construction desirable. There also must have been a hatch in the gun
+deck under the domed skylight. It is improbable that the engine and
+skylight hatches were used for ladderways, passing scuttles, or
+companionways.</p>
+
+<p>The boilers are shown in the inboard profile about as described and
+drawn by Marestier but with two stacks on each boiler, one to each flue;
+Marestier&rsquo;s sketch in his report on American steamships shows the flues
+of each boiler trunked into a single stack. The battery had two boilers
+and the stacks are at the boilers&rsquo; fire-door end. The steam lines came
+off the crown of the boilers and probably passed through the ends of the
+wheelbox to the engine; a trunk for the steam lines would undoubtedly
+have been necessary.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_160a_s.png" width="600" height="359" alt="Figure 15.&mdash;Sketch of 130-gun ship proposed by Patrick
+Miller to King Gustav III of Sweden in 1790. In Statens Sj&ouml;historiska
+Museum, Stockholm." title="Figure 15." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 15.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sketch of 130-gun ship</span> proposed by Patrick
+Miller to King Gustav III of Sweden in 1790. In Statens Sj&ouml;historiska
+Museum, Stockholm.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_160_s.png" width="600" height="283" alt="Figure 16.&mdash;Patrick Miller&#39;s manually propelled
+(paddle-wheel) catamaran ship Experiment, built at Leith, Scotland,
+1786. Scale drawing in Statens Sj&ouml;historiska Museum, Stockholm." title="Figure 16." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 16.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Patrick Miller&rsquo;s</span> manually propelled
+(paddle-wheel) catamaran ship <i>Experiment</i>, built at Leith, Scotland,
+1786. Scale drawing in Statens Sj&ouml;historiska Museum, Stockholm</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>The engine is shown to have had counterbalanced side levers, one on
+each side, and a single flywheel on the outboard side. The cylinder is
+over the condenser or &ldquo;cistern,&rdquo; connected by the steam line and valve
+box on the side. The cylinder crosshead is shown in the inboard profile
+to have reached the underside of the beams of the upper deck. The
+crosshead was connected by two connecting rods to the side levers. These
+levers operated the paddle wheel by connecting rods to cranks on the
+paddle-wheel shaft. There is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>another pair of connecting rods from the
+side levers to the crosshead of the air pump. All connecting rods are on
+one arm of the side levers, the other end having only a counterbalance
+weight beyond the fulcrum bearing. The flywheel has a shaft fitted with
+two gears, and is driven through idler gears from gears on the
+paddle-wheel shaft; it turns at about twice the speed of the paddle
+wheel. No other pumps or fittings are shown in the engine hull, although
+manual pumps were probably fitted to fill and empty the boilers. Piping
+is not shown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_161_s.png" width="600" height="398" alt="Figure 17.&mdash;Painting of the Experiment in the Statens
+Sj&ouml;historiska Museum, Stockholm." title="Figure 17." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 17.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Painting of the</span> <i>Experiment</i> in the Statens
+Sj&ouml;historiska Museum, Stockholm.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The four rudders, toggled in pairs, are shown in both the lines and
+inboard drawings, but the shape is different in the two plans. Operation
+must have been by a tiller under the gun-deck beams. The outer end of
+the tiller may have been pivoted on the toggle bar and the inboard end
+fitted, as previously described, with steering cable or chain tackles.
+This seems to be the only practical interpretation of the evidence.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="RECON" id="RECON">Reconstructing the Plans</a></h3>
+
+<p>In the model it was necessary to reconstruct the deck arrangements
+without enough contemporary description. The outboard appearance and
+hull form, rig, and arrangement of armament require no reconstruction,
+for all that is of importance is shown in the lines and rig drawings, or
+in the inboard profile. The masts are shown to have been stepped over
+the race on the gun deck. The iron stanchions are shown in the lines
+drawing and in the construction section. However, their position at the
+ends of the <i>Battery</i> are apparently incorrectly shown in the original
+lines plan. The construction section shows these stanchions to have been
+stepped on the inside face of the inner ceiling and, as the ceiling
+structure was carried completely around the ship, the stanchions in the
+ends must have been placed inboard, as along the sides. The bowsprit was
+above deck and would probably be secured in the knighthead timbers at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+the ends of the hull, as well as by the heel bitts shown in the Danish
+lines drawing. With the riding bitts shown inboard of the heel bitts at
+each end of the vessel, it is obvious that she would work her ground
+tackle at both ends and would therefore require two capstans; the
+wheelbox would prevent effective use of a single one. The capstans might
+be doubleheaded, as in some large frigates and ships-of-the-line.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_162-low.png" width="600" height="369" alt="Figure 18.&mdash;Sail plan of Fulton&#39;s Steam Battery as
+reconstructed for model in the Museum of History and Technology." title="Figure 18." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 18.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sail plan of Fulton&rsquo;s</span> <i>Steam Battery</i> as
+reconstructed for model in the Museum of History and Technology.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>As to the remaining deck fixtures, hatches and fittings, these must be
+entirely a matter of speculation. Ladderways, passing scuttles, hatches,
+trunks, galley, heads and cabins were obviously required in a fighting
+ship and can only be located on the theory that, when completed, the
+<i>Battery</i> was a practical vessel.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated that the officers&rsquo; cabins were over the race; the
+logical place for the heads, galley, wardroom and mess also would be
+over the race, giving the remaining part of the gun deck for the
+necessary hatches, ladderways, trunks, etc., in the two hulls, space
+required for armament, and to sling the hammocks of a watch below. As
+the vessel was never fully manned, apparently, the space for hammocks is
+not a serious problem in a reconstruction. If the vessel had been manned
+as proposed by 500 men, hammocks for over 200 would have been required,
+which would give very crowded quarters in view of the limited space
+available.</p>
+
+<p>Though no specific requirements were stated in the reports of the
+trials, it seems reasonable to suppose that additional hatches were cut
+in the decks to improve the fireroom ventilation. In the reconstruction
+drawings, these hatchways as well as the other deck openings and deck
+fittings&mdash;such as bilge pumps, companionways, skylights, binnacles,
+wheels and wheel-rope trunks, cable trunks, steampipe casings, and stack
+fiddleys&mdash;have been located in an effort to meet the imagined
+requirements of the working of a ship of this unusual form.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<p class="center"><img src="images/i_163_s.png" width="400" height="493" alt="Figure 19.&mdash;Model of Steam Battery in the Museum of
+History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo 63990-E.)" title="Figure 19." /></p>
+<p class="caption">Figure 19.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Model of</span> <i>Steam Battery</i> in the Museum of
+History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo 63990-E.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i_164_s.png" width="600" height="262" alt="Figure 20.&mdash;Lines of steamer Congo, built in 1815-1816
+for the British Admiralty and converted to a sailing survey vessel. From
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich." title="Figure 20." />
+<p class="caption">Figure 20.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lines of steamer</span> <i>Congo</i>, built in 1815-1816
+for the British Admiralty and converted to a sailing survey vessel. From
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are some unanswered questions that arose in the preparation of
+the reconstruction drawings. As has been shown, the original inboard
+arrangement plan found in Copenhagen shows four smokestacks, while
+Marestier&rsquo;s sketch of the vessel&rsquo;s boilers shows <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>trunked flues
+indicating that two stacks were used. It is possible that the boilers
+were first fitted so that four stacks were required; alterations made as
+a result of steaming trials may well have included the introduction of
+trunked flues and the final use of two stacks in line fore-and-aft. This
+would have required a rearrangement of the fiddley hatches amidships.</p>
+
+<p>Another troublesome question was the doubtful arrangement of the four
+companionways on the spar deck. Perhaps only two were fitted, one on
+each side of the officers&rsquo; staterooms while the ladderways at the crew&rsquo;s
+end of the ship were simple ladder hatches.</p>
+
+<p>The decision to use four bilge pumps is based upon the lack of drag in
+the keel of the hulls, which would prevent accumulation of bilge water
+at one end of the hull. The use of four single-barrel pumps instead of
+four double-barrel pumps may be questioned, for chain pumps requiring
+two barrels would have been practical.</p>
+
+<p>Allowance for stores was made by use of platforms in the hold. It is
+known from statements made to the Court of Inquiry, that the magazines
+were amidships and that a part of these was close to the boilers. Fuel
+and water would be in the lower hold under the platforms; hatches and
+ladderways are arranged to permit fueling the ship.</p>
+
+<p>A few prints or drawings of the ship, aside from the patent drawing,
+have been found. There are two prints that show the launch of the
+vessel. One, a print of 1815, is in possession of the Mariners&rsquo; Museum,
+Newport News, Va., and is reproduced in Alexander Crosby Brown&rsquo;s <i>Twin
+Ships, Notes on the Chronological History of the Use of Multiple Hulled
+Vessels</i>.<a name="FNanchor_20_21" id="FNanchor_20_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_21" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> A poor copy of this print appears on page 13 of Bennett&rsquo;s
+<i>Steam Navy of the United States</i>, and another and inaccurate sketch is
+shown on page 8. These pictures were of no use in the reconstruction as
+they show no details that are not in the Copenhagen plans. The patent
+drawing does not show deck details and in fact does not represent the
+vessel as built in any respect other than in being a catamaran with
+paddle wheel amidships between the hulls.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Steam Battery</i> did not have any particular influence on the design
+of men-of-war that followed her. In the first place, steampower was not
+viewed with favor by naval officers generally. This was without doubt
+due to prejudice, but engines in 1820-30 were still unreliable when
+required to run for long periods, as experienced by the early
+ocean-going steamers. The great weight of the early steam engines and
+their size in relation to power were important, and also important were
+practical objections that prevented the design of efficient naval ocean
+steamers until about 1840; even then, the paddle wheels made them very
+vulnerable in action. Until the introduction of the screw propellor it
+was not possible to design a really effective ocean-going naval steamer;
+hence until about 1840-45, sail remained predominant in naval vessels
+for ocean service, and steamers were accepted only in coast defense and
+towing services, or as dispatch vessels.</p>
+
+<p>No immediate use of the double hull in naval vessels of the maritime
+powers resulted from the construction of the <i>Steam Battery</i>. The
+flat-bottom chine-built design employed by Fulton in <i>North River</i>,
+<i>Raritan</i>, and other early steamboats was utilized in the design for a
+projected steamer by the British Admiralty in 1815-16. This vessel was
+about 76 feet overall, 16-foot beam, and 8-foot 10 inches depth in hold.
+Her design was for a flat-bottom, chine-built hull with no fore-and-aft
+camber in the bottom, a sharp entrance, and a square-tuck stern with
+slight overhang above the cross-seam. Her side frames were straight and
+vertical amidships, but curved as the bow and stern were approached. She
+was to be a side-paddle-wheel steamer, and her hull was diagonally
+braced; the wheel and engine were to be about amidships where she was
+dead flat for about 14 feet. However, the engine and boilers were not
+installed; the engine was utilized ashore for pumping, and the vessel
+was completed in the Deptford Yard as a sailing ship. Under the name
+<i>Congo</i> she was employed in the African coast survey. Her plan is in the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, at the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England.</p>
+
+<p>The double hull continued to be employed in both steam and team
+ferryboats in the United States and in England and France. A few river
+and lake steamers were also built with this design of hull. Continued
+efforts to obtain fast sailing by use of the double hull produced a
+number of sailing catamarans; of these the Herreshoff catamarans of the
+1870&rsquo;s showed high speed when reaching in a fresh breeze.</p>
+
+<p>Designs for double-hulled steamers appeared during the last half of the
+19th century; in 1874 the <i>Castalia</i>, a large, double-hull, iron,
+cross-channel steamer, was built by the Thames Iron-works Company at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+Blackwall, England. She was 290 feet long, and each hull had a beam of
+17 feet. The paddle wheel was placed between the hulls and, ready for
+sea, she drew 6-1/2 feet. She ran the 22 miles between Dover and Calais
+in 1 hour and 50 minutes, a speed much slower than that of the
+paddle-wheel, cross-channel steamers having one hull. Another
+double-hull steamer was built for this service by Hawthorn, Leslie and
+Company, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Scotland, in 1877. First named <i>Express</i>,
+she was renamed <i>Calais-Douvres</i> when she went into service in May 1878.
+Her length was 302 feet, her extreme beam 62 feet, and each hull had a
+beam of 18 feet, 3 inches. She drew 6-foot 7-1/2 inches ready for sea
+and the paddle wheel was between the hulls. On her trials she made 14
+knots and burned coal excessively. Sold to France in 1880, she was taken
+out of service in 1889. Though popular, she was not faster than the
+single-hull steamers in this service and had been a comparatively
+expensive vessel to build and operate.</p>
+
+<p>The many attempts to produce a very fast double-hull steamer and large
+sailing vessels have led to disappointment for their designers and
+sponsors. In the history of naval architecture, since Petty&rsquo;s time,
+there have been a number of periods when the new-old idea of the double
+hull has become popular. Craft of this type have been commonly well
+publicized but, on the whole, their basic designs have followed the same
+principles over and over again and have not produced the sought-for
+increase in speed and handiness.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p><p>In very recent years there has been a revival in interest in sailing
+double-hull boats that is enthusiastic as to very small craft and
+somewhat restrained as to large boats. A few projects are under
+development for double-hull craft, power and sail, of over 90-foot
+length, including an oceanographic research vessel. In general, however,
+the performance of double-hull boats has shown that Chapman&rsquo;s estimate
+of the type was reasonably correct and that there are limitations,
+particularly in maneuverability in the double-hull craft that could have
+been found by reference to the history of past experiments with the
+type.</p>
+
+<div class="sidebar">
+<h2><a name="NAVAL" id="NAVAL">NAVAL STEAMERS.</a></h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h3>THE DEMOLOGOS; OR, FULTON THE FIRST.</h3>
+
+<p>At the close of the year eighteen hundred and thirteen, Robert Fulton
+exhibited to the President of the United States, the original drawing
+from which the engraving on Plate One is sketched, being a
+representation of the proposed war-steamer or floating-battery, named by
+him, the Demologos. This sketch possesses more than ordinary interest,
+from the circumstance that it is, doubtless, the only record of the
+<i>first war-steamer in the world</i>, designed and drawn by the immortal
+Fulton, and represented by him to the Executive, as capable of carrying
+a strong battery, with furnaces for red hot shot, and being propelled by
+the power of steam, at the rate of <i>four</i> miles an hour.</p>
+
+<p>It was contemplated that this vessel, besides carrying her proposed
+armament on deck, should also be furnished with submarine guns, two
+suspended from each bow, so as to discharge a hundred pound ball into an
+enemy&rsquo;s ship at ten or twelve feet below her water-line. In addition to
+this, her machinery was calculated for the addition of an engine which
+would discharge an immense column of water upon the decks, and through
+the port-holes of an enemy, making her the most formidable engine for
+warfare that human ingenuity has contrived.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the vessel was three hundred and twenty thousand
+dollars, nearly the sum requisite for a frigate of the first class.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p><p>The project was zealously embraced by the Executive, and the national
+legislature in March, eighteen hundred and fourteen, passed a law,
+authorizing the President of the United States to cause to be built,
+equipped, and employed, one or more floating batteries, for the defense
+of the waters of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The building of the vessel was committed by the Coast and Harbor Defense
+Association, to a sub-committee of five gentlemen, who were recognized
+by the Government as their agents for that purpose, and whose
+interesting history of the Steam Frigate is copied in Note A, of the
+Appendix to this volume.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Fulton, whose soul animated the enterprise, was appointed the
+engineer; and on the twentieth day of June, eighteen hundred and
+fourteen, the keel of this novel steamer was laid at the ship-yard of
+Adam and Noah Brown, her able and active constructors, in the city of
+New York, and on the twenty-ninth of the following October, or in little
+more than four months, she was safely launched, in the presence of
+multitudes of spectators who thronged the surrounding shores, and were
+seen upon the hills which limited the beautiful prospect around the bay
+of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The river and bay were filled with steamers and vessels of war, in
+compliment to the occasion. In the midst of these was the enormous
+floating mass, whose bulk and unwieldy form seemed to render her as
+unfit for motion, as the land batteries which were saluting her.</p>
+
+<p>In a communication from Captain David Porter, U. S. Navy, to the Hon.
