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diff --git a/31280.txt b/31280.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afaa9eb --- /dev/null +++ b/31280.txt @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado, by Sydney Anderson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado + +Author: Sydney Anderson + +Release Date: February 15, 2010 [EBook #31280] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE GRAND MESA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Volume 9, No. 16, pp. 405-414, 1 fig. +May 20, 1959 + + + +Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1959 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 9, No. 16, pp. 405-414, 1 fig. +Published May 20, 1959 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1959 + +27-7472 + + + + +Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + +The Grand Mesa of Colorado is a westward extension of the mountains of +central Colorado, standing more than five thousand feet above the +valleys of the Colorado and the Gunnison rivers. To certain montane +mammals the mesa is a peninsula of cool, moist, forest surrounded by +inhospitable, hot, dry, barren lowland. + +Few mammals previously have been preserved or reported from the Grand +Mesa. Of the species here reported, Warren (1942, The Mammals of +Colorado, Univ. Oklahoma Press) mentioned only four from the counties +in which the Grand Mesa is located. Twenty-two species are here +recorded from the Grand Mesa, and two localities below the rim of the +Mesa on the north slope, on the basis of specimens preserved, and five +additional species on the basis of observations. Many of these species +are limited to a montane habitat or find their optimum conditions +there. The known geographic ranges of some subspecies are extended +westward. + +Specimens and notes were obtained by members of a field party from the +Museum of Natural History led by Dr. Harrison B. Tordoff. The party, +including also R. Gordon Cliffgard, John M. Legler, Olin L. Webb, and +Glen E. Woolfenden, was in the area from June 17 to July 5, 1954, and +obtained all of the specimens listed excepting those from 28 miles east +of Grand Junction (Sect. 29, T. 11S, R. 95W), Mesa County, that were +obtained from June 13 to July 2, 1956, by Phillip M. Youngman, and +those from Land's End Road that were obtained on May 13 and 14, and on +October 1, 1948, by D. A. Sutton. + +Localities designated by numbers in the accounts to follow are listed +in the legend for Figure 1. Localities 1 and 3 lie below the rim of the +Mesa on the north side. Catalogue numbers are of the Museum of Natural +History of the University of Kansas, unless noted otherwise. + +=_Sorex cinereus cinereus_= Kerr.--Two male (59642-59643) Masked Shrews +weighing 4.8 and 4.9 grams were trapped on June 17 at locality 10, and +a nonpregnant female (59644) was trapped on June 26 at locality 6. +_Sorex cinereus_ seemed to be less abundant on the Mesa than _Sorex +vagrans_; more individuals of _S. vagrans_ than of _S. cinereus_ were +trapped on June 17 at locality 10 and on June 26 at locality 6, and _S. +vagrans_ was trapped at three localities where no _S. cinereus_ was +obtained. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of the Grand Mesa (for purposes of this +paper the area above 7500 feet on each side of the northern boundary of +Delta County). The inset of the western three-fourths of Colorado shows +the Grand Mesa in relation to the larger areas of mountains in the +state (areas above 9000 feet are stippled). The following collecting +localities are indicated by numbered, black dots: + + (1) 2 mi. N, 9 mi. E Collbran, 7000 ft., Mesa County. + (2) Land's End Road to Grand Mesa, 6800 to 8050 ft., Mesa County. + (3) 3 mi. E, 4 mi. S Collbran, 6800 ft., Mesa County. + (4) 3 mi. E, 9 mi. S Collbran, 10,200 ft., Mesa County. + (5) 5-1/2 mi. E, 11-1/2 mi. S Collbran, _in_ Delta County. + (6) 5-1/2 mi. E, 12 mi. S Collbran, 9600 to 10,400 ft., _in_ Delta County. + (7) 28 mi. E Grand Junction (Sec. 29, T. 11S, R. 95W), Mesa County. + (8) 6 mi. E Skyway, 10,000 to 10,500 ft., _in_ Delta County. + (9) 7 mi. E Skyway, _in_ Delta County. +(10) 8 mi. E, 1/2 mi. S Skyway, 9500 to 10,200 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(11) 8 mi. E, 3/4 mi. S Skyway, 10,200 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(12) 8 mi. E, 1 mi. S Skyway, 10,000 to 10,200 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(13) 8 mi. E, 1-1/2 mi. S Skyway, 8500 to 9600 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(14) 8 mi. E, 2 mi. S Skyway, 9000 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(15) 8 mi. E, 2-1/2 mi. S Skyway, 9600 ft., _in_ Delta County. +(16) 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Skyway, 10,200 ft., Mesa County.] + +=_Sorex vagrans obscurus_= Merriam.