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+Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles Dudley Warner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Pocahantas
+
+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
+
+Release Date: August 20, 2016 [EBook #3129]
+Last Updated: February 24, 2018
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF POCAHANTAS ***
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by the
+vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants of this
+dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet of her red
+blood.
+
+That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early
+showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and
+unwilling service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary
+testimony. That as a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and
+prepossessing above all her copper-colored companions, we can believe,
+and that as a woman her manners were attractive. If the portrait taken
+of her in London--the best engraving of which is by Simon de Passe--in
+1616, when she is said to have been twenty-one years old, does her
+justice, she had marked Indian features.
+
+The first mention of her is in “The True Relation,” written by Captain
+Smith in Virginia in 1608. In this narrative, as our readers have seen,
+she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the captivity
+in which Powhatan used him “with all the kindness he could devise.” Her
+name first appears, toward the close of the relation, in the following
+sentence:
+
+“Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his daughter,
+a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature, countenance,
+and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his people, but for
+wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country: this hee sent by his
+most trusty messenger, called Rawhunt, as much exceeding in deformitie
+of person, but of a subtill wit and crafty understanding, he with a long
+circumstance told mee how well Powhatan loved and respected mee, and in
+that I should not doubt any way of his kindness, he had sent his child,
+which he most esteemed, to see mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for
+a present: desiring mee that the Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by
+Newport to Powhatan] might come again, which he loved exceedingly, his
+little Daughter he had taught this lesson also: not taking notice at all
+of the Indians that had been prisoners three daies, till that morning
+that she saw their fathers and friends come quietly, and in good termes
+to entreate their libertie.
+
+“In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after prayer,
+gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her father's
+kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all the time of
+their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or what else
+they had, and with much content, sent them packing: Pocahuntas, also we
+requited with such trifles as contented her, to tel that we had used the
+Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing them.”
+
+The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives
+which are appended to the “Map of Virginia,” etc. This was sent home by
+Smith, with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of 1608. It
+was published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years after Smith's
+return to England. The appendix contains the narratives of several of
+Smith's companions in Virginia, edited by Dr. Symonds and overlooked
+by Smith. In one of these is a brief reference to the above-quoted
+incident.
+
+This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs of
+Powhatan.
+
+The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in
+Chapter X. and the last of the appendix to the “Map of Virginia,” and is
+Smith's denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry Pocahontas.
+In this passage he speaks of her as “at most not past 13 or 14 years of
+age.” If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when Smith left Virginia,
+she must have been more than ten when he wrote his “True Relation,”
+ composed in the winter of 1608, which in all probability was carried to
+England by Captain Nelson, who left Jamestown June 2d.
+
+The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to Pocahontas
+is William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the expedition of
+Gates and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and reached Jamestown
+May 23 or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and Recorder of the colony
+under Lord Delaware. Of the origin and life of Strachey, who was a
+person of importance in Virginia, little is known. The better impression
+is that he was the William Strachey of Saffron Walden, who was married
+in 1588 and was living in 1620, and that it was his grandson of the same
+name who was subsequently connected with the Virginia colony. He was,
+judged by his writings, a man of considerable education, a good deal of
+a pedant, and shared the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the
+writers of his time. His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part
+in framing the code of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from
+the fact that he first published them, show that he was a trusted and
+capable man.
+
+William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled “The Historie of
+Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as well by
+those who went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, gent.,
+three years thither, employed as Secretaire of State.” How long he
+remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could not have been “three
+years,” though he may have been continued Secretary for that period, for
+he was in London in 1612, in which year he published there the laws of
+Virginia which had been established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610,
+approved by Lord Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale
+June 22, 1611.
+
+The “Travaile” was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849. When
+and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one time,
+are matters much in dispute. The first book, descriptive of Virginia and
+its people, is complete; the second book, a narration of discoveries in
+America, is unfinished. Only the first book concerns us. That Strachey
+made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the book was no doubt written
+after his return to England.
+
+
+[This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what are
+held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the Black
+Codes. One clause will suffice:
+
+“Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the Bell
+shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear divine
+service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first omission,
+for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be condemned to the
+Gallies for six months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate
+the Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private, abroad or at home, but
+duly sanctifie and observe the same, both himselfe and his familie, by
+preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be the
+better fitted for the publique, according to the commandments of God,
+and the orders of our church, as also every man and woman shall repaire
+in the morning to the divine service, and sermons preached upon the
+Sabbath day, and in the afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon
+paine for the first fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the
+whole week following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also
+to be whipt, and for the third to suffer death.”]
+
+
+Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's “Map and
+Description” at Oxford in 1612? The question is important, because
+Smith's “Description” and Strachey's “Travaile” are page after page
+literally the same. One was taken from the other. Commonly at that time
+manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before they
+were published. Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished manuscripts
+of Smith when he compiled his narrative. Did Smith see Strachey's
+manuscript before he published his Oxford tract, or did Strachey enlarge
+his own notes from Smith's description? It has been usually assumed
+that Strachey cribbed from Smith without acknowledgment. If it were a
+question to be settled by the internal evidence of the two accounts,
+I should incline to think that Smith condensed his description from
+Strachey, but the dates incline the balance in Smith's favor.
+
+Strachey in his “Travaile” refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+respect. It will be noted that Smith's “Map” was engraved and published
+before the “Description” in the Oxford tract. Purchas had it, for he
+says, in writing of Virginia for his “Pilgrimage” (which was published
+in 1613):
+
+“Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word
+of mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted
+me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been
+the discoverer.” Strachey in his “Travaile” alludes to it, and pays a
+tribute to Smith in the following: “Their severall habitations are more
+plainly described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt. Smith, of
+whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the reader to judge.
+Sure I am there will not return from thence in hast, any one who hath
+been more industrious, or who hath had (Capt. Geo. Percie excepted)
+greater experience amongst them, however misconstruction may traduce
+here at home, where is not easily seen the mixed sufferances, both of
+body and mynd, which is there daylie, and with no few hazards and hearty
+griefes undergon.”
+
+There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript. The one used by the
+Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of
+“Lord High Chancellor,” and Bacon had not that title conferred on him
+till after 1618. But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at Oxford
+is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of “Purveyor to His
+Majestie's Navie Royall”; and as Sir Allen was made “Lieutenant of
+the Tower” in 1616, it is believed that the manuscript must have been
+written before that date, since the author would not have omitted the
+more important of the two titles in his dedication.
+
+Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his “Laws”
+ (1612), is dated “From my lodging in the Black Friars. At your best
+pleasures, either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success of
+it heere.” In his letter he speaks of his experience in the Bermudas and
+Virginia: “The full storie of both in due time [I] shall consecrate unto
+your view.... Howbit since many impediments, as yet must detaine such
+my observations in the shadow of darknesse, untill I shall be able to
+deliver them perfect unto your judgments,” etc.
+
+This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations were
+not written then, only that they were not “perfect”; in fact, they
+were detained in the “shadow of darknesse” till the year 1849. Our
+own inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began his
+manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to it and
+corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+
+We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to Pocahontas.
+The first occurs in his description of the apparel of Indian women:
+
+“The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all over
+with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the skyrt,
+carved and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion of beasts,
+fowle, tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best please or
+expresse the fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe not shadowed
+amongst their owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven or twelve
+returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring about the
+yeare, calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock); nor are thev much
+ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remembered Pocahontas,
+a well featured, but wanton yong girle, Powhatan's daughter, sometymes
+resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven or twelve yeares, get
+the boyes forth with her into the markett place, and make them wheele,
+falling on their hands, turning up their heeles upwards, whome she would
+followe and wheele so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over;
+but being once twelve yeares, they put on a kind of semecinctum lethern
+apron (as do our artificers or handycrafts men) before their bellies,
+and are very shamefac't to be seene bare. We have seene some use
+mantells made both of Turkey feathers, and other fowle, so prettily
+wrought and woven with threeds, that nothing could be discerned but the
+feathers, which were exceedingly warme and very handsome.”
+
+Strachey did not see Pocahontas. She did not resort to the camp after
+the departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was kidnapped by
+Governor Dale in April, 1613. He repeats what he heard of her. The
+time mentioned by him of her resorting to the fort, “of the age then of
+eleven or twelve yeares,” must have been the time referred to by Smith
+when he might have married her, namely, in 1608-9, when he calls her
+“not past 13 or 14 years of age.” The description of her as a “yong
+girle” tumbling about the fort, “naked as she was,” would seem to
+preclude the idea that she was married at that time.
+
+The use of the word “wanton” is not necessarily disparaging, for
+“wanton” in that age was frequently synonymous with “playful” and
+“sportive”; but it is singular that she should be spoken of as “well
+featured, but wanton.” Strachey, however, gives in another place what is
+no doubt the real significance of the Indian name “Pocahontas.” He says:
+
+“Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a name,
+calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing their
+promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great King
+Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well, Pocahontas,
+which may signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was rightly called
+Amonata at more ripe years.”
+
+The Indian girls married very young. The polygamous Powhatan had a large
+number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a dozen “for
+the most part very young women,” the names of whom Strachey obtained
+from one Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp, whom Smith certifies
+was a great villain. Strachey gives a list of the names of twelve of
+them, at the head of which is Winganuske. This list was no doubt written
+down by the author in Virginia, and it is followed by a sentence,
+quoted below, giving also the number of Powhatan's children. The
+“great darling” in this list was Winganuske, a sister of Machumps,
+who, according to Smith, murdered his comrade in the Bermudas. Strachey
+writes:
+
+“He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst us
+as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not otherwise
+safe for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had his braynes
+knockt out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying in the English
+fort two or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say they often
+reported unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty sonnes and ten
+daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Machumps his sister, and a
+great darling of the King's; and besides, younge Pocohunta, a daughter
+of his, using sometyme to our fort in tymes past, nowe married to a
+private Captaine, called Kocoum, some two years since.”
+
+This passage is a great puzzle. Does Strachey intend to say that
+Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum? She might have been
+during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her kidnapping
+in 1613, when she was of marriageable age. We shall see hereafter that
+Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite daughter of his,
+whom Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve years of age, to
+be wife to a great chief. The term “private Captain” might perhaps be
+applied to an Indian chief. Smith, in his “General Historie,” says
+the Indians have “but few occasions to use any officers more than one
+commander, which commonly they call Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is
+Captaine.” It is probably not possible, with the best intentions, to
+twist Kocoum into Caucorouse, or to suppose that Strachey intended to
+say that a private captain was called in Indian a Kocoum. Werowance
+and Caucorouse are not synonymous terms. Werowance means “chief,” and
+Caucorouse means “talker” or “orator,” and is the original of our word
+“caucus.”
+
+Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an
+Indian--a not violent presumption considering her age and the fact
+that war between Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off
+intercourse between them--or Strachey referred to her marriage with
+Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake Kocoum. If this is to be accepted,
+then this paragraph must have been written in England in 1616, and have
+referred to the marriage to Rolfe it “some two years since,” in 1614.
+
+That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through her
+acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no doubt; that
+she was not different in her habits and mode of life from other Indian
+girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every reason to
+suppose. It was the English who magnified the imperialism of her father,
+and exaggerated her own station as Princess. She certainly put on no
+airs of royalty when she was “cart-wheeling” about the fort. Nor
+does this detract anything from the native dignity of the mature, and
+converted, and partially civilized woman.
+
+We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been
+noticed in the estimates of her age. Powhatan is not said to have kept
+a private secretary to register births in his family. If Pocahontas gave
+her age correctly, as it appears upon her London portrait in 1616,
+aged twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years of age when she was
+captured in 1613 This would make her about twelve at the time of Smith's
+captivity in 1607-8. There is certainly room for difference of opinion
+as to whether so precocious a woman, as her intelligent apprehension of
+affairs shows her to have been, should have remained unmarried till the
+age of eighteen. In marrying at least as early as that she would have
+followed the custom of her tribe. It is possible that her intercourse
+with the whites had raised her above such an alliance as would be
+offered her at the court of Werowocomoco.
+
+We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years.
+The occasional mentions of her name in the “General Historie” are so
+evidently interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us. When
+and where she took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London
+portrait, we are not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as Strachey
+says she was “at more ripe yeares.” How she was occupied from the
+departure of Smith to her abduction, we can only guess. To follow her
+authentic history we must take up the account of Captain Argall and of
+Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the colony under Governor Dale.
+
+Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous
+in the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia
+in September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture
+that would bring Powhatan to terms. The Emperor, from being a friend,
+had become the most implacable enemy of the English. Captain Argall
+says: “I was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the great
+Powhatan's daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King Potowomek,
+whither I presently repaired, resolved to possess myself of her by any
+stratagem that I could use, for the ransoming of so many Englishmen as
+were prisoners with Powhatan, as also to get such armes and tooles as
+he and other Indians had got by murther and stealing some others of our
+nation, with some quantity of corn for the colonies relief.”
+
+By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and
+friend of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek,
+Pocahontas was enticed on board Argall's ship and secured. Word was sent
+to Powhatan of the capture and the terms on which his daughter would be
+released; namely, the return of the white men he held in slavery, the
+tools and arms he had gotten and stolen, and a great quantity of corn.
+Powhatan, “much grieved,” replied that if Argall would use his daughter
+well, and bring the ship into his river and release her, he would accede
+to all his demands. Therefore, on the 13th of April, Argall repaired to
+Governor Gates at Jamestown, and delivered his prisoner, and a few days
+after the King sent home some of the white captives, three pieces, one
+broad-axe, a long whip-saw, and a canoe of corn. Pocahontas, however,
+was kept at Jamestown.
+
+Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek
+we can only conjecture. It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it may
+be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting, ambushes,
+and murders. More likely she was only making a common friendly visit,
+though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian fair.
+
+The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by Ralph
+Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the Bermudas in
+1609, and returned to England in 1614, where he published (London, 1615)
+“A True Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the Affairs there
+till the 18th of June, 1614.” Hamor was the son of a merchant tailor in
+London who was a member of the Virginia company. Hamor writes:
+
+“It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas
+(whose fame has even been spread in England by the title of Nonparella
+of Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme it, tooke some
+pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be among her friends at
+Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I had), implored thither as
+shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of her father's commodities for
+theirs, where residing some three months or longer, it fortuned upon
+occasion either of promise or profit, Captaine Argall to arrive there,
+whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew her familiaritie with the English,
+and delighting to see them as unknown, fearefull perhaps to be
+surprised, would gladly visit as she did, of whom no sooner had Captaine
+Argall intelligence, but he delt with an old friend Iapazeus, how and
+by what meanes he might procure her caption, assuring him that now or
+never, was the time to pleasure him, if he intended indeede that love
+which he had made profession of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme
+some of our English men and armes, now in the possession of her father,
+promising to use her withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well
+assured that his brother, as he promised, would use her courteously,
+promised his best endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and
+thus wrought it, making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been
+most powerful in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee
+had thus laid, he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would
+accompanie his brother to the water side, whither come, his wife should
+faine a great and longing desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe,
+which being there three or four times before she had never seene, and
+should be earnest with her husband to permit her--he seemed angry with
+her, making as he pretended so unnecessary request, especially being
+without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly,
+must faine to weepe (as who knows not that women can command teares)
+whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares, gave
+her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese Pocahuntas to accompany
+her; now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps of her
+father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, to goe with her, yet
+by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so forthwith aboord they went,
+the best cheere that could be made was seasonably provided, to supper
+they went, merry on all hands, especially Iapazeus and his wife, who to
+expres their joy would ere be treading upon Captaine Argall's foot, as
+who should say tis don, she is your own. Supper ended Pocahuntas was
+lodged in the gunner's roome, but Iapazeus and his wife desired to have
+some conference with their brother, which was onely to acquaint him by
+what stratagem they had betraied his prisoner as I have already
+related: after which discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas nothing
+mistrusting this policy, who nevertheless being most possessed with
+feere, and desire of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to be
+gon. Capt. Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small Copper
+kittle, and some other les valuable toies so highly by him esteemed,
+that doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them,
+permitted both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+considerations, as for that his father had then eigh [8] of our Englishe
+men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at severall
+times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which though
+of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve Pocahuntas,
+whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and discontented, yet
+ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward appearance was no les
+discontented that he should be the meanes of her captivity, much adoe
+there was to pursuade her to be patient, which with extraordinary
+curteous usage, by little and little was wrought in her, and so to
+Jamestowne she was brought.”
+
+Smith, who condenses this account in his “General Historie,” expresses
+his contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: “The old Jew and his
+wife began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas.” It will be noted
+that the account of the visit (apparently alone) of Pocahontas and her
+capture is strong evidence that she was not at this time married to
+“Kocoum” or anybody else.
+
+Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a
+demand made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is
+represented as dearly loving Pocahontas, his “delight and darling,” it
+was, according to Hamor, three months before they heard anything from
+him. His anxiety about his daughter could not have been intense. He
+retained a part of his plunder, and a message was sent to him that
+Pocahontas would be kept till he restored all the arms.
+
+This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from him
+till the following March. Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain Argall, with
+several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up to Powhatan's
+chief seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the Indians a chance
+to fight for her or to take her in peace on surrender of the stolen
+goods. The Indians received this with bravado and flights of arrows,
+reminding them of the fate of Captain Ratcliffe. The whites landed,
+killed some Indians, burnt forty houses, pillaged the village, and went
+on up the river and came to anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's
+chief town. Here were assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and
+arrows, who dared them to come ashore. Ashore they went, and a palaver
+was held. The Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which
+they would fight, if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+
+Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see their
+sister, who had been taken on shore. When they had sight of her, and
+saw how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and promised to
+persuade their father to redeem her and conclude a lasting peace. The
+two brothers were taken on board ship, and Master John Rolfe and Master
+Sparkes were sent to negotiate with the King. Powhatan did not show
+himself, but his brother Apachamo, his successor, promised to use his
+best efforts to bring about a peace, and the expedition returned to
+Jamestown.
+
+“Long before this time,” Hamor relates, “a gentleman of approved
+behaviour and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love with
+Pocahuntas and she with him, which thing at the instant that we were
+in parlee with them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a letter
+from him [Rolfe] whereby he entreated his advice and furtherance to his
+love, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of the Plantation, and
+Pocahuntas herself acquainted her brethren therewith.” Governor Dale
+approved this, and consequently was willing to retire without other
+conditions. “The bruite of this pretended marriage [Hamor continues]
+came soon to Powhatan's knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as
+appeared by his sudden consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent
+an old uncle of hirs, named Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the
+church, and two of his sonnes to see the mariage solemnized which was
+accordingly done about the fifth of April [1614], and ever since we have
+had friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but
+also with his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the
+collonie should not thrive a pace.”
+
+This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a firm
+peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again entitled to the
+grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers. Already, in 1612, a plan
+had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the English with the natives,
+and of obtaining the recognition of Powhatan and those allied to him as
+members of a fifth kingdom, with certain privileges. Cunega, the Spanish
+ambassador at London, on September 22, 1612, writes: “Although some
+suppose the plantation to decrease, he is credibly informed that there
+is a determination to marry some of the people that go over to Virginia;
+forty or fifty are already so married, and English women intermingle and
+are received kindly by the natives. A zealous minister hath been wounded
+for reprehending it.”
+
+Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+welfare of the colony. He probably brought with him in 1610 his wife,
+who gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers Islands at
+the time of the shipwreck. We find no notice of her death. Hamor gives
+him the distinction of being the first in the colony to try, in 1612,
+the planting and raising of tobacco. “No man [he adds] hath labored to
+his power, by good example there and worthy encouragement into England
+by his letters, than he hath done, witness his marriage with Powhatan's
+daughter, one of rude education, manners barbarous and cursed
+generation, meerely for the good and honor of the plantation: and
+least any man should conceive that some sinister respects allured him
+hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to his knowledge, in the end of my
+treatise to insert the true coppie of his letter written to Sir Thomas
+Dale.”
+
+The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer to
+a theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record. It reeks
+with unction. Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw every day,
+instead of inflicting upon him this painful document, in which the
+flutterings of a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden under a
+great resolve of self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+
+The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+
+“Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall be
+opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose be
+not to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking
+of so weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's weakness may
+permit) with the unbridled desire of carnall affection; but for the good
+of this plantation, for the honour of our countrie, for the glory of
+God, for my owne salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge
+of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas.
+To whom my heartie and best thoughts are, and have a long time bin so
+entangled, and inthralled in so intricate a laborinth, that I was even
+awearied to unwinde myself thereout.”
+
+Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on
+this subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of mankind
+and his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts. He is aware of God's
+displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying strange
+wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with good
+circumspection “into the grounds and principall agitations which should
+thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath bin rude,
+her manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so discrepant in
+all nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare and trembling,
+I have ended my private controversie with this: surely these are
+wicked instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and delighteth in man's
+distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be ever preserved from such
+diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be) I have taken some rest.”
+
+The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian, and
+consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her image,
+whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an ingenious
+reason (to show the world) for marrying her. He continues:
+
+“Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my holiest
+and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a new triall,
+in a straighter manner than the former; for besides the weary passions
+and sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and in my sleepe
+indured, even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with remissnesse,
+and carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform the duteie of a
+good Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying: Why dost thou not
+indeavor to make her a Christian? And these have happened to my greater
+wonder, even when she hath been furthest seperated from me, which
+in common reason (were it not an undoubted work of God) might breede
+forgetfulnesse of a far more worthie creature.”
+
+He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the
+remedy, but he is after a large-sized motive:
+
+“Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why I
+was created? If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities, but
+to labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to nourish and
+increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good husband in the
+gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the fruites may be
+reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life, and his salvation
+in the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto her great appearance
+of love to me, her desire to be taught and instructed in the knowledge
+of God, her capablenesse of understanding, her aptness and willingness
+to receive anie good impression, and also the spirituall, besides her
+owne incitements stirring me up hereunto.”
+
+The “incitements” gave him courage, so that he exclaims: “Shall I be of
+so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right
+way? Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the hungrie, or
+uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?”