+Secretary of the Navy, dated New York, October 29, 1814, he states,&mdash;&ldquo;I
+have the pleasure to inform you that the &ldquo;<span class="smcap">Fulton the First</span>,&rdquo; was this
+morning safely launched. No one has yet ventured to suggest any
+improvement that could be made in the vessel, and to use the words of
+the projector, <i>&lsquo;I would not alter her if it were in my power to do
+so.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;She promises fair to meet our most sanguine expectations, and I do not
+despair in being able to navigate in her from one extreme of our coast
+to the other. Her buoyancy astonishes every one, she now draws <i>only
+eight feet three inches water</i>, and her draft will only be <i>ten</i> feet
+with all her guns, machinery, stores, and crew, on board. The ease with
+which she can now be towed with a single steamboat, renders it certain
+that her velocity will be sufficiently great to answer every purpose,
+and the manner it is intended to secure her machinery from the gunner&rsquo;s
+shot, leaves no apprehension for its safety. I shall use every exertion
+to prepare her for immediate service; her guns will soon be mounted, and
+I am assured by Mr. Fulton, that her machinery will be in operation in
+about six weeks.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p><p>On the twenty-first of November, the Steam Frigate was moved from the
+wharf of Messrs. Browns, in the East River, to the works of Robert
+Fulton, on the North River, to receive her machinery, which operation
+was performed by fastening the steamboat &ldquo;Car of Neptune,&rdquo; to her
+larboard, and the steamboat &ldquo;Fulton,&rdquo; to her starboard side; they towed
+her through the water from three and a-half to four miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p>The dimensions of the &ldquo;Fulton the First&rdquo; were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Length, one hundred and fifty-six feet.</p>
+
+<p>Breadth, fifty-six feet.</p>
+
+<p>Depth, twenty feet.</p>
+
+<p>Water-wheel, sixteen feet diameter.</p>
+
+<p>Length of bucket, fourteen feet.</p>
+
+<p>Dip, four feet.</p>
+
+<p>Engine, forty-eight inch cylinder, and five feet stroke.</p>
+
+<p>Boiler, length, twenty-two feet; breath, twelve feet; and depth,
+eight feet.</p>
+
+<p>Tonnage, two thousand four hundred and seventy-five.</p></div>
+
+<p>By June, eighteen hundred and fifteen, her engine was put on board, and
+she was so far completed as to afford an opportunity of trying her
+machinery. On the first of June, at ten o&rsquo;clock in the morning, the
+&ldquo;Fulton the First,&rdquo; propelled by her own steam and machinery, left the
+wharf near the Brooklyn ferry, and proceeded majestically into the
+river; though a stiff breeze from the south blew directly ahead, she
+stemmed the current with perfect ease, as the tide was a strong ebb. She
+sailed by the forts and saluted them with her thirty-two pound guns. Her
+speed was equal to the most sanguine expectations; she exhibited a novel
+and sublime spectacle to an admiring people. The intention of the
+Commissioners being solely to try her enginery, no use was made of her
+sails. After navigating the bay, and receiving a visit from the officers
+of the French ship of war lying at her anchors, the Steam Frigate came
+to at Powles&rsquo; Hook ferry, about two o&rsquo;clock in the afternoon, without
+having experienced a single unpleasant occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourth of July, of the same year, she made a passage to the ocean
+and back, and went the distance, which, in going and returning, is
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes, without the aid of
+sails; the wind and tide were partly in her favor and partly against
+her, the balance rather in her favor.</p>
+
+<p>In September, she made another trial trip to the ocean, and having at
+this time the weight of her whole armament on board, she went at an
+average of five and a half miles an hour, with and against the tide.
+When stemming the tide, which ran at the rate of three miles an hour,
+she advanced at the rate of two and a-half miles an hour. This
+performance was not more than equal to Robert Fulton&rsquo;s expectations, but
+it exceeded what he had premised to the Government, which was that she
+should be propelled by steam at the rate of from three to four miles an
+hour.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p><p>The English were not uninformed as to the preparations which were
+making for them, nor inattentive to their progress. It is certain that
+the Steam Frigate lost none of her terrors in the reports or
+imaginations of the enemy. In a treatise on steam vessels, published in
+Scotland at that time, the author states that he has taken great care to
+procure <i>full</i> and <i>accurate</i> information of the Steam Frigate launched
+in New York, and which he describes in the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Length on deck, <i>three hundred feet</i>; breadth, <i>two hundred feet</i>;
+thickness of her sides, <i>thirteen feet</i> of alternate oak plank and cork
+wood&mdash;carries forty-four guns, four of which are <i>hundred pounders</i>;
+quarter-deck and forecastle guns, forty-four pounders; and further to
+annoy an enemy attempting to board, can discharge <i>one hundred gallons
+of boiling water in a minute</i>, and by mechanism, brandishes <i>three
+hundred cutlasses</i> with the utmost regularity over her gunwales; works
+also an equal number of heavy iron pikes of great length, darting them
+from her sides with prodigious force, and withdrawing them every quarter
+of a minute&rdquo;!!</p>
+
+<p>The war having terminated before the &ldquo;<i>Fulton the First</i>&rdquo; was entirely
+completed, she was taken to the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, and moored on the
+flats abreast of that station, where she remained, and was used as a
+receiving-ship until the fourth of June, eighteen hundred and
+twenty-nine, when she was blown up. The following letters from Commodore
+Isaac Chauncey (then Commandant of the New York Navy Yard) to the
+Honorable Secretary of the Navy, informing him of the distressing event,
+concludes this brief history of the <i>first steam vessel of war ever
+built</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap right15">U. S. Navy Yard, New York,</span><br />
+<span class="right15"><i>June 5th, 1829</i>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>It becomes my painful duty to report to you a most unfortunate
+occurrence which took place yesterday, at about half past two o&rsquo;clock,
+P. M., in the accidental blowing up of the Receiving Ship Fulton, which
+killed twenty-four men and a woman, and wounded nineteen; there are also
+five missing. Amongst the killed I am sorry to number Lieutenant S. M.
+Brackenridge, a very fine, promising officer, and amongst the wounded
+are, Lieutenants Charles F. Platt, and A. M. Mull, and Sailing-Master
+Clough, the former dangerously, and the two last severely; there are
+also four Midshipmen severely wounded. How this unfortunate accident
+occurred I am not yet able to inform you, nor have I time to state more
+particularly; I will, as soon as possible, give a detailed account of
+the affair.</p>
+
+<p><span class="right40">
+I have the honor to be, Sir,</span><br />
+<span class="right25">Very respectfully,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+&nbsp;<span class="right15">J. CHAUNCEY.</span></p>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Hon. John Branch</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Secretary of the Navy, Washington.</i></span><br />
+<br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap right15">U.S. Navy Yard, New York,</span><br />
+<span class="right15"><i>June 8th, 1829</i>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I had been on board the &ldquo;Fulton&rdquo; all the morning, inspecting the ship
+and men, particularly the sick and invalids, which had increased
+considerably from other ships, and whom I had intended to ask the
+Department permission to discharge, as being of little use to the
+service. I had left the ship but a few moments before the explosion took
+place, and was in my office at the time. The report did not appear to me
+louder than a thirty-two pounder, although the destruction of the ship
+was complete and entire, owing to her very decayed state, for there was
+not on board, at the time, more than two and a-half barrels of damaged
+powder, which was kept in the magazine for the purpose of firing the
+morning and evening gun. It appears to me that the explosion could not
+have taken place from accident, as the magazine was as well, or better
+secured, than the magazines of most of our ships, yet it would be
+difficult to assign a motive to those in the magazine for so horrible an
+act, as voluntarily to destroy themselves and those on board. If the
+explosion was not the effect of design, I am at a loss to account for
+the catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="right40">
+I have the honor to be, Sir,</span><br />
+<span class="right25">Very respectfully,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+&nbsp;<span class="right15">J. CHAUNCEY.</span></p>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Hon. John Branch</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Secretary of the Navy, Washington.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebar">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPEN" id="APPEN">APPENDIX.</a></h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Note A.</span></h3>
+
+<h3>STEAM FRIGATE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Report of </i><span class="smcap">Henry Rutgers</span><i>, </i><span class="smcap">Samuel L. Mitchel</span><i>, and </i><span class="smcap">Thomas Morris</span><i>, the
+Commissioners superintending the construction of a steam vessel of war,
+to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;
+<span class="right15"><span class="smcap">New York</span>, <i>December 28th, 1815</i>.<br />
+</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The war which was terminated by the treaty of Ghent, afforded, during
+its short continuance, a glorious display of the valor of the United
+States by land and by sea&mdash;it made them much better known to foreign
+nations, and, what is of much greater importance, it contributed to make
+them better acquainted with themselves&mdash;it excited new enterprises&mdash;it
+educed latent talents&mdash;it stimulated to exertions unknown to our people
+before.</p>
+
+<p>A long extent of coast was exposed to an enemy, powerful above every
+other on the ocean. His commanders threatened to lay waste our country
+with fire and sword, and, actually, in various instances, carried their
+menaces into execution. It became necessary, for our defense, to resist,
+by every practicable method, such a formidable foe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p><p>It was conceived, by a most ingenious and enterprising citizen, that
+the power of Steam could be employed to propel a floating battery,
+carrying heavy guns, to the destruction of any hostile force that should
+hover on the shores, or enter the ports of our Atlantic frontier. The
+perfect and admirable success of his project for moving boats containing
+travelers and baggage by the same elastic agent, opened the way to its
+employment for carrying warriors and the apparatus for fighting.</p>
+
+<p>The plan was submitted to the consideration of the executive of an
+enlightened government. Congress, influenced by the most liberal and
+patriotic spirit, appropriated money for the experiment, and the Navy
+Department, then conducted by the honorable William Jones, appointed
+commissioners to superintend the construction of a convenient vessel
+under the direction of <span class="smcap">Robert Fulton</span>, the inventor, as engineer, and
+Messrs. Adam and Noah Brown, as naval constructors. The enterprise, from
+its commencement, and during a considerable part of its preparatory
+operations, was aided by the zealous co-operation of Major General
+Dearborn, then holding his head-quarters at the city of New York, as the
+officer commanding the third military district. The loss of his valuable
+counsel in conducting a work which he had maturely considered, and which
+he strongly recommended, was the consequence of his removal to another
+section of the Union, where his professional talents were specially
+required.</p>
+
+<p>The keels of this steam-frigate were laid on the twentieth day of June,
+eighteen hundred and fourteen. The strictest blockade the enemy could
+enforce interrupted the coasting trade, and greatly enhanced the price
+of timber. The vigilance with which he guarded our coast against
+intercourse with foreign nations, rendered difficult the importation of
+copper and iron. The same impediment attended the supplies of coal
+heretofore brought to New York from Richmond and Liverpool. Lead, in
+like manner, was procured under additional disadvantages. These attempts
+of the enemy to frustrate the design, were vain and impotent. All the
+obstacles were surmounted. Scarcity of the necessary woods and metals
+were overcome by strenuous exertions; and all the blockading squadron
+could achieve, was not a disappointment in the undertaking, but merely
+an increase of the expense.</p>
+
+<p>So, in respect to tradesmen and laborers, there was an extraordinary
+difficulty. Shipwrights had repaired to the lakes, for repelling the
+enemy, in such numbers, that, comparatively speaking, few were left on
+the seaboard. A large portion of the men who had been engaged in daily
+work, had enlisted as soldiers, and had marched under the banners of the
+nation to the defense of its rights&mdash;yet amidst the scarcity of hands, a
+sufficient number were procured for the purpose which the Commissioners
+had in charge. An increase of wages was the chief impediment, and this
+they were enabled practically to overcome.</p>
+
+<p>By the exemplary combination of diligence and skill, on the part of the
+Engineer and Constructors, the business was so accelerated, that the
+vessel was launched on the twenty-ninth day of October, amidst the
+plaudits of an unusual number of citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Measures were immediately taken to complete her equipment; the boiler,
+the engine, and the machinery were put on board with all possible
+expedition. Their weight and size far surpassed any thing that had been
+witnessed before among us.</p>
+
+<p>The stores of artillery in New York not furnishing the number and kind
+of cannon which she was destined to carry, it became necessary to
+transport guns from Philadelphia. A prize, taken from the enemy, put
+some fit and excellent pieces at the disposal of the Navy Department. To
+avoid the danger of capture by the enemy&rsquo;s cruisers, these were carted
+over the miry roads of New Jersey. Twenty heavy cannon were thus
+conveyed by the strength of horses. Carriages of the most approved model
+were constructed, and every thing done to bring her into prompt action,
+as an efficient instrument of war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p><p>About this time, an officer, pre-eminent for bravery and discipline,
+was commissioned by the government to her command. Prior to this event,
+it had been intended by the Commissioners to finish her conformably to
+the plan originally submitted to the Executive. She is a structure
+resting upon two boats and keels, separated from end to end by a canal
+fifteen feet wide, and sixty-six long. One boat contained the caldrons
+of copper to prepare her steam. The vast cylinder of iron, with its
+piston, levers, and wheels, occupied a part of its fellow; the great
+water-wheel revolved in the space between them; the main or gun-deck
+supported her armament, and was protected by a bulwark four feet ten
+inches thick, of solid timber. This was pierced by thirty port-holes, to
+enable as many thirty-two pounders to fire red hot balls; her upper or
+spar deck was plain, and she was to be propelled by her enginery alone.</p>
+
+<p>It was the opinion of Captain Porter and Mr. Fulton, that the upper deck
+ought to be surrounded with a bulwark and stanchions&mdash;that two stout
+masts should be erected to support latteen sails&mdash;that there should be
+bowsprits for jibs, and that she should be rigged in a corresponding
+style. Under authorities so great, and with the expectation of being
+able to raise the blockade of New London, by destroying, taking, or
+routing the enemy&rsquo;s ships, all these additions were adopted and
+incorporated with the vessel.</p>
+
+<p>It must here be observed, that during the exhaustion of the treasury,
+and the temporary depression of public credit, the Commissioners were
+exceedingly embarrassed&mdash;their payments were made in treasury notes,
+which they were positively instructed to negotiate at par. On several
+occasions even these were so long withheld, that the persons who had
+advanced materials and labor were importunate for payment, and silently
+discontented. To a certain extent, the Commissioners pledged their
+private credit. Notwithstanding all this, the men, at one time, actually
+broke off. The work was retarded, and her completion unavoidably
+deferred, to the great disappointment of the Commissioners, until winter
+rendered it impossible for her to act.</p>
+
+<p>Under all this pressure, they, nevertheless, persevered in the important
+object confided to them. But their exertions were further retarded by
+the premature and unexpected death of the Engineer. The world was
+deprived of his invaluable labors before he had completed this favorite
+undertaking. They will not inquire, wherefore, in the dispensations of
+Divine Providence, he was not permitted to realize his grand conception.