--Fifteen specimens of the Vagrant +Shrew (59645-59655, 59665-59668) were trapped in Delta County from +localities 6, 10, 12, 13, and 14. The fourteen specimens having skulls +fell into two distinct age-classes based on wear of the teeth as +described by Findley (1955, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:8); +5 were in the younger group and 9 in the older group. Weights in grams +of the younger shrews were 4.6, 5.5, 5.7, 5.8, and 6.4; weights of the +older shrews were 6.4, 6.8, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.0, 8.3, and 8.8. One of +the seven females was lactating; none contained embryos. + +=_Sorex palustris navigator_= (Baird).--Six Water Shrews (59633-59638) +were trapped in Delta County at localities 10, 13, 14, and 15. The one +specimen from locality 10 was trapped on June 17; all others were taken +on June 21. None was pregnant or lactating. Two are young, weighing +11.0 and 12.9 grams; the other four are older, weighing 16.6, 17.0, +19.2, and 21.5 grams. + +=_Myotis evotis evotis_= (H. Allen).--One female Long-eared Myotis +(59671), containing no embryos, was shot at dusk on July 2, at locality +3, which is below the rim of the Mesa. + +=_Myotis volans interior_= Miller.--One female Long-legged Myotis +(70016), containing no embryos, was shot at locality 7 on July 1, 1956. + +=_Ochotona princeps figginsi_= J. A. Allen.--Six specimens of the Pika +(59672-59675, 70018-70019) from localities 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 extend the +known range of the subspecies approximately 55 miles to the westward +from Irwin in Gunnison County. Each of two females taken on June 18 and +26 contained three embryos, which measured 20 millimeters in the +latter; a third female on June 29 contained two embryos 35 millimeters +in length. + +=_Lepus americanus bairdii_= Hayden.--No Snowshoe Rabbit was taken, but +one individual was observed by H. B. Tordoff on June 18, 1954, at +locality 8. Droppings of a large lagomorph were seen in the woods, and +tracks were seen in the snow. + +=_Marmota flaviventris luteola_= A. H. Howell.--The seven specimens of +the Yellow-bellied Marmot (59731-6, 70022, four adult and two young, +each a skin and skull, and one skull only of an adult) are referable on +the basis of size, color, and locality as discussed by Warren (1936, +Jour. Mamm., 17:394) to _M. f. luteola_. The total lengths in +millimeters are as follows: young male 582; adult males 640, 655; young +females 460, 520; adult female 630. The color and condition of the +pelage is the same in all the specimens except that the two largest +males are much more worn and show irregular patches of new hair on the +back, and the two young females are paler especially on the back and +tail. These marmots were taken at localities 4, 7, 8, 10, and 16. + +=_Spermophilus lateralis lateralis_= (Say).--Eleven specimens of the +Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (59748-59756, 59763-59764) were taken at +localities 1, 3, and 4. Young were born before late June; three young +of the year were taken at locality 3 on June 29 and 30, and none of the +adult females taken at locality 1 (1 female) and at locality 4 (3 +females) was pregnant. Most adults of both sexes at all elevations +represented (6800 to 10,200 ft.) showed molt in progress and proceeding +from anterior to posterior. All specimens were obtained from June 25 to +July 4. + +=_Spermophilus variegatus grammurus_= (Say).--Three Rock Squirrels +(59738-59739, 59742) were obtained at locality 3. One of these +specimens was a skull found near a wood rat nest. The other two were +nonpregnant females; the adult measured 485 millimeters in total +length, and the younger individual measured 413 millimeters. The two +skins are characteristic of _S. v. grammurus_ in their paleness. + +=_Eutamias minimus consobrinus_= (J. A. Allen).--The 63 specimens of +the Least Chipmunk (59770-59824, 60105-60108, 70024-70025, and nos. +5194 and 5196 in Univ. of Colorado Museum) were taken at localities 2, +3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 15. The reproductive condition at time of +death had been noted for 20 females obtained from June 17 to July 2 at +elevations from 9500 to 10,400 feet. Eleven of these had no embryos, +but six have mammae that are still prominent on the dried skins and may +have had litters prior to their capture. Nine females contained +embryos, numbering 3 in two specimens, 5 in four specimens, 6 in two +specimens, and 7 in one specimen. + +=_Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_= Merriam.--Four specimens of the +Colorado Chipmunk were obtained by D. A. Sutton at locality 2, at 6800, +6900, 7175, and 8050 feet elevation. All are males taken on May 13 and +14, 1949; the specimens bear numbers 5197, 5198, 5199, and 5201 in the +collection of the University of Colorado Museum. + +=_Thomomys talpoides fossor_= J. A. Allen.