+
+It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe screwed
+up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom thousands
+of people were afterwards so anxious to be descended. But he made the
+sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of the plantation,
+and the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and lower motive
+he vigorously repels: “Now, if the vulgar sort, who square all men's
+actions by the base rule of their own filthinesse, shall tax or taunt
+mee in this my godly labour: let them know it is not hungry appetite, to
+gorge myselfe with incontinency; sure (if I would and were so sensually
+inclined) I might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared
+conscience, yet with Christians more pleasing to the eie, and less
+fearefull in the offense unlawfully committed. Nor am I in so desperate
+an estate, that I regard not what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope
+but one day to see my country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in
+birth, but there to obtain a mach to my great con'tent.... But shall it
+please God thus to dispose of me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill
+my ends before set down) I will heartily accept of it as a godly taxe
+appointed me, and I will never cease (God assisting me) untill I have
+accomplished, and brought to perfection so holy a worke, in which I will
+daily pray God to bless me, to mine and her eternal happiness.”
+
+It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters to
+Amonata they had less cant in them than this. But it was pleasing to Sir
+Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of Mr. Rolfe.
+In a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18, 1614, to a
+reverend friend in London, he describes the expedition when Pocahontas
+was carried up the river, and adds the information that when she went on
+shore, “she would not talk to any of them, scarcely to them of the best
+sort, and to them only, that if her father had loved her, he would not
+value her less than old swords, pieces, or axes; wherefore she would
+still dwell with the Englishmen who loved her.”
+
+“Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is
+since married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by his
+letter unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her you may
+perceive), an other knot to bind this peace the stronger. Her father
+and friends gave approbation to it, and her uncle gave her to him in
+the church; she lives civilly and lovingly with him, and I trust will
+increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God increaseth in her. She
+will goe into England with me, and were it but the gayning of this one
+soule, I will think my time, toile, and present stay well spent.”
+
+Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date
+with the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the genuineness
+of which is questioned. In speaking of the good deeds of Sir Thomas Dale
+it says: “But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or Matoa, the
+daughter of Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet English
+Gentleman--Master Rolfe, and that after she had openly renounced her
+countrey Idolatry, and confessed the faith of Jesus Christ, and was
+baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a long time to ground
+her in.” If, as this proclaims, she was married after her conversion,
+then Rolfe's tender conscience must have given him another twist for
+wedding her, when the reason for marrying her (her conversion) had
+ceased with her baptism. His marriage, according to this, was a pure
+work of supererogation. It took place about the 5th of April, 1614. It
+is not known who performed the ceremony.
+
+How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+detention, we are not told. Conjectures are made that she was an inmate
+of the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr. Whittaker,
+both of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on religious
+subjects. She must also have been learning English and civilized ways,
+for it is sure that she spoke our language very well when she went to
+London. Mr. John Rolfe was also laboring for her conversion, and we may
+suppose that with all these ministrations, mingled with her love of Mr.
+Rolfe, which that ingenious widower had discovered, and her desire to
+convert him into a husband, she was not an unwilling captive. Whatever
+may have been her barbarous instincts, we have the testimony of Governor
+Dale that she lived “civilly and lovingly” with her husband.
+
+
+
+
+
+STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+
+Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet
+Governor the colony had had. One element of his success was no doubt the
+change in the charter of 1609. By the first charter everything had
+been held in common by the company, and there had been no division of
+property or allotment of land among the colonists. Under the new regime
+land was held in severalty, and the spur of individual interest began
+at once to improve the condition of the settlement. The character of the
+colonists was also gradually improving. They had not been of a sort
+to fulfill the earnest desire of the London promoter's to spread vital
+piety in the New World. A zealous defense of Virginia and Maryland,
+against “scandalous imputation,” entitled “Leah and Rachel; or, The
+Two Fruitful Sisters,” by Mr. John Hammond, London, 1656, considers
+the charges that Virginia “is an unhealthy place, a nest of rogues,
+abandoned women, dissolut and rookery persons; a place of intolerable
+labour, bad usage and hard diet”; and admits that “at the first
+settling, and for many years after, it deserved most of these
+aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but truths.... There were
+jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women drilled in, the provision
+all brought out of England, and that embezzled by the Trustees.”
+
+Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as a
+private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in 1606.
+Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland. The States
+General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence in Virginia.
+Upon his arrival he began to put in force that system of industry and
+frugality he had observed in Holland. He had all the imperiousness of a
+soldier, and in an altercation with Captain Newport, occasioned by some
+injurious remarks the latter made about Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer,
+he pulled his beard and threatened to hang him. Active operations for
+settling new plantations were at once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil,
+the Earl of Salisbury, for 2,000 good colonists to be sent out, for the
+three hundred that came were “so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny,
+that not many are Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and
+crazed that not sixty of them may be employed.” He served afterwards
+with credit in Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in
+1618, had a naval engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and
+died in 1620 from the effects of the climate. He was twice married, and
+his second wife, Lady Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him
+and received a patent for a Virginia plantation.
+
+Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired
+him with a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose
+exquisite perfections he had heard. He therefore despatched Ralph Hamor,
+with the English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a mission to
+the court of Powhatan, “upon a message unto him, which was to deale with
+him, if by any means I might procure a daughter of his, who (Pocahuntas
+being already in our possession) is generally reported to be his delight
+and darling, and surely he esteemed her as his owne Soule, for surer
+pledge of peace.” This visit Hamor relates with great naivete.
+
+At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan
+himself received his visitors when they landed, with great cordiality,
+expressing much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had been presented
+to him by Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen since he gave him
+leave to go and see his friends at Jamestown four years before; he also
+inquired anxiously after Namontack, whom he had sent to King James's
+land to see him and his country and report thereon, and then led the way
+to his house, where he sat down on his bedstead side. “On each hand of
+him was placed a comely and personable young woman, which they called
+his Queenes, the howse within round about beset with them, the outside
+guarded with a hundred bowmen.”
+
+The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan “first
+drank,” and then passed to Hamor, who “drank” what he pleased and then
+returned it. The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir Thomas Dale
+fared, “and after that of his daughter's welfare, her marriage, his
+unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved together.” Hamor
+replied “that his brother was very well, and his daughter so well
+content that she would not change her life to return and live with him,
+whereat he laughed heartily, and said he was very glad of it.”
+
+Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and
+Mr. Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him without
+the presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of the guides,
+who already knew it.
+
+Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver. First there
+was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of presents
+of coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the promise of
+a grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it. Hamor then
+proceeded:
+
+“The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter, being
+famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing of your
+brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed me hither,
+to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make profession of, to
+permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly for the desire which
+himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her sister hath to see her of
+whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as like enough it hath not, your
+brother (by your favour) would gladly make his nearest companion, wife
+and bed fellow [many times he would have interrupted my speech, which
+I entreated him to heare out, and then if he pleased to returne me
+answer], and the reason hereof is, because being now friendly and firmly
+united together, and made one people [as he supposeth and believes] in
+the bond of love, he would make a natural union between us, principally
+because himself hath taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as
+he liveth, and would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee
+may, of perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+thereunto.”
+
+Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of love
+and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain. But as to
+the other matter he said: “My daughter, whom my brother desireth, I sold
+within these three days to be wife to a great Weroance for two bushels
+of Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of oyster shells], and it is true
+she is already gone with him, three days' journey from me.”
+
+Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; “that if
+he pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the Roanoke
+without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter again, the
+rather because she was not full twelve years old, and therefore not
+marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace, so much the
+firmer, he should have treble the price of his daughter in beads,
+copper, hatchets, and many other things more useful for him.”
+
+The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to have
+brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it. He said he loved his
+daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but he delighted
+in none so much as in her; he could not live if he did not see her
+often, as he would not if she were living with the whites, and he
+was determined not to put himself in their hands. He desired no other
+assurance of friendship than his brother had given him, who had already
+one of his daughters as a pledge, which was sufficient while she lived;
+“when she dieth he shall have another child of mine.” And then he broke
+forth in pathetic eloquence: “I hold it not a brotherly part of your
+King, to desire to bereave me of two of my children at once; further
+give him to understand, that if he had no pledge at all, he should not
+need to distrust any injury from me, or any under my subjection; there
+have been too many of his and my men killed, and by my occasion there
+shall never be more; I which have power to perform it have said it; no
+not though I should have just occasion offered, for I am now old and
+would gladly end my days in peace; so as if the English offer me any
+injury, my country is large enough, I will remove myself farther from
+you.”
+
+The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two, loaded
+them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins, white as
+snow, for his son and daughter, and, requesting some articles sent him
+in return, bade them farewell with this message to Governor Dale: “I
+hope this will give him good satisfaction, if it do not I will go three
+days' journey farther from him, and never see Englishmen more.” It
+speaks well for the temperate habits of this savage that after he had
+feasted his guests, “he caused to be fetched a great glass of sack, some
+three quarts or better, which Captain Newport had given him six or seven
+years since, carefully preserved by him, not much above a pint in all
+this time spent, and gave each of us in a great oyster shell some three
+spoonfuls.”
+
+We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to his
+wife in England.
+
+Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never returned.
+After his departure scarcity and severity developed a mutiny, and six
+of the settlers were executed. Rolfe was planting tobacco (he has the
+credit of being the first white planter of it), and his wife was getting
+an inside view of Christian civilization.
+
+In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians. They reached Plymouth
+early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note: “Sir Thomas
+Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men and women of
+thatt countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who married a daughter
+of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called Pocahuntas, hath brought his
+wife with him into England.” On the 22d Sir John Chamberlain wrote to
+Sir Dudley Carlton that there were “ten or twelve, old and young, of
+that country.”
+
+The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great
+care to the London company. In May, 1620, is a record that the company
+had to pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had been living
+as a servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a consumption. The same
+year two other of the maids were shipped off to the Bermudas, after
+being long a charge to the company, in the hope that they might there
+get husbands, “that after they were converted and had children, they
+might be sent to their country and kindred to civilize them.” One of
+them was there married. The attempt to educate them in England was not
+very successful, and a proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this
+comment from Sir Edwin Sandys:
+
+“Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here, he
+found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might be far
+from the Christian work intended.” One Nanamack, a lad brought over by
+Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where “he heard not much of
+religion but sins, had many times examples of drinking, swearing and
+like evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan,” till he fell in with a
+devout family and changed his life, but died before he was baptized.
+Accompanying Pocahontas was a councilor of Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the
+husband of one of her sisters, of whom Purchas says in his “Pilgrimes”:
+“With this savage I have often conversed with my good friend Master
+Doctor Goldstone where he was a frequent geust, and where I have seen
+him sing and dance his diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of
+his country and religion.... Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which
+I have in my Pilgrimage delivered. And his wife did not only accustom
+herself to civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a
+king, and was accordingly respected, not only by the Company which
+allowed provision for herself and her son, but of divers particular
+persons of honor, in their hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity.
+I was present when my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of
+London, Doctor King, entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond
+what I had seen in his great hospitality offered to other ladies. At
+her return towards Virginia she came at Gravesend to her end and grave,
+having given great demonstration of her Christian sincerity, as the
+first fruits of Virginia conversion, leaving here a goodly memory,
+and the hopes of her resurrection, her soul aspiring to see and enjoy
+permanently in heaven what here she had joyed to hear and believe of her
+blessed Saviour. Not such was Tomocomo, but a blasphemer of what he knew
+not and preferring his God to ours because he taught them (by his own
+so appearing) to wear their Devil-lock at the left ear; he acquainted me
+with the manner of that his appearance, and believed that their Okee or
+Devil had taught them their husbandry.”
+
+Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+“little booke” to Queen Anne, the consort of King James. This letter is
+found in Smith's “General Historie” ( 1624), where it is introduced
+as having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616. Probably he sent her such a
+letter. We find no mention of its receipt or of any acknowledgment of
+it. Whether the “abstract” in the “General Historie” is exactly like
+the original we have no means of knowing. We have no more confidence in
+Smith's memory than we have in his dates. The letter is as follows:
+
+“To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great Brittaine.
+
+“Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+
+“The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened me
+in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine mee
+presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this short
+discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest vertues,
+I must be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes to bee
+thankful. So it is.
+
+“That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by the
+power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great Salvage
+exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne Nantaquaus, the
+most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw in a Salvage and
+his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and well-beloved daughter,
+being but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of age, whose
+compassionate pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me much cause
+to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud King and his grim
+attendants ever saw, and thus enthralled in their barbarous power, I
+cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that was in the power of
+those my mortall foes to prevent notwithstanding al their threats. After
+some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage Courtiers, at the minute of
+my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save
+mine, and not onely that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was
+safely conducted to Jamestowne, where I found about eight and thirty
+miserable poore and sicke creatures, to keepe possession of all those
+large territories of Virginia, such was the weaknesse of this poore
+Commonwealth, as had the Salvages not fed us, we directly had starved.
+
+“And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by
+this Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when inconstant
+Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin would still not
+spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have been oft appeased,
+and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie of her father thus to
+imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to make her his instrument, or
+her extraordinarie affection to our Nation, I know not: but of this I am
+sure: when her father with the utmost of his policie and power, sought
+to surprize mee, having but eighteene with mee, the dark night could not
+affright her from comming through the irksome woods, and with watered
+eies gave me intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie:
+which had hee known hee had surely slaine her. Jamestowne with her wild
+traine she as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during
+the time of two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the
+instrument to preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter
+confusion, which if in those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia
+might have laine as it was at our first arrivall to this day. Since
+then, this buisinesse having been turned and varied by many accidents
+from that I left it at: it is most certaine, after a long and
+troublesome warre after my departure, betwixt her father and our
+Colonie, all which time shee was not heard of, about two yeeres longer,
+the Colonie by that meanes was releived, peace concluded, and at last
+rejecting her barbarous condition, was maried to an English Gentleman,
+with whom at this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of
+that Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or had a childe
+in mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning bee truly
+considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+
+“Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at your
+best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large, and done
+in the time of your Majesties life, and however this might bee presented
+you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more honest heart, as yet
+I never begged anything of the State, or any, and it is my want of
+abilitie and her exceeding desert, your birth, meanes, and authoritie,
+her birth, vertue, want and simplicitie, doth make mee thus bold, humbly
+to beseech your Majestic: to take this knowledge of her though it be
+from one so unworthy to be the reporter, as myselfe, her husband's
+estate not being able to make her fit to attend your Majestic: the most
+and least I can doe, is to tell you this, because none so oft hath tried
+it as myselfe: and the rather being of so great a spirit, however her
+station: if she should not be well received, seeing this Kingdome
+may rightly have a Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and
+Christianitie, might turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all
+this good to the worst of evill, when finding so great a Queene should
+doe her some honour more than she can imagine, for being so kinde to
+your servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endeare
+her dearest bloud to effect that, your Majestic and all the Kings honest
+subjects most earnestly desire: and so I humbly kisse your gracious
+hands.”
+
+The passage in this letter, “She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+braines to save mine,” is inconsistent with the preceding portion of the
+paragraph which speaks of “the exceeding great courtesie” of Powhatan;
+and Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when he made up
+his
+
+“General Historie.”
+
+Smith represents himself at this time--the last half of 1616 and the
+first three months of 1617--as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas the
+service she desired. She was staying at Branford, either from neglect
+of the company or because the London smoke disagreed with her, and there
+Smith went to see her. His account of his intercourse with her, the only
+one we have, must be given for what it is worth. According to this she
+had supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at his neglect of her. He
+writes:
+
+“After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about, obscured
+her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour, her husband
+with divers others, we all left her two or three hours repenting myself
+to have writ she could speak English. But not long after she began to
+talke, remembering me well what courtesies she had done: saying, 'You
+did promise Powhatan what was yours should be his, and he the like to
+you; you called him father, being in his land a stranger, and by the
+same reason so must I do you:' which though I would have excused, I
+durst not allow of that title, because she was a king's daughter. With
+a well set countenance she said: 'Were you not afraid to come into my
+father's country and cause fear in him and all his people (but me), and
+fear you have I should call you father; I tell you then I will, and
+you shall call me childe, and so I will be forever and ever, your
+contrieman. They did tell me alwaies you were dead, and I knew no other
+till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan did command Uttamatomakkin to seek
+you, and know the truth, because your countriemen will lie much.”'
+
+This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what they
+and their state were. At Plymouth he got a long stick and began to make
+notches in it for the people he saw. But he was quickly weary of that
+task. He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him out, and get him
+to show him his God, and the King, Queen, and Prince, of whom Smith had
+told so much. Smith put him off about showing his God, but said he had
+heard that he had seen the King. This the Indian denied, James probably
+not coming up to his idea of a king, till by circumstances he was
+convinced he had seen him. Then he replied very sadly: “You gave
+Powhatan a white dog, which Powhatan fed as himself, but your king gave
+me nothing, and I am better than your white dog.”
+
+Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and “they
+did think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have seen
+many English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and behavioured;” and
+he heard that it had pleased the King and Queen greatly to esteem her,
+as also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other persons of good quality, both
+at the masques and otherwise.
+
+Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but
+the contemporary notices of her are scant. The Indians were objects of
+curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been since,
+and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention. She was
+presented at court. She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop of London.
+At the playing of Ben Jonson's “Christmas his Mask” at court, January
+6, 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present, and Chamberlain
+writes to Carleton: “The Virginian woman Pocahuntas with her father
+counsellor have been with the King and graciously used, and both she and
+her assistant were pleased at the Masque. She is upon her return though
+sore against her will, if the wind would about to send her away.”
+
+Mr. Neill says that “after the first weeks of her residence in England
+she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by the letter
+writers,” and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that “when they heard that
+Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in council whether he
+had not committed high treason by so doing, that is marrying an Indian
+princesse.”
+
+It was like James to think so. His interest in the colony was never
+the most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial. Lord Southampton
+(Dec. 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told the King of
+the Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are said to fly. The
+King very earnestly asked if none were provided for him, and said he was
+sure Salisbury would get him one. Would not have troubled him, “but that
+you know so well how he is affected to these toys.”
+
+There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a
+portrait of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is
+translated: “Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan,
+Emperor of Virginia; converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff; died
+on shipboard at Gravesend 1617.” This is doubtless the portrait engraved
+by Simon De Passe in 1616, and now inserted in the extant copies of the
+London edition of the “General Historie,” 1624. It is not probable that
+the portrait was originally published with the “General Historie.” The
+portrait inserted in the edition of 1624 has this inscription:
+
+Round the portrait:
+
+“Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim.”
+
+In the oval, under the portrait:
+
+         “Aetatis suae 21 A.
+            1616”
+ Below:
+
+“Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan Emprour of
+Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in the Christian
+faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff. i: Pass: sculp. Compton
+Holland excud.”
+
+
+Camden in his “History of Gravesend” says that everybody paid this
+young lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to her
+own country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition toward the
+English; and that she died, “giving testimony all the time she lay sick,
+of her being a very good Christian.”
+
+The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days, probably
+on the 21st of March, 1617. I have seen somewhere a statement, which
+I cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox. St. George's Church,
+where she was buried, was destroyed by fire in 1727. The register of
+that church has this record:
+
+
+       “1616, May 21 Rebecca Wrothe
+        Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+     A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+          in ye chaunncle.”
+
+Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+Papers, dated “1617, 29 March, London,” that her death occurred March
+21, 1617.
+
+John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the
+company. August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: “We cannot
+imagine why you should give us warning that Opechankano and the natives
+have given the country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they reserve it
+from all others till he comes of years except as we suppose as some
+do here report it be a device of your own, to some special purpose for
+yourself.” It appears also by the minutes of the company in 1621 that
+Lady Delaware had trouble to recover goods of hers left in Rolfe's hands
+in Virginia, and desired a commission directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and
+Mr. George Sandys to examine what goods of the late “Lord Deleware had
+come into Rolfe's possession and get satisfaction of him.” This George
+Sandys is the famous traveler who made a journey through the Turkish
+Empire in 1610, and who wrote, while living in Virginia, the first book
+written in the New World, the completion of his translation of Ovid's
+“Metamorphosis.”
+
+John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children.
+This is supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his
+marriage to her nor of the death of his first. October 7, 1622, his
+brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be
+converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his own
+indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's daughter.
+
+This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of Pocahontas
+to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell into evil
+practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship of his uncle
+Henry Rolfe, and educated in London. When he was grown up he returned
+to Virginia, and was probably there married. There is on record his
+application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for leave to go into the
+Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's sister. He left an only
+daughter who was married, says Stith (1753), “to Col. John Bolling; by
+whom she left an only son, the late Major John Bolling, who was father
+to the present Col. John Bolling, and several daughters, married to
+Col. Richard Randolph, Col. John Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas
+Eldridge, and Mr. James Murray.” Campbell in his “History of Virginia”
+ says that the first Randolph that came to the James River was an
+esteemed and industrious mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard,
+grandfather of the celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the
+great granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+
+In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with
+fighting and the savage delights of life. He had many names and titles;
+his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick,
+and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk. He ruled, by inheritance and
+conquest, with many chiefs under him, over a large territory with not
+defined borders, lying on the James, the York, the Rappahannock, the
+Potomac, and the Pawtuxet Rivers. He had several seats, at which he
+alternately lived with his many wives and guard of bowmen, the chief of
+which at the arrival of the English was Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey
+(York) River. His state has been sufficiently described. He is said
+to have had a hundred wives, and generally a dozen--the
+youngest--personally attending him. When he had a mind to add to his
+harem he seems to have had the ancient oriental custom of sending into
+all his dominions for the fairest maidens to be brought from whom to
+select. And he gave the wives of whom he was tired to his favorites.
+
+Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about 1610:
+“He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten with cold
+and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many necessityes
+and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely great. He is
+supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I dare not saye how
+much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and cleane lymbes, of a
+sad aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie haires, but plaine and thin,
+hanging upon his broad showlders; some few haires upon his chin, and so
+on his upper lippe: he hath been a strong and able salvadge, synowye,
+vigilant, ambitious, subtile to enlarge his dominions:... cruell he hath
+been, and quarellous as well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and
+that to strike a terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion,
+as also with his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in
+security and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions
+of peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is
+likewise more quietly settled amongst his own.”
+
+It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young wives
+whom Strachey names. All his people obeyed him with fear and adoration,
+presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling if he frowned.