+<i>His discoveries, however, survive for the benefit of mankind</i>, and will
+extend to unborn generations.</p>
+
+<p>At length all matters were ready for a trial of the machinery to urge
+such a bulky vessel through the water. This essay was made on the first
+day of June, eighteen hundred and fifteen. She proved herself capable of
+opposing the wind, and of stemming the tide, of crossing currents, and
+of being steered among vessels riding at anchor, though the weather was
+boisterous and the water rough. Her performance demonstrated that the
+project was successful&mdash;no doubt remained that a floating battery,
+composed of heavy artillery, could be moved by steam. The Commissioners
+returned from the exercise of the day, satisfied that the vessel would
+answer the intended purpose, and consoled themselves that their care had
+been bestowed upon a worthy object.</p>
+
+<p>But it was discovered, that various alterations were necessary. Guided
+by the light of experience, they caused some errors to be corrected, and
+some defects to be supplied. She was prepared for a second voyage with
+all practicable speed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p><p>On the fourth of July she was again put in action. She performed a trip
+to the ocean, eastward of Sandy Hook, and back again, a distance of
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes. A part of this
+time she had the tide against her, and had no assistance whatever from
+sails. Of the gentlemen who formed the company invited to witness the
+experiment, not one entertained a doubt of her fitness for the intended
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Additional expedients were, notwithstanding, necessary to be sought for
+quickening and directing her motion. These were devised and executed
+with all possible care.</p>
+
+<p>Suitable arrangements having been made, a third trial of her powers was
+attempted on the eleventh day of September, with the weight of
+twenty-six of her long and ponderous guns, and a considerable quantity
+of ammunition and stores on board; her draft of water was short of
+eleven feet. She changed her course by inverting the motion of the
+wheel, without the necessity of putting about. She fired salutes as she
+passed the forts, and she overcame the resistance of the wind and tide
+in her progress down the bay. She performed beautiful man&oelig;uvres
+around the United States&rsquo; Frigate <span class="smcap">Java</span>, then at anchor near the
+light-house. She moved with remarkable celerity, and she was perfectly
+obedient to her double helm. It was observed that the explosion of
+powder produced very little concussion. The machinery was not affected
+by it in the smallest degree. Her progress, during the firing, was
+steady and uninterrupted. On the most accurate calculations, derived
+from heaving the log, her average velocity was five and a-half miles per
+hour. Notwithstanding the resistance of currents, she was found to make
+headway at the rate of two miles an hour against the ebb of the East
+River, running three and a-half knots. The day&rsquo;s exercise was
+satisfactory to the respectable company who attended, beyond their
+utmost expectations. It was universally agreed that we now possessed a
+new auxiliary against every maratime invader. The City of New York,
+exposed as it is, was considered as having the means of rendering itself
+invulnerable. The Delaware, Chesapeake, Long Island Sound, and every
+other bay and harbor in the nation, may be protected by the same
+tremendous power.</p>
+
+<p>Among the inconveniences observable during the experiment, was the heat
+endured by the men who attended the fires. To enable a correct judgment
+to be formed on this point, one of the Commissioners (Dr. Mitchel)
+descended and examined, by a thermometer, the temperature of the hold,
+between the two boilers. The quicksilver, exposed to the radiant heat of
+the burning fuel, rose to one hundred and sixteen degrees of
+Fahrenheit&rsquo;s scale. Though exposed thus to its intensity, he experienced
+no indisposition afterwards. The analogy of potteries, forges,
+glass-houses, kitchens, and other places, where laborers are habitually
+exposed to high heats, is familiar to persons of business and of
+reflection. In all such occupations, the men, by proper relays, perform
+their services perfectly well.</p>
+
+<p>The Government, however, will understand that the hold of the present
+vessel could be rendered cooler by other apertures for the admission of
+air, and that on building another steam frigate, the comfort of the
+firemen might be provided for, as in the ordinary steamboats.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners congratulate the Government and the nation on the
+event of this noble project. Honorable alike, to its author and its
+patrons, it constitutes an era in warfare and the arts. The arrival of
+peace, indeed, has disappointed the expectations of conducting her to
+battle. That last and conclusive act of showing her superiority in
+combat, has not been in the power of the Commissioners to make.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p><p>If a continuance of tranquillity should be our lot, and this steam
+vessel of war be not required for the public defense, the nation may
+rejoice that the fact we have ascertained is of incalculably greater
+value than the expenditure&mdash;and that if the present structure should
+perish, we have the information never to perish, how, on a future
+emergency, others may be built. The requisite variations will be
+dictated by circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the cessation of hostilities, it has been deemed inexpedient to
+finish and equip her as for immediate and active employ. In a few weeks
+every thing that is incomplete could receive the proper adjustment.</p>
+
+<p>After so much has been done, and with such encouraging results, it
+becomes the Commissioners to recommend that the steam frigate be
+officered and manned for discipline and practice. A discreet commander,
+with a selected crew, could acquire experience in the mode of navigating
+this peculiar vessel. The supplies of fuel, the tending of the fire, the
+replenishing of the expended water, the management of the mechanism, the
+heating of shot, the exercise of the guns, and various matters, can only
+become familiar by use. It is highly important that a portion of seamen
+and marines should be versed in the order and economy of the steam
+frigate. They will augment, diffuse, and perpetuate knowledge. When, in
+process of time, another war shall call for more structures of this
+kind, men, regularly trained to her tactics, may be dispatched to the
+several stations where they may be wanted. If, on any such disposition,
+the Government should desire a good and faithful agent, the
+Commissioners recommend Captain Obed Smith to notice, as a person who
+has ably performed the duties of inspector from the beginning to the end
+of the concern.</p>
+
+<p>Annexed to the report, you will find, Sir, several statements
+explanatory of the subject. A separate report of our colleague, the
+honorable Oliver Wolcott, whose removal from New York precluded him from
+attending to the latter part of the business, with his accustomed zeal
+and fidelity, is herewith presented. A drawing of her form and
+appearance, by Mr. Morgan, as being like to give satisfaction to the
+department, is also subjoined, as are likewise an inventory of her
+furniture and effects, and an account of the timber and metals
+consolidated in her fabric.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped these communications will evince the pains taken by the
+Commissioners, to execute the honorable and responsible trust reposed in
+them by the Government.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span  class="right15">SAMUEL L. MITCHEL.</span><br />
+&nbsp;<span  class="right15">THOMAS MORRIS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+&nbsp;<span  class="right15">HENRY RUTGERS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3><a name="FOOTNOTES_39" id="FOOTNOTES_39"></a>Footnotes:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>The American Neptune</i> (1946), vol. 6, pp. 253-274.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_3" id="Footnote_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_3"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>The American Neptune</i> (1944), vol. 4, pp. 327-329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><span class="label"><a name="Footnote_3_4" id="Footnote_3_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_4"><span style="text-decoration: none">[3]</span></a>
+ <a name="Footnote_3_a" id="Footnote_3_a"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_a"><span style="text-decoration: none">[3a]</span></a></span> New York, 1853, pp. 13-17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_5" id="Footnote_4_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_5"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Pittsburgh, 1896, pp. 8-16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_6" id="Footnote_5_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_6"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See pages 172 through 176 for this report, which is
+reproduced from <span class="smcap">Charles B. Stuart</span>, <i>Naval and Mail Steamers of the
+United States</i> (New York, 1853), app., pp. 155-159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_7" id="Footnote_6_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_7"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-14; and <span class="smcap">Howard
+I. Chapelle</span>, <i>History of the American Sailing Navy</i> (New York: W. W.
+Norton &amp; Co., 1949), pp. 293-295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_8" id="Footnote_7_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_8"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-9; and
+<span class="smcap">Chapelle</span>, <i>History of the American Sailing Navy</i>, pp. 226, 228.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_9" id="Footnote_8_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_9"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_10" id="Footnote_9_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_10"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> National Archives, Naval Records Collection, Miscellaneous
+Letters, 1819, II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_11" id="Footnote_10_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_11"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See p. 169, reproduced from <span class="smcap">Charles B. Stuart</span>, <i>Naval and
+Mail Steamers of the United States</i> (New York, 1853), p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_12" id="Footnote_11_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_12"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Jean Baptiste Marestier</span>, <i>M&eacute;moire sur les bateaux &agrave; vapeur
+des &Eacute;tats-Unis d&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique, avec un appendice sur diverses machines
+relatives &agrave; la Marine</i> (Paris: L&rsquo;imprimerie Royal, 1824).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_13" id="Footnote_12_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_13"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> 1820-1823, vol. 7, p. 437.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_14" id="Footnote_13_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_14"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Annales de l&rsquo;industrie nationale et &eacute;trang&egrave;re, ou Mercure
+Technologique</i> (Paris, 1822), pp. 760-762.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_15" id="Footnote_14_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_15"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> January 27, 1823, vol. 7, pp. 436-438.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_16" id="Footnote_15_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_16"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> January-March 1935, vol. 61, pp. 322-328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_17" id="Footnote_16_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_17"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Howard I. Chapelle</span>, <i>American Small Sailing Craft</i> (New
+York: W. W. Norton &amp; Co., Inc., 1951), pp. 29, 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_18" id="Footnote_17_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_18"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Newport News, Va.: The Mariners&rsquo; Museum, 1937, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_19" id="Footnote_18_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_19"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs Merrill, 1932, p. 291.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_20" id="Footnote_19_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_20"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Henry William Edward</span>, <i>The Double Bottom or Twin Hulled
+Ship of Sir William Petty</i> (Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1931).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_21" id="Footnote_20_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_21"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Publication No. 5 (Newport News: The Mariners&rsquo; Museum,
+1939), p. 22.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size:0.8em"><br /><br /><br />
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<p class="center">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office<br />
+Washington, D.C. 20402&mdash;Price 70 cents</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="INDEX_39" id="INDEX_39">Index</a></h3>
+
+<p>Anckersw&auml;rd, Col. Michael, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Baltimore, Lord. <i>See</i> Calvert.</p>
+
+<p>Bennett, Frank M., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Bergh, Christian, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Biddle, James, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Brackenridge, S. M., <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Brewington, M. V., <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Adam and Noah, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Alexander Crosby, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Noah, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Browne, Charles, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Browns&rsquo; yard, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Canning, Stratford, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p>
+
+<p>Chapman, Fredrik Henrik af, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p>
+
+<p>Charles II of England, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p>
+
+<p>Coast and Harbor Defense Company, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Coast Defense Society, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Colden, C. D., <a href="#Page_149">149</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Danish Greenland Company, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Danish Royal Archives, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Dearborn, Henry, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Deptford Yard (England), <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Eckford, Henry, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p><ins class="mycorr" title="Original: Emmett"><a name="corr_39_2" id="corr_39_2"></a>Emmet</ins>, &mdash;&mdash;, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Evans, Samuel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Fox, Josiah, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Fulton, Robert, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Gurley, Ralph R. (USN), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Gustav III of Sweden, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Hawthorn, Leslie, and Company (Scotland), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Jones, Jacob, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Jones, William, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Laurie, J., <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Lewis, Jacob, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Lewis, Morgan, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Marestier, Jean Baptiste, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p>
+
+<p>Mariners&rsquo; Museum, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Marsh, James, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>May, Arthur J., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p>
+
+<p>Miller, Patrick, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Mitchill, Samuel L., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Montg&eacute;ry, M., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan, "Mr.", <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Morris, Thomas, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+
+<p>National Maritime Museum (England), <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Pepys, Samuel, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Perry, Oliver, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Petty, Sir William, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p>
+
+<p>Porter, David, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Purcell, William, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Rasmussen, Kjeld, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Rigsarkivet (Denmark), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Royal Society of London, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Rutgers, Henry, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Smith, &mdash;&mdash; (Captain, USN), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Sir Sidney (RN), <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Statens Sj&ouml;historiska Museum (Sweden), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Stewart, Charles, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Stiles, George, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Stoudinger, Charles, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Stuart, Charles B., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Symington, William, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Thames Iron-works Company (England), <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Tyler, David B., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Warrington, Samuel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilstack, Paul, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Wolcott, Oliver, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Youle, John, foundry, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p>
+<div class="tnote">
+<a id="corrections_39" name="corrections_39"></a>
+<p>Transcriber&rsquo;s corrections:</p>
+<p>P. <a href="#corr_39_1">152</a>: &lsquo;the <i>Simon &amp; Jude</i>, later&rsquo;&mdash;was &lsquo;the <i>Simon &amp; Jude</i>, latter&rsquo;.</p>
+<p>P. <a href="#corr_39_3">159</a>: &lsquo;Its importance is that it...&rsquo;&mdash;was &lsquo;Its importance is that is...&rsquo;.</p>
+<p><a href="#corr_39_2">Index</a>: &lsquo;Emmet, &mdash;&mdash;, 144&rsquo;&mdash;was &lsquo;Emmett, &mdash;&mdash;, 144&rsquo;.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship
+and Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2349 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and
+Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship and Catamaran
+
+Author: Howard I. Chapelle
+
+Release Date: February 4, 2010 [EBook #31179]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Colin Bell, Louise Pattison, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+This is Paper 39 from the Smithsonian Institution United States National
+Museum Bulletin 240, comprising Papers 34-44, which will also be
+available as a complete e-book.
+
+The front material, introduction and relevant index entries from the
+Bulletin are included in each single-paper e-book.
+
+Note that several Figures in this paper consist of two images separated
+from each other in the original layout, with separate labels. These
+separate labels are preserved in this text only version.
+
+Typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
+
+    P152: "the _Simon & Jude_, later called _Invention I_" (was "latter").
+    P159: "Its importance is that it..." (was "is that is").
+    Index: "Emmet, ----, 144" (was Emmett).]
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
+
+BULLETIN 240
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SMITHSONIAN PRESS
+
+
+MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+  CONTRIBUTIONS
+  FROM THE
+  MUSEUM
+  OF HISTORY AND
+  TECHNOLOGY
+
+  _Papers 34-44_
+  _On Science and Technology_
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION . WASHINGTON, D.C. 1966
+
+
+
+
+_Publications of the United States National Museum_
+
+The scholarly and scientific publications of the United States National
+Museum include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National
+Museum_ and _United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series, the Museum publishes original articles and monographs
+dealing with the collections and work of its constituent museums--The
+Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and
+Technology--setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of
+anthropology, biology, history, geology, and technology. Copies of each
+publication are distributed to libraries, to cultural and scientific
+organizations, and to specialists and others interested in the different
+subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers from the Museum of Natural History.
+These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date
+of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear
+longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in
+several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related
+subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on
+the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the
+botanical collections of the Museum of Natural History have been
+published in the _Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions from
+the United States National Herbarium_, and since 1959, in _Bulletins_
+titled "Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology," have
+been gathered shorter papers relating to the collections and research of
+that Museum.
+
+The present collection of Contributions, Papers 34-44, comprises
+Bulletin 240. Each of these papers has been previously published in
+separate form. The year of publication is shown on the last page of each
+paper.
+
+  FRANK A. TAYLOR
+  _Director, United States National Museum_
+
+
+
+
+  CONTRIBUTIONS FROM
+  THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY:
+
+  PAPER 39
+
+  FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY":
+  BLOCKSHIP AND CATAMARAN
+
+  _Howard I. Chapelle_
+
+
+
+
+SURVIVING DESIGNS FOR FLOATING BATTERIES    145
+
+CONTROVERSIAL DESCRIPTIONS                  147
+
+COPENHAGEN PLANS                            150
+
+HISTORY OF DOUBLE-HULL CRAFT                152
+
+SAIL AND INBOARD PLANS                      157
+
+RECONSTRUCTING THE PLANS                    161
+
+APPENDIX                                    167
+
+[FOOTNOTES]
+
+[INDEX]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--SCALE MODEL of Fulton's _Steam Battery_ in
+the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-F.)]
+
+
+
+
+_Howard I. Chapelle_
+
+FULTON'S "STEAM BATTERY": BLOCKSHIP and CATAMARAN
+
+_Robert Fulton's "Steam Battery," a catamaran-type blockship, was built
+during the War of 1812. Until recently, not enough material has been
+available to permit a reasonably accurate reconstruction of what is
+generally acknowledged to be the first steam man-of-war._
+
+_With the discovery, in the Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen, of
+plans of this vessel, it is now possible to prepare a reconstruction and
+to build a model._
+
+_This article summarizes the history of the vessel, describes the plans
+and the reconstruction, and also evaluates its design with particular
+attention to the double-hull construction._
+
+THE AUTHOR: _Howard I. Chapelle is curator of transportation in the
+Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology._
+
+
+The identity of the first steam man-of-war has been known for many
+years, and a great deal has been written and published on the history of
+this American vessel. Until recently, the only available drawing of the
+ship has been a patent drawing made for Robert Fulton. This does not
+comply with contemporary descriptions of the steamer and the drawing or
+plan is out of proportion with the known dimensions. The lack of plans
+has heretofore made it impossible to illustrate the vessel with any
+degree of precision, or to build a scale model.
+
+The discovery in 1960 of some of the plans of this historic ship in the
+Danish Royal Archives at Copenhagen now makes possible a reasonably
+accurate reconstruction of the vessel and also clarifies some of the
+incomplete and often confusing descriptions by contemporary writers.
+
+Of the numerous published accounts of the ship that are available, the
+most complete is David B. Tyler's "Fulton's Steam Frigate."[1] A
+contemporary description of the vessel by the British Minister to
+Washington, 1820-23, Stratford Canning, was published by Arthur J.
+May.[2] In _Naval and Mail Steamers of the United States_, by Charles B.
+Stuart,[3] and _The Steam Navy of the United States_, by Frank M.
+Bennett,[4] the history of the ship and some descriptive facts are
+given. Stuart, in an appendix, gives in full the report of the
+Supervisory Committee (set up to administer the building contract).
+Tyler and Stuart, and the Committee Report are the principal sources
+from which the following summary of the ship's history is drawn.