--The 27 specimens of the +Northern Pocket Gopher (59840-59849, 70086-70102) were trapped at +localities 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, and 13. The eight skins from locality 7 +differ from those from the other localities on the Mesa in being +uniformly duller in color dorsally. No significant difference in size +or cranial characters was observed. Specimens assigned to _T. t. +fossor_, in the collection of the Museum of Natural History, from other +localities in Colorado differ in color from any of the specimens from +the Grand Mesa. Until larger numbers of _Thomomys talpoides_ from other +localities in Colorado and from the type locality of _T. t. fossor_, +stated to be at Florida, in southern Colorado, have been studied, the +specimens from the Grand Mesa seem best referred to _T. t. fossor_. +Three females from localities 7, 10, and 11 contained embryos (2, 4, +and 5 in number), and seven other females from localities 6 and 7 show +distinct mammae on the dried skins or were recorded by the collectors +as lactating. + +=_Castor canadensis concisor_= Warren and Hall.--Dams constructed by +beavers were seen at locality 4 on June 23, 1954. No specimen was +taken. + +=_Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus_= (Merriam).--The 36 specimens of the +Deer Mouse (59921-59956) are from seven localities (3, 4, 6, 10, 12, +14, and 15). The mice vary considerably in color; most of them are like +mice of the highlands of Colorado and unlike the paler mice inhabiting +the lower areas immediately to the west of the Grand Mesa. Young +individuals trapped on June 20, 21, and 22 and judged to range from a +month through two months in age, and females containing embryos, attest +to a somewhat protracted breeding season on the Grand Mesa. + +=_Neotoma cinerea arizonae_= Merriam.--Two immature Bushy-tailed Wood +Rats (60000-60001) were obtained at locality 3 on July 3. + +=_Clethrionomys gapperi galei_= (Merriam).--The 22 specimens +(60005-60025, 70133) of Gapper's Red-backed Vole were taken at +localities 6, 7, and 10, and are clearly referable to _C. g. galei_, +rather than to _Clethrionomys gapperi gauti_ to the south, on the basis +of generally dark dorsal pelage, indistinctly bordered broad dorsal +stripe, and cranial features. _C. g. gauti_ was described by Cockrum +and Fitch (1952, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:289) on the +basis of 14 specimens from southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. +Twenty-one additional specimens from five miles south and one mile +west of Cucharas Camps, Huerfano County, were obtained from the seventh +to the fourteenth of July by the field party led by Tordoff after the +party left the Grand Mesa. These specimens substantiate the subspecific +distinctness of _C. g. gauti_ in that they agree in external and in +cranial appearance with the description of typical _C. g. gauti_, and +are distinct in appearance from specimens of _C. g. galei_ from the +Grand Mesa and from other localities in northern Colorado. The six +specimens from two localities in Colorado available to Cockrum and +Fitch exhibited evidence of intergradation at one locality, and +atypical smallness at the other locality. A specimen (70134) taken on +June 26, 1956, by Phillip M. Youngman on the Black Mesa, nine miles WNW +of Sapinero, 9500 ft., Gunnison County, Colorado, is almost identical +in color to the two specimens from Saguache County regarded by Cockrum +and Fitch as intergrades between _C. g. galei_ and _C. g. gauti_, but +in small size of auditory bullae and narrowness of braincase resembles +_C. g. galei_, to which it seems best referred. The specimens from the +Grand Mesa extend the known range of _C. g. galei_ approximately 50 +miles westward in central Colorado from Gothic. Three females were +pregnant; two trapped on June 17 and June 25 contained 6 embryos each, +and one trapped on June 25 contained 5 embryos. Four of the females +taken in Huerfano County were pregnant; one contained 3 embryos, two +contained 5 embryos, and one contained 7 embryos. Immature individuals +are present in the sample from Huerfano County also. + +=_Phenacomys intermedius intermedius_= Merriam.--Three Heather Voles +(60048, 60049, 70135) were trapped at localities 6, 7, and 10. All were +adult females; one, taken on June 25 at locality 6, contained seven +embryos five millimeters in length, and one, taken on July 2 at +locality 7, contained seven embryos nine millimeters in length. These +specimens extend the known range of the species approximately 55 miles +west from Gothic (Pruitt, Jour. Mamm., 35:450, 1954). + +=_Microtus longicaudus mordax_= (Merriam).