+His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to death before him,
+or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or broiled to death on
+burning coals. Strachey wondered how such a barbarous prince should put
+on such ostentation of majesty, yet he accounted for it as belonging to
+the necessary divinity that doth hedge in a king: “Such is (I believe)
+the impression of the divine nature, and however these (as other
+heathens forsaken by the true light) have not that porcion of the
+knowing blessed Christian spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an
+infused kind of divinities and extraordinary (appointed that it shall
+be so by the King of kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on
+earth.”
+
+Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed
+by Strachey and Smith. A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept
+and conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no conception
+of an overruling power or of an immortal life. Smith describes a
+ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity; but this is doubtful,
+although Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians “naked slaves of the
+devil,” also says they sacrificed sometimes themselves and sometimes
+their own children. An image of their god which he sent to England
+“was painted upon one side of a toadstool, much like unto a deformed
+monster.” And he adds: “Their priests, whom they call Quockosoughs, are
+no other but such as our English witches are.” This notion I believe
+also pertained among the New England colonists. There was a belief
+that the Indian conjurors had some power over the elements, but not a
+well-regulated power, and in time the Indians came to a belief in the
+better effect of the invocations of the whites. In “Winslow's Relation,”
+ quoted by Alexander Young in his “Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers,”
+ under date of July, 1623, we read that on account of a great drought
+a fast day was appointed. When the assembly met the sky was clear. The
+exercise lasted eight or nine hours. Before they broke up, owing to
+prayers the weather was overcast. Next day began a long gentle rain.
+This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of our God: “showing the
+difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the name
+of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and tempests, as
+sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the corn flat on the
+ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a manner, as they never
+observed the like.”
+
+It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was of
+those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that they
+got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of earth
+and the juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves either
+according to the custom of the country or as a defense against the
+stinging of mosquitoes. The women are of the same hue as the men, says
+Strachey; “howbeit, it is supposed neither of them naturally borne so
+discolored; for Captain Smith (lyving sometymes amongst them) affirmeth
+how they are from the womb indifferent white, but as the men, so doe the
+women,” “dye and disguise themselves into this tawny cowler, esteeming
+it the best beauty to be nearest such a kind of murrey as a sodden
+quince is of,” as the Greek women colored their faces and the ancient
+Britain women dyed themselves with red; “howbeit [Strachey slyly adds]
+he or she that hath obtained the perfected art in the tempering of this
+collour with any better kind of earth, yearb or root preserves it not
+yet so secrett and precious unto herself as doe our great ladyes their
+oyle of talchum, or other painting white and red, but they frindly
+communicate the secret and teach it one another.”
+
+Thomas Lechford in his “Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,”
+ London, 1642, says: “They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their
+children are borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors
+presently.”
+
+The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions; no
+beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full at
+the end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly as
+the Moors; and the women as having “handsome limbs, slender arms, pretty
+hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their voices.
+The men shaved their hair on the right side, the women acting as
+barbers, and left the hair full length on the left side, with a lock an
+ell long.” A Puritan divine--“New England's Plantation, 1630”--says of
+the Indians about him, “their hair is generally black, and cut before
+like our gentlewomen, and one lock longer than the rest, much like to
+our gentlemen, which fashion I think came from hence into England.”
+
+Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract from
+Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+
+“Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and in
+the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of white
+bone or shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde up
+hollowe, and with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles,
+hawkes, turkeys, etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes,
+squirrells, etc. The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the cheeke
+to the full view, and some of their men there be who will weare in these
+holes a small greene and yellow-couloured live snake, neere half a yard
+in length, which crawling and lapping himself about his neck oftentymes
+familiarly, he suffreeth to kisse his lippes. Others weare a dead ratt
+tyed by the tayle, and such like conundrums.”
+
+This is the earliest use I find of our word “conundrum,” and the sense
+it bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+
+Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and deserves
+his prominence. He was an able and crafty savage, and made a good fight
+against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no match for
+the crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians. There is
+something pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow for the death
+of his daughter in a strange land, when he saw his territories overrun
+by the invaders, from whom he only asked peace, and the poor privilege
+of moving further away from them into the wilderness if they denied him
+peace.
+
+In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild rose.
+She was, like the Douglas, “tender and true.” Wanting apparently the
+cruel nature of her race generally, her heroic qualities were all of the
+heart. No one of all the contemporary writers has anything but gentle
+words for her. Barbarous and untaught she was like her comrades, but of
+a gentle nature. Stripped of all the fictions which Captain Smith has
+woven into her story, and all the romantic suggestions which later
+writers have indulged in, she appears, in the light of the few facts
+that industry is able to gather concerning her, as a pleasing and
+unrestrained Indian girl, probably not different from her savage sisters
+in her habits, but bright and gentle; struck with admiration at the
+appearance of the white men, and easily moved to pity them, and so
+inclined to a growing and lasting friendship for them; tractable and apt
+to learn refinements; accepting the new religion through love for those
+who taught it, and finally becoming in her maturity a well-balanced,
+sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+
+According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something
+more than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a stranger
+and a captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those who
+opposed his invasion. In all times, among the most savage tribes and in
+civilized society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by the sight
+of a prisoner, and risked life to save him--the impulse was as natural
+to a Highland lass as to an African maid. Pocahontas went further than
+efforts to make peace between the superior race and her own. When the
+whites forced the Indians to contribute from their scanty stores to the
+support of the invaders, and burned their dwellings and shot them on
+sight if they refused, the Indian maid sympathized with the exposed
+whites and warned them of stratagems against them; captured herself by a
+base violation of the laws of hospitality, she was easily reconciled to
+her situation, adopted the habits of the foreigners, married one of her
+captors, and in peace and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.
+History has not preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+
+It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony,
+that her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always
+remains in history in the bloom of youth. She did not live to be pained
+by the contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her own and her
+adopted people, nor to learn what things could be done in the Christian
+name she loved, nor to see her husband in a less honorable light than
+she left him, nor to be involved in any way in the frightful massacre
+of 1622. If she had remained in England after the novelty was over, she
+might have been subject to slights and mortifying neglect. The struggles
+of the fighting colony could have brought her little but pain. Dying
+when she did, she rounded out one of the prettiest romances of all
+history, and secured for her name the affection of a great nation, whose
+empire has spared little that belonged to her childhood and race, except
+the remembrance of her friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles Dudley Warner
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+
+<!DOCTYPE html
+   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" >
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      The Story of Pocahontas, by Charles Dudley Warner
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd7; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
+    div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; }
+    .figleft   {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;}
+    .figright  {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;}
+    pre     { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+
+</style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles Dudley Warner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Pocahantas
+
+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2006 [EBook #3129]
+Last Updated: February 24, 2018
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF POCAHANTAS ***
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <h1>
+      THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Charles Dudley Warner
+    </h2>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED </a>
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+      without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by the
+      vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants of this
+      dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet of her red
+      blood.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early showed
+      a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and unwilling
+      service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary testimony. That as
+      a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and prepossessing above all her
+      copper-colored companions, we can believe, and that as a woman her manners
+      were attractive. If the portrait taken of her in London&mdash;the best
+      engraving of which is by Simon de Passe&mdash;in 1616, when she is said to
+      have been twenty-one years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian
+      features.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first mention of her is in &ldquo;The True Relation,&rdquo; written by Captain
+      Smith in Virginia in 1608. In this narrative, as our readers have seen,
+      she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the captivity in
+      which Powhatan used him &ldquo;with all the kindness he could devise.&rdquo; Her name
+      first appears, toward the close of the relation, in the following
+      sentence:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his daughter, a
+      child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature, countenance, and
+      proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his people, but for wit and
+      spirit the only nonpareil of his country: this hee sent by his most trusty
+      messenger, called Rawhunt, as much exceeding in deformitie of person, but
+      of a subtill wit and crafty understanding, he with a long circumstance
+      told mee how well Powhatan loved and respected mee, and in that I should
+      not doubt any way of his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most
+      esteemed, to see mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring
+      mee that the Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan]
+      might come again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had
+      taught this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had
+      been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their fathers
+      and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate their libertie.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+      guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after prayer,
+      gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her father's
+      kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all the time of
+      their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or what else they
+      had, and with much content, sent them packing: Pocahuntas, also we
+      requited with such trifles as contented her, to tel that we had used the
+      Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives which
+      are appended to the &ldquo;Map of Virginia,&rdquo; etc. This was sent home by Smith,
+      with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of 1608. It was
+      published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years after Smith's return
+      to England. The appendix contains the narratives of several of Smith's
+      companions in Virginia, edited by Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith. In
+      one of these is a brief reference to the above-quoted incident.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+      reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs of
+      Powhatan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in Chapter
+      X. and the last of the appendix to the &ldquo;Map of Virginia,&rdquo; and is Smith's
+      denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry Pocahontas. In this
+      passage he speaks of her as &ldquo;at most not past 13 or 14 years of age.&rdquo; If
+      she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when Smith left Virginia, she must
+      have been more than ten when he wrote his &ldquo;True Relation,&rdquo; composed in the
+      winter of 1608, which in all probability was carried to England by Captain
+      Nelson, who left Jamestown June 2d.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to Pocahontas is
+      William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the expedition of Gates
+      and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and reached Jamestown May 23
+      or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and Recorder of the colony under Lord
+      Delaware. Of the origin and life of Strachey, who was a person of
+      importance in Virginia, little is known. The better impression is that he
+      was the William Strachey of Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and
+      was living in 1620, and that it was his grandson of the same name who was
+      subsequently connected with the Virginia colony. He was, judged by his
+      writings, a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and
+      shared the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his
+      time. His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the code
+      of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he first
+      published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled &ldquo;The Historie of
+      Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &amp;c., gathered and observed as well
+      by those who went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, gent.,
+      three years thither, employed as Secretaire of State.&rdquo; How long he
+      remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could not have been &ldquo;three
+      years,&rdquo; though he may have been continued Secretary for that period, for
+      he was in London in 1612, in which year he published there the laws of
+      Virginia which had been established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610,
+      approved by Lord Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale
+      June 22, 1611.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The &ldquo;Travaile&rdquo; was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849. When
+      and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one time, are
+      matters much in dispute. The first book, descriptive of Virginia and its
+      people, is complete; the second book, a narration of discoveries in
+      America, is unfinished. Only the first book concerns us. That Strachey
+      made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the book was no doubt written
+      after his return to England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what are
+      held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the Black
+      Codes. One clause will suffice:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the Bell
+      shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear divine
+      service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first omission,
+      for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be condemned to the
+      Gallies for six months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate the
+      Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private, abroad or at home, but duly
+      sanctifie and observe the same, both himselfe and his familie, by
+      preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be the
+      better fitted for the publique, according to the commandments of God, and
+      the orders of our church, as also every man and woman shall repaire in the
+      morning to the divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day,
+      and in the afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the
+      first fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week
+      following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be whipt,
+      and for the third to suffer death.&rdquo;]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's &ldquo;Map and
+      Description&rdquo; at Oxford in 1612? The question is important, because Smith's
+      &ldquo;Description&rdquo; and Strachey's &ldquo;Travaile&rdquo; are page after page literally the
+      same. One was taken from the other. Commonly at that time manuscripts seem
+      to have been passed around and much read before they were published.
+      Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished manuscripts of Smith when he
+      compiled his narrative. Did Smith see Strachey's manuscript before he
+      published his Oxford tract, or did Strachey enlarge his own notes from
+      Smith's description? It has been usually assumed that Strachey cribbed
+      from Smith without acknowledgment. If it were a question to be settled by
+      the internal evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that
+      Smith condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the
+      balance in Smith's favor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Strachey in his &ldquo;Travaile&rdquo; refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+      respect. It will be noted that Smith's &ldquo;Map&rdquo; was engraved and published
+      before the &ldquo;Description&rdquo; in the Oxford tract. Purchas had it, for he says,
+      in writing of Virginia for his &ldquo;Pilgrimage&rdquo; (which was published in 1613):
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word of
+      mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+      Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted me
+      with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been the
+      discoverer.&rdquo; Strachey in his &ldquo;Travaile&rdquo; alludes to it, and pays a tribute
+      to Smith in the following: &ldquo;Their severall habitations are more plainly
+      described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt. Smith, of whose paines
+      taken herein I leave to the censure of the reader to judge. Sure I am
+      there will not return from thence in hast, any one who hath been more
+      industrious, or who hath had (Capt. Geo. Percie excepted) greater
+      experience amongst them, however misconstruction may traduce here at home,
+      where is not easily seen the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd,
+      which is there daylie, and with no few hazards and hearty griefes
+      undergon.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript. The one used by the
+      Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of &ldquo;Lord
+      High Chancellor,&rdquo; and Bacon had not that title conferred on him till after
+      1618. But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at Oxford is dedicated
+      to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of &ldquo;Purveyor to His Majestie's Navie
+      Royall&rdquo;; and as Sir Allen was made &ldquo;Lieutenant of the Tower&rdquo; in 1616, it
+      is believed that the manuscript must have been written before that date,
+      since the author would not have omitted the more important of the two
+      titles in his dedication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his &ldquo;Laws&rdquo; (1612),
+      is dated &ldquo;From my lodging in the Black Friars. At your best pleasures,
+      either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success of it heere.&rdquo; In
+      his letter he speaks of his experience in the Bermudas and Virginia: &ldquo;The
+      full storie of both in due time [I] shall consecrate unto your view....
+      Howbit since many impediments, as yet must detaine such my observations in
+      the shadow of darknesse, untill I shall be able to deliver them perfect
+      unto your judgments,&rdquo; etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations were
+      not written then, only that they were not &ldquo;perfect&rdquo;; in fact, they were
+      detained in the &ldquo;shadow of darknesse&rdquo; till the year 1849. Our own
+      inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began his
+      manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to it and
+      corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to Pocahontas.
+      The first occurs in his description of the apparel of Indian women:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all over
+      with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the skyrt, carved
+      and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion of beasts, fowle,
+      tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best please or expresse the
+      fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe not shadowed amongst their
+      owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven or twelve returnes of the leafe
+      old (for soe they accompt and bring about the yeare, calling the fall of
+      the leaf tagnitock); nor are thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore
+      would the before remembered Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong
+      girle, Powhatan's daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age
+      then of eleven or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the
+      markett place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up
+      their heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked
+      as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put on a
+      kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or handycrafts
+      men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be seene bare. We
+      have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey feathers, and other
+      fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with threeds, that nothing could be
+      discerned but the feathers, which were exceedingly warme and very
+      handsome.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Strachey did not see Pocahontas. She did not resort to the camp after the
+      departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was kidnapped by Governor
+      Dale in April, 1613. He repeats what he heard of her. The time mentioned
+      by him of her resorting to the fort, &ldquo;of the age then of eleven or twelve
+      yeares,&rdquo; must have been the time referred to by Smith when he might have
+      married her, namely, in 1608-9, when he calls her &ldquo;not past 13 or 14 years
+      of age.&rdquo; The description of her as a &ldquo;yong girle&rdquo; tumbling about the fort,
+      &ldquo;naked as she was,&rdquo; would seem to preclude the idea that she was married
+      at that time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The use of the word &ldquo;wanton&rdquo; is not necessarily disparaging, for &ldquo;wanton&rdquo;
+       in that age was frequently synonymous with &ldquo;playful&rdquo; and &ldquo;sportive&rdquo;; but
+      it is singular that she should be spoken of as &ldquo;well featured, but
+      wanton.&rdquo; Strachey, however, gives in another place what is no doubt the
+      real significance of the Indian name &ldquo;Pocahontas.&rdquo; He says:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+      according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+      children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a name,
+      calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing their
+      promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great King Powhatan
+      called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well, Pocahontas, which may
+      signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was rightly called Amonata at more
+      ripe years.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The Indian girls married very young. The polygamous Powhatan had a large
+      number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a dozen &ldquo;for the
+      most part very young women,&rdquo; the names of whom Strachey obtained from one
+      Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp, whom Smith certifies was a great
+      villain. Strachey gives a list of the names of twelve of them, at the head
+      of which is Winganuske. This list was no doubt written down by the author
+      in Virginia, and it is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also
+      the number of Powhatan's children. The &ldquo;great darling&rdquo; in this list was
+      Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered his
+      comrade in the Bermudas. Strachey writes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+      Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst us as
+      he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not otherwise safe
+      for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had his braynes knockt
+      out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying in the English fort two
+      or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say they often reported unto us
+      that Powhatan had then lyving twenty sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a
+      young one by Winganuske, Machumps his sister, and a great darling of the
+      King's; and besides, younge Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme
+      to our fort in tymes past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called
+      Kocoum, some two years since.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      This passage is a great puzzle. Does Strachey intend to say that
+      Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum? She might have been
+      during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her kidnapping in
+      1613, when she was of marriageable age. We shall see hereafter that
+      Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite daughter of his, whom
+      Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve years of age, to be wife
+      to a great chief. The term &ldquo;private Captain&rdquo; might perhaps be applied to
+      an Indian chief. Smith, in his &ldquo;General Historie,&rdquo; says the Indians have
+      &ldquo;but few occasions to use any officers more than one commander, which
+      commonly they call Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine.&rdquo; It is
+      probably not possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into
+      Caucorouse, or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private
+      captain was called in Indian a Kocoum. Werowance and Caucorouse are not
+      synonymous terms. Werowance means &ldquo;chief,&rdquo; and Caucorouse means &ldquo;talker&rdquo;
+       or &ldquo;orator,&rdquo; and is the original of our word &ldquo;caucus.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an Indian&mdash;a
+      not violent presumption considering her age and the fact that war between
+      Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off intercourse between them&mdash;or
+      Strachey referred to her marriage with Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake
+      Kocoum. If this is to be accepted, then this paragraph must have been
+      written in England in 1616, and have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it
+      &ldquo;some two years since,&rdquo; in 1614.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through her
+      acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no doubt; that
+      she was not different in her habits and mode of life from other Indian
+      girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every reason to
+      suppose. It was the English who magnified the imperialism of her father,
+      and exaggerated her own station as Princess. She certainly put on no airs
+      of royalty when she was &ldquo;cart-wheeling&rdquo; about the fort. Nor does this
+      detract anything from the native dignity of the mature, and converted, and
+      partially civilized woman.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been noticed
+      in the estimates of her age. Powhatan is not said to have kept a private
+      secretary to register births in his family. If Pocahontas gave her age
+      correctly, as it appears upon her London portrait in 1616, aged
+      twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years of age when she was captured
+      in 1613 This would make her about twelve at the time of Smith's captivity
+      in 1607-8. There is certainly room for difference of opinion as to whether
+      so precocious a woman, as her intelligent apprehension of affairs shows
+      her to have been, should have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen.
+      In marrying at least as early as that she would have followed the custom
+      of her tribe. It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had
+      raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the court of
+      Werowocomoco.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years. The
+      occasional mentions of her name in the &ldquo;General Historie&rdquo; are so evidently
+      interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us. When and where she
+      took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London portrait, we are
+      not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as Strachey says she was &ldquo;at
+      more ripe yeares.&rdquo; How she was occupied from the departure of Smith to her
+      abduction, we can only guess. To follow her authentic history we must take
+      up the account of Captain Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the
+      colony under Governor Dale.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous in
+      the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in
+      September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+      expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture that
+      would bring Powhatan to terms. The Emperor, from being a friend, had
+      become the most implacable enemy of the English. Captain Argall says: &ldquo;I
+      was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the great Powhatan's
+      daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King Potowomek, whither I presently
+      repaired, resolved to possess myself of her by any stratagem that I could
+      use, for the ransoming of so many Englishmen as were prisoners with
+      Powhatan, as also to get such armes and tooles as he and other Indians had
+      got by murther and stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity
+      of corn for the colonies relief.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and friend
+      of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek, Pocahontas was
+      enticed on board Argall's ship and secured. Word was sent to Powhatan of
+      the capture and the terms on which his daughter would be released; namely,
+      the return of the white men he held in slavery, the tools and arms he had
+      gotten and stolen, and a great quantity of corn. Powhatan, &ldquo;much grieved,&rdquo;
+       replied that if Argall would use his daughter well, and bring the ship
+      into his river and release her, he would accede to all his demands.
+      Therefore, on the 13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at
+      Jamestown, and delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent
+      home some of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long
+      whip-saw, and a canoe of corn. Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek we
+      can only conjecture. It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+      friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it may
+      be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting, ambushes,
+      and murders. More likely she was only making a common friendly visit,
+      though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian fair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by Ralph
+      Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the Bermudas in 1609,
+      and returned to England in 1614, where he published (London, 1615) &ldquo;A True
+      Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the Affairs there till the 18th
+      of June, 1614.&rdquo; Hamor was the son of a merchant tailor in London who was a
+      member of the Virginia company. Hamor writes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas (whose
+      fame has even been spread in England by the title of Nonparella of
+      Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme it, tooke some
+      pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be among her friends at
+      Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I had), implored thither as
+      shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of her father's commodities for
+      theirs, where residing some three months or longer, it fortuned upon
+      occasion either of promise or profit, Captaine Argall to arrive there,
+      whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew her familiaritie with the English, and
+      delighting to see them as unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised,
+      would gladly visit as she did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall
+      intelligence, but he delt with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what
+      meanes he might procure her caption, assuring him that now or never, was
+      the time to pleasure him, if he intended indeede that love which he had
+      made profession of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our
+      English men and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to
+      use her withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his
+      brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best
+      endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it,
+      making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful in
+      beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid, he
+      agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his brother
+      to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a great and longing
+      desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which being there three or four
+      times before she had never seene, and should be earnest with her husband
+      to permit her&mdash;he seemed angry with her, making as he pretended so
+      unnecessary request, especially being without the company of women, which
+      denial she taking unkindly, must faine to weepe (as who knows not that
+      women can command teares) whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those
+      counterfeit teares, gave her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese
+      Pocahuntas to accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her,
+      guilty perhaps of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed,
+      to goe with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so
+      forthwith aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was
+      seasonably provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially
+      Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading upon
+      Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your own. Supper
+      ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but Iapazeus and his
+      wife desired to have some conference with their brother, which was onely
+      to acquaint him by what stratagem they had betraied his prisoner as I have
+      already related: after which discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas
+      nothing mistrusting this policy, who nevertheless being most possessed
+      with feere, and desire of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to
+      be gon. Capt. Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small
+      Copper kittle, and some other les valuable toies so highly by him
+      esteemed, that doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them,
+      permitted both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+      considerations, as for that his father had then eight of our
+      Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at
+      severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which
+      though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve
+      Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and discontented,
+      yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward appearance was no
+      les discontented that he should be the meanes of her captivity, much adoe
+      there was to pursuade her to be patient, which with extraordinary curteous
+      usage, by little and little was wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she
+      was brought.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Smith, who condenses this account in his &ldquo;General Historie,&rdquo; expresses his
+      contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: &ldquo;The old Jew and his wife
+      began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas.&rdquo; It will be noted that the
+      account of the visit (apparently alone) of Pocahontas and her capture is
+      strong evidence that she was not at this time married to &ldquo;Kocoum&rdquo; or
+      anybody else.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a demand
+      made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is represented
+      as dearly loving Pocahontas, his &ldquo;delight and darling,&rdquo; it was, according
+      to Hamor, three months before they heard anything from him. His anxiety
+      about his daughter could not have been intense. He retained a part of his
+      plunder, and a message was sent to him that Pocahontas would be kept till
+      he restored all the arms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from him
+      till the following March. Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain Argall, with
+      several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up to Powhatan's chief
+      seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the Indians a chance to
+      fight for her or to take her in peace on surrender of the stolen goods.