+
+[Text of Illustration: Plate N^o. 1.
+
+"DEMOLOGOS"
+
+Figure 1^st. _Transverse section A her Boiler. B the steam Engine. C the
+water wheel. E E her wooden walls 5 feet thick, diminishing to below the
+waterline as at F.F draught of water 9 feet D D her gun deck_
+
+_Scale 1/12 inch=1 foot_
+
+Waterline
+
+_Scale 1/24 inch=1 foot_
+
+Figure II^d. _This shews her gun deck, 140 feet long 24 feet wide,
+mounting 20 guns. A the Water wheel_
+
+Figure III^d
+
+_Side View_
+
+_Scale 1/24 inch=1 foot_
+
+ROBERT FULTON
+
+_November 1813._
+
+_S M^c Elroy del._
+
+_"Stuart's Naval & Mail Steamers U.S."_
+
+_Sarony & Major. Eng. N.Y._]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--"DEMOLOGOS," A WOOD ENGRAVING based on the
+sketch which Robert Fulton showed to President Madison in 1813. This
+wood engraving appears as plate 1 in Charles B. Stuart's _Naval and Mail
+Steamers of the United States_, and illustrates the section on Naval
+Steamers, from which the account "The Demologos; or, Fulton the First,"
+is here reproduced (pp. 167-171). Stuart obtained the sketch, assumed to
+have been made for Fulton's patent on the design of the _Steam Battery_,
+from the files of the U.S. Navy Department.]
+
+On December 24, 1813, Robert Fulton invited a group of
+friends--prominent merchants, professional men and naval officers--to
+his home in New York City and there presented a proposal for a project
+of great local interest. At that time the War of 1812 was in its second
+year and the economic effect of the British naval blockade was being
+felt severely. The blockade cut off seaborne trade and posed a constant
+threat of attack upon New York and other important ports, particularly
+Baltimore. To defend the ports, it had been proposed to build mobile
+floating batteries or heavily built and armed hulks with small sailing
+rigs, but the high cost of these and their doubtful value in helping to
+break the blockade, compared to the value and action of a very heavy,
+large frigate, or a 74-gun ship, caused authorities to hesitate to
+proceed with the construction of any blockships or floating batteries.
+
+Fulton's proposal concerned a floating battery propelled by steam
+power. He believed that steam propulsion not only would give it
+effective maneuverability with no loss of gunpower, but also would allow
+a successful attack upon the Royal Navy blockading ships during periods
+of protracted calm, when sailing men-of-war were nearly helpless. The
+blockaders then could be attacked and picked off, one by one, by the
+heavily armed steamboat.
+
+Among those present at the meeting was Major General Henry Dearborn, a
+leading citizen and soldier who was later to become noted in American
+political history. The first step taken during this meeting was the
+founding of the Coast and Harbor Defense Company with Dearborn as
+president, Fulton as engineer, and Thomas Morris as secretary. Next, a
+committee was established to raise funds from Federal, State, and New
+York City governments as well as from individual contributors to build
+the battery. The members of this committee consisted of General
+Dearborn, Commodore Stephen Decatur, U.S.N.; General Morgan Lewis;
+Commodore Jacob Jones; U.S.N.; Noah Brown, shipbuilder; Samuel L.
+Mitchill; Henry Rutgers; and Thomas Morris.
+
+The committee proved cumbersome and was reduced to General Lewis, Issac
+Bronson, Henry Rutgers, Nathan Sanford, Thomas Morris, Oliver Wolcott,
+and John Jacob Astor. Known as the Coast Defense Society and with the
+name of _Pyremon_ given the ship in prospectus, they attempted,
+unsuccessfully, to raise funds privately.
+
+The estimated sums to build a battery 130 feet long, with a 50-foot
+beam, capable of a speed of 5 mph, and carrying 24 long guns (18-pdr.),
+was $110,000. Fulton, still the chief engineer, in an effort to interest
+the Federal Government, built a model of the proposed vessel and
+submitted it to some prominent naval officers--Commodore Stephen
+Decatur, Jacob Jones, James Biddle, Samuel Evans, Oliver Perry, Samuel
+Warrington, and Jacob Lewis. All gave their support to the Society in a
+written statement and this recommendation proved helpful to the project
+in Congress and in the Navy Department. In the process of passing a bill
+which went to the Senate Naval Affairs Committee calling for $250,000
+for the construction of the floating battery, the sum was raised to
+$1,500,000 for the construction of "one or more" floating batteries and
+passed on March 9, 1814.
+
+To supervise the start of construction, the Coast Defense Society
+appointed a committee consisting of Dearborn, Wolcott, Morris, Mitchill,
+and Rutgers, with Fulton as engineer, and a model and drawing of the
+proposed vessel was submitted to the Patent Office. The Secretary of the
+Navy, although supporting the project, delayed action until he had
+weighed the importance of the batteries in relation to other war needs,
+for at this time the naval shipbuilding program on the Great Lakes was
+considered of prime importance. He also raised some technical questions
+concerning the design of the batteries, which Fulton answered with a
+description of the vessel as 138 feet on deck, 120 feet on the keel, 55
+feet beam (each hull to have a 20-foot beam and the "race" between to be
+15 feet wide), draft 8 or 9 feet loaded, and the intended speed was to
+be 4-1/2 to 5 mph. The ship was to carry 24 long guns (32-pdr.), the
+engine was to be 130 hp, and the total cost, $200,000. In his letters to
+the Secretary of the Navy, Fulton stated that Adam and Noah Brown would
+build the hull for $69,800 and that he would build the engine, machinery
+and boilers for $78,000, a total of $147,800. He intended to have the
+boilers, valves, fastenings, and air pumps of brass or copper, which
+would raise the machinery costs 59 percent above that of stationary
+engines and boilers then in use.
+
+On May 23, 1814, the Secretary of the Navy authorized the Coast Defense
+Society and its committee to act as Navy agents and to enter into the
+contracts required to build a vessel, and to draw on the Navy
+storekeepers or Navy Yard commandants for such stores or articles on
+hand needed for construction. The contracts were prepared and the
+committee now was officially empowered to act for the Society, with
+Rutgers, Wolcott, Morris, Dearborn, Mitchill, and Fulton. On June 4,
+Dearborn asked the Navy Department for $25,000 advance, for work had
+started. On the 6th, he informed the Secretary that he had been ordered
+to assume command of the defenses of Boston and that Rutgers had been
+appointed chairman of the construction committee in his place.
+
+It is apparent that the Navy Department was pressed for funds, due to
+the very extensive shipbuilding programs on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and
+Champlain in addition to the seagoing vessels being built in some of the
+coastal ports. This was certainly one cause for the Secretary of the
+Navy's reluctance to carry out the requirements of the bill passed by
+Congress immediately after its signature and, also, this reluctance
+caused the supervisory committee much embarrassment in its
+administration of the contract.
+
+Another factor which caused difficulty in the administration of the
+contract was the position of Adam and Noah Brown. The brothers were
+deeply involved in the shipbuilding program on the Lakes, in which they
+were associated at times with Henry Eckford. The Browns constructed a
+blockhouse, shops, and quarters at Erie; in addition to Perry's two
+brigs and five of his schooners, they also built some of the Lake
+Ontario vessels and, later, the _Saratoga_ on Lake Champlain. In their
+New York yard, whose operation continued throughout the war, they built
+some large letter-of-marques: the _General Armstrong_, _Prince de
+Neufchatel_, _Zebra_, _Paul Jones_, and some smaller vessels. They also
+cut down the 2-decked, merchant ship _China_ into a single flush-deck
+letter-of-marque, renamed _Yorktown_; and they had a contract to build
+the sloop-of-war _Peacock_. It is remarkable that the Browns could
+undertake and complete so much work between 1813 and 1815 and still be
+able to build the steam battery in a very short time.
+
+With the contracts in order, the Browns began building. The keels of the
+battery were laid June 20, 1814. It is apparent that the Browns prepared
+the original hull plans, undoubtedly before the building authority was
+obtained. The vessel required only about four months to build; she was
+launched October 29, 1814, at 9 a.m. This was an excellent performance,
+considering the size of the vessel, the amount of timber required and
+handled in her massive construction, and the other work being done by
+the builders. During the ship's construction, sightseers were a nuisance
+and finally guards had to be obtained. During the building of the steam
+battery, work had to be practically stopped on the sloop-of-war
+_Peacock_ at one period after she had been partially planked.
+
+There were difficulties in obtaining metalwork for the vessel during her
+construction, due to the blockade and the demand for such material for
+other shipbuilding at New York. On November 21, 1814, the ship was towed
+from the Browns' yard on the East River by Fulton's _Car of Neptune_ and
+_Fulton_, each lashed to the sides of the battery, and taken to Fulton's
+works on the North River. There Fulton supervised in person the
+completion of the vessel and construction of her machinery. Undoubtedly
+only a little of his time was required in inspection of the Browns' work
+on the battery, for the shipbuilders had been closely associated with
+Fulton throughout the life of the project and were fully capable as ship
+designers. The work on the machinery was another matter, however, for
+men capable of working metal were scarce and few workmen could read
+plans. Fulton had some of the work done outside of his own plant,
+particularly the brass and copper work (mostly by John Youle's foundry).
+As a result, Fulton was required to move from plant to plant, keeping
+each job under almost constant observation and personally supervising
+the workmen. The equipment then available for building a large engine
+was inadequate in many ways. The large steam cylinder presented a
+problem: it had to be recast several times and some of the other parts
+gave trouble, either in casting or in machining and fitting.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double
+hull, in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo
+P-63390-D.)]
+
+Guns for the battery were another problem. Only 3 long guns (32-pdr.),
+were available at the Navy Yard. The Secretary of the Navy promised some
+captured guns then at Philadelphia. Because of the blockade, these had
+to come overland to New York. The captured guns thus obtained were
+probably English, part of the cargo of the British ship _John of
+Lancaster_ captured by the frigate _President_ early in the war.
+Apparently 24 guns were obtained this way; only 2 were obtained from the
+Navy Yard. In July the Supervising Committee carried out some
+experimental damage studies, in which a 32-pdr. was fired at a target
+representing a section of the topsides of the battery. Drawings of the
+result were sent to the Secretary of the Navy.
+
+Further problems arose over the delays of the government in making
+payments: the banks discounted the Treasury notes, so the Committee
+members had to advance $5,000 out of their own pockets. There was fear
+that British agents might damage the vessel, and although the project
+was undoubtedly known to the British, no evidence of any act of sabotage
+was ever found. Captain David Porter was assigned to the command of the
+battery in November, and it was upon his request that the vessel was
+later rigged with sails.
+
+With the _Steam Battery_ approaching completion, the Secretary of the
+Navy became more enthusiastic and the construction of other batteries of
+this type was again proposed. Captain Stiles, a Baltimore merchant,
+offered to build a steam battery, the hull to cost $50,000; the entire
+cost of the vessel, $150,000, was raised in Baltimore and the frames of
+a battery erected. Another battery was projected at Philadelphia and the
+Secretary of the Navy wanted one or more built at Sackett's Harbor, but
+naval officers and Fulton objected. A bill put before Congress to
+authorize another half million to build steam batteries passed the first
+reading January 9, 1815, went to the House February 22, 1815, but the
+end of the war prevented any further action on it.
+
+On February 24, 1815, Fulton died. He had been to Trenton, New Jersey,
+to attend a hearing on the steamboat monopoly and, on the way back, the
+ferry on North River was caught in the ice. Fulton and his lawyer,
+Emmet, had to walk over the ice to get ashore. On the way, Emmet fell
+through and Fulton got wet and chilled while helping him. After two or
+three days in bed Fulton went to his foundry to inspect the battery's
+machinery causing a relapse from which he died. This resulted in some
+delay in completing the machinery and stopped work on the _Mute_, an
+80-foot, manually propelled, torpedo boat that Fulton was having built
+in the Browns' yard.
+
+It was decided to suspend work on the Baltimore battery after an
+expenditure of $61,500, but the New York battery was to be completed to
+prove the project was practical. The final payment of $50,000 was made
+four months after it was requested.
+
+Charles Stoudinger, Fulton's foreman or superintendent, was able to
+complete and install the ship's machinery. On June 10, 1815, the vessel
+was given a short trial run in the harbor with Stoudinger and the Navy
+inspector, Captain Smith, on board. This trial revealed the need of some
+mechanical alterations; sails were not used, and it was found she could
+stem the strong tide and a fresh headwind. The vessel also was visited
+by the officers of French men-of-war at anchor in the harbor.
+
+On July 4, 1815, she was given another trial. She left Fulton's works at
+Corlear's Hook at 9 a.m., ran out to Sandy Hook Lighthouse, bore west
+and returned, a total of 53 miles under steam, reaching her slip at 5:20
+p.m. She was found to steer "like a pilot boat." This prolonged trial
+revealed that the stokehold was not sufficiently ventilated and more
+deck openings were required. The windsails used in existing hatches were
+inadequate. The paddle wheel was too low and had to be raised 18 inches,
+and there were still some desirable modifications to be made in the
+machinery.
+
+On September 11, 1815, she was again given a trial run. All alterations
+had been made, including the addition of hatches and raising the paddle
+wheel, and her battery was on board with all stores, supplies, and
+equipment. She had 26 long guns (32-pdr.), mounted on pivoted carriages,
+and now drew 10 feet 4 inches. On this day she left her slip at 8:38
+a.m. and went through the Narrows into the Lower Bay, where she
+maneuvered around the new frigate _Java_ at anchor there. The battery
+then was given a thorough trial under steam and sail and, with the ship
+underway, her guns were fired to see if concussion would damage the
+machinery. The vessel was found to be a practical one, capable of
+meeting the government's requirements in all respects; her speed was
+5-1/2 knots. However, the stokehold temperature had reached 116 deg.
+Fahrenheit! She returned to her slip at 7:00 p.m.
+
+On December 28, 1815, the Committee in a written report to the
+Secretary of the Navy,[5] gave a description of the vessel and praised
+her performance. At this time a set of plans was made by "Mr. Morgan,"
+of whom no other reference has appeared, and sent to the Navy
+Department. These cannot now be found. The Committee recommended the
+battery be commissioned and used for training purposes. This suggestion
+was not followed.
+
+The ship remained in her slip during the winter, and in June 1816 she
+was turned over to the Navy and delivered to Captain Samuel Evans,
+commandant of the New York Navy Yard. Captain Joseph Bainbridge was
+assigned to her command. However, she was not commissioned and soon
+after her delivery she was housed over and placed "in ordinary," that
+is, laid up. The final settlement showed that the Committee, as Navy
+agents, had paid out $286,162.12 with $872.00 unpaid, as well as a claim
+for $3,364.00 by Adam and Noah Brown, making a total of $290,398.12.
+
+The following year, on June 18, 1817, she was unroofed and put into
+service with a small crew. With President James Monroe on board, she
+left the Navy Yard about noon for a short trip to the Narrows and then
+to Staten Island and returned in the evening. The next day she was again
+placed "in ordinary."
+
+Four years later, in 1821, when her guns and machinery were removed, it
+was found that she was rapidly becoming rotten. She was then utilized as
+a receiving ship. At 2:30 p.m. on June 4, 1829, she blew up, killing 24
+men and 1 woman, with 19 persons listed as injured. Among those killed
+was one officer, Lt. S. M. Brackenridge. Two lieutenants and a Sailing
+Master were hurt, four midshipmen were severely injured, and five
+persons were listed as missing. The explosion of 2-1/2 barrels of
+condemned gunpowder was sufficient, due to her rotten condition, to
+destroy the ship completely. A Court of Inquiry blamed a 60-year-old
+gunner, who supposedly entered a magazine with a candle to get powder
+for the evening gun. It was stated to the court that about 300 pounds of
+powder in casks and in cartridges was on board the ship at the time.[3]
+
+She was not replaced until the coast-defense steamer _Fulton_ was built
+in 1837-38, though in 1822 the Navy purchased for $16,000 a "steam
+galliot" of 100 tons, the _Sea Gull_, to be used as a dispatch boat for
+the West Indian squadron engaged in suppressing piracy during 1823. In
+1825 she was laid up at Philadelphia, and in 1840 she was sold for
+$4,750.