--Ten Long-tailed Voles +(60070-60079) represent localities 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15. + +=_Microtus montanus fusus_= Hall.--Ten Montane Voles (60060-60068, +70145) represent localities 3, 6, 7, and 15. + +=_Ondatra zibethicus osoyoosensis_= (Lord).--Muskrats were seen daily +from June 17 to June 23 in a lake at locality 13. No specimen was +obtained. + +=_Zapus princeps princeps_= J. A. Allen.--Nineteen Western Jumping Mice +(60109-60126, 60137) were trapped at localities 6, 10, 12, 14, and 15. + +=_Erethizon dorsatum epixanthum_= Brandt.--A Porcupine skull was seen +in the nest of a wood rat by John M. Legler at locality 3 on July 2. On +June 20 a porcupine was seen at locality 12. No specimen was obtained. + +=_Mustela frenata nevadensis_= Hall.--Seven Long-tailed Weasels +(60138-60143, 70152) were taken at localities 1, 4, 7, 8, 13, and 14. +Four are males and three are females. Some of these were attracted by +"squeaking" noises and then shot. + +=_Taxidea taxus taxus_= (Schreber).--One adult male Badger (60144) was +found dead; the skull and baculum were saved. The subspecific +identification is on geographic grounds, and is tentative. In this area +_T. t. taxus_ and _T. t. fippsi_ may intergrade. + +=_Mephitis mephitis estor_= Merriam.--One Striped Skunk (60145) of +unknown sex was found dead in the cellar of a cabin at locality 10. + +=_Odocoileus hemionus hemionus_= (Rafinesque).--Mule Deer were observed +at locality 15; no specimen was obtained. + + +DISCUSSION + +The species here reported from the Grand Mesa may be placed according +to their geographic ranges and their restriction to certain habitats in +two groups: + +BOREAL.--Each of the 12 species listed below is of northern +distribution, is dependent, at the latitude of Colorado, upon the +habitat provided by areas of high altitudes, and is near its southern +zonal limit on the Grand Mesa. The 12 species are: _Sorex cinereus_, +_Sorex palustris_, _Sorex vagrans_, _Ochotona princeps_, _Lepus +americanus_, _Marmota flaviventris_, _Spermophilus lateralis_, +_Clethrionomys gapperi_, _Phenacomys intermedius_, _Microtus +longicaudus_, _Microtus montanus_, and _Zapus princeps_. _Thomomys +talpoides_ may be considered in this category also, although it is less +restricted in range and habitat than most of the other species listed +as boreal. These thirteen species make up almost half of the +twenty-seven species known from the Grand Mesa. + +WIDE-SPREAD.--Species in this category are those that are widely +distributed in the western United States and that occur in Colorado in +both the mountains and the lower more arid intermontane areas. Some of +these species are differentiated into subspecies, one of which +inhabits the mountains and another the lowlands. Wide-spread species +that do not have subspecies in the lowlands different than the +subspecies in the mountains or that are represented by too little +material from the Grand Mesa to be evaluated critically are _Myotis +evotis_, _Myotis volans_, _Spermophilus variegatus_, _Eutamias +quadrivittatus_, _Castor canadensis_, _Ondatra zibethicus_, _Erethizon +dorsatum_, _Mustela frenata_, _Taxidea taxus_, _Mephitis mephitis_, and +_Odocoileus hemionus_. Three other wide-spread species are +differentiated into lowland and highland subspecies; two of these +species, _Eutamias minimus_ and _Peromyscus maniculatus_, are +represented on the Grand Mesa by the darker subspecies of the +mountains. The third species, _Neotoma cinerea_, is represented by two +individuals from below the actual rim of the mesa; they are intergrades +between the lowland and highland subspecies. + +Species of southern distribution, that are dependent at the latitude of +Colorado upon the habitat provided by areas of lower altitudes, and +that are here in Colorado near their northern limit comprise a third +category that is not represented in the list of mammals from the Grand +Mesa although such characteristic species as _Ammospermophilus +leucurus_, _Perognathus apache_, and _Dipodomys ordii_ occur as near as +Grand Junction. + +Approximately 55 per cent of the species of the mammalian fauna are +boreal; no species of Sonoran affinities finds haven on the Grand Mesa. + +Transmitted January 22, 1959. + + +27-7472 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Bold italicized text is shown within =_equal signs and underscores_=. + +Page 407: Rejoined the remainder of the last paragraph, originally +found on page 409. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado, by +Sydney Anderson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS OF THE GRAND MESA *** + +***** This file should be named 31280.txt or 31280.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/2/8/31280/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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