+      The Indians received this with bravado and flights of arrows, reminding
+      them of the fate of Captain Ratcliffe. The whites landed, killed some
+      Indians, burnt forty houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the
+      river and came to anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town.
+      Here were assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who
+      dared them to come ashore. Ashore they went, and a palaver was held. The
+      Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would fight,
+      if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see their
+      sister, who had been taken on shore. When they had sight of her, and saw
+      how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and promised to persuade
+      their father to redeem her and conclude a lasting peace. The two brothers
+      were taken on board ship, and Master John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were
+      sent to negotiate with the King. Powhatan did not show himself, but his
+      brother Apachamo, his successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring
+      about a peace, and the expedition returned to Jamestown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Long before this time,&rdquo; Hamor relates, &ldquo;a gentleman of approved behaviour
+      and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love with Pocahuntas
+      and she with him, which thing at the instant that we were in parlee with
+      them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a letter from him [Rolfe]
+      whereby he entreated his advice and furtherance to his love, if so it
+      seemed fit to him for the good of the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself
+      acquainted her brethren therewith.&rdquo; Governor Dale approved this, and
+      consequently was willing to retire without other conditions. &ldquo;The bruite
+      of this pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's
+      knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden consent
+      thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of hirs, named
+      Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and two of his sonnes
+      to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly done about the fifth
+      of April 1614, and ever since we have had
+      friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also with
+      his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the collonie
+      should not thrive a pace.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a firm
+      peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again entitled to the
+      grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers. Already, in 1612, a plan
+      had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the English with the natives, and
+      of obtaining the recognition of Powhatan and those allied to him as
+      members of a fifth kingdom, with certain privileges. Cunega, the Spanish
+      ambassador at London, on September 22, 1612, writes: &ldquo;Although some
+      suppose the plantation to decrease, he is credibly informed that there is
+      a determination to marry some of the people that go over to Virginia;
+      forty or fifty are already so married, and English women intermingle and
+      are received kindly by the natives. A zealous minister hath been wounded
+      for reprehending it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+      welfare of the colony. He probably brought with him in 1610 his wife, who
+      gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers Islands at the time
+      of the shipwreck. We find no notice of her death. Hamor gives him the
+      distinction of being the first in the colony to try, in 1612, the planting
+      and raising of tobacco. &ldquo;No man [he adds] hath labored to his power, by
+      good example there and worthy encouragement into England by his letters,
+      than he hath done, witness his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of
+      rude education, manners barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the
+      good and honor of the plantation: and least any man should conceive that
+      some sinister respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to
+      his knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his
+      letter written to Sir Thomas Dale.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer to a
+      theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record. It reeks with
+      unction. Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw every day, instead
+      of inflicting upon him this painful document, in which the flutterings of
+      a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden under a great resolve of
+      self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+      entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+      between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+      dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall be
+      opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose be not
+      to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking of so
+      weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's weakness may permit)
+      with the unbridled desire of carnall affection; but for the good of this
+      plantation, for the honour of our countrie, for the glory of God, for my
+      owne salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and
+      Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas. To whom my
+      heartie and best thoughts are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and
+      inthralled in so intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to
+      unwinde myself thereout.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on this
+      subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of mankind and
+      his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts. He is aware of God's
+      displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying strange
+      wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with good
+      circumspection &ldquo;into the grounds and principall agitations which should
+      thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath bin rude, her
+      manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so discrepant in all
+      nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare and trembling, I have
+      ended my private controversie with this: surely these are wicked
+      instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and delighteth in man's
+      distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be ever preserved from such
+      diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be) I have taken some rest.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian, and
+      consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her image,
+      whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an ingenious
+      reason (to show the world) for marrying her. He continues:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+      another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my holiest
+      and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a new triall, in
+      a straighter manner than the former; for besides the weary passions and
+      sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and in my sleepe indured,
+      even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with remissnesse, and
+      carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform the duteie of a good
+      Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying: Why dost thou not indeavor
+      to make her a Christian? And these have happened to my greater wonder,
+      even when she hath been furthest seperated from me, which in common reason
+      (were it not an undoubted work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a
+      far more worthie creature.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the remedy,
+      but he is after a large-sized motive:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why I
+      was created? If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities, but to
+      labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to nourish and
+      increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good husband in the
+      gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the fruites may be
+      reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life, and his salvation in
+      the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto her great appearance of
+      love to me, her desire to be taught and instructed in the knowledge of
+      God, her capablenesse of understanding, her aptness and willingness to
+      receive anie good impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne
+      incitements stirring me up hereunto.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The &ldquo;incitements&rdquo; gave him courage, so that he exclaims: &ldquo;Shall I be of so
+      untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right way?
+      Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the hungrie, or
+      uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe screwed
+      up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom thousands of
+      people were afterwards so anxious to be descended. But he made the
+      sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of the plantation, and
+      the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and lower motive he
+      vigorously repels: &ldquo;Now, if the vulgar sort, who square all men's actions
+      by the base rule of their own filthinesse, shall tax or taunt mee in this
+      my godly labour: let them know it is not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe
+      with incontinency; sure (if I would and were so sensually inclined) I
+      might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared conscience, yet
+      with Christians more pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the
+      offense unlawfully committed. Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I
+      regard not what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my
+      country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to obtain a
+      mach to my great con'tent.... But shall it please God thus to dispose of
+      me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before set down) I will
+      heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me, and I will never cease
+      (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished, and brought to perfection
+      so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray God to bless me, to mine and
+      her eternal happiness.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters to
+      Amonata they had less cant in them than this. But it was pleasing to Sir
+      Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of Mr. Rolfe. In
+      a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18, 1614, to a reverend
+      friend in London, he describes the expedition when Pocahontas was carried
+      up the river, and adds the information that when she went on shore, &ldquo;she
+      would not talk to any of them, scarcely to them of the best sort, and to
+      them only, that if her father had loved her, he would not value her less
+      than old swords, pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the
+      Englishmen who loved her.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+      instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+      progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+      confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is since
+      married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by his letter
+      unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her you may perceive),
+      an other knot to bind this peace the stronger. Her father and friends gave
+      approbation to it, and her uncle gave her to him in the church; she lives
+      civilly and lovingly with him, and I trust will increase in goodness, as
+      the knowledge of God increaseth in her. She will goe into England with me,
+      and were it but the gayning of this one soule, I will think my time,
+      toile, and present stay well spent.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date with
+      the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the genuineness of which
+      is questioned. In speaking of the good deeds of Sir Thomas Dale it says:
+      &ldquo;But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or Matoa, the daughter of
+      Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet English Gentleman&mdash;Master
+      Rolfe, and that after she had openly renounced her countrey Idolatry, and
+      confessed the faith of Jesus Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir
+      Thomas Dale had laboured a long time to ground her in.&rdquo; If, as this
+      proclaims, she was married after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender
+      conscience must have given him another twist for wedding her, when the
+      reason for marrying her (her conversion) had ceased with her baptism. His
+      marriage, according to this, was a pure work of supererogation. It took
+      place about the 5th of April, 1614. It is not known who performed the
+      ceremony.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+      detention, we are not told. Conjectures are made that she was an inmate of
+      the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr. Whittaker, both
+      of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on religious subjects. She
+      must also have been learning English and civilized ways, for it is sure
+      that she spoke our language very well when she went to London. Mr. John
+      Rolfe was also laboring for her conversion, and we may suppose that with
+      all these ministrations, mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that
+      ingenious widower had discovered, and her desire to convert him into a
+      husband, she was not an unwilling captive. Whatever may have been her
+      barbarous instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived
+      &ldquo;civilly and lovingly&rdquo; with her husband.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet Governor
+      the colony had had. One element of his success was no doubt the change in
+      the charter of 1609. By the first charter everything had been held in
+      common by the company, and there had been no division of property or
+      allotment of land among the colonists. Under the new regime land was held
+      in severalty, and the spur of individual interest began at once to improve
+      the condition of the settlement. The character of the colonists was also
+      gradually improving. They had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest
+      desire of the London promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World. A
+      zealous defense of Virginia and Maryland, against &ldquo;scandalous imputation,&rdquo;
+       entitled &ldquo;Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters,&rdquo; by Mr. John
+      Hammond, London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia &ldquo;is an
+      unhealthy place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery
+      persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet&rdquo;; and
+      admits that &ldquo;at the first settling, and for many years after, it deserved
+      most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but truths....
+      There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women drilled in, the
+      provision all brought out of England, and that embezzled by the Trustees.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as a
+      private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in 1606.
+      Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland. The States
+      General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence in Virginia. Upon
+      his arrival he began to put in force that system of industry and frugality
+      he had observed in Holland. He had all the imperiousness of a soldier, and
+      in an altercation with Captain Newport, occasioned by some injurious
+      remarks the latter made about Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled
+      his beard and threatened to hang him. Active operations for settling new
+      plantations were at once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of
+      Salisbury, for 2,000 good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred
+      that came were &ldquo;so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many
+      are Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not
+      sixty of them may be employed.&rdquo; He served afterwards with credit in
+      Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a naval
+      engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620 from the
+      effects of the climate. He was twice married, and his second wife, Lady
+      Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him and received a patent
+      for a Virginia plantation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+      Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him with
+      a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose exquisite
+      perfections he had heard. He therefore despatched Ralph Hamor, with the
+      English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a mission to the court of
+      Powhatan, &ldquo;upon a message unto him, which was to deale with him, if by any
+      means I might procure a daughter of his, who (Pocahuntas being already in
+      our possession) is generally reported to be his delight and darling, and
+      surely he esteemed her as his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace.&rdquo; This
+      visit Hamor relates with great naivete.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan himself
+      received his visitors when they landed, with great cordiality, expressing
+      much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had been presented to him by
+      Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen since he gave him leave to go
+      and see his friends at Jamestown four years before; he also inquired
+      anxiously after Namontack, whom he had sent to King James's land to see
+      him and his country and report thereon, and then led the way to his house,
+      where he sat down on his bedstead side. &ldquo;On each hand of him was placed a
+      comely and personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the
+      howse within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a
+      hundred bowmen.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan &ldquo;first
+      drank,&rdquo; and then passed to Hamor, who &ldquo;drank&rdquo; what he pleased and then
+      returned it. The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir Thomas Dale
+      fared, &ldquo;and after that of his daughter's welfare, her marriage, his
+      unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved together.&rdquo; Hamor replied
+      &ldquo;that his brother was very well, and his daughter so well content that she
+      would not change her life to return and live with him, whereat he laughed
+      heartily, and said he was very glad of it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and Mr.
+      Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him without the
+      presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of the guides, who
+      already knew it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+      never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver. First there
+      was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of presents of
+      coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the promise of a
+      grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it. Hamor then
+      proceeded:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter, being
+      famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing of your
+      brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed me hither,
+      to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make profession of, to
+      permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly for the desire which
+      himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her sister hath to see her of
+      whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as like enough it hath not, your
+      brother (by your favour) would gladly make his nearest companion, wife and
+      bed fellow [many times he would have interrupted my speech, which I
+      entreated him to heare out, and then if he pleased to returne me answer],
+      and the reason hereof is, because being now friendly and firmly united
+      together, and made one people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond
+      of love, he would make a natural union between us, principally because
+      himself hath taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he
+      liveth, and would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may,
+      of perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+      thereunto.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of love
+      and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain. But as to the
+      other matter he said: &ldquo;My daughter, whom my brother desireth, I sold
+      within these three days to be wife to a great Weroance for two bushels of
+      Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of oyster shells], and it is true she
+      is already gone with him, three days' journey from me.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; &ldquo;that if he
+      pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the Roanoke
+      without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter again, the
+      rather because she was not full twelve years old, and therefore not
+      marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace, so much the firmer,
+      he should have treble the price of his daughter in beads, copper,
+      hatchets, and many other things more useful for him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to have
+      brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it. He said he loved his
+      daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but he delighted in
+      none so much as in her; he could not live if he did not see her often, as
+      he would not if she were living with the whites, and he was determined not
+      to put himself in their hands. He desired no other assurance of friendship
+      than his brother had given him, who had already one of his daughters as a
+      pledge, which was sufficient while she lived; &ldquo;when she dieth he shall
+      have another child of mine.&rdquo; And then he broke forth in pathetic
+      eloquence: &ldquo;I hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to
+      bereave me of two of my children at once; further give him to understand,
+      that if he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury
+      from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his and
+      my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I which have
+      power to perform it have said it; no not though I should have just
+      occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my days in peace;
+      so as if the English offer me any injury, my country is large enough, I
+      will remove myself farther from you.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two, loaded
+      them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins, white as snow,
+      for his son and daughter, and, requesting some articles sent him in
+      return, bade them farewell with this message to Governor Dale: &ldquo;I hope
+      this will give him good satisfaction, if it do not I will go three days'
+      journey farther from him, and never see Englishmen more.&rdquo; It speaks well
+      for the temperate habits of this savage that after he had feasted his
+      guests, &ldquo;he caused to be fetched a great glass of sack, some three quarts
+      or better, which Captain Newport had given him six or seven years since,
+      carefully preserved by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent,
+      and gave each of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to his
+      wife in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never returned.
+      After his departure scarcity and severity developed a mutiny, and six of
+      the settlers were executed. Rolfe was planting tobacco (he has the credit
+      of being the first white planter of it), and his wife was getting an
+      inside view of Christian civilization.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+      Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians. They reached Plymouth
+      early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note: &ldquo;Sir Thomas Dale
+      returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men and women of thatt
+      countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who married a daughter of
+      Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife
+      with him into England.&rdquo; On the 22d Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir
+      Dudley Carlton that there were &ldquo;ten or twelve, old and young, of that
+      country.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great care
+      to the London company. In May, 1620, is a record that the company had to
+      pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had been living as a
+      servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a consumption. The same year
+      two other of the maids were shipped off to the Bermudas, after being long
+      a charge to the company, in the hope that they might there get husbands,
+      &ldquo;that after they were converted and had children, they might be sent to
+      their country and kindred to civilize them.&rdquo; One of them was there
+      married. The attempt to educate them in England was not very successful,
+      and a proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir
+      Edwin Sandys:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here, he
+      found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might be far
+      from the Christian work intended.&rdquo; One Nanamack, a lad brought over by
+      Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where &ldquo;he heard not much of
+      religion but sins, had many times examples of drinking, swearing and like
+      evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan,&rdquo; till he fell in with a devout family
+      and changed his life, but died before he was baptized. Accompanying
+      Pocahontas was a councilor of Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one
+      of her sisters, of whom Purchas says in his &ldquo;Pilgrimes&rdquo;: &ldquo;With this savage
+      I have often conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where
+      he was a frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his
+      diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and
+      religion.... Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my
+      Pilgrimage delivered. And his wife did not only accustom herself to
+      civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and was
+      accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed provision for
+      herself and her son, but of divers particular persons of honor, in their
+      hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity. I was present when my
+      honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of London, Doctor King,
+      entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond what I had seen in his
+      great hospitality offered to other ladies. At her return towards Virginia
+      she came at Gravesend to her end and grave, having given great
+      demonstration of her Christian sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia
+      conversion, leaving here a goodly memory, and the hopes of her
+      resurrection, her soul aspiring to see and enjoy permanently in heaven
+      what here she had joyed to hear and believe of her blessed Saviour. Not
+      such was Tomocomo, but a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his
+      God to ours because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their
+      Devil-lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his
+      appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them their
+      husbandry.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+      importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+      &ldquo;little booke&rdquo; to Queen Anne, the consort of King James. This letter is
+      found in Smith's &ldquo;General Historie&rdquo; ( 1624), where it is introduced as
+      having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616. Probably he sent her such a
+      letter. We find no mention of its receipt or of any acknowledgment of it.
+      Whether the &ldquo;abstract&rdquo; in the &ldquo;General Historie&rdquo; is exactly like the
+      original we have no means of knowing. We have no more confidence in
+      Smith's memory than we have in his dates. The letter is as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great Brittaine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened me
+      in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine mee
+      presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this short
+      discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest vertues, I must
+      be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes to bee thankful. So
+      it is.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by the
+      power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great Salvage
+      exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne Nantaquaus, the most
+      manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw in a Salvage and his
+      sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and well-beloved daughter, being
+      but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of age, whose compassionate
+      pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me much cause to respect her: I
+      being the first Christian this proud King and his grim attendants ever
+      saw, and thus enthralled in their barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the
+      least occasion of want that was in the power of those my mortall foes to
+      prevent notwithstanding al their threats. After some six weeks fatting
+      amongst those Salvage Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she
+      hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely
+      that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to
+      Jamestowne, where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke
+      creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of Virginia,
+      such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had the Salvages not
+      fed us, we directly had starved.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by this
+      Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when inconstant
+      Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin would still not
+      spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have been oft appeased,
+      and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie of her father thus to
+      imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to make her his instrument, or
+      her extraordinarie affection to our Nation, I know not: but of this I am
+      sure: when her father with the utmost of his policie and power, sought to
+      surprize mee, having but eighteene with mee, the dark night could not
+      affright her from comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies
+      gave me intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had
+      hee known hee had surely slaine her. Jamestowne with her wild traine she
+      as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time of
+      two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument to
+      preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion, which if in
+      those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have laine as it was
+      at our first arrivall to this day. Since then, this buisinesse having been
+      turned and varied by many accidents from that I left it at: it is most
+      certaine, after a long and troublesome warre after my departure, betwixt
+      her father and our Colonie, all which time shee was not heard of, about
+      two yeeres longer, the Colonie by that meanes was releived, peace
+      concluded, and at last rejecting her barbarous condition, was maried to an
+      English Gentleman, with whom at this present she is in England; the first
+      Christian ever of that Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or
+      had a childe in mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning
+      bee truly considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at your
+      best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large, and done in
+      the time of your Majesties life, and however this might bee presented you
+      from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more honest heart, as yet I never
+      begged anything of the State, or any, and it is my want of abilitie and
+      her exceeding desert, your birth, meanes, and authoritie, her birth,
+      vertue, want and simplicitie, doth make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech
+      your Majestic: to take this knowledge of her though it be from one so
+      unworthy to be the reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being
+      able to make her fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can
+      doe, is to tell you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe:
+      and the rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she
+      should not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a
+      Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie, might
+      turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to the worst of
+      evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her some honour more than
+      she can imagine, for being so kinde to your servants and subjects, would
+      so ravish her with content, as endeare her dearest bloud to effect that,
+      your Majestic and all the Kings honest subjects most earnestly desire: and
+      so I humbly kisse your gracious hands.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The passage in this letter, &ldquo;She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+      braines to save mine,&rdquo; is inconsistent with the preceding portion of the
+      paragraph which speaks of &ldquo;the exceeding great courtesie&rdquo; of Powhatan; and
+      Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when he made up his
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;General Historie.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Smith represents himself at this time&mdash;the last half of 1616 and the
+      first three months of 1617&mdash;as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+      New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas the
+      service she desired. She was staying at Branford, either from neglect of
+      the company or because the London smoke disagreed with her, and there
+      Smith went to see her. His account of his intercourse with her, the only
+      one we have, must be given for what it is worth. According to this she had
+      supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at his neglect of her. He writes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about, obscured
+      her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour, her husband
+      with divers others, we all left her two or three hours repenting myself to
+      have writ she could speak English. But not long after she began to talke,
+      remembering me well what courtesies she had done: saying, 'You did promise
+      Powhatan what was yours should be his, and he the like to you; you called
+      him father, being in his land a stranger, and by the same reason so must I
+      do you:' which though I would have excused, I durst not allow of that
+      title, because she was a king's daughter. With a well set countenance she
+      said: 'Were you not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear
+      in him and all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you
+      father; I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I
+      will be forever and ever, your contrieman. They did tell me alwaies you
+      were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan did
+      command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because your
+      countriemen will lie much.&rdquo;'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+      Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what they
+      and their state were. At Plymouth he got a long stick and began to make
+      notches in it for the people he saw. But he was quickly weary of that
+      task. He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him out, and get him to
+      show him his God, and the King, Queen, and Prince, of whom Smith had told
+      so much. Smith put him off about showing his God, but said he had heard
+      that he had seen the King. This the Indian denied, James probably not
+      coming up to his idea of a king, till by circumstances he was convinced he
+      had seen him. Then he replied very sadly: &ldquo;You gave Powhatan a white dog,
+      which Powhatan fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am
+      better than your white dog.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and &ldquo;they did
+      think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have seen many
+      English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and behavioured;&rdquo; and he
+      heard that it had pleased the King and Queen greatly to esteem her, as
+      also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other persons of good quality, both at
+      the masques and otherwise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but the
+      contemporary notices of her are scant. The Indians were objects of
+      curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been since,
+      and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention. She was
+      presented at court. She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop of London. At
+      the playing of Ben Jonson's &ldquo;Christmas his Mask&rdquo; at court, January 6,
+      1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present, and Chamberlain writes
+      to Carleton: &ldquo;The Virginian woman Pocahuntas with her father counsellor
+      have been with the King and graciously used, and both she and her
+      assistant were pleased at the Masque. She is upon her return though sore
+      against her will, if the wind would about to send her away.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Neill says that &ldquo;after the first weeks of her residence in England she
+      does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by the letter
+      writers,&rdquo; and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that &ldquo;when they heard that
+      Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in council whether he had
+      not committed high treason by so doing, that is marrying an Indian
+      princesse.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It was like James to think so. His interest in the colony was never the
+      most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial. Lord Southampton (Dec.