+
+It is a curious fact that the battery did not receive an official name,
+as did the sailing blockship on the ways at New Orleans, which at the
+end of the War of 1812 was officially listed as the _Tchifonta_. Nor was
+the battery given a number, as were the gunboats. In official
+correspondence and lists, the steam battery is referred to as the
+"Fulton Steam Frigate," or as the "Steam Battery," but in later years
+she was referred to as the "Fulton" or "Fulton the First." Perhaps the
+explanation is that as she was the only one of her kind she was not
+numbered, and as she was not considered fit for coastal or extended
+ocean voyages, she was not given a name.
+
+
+Surviving Designs for Floating Batteries
+
+The designs of American blockships that have survived are those of the
+_Tchifonta_,[6] 145 feet long, 43-foot moulded beam, 8-foot 6-inch depth
+in hold, and about 152 feet 9 inches on deck. She was to carry a battery
+of 22 long guns (32-pdr.), on the main deck 12 carronades (42-pdr.), on
+forecastle and quarter decks. She was to have been rigged to rather
+lofty and very square topgallant sails, and would have been capable of
+sailing fairly well, though of rather shoal draft, drawing only about 8
+feet 6 inches when ready for service. She was sold on the stocks at the
+end of the war and her later history is not known.
+
+Another and earlier design for a blockship, or floating battery, was
+prepared by Christian Bergh for Captain Charles Stewart in 1806. This
+was a sailing vessel for the defense of the port of New York, planned to
+mount 40 guns (32-pdr.), on her two lower decks and 14 carronades
+(42-pdr.), on her spar deck. She was to be 103 feet 6 inches between
+perpendiculars, a 44-foot moulded beam, 10-foot depth of hold, and
+drawing about 9 feet when ready for service. She was intended to be
+ship-rigged, but was never built.[7] A few small sloop-rigged block
+vessels also were built during Jefferson's administration. The
+sloop-of-war _Saratoga_, built on Lake Champlain by the Browns, in 1813,
+was practically a blockship. A plan for a proposed "Guard Ship," or
+"Floating Battery," was made by James Marsh at Charleston, South
+Carolina, in 1814. This was an unrigged battery, 200 feet extreme
+length, 50-foot moulded beam, 9-foot depth of hold, to mount 32 guns
+(42-pdr.), on a flush deck, with a covering deck above.[8]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--DESIGN FOR AN UNRIGGED FLOATING BATTERY
+proposed by James Marsh, Charleston, South Carolina, March 14, 1814.]
+
+Through the courtesy of the trustees of the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England, the Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and the
+Statens Sjoehistoriska Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, the author has been
+able to illustrate in this article the designs of some of the early
+floating batteries.
+
+In the last quarter of the 18th century and later, the Danes had built
+sail-propelled floating batteries or blockships, which were employed in
+the defense of Copenhagen. The British built at least one sail-propelled
+battery, the _Spanker_, in 1794. This was a scow of very angular form
+with overhanging gun-deck, bomb-ketch-rigged, and about 120 feet overall
+42-foot 4 inches moulded beam and 8-foot depth of hold. She is said to
+have been a failure due to her unseaworthy proportions and form; the
+overhanging gun deck and sides were objected to in particular. She is
+called a "Stationary Battery" in her plans, which are in the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
+
+
+Controversial Descriptions
+
+The contemporary descriptions of the Fulton _Steam Battery_ do not
+agree. This was in part due to differences between the dimensions given
+out by Fulton during the negotiations with the Federal Government, and
+after the ship's construction was authorized. From the context of
+various statements concerning the projected vessel, such as that of the
+naval officers, the changes in the intended dimensions of the ship can
+be seen. For example, the officers state the model and plan shown them
+would produce a battery carrying 24 guns (24- and 32-pdrs.), and a letter
+from Fulton to Jones,[9] shows she was to be 138 feet on deck and
+55-foot beam. The final reported dimensions, given by the Supervisory
+Committee,[10] are 156 feet length, 56 feet beam, and 20 feet depth.
+
+In addition there are a few foreign accounts which give dimensions and
+descriptions. The most complete was probably that of Jean Baptiste
+Marestier, a French naval constructor who visited the United States soon
+after the end of the War of 1812 and published a report on American
+steamboats in 1824.[11] The _Steam Battery_ is barely mentioned though a
+drawing of one of her boilers is given. Marestier made another report on
+the American Navy, however. Extensive searches have been made for this
+in Paris over the last 14 years, but this paper has not been found in
+any of the French archives. References to the original text indicate
+that the naval report dealt very extensively with the _Steam Battery_.
+Some of his comments on the battery appeared in _Proces-verbaux des
+Seances de l'Academie des Sciences_.[12] Marestier considered the powers
+of the battery to have been overrated due to fanciful accounts of some
+laymen writers. He was aware of the shortcomings of the double hull in a
+steam vessel at the then-possible speeds, but he apparently thought two
+engines, one in each hull and each with its boilers would be better than
+Fulton's arrangement of boilers in one hull and engine in the other. He
+noted that the paddle wheel turned 16-18 rpm and that steam pressure
+sustained a column of mercury 25 to 35 centimeters. The safety valve was
+set at 50 centimeters. Fuel consumption was 3-5/8 cords of pine wood per
+hour.
+
+In view of the access Marestier is known to have had to American naval
+constructors, shipbuilders, and engineers, it is highly probable that he
+not only obtained the building plan of the ship but also some of the
+earlier project plans from the builders and from Fulton's
+superintendent, Stoudinger. It is, therefore, a great misfortune that
+his lengthy report on the _Battery_ cannot be produced.
+
+A French naval officer who investigated the ship, M. Montgery, also
+wrote a description, published in "Notice sur la Vie et les Travaux de
+Robert Fulton."[13]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.--FLOATING BATTERY _Spanker_ built, in England
+by William Barnard, at Deptford on the Thames, and launched June 14,
+1794. Rigged as a bomb ketch, its length is 111 feet 7 inches in the
+keel, extreme beam 42 feet 4 inches, depth of hold 8 feet. Upper deck
+plan also shown.]
+
+It should be noted in regard to what Montgery wrote about the
+_Battery_, that in 1821 it had been considered desirable to disarm the
+ship. The engineer in charge, William Purcell, had reported that as
+there were not proper scuppers, dirt and water had entered the hull and
+had collected under the engine and boilers, causing damage to the hull,
+and also that with guns removed, the _Battery_ would float too high for
+the paddle wheel to propel the vessel; so it had been decided to remove
+all machinery as well as the armament.
+
+Montgery's description, published in 1822, was taken from his report to
+the Minister of Marine and Colonies. It noted the battery was made of
+two hulls separated by a channel, or "race," 15-1/2 feet wide, running
+the full length of the vessel. The two hulls were joined by a deck just
+above the waterline, as well as by an upper deck, and also connected at
+their keels by means of 12 oak beams each 1 foot square. The vessel was
+152 feet long, 57 feet beam, and 20 feet deep. Sides were 4 feet 10
+inches thick, and the ends of the hull were rounded and alike. There
+were two rudders at each end, one on each hull, alongside the race. The
+eight paddle blades, each 14-1/2 feet by 3 feet, turned in either
+direction by stopping the engine piston at half-stroke and reversing the
+flow of steam. Rigged with two lateen sails and two jibs, the ship
+sailed either end first. The engine of 120 hp was in one hull and two
+boilers were in the other. Other sources, Marestier, and Colden in
+_Proces-verbaux des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences_,[14] gave
+additional information (some of it incorrect): the engine was inclined,
+with a 4-foot-diameter cylinder, 5-foot stroke, direct-connected to the
+paddle wheel, which was turned at 18 rpm. The boilers were 8 x 22 feet
+with the fireboxes in inside cylinders, each about 5 feet in diameter,
+and extending about half the length of the boiler from the fire doors.
+Two fire tubes, each about 3 feet in diameter, returned the gases from
+the inside end of the fireboxes to the stacks at the firing end. Except
+at the fire-door end, the firebox was completely surrounded by water.
+The boiler pressure of about 6 psi was not maintained, varying somewhat
+with each stroke of the engine.
+
+Water level in the boilers was indicated by try cocks. The safety valve
+was controlled by a counterbalanced lever. A jet of salt water was
+injected into the exhaust trunk to form a vacuum by condensation. An air
+pump transferred condensate and sea water into a tank from which it
+passed overboard. Only about a tenth of this water was returned to the
+boilers.
+
+Montgery stated also that only the lower or gun deck was to be armed. No
+bulwarks were on the spar deck, only iron stanchions to which were
+fastened a breastwork of wet cotton bales when the _Steam Battery_ was
+in action.
+
+The _Battery_ was designed to carry 30 guns (32-pdr.), with 3 guns in
+each end and 12 on each side, but no guns in the wake of paddle wheel
+and machinery. Hatches to give air to the stokehold were located
+amidships. The _Battery_ was to have been supplemented at the ends of
+each hull by a Columbiad "submarine gun" (100-pdr.), Fulton's invention,
+but these were not fitted. Provision was to be made in the fireboxes for
+heating shot, and a force pump with a cylinder 33 inches in diameter was
+employed to throw a stream of cold water, about 60-80 gallons per
+minute, for a distance of about two hundred feet. This could be done
+only when the paddle wheel was not in operation. The paddle wheel was
+housed, the top fitted with stairs to the spar deck. The gun deck, over
+the race, was used in part for staterooms, of which the bulkheads were
+permanent. Hammocks for the complement of 500 men were to be slung on
+the rest of the gun deck. The ship drew 10 feet 4 inches, with the port
+sills about 5-1/2 feet above the loadline. Burning wood, the vessel
+could carry about 4 days' supply of fuel; burning coal, she carried 12
+days' supply.
+
+Montgery said that the vessel would be vulnerable to bombshells and hot
+shot, and that furthermore she could be boarded. The displacement of the
+ship, at service draft, was 1,450 tons, a figure Montgery obtained from
+a copy of the original plan given him by Noah Brown.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.--FRENCH SKETCH, in Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, of
+inboard profile and arrangement of Fulton's _Steam Battery_, showing
+details of the Fulton engine, probably taken from one of his preliminary
+designs.]
+
+In 1935, Lieutenant Ralph R. Gurley, USN, attempted a reconstruction in
+sketches of the vessel published in his article "The U.S.S. _Fulton_ the
+First" in the _U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings_.[15] This
+reconstruction was based on the Patent Office drawing prepared for
+Fulton, and published by Stuart and Bennett, and the foregoing French
+sources. The Patent Office drawing showed the engine was an inclined
+cylinder and Lt. Gurley shows this in his sketch; in his text (p. 323)
+he says, "The engine was an inclined, single-cylinder affair with a
+4-foot base and a 5-foot stroke." Gurley's attempt to reconstruct the
+_Steam Battery_ is the only one known to the author.
+
+
+Copenhagen Plans
+
+In 1960, Kjeld Rasmussen, naval architect of the Danish Greenland
+Company, was requested by the author to inspect in the Danish Royal
+Archives at Copenhagen a folio of American ship plans, the index of
+which had listed some Civil War river monitors. Mr. Rasmussen found the
+monitor plans had been withdrawn but discovered that three plans of
+Fulton's _Steam Battery_ existed, as well as plans of the first
+_Princeton_, a screw sloop-of-war.
+
+Copies of the _Steam Battery's_ plans were obtained at Copenhagen in
+September 1960 through the courtesy of the archivist, and were found to
+consist of the lines, copied in 1817, an inboard profile and
+arrangement, and a sail and rigging plan. From these the reconstruction
+for a scale model was drawn and is presented here with reproductions of
+the original drawings upon which the reconstruction is based.
+
+It is apparent that Montgery's description is generally accurate. The
+vessel is a catamaran, made of two hulls, double-ended and exactly
+alike. The outboard sides are "moulded," with round bilges, the inboard
+sides are straight and flat, as though a hull had been split along the
+middle line and then planked up flat where split. The hulls are
+separated by the race, in which the paddle wheel is placed at
+mid-length. The topsides are made elliptical at the ends, and the
+midsection shows a marked tumble-home over the thick topside planking
+but less on the moulded lines.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.]
+
+The lines plan agreed rather closely to Montgery's description of the
+hull. After careful fairing it was found the lines drawing would produce
+a vessel 153 feet 2 inches overall outside the stems, or about 151 feet
+over the planked rabbets, with a moulded beam of 56 feet and extreme
+beam of 58 feet. The moulded depth was 22 feet 9 inches and the width of
+the race was 14 feet 10 inches, plank to plank. The room and space of
+framing shown was 2 feet. The designed draft appears to be 13 feet and
+this would bring the port sills 5 feet 6 inches above the loadline and
+the underside of the gun-deck beams about 2 feet 9 inches above the
+loadline.
+
+The lines plan is a Danish copy, probably of the building plan by Noah
+Brown, and may be based on the plan Montgery obtained from Brown. The
+spar deck has the iron stanchions (Gurley translated these as
+"chandeliers") which are set inboard 4 feet from the plank-sheer. This
+gives room for cotton bales, outboard the stanchions, to form a
+barricade. As will be seen by comparing the original Danish drawing with
+the model drawing, the construction indicates that the iron stanchions
+should be carried around the ends of the hull in the same manner as
+along the sides, since the lower ends of the iron stanchions pass
+through the spar deck and are secured to the inside of the inner ceiling
+of the gun deck. The rudders are as shown in the Danish drawing, and it
+is supposed that they were operated ferryboat fashion, one at each end
+of the vessel. Hence, each pair of rudders was toggled together by a
+cross-yoke. This was probably operated by a tiller (possibly the
+cross-yokes and tillers were of iron) pivoted under the beams of the gun
+deck close to the ends of the ship. Tiller ropes led from a tackle under
+the gun-deck through trunks to the spar deck, where the wheels were
+placed. This allowed proper sweep to the tillers and operation of each
+pair of rudders. The paddle wheel was apparently of iron, with wooden
+blades, and agrees with Montgery's description. In the plan for the
+model it is shown raised 18 inches above the original design position,
+to agree with trial requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.--ORIGINAL LINES OF ROBERT FULTON'S _Steam
+Battery_, a Danish copy dated September 12, 1817; found in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.]
+
+It should be observed that the close CL-to-CL frame spacing created a
+hull having frames touching one another, at least to above the turn of
+the bilge, so the vessel was almost solid timber, before being planked
+and ceiled, from keel to about the loadline. The sides are not only
+heavily planked but, after the frames were ceiled with extraordinarily
+heavy, square timbering, a supplementary solid, vertical framing was
+introduced inboard and another ceiling added. The sides scale about 5
+feet from outside the plank to the inboard face of the inner ceiling at
+the level of the gunports.
+
+The hulls were tied together athwartship by the deck beams of the gun
+deck and spar deck, except in the wake of the paddle wheel. Knees were
+placed along the sides of the race at alternate gun-deck beams. In
+addition, the 12 1-foot-square timbers, crossing the race at the rabbets
+of the hulls, (mentioned by Montgery) are shown. These must have created
+extraordinary resistance, even at the low speed of this steamer. The
+deck details shown are the results of reconstruction of the inboard
+works.
+
+
+History of Double-Hull Craft
+
+The use of catamaran hulls, or "double-hulls," has been periodically
+popular with ship designers since the time of Charles II of England. The
+earliest of such vessels known in the present day were four sloops or
+shallops designed 1673-1687 by Sir William Petty, who was an inventor in
+the field of naval architecture and received some attention from Charles
+II and from the Royal Society.
+
+The first Petty experiment, the _Simon & Jude_, later called _Invention
+I_, was launched October 28, 1662. She was designed with two hulls
+cylindrical in cross section, each 2 feet in diameter, and 20 feet long.
+A platform connected the hulls, giving the boat a beam of a little over
+9 feet. She had a 20-foot mast stepped on one of the crossbeams
+connecting the hulls, with a single gaff sail. In sailing trials she
+beat three fast boats: the King's barge, a large pleasure boat, and a
+man-of-war's boat. This "double-bottom," also called a "sluiceboat" or
+"cylinder," was later lengthened at the stern to make her 30 feet
+overall.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.]
+
+The King did not support Petty, to the latter's great disappointment,
+and Petty next built a larger double-bottom, _Invention II_. This
+catamaran was lapstrake construction. Not much is known of this boat
+except that she beat the regular Irish packet boat, running between
+Holyhead and Dublin, in a race each way, winning a L20 wager. She was
+launched in July 1663; what became of her was not recorded.
+
+A third and still larger boat, the _Experiment_, launched December 22,
+1664, appears to have been a large sloop. This vessel sailed by way of
+the Thames in April 1665 and went to Oporto, Portugal. She left Portugal
+October 20, 1665, for home, but apparently went down with all hands in a
+severe storm.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.--DANISH COPY OF ORIGINAL SAIL PLAN of Robert
+Fulton's _Steam Battery_, dated September 12, 1817, in Rigsarkivet,
+Copenhagen.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.--LINES OF FULTON'S _Steam Battery_, as
+reconstructed for a model in the Museum of History and Technology.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.--A RECONSTRUCTION OF INBOARD WORKS of the
+_Steam Battery_, for construction of the model in the Museum of History
+and Technology.]
+
+For 18 years Petty did no more with the type, but finally, in July
+1684, he laid down a still larger sloop with two decks and a mast
+standing 55 feet above her upper deck. She was named _St. Michael the
+Archangel_ and is probably the design in Pepys' _Book of Miscellaneous
+Illustrations_ in Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. This vessel
+proved unmanageable and was a complete failure.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.--MODEL LINES REDRAWN to outside of plank to
+show hydrodynamic form of the _Steam Battery_.]
+
+Though the double canoes of the Pacific Islands were probably known to
+some in Europe in 1662, there is no evidence that Petty based his
+designs on such craft. He appears to have produced his designs
+spontaneously from independent observations and resulting theories.
+Before Petty concluded his experiments, a number of double-hull craft
+had been produced by others; however, some "double" craft, such as
+"double shallops" may have been "double-enders," as shown by a
+"double-moses boat" of the 18th century and later.[16]
+
+The use of two canoes, joined by a platform or by poles was common in
+colonial times; in Maryland and Virginia, dugouts so joined were used to
+transport tobacco down the tidal creeks to vessels' loading. Such craft
+were also used as ferries. M. V. Brewington's _Chesapeake Bay Log
+Canoes_[17] and Paul Wilstack's _Potomac Landings_[18] illustrate canoes
+used in this manner. A catamaran galley, two round-bottom hulls, flat on
+the inboard side (a hull split along the centerline and the inboard
+faces planked up), 113 feet long and each hull a 7-foot moulded beam,
+6-foot 6 inches moulded depth, and placed 13 feet apart, was proposed by
+Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., in the 1790's, and built by the British
+Admiralty. Named _Taurus_, she is shown by the Admiralty draught to have
+been a double-ender, with cabins amidships on the platform, an iron
+rudder at each end (between the hulls) steered with tillers (to unship),
+and with a ramp at one end. The plans are undated, signed by Captain Sir
+Sidney Smith, and a field-carriage gun is shown at the ramp end of the
+boat. This, and the heavy rocker in the keels, suggests the _Taurus_ was
+intended for a landing boat. No sailing rig is indicated, but tholes for
+12 oars or sweeps on each side are shown. The oarsmen apparently sat on
+deck, or on low seats, with stretchers in hatches between each pair of
+tholes (Admiralty Collection of Draughts, The National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England).
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.--GENERAL PLAN of the _Taurus_, a catamaran
+galley gunboat proposed by Sir Sidney Smith, R.N., to the British
+Admiralty in the early years of the French Revolution. From the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+Another experimenter with the double-hull type of vessel was a wealthy
+Scot named Patrick Miller who was particularly interested in manual
+propulsion of vessels, employing geared capstans to operate paddle
+wheels. In a letter dated June 9, 1790, Miller offered Gustav III of
+Sweden a design for a double-hulled 144-gun ship-of-the-line (rating as
+a 130-gun ship) propelled by manually operated capstans connected to a
+paddle wheel between the hulls. She was rigged to sail, with five masts
+and was to be 246 feet long, 63 feet beam, and 17 feet draft; the hulls
+were 16 feet apart.
+
+This project was submitted by the King to Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, the
+great Swedish naval architect, who made an adverse report. Chapman
+pointed out in great detail that the weight of the armament, the
+necessary hull structure, the stores, crew, ammunition, spars, sails,
+rigging and gear, would greatly exceed Miller's designed displacement.
+He also pointed out the prime fault of catamarans under sail--slow
+turning in stays. He suggested that the speed under sail would be
+disappointing. He doubted that a double-hull ship of such size could be
+built strong enough to stand a heavy sea. He remarked that English
+records showed that a small vessel of the catamaran type had been built
+between 1680 and 1700 which had sailed well (this may have been one of
+Petty's boats), and that "36 years ago" he had seen 8 miles from London,
+a similar boat that had been newly built by Lord Baltimore and was about
+50 feet long; this was a failure and was discarded after one trial.
+Therefore, said Chapman, the Miller project was not new but rather an
+old idea. Chapman's final remark is perhaps the best illustration of his
+opinion of the catamaran, "Despite all this, two-hull vessels are
+completely sound when the theory can be properly applied; that is in
+vessels of very light weight, and of small size, with crews of one or
+two men."
+
+A "model" of such a double-hull ship--the _Experiment_, built at Leith,
+Scotland, in 1786 by J. Laurie--was sent to Sweden by Miller. She was
+105 feet long, 31 feet beam, and cost L3000. This vessel arrived in the
+summer of 1790 and King Gustav in a letter dated July 26 ordered Col.
+Michael Anckerswaerd to welcome the vessel at Stockholm. The King
+presented Miller with a gold snuffbox and a painting was made of the
+vessel. The _Experiment_ had five paddle wheels in tandem between her
+hulls, operated by geared capstans on deck. These gave her a speed of 5
+knots but caused the crew to suffer from exhaustion in a short time. The
+vessel was badly strained in a storm and was finally abandoned at St.
+Petersburg, Russia.[19]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.]
+
+Miller later turned to the idea of employing steam instead of manual
+power and built a 25-foot double-hulled pleasure boat of iron fitted
+with a steam engine built by William Symington. Also named _Experiment_,
+she was an apparent success, so Miller had a 60-foot boat built of the
+double-hull design and fitted with an engine built by Symington. She
+reached a speed of 7 mph on the Forth and Clyde Canal. However, Miller
+lost interest when he found that the Symington engine was unreliable and
+that Great Britain showed very little public support for such projects.
+
+Fulton was acquainted with Symington's work and probably had heard of
+Miller's vessels. At any rate, he employed the double-hull principle in
+his steam ferryboats, the first of which was the _Jersey_, a 188-ton
+vessel built by Charles Browne, which began service July 2, 1812. The
+next year he had a sister ship built, the _York_. These vessels were
+based on his patent drawing of 1809. In 1814 he had another vessel of
+this type built, the _Nassau_. It was, therefore, logical that he should
+apply this design to the _Steam Battery_. The double-hull design had
+worked well in these ferries, and the design would give protection from
+shot to the paddle wheel. The _Battery_ would have the ability to run
+forward or astern so as not to be exposed to a raking fire from the
+enemy while maneuvering in action. The application of this "ferryboat"
+principle to the _Battery_ reduced the need for extreme maneuverability,
+the catamaran's weakest point, even at low speed.
+
+The resistance factors in the design are of relatively small importance,
+for the speed possible under steam in this period was very low. However,
+the plans show an apparently efficient hull form for the power
+available, aside from the drag of the beams across the race in the
+vicinity of the keel. The displacement was adequate. The height of the
+gun-deck above the water at the race made the _Battery_ unsuitable for
+rough-water operation, but there is no evidence that Fulton or the
+sponsors of the vessel considered the _Battery_ as a coastwise or
+seagoing steamer. However, the clearance of the gun deck above the water
+and the dip of the paddle wheel would have made the additional weight of
+an upper- or spar-deck battery prohibitive even had experience in action
+proven it desirable.
+
+
+Sail and Inboard Plans
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.--LINES OF _Taurus_. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+The sail and rigging plan is likewise a Danish copy and shows the
+two-masted lateen rig employed. The hull is shown with bulwarks and
+gunports on the spar deck but no other evidence that the _Battery_ was
+finished in this manner has been found. The rig resembles that of some
+of Josiah Fox's designs for Jeffersonian gunboats--double-enders
+designed to sail in either direction but without the jibs. The topmasts
+do not appear to be more than signal poles and apparently were not
+fitted with sails; however, some European lateeners did have triangular
+topsails over a lateen and it is possible the _Battery_ may have carried
+such sails. Considering the stability and displacement of the _Battery_,
+the rig is very small and not sufficiently effective. Shrouds were not
+required; the masts were supported by runners that were shifted when the
+yards were reversed, and in tacking. Apparently the jibstays also could
+be slacked off so that the lateen yards would not have to be dipped
+under them.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.--RUDDER DETAIL of _Taurus_. From the Admiralty
+Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+The inboard profile is on tracing paper and the notes are in French.
+This drawing is of a simplified hull form having flat-bottom hulls with
+chines. It is possible that this is a tracing of a preliminary drawing
+obtained by Marestier or Montgery, but no documentation can be found.
+Its importance is that it shows in some detail the engine and boilers,
+as well as the wheelbox, and another drawing of the paddle wheel, more
+or less duplicating the wheel shown in the Danish plan. No details of
+the deck arrangements are shown in any of the plans, except for the dome
+skylight over the fireroom in the boiler hull.
+
+Both the lines plan and the inboard drawing show construction
+midsections and hull connections. These plans show that the engine was
+not inclined, but rather was vertical, contrary to Fulton's patent
+drawing. The piston rod and the crosshead obviously passed through its
+gun deck in a large hatch. Also it is plain that there must have been
+large hatches afore and abaft the wheelbox to make the stepped wheelbox
+construction desirable. There also must have been a hatch in the gun
+deck under the domed skylight. It is improbable that the engine and
+skylight hatches were used for ladderways, passing scuttles, or
+companionways.
+
+The boilers are shown in the inboard profile about as described and
+drawn by Marestier but with two stacks on each boiler, one to each flue;
+Marestier's sketch in his report on American steamships shows the flues
+of each boiler trunked into a single stack. The battery had two boilers
+and the stacks are at the boilers' fire-door end. The steam lines came
+off the crown of the boilers and probably passed through the ends of the
+wheelbox to the engine; a trunk for the steam lines would undoubtedly
+have been necessary.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.--SKETCH OF 130-GUN SHIP proposed by Patrick
+Miller to King Gustav III of Sweden in 1790. In Statens Sjoehistoriska
+Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.--PATRICK MILLER'S manually propelled
+(paddle-wheel) catamaran ship _Experiment_, built at Leith, Scotland,
+1786. Scale drawing in Statens Sjoehistoriska Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+The engine is shown to have had counterbalanced side levers, one on
+each side, and a single flywheel on the outboard side. The cylinder is
+over the condenser or "cistern," connected by the steam line and valve
+box on the side. The cylinder crosshead is shown in the inboard profile
+to have reached the underside of the beams of the upper deck. The
+crosshead was connected by two connecting rods to the side levers. These
+levers operated the paddle wheel by connecting rods to cranks on the
+paddle-wheel shaft. There is another pair of connecting rods from the
+side levers to the crosshead of the air pump. All connecting rods are on
+one arm of the side levers, the other end having only a counterbalance
+weight beyond the fulcrum bearing. The flywheel has a shaft fitted with
+two gears, and is driven through idler gears from gears on the
+paddle-wheel shaft; it turns at about twice the speed of the paddle
+wheel. No other pumps or fittings are shown in the engine hull, although
+manual pumps were probably fitted to fill and empty the boilers. Piping
+is not shown.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.--PAINTING OF THE _Experiment_ in the Statens
+Sjoehistoriska Museum, Stockholm.]
+
+The four rudders, toggled in pairs, are shown in both the lines and
+inboard drawings, but the shape is different in the two plans. Operation
+must have been by a tiller under the gun-deck beams. The outer end of
+the tiller may have been pivoted on the toggle bar and the inboard end
+fitted, as previously described, with steering cable or chain tackles.
+This seems to be the only practical interpretation of the evidence.
+
+
+Reconstructing the Plans
+
+In the model it was necessary to reconstruct the deck arrangements
+without enough contemporary description. The outboard appearance and
+hull form, rig, and arrangement of armament require no reconstruction,
+for all that is of importance is shown in the lines and rig drawings, or
+in the inboard profile. The masts are shown to have been stepped over
+the race on the gun deck. The iron stanchions are shown in the lines
+drawing and in the construction section. However, their position at the
+ends of the _Battery_ are apparently incorrectly shown in the original
+lines plan. The construction section shows these stanchions to have been
+stepped on the inside face of the inner ceiling and, as the ceiling
+structure was carried completely around the ship, the stanchions in the
+ends must have been placed inboard, as along the sides. The bowsprit was
+above deck and would probably be secured in the knighthead timbers at
+the ends of the hull, as well as by the heel bitts shown in the Danish
+lines drawing. With the riding bitts shown inboard of the heel bitts at
+each end of the vessel, it is obvious that she would work her ground
+tackle at both ends and would therefore require two capstans; the
+wheelbox would prevent effective use of a single one. The capstans might
+be doubleheaded, as in some large frigates and ships-of-the-line.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18.--SAIL PLAN OF FULTON'S _Steam Battery_ as
+reconstructed for model in the Museum of History and Technology.]
+
+As to the remaining deck fixtures, hatches and fittings, these must be
+entirely a matter of speculation. Ladderways, passing scuttles, hatches,
+trunks, galley, heads and cabins were obviously required in a fighting
+ship and can only be located on the theory that, when completed, the
+_Battery_ was a practical vessel.
+
+It has been stated that the officers' cabins were over the race; the
+logical place for the heads, galley, wardroom and mess also would be
+over the race, giving the remaining part of the gun deck for the
+necessary hatches, ladderways, trunks, etc., in the two hulls, space
+required for armament, and to sling the hammocks of a watch below. As
+the vessel was never fully manned, apparently, the space for hammocks is
+not a serious problem in a reconstruction. If the vessel had been manned
+as proposed by 500 men, hammocks for over 200 would have been required,
+which would give very crowded quarters in view of the limited space
+available.
+
+Though no specific requirements were stated in the reports of the
+trials, it seems reasonable to suppose that additional hatches were cut
+in the decks to improve the fireroom ventilation. In the reconstruction
+drawings, these hatchways as well as the other deck openings and deck
+fittings--such as bilge pumps, companionways, skylights, binnacles,
+wheels and wheel-rope trunks, cable trunks, steampipe casings, and stack
+fiddleys--have been located in an effort to meet the imagined
+requirements of the working of a ship of this unusual form.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 19.--MODEL OF _Steam Battery_ in the Museum of
+History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo 63990-E.)]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 20.--LINES OF STEAMER _Congo_, built in 1815-1816
+for the British Admiralty and converted to a sailing survey vessel. From
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]
+
+There are some unanswered questions that arose in the preparation of
+the reconstruction drawings. As has been shown, the original inboard
+arrangement plan found in Copenhagen shows four smokestacks, while
+Marestier's sketch of the vessel's boilers shows trunked flues
+indicating that two stacks were used. It is possible that the boilers
+were first fitted so that four stacks were required; alterations made as
+a result of steaming trials may well have included the introduction of
+trunked flues and the final use of two stacks in line fore-and-aft. This
+would have required a rearrangement of the fiddley hatches amidships.
+
+Another troublesome question was the doubtful arrangement of the four
+companionways on the spar deck. Perhaps only two were fitted, one on
+each side of the officers' staterooms while the ladderways at the crew's
+end of the ship were simple ladder hatches.
+
+The decision to use four bilge pumps is based upon the lack of drag in
+the keel of the hulls, which would prevent accumulation of bilge water
+at one end of the hull. The use of four single-barrel pumps instead of
+four double-barrel pumps may be questioned, for chain pumps requiring
+two barrels would have been practical.
+
+Allowance for stores was made by use of platforms in the hold. It is
+known from statements made to the Court of Inquiry, that the magazines
+were amidships and that a part of these was close to the boilers. Fuel
+and water would be in the lower hold under the platforms; hatches and
+ladderways are arranged to permit fueling the ship.