+      15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told the King of the
+      Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are said to fly. The King
+      very earnestly asked if none were provided for him, and said he was sure
+      Salisbury would get him one. Would not have troubled him, &ldquo;but that you
+      know so well how he is affected to these toys.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a portrait
+      of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is translated:
+      &ldquo;Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan, Emperor of Virginia;
+      converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff; died on shipboard at
+      Gravesend 1617.&rdquo; This is doubtless the portrait engraved by Simon De Passe
+      in 1616, and now inserted in the extant copies of the London edition of
+      the &ldquo;General Historie,&rdquo; 1624. It is not probable that the portrait was
+      originally published with the &ldquo;General Historie.&rdquo; The portrait inserted in
+      the edition of 1624 has this inscription:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Round the portrait:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      In the oval, under the portrait:
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      &ldquo;Aetatis suae 21 A.<br /> <br /> 1616&rdquo;
+     </h3>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        &ldquo;Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan Emprour of
+        Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in the Christian
+        faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff. i: Pass: sculp. Compton
+        Holland excud.&rdquo;
+       </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Camden in his &ldquo;History of Gravesend&rdquo; says that everybody paid this young
+      lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+      sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to her own
+      country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition toward the
+      English; and that she died, &ldquo;giving testimony all the time she lay sick,
+      of her being a very good Christian.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+      Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days, probably
+      on the 21st of March, 1617. I have seen somewhere a statement, which I
+      cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox. St. George's Church, where
+      she was buried, was destroyed by fire in 1727. The register of that church
+      has this record:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+       &ldquo;1616, May 21 Rebecca Wrothe
+        Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+     A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+          in ye chaunncle.&rdquo;
+ </pre>
+    <p>
+      Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+      Papers, dated &ldquo;1617, 29 March, London,&rdquo; that her death occurred March 21,
+      1617.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+      Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+      unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the company.
+      August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: &ldquo;We cannot imagine why you
+      should give us warning that Opechankano and the natives have given the
+      country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they reserve it from all others
+      till he comes of years except as we suppose as some do here report it be a
+      device of your own, to some special purpose for yourself.&rdquo; It appears also
+      by the minutes of the company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to
+      recover goods of hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a
+      commission directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine
+      what goods of the late &ldquo;Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and
+      get satisfaction of him.&rdquo; This George Sandys is the famous traveler who
+      made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote, while
+      living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World, the
+      completion of his translation of Ovid's &ldquo;Metamorphosis.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children. This is
+      supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his marriage to
+      her nor of the death of his first. October 7, 1622, his brother Henry
+      Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be converted to the
+      support of his relict wife and children and to his own indemnity for
+      having brought up John's child by Powhatan's daughter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of Pocahontas to
+      the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell into evil
+      practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship of his uncle
+      Henry Rolfe, and educated in London. When he was grown up he returned to
+      Virginia, and was probably there married. There is on record his
+      application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for leave to go into the
+      Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's sister. He left an only
+      daughter who was married, says Stith (1753), &ldquo;to Col. John Bolling; by
+      whom she left an only son, the late Major John Bolling, who was father to
+      the present Col. John Bolling, and several daughters, married to Col.
+      Richard Randolph, Col. John Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge,
+      and Mr. James Murray.&rdquo; Campbell in his &ldquo;History of Virginia&rdquo; says that the
+      first Randolph that came to the James River was an esteemed and
+      industrious mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of
+      the celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great
+      granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting
+      and the savage delights of life. He had many names and titles; his own
+      people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick, and usually
+      in his presence Wahunsenasawk. He ruled, by inheritance and conquest, with
+      many chiefs under him, over a large territory with not defined borders,
+      lying on the James, the York, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the
+      Pawtuxet Rivers. He had several seats, at which he alternately lived with
+      his many wives and guard of bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of
+      the English was Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River. His state has
+      been sufficiently described. He is said to have had a hundred wives, and
+      generally a dozen&mdash;the youngest&mdash;personally attending him. When
+      he had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient
+      oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest maidens
+      to be brought from whom to select. And he gave the wives of whom he was
+      tired to his favorites.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about 1610:
+      &ldquo;He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten with cold
+      and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many necessityes
+      and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely great. He is
+      supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I dare not saye how
+      much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and cleane lymbes, of a sad
+      aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie haires, but plaine and thin,
+      hanging upon his broad showlders; some few haires upon his chin, and so on
+      his upper lippe: he hath been a strong and able salvadge, synowye,
+      vigilant, ambitious, subtile to enlarge his dominions:... cruell he hath
+      been, and quarellous as well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that
+      to strike a terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also
+      with his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security
+      and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of peace
+      with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is likewise more
+      quietly settled amongst his own.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young wives
+      whom Strachey names. All his people obeyed him with fear and adoration,
+      presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling if he frowned.
+      His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to death before him, or
+      tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or broiled to death on
+      burning coals. Strachey wondered how such a barbarous prince should put on
+      such ostentation of majesty, yet he accounted for it as belonging to the
+      necessary divinity that doth hedge in a king: &ldquo;Such is (I believe) the
+      impression of the divine nature, and however these (as other heathens
+      forsaken by the true light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed
+      Christian spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of
+      divinities and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of
+      kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+      appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed by
+      Strachey and Smith. A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+      conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept and
+      conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+      propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no conception of
+      an overruling power or of an immortal life. Smith describes a ceremony of
+      sacrifice of children to their deity; but this is doubtful, although
+      Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians &ldquo;naked slaves of the devil,&rdquo; also
+      says they sacrificed sometimes themselves and sometimes their own
+      children. An image of their god which he sent to England &ldquo;was painted upon
+      one side of a toadstool, much like unto a deformed monster.&rdquo; And he adds:
+      &ldquo;Their priests, whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our
+      English witches are.&rdquo; This notion I believe also pertained among the New
+      England colonists. There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had some
+      power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in time the
+      Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the invocations of the
+      whites. In &ldquo;Winslow's Relation,&rdquo; quoted by Alexander Young in his
+      &ldquo;Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers,&rdquo; under date of July, 1623, we read
+      that on account of a great drought a fast day was appointed. When the
+      assembly met the sky was clear. The exercise lasted eight or nine hours.
+      Before they broke up, owing to prayers the weather was overcast. Next day
+      began a long gentle rain. This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of
+      our God: &ldquo;showing the difference between their conjuration and our
+      invocation in the name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such
+      storms and tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth
+      the corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a
+      manner, as they never observed the like.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was of
+      those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that they got
+      a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of earth and the
+      juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves either according to the
+      custom of the country or as a defense against the stinging of mosquitoes.
+      The women are of the same hue as the men, says Strachey; &ldquo;howbeit, it is
+      supposed neither of them naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith
+      (lyving sometymes amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb
+      indifferent white, but as the men, so doe the women,&rdquo; &ldquo;dye and disguise
+      themselves into this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be
+      nearest such a kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of,&rdquo; as the Greek
+      women colored their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves
+      with red; &ldquo;howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the
+      perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind of
+      earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious unto
+      herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other painting
+      white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and teach it one
+      another.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Thomas Lechford in his &ldquo;Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,&rdquo; London,
+      1642, says: &ldquo;They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their children are
+      borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors presently.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions; no
+      beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full at the
+      end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly as the
+      Moors; and the women as having &ldquo;handsome limbs, slender arms, pretty
+      hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their voices. The
+      men shaved their hair on the right side, the women acting as barbers, and
+      left the hair full length on the left side, with a lock an ell long.&rdquo; A
+      Puritan divine&mdash;&ldquo;New England's Plantation, 1630&rdquo;&mdash;says of the
+      Indians about him, &ldquo;their hair is generally black, and cut before like our
+      gentlewomen, and one lock longer than the rest, much like to our
+      gentlemen, which fashion I think came from hence into England.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract from
+      Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and in the
+      same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of white bone or
+      shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde up hollowe, and
+      with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles, hawkes, turkeys,
+      etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes, squirrells, etc. The clawes
+      thrust through they let hang upon the cheeke to the full view, and some of
+      their men there be who will weare in these holes a small greene and
+      yellow-couloured live snake, neere half a yard in length, which crawling
+      and lapping himself about his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to
+      kisse his lippes. Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such
+      like conundrums.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      This is the earliest use I find of our word &ldquo;conundrum,&rdquo; and the sense it
+      bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and deserves
+      his prominence. He was an able and crafty savage, and made a good fight
+      against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no match for the
+      crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians. There is something
+      pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow for the death of his
+      daughter in a strange land, when he saw his territories overrun by the
+      invaders, from whom he only asked peace, and the poor privilege of moving
+      further away from them into the wilderness if they denied him peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild rose.
+      She was, like the Douglas, &ldquo;tender and true.&rdquo; Wanting apparently the cruel
+      nature of her race generally, her heroic qualities were all of the heart.
+      No one of all the contemporary writers has anything but gentle words for
+      her. Barbarous and untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle
+      nature. Stripped of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into
+      her story, and all the romantic suggestions which later writers have
+      indulged in, she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is
+      able to gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl,
+      probably not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but bright
+      and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the white men, and
+      easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a growing and lasting
+      friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn refinements; accepting the
+      new religion through love for those who taught it, and finally becoming in
+      her maturity a well-balanced, sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something more
+      than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a stranger and a
+      captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those who opposed his
+      invasion. In all times, among the most savage tribes and in civilized
+      society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by the sight of a
+      prisoner, and risked life to save him&mdash;the impulse was as natural to
+      a Highland lass as to an African maid. Pocahontas went further than
+      efforts to make peace between the superior race and her own. When the
+      whites forced the Indians to contribute from their scanty stores to the
+      support of the invaders, and burned their dwellings and shot them on sight
+      if they refused, the Indian maid sympathized with the exposed whites and
+      warned them of stratagems against them; captured herself by a base
+      violation of the laws of hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her
+      situation, adopted the habits of the foreigners, married one of her
+      captors, and in peace and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.
+      History has not preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony, that
+      her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always remains in
+      history in the bloom of youth. She did not live to be pained by the
+      contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her own and her adopted
+      people, nor to learn what things could be done in the Christian name she
+      loved, nor to see her husband in a less honorable light than she left him,
+      nor to be involved in any way in the frightful massacre of 1622. If she
+      had remained in England after the novelty was over, she might have been
+      subject to slights and mortifying neglect. The struggles of the fighting
+      colony could have brought her little but pain. Dying when she did, she
+      rounded out one of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for
+      her name the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little
+      that belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her
+      friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+The Story of Pocahantas
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+
+The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by
+the vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants
+of this dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet
+of her red blood.
+
+That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early
+showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and
+unwilling service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary
+testimony.  That as a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and
+prepossessing above all her copper-colored companions, we can
+believe, and that as a woman her manners were attractive.  If the
+portrait taken of her in London--the best engraving of which is by
+Simon de Passe--in 1616, when she is said to have been twenty-one
+years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian features.
+
+The first mention of her is in "The True Relation," written by
+Captain Smith in Virginia in 1608.  In this narrative, as our readers
+have seen, she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the
+captivity in which Powhatan used him "with all the kindness he could
+devise."  Her name first appears, toward the close of the relation,
+in the following sentence:
+
+"Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his
+daughter, a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature,
+countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his
+people, but for wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country:
+this hee sent by his most trusty messenger, called Rawhunt, as much
+exceeding in deformitie of person, but of a subtill wit and crafty
+understanding, he with a long circumstance told mee how well Powhatan
+loved and respected mee, and in that I should not doubt any way of
+his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most esteemed, to see
+mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring mee that the
+Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan] might come
+again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had taught
+this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had
+been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their
+fathers and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate
+their libertie.
+
+"In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after
+prayer, gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her
+father's kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all
+the time of their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or
+what else they had, and with much content, sent them packing:
+Pocahuntas, also we requited with such trifles as contented her, to
+tel that we had used the Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing
+them."
+
+The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives
+which are appended to the " Map of Virginia," etc.  This was sent
+home by Smith, with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of
+1608.  It was published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years
+after Smith's return to England.  The appendix contains the
+narratives of several of Smith's companions in Virginia, edited by
+Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith.  In one of these is a brief
+reference to the above-quoted incident.
+
+This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs
+of Powhatan.
+
+The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in
+Chapter X.  and the last of the appendix to the "Map of Virginia,"
+and is Smith's denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry
+Pocahontas.  In this passage he speaks of her as "at most not past 13
+or 14 years of age."  If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when
+Smith left Virginia, she must have been more than ten when he wrote
+his "True Relation," composed in the winter of 1608, which in all
+probability was carried to England by Captain Nelson, who left
+Jamestown June 2d.
+
+The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to
+Pocahontas is William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the
+expedition of Gates and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and
+reached Jamestown May 23 or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and
+Recorder of the colony under Lord Delaware.  Of the origin and life
+of Strachey, who was a person of importance in Virginia, little is
+known.  The better impression is that he was the William Strachey of
+Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and was living in 1620, and
+that it was his grandson of the same name who was subsequently
+connected with the Virginia colony.  He was, judged by his writings,
+a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and shared
+the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his
+time.  His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the
+code of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he
+first published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man.
+
+William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled "The Historie
+of Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as
+well by those who went first thither, as collected by William
+Strachey, gent., three years thither, employed as Secretaire of
+State."  How long he remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could
+not have been "three years," though he may have been continued
+Secretary for that period, for he was in London in 1612, in which
+year he published there the laws of Virginia which had been
+established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610, approved by Lord
+Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale June 22,
+1611.
+
+The "Travaile" was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849.
+When and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one
+time, are matters much in dispute.  The first book, descriptive of
+Virginia and its people, is complete; the second book, a narration of
+discoveries in America, is unfinished.  Only the first book concerns
+us.  That Strachey made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the
+book was no doubt written after his return to England
+
+
+[This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what
+are held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the
+Black Codes.  One clause will suffice:
+
+"Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the
+Bell shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear
+divine service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first
+omission, for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be
+condemned to the Gallies for six months.  Likewise no man or woman
+shall dare to violate the Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private,
+abroad or at home, but duly sanctifie and observe the same, both
+himselfe and his familie, by preparing themselves at home with
+private prayer, that they may be the better fitted for the publique,
+according to the commandments of God, and the orders of our church,
+as also every man and woman shall repaire in the morning to the
+divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day, and in the
+afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the first
+fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week
+following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be
+whipt, and for the third to suffer death."]
+
+
+Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's "Map and
+Description" at Oxford in 1612?  The question is important, because
+Smith's "Description" and Strachey's "Travaile" are page after page
+literally the same.  One was taken from the other.  Commonly at that
+time manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before
+they were published.  Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished
+manuscripts of Smith when he compiled his narrative.  Did Smith see
+Strachey's manuscript before he published his Oxford tract, or did
+Strachey enlarge his own notes from Smith's description?  It has been
+usually assumed that Strachey cribbed from Smith without
+acknowledgment.  If it were a question to be settled by the internal
+evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that Smith
+condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the
+balance in Smith's favor.
+
+Strachey in his "Travaile" refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+respect.  It will be noted that Smith's "Map" was engraved and
+published before the "Description" in the Oxford tract.  Purchas had
+it, for he says, in writing of Virginia for his "Pilgrimage" (which
+was published in 1613):
+
+"Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word
+of mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted
+me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been
+the discoverer."  Strachey in his "Travaile" alludes to it, and pays
+a tribute to Smith in the following: "Their severall habitations are
+more plainly described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt.
+Smith, of whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the
+reader to judge.  Sure I am there will not return from thence in
+hast, any one who hath been more industrious, or who hath had (Capt.
+Geo. Percie excepted) greater experience amongst them, however
+misconstruction may traduce here at home, where is not easily seen
+the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd, which is there daylie,
+and with no few hazards and hearty griefes undergon."
+
+There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript.  The one used by the
+Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of
+"Lord High Chancellor," and Bacon had not that title conferred on him
+till after 1618.  But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at
+Oxford is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of "Purveyor
+to His Majestie's Navie Royall"; and as Sir Allen was made
+"Lieutenant of the Tower" in 1616, it is believed that the manuscript
+must have been written before that date, since the author would not
+have omitted the more important of the two titles in his dedication.
+
+Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his "Laws"
+(1612), is dated "From my lodging in the Black Friars.  At your best
+pleasures, either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success
+of it heere."  In his letter he speaks of his experience in the
+Bermudas and Virginia: "The full storie of both in due time [I] shall
+consecrate unto your view....  Howbit since many impediments, as yet
+must detaine such my observations in the shadow of darknesse, untill
+I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgments," etc.
+
+This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations
+were not written then, only that they were not "perfect"; in fact,
+they were detained in the "shadow of darknesse" till the year 1849.
+Our own inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began
+his manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to
+it and corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+
+We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to
+Pocahontas.  The first occurs in his description of the apparel of
+Indian women:
+
+"The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all
+over with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the
+skyrt, carved and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion
+of beasts, fowle, tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best
+please or expresse the fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe
+not shadowed amongst their owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven
+or twelve returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring
+about the yeare, calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock); nor are
+thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remembered
+Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong girle, Powhatan's
+daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven
+or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the markett
+place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their
+heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked
+as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put
+on a kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or
+handycrafts men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be
+seene bare.  We have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey
+feathers, and other fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with
+threeds, that nothing could be discerned but the feathers, which were
+exceedingly warme and very handsome."
+
+Strachey did not see Pocahontas.  She did not resort to the camp
+after the departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was
+kidnapped by Governor Dale in April, 1613.  He repeats what he heard
+of her.  The time mentioned by him of her resorting to the fort, "of
+the age then of eleven or twelve yeares," must have been the time
+referred to by Smith when he might have married her, namely, in
+1608-9, when he calls her "not past 13 or 14 years of age."  The
+description of her as a "yong girle" tumbling about the fort, "naked
+as she was," would seem to preclude the idea that she was married at
+that time.
+
+The use of the word "wanton" is not necessarily disparaging, for
+"wanton" in that age was frequently synonymous with "playful" and
+"sportive"; but it is singular that she should be spoken of as "well
+featured, but wanton."  Strachey, however, gives in another place
+what is no doubt the real significance of the Indian name
+"Pocahontas."  He says:
+
+"Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a
+name, calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing
+their promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great
+King Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well,
+Pocahontas, which may signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was
+rightly called Amonata at more ripe years."
+
+The Indian girls married very young.  The polygamous Powhatan had a
+large number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a
+dozen "for the most part very young women," the names of whom
+Strachey obtained from one Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp,
+whom Smith certifies was a great villain.  Strachey gives a list of
+the names of twelve of them, at the head of which is Winganuske.
+This list was no doubt written down by the author in Virginia, and it
+is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also the number of
+Powhatan's children.  The "great darling" in this list was
+Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered
+his comrade in the Bermudas.  Strachey writes:
+
+"He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst
+us as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not
+otherwise safe for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had
+his braynes knockt out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying
+in the English fort two or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say
+they often reported unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty
+sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Machumps
+his sister, and a great darling of the King's; and besides, younge
+Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme to our fort in tymes
+past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called Kocoum, some two
+years since."
+
+This passage is a great puzzle.  Does Strachey intend to say that
+Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum?  She might have
+been during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her
+kidnapping in 1613, when she was of marriageable age.  We shall see
+hereafter that Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite
+daughter of his, whom Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve
+years of age, to be wife to a great chief.  The term "private
+Captain" might perhaps be applied to an Indian chief.  Smith, in his
+"General Historie,' says the Indians have "but few occasions to use
+any officers more than one commander, which commonly they call
+Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine."  It is probably not
+possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into Caucorouse,
+or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private captain
+was called in Indian a Kocoum.  Werowance and Caucorouse are not
+synonymous terms.  Werowance means "chief," and Caucorouse means"
+talker" or "orator," and is the original of our word "caucus."
+
+Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an
+Indian--a not violent presumption considering her age and the fact
+that war between Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off
+intercourse between them--or Strachey referred to her marriage with
+Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake Kocoum.  If this is to be accepted,
+then this paragraph must have been written in England in 1616, and
+have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it "some two years since," in
+1614.
+
+That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through
+her acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no
+doubt; that she was not different in her habits and mode of life from
+other Indian girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every
+reason to suppose.  It was the English who magnified the imperialism
+of her father, and exaggerated her own station as Princess.  She
+certainly put on no airs of royalty when she was "cart-wheeling"
+about the fort.  Nor does this detract anything from the native
+dignity of the mature, and converted, and partially civilized woman.
+
+We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been
+noticed in the estimates of her age.  Powhatan is not said to have
+kept a private secretary to register births in his family.  If
+Pocahontas gave her age correctly, as it appears upon her London
+portrait in 1616, aged twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years
+of age when she was captured in 1613 This would make her about twelve
+at the time of Smith's captivity in 1607-8.  There is certainly room
+for difference of opinion as to whether so precocious a woman, as her
+intelligent apprehension of affairs shows her to have been, should
+have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen.  In marrying at
+least as early as that she would have followed the custom of her
+tribe.  It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had
+raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the
+court of Werowocomoco.