+
+A few prints or drawings of the ship, aside from the patent drawing,
+have been found. There are two prints that show the launch of the
+vessel. One, a print of 1815, is in possession of the Mariners' Museum,
+Newport News, Va., and is reproduced in Alexander Crosby Brown's _Twin
+Ships, Notes on the Chronological History of the Use of Multiple Hulled
+Vessels_.[20] A poor copy of this print appears on page 13 of Bennett's
+_Steam Navy of the United States_, and another and inaccurate sketch is
+shown on page 8. These pictures were of no use in the reconstruction as
+they show no details that are not in the Copenhagen plans. The patent
+drawing does not show deck details and in fact does not represent the
+vessel as built in any respect other than in being a catamaran with
+paddle wheel amidships between the hulls.
+
+The _Steam Battery_ did not have any particular influence on the design
+of men-of-war that followed her. In the first place, steampower was not
+viewed with favor by naval officers generally. This was without doubt
+due to prejudice, but engines in 1820-30 were still unreliable when
+required to run for long periods, as experienced by the early
+ocean-going steamers. The great weight of the early steam engines and
+their size in relation to power were important, and also important were
+practical objections that prevented the design of efficient naval ocean
+steamers until about 1840; even then, the paddle wheels made them very
+vulnerable in action. Until the introduction of the screw propellor it
+was not possible to design a really effective ocean-going naval steamer;
+hence until about 1840-45, sail remained predominant in naval vessels
+for ocean service, and steamers were accepted only in coast defense and
+towing services, or as dispatch vessels.
+
+No immediate use of the double hull in naval vessels of the maritime
+powers resulted from the construction of the _Steam Battery_. The
+flat-bottom chine-built design employed by Fulton in _North River_,
+_Raritan_, and other early steamboats was utilized in the design for a
+projected steamer by the British Admiralty in 1815-16. This vessel was
+about 76 feet overall, 16-foot beam, and 8-foot 10 inches depth in hold.
+Her design was for a flat-bottom, chine-built hull with no fore-and-aft
+camber in the bottom, a sharp entrance, and a square-tuck stern with
+slight overhang above the cross-seam. Her side frames were straight and
+vertical amidships, but curved as the bow and stern were approached. She
+was to be a side-paddle-wheel steamer, and her hull was diagonally
+braced; the wheel and engine were to be about amidships where she was
+dead flat for about 14 feet. However, the engine and boilers were not
+installed; the engine was utilized ashore for pumping, and the vessel
+was completed in the Deptford Yard as a sailing ship. Under the name
+_Congo_ she was employed in the African coast survey. Her plan is in the
+Admiralty Collection of Draughts, at the National Maritime Museum,
+Greenwich, England.
+
+The double hull continued to be employed in both steam and team
+ferryboats in the United States and in England and France. A few river
+and lake steamers were also built with this design of hull. Continued
+efforts to obtain fast sailing by use of the double hull produced a
+number of sailing catamarans; of these the Herreshoff catamarans of the
+1870's showed high speed when reaching in a fresh breeze.
+
+Designs for double-hulled steamers appeared during the last half of the
+19th century; in 1874 the _Castalia_, a large, double-hull, iron,
+cross-channel steamer, was built by the Thames Iron-works Company at
+Blackwall, England. She was 290 feet long, and each hull had a beam of
+17 feet. The paddle wheel was placed between the hulls and, ready for
+sea, she drew 6-1/2 feet. She ran the 22 miles between Dover and Calais
+in 1 hour and 50 minutes, a speed much slower than that of the
+paddle-wheel, cross-channel steamers having one hull. Another
+double-hull steamer was built for this service by Hawthorn, Leslie and
+Company, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Scotland, in 1877. First named _Express_,
+she was renamed _Calais-Douvres_ when she went into service in May 1878.
+Her length was 302 feet, her extreme beam 62 feet, and each hull had a
+beam of 18 feet, 3 inches. She drew 6-foot 7-1/2 inches ready for sea
+and the paddle wheel was between the hulls. On her trials she made 14
+knots and burned coal excessively. Sold to France in 1880, she was taken
+out of service in 1889. Though popular, she was not faster than the
+single-hull steamers in this service and had been a comparatively
+expensive vessel to build and operate.
+
+The many attempts to produce a very fast double-hull steamer and large
+sailing vessels have led to disappointment for their designers and
+sponsors. In the history of naval architecture, since Petty's time,
+there have been a number of periods when the new-old idea of the double
+hull has become popular. Craft of this type have been commonly well
+publicized but, on the whole, their basic designs have followed the same
+principles over and over again and have not produced the sought-for
+increase in speed and handiness.
+
+In very recent years there has been a revival in interest in sailing
+double-hull boats that is enthusiastic as to very small craft and
+somewhat restrained as to large boats. A few projects are under
+development for double-hull craft, power and sail, of over 90-foot
+length, including an oceanographic research vessel. In general, however,
+the performance of double-hull boats has shown that Chapman's estimate
+of the type was reasonably correct and that there are limitations,
+particularly in maneuverability in the double-hull craft that could have
+been found by reference to the history of past experiments with the
+type.
+
+
+NAVAL STEAMERS.
+
+
+THE DEMOLOGOS; OR, FULTON THE FIRST.
+
+At the close of the year eighteen hundred and thirteen, Robert Fulton
+exhibited to the President of the United States, the original drawing
+from which the engraving on Plate One is sketched, being a
+representation of the proposed war-steamer or floating-battery, named by
+him, the Demologos. This sketch possesses more than ordinary interest,
+from the circumstance that it is, doubtless, the only record of the
+_first war-steamer in the world_, designed and drawn by the immortal
+Fulton, and represented by him to the Executive, as capable of carrying
+a strong battery, with furnaces for red hot shot, and being propelled by
+the power of steam, at the rate of _four_ miles an hour.
+
+It was contemplated that this vessel, besides carrying her proposed
+armament on deck, should also be furnished with submarine guns, two
+suspended from each bow, so as to discharge a hundred pound ball into an
+enemy's ship at ten or twelve feet below her water-line. In addition to
+this, her machinery was calculated for the addition of an engine which
+would discharge an immense column of water upon the decks, and through
+the port-holes of an enemy, making her the most formidable engine for
+warfare that human ingenuity has contrived.
+
+The estimated cost of the vessel was three hundred and twenty thousand
+dollars, nearly the sum requisite for a frigate of the first class.
+
+The project was zealously embraced by the Executive, and the national
+legislature in March, eighteen hundred and fourteen, passed a law,
+authorizing the President of the United States to cause to be built,
+equipped, and employed, one or more floating batteries, for the defense
+of the waters of the United States.
+
+The building of the vessel was committed by the Coast and Harbor Defense
+Association, to a sub-committee of five gentlemen, who were recognized
+by the Government as their agents for that purpose, and whose
+interesting history of the Steam Frigate is copied in Note A, of the
+Appendix to this volume.
+
+Robert Fulton, whose soul animated the enterprise, was appointed the
+engineer; and on the twentieth day of June, eighteen hundred and
+fourteen, the keel of this novel steamer was laid at the ship-yard of
+Adam and Noah Brown, her able and active constructors, in the city of
+New York, and on the twenty-ninth of the following October, or in little
+more than four months, she was safely launched, in the presence of
+multitudes of spectators who thronged the surrounding shores, and were
+seen upon the hills which limited the beautiful prospect around the bay
+of New York.
+
+The river and bay were filled with steamers and vessels of war, in
+compliment to the occasion. In the midst of these was the enormous
+floating mass, whose bulk and unwieldy form seemed to render her as
+unfit for motion, as the land batteries which were saluting her.
+
+In a communication from Captain David Porter, U. S. Navy, to the Hon.
+Secretary of the Navy, dated New York, October 29, 1814, he states,--"I
+have the pleasure to inform you that the "FULTON THE FIRST," was this
+morning safely launched. No one has yet ventured to suggest any
+improvement that could be made in the vessel, and to use the words of
+the projector, '_I would not alter her if it were in my power to do
+so._'
+
+"She promises fair to meet our most sanguine expectations, and I do not
+despair in being able to navigate in her from one extreme of our coast
+to the other. Her buoyancy astonishes every one, she now draws _only
+eight feet three inches water_, and her draft will only be _ten_ feet
+with all her guns, machinery, stores, and crew, on board. The ease with
+which she can now be towed with a single steamboat, renders it certain
+that her velocity will be sufficiently great to answer every purpose,
+and the manner it is intended to secure her machinery from the gunner's
+shot, leaves no apprehension for its safety. I shall use every exertion
+to prepare her for immediate service; her guns will soon be mounted, and
+I am assured by Mr. Fulton, that her machinery will be in operation in
+about six weeks."
+
+On the twenty-first of November, the Steam Frigate was moved from the
+wharf of Messrs. Browns, in the East River, to the works of Robert
+Fulton, on the North River, to receive her machinery, which operation
+was performed by fastening the steamboat "Car of Neptune," to her
+larboard, and the steamboat "Fulton," to her starboard side; they towed
+her through the water from three and a-half to four miles per hour.
+
+The dimensions of the "Fulton the First" were:--
+
+     Length, one hundred and fifty-six feet.
+
+     Breadth, fifty-six feet.
+
+     Depth, twenty feet.
+
+     Water-wheel, sixteen feet diameter.
+
+     Length of bucket, fourteen feet.
+
+     Dip, four feet.
+
+     Engine, forty-eight inch cylinder, and five feet stroke.
+
+     Boiler, length, twenty-two feet; breath, twelve feet; and depth,
+     eight feet.
+
+     Tonnage, two thousand four hundred and seventy-five.
+
+By June, eighteen hundred and fifteen, her engine was put on board, and
+she was so far completed as to afford an opportunity of trying her
+machinery. On the first of June, at ten o'clock in the morning, the
+"Fulton the First," propelled by her own steam and machinery, left the
+wharf near the Brooklyn ferry, and proceeded majestically into the
+river; though a stiff breeze from the south blew directly ahead, she
+stemmed the current with perfect ease, as the tide was a strong ebb. She
+sailed by the forts and saluted them with her thirty-two pound guns. Her
+speed was equal to the most sanguine expectations; she exhibited a novel
+and sublime spectacle to an admiring people. The intention of the
+Commissioners being solely to try her enginery, no use was made of her
+sails. After navigating the bay, and receiving a visit from the officers
+of the French ship of war lying at her anchors, the Steam Frigate came
+to at Powles' Hook ferry, about two o'clock in the afternoon, without
+having experienced a single unpleasant occurrence.
+
+On the fourth of July, of the same year, she made a passage to the ocean
+and back, and went the distance, which, in going and returning, is
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes, without the aid of
+sails; the wind and tide were partly in her favor and partly against
+her, the balance rather in her favor.
+
+In September, she made another trial trip to the ocean, and having at
+this time the weight of her whole armament on board, she went at an
+average of five and a half miles an hour, with and against the tide.
+When stemming the tide, which ran at the rate of three miles an hour,
+she advanced at the rate of two and a-half miles an hour. This
+performance was not more than equal to Robert Fulton's expectations, but
+it exceeded what he had premised to the Government, which was that she
+should be propelled by steam at the rate of from three to four miles an
+hour.
+
+The English were not uninformed as to the preparations which were
+making for them, nor inattentive to their progress. It is certain that
+the Steam Frigate lost none of her terrors in the reports or
+imaginations of the enemy. In a treatise on steam vessels, published in
+Scotland at that time, the author states that he has taken great care to
+procure _full_ and _accurate_ information of the Steam Frigate launched
+in New York, and which he describes in the following words:--
+
+"Length on deck, _three hundred feet_; breadth, _two hundred feet_;
+thickness of her sides, _thirteen feet_ of alternate oak plank and cork
+wood--carries forty-four guns, four of which are _hundred pounders_;
+quarter-deck and forecastle guns, forty-four pounders; and further to
+annoy an enemy attempting to board, can discharge _one hundred gallons
+of boiling water in a minute_, and by mechanism, brandishes _three
+hundred cutlasses_ with the utmost regularity over her gunwales; works
+also an equal number of heavy iron pikes of great length, darting them
+from her sides with prodigious force, and withdrawing them every quarter
+of a minute"!!
+
+The war having terminated before the "_Fulton the First_" was entirely
+completed, she was taken to the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, and moored on the
+flats abreast of that station, where she remained, and was used as a
+receiving-ship until the fourth of June, eighteen hundred and
+twenty-nine, when she was blown up. The following letters from Commodore
+Isaac Chauncey (then Commandant of the New York Navy Yard) to the
+Honorable Secretary of the Navy, informing him of the distressing event,
+concludes this brief history of the _first steam vessel of war ever
+built_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+U. S. NAVY YARD, NEW YORK,
+_June 5th, 1829_.
+
+SIR:
+
+It becomes my painful duty to report to you a most unfortunate
+occurrence which took place yesterday, at about half past two o'clock,
+P. M., in the accidental blowing up of the Receiving Ship Fulton, which
+killed twenty-four men and a woman, and wounded nineteen; there are also
+five missing. Amongst the killed I am sorry to number Lieutenant S. M.
+Brackenridge, a very fine, promising officer, and amongst the wounded
+are, Lieutenants Charles F. Platt, and A. M. Mull, and Sailing-Master
+Clough, the former dangerously, and the two last severely; there are
+also four Midshipmen severely wounded. How this unfortunate accident
+occurred I am not yet able to inform you, nor have I time to state more
+particularly; I will, as soon as possible, give a detailed account of
+the affair.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+  Very respectfully,
+    J. CHAUNCEY.
+
+HON. JOHN BRANCH,
+  _Secretary of the Navy, Washington._
+
+U.S. NAVY YARD, NEW YORK,
+_June 8th, 1829_.
+
+Sir:
+
+I had been on board the "Fulton" all the morning, inspecting the ship
+and men, particularly the sick and invalids, which had increased
+considerably from other ships, and whom I had intended to ask the
+Department permission to discharge, as being of little use to the
+service. I had left the ship but a few moments before the explosion took
+place, and was in my office at the time. The report did not appear to me
+louder than a thirty-two pounder, although the destruction of the ship
+was complete and entire, owing to her very decayed state, for there was
+not on board, at the time, more than two and a-half barrels of damaged
+powder, which was kept in the magazine for the purpose of firing the
+morning and evening gun. It appears to me that the explosion could not
+have taken place from accident, as the magazine was as well, or better
+secured, than the magazines of most of our ships, yet it would be
+difficult to assign a motive to those in the magazine for so horrible an
+act, as voluntarily to destroy themselves and those on board. If the
+explosion was not the effect of design, I am at a loss to account for
+the catastrophe.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+  Very respectfully,
+    J. CHAUNCEY.
+
+HON. JOHN BRANCH,
+  _Secretary of the Navy, Washington_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+STEAM FRIGATE.
+
+_Report of HENRY RUTGERS, SAMUEL L. MITCHEL, and THOMAS MORRIS, the
+Commissioners superintending the construction of a steam vessel of war,
+to the Secretary of the Navy._
+
+NEW YORK, _December 28th, 1815_.
+
+SIR:
+
+The war which was terminated by the treaty of Ghent, afforded, during
+its short continuance, a glorious display of the valor of the United
+States by land and by sea--it made them much better known to foreign
+nations, and, what is of much greater importance, it contributed to make
+them better acquainted with themselves--it excited new enterprises--it
+educed latent talents--it stimulated to exertions unknown to our people
+before.
+
+A long extent of coast was exposed to an enemy, powerful above every
+other on the ocean. His commanders threatened to lay waste our country
+with fire and sword, and, actually, in various instances, carried their
+menaces into execution. It became necessary, for our defense, to resist,
+by every practicable method, such a formidable foe.
+
+It was conceived, by a most ingenious and enterprising citizen, that
+the power of Steam could be employed to propel a floating battery,
+carrying heavy guns, to the destruction of any hostile force that should
+hover on the shores, or enter the ports of our Atlantic frontier. The
+perfect and admirable success of his project for moving boats containing
+travelers and baggage by the same elastic agent, opened the way to its
+employment for carrying warriors and the apparatus for fighting.
+
+The plan was submitted to the consideration of the executive of an
+enlightened government. Congress, influenced by the most liberal and
+patriotic spirit, appropriated money for the experiment, and the Navy
+Department, then conducted by the honorable William Jones, appointed
+commissioners to superintend the construction of a convenient vessel
+under the direction of ROBERT FULTON, the inventor, as engineer, and
+Messrs. Adam and Noah Brown, as naval constructors. The enterprise, from
+its commencement, and during a considerable part of its preparatory
+operations, was aided by the zealous co-operation of Major General
+Dearborn, then holding his head-quarters at the city of New York, as the
+officer commanding the third military district. The loss of his valuable
+counsel in conducting a work which he had maturely considered, and which
+he strongly recommended, was the consequence of his removal to another
+section of the Union, where his professional talents were specially
+required.
+
+The keels of this steam-frigate were laid on the twentieth day of June,
+eighteen hundred and fourteen. The strictest blockade the enemy could
+enforce interrupted the coasting trade, and greatly enhanced the price
+of timber. The vigilance with which he guarded our coast against
+intercourse with foreign nations, rendered difficult the importation of
+copper and iron. The same impediment attended the supplies of coal
+heretofore brought to New York from Richmond and Liverpool. Lead, in
+like manner, was procured under additional disadvantages. These attempts
+of the enemy to frustrate the design, were vain and impotent. All the
+obstacles were surmounted. Scarcity of the necessary woods and metals
+were overcome by strenuous exertions; and all the blockading squadron
+could achieve, was not a disappointment in the undertaking, but merely
+an increase of the expense.
+
+So, in respect to tradesmen and laborers, there was an extraordinary
+difficulty. Shipwrights had repaired to the lakes, for repelling the
+enemy, in such numbers, that, comparatively speaking, few were left on
+the seaboard. A large portion of the men who had been engaged in daily
+work, had enlisted as soldiers, and had marched under the banners of the
+nation to the defense of its rights--yet amidst the scarcity of hands, a
+sufficient number were procured for the purpose which the Commissioners
+had in charge. An increase of wages was the chief impediment, and this
+they were enabled practically to overcome.
+
+By the exemplary combination of diligence and skill, on the part of the
+Engineer and Constructors, the business was so accelerated, that the
+vessel was launched on the twenty-ninth day of October, amidst the
+plaudits of an unusual number of citizens.
+
+Measures were immediately taken to complete her equipment; the boiler,
+the engine, and the machinery were put on board with all possible
+expedition. Their weight and size far surpassed any thing that had been
+witnessed before among us.
+
+The stores of artillery in New York not furnishing the number and kind
+of cannon which she was destined to carry, it became necessary to
+transport guns from Philadelphia. A prize, taken from the enemy, put
+some fit and excellent pieces at the disposal of the Navy Department. To
+avoid the danger of capture by the enemy's cruisers, these were carted
+over the miry roads of New Jersey. Twenty heavy cannon were thus
+conveyed by the strength of horses. Carriages of the most approved model
+were constructed, and every thing done to bring her into prompt action,
+as an efficient instrument of war.
+
+About this time, an officer, pre-eminent for bravery and discipline,
+was commissioned by the government to her command. Prior to this event,
+it had been intended by the Commissioners to finish her conformably to
+the plan originally submitted to the Executive. She is a structure
+resting upon two boats and keels, separated from end to end by a canal
+fifteen feet wide, and sixty-six long. One boat contained the caldrons
+of copper to prepare her steam. The vast cylinder of iron, with its
+piston, levers, and wheels, occupied a part of its fellow; the great
+water-wheel revolved in the space between them; the main or gun-deck
+supported her armament, and was protected by a bulwark four feet ten
+inches thick, of solid timber. This was pierced by thirty port-holes, to
+enable as many thirty-two pounders to fire red hot balls; her upper or
+spar deck was plain, and she was to be propelled by her enginery alone.
+
+It was the opinion of Captain Porter and Mr. Fulton, that the upper deck
+ought to be surrounded with a bulwark and stanchions--that two stout
+masts should be erected to support latteen sails--that there should be
+bowsprits for jibs, and that she should be rigged in a corresponding
+style. Under authorities so great, and with the expectation of being
+able to raise the blockade of New London, by destroying, taking, or
+routing the enemy's ships, all these additions were adopted and
+incorporated with the vessel.
+
+It must here be observed, that during the exhaustion of the treasury,
+and the temporary depression of public credit, the Commissioners were
+exceedingly embarrassed--their payments were made in treasury notes,
+which they were positively instructed to negotiate at par. On several
+occasions even these were so long withheld, that the persons who had
+advanced materials and labor were importunate for payment, and silently
+discontented. To a certain extent, the Commissioners pledged their
+private credit. Notwithstanding all this, the men, at one time, actually
+broke off. The work was retarded, and her completion unavoidably
+deferred, to the great disappointment of the Commissioners, until winter
+rendered it impossible for her to act.
+
+Under all this pressure, they, nevertheless, persevered in the important
+object confided to them. But their exertions were further retarded by
+the premature and unexpected death of the Engineer. The world was
+deprived of his invaluable labors before he had completed this favorite
+undertaking. They will not inquire, wherefore, in the dispensations of
+Divine Providence, he was not permitted to realize his grand conception.
+_His discoveries, however, survive for the benefit of mankind_, and will
+extend to unborn generations.
+
+At length all matters were ready for a trial of the machinery to urge
+such a bulky vessel through the water. This essay was made on the first
+day of June, eighteen hundred and fifteen. She proved herself capable of
+opposing the wind, and of stemming the tide, of crossing currents, and
+of being steered among vessels riding at anchor, though the weather was
+boisterous and the water rough. Her performance demonstrated that the
+project was successful--no doubt remained that a floating battery,
+composed of heavy artillery, could be moved by steam. The Commissioners
+returned from the exercise of the day, satisfied that the vessel would
+answer the intended purpose, and consoled themselves that their care had
+been bestowed upon a worthy object.
+
+But it was discovered, that various alterations were necessary. Guided
+by the light of experience, they caused some errors to be corrected, and
+some defects to be supplied. She was prepared for a second voyage with
+all practicable speed.
+
+On the fourth of July she was again put in action. She performed a trip
+to the ocean, eastward of Sandy Hook, and back again, a distance of
+fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes. A part of this
+time she had the tide against her, and had no assistance whatever from
+sails. Of the gentlemen who formed the company invited to witness the
+experiment, not one entertained a doubt of her fitness for the intended
+purpose.
+
+Additional expedients were, notwithstanding, necessary to be sought for
+quickening and directing her motion. These were devised and executed
+with all possible care.
+
+Suitable arrangements having been made, a third trial of her powers was
+attempted on the eleventh day of September, with the weight of
+twenty-six of her long and ponderous guns, and a considerable quantity
+of ammunition and stores on board; her draft of water was short of
+eleven feet. She changed her course by inverting the motion of the
+wheel, without the necessity of putting about. She fired salutes as she
+passed the forts, and she overcame the resistance of the wind and tide
+in her progress down the bay. She performed beautiful man[oe]uvres
+around the United States' Frigate JAVA, then at anchor near the
+light-house. She moved with remarkable celerity, and she was perfectly
+obedient to her double helm. It was observed that the explosion of
+powder produced very little concussion. The machinery was not affected
+by it in the smallest degree. Her progress, during the firing, was
+steady and uninterrupted. On the most accurate calculations, derived
+from heaving the log, her average velocity was five and a-half miles per
+hour. Notwithstanding the resistance of currents, she was found to make
+headway at the rate of two miles an hour against the ebb of the East
+River, running three and a-half knots. The day's exercise was
+satisfactory to the respectable company who attended, beyond their
+utmost expectations. It was universally agreed that we now possessed a
+new auxiliary against every maratime invader. The City of New York,
+exposed as it is, was considered as having the means of rendering itself
+invulnerable. The Delaware, Chesapeake, Long Island Sound, and every
+other bay and harbor in the nation, may be protected by the same
+tremendous power.
+
+Among the inconveniences observable during the experiment, was the heat
+endured by the men who attended the fires. To enable a correct judgment
+to be formed on this point, one of the Commissioners (Dr. Mitchel)
+descended and examined, by a thermometer, the temperature of the hold,
+between the two boilers. The quicksilver, exposed to the radiant heat of
+the burning fuel, rose to one hundred and sixteen degrees of
+Fahrenheit's scale. Though exposed thus to its intensity, he experienced
+no indisposition afterwards. The analogy of potteries, forges,
+glass-houses, kitchens, and other places, where laborers are habitually
+exposed to high heats, is familiar to persons of business and of
+reflection. In all such occupations, the men, by proper relays, perform
+their services perfectly well.
+
+The Government, however, will understand that the hold of the present
+vessel could be rendered cooler by other apertures for the admission of
+air, and that on building another steam frigate, the comfort of the
+firemen might be provided for, as in the ordinary steamboats.
+
+The Commissioners congratulate the Government and the nation on the
+event of this noble project. Honorable alike, to its author and its
+patrons, it constitutes an era in warfare and the arts. The arrival of
+peace, indeed, has disappointed the expectations of conducting her to
+battle. That last and conclusive act of showing her superiority in
+combat, has not been in the power of the Commissioners to make.
+
+If a continuance of tranquillity should be our lot, and this steam
+vessel of war be not required for the public defense, the nation may
+rejoice that the fact we have ascertained is of incalculably greater
+value than the expenditure--and that if the present structure should
+perish, we have the information never to perish, how, on a future
+emergency, others may be built. The requisite variations will be
+dictated by circumstances.
+
+Owing to the cessation of hostilities, it has been deemed inexpedient to
+finish and equip her as for immediate and active employ. In a few weeks
+every thing that is incomplete could receive the proper adjustment.
+
+After so much has been done, and with such encouraging results, it
+becomes the Commissioners to recommend that the steam frigate be
+officered and manned for discipline and practice. A discreet commander,
+with a selected crew, could acquire experience in the mode of navigating
+this peculiar vessel. The supplies of fuel, the tending of the fire, the
+replenishing of the expended water, the management of the mechanism, the
+heating of shot, the exercise of the guns, and various matters, can only
+become familiar by use. It is highly important that a portion of seamen
+and marines should be versed in the order and economy of the steam
+frigate. They will augment, diffuse, and perpetuate knowledge. When, in
+process of time, another war shall call for more structures of this
+kind, men, regularly trained to her tactics, may be dispatched to the
+several stations where they may be wanted. If, on any such disposition,
+the Government should desire a good and faithful agent, the
+Commissioners recommend Captain Obed Smith to notice, as a person who
+has ably performed the duties of inspector from the beginning to the end
+of the concern.
+
+Annexed to the report, you will find, Sir, several statements
+explanatory of the subject. A separate report of our colleague, the
+honorable Oliver Wolcott, whose removal from New York precluded him from
+attending to the latter part of the business, with his accustomed zeal
+and fidelity, is herewith presented. A drawing of her form and
+appearance, by Mr. Morgan, as being like to give satisfaction to the
+department, is also subjoined, as are likewise an inventory of her
+furniture and effects, and an account of the timber and metals
+consolidated in her fabric.
+
+It is hoped these communications will evince the pains taken by the
+Commissioners, to execute the honorable and responsible trust reposed in
+them by the Government.
+
+  SAMUEL L. MITCHEL.
+  THOMAS MORRIS.
+  HENRY RUTGERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
+Washington, D.C. 20402--Price 70 cents
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _The American Neptune_ (1946), vol. 6, pp. 253-274.
+
+[2] _The American Neptune_ (1944), vol. 4, pp. 327-329.
+
+[3] New York, 1853, pp. 13-17.
+
+[4] Pittsburgh, 1896, pp. 8-16.
+
+[5] See pages 172 through 176 for this report, which is reproduced from
+CHARLES B. STUART, _Naval and Mail Steamers of the United States_ (New
+York, 1853), app., pp. 155-159.
+
+[6] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-14; and HOWARD I.
+CHAPELLE, _History of the American Sailing Navy_ (New York: W. W. Norton
+& Co., 1949), pp. 293-295.
+
+[7] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-9; and CHAPELLE,
+_History of the American Sailing Navy_, pp. 226, 228.
+
+[8] National Archives, Navy Records Plans, 80-7-15.
+
+[9] National Archives, Naval Records Collection, Miscellaneous Letters,
+1819, II.
+
+[10] See p. 169, reproduced from CHARLES B. STUART, _Naval and Mail
+Steamers of the United States_ (New York, 1853), p. 15.
+
+[11] JEAN BAPTISTE MARESTIER, _Memoire sur les bateaux a vapeur des
+Etats-Unis d'Amerique, avec un appendice sur diverses machines relatives
+a la Marine_ (Paris: L'imprimerie Royal, 1824).
+
+[12] 1820-1823, vol. 7, p. 437.
+
+[13] _Annales de l'industrie nationale et etrangere, ou Mercure
+Technologique_ (Paris, 1822), pp. 760-762.
+
+[14] January 27, 1823, vol. 7, pp. 436-438.
+
+[15] January-March 1935, vol. 61, pp. 322-328.
+
+[16] HOWARD I. CHAPELLE, _American Small Sailing Craft_ (New York: W. W.
+Norton & Co., Inc., 1951), pp. 29, 31.
+
+[17] Newport News, Va.: The Mariners' Museum, 1937, p. 23.
+
+[18] Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs Merrill, 1932, p. 291.
+
+[19] HENRY WILLIAM EDWARD, _The Double Bottom or Twin Hulled Ship of Sir
+William Petty_ (Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1931).
+
+[20] Publication No. 5 (Newport News: The Mariners' Museum, 1939), p.
+22.
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Anckerswaerd, Col. Michael, 157
+
+Astor, John Jacob, 141
+
+
+Baltimore, Lord. _See_ Calvert.
+
+Bennett, Frank M., 139, 150, 165
+
+Bergh, Christian, 145
+
+Biddle, James, 141
+
+Brackenridge, S. M., 145
+
+Brewington, M. V., 155
+
+Brown, Adam and Noah, 141, 142, 145
+
+Brown, Alexander Crosby, 165
+
+Brown, Noah, 141, 150, 151
+
+Browne, Charles, 157
+
+Browns' yard, 142, 144
+
+
+Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, 156
+
+Canning, Stratford, 139
+
+Chapman, Fredrik Henrik af, 156, 166
+
+Charles II of England, 152, 153
+
+Coast and Harbor Defense Company, 141
+
+Coast Defense Society, 141, 142
+
+Colden, C. D., 149
+
+
+Danish Greenland Company, 150
+
+Danish Royal Archives, 139, 150
+
+Dearborn, Henry, 141, 142
+
+Decatur, Stephen, 141
+
+Deptford Yard (England), 165
+
+
+Eckford, Henry, 142
+
+Emmet, ----, 144
+
+Evans, Samuel, 141, 145
+
+
+Fox, Josiah, 157
+
+Fulton, Robert, 139, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149, 150, 157, 159, 165
+
+
+Gurley, Ralph R. (USN), 150, 151
+
+Gustav III of Sweden, 156, 157
+
+
+Hawthorn, Leslie, and Company (Scotland), 166
+
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, 145
+
+Jones, Jacob, 141
+
+Jones, William, 147
+
+
+Laurie, J., 157
+
+Lewis, Jacob, 141
+
+Lewis, Morgan, 141
+
+
+Marestier, Jean Baptiste, 147, 149, 159, 162
+
+Mariners' Museum, 165
+
+Marsh, James, 145
+
+May, Arthur J., 139
+
+Miller, Patrick, 156, 157
+
+Mitchill, Samuel L., 141, 142
+
+Monroe, James, 145
+
+Montgery, M., 147, 149, 159
+
+Morgan, "Mr.", 144
+
+Morris, Thomas, 141, 142
+
+
+National Maritime Museum (England), 147, 156, 165
+
+
+Pepys, Samuel, 155
+
+Perry, Oliver, 141
+
+Petty, Sir William, 152, 153, 155, 166
+
+Porter, David, 144
+
+Purcell, William, 147
+
+
+Rasmussen, Kjeld, 150
+
+Rigsarkivet (Denmark), 147
+
+Royal Society of London, 152
+
+Rutgers, Henry, 141, 142
+
+
+Smith, ---- (Captain, USN), 144
+
+Smith, Sir Sidney (RN), 155
+
+Statens Sjoehistoriska Museum (Sweden), 147
+
+Stewart, Charles, 145
+
+Stiles, George, 144
+
+Stoudinger, Charles, 144
+
+Stuart, Charles B., 139, 150
+
+Symington, William, 157
+
+
+Thames Iron-works Company (England), 165
+
+Tyler, David B., 139
+
+
+Warrington, Samuel, 141
+
+Wilstack, Paul, 155
+
+Wolcott, Oliver, 141, 142
+
+
+Youle, John, foundry, 142
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fulton's "Steam Battery": Blockship
+and Catamaran, by Howard I. Chapelle
+
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