+
+We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years.
+The occasional mentions of her name in the "General Historie" are so
+evidently interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us.  When
+and where she took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London
+portrait, we are not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as
+Strachey says she was "at more ripe yeares."  How she was occupied
+from the departure of Smith to her abduction, we can only guess.  To
+follow her authentic history we must take up the account of Captain
+Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the colony under
+Governor Dale.
+
+Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous
+in the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in
+September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture
+that would bring Powhatan to terms.  The Emperor, from being a
+friend, had become the most implacable enemy of the English.  Captain
+Argall says: "I was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the
+great Powhatan's daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King
+Potowomek, whither I presently repaired, resolved to possess myself
+of her by any stratagem that I could use, for the ransoming of so
+many Englishmen as were prisoners with Powhatan, as also to get such
+armes and tooles as he and other Indians had got by murther and
+stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity of corn for
+the colonies relief."
+
+By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and
+friend of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek,
+Pocahontas was enticed on board Argall's ship and secured.  Word was
+sent to Powhatan of the capture and the terms on which his daughter
+would be released; namely, the return of the white men he held in
+slavery, the tools and arms he had gotten and stolen, and a great
+quantity of corn.  Powhatan, "much grieved," replied that if Argall
+would use his daughter well, and bring the ship into his river and
+release her, he would accede to all his demands.  Therefore, on the
+13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at Jamestown, and
+delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent home some
+of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long whip-saw,
+and a canoe of corn.  Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown.
+
+Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek
+we can only conjecture.  It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it
+may be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting,
+ambushes, and murders.  More likely she was only making a common
+friendly visit, though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian
+fair.
+
+The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by
+Ralph Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the
+Bermudas in 1609, and returned to England in 1614, where he published
+(London, 1615) "A True Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the
+Affairs there till the 18th of June, 1614."  Hamor was the son of a
+merchant tailor in London who was a member of the Virginia company.
+Hamor writes:
+
+"It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas
+(whose fame has even been spread in England by the title of
+Nonparella of Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme
+it, tooke some pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be
+among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I
+had), implored thither as shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of
+her father's commodities for theirs, where residing some three months
+or longer, it fortuned upon occasion either of promise or profit,
+Captaine Argall to arrive there, whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew
+her familiaritie with the English, and delighting to see them as
+unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised, would gladly visit as she
+did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall intelligence, but he delt
+with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what meanes he might procure
+her caption, assuring him that now or never, was the time to pleasure
+him, if he intended indeede that love which he had made profession
+of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our English men
+and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to use her
+withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his
+brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best
+endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it,
+making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful
+in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid,
+he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his
+brother to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a
+great and longing desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which
+being there three or four times before she had never seene, and
+should be earnest with her husband to permit her--he seemed angry
+with her, making as he pretended so unnecessary request, especially
+being without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly,
+must faine to weepe (as who knows not that women can command teares)
+whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares, gave
+her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese Pocahuntas to
+accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps
+of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, to goe
+with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so forthwith
+aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was seasonably
+provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially
+Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading
+upon Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your
+own.  Supper ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but
+Iapazeus and his wife desired to have some conference with their
+brother, which was onely to acquaint him by what stratagem they had
+betraied his prisoner as I have already related: after which
+discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas nothing mistrusting this
+policy, who nevertheless being most possessed with feere, and desire
+of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to be gon.  Capt.
+Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small Copper kittle,
+and some other les valuable toies so highly by him esteemed, that
+doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them, permitted
+both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+considerations, as for that his father had then eigh [8] of our
+Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at
+severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which
+though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve
+Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and
+discontented, yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward
+appearance was no les discontented that he should be the meanes of
+her captivity, much adoe there was to pursuade her to be patient,
+which with extraordinary curteous usage, by little and little was
+wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she was brought."
+
+Smith, who condenses this account in his "General Historie,"
+expresses his contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: "The old
+Jew and his wife began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas."  It
+will be noted that the account of the visit (apparently alone) of
+Pocahontas and her capture is strong evidence that she was not at
+this time married to "Kocoum" or anybody else.
+
+Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a
+demand made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is
+represented as dearly loving Pocahontas, his "delight and darling,"
+it was, according to Hamor, three months before they heard anything
+from him.  His anxiety about his daughter could not have been
+intense.  He retained a part of his plunder, and a message was sent
+to him that Pocahontas would be kept till he restored all the arms.
+
+This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from
+him till the following March.  Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain
+Argall, with several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up
+to Powhatan's chief seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the
+Indians a chance to fight for her or to take her in peace on
+surrender of the stolen goods.  The Indians received this with
+bravado and flights of arrows, reminding them of the fate of Captain
+Ratcliffe.  The whites landed, killed some Indians, burnt forty
+houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the river and came to
+anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town.  Here were
+assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who dared
+them to come ashore.  Ashore they went, and a palaver was held.  The
+Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would
+fight, if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+
+Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see
+their sister, who had been taken on shore.  When they had sight of
+her, and saw how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and
+promised to persuade their father to redeem her and conclude a
+lasting peace.  The two brothers were taken on board ship, and Master
+John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were sent to negotiate with the King.
+Powhatan did not show himself, but his brother Apachamo, his
+successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring about a peace,
+and the expedition returned to Jamestown.
+
+Long before this time," Hamor relates, "a gentleman of approved
+behaviour and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love
+with Pocahuntas and she with him, which thing at the instant that we
+were in parlee with them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a
+letter from him [Rolfe] whereby he entreated his advice and
+furtherance to his love, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of
+the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself acquainted her brethren
+therewith."  Governor Dale approved this, and consequently was
+willing to retire without other conditions.  "The bruite of this
+pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's
+knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden
+consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of
+hirs, named Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and
+two of his sonnes to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly
+done about the fifth of April [1614], and ever since we have had
+friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also
+with his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the
+collonie should not thrive a pace."
+
+This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a
+firm peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again
+entitled to the grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers.
+Already, in 1612, a plan had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the
+English with the natives, and of obtaining the recognition of
+Powhatan and those allied to him as members of a fifth kingdom, with
+certain privileges.  Cunega, the Spanish ambassador at London, on
+September 22, 1612, writes: "Although some suppose the plantation to
+decrease, he is credibly informed that there is a determination to
+marry some of the people that go over to Virginia; forty or fifty are
+already so married, and English women intermingle and are received
+kindly by the natives.  A zealous minister hath been wounded for
+reprehending it."
+
+Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+welfare of the colony.  He probably brought with him in 1610 his
+wife, who gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers
+Islands at the time of the shipwreck.  We find no notice of her
+death.  Hamor gives him the distinction of being the first in the
+colony to try, in 1612, the planting and raising of tobacco.  "No man
+[he adds] hath labored to his power, by good example there and worthy
+encouragement into England by his letters, than he hath done, witness
+his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of rude education, manners
+barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the good and honor of
+the plantation: and least any man should conceive that some sinister
+respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to his
+knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his
+letter written to Sir Thomas Dale."
+
+The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer
+to a theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record.  It
+reeks with unction.  Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw
+every day, instead of inflicting upon him this painful document, in
+which the flutterings of a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden
+under a great resolve of self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+
+The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+
+"Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall
+be opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose
+be not to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the
+undertaking of so weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's
+weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnall affection;
+but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our countrie,
+for the glory of God, for my owne salvation, and for the converting
+to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving
+creature, namely Pokahuntas.  To whom my heartie and best thoughts
+are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and inthralled in so
+intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to unwinde myself
+thereout."
+
+Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on
+this subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of
+mankind and his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts.  He is aware
+of God's displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying
+strange wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with
+good circumspection "into the grounds and principall agitations which
+should thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath
+bin rude, her manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so
+discrepant in all nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare
+and trembling, I have ended my private controversie with this: surely
+these are wicked instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and
+delighteth in man's distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be
+ever preserved from such diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be)
+I have taken some rest."
+
+The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian,
+and consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her
+image, whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an
+ingenious reason (to show the world) for marrying her.  He continues:
+
+"Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my
+holiest and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a
+new triall, in a straighter manner than the former; for besides the
+weary passions and sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and
+in my sleepe indured, even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with
+remissnesse, and carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform
+the duteie of a good Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying:
+Why dost thou not indeavor to make her a Christian?  And these have
+happened to my greater wonder, even when she hath been furthest
+seperated from me, which in common reason (were it not an undoubted
+work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a far more worthie
+creature."
+
+He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the
+remedy, but he is after a large-sized motive:
+
+"Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why
+I was created?  If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities,
+but to labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to
+nourish and increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good
+husband in the gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the
+fruites may be reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life,
+and his salvation in the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto
+her great appearance of love to me, her desire to be taught and
+instructed in the knowledge of God, her capablenesse of
+understanding, her aptness and willingness to receive anie good
+impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne incitements
+stirring me up hereunto.,'
+
+The "incitements" gave him courage, so that he exclaims: "Shall I be
+of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the
+right way?  Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the
+hungrie, or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?"
+
+It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe
+screwed up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom
+thousands of people were afterwards so anxious to be descended.  But
+he made the sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of
+the plantation, and the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and
+lower motive he vigorously repels: "Now, if the vulgar sort, who
+square all men's actions by the base rule of their own filthinesse,
+shall tax or taunt mee in this my godly labour: let them know it is
+not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe with incontinency; sure (if I
+would and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire,
+though not wiihout a seared conscience, yet with Christians more
+pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the offense unlawfully
+committed.  Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I regard not
+what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my
+country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to
+obtain a mach to my great con'tent....  But shall it please God thus
+to dispose of me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before
+set down) I will heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me,
+and I will never cease (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished,
+and brought to perfection so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray
+God to bless me, to mine and her eternal happiness."
+
+It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters
+to Amonata they had less cant in them than this.  But it was pleasing
+to Sir Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of
+Mr. Rolfe.  In a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18,
+1614, to a reverend friend in London, he describes the expedition
+when Pocahontas was carried up the river, and adds the information
+that when she went on shore, "she would not talk to any of them,
+scarcely to them of the best sort, and to them only, that if her
+father had loved her, he would not value her less than old swords,
+pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the Englishmen
+who loved her."
+
+"Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is
+since married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by
+his letter unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her
+you may perceive), an other knot to bind this peace the stronger.
+Her father and friends gave approbation to it, and her uncle gave her
+to him in the church; she lives civilly and lovingly with him, and I
+trust will increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God increaseth
+in her.  She will goe into England with me, and were it but the
+gayning of this one soule, I will think my time, toile, and present
+stay well spent."
+
+Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date
+with the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the
+genuineness of which is questioned.  In speaking of the good deeds of
+Sir Thomas Dale it says: "But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or
+Matoa, the daughter of Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet
+English Gentleman--Master Rolfe, and that after she had openly
+renounced her countrey Idolatry, and confessed the faith of Jesus
+Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a
+long time to ground her in."  If, as this proclaims, she was married
+after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender conscience must have given
+him another twist for wedding her, when the reason for marrying her
+(her conversion) had ceased with her baptism.  His marriage,
+according to this, was a pure work of supererogation.  It took place
+about the 5th of April, 1614.  It is not known who performed the
+ceremony.
+
+How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+detention, we are not told.  Conjectures are made that she was an
+inmate of the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr.
+Whittaker, both of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on
+religious subjects.  She must also have been learning English and
+civilized ways, for it is sure that she spoke our language very well
+when she went to London.  Mr. John Rolfe was also laboring for her
+conversion, and we may suppose that with all these ministrations,
+mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that ingenious widower had
+discovered, and her desire to convert him into a husband, she was not
+an unwilling captive.  Whatever may have been her barbarous
+instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived
+"civilly and lovingly" with her husband.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+
+Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet
+Governor the colony had had.  One element of his success was no doubt
+the change in the charter of 1609.  By the first charter everything
+had been held in common by the company, and there had been no
+division of property or allotment of land among the colonists.  Under
+the new regime land was held in severalty, and the spur of individual
+interest began at once to improve the condition of the settlement.
+The character of the colonists was also gradually improving.  They
+had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest desire of the London
+promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World.  A zealous defense
+of Virginia and Maryland, against "scandalous imputation," entitled "
+Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters," by Mr. John Hammond,
+London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia "is an unhealthy
+place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery
+persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet"; and
+admits that "at the first settling, and for many years after, it
+deserved most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but
+truths....  There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women
+drilled in, the provision all brought out of England, and that
+embezzled by the Trustees."
+
+Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as
+a private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in
+1606.  Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland.
+The States General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence
+in Virginia.  Upon his arrival he began to put in force that system
+of industry and frugality he had observed in Holland.  He had all the
+imperiousness of a soldier, and in an altercation with Captain
+Newport, occasioned by some injurious remarks the latter made about
+Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled his beard and threatened
+to hang him.  Active operations for settling new plantations were at
+once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, for 2,000
+good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred that came were
+"so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many are
+Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not
+sixty of them may be employed."  He served afterwards with credit in
+Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a
+naval engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620
+from the effects of the climate.  He was twice married, and his
+second wife, Lady Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him
+and received a patent for a Virginia plantation.
+
+Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him
+with a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose
+exquisite perfections he had heard.  He therefore despatched Ralph
+Hamor, with the English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a
+mission to the court of Powhatan, "upon a message unto him, which was
+to deale with him, if by any means I might procure a daughter of his,
+who (Pocahuntas being already in our possession) is generally
+reported to be his delight and darling, and surely he esteemed her as
+his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace."  This visit Hamor relates
+with great naivete.
+
+At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan
+himself received his visitors when they landed, with great
+cordiality, expressing much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had
+been presented to him by Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen
+since he gave him leave to go and see his friends at Jamestown four
+years before; he also inquired anxiously after Namontack, whom he had
+sent to King James's land to see him and his country and report
+thereon, and then led the way to his house, where he sat down on his
+bedstead side.  "On each hand of him was placed a comely and
+personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the howse
+within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a
+hundred bowmen."
+
+The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan "first
+drank," and then passed to Hamor, who "drank" what he pleased and
+then returned it.  The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir
+Thomas Dale fared, "and after that of his daughter's welfare, her
+marriage, his unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved
+together."  Hamor replied "that his brother was very well, and his
+daughter so well content that she would not change her life to return
+and live with him, whereat he laughed heartily, and said he was very
+glad of it."
+
+Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and
+Mr. Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him
+without the presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of
+the guides, who already knew it.
+
+Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver.  First
+there was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of
+presents of coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the
+promise of a grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it.
+Hamor then proceeded:
+
+"The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter,
+being famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing
+of your brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed
+me hither, to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make
+profession of, to permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly
+for the desire which himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her
+sister hath to see her of whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as
+like enough it hath not, your brother (by your favour) would gladly
+make his nearest companion, wife and bed fellow [many times he would
+have interrupted my speech, which I entreated him to heare out, and
+then if he pleased to returne me answer], and the reason hereof is,
+because being now friendly and firmly united together, and made one
+people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond of love, he would
+make a natural union between us, principally because himself hath
+taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he liveth, and
+would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may, of
+perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+thereunto."
+
+Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of
+love and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain.
+But as to the other matter he said: "My daughter, whom my brother
+desireth, I sold within these three days to be wife to a great
+Weroance for two bushels of Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of
+oyster shells], and it is true she is already gone with him, three
+days' journey from me."
+
+Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; "that
+if he pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the
+Roanoke without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter
+again, the rather because she was not full twelve years old, and
+therefore not marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace,
+so much the firmer, he should have treble the price of his daughter
+in beads, copper, hatchets, and many other things more useful for
+him."
+
+The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to
+have brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it.  He said he
+loved his daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but
+he delighted in none so much as in her; he could not live if he did
+not see her often, as he would not if she were living with the
+whites, and he was determined not to put himself in their hands.  He
+desired no other assurance of friendship than his brother had given
+him, who had already one of his daughters as a pledge, which was
+sufficient while she lived; "when she dieth he shall have another
+child of mine."  And then he broke forth in pathetic eloquence: "I
+hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to bereave me of
+two of my children at once; further give him to understand, that if
+he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury
+from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his
+and my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I
+which have power to perform it have said it; no not though I should
+have just occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my
+days in peace; so as if the English offer me any injury, my country
+is large enough, I will remove myself farther from you."
+
+The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two,
+loaded them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins,
+white as snow, for his son and daughter, and, requesting some
+articles sent him in return, bade them farewell with this message to
+Governor Dale: "I hope this will give him good satisfaction, if it do
+not I will go three days' journey farther from him, and never see
+Englishmen more."  It speaks well for the temperate habits of this
+savage that after he had feasted his guests, "he caused to be fetched
+a great glass of sack, some three quarts or better, which Captain
+Newport had given him six or seven years since, carefully preserved
+by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent, and gave each
+of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls."
+
+We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to
+his wife in England.
+
+Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never
+returned.  After his departure scarcity and severity developed a
+mutiny, and six of the settlers were executed.  Rolfe was planting
+tobacco (he has the credit of being the first white planter of it),
+and his wife was getting an inside view of Christian civilization.
+
+In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians.  They reached
+Plymouth early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note:
+"Sir Thomas Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men
+and women of thatt countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who
+married a daughter of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called
+Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife with him into England."  On the 22d
+Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dudley Carlton that there were ten
+or twelve, old and young, of that country."
+
+The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great
+care to the London company.  In May, 1620, is a record that the
+company had to pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had
+been living as a servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a
+consumption.  The same year two other of the maids were shipped off
+to the Bermudas, after being long a charge to the company, in the
+hope that they might there get husbands, "that after they were
+converted and had children, they might be sent to their country and
+kindred to civilize them."  One of them was there married.  The
+attempt to educate them in England was not very successful, and a
+proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir
+Edwin Sandys:
+
+"Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here,
+he found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might
+be far from the Christian work intended."  One Nanamack, a lad
+brought over by Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where "he
+heard not much of religion but sins, had many times examples of
+drinking, swearing and like evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan," till
+he fell in with a devout family and changed his life, but died before
+he was baptized.  Accompanying Pocahontas was a councilor of
+Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one of her sisters, of whom
+Purchas says in his "Pilgrimes": "With this savage I have often
+conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where he was a
+frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his
+diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and
+religion....  Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my
+Pilgrimage delivered.  And his wife did not only accustom herself to
+civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and
+was accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed
+provision for herself and her son, but of divers particular persons
+of honor, in their hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity.  I
+was present when my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of
+London, Doctor King, entertained her with festival state and pomp
+beyond what I had seen in his great hospitality offered to other
+ladies.  At her return towards Virginia she came at Gravesend to her
+end and grave, having given great demonstration of her Christian
+sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia conversion, leaving here a
+goodly memory, and the hopes of her resurrection, her soul aspiring
+to see and enjoy permanently in heaven what here she had joyed to
+hear and believe of her blessed Saviour.  Not such was Tomocomo, but
+a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his God to ours
+because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their Devil-
+lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his
+appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them
+their husbandry."
+
+Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+"little booke" to Queen Anne, the consort of King James.  This letter
+is found in Smith's "General Historie" ( 1624), where it is
+introduced as having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616.  Probably he
+sent her such a letter.  We find no mention of its receipt or of any
+acknowledgment of it.  Whether the "abstract" in the "General
+Historie" is exactly like the original we have no means of knowing.
+We have no more confidence in Smith's memory than we have in his
+dates.  The letter is as follows:
+
+"To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great
+Brittaine.
+
+Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+
+"The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened
+me in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine
+mee presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this
+short discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest
+vertues, I must be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes
+to bee thankful.  So it is.
+
+"That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by
+the power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great
+Salvage exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne
+Nantaquaus, the most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw
+in a Salvage and his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and wel-
+beloved daughter, being but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of
+age, whose compassionate pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me
+much cause to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud
+King and his grim attendants ever saw, and thus enthralled in their
+barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that
+was in the power of those my mortall foes to prevent notwithstanding
+al their threats.  After some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage
+Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating
+out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely that, but so
+prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestowne,
+where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke
+creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of
+Virginia, such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had
+the Salvages not fed us, we directly had starved.
+
+"And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by
+this Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when
+inconstant Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin
+would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have
+been oft appeased, and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie
+of her father thus to imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to
+make her his instrument, or her extraordinarie affection to our
+Nation, I know not: but of this I am sure: when her father with the
+utmost of his policie and power, sought to surprize mee, having but
+eighteene with mee, the dark night could not affright her from
+comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies gave me
+intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had hee
+known hee had surely slaine her.  Jamestowne with her wild traine she
+as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time
+of two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument
+to preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion,
+which if in those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have
+laine as it was at our first arrivall to this day.  Since then, this
+buisinesse having been turned and varied by many accidents from that
+I left it at: it is most certaine, after a long and troublesome warre
+after my departure, betwixt her father and our Colonie, all which
+time shee was not heard of, about two yeeres longer, the Colonie by
+that meanes was releived, peace concluded, and at last rejecting her
+barbarous condition, was maried to an English Gentleman, with whom at
+this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of that
+Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or had a childe in
+mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning bee truly
+considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+
+"Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at
+your best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large,
+and done in the time of your Majesties life, and however this might
+bee presented you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more
+honest heart, as yet I never begged anything of the State, or any,
+and it is my want of abilitie and her exceeding desert, your birth,
+meanes, and authoritie, her birth, vertue, want and simplicitie, doth
+make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech your Majestic: to take this
+knowledge of her though it be from one so unworthy to be the
+reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being able to make her
+fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can doe, is to tell
+you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe: and the
+rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she should
+not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a
+Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie,
+might turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to
+the worst of evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her
+some honour more than she can imagine, for being so kinde to your
+servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endeare
+her dearest bloud to effect that, your Majestic and all the Kings
+honest subjects most earnestly desire: and so I humbly kisse your
+gracious hands."
+
+The passage in this letter, "She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+braines to save mine," is inconsistent with the preceding portion of
+the paragraph which speaks of "the exceeding great courtesie" of
+Powhatan; and Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when
+he made up his
+
+"General Historie."
+
+Smith represents himself at this time--the last half of 1616 and the
+first three months of 1617--as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas
+the service she desired.  She was staying at Branford, either from
+neglect of the company or because the London smoke disagreed with
+her, and there Smith went to see her.  His account of his intercourse
+with her, the only one we have, must be given for what it is worth.
+According to this she had supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at
+his neglect of her.  He writes:
+
+"After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about,
+obscured her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour,
+her husband with divers others, we all left her two or three hours
+repenting myself to have writ she could speak English.  But not long
+after she began to talke, remembering me well what courtesies she had
+done: saying, 'You did promise Powhatan what was yours should be his,
+and he the like to you; you called him father, being in his land a
+stranger, and by the same reason so must I do you:' which though I
+would have excused, I durst not allow of that title, because she was
+a king's daughter.  With a well set countenance she said: 'Were you
+not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear in him and
+all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you father;
+I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I will
+be forever and ever, your contrieman.  They did tell me alwaies you
+were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan
+did command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because
+your countriemen will lie much."'
+
+This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what
+they and their state were.  At Plymouth he got a long stick and began
+to make notches in it for the people he saw.  But he was quickly
+weary of that task.  He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him
+out, and get him to show him his God, and the King, Queen, and
+Prince, of whom Smith had told so much.  Smith put him off about
+showing his God, but said he had heard that he had seen the King.
+This the Indian denied, James probably not coming up to his idea of a
+king, till by circumstances he was convinced he had seen him.  Then
+he replied very sadly: "You gave Powhatan a white dog, which Powhatan
+fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am better than
+your white dog."
+
+Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and
+"they did think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have
+seen many English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and
+behavioured;" and he heard that it had pleased the King and Queen
+greatly to esteem her, as also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other
+persons of good quality, both at the masques and otherwise.
+
+Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but
+the contemporary notices of her are scant.  The Indians were objects
+of curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been
+since, and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention.
+She was presented at court.  She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop
+of London.  At the playing of Ben Jonson's "Christmas his Mask" at
+court, January 6, 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present,
+and Chamberlain writes to Carleton: "The Virginian woman Pocahuntas
+with her father counsellor have been with the King and graciously
+used, and both she and her assistant were pleased at the Masque.  She
+is upon her return though sore against her will, if the wind would
+about to send her away."
+
+Mr. Neill says that "after the first weeks of her residence in
+England she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by
+the letter writers," and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that "when they
+heard that Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in
+council whether he had not committed high treason by so doing, that
+is marrying an Indian princesse."
+
+It was like James to think so.  His interest in the colony was never
+the most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial.  Lord
+Southampton (Dec. 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told
+the King of the Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are
+said to fly.  The King very earnestly asked if none were provided for
+him, and said he was sure Salisbury would get him one.  Would not
+have troubled him, "but that you know so well how he is affected to
+these toys."
+
+There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a
+portrait of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is
+translated: " Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan,
+Emperor of Virginia; converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff;
+died on shipboard at Gravesend 1617.  This is doubtless the portrait
+engraved by Simon De Passe in 1616, and now inserted in the extant
+copies of the London edition of the "General Historie," 1624.  It is
+not probable that the portrait was originally published with the
+"General Historie."  The portrait inserted in the edition of 1624 has
+this inscription:
+
+Round the portrait:
+
+Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim."
+
+In the oval, under the portrait:
+
+                 "Aetatis suae 21 A.
+                       1616"
+Below:
+
+"Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan
+Emprour of Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in
+the Christian faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff.
+i: Pass: sculp.                     Compton Holland excud."
+
+
+Camden in his "History of Gravesend" says that everybody paid this
+young lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to
+her own country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition
+toward the English; " and that she died, "giving testimony all the
+time she lay sick, of her being a very good Christian."
+
+The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days,
+probably on the 21st of March, 1617.  I have seen somewhere a
+statement, which I cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox.
+St.  George's Church, where she was buried, was destroyed by fire in
+1727.  The register of that church has this record:
+
+
+             "1616, May 2j Rebecca Wrothe
+               Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+         A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+                   in ye chaunncle."
+
+Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+Papers, dated "1617 29 March, London," that her death occurred March
+21, 1617.
+
+John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the
+company.  August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: "We cannot
+imagine why you should give us warning that Opechankano and the
+natives have given the country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they
+reserve it from all others till he comes of years except as we
+suppose as some do here report it be a device of your own, to some
+special purpose for yourself."  It appears also by the minutes of the
+company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to recover goods of
+hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a commission
+directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine what
+goods of the late "Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and
+get satisfaction of him."  This George Sandys is the famous traveler
+who made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote,
+while living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World,
+the completion of his translation of Ovid's "Metamorphosis."
+
+John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children.
+This is supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his
+marriage to her nor of the death of his first.  October 7, 1622, his
+brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be
+converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his
+own indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's
+daughter.
+
+This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of
+Pocahontas to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell
+into evil practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship
+of his uncle Henry Rolfe, and educated in London.  When he was grown
+up he returned to Virginia, and was probably there married.  There is
+on record his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for
+leave to go into the Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's
+sister.  He left an only daughter who was married, says Stith (1753),
+"to Col. John Bolling; by whom she left an only son, the late Major
+John Bolling, who was father to the present Col. John Bolling, and
+several daughters, married to Col. Richard Randolph, Col. John
+Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge, and Mr. James Murray."
+Campbell in his "History of Virginia" says that the first Randolph
+that came to the James River was an esteemed and industrious
+mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of the
+celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great
+granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+
+In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with
+fighting and the savage delights of life.  He had many names and
+titles; his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes
+Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk.  He ruled,
+by inheritance and conquest, with many chiefs under him, over a large
+territory with not defined borders, lying on the James, the York, the
+Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the Pawtuxet Rivers.  He had several
+seats, at which he alternately lived with his many wives and guard of
+bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of the English was
+Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River.  His state has been
+sufficiently described.  He is said to have had a hundred wives, and
+generally a dozen--the youngest--personally attending him.  When he
+had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient
+oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest
+maidens to be brought from whom to select.  And he gave the wives of
+whom he was tired to his favorites.
+
+Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about
+1610: "He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten
+with cold and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many
+necessityes and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely
+great.  He is supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I
+dare not saye how much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and
+cleane lymbes, of a sad aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie
+haires, but plaine and thin, hanging upon his broad showlders; some
+few haires upon his chin, and so on his upper lippe: he hath been a
+strong and able salvadge, synowye, vigilant, ambitious, subtile to
+enlarge his dominions:....  cruell he hath been, and quarellous as
+well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that to strike a
+terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also with
+his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security
+and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of
+peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is
+likewise more quietly settled amongst his own."
+
+It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young
+wives whom Strachey names.  All his people obeyed him with fear and
+adoration, presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling
+if he frowned.  His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to
+death before him, or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or
+broiled to death on burning coals.  Strachey wondered how such a
+barbarous prince should put on such ostentation of majesty, yet he
+accounted for it as belonging to the necessary divinity that doth
+hedge in a king: "Such is (I believe) the impression of the divine
+nature, and however these (as other heathens forsaken by the true
+light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed Christian
+spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of divinities
+and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of
+kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth."
+
+Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed
+by Strachey and Smith.  A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept
+and conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no
+conception of an overruling power or of an immortal life.  Smith
+describes a ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity; but
+this is doubtful, although Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians
+"naked slaves of the devil," also says they sacrificed sometimes
+themselves and sometimes their own children.  An image of their god
+which he sent to England "was painted upon one side of a toadstool,
+much like unto a deformed monster."  And he adds: "Their priests,
+whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our English
+witches are."  This notion I believe also pertained among the New
+England colonists.  There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had
+some power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in
+time the Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the
+invocations of the whites.  In "Winslow's Relation," quoted by
+Alexander Young in his " Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers," under
+date of July, 1623, we read that on account of a great drought a fast
+day was appointed.  When the assembly met the sky was clear.  The
+exercise lasted eight or nine hours.  Before they broke up, owing to
+prayers the weather was overcast.  Next day began a long gentle rain.
+This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of our God: "showing
+the difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the
+name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and
+tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the
+corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a
+manner, as they never observed the like."
+
+It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was
+of those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that
+they got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of
+earth and the juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves
+either according to the custom of the country or as a defense against
+the stinging of mosquitoes.  The women are of the same hue as the
+men, says Strachey; "howbeit, it is supposed neither of them
+naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith (lyving sometymes
+amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb indifferent white,
+but as the men, so doe the women," "dye and disguise themselves into
+this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be nearest such a
+kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of," as the Greek women colored
+their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves with red;
+"howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the
+perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind
+of earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious
+unto herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other
+painting white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and
+teach it one another."
+
+Thomas Lechford in his "Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,"
+London, 1642, says: "They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their
+children are borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors
+presently."
+
+The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions;
+no beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full
+at the end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly
+as the Moors; and the women as having "handsome limbs, slender arms,
+pretty hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their
+voices.  The men shaved their hair on the right side, the women
+acting as barbers, and left the hair full length on the left side,
+with a lock an ell long."  A Puritan divine--"New England's
+Plantation, 1630"--says of the Indians about him, "their hair is
+generally black, and cut before like our gentlewomen, and one lock
+longer than the rest, much like to our gentlemen, which fashion I
+think came from hence into England."
+
+Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract
+from Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+
+"Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and
+in the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of
+white bone or shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde
+up hollowe, and with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles,
+hawkes, turkeys, etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes,
+squirrells, etc.  The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the
+cheeke to the full view, and some of their men there be who will
+weare in these holes a small greene and yellow-couloured live snake,
+neere half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping himself about
+his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to kisse his lippes.
+Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such like
+conundrums."
+
+This is the earliest use I find of our word "conundrum," and the
+sense it bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+
+Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and
+deserves his prominence.  He was an able and crafty savage, and made
+a good fight against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no
+match for the crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians.
+There is something pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow
+for the death of his daughter in a strange land, when he saw his
+territories overrun by the invaders, from whom he only asked peace,
+and the poor privilege of moving further away from them into the
+wilderness if they denied him peace.
+
+In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild
+rose.  She was, like the Douglas, "tender and true."  Wanting
+apparently the cruel nature of her race generally, her heroic
+qualities were all of the heart.  No one of all the contemporary
+writers has anything but gentle words for her.  Barbarous and
+untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle nature.  Stripped
+of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into her story, and
+all the romantic suggestions which later writers have indulged in,
+she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is able to
+gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl,
+probablv not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but
+bright and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the
+white men, and easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a
+growing and lasting friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn
+refinements; accepting the new religion through love for those who
+taught it, and finally becoming in her maturity a well-balanced,
+sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+
+According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something
+more than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a
+stranger and a captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those
+who opposed his invasion.  In all times, among the most savage tribes
+and in civilized society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by
+the sight of a prisoner, and risked life to save him--the impulse was
+as natural to a Highland lass as to an African maid.  Pocahontas went
+further than efforts to make peace between the superior race and her
+own.  When the whites forced the Indians to contribute from their
+scanty stores to the support of the invaders, and burned their
+dwellings and shot them on sight if they refused, the Indian maid
+sympathized with the exposed whites and warned them of stratagems
+against them; captured herself by a base violation of the laws of
+hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her situation, adopted the
+habits of the foreigners, married one of her captors, and in peace
+and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.  History has not
+preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+
+It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony,
+that her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always
+remains in history in the bloom of youth.  She did not live to be
+pained by the contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her
+own and her adopted people, nor to learn what things could be done in
+the Christian name she loved, nor to see her husband in a less
+honorable light than she left him, nor to be involved in any way in
+the frightful massacre of 1622.  If she had remained in England after
+the novelty was over, she might have been subject to slights and
+mortifying neglect.  The struggles of the fighting colony could have
+brought her little but pain.  Dying when she did, she rounded out one
+of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for her name
+the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little that
+belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her
+friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles D. Warner
+
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas by C. D. Warner
+#33 in our series by Charles Dudley Warner
+
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+Title: The Story of Pocahantas
+
+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
+
+Release Date: March, 2002  [Etext #3129]
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+[The actual date this file first posted = 01/22/01]
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+Edition: 11
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas by C. D. Warner
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+NOTE: This work has been previously published in [Etext #2673]
+The Complete Writings of Charles Dudley Warner Volume 3
+Project Gutenberg The Complete Writings of Charles Dudley Warner
+3warn10.txt or 3warn10.zip
+
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by
+the vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants
+of this dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet
+of her red blood.
+
+That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early
+showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and
+unwilling service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary
+testimony.  That as a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and
+prepossessing above all her copper-colored companions, we can
+believe, and that as a woman her manners were attractive.  If the
+portrait taken of her in London--the best engraving of which is by
+Simon de Passe--in 1616, when she is said to have been twenty-one
+years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian features.
+
+The first mention of her is in "The True Relation," written by
+Captain Smith in Virginia in 1608.  In this narrative, as our readers
+have seen, she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the
+captivity in which Powhatan used him "with all the kindness he could
+devise."  Her name first appears, toward the close of the relation,
+in the following sentence:
+
+"Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his
+daughter, a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature,
+countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his
+people, but for wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country:
+this hee sent by his most trusty messenger, called Rawhunt, as much
+exceeding in deformitie of person, but of a subtill wit and crafty
+understanding, he with a long circumstance told mee how well Powhatan
+loved and respected mee, and in that I should not doubt any way of
+his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most esteemed, to see
+mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring mee that the
+Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan] might come
+again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had taught
+this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had
+been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their
+fathers and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate
+their libertie.
+
+"In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after
+prayer, gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her
+father's kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all
+the time of their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or
+what else they had, and with much content, sent them packing:
+Pocahuntas, also we requited with such trifles as contented her, to
+tel that we had used the Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing
+them."
+
+The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives
+which are appended to the "Map of Virginia," etc.  This was sent
+home by Smith, with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of
+1608.  It was published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years
+after Smith's return to England.  The appendix contains the
+narratives of several of Smith's companions in Virginia, edited by
+Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith.  In one of these is a brief
+reference to the above-quoted incident.
+
+This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs
+of Powhatan.
+
+The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in
+Chapter X.  and the last of the appendix to the "Map of Virginia,"
+and is Smith's denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry
+Pocahontas.  In this passage he speaks of her as "at most not past 13
+or 14 years of age."  If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when
+Smith left Virginia, she must have been more than ten when he wrote
+his "True Relation," composed in the winter of 1608, which in all
+probability was carried to England by Captain Nelson, who left
+Jamestown June 2d.
+
+The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to
+Pocahontas is William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the
+expedition of Gates and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and
+reached Jamestown May 23 or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and
+Recorder of the colony under Lord Delaware.  Of the origin and life
+of Strachey, who was a person of importance in Virginia, little is
+known.  The better impression is that he was the William Strachey of
+Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and was living in 1620, and
+that it was his grandson of the same name who was subsequently
+connected with the Virginia colony.  He was, judged by his writings,
+a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and shared
+the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his
+time.  His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the
+code of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he
+first published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man.
+
+William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled "The Historie
+of Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as
+well by those who went first thither, as collected by William
+Strachey, gent., three years thither, employed as Secretaire of
+State."  How long he remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could
+not have been "three years," though he may have been continued
+Secretary for that period, for he was in London in 1612, in which
+year he published there the laws of Virginia which had been
+established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610, approved by Lord
+Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale June 22,
+1611.
+
+The "Travaile" was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849.
+When and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one
+time, are matters much in dispute.  The first book, descriptive of
+Virginia and its people, is complete; the second book, a narration of
+discoveries in America, is unfinished.  Only the first book concerns
+us.  That Strachey made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the
+book was no doubt written after his return to England
+
+
+[This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what
+are held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the
+Black Codes.  One clause will suffice:
+
+"Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the
+Bell shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear
+divine service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first
+omission, for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be
+condemned to the Gallies for six months.  Likewise no man or woman
+shall dare to violate the Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private,
+abroad or at home, but duly sanctifie and observe the same, both
+himselfe and his familie, by preparing themselves at home with
+private prayer, that they may be the better fitted for the publique,
+according to the commandments of God, and the orders of our church,
+as also every man and woman shall repaire in the morning to the
+divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day, and in the
+afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the first
+fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week
+following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be
+whipt, and for the third to suffer death."]
+
+
+Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's "Map and
+Description" at Oxford in 1612?  The question is important, because
+Smith's "Description" and Strachey's "Travaile" are page after page
+literally the same.  One was taken from the other.  Commonly at that
+time manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before
+they were published.  Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished
+manuscripts of Smith when he compiled his narrative.  Did Smith see
+Strachey's manuscript before he published his Oxford tract, or did
+Strachey enlarge his own notes from Smith's description?  It has been
+usually assumed that Strachey cribbed from Smith without
+acknowledgment.  If it were a question to be settled by the internal
+evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that Smith
+condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the
+balance in Smith's favor.
+
+Strachey in his "Travaile" refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+respect.  It will be noted that Smith's "Map" was engraved and
+published before the "Description" in the Oxford tract.  Purchas had
+it, for he says, in writing of Virginia for his "Pilgrimage" (which
+was published in 1613):
+
+"Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word
+of mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted
+me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been
+the discoverer."  Strachey in his "Travaile" alludes to it, and pays
+a tribute to Smith in the following: "Their severall habitations are
+more plainly described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt.
+Smith, of whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the
+reader to judge.  Sure I am there will not return from thence in
+hast, any one who hath been more industrious, or who hath had (Capt.
+Geo. Percie excepted) greater experience amongst them, however
+misconstruction may traduce here at home, where is not easily seen
+the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd, which is there daylie,
+and with no few hazards and hearty griefes undergon."
+
+There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript.  The one used by the
+Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of
+"Lord High Chancellor," and Bacon had not that title conferred on him
+till after 1618.  But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at
+Oxford is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of "Purveyor
+to His Majestie's Navie Royall"; and as Sir Allen was made
+"Lieutenant of the Tower" in 1616, it is believed that the manuscript
+must have been written before that date, since the author would not
+have omitted the more important of the two titles in his dedication.
+
+Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his "Laws"
+(1612), is dated "From my lodging in the Black Friars.  At your best
+pleasures, either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success
+of it heere."  In his letter he speaks of his experience in the
+Bermudas and Virginia: "The full storie of both in due time [I] shall
+consecrate unto your view....  Howbit since many impediments, as yet
+must detaine such my observations in the shadow of darknesse, untill
+I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgments," etc.
+
+This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations
+were not written then, only that they were not "perfect"; in fact,
+they were detained in the "shadow of darknesse" till the year 1849.
+Our own inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began
+his manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to
+it and corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+
+We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to
+Pocahontas.  The first occurs in his description of the apparel of
+Indian women:
+
+"The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all
+over with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the
+skyrt, carved and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion
+of beasts, fowle, tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best
+please or expresse the fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe
+not shadowed amongst their owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven
+or twelve returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring
+about the yeare, calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock); nor are
+thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remembered
+Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong girle, Powhatan's
+daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven
+or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the markett
+place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their
+heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked
+as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put
+on a kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or
+handycrafts men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be
+seene bare.  We have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey
+feathers, and other fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with
+threeds, that nothing could be discerned but the feathers, which were
+exceedingly warme and very handsome."
+
+Strachey did not see Pocahontas.  She did not resort to the camp
+after the departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was
+kidnapped by Governor Dale in April, 1613.  He repeats what he heard
+of her.  The time mentioned by him of her resorting to the fort, "of
+the age then of eleven or twelve yeares," must have been the time
+referred to by Smith when he might have married her, namely, in
+1608-9, when he calls her "not past 13 or 14 years of age."  The
+description of her as a "yong girle" tumbling about the fort, "naked
+as she was," would seem to preclude the idea that she was married at
+that time.
+
+The use of the word "wanton" is not necessarily disparaging, for
+"wanton" in that age was frequently synonymous with "playful" and
+"sportive"; but it is singular that she should be spoken of as "well
+featured, but wanton."  Strachey, however, gives in another place
+what is no doubt the real significance of the Indian name
+"Pocahontas."  He says:
+
+"Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a
+name, calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing
+their promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great
+King Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well,
+Pocahontas, which may signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was
+rightly called Amonata at more ripe years."
+
+The Indian girls married very young.  The polygamous Powhatan had a
+large number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a
+dozen "for the most part very young women," the names of whom
+Strachey obtained from one Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp,
+whom Smith certifies was a great villain.  Strachey gives a list of
+the names of twelve of them, at the head of which is Winganuske.
+This list was no doubt written down by the author in Virginia, and it
+is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also the number of
+Powhatan's children.  The "great darling" in this list was
+Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered
+his comrade in the Bermudas.  Strachey writes:
+
+"He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst
+us as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not
+otherwise safe for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had
+his braynes knockt out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying
+in the English fort two or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say
+they often reported unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty
+sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Machumps
+his sister, and a great darling of the King's; and besides, younge
+Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme to our fort in tymes
+past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called Kocoum, some two
+years since."
+
+This passage is a great puzzle.  Does Strachey intend to say that
+Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum?  She might have
+been during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her
+kidnapping in 1613, when she was of marriageable age.  We shall see
+hereafter that Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite
+daughter of his, whom Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve
+years of age, to be wife to a great chief.  The term "private
+Captain" might perhaps be applied to an Indian chief.  Smith, in his
+"General Historie," says the Indians have "but few occasions to use
+any officers more than one commander, which commonly they call
+Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine."  It is probably not
+possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into Caucorouse,
+or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private captain
+was called in Indian a Kocoum.  Werowance and Caucorouse are not
+synonymous terms.  Werowance means "chief," and Caucorouse means"
+talker" or "orator," and is the original of our word "caucus."
+
+Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an
+Indian--a not violent presumption considering her age and the fact
+that war between Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off
+intercourse between them--or Strachey referred to her marriage with
+Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake Kocoum.  If this is to be accepted,
+then this paragraph must have been written in England in 1616, and
+have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it "some two years since," in
+1614.
+
+That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through
+her acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no
+doubt; that she was not different in her habits and mode of life from
+other Indian girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every
+reason to suppose.  It was the English who magnified the imperialism
+of her father, and exaggerated her own station as Princess.  She
+certainly put on no airs of royalty when she was "cart-wheeling"
+about the fort.  Nor does this detract anything from the native
+dignity of the mature, and converted, and partially civilized woman.
+
+We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been
+noticed in the estimates of her age.  Powhatan is not said to have
+kept a private secretary to register births in his family.  If
+Pocahontas gave her age correctly, as it appears upon her London
+portrait in 1616, aged twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years
+of age when she was captured in 1613 This would make her about twelve
+at the time of Smith's captivity in 1607-8.  There is certainly room
+for difference of opinion as to whether so precocious a woman, as her
+intelligent apprehension of affairs shows her to have been, should
+have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen.  In marrying at
+least as early as that she would have followed the custom of her
+tribe.  It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had
+raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the
+court of Werowocomoco.
+
+We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years.
+The occasional mentions of her name in the "General Historie" are so
+evidently interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us.  When
+and where she took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London
+portrait, we are not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as
+Strachey says she was "at more ripe yeares."  How she was occupied
+from the departure of Smith to her abduction, we can only guess.  To
+follow her authentic history we must take up the account of Captain
+Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the colony under
+Governor Dale.
+
+Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous
+in the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in
+September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture
+that would bring Powhatan to terms.  The Emperor, from being a
+friend, had become the most implacable enemy of the English.  Captain
+Argall says: "I was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the
+great Powhatan's daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King
+Potowomek, whither I presently repaired, resolved to possess myself
+of her by any stratagem that I could use, for the ransoming of so
+many Englishmen as were prisoners with Powhatan, as also to get such
+armes and tooles as he and other Indians had got by murther and
+stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity of corn for
+the colonies relief."
+
+By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and
+friend of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek,
+Pocahontas was enticed on board Argall's ship and secured.  Word was
+sent to Powhatan of the capture and the terms on which his daughter
+would be released; namely, the return of the white men he held in
+slavery, the tools and arms he had gotten and stolen, and a great
+quantity of corn.  Powhatan, "much grieved," replied that if Argall
+would use his daughter well, and bring the ship into his river and
+release her, he would accede to all his demands.  Therefore, on the
+13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at Jamestown, and
+delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent home some
+of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long whip-saw,
+and a canoe of corn.  Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown.
+
+Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek
+we can only conjecture.  It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it
+may be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting,
+ambushes, and murders.  More likely she was only making a common
+friendly visit, though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian
+fair.
+
+The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by
+Ralph Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the
+Bermudas in 1609, and returned to England in 1614, where he published
+(London, 1615) "A True Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the
+Affairs there till the 18th of June, 1614."  Hamor was the son of a
+merchant tailor in London who was a member of the Virginia company.
+Hamor writes:
+
+"It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas
+(whose fame has even been spread in England by the title of
+Nonparella of Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme
+it, tooke some pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be
+among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I
+had), implored thither as shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of
+her father's commodities for theirs, where residing some three months
+or longer, it fortuned upon occasion either of promise or profit,
+Captaine Argall to arrive there, whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew
+her familiaritie with the English, and delighting to see them as
+unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised, would gladly visit as she
+did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall intelligence, but he delt
+with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what meanes he might procure
+her caption, assuring him that now or never, was the time to pleasure
+him, if he intended indeede that love which he had made profession
+of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our English men
+and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to use her
+withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his
+brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best
+endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it,
+making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful
+in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid,
+he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his
+brother to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a
+great and longing desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which
+being there three or four times before she had never seene, and
+should be earnest with her husband to permit her--he seemed angry
+with her, making as he pretended so unnecessary request, especially
+being without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly,
+must faine to weepe (as who knows not that women can command teares)
+whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares, gave
+her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese Pocahuntas to
+accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps
+of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, to goe
+with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so forthwith
+aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was seasonably
+provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially
+Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading
+upon Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your
+own.  Supper ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but
+Iapazeus and his wife desired to have some conference with their
+brother, which was onely to acquaint him by what stratagem they had
+betraied his prisoner as I have already related: after which
+discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas nothing mistrusting this
+policy, who nevertheless being most possessed with feere, and desire
+of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to be gon.  Capt.
+Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small Copper kittle,
+and some other les valuable toies so highly by him esteemed, that
+doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them, permitted
+both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+considerations, as for that his father had then eigh [8] of our
+Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at
+severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which
+though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve
+Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and
+discontented, yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward
+appearance was no les discontented that he should be the meanes of
+her captivity, much adoe there was to pursuade her to be patient,
+which with extraordinary curteous usage, by little and little was
+wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she was brought."
+
+Smith, who condenses this account in his "General Historie,"
+expresses his contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: "The old
+Jew and his wife began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas."  It
+will be noted that the account of the visit (apparently alone) of
+Pocahontas and her capture is strong evidence that she was not at
+this time married to "Kocoum" or anybody else.
+
+Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a
+demand made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is
+represented as dearly loving Pocahontas, his "delight and darling,"
+it was, according to Hamor, three months before they heard anything
+from him.  His anxiety about his daughter could not have been
+intense.  He retained a part of his plunder, and a message was sent
+to him that Pocahontas would be kept till he restored all the arms.
+
+This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from
+him till the following March.  Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain
+Argall, with several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up
+to Powhatan's chief seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the
+Indians a chance to fight for her or to take her in peace on
+surrender of the stolen goods.  The Indians received this with
+bravado and flights of arrows, reminding them of the fate of Captain
+Ratcliffe.  The whites landed, killed some Indians, burnt forty
+houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the river and came to
+anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town.  Here were
+assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who dared
+them to come ashore.  Ashore they went, and a palaver was held.  The
+Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would
+fight, if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+
+Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see
+their sister, who had been taken on shore.  When they had sight of
+her, and saw how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and
+promised to persuade their father to redeem her and conclude a
+lasting peace.  The two brothers were taken on board ship, and Master
+John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were sent to negotiate with the King.
+Powhatan did not show himself, but his brother Apachamo, his
+successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring about a peace,
+and the expedition returned to Jamestown.
+
+"Long before this time," Hamor relates, "a gentleman of approved
+behaviour and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love
+with Pocahuntas and she with him, which thing at the instant that we
+were in parlee with them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a
+letter from him [Rolfe] whereby he entreated his advice and
+furtherance to his love, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of
+the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself acquainted her brethren
+therewith."  Governor Dale approved this, and consequently was
+willing to retire without other conditions.  "The bruite of this
+pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's
+knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden
+consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of
+hirs, named Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and
+two of his sonnes to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly
+done about the fifth of April [1614], and ever since we have had
+friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also
+with his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the
+collonie should not thrive a pace."
+
+This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a
+firm peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again
+entitled to the grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers.
+Already, in 1612, a plan had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the
+English with the natives, and of obtaining the recognition of
+Powhatan and those allied to him as members of a fifth kingdom, with
+certain privileges.  Cunega, the Spanish ambassador at London, on
+September 22, 1612, writes: "Although some suppose the plantation to
+decrease, he is credibly informed that there is a determination to
+marry some of the people that go over to Virginia; forty or fifty are
+already so married, and English women intermingle and are received
+kindly by the natives.  A zealous minister hath been wounded for
+reprehending it."
+
+Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+welfare of the colony.  He probably brought with him in 1610 his
+wife, who gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers
+Islands at the time of the shipwreck.  We find no notice of her
+death.  Hamor gives him the distinction of being the first in the
+colony to try, in 1612, the planting and raising of tobacco.  "No man
+[he adds] hath labored to his power, by good example there and worthy
+encouragement into England by his letters, than he hath done, witness
+his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of rude education, manners
+barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the good and honor of
+the plantation: and least any man should conceive that some sinister
+respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to his
+knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his
+letter written to Sir Thomas Dale."
+
+The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer
+to a theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record.  It
+reeks with unction.  Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw
+every day, instead of inflicting upon him this painful document, in
+which the flutterings of a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden
+under a great resolve of self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+
+The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+
+"Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall
+be opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose
+be not to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the
+undertaking of so weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's
+weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnall affection;
+but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our countrie,
+for the glory of God, for my owne salvation, and for the converting
+to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving
+creature, namely Pokahuntas.  To whom my heartie and best thoughts
+are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and inthralled in so
+intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to unwinde myself
+thereout."
+
+Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on
+this subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of
+mankind and his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts.  He is aware
+of God's displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying
+strange wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with
+good circumspection "into the grounds and principall agitations which
+should thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath
+bin rude, her manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so
+discrepant in all nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare
+and trembling, I have ended my private controversie with this: surely
+these are wicked instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and
+delighteth in man's distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be
+ever preserved from such diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be)
+I have taken some rest."
+
+The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian,
+and consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her
+image, whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an
+ingenious reason (to show the world) for marrying her.  He continues:
+
+"Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my
+holiest and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a
+new triall, in a straighter manner than the former; for besides the
+weary passions and sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and
+in my sleepe indured, even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with
+remissnesse, and carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform
+the duteie of a good Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying:
+Why dost thou not indeavor to make her a Christian?  And these have
+happened to my greater wonder, even when she hath been furthest
+seperated from me, which in common reason (were it not an undoubted
+work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a far more worthie
+creature."
+
+He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the
+remedy, but he is after a large-sized motive:
+
+"Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why
+I was created?  If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities,
+but to labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to
+nourish and increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good
+husband in the gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the
+fruites may be reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life,
+and his salvation in the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto
+her great appearance of love to me, her desire to be taught and
+instructed in the knowledge of God, her capablenesse of
+understanding, her aptness and willingness to receive anie good
+impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne incitements
+stirring me up hereunto."
+
+The "incitements" gave him courage, so that he exclaims: "Shall I be
+of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the
+right way?  Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the
+hungrie, or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?"
+
+It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe
+screwed up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom
+thousands of people were afterwards so anxious to be descended.  But
+he made the sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of
+the plantation, and the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and
+lower motive he vigorously repels: "Now, if the vulgar sort, who
+square all men's actions by the base rule of their own filthinesse,
+shall tax or taunt mee in this my godly labour: let them know it is
+not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe with incontinency; sure (if I
+would and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire,
+though not without a seared conscience, yet with Christians more
+pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the offense unlawfully
+committed.  Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I regard not
+what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my
+country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to
+obtain a mach to my great con'tent....  But shall it please God thus
+to dispose of me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before
+set down) I will heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me,
+and I will never cease (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished,
+and brought to perfection so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray
+God to bless me, to mine and her eternal happiness."
+
+It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters
+to Amonata they had less cant in them than this.  But it was pleasing
+to Sir Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of
+Mr. Rolfe.  In a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18,
+1614, to a reverend friend in London, he describes the expedition
+when Pocahontas was carried up the river, and adds the information
+that when she went on shore, "she would not talk to any of them,
+scarcely to them of the best sort, and to them only, that if her
+father had loved her, he would not value her less than old swords,
+pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the Englishmen
+who loved her."
+
+"Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is
+since married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by
+his letter unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her
+you may perceive), an other knot to bind this peace the stronger.
+Her father and friends gave approbation to it, and her uncle gave her
+to him in the church; she lives civilly and lovingly with him, and I
+trust will increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God increaseth
+in her.  She will goe into England with me, and were it but the
+gayning of this one soule, I will think my time, toile, and present
+stay well spent."
+
+Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date
+with the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the
+genuineness of which is questioned.  In speaking of the good deeds of
+Sir Thomas Dale it says: "But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or
+Matoa, the daughter of Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet
+English Gentleman--Master Rolfe, and that after she had openly
+renounced her countrey Idolatry, and confessed the faith of Jesus
+Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a
+long time to ground her in."  If, as this proclaims, she was married
+after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender conscience must have given
+him another twist for wedding her, when the reason for marrying her
+(her conversion) had ceased with her baptism.  His marriage,
+according to this, was a pure work of supererogation.  It took place
+about the 5th of April, 1614.  It is not known who performed the
+ceremony.
+
+How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+detention, we are not told.  Conjectures are made that she was an
+inmate of the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr.
+Whittaker, both of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on
+religious subjects.  She must also have been learning English and
+civilized ways, for it is sure that she spoke our language very well
+when she went to London.  Mr. John Rolfe was also laboring for her
+conversion, and we may suppose that with all these ministrations,
+mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that ingenious widower had
+discovered, and her desire to convert him into a husband, she was not
+an unwilling captive.  Whatever may have been her barbarous
+instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived
+"civilly and lovingly" with her husband.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+
+Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet
+Governor the colony had had.  One element of his success was no doubt
+the change in the charter of 1609.  By the first charter everything
+had been held in common by the company, and there had been no
+division of property or allotment of land among the colonists.  Under
+the new regime land was held in severalty, and the spur of individual
+interest began at once to improve the condition of the settlement.
+The character of the colonists was also gradually improving.  They
+had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest desire of the London
+promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World.  A zealous defense
+of Virginia and Maryland, against "scandalous imputation," entitled
+"Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters," by Mr. John Hammond,
+London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia "is an unhealthy
+place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery
+persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet"; and
+admits that "at the first settling, and for many years after, it
+deserved most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but
+truths....  There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women
+drilled in, the provision all brought out of England, and that
+embezzled by the Trustees."
+
+Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as
+a private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in
+1606.  Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland.
+The States General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence
+in Virginia.  Upon his arrival he began to put in force that system
+of industry and frugality he had observed in Holland.  He had all the
+imperiousness of a soldier, and in an altercation with Captain
+Newport, occasioned by some injurious remarks the latter made about
+Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled his beard and threatened
+to hang him.  Active operations for settling new plantations were at
+once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, for 2,000
+good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred that came were
+"so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many are
+Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not
+sixty of them may be employed."  He served afterwards with credit in
+Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a
+naval engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620
+from the effects of the climate.  He was twice married, and his
+second wife, Lady Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him
+and received a patent for a Virginia plantation.
+
+Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him
+with a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose
+exquisite perfections he had heard.  He therefore despatched Ralph
+Hamor, with the English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a
+mission to the court of Powhatan, "upon a message unto him, which was
+to deale with him, if by any means I might procure a daughter of his,
+who (Pocahuntas being already in our possession) is generally
+reported to be his delight and darling, and surely he esteemed her as
+his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace."  This visit Hamor relates
+with great naivete.
+
+At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan
+himself received his visitors when they landed, with great
+cordiality, expressing much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had
+been presented to him by Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen
+since he gave him leave to go and see his friends at Jamestown four
+years before; he also inquired anxiously after Namontack, whom he had
+sent to King James's land to see him and his country and report
+thereon, and then led the way to his house, where he sat down on his
+bedstead side.  "On each hand of him was placed a comely and
+personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the howse
+within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a
+hundred bowmen."
+
+The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan "first
+drank," and then passed to Hamor, who "drank" what he pleased and
+then returned it.  The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir
+Thomas Dale fared, "and after that of his daughter's welfare, her
+marriage, his unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved
+together."  Hamor replied "that his brother was very well, and his
+daughter so well content that she would not change her life to return
+and live with him, whereat he laughed heartily, and said he was very
+glad of it."
+
+Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and
+Mr. Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him
+without the presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of
+the guides, who already knew it.
+
+Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver.  First
+there was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of
+presents of coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the
+promise of a grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it.
+Hamor then proceeded:
+
+"The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter,
+being famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing
+of your brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed
+me hither, to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make
+profession of, to permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly
+for the desire which himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her
+sister hath to see her of whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as
+like enough it hath not, your brother (by your favour) would gladly
+make his nearest companion, wife and bed fellow [many times he would
+have interrupted my speech, which I entreated him to heare out, and
+then if he pleased to returne me answer], and the reason hereof is,
+because being now friendly and firmly united together, and made one
+people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond of love, he would
+make a natural union between us, principally because himself hath
+taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he liveth, and
+would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may, of
+perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+thereunto."
+
+Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of
+love and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain.
+But as to the other matter he said: "My daughter, whom my brother
+desireth, I sold within these three days to be wife to a great
+Weroance for two bushels of Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of
+oyster shells], and it is true she is already gone with him, three
+days' journey from me."
+
+Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; "that
+if he pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the
+Roanoke without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter
+again, the rather because she was not full twelve years old, and
+therefore not marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace,
+so much the firmer, he should have treble the price of his daughter
+in beads, copper, hatchets, and many other things more useful for
+him."
+
+The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to
+have brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it.  He said he
+loved his daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but
+he delighted in none so much as in her; he could not live if he did
+not see her often, as he would not if she were living with the
+whites, and he was determined not to put himself in their hands.  He
+desired no other assurance of friendship than his brother had given
+him, who had already one of his daughters as a pledge, which was
+sufficient while she lived; "when she dieth he shall have another
+child of mine."  And then he broke forth in pathetic eloquence: "I
+hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to bereave me of
+two of my children at once; further give him to understand, that if
+he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury
+from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his
+and my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I
+which have power to perform it have said it; no not though I should
+have just occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my
+days in peace; so as if the English offer me any injury, my country
+is large enough, I will remove myself farther from you."
+
+The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two,
+loaded them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins,
+white as snow, for his son and daughter, and, requesting some
+articles sent him in return, bade them farewell with this message to
+Governor Dale: "I hope this will give him good satisfaction, if it do
+not I will go three days' journey farther from him, and never see
+Englishmen more."  It speaks well for the temperate habits of this
+savage that after he had feasted his guests, "he caused to be fetched
+a great glass of sack, some three quarts or better, which Captain
+Newport had given him six or seven years since, carefully preserved
+by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent, and gave each
+of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls."
+
+We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to
+his wife in England.
+
+Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never
+returned.  After his departure scarcity and severity developed a
+mutiny, and six of the settlers were executed.  Rolfe was planting
+tobacco (he has the credit of being the first white planter of it),
+and his wife was getting an inside view of Christian civilization.
+
+In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians.  They reached
+Plymouth early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note:
+"Sir Thomas Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men
+and women of thatt countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who
+married a daughter of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called
+Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife with him into England."  On the 22d
+Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dudley Carlton that there were "ten
+or twelve, old and young, of that country."
+
+The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great
+care to the London company.  In May, 1620, is a record that the
+company had to pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had
+been living as a servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a
+consumption.  The same year two other of the maids were shipped off
+to the Bermudas, after being long a charge to the company, in the
+hope that they might there get husbands, "that after they were
+converted and had children, they might be sent to their country and
+kindred to civilize them."  One of them was there married.  The
+attempt to educate them in England was not very successful, and a
+proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir
+Edwin Sandys:
+
+"Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here,
+he found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might
+be far from the Christian work intended."  One Nanamack, a lad
+brought over by Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where "he
+heard not much of religion but sins, had many times examples of
+drinking, swearing and like evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan," till
+he fell in with a devout family and changed his life, but died before
+he was baptized.  Accompanying Pocahontas was a councilor of
+Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one of her sisters, of whom
+Purchas says in his "Pilgrimes": "With this savage I have often
+conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where he was a
+frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his
+diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and
+religion....  Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my
+Pilgrimage delivered.  And his wife did not only accustom herself to
+civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and
+was accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed
+provision for herself and her son, but of divers particular persons
+of honor, in their hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity.  I
+was present when my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of
+London, Doctor King, entertained her with festival state and pomp
+beyond what I had seen in his great hospitality offered to other
+ladies.  At her return towards Virginia she came at Gravesend to her
+end and grave, having given great demonstration of her Christian
+sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia conversion, leaving here a
+goodly memory, and the hopes of her resurrection, her soul aspiring
+to see and enjoy permanently in heaven what here she had joyed to
+hear and believe of her blessed Saviour.  Not such was Tomocomo, but
+a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his God to ours
+because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their Devil-
+lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his
+appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them
+their husbandry."
+
+Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+"little booke" to Queen Anne, the consort of King James.  This letter
+is found in Smith's "General Historie" ( 1624), where it is
+introduced as having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616.  Probably he
+sent her such a letter.  We find no mention of its receipt or of any
+acknowledgment of it.  Whether the "abstract" in the "General
+Historie" is exactly like the original we have no means of knowing.
+We have no more confidence in Smith's memory than we have in his
+dates.  The letter is as follows:
+
+"To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great
+Brittaine.
+
+"Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+
+"The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened
+me in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine
+mee presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this
+short discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest
+vertues, I must be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes
+to bee thankful.  So it is.
+
+"That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by
+the power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great
+Salvage exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne
+Nantaquaus, the most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw
+in a Salvage and his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and wel-
+beloved daughter, being but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of
+age, whose compassionate pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me
+much cause to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud
+King and his grim attendants ever saw, and thus enthralled in their
+barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that
+was in the power of those my mortall foes to prevent notwithstanding
+al their threats.  After some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage
+Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating
+out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely that, but so
+prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestowne,
+where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke
+creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of
+Virginia, such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had
+the Salvages not fed us, we directly had starved.
+
+"And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by
+this Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when
+inconstant Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin
+would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have
+been oft appeased, and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie
+of her father thus to imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to
+make her his instrument, or her extraordinarie affection to our
+Nation, I know not: but of this I am sure: when her father with the
+utmost of his policie and power, sought to surprize mee, having but
+eighteene with mee, the dark night could not affright her from
+comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies gave me
+intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had hee
+known hee had surely slaine her.  Jamestowne with her wild traine she
+as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time
+of two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument
+to preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion,
+which if in those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have
+laine as it was at our first arrivall to this day.  Since then, this
+buisinesse having been turned and varied by many accidents from that
+I left it at: it is most certaine, after a long and troublesome warre
+after my departure, betwixt her father and our Colonie, all which
+time shee was not heard of, about two yeeres longer, the Colonie by
+that meanes was releived, peace concluded, and at last rejecting her
+barbarous condition, was maried to an English Gentleman, with whom at
+this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of that
+Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or had a childe in
+mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning bee truly
+considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+
+"Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at
+your best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large,
+and done in the time of your Majesties life, and however this might
+bee presented you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more
+honest heart, as yet I never begged anything of the State, or any,
+and it is my want of abilitie and her exceeding desert, your birth,
+meanes, and authoritie, her birth, vertue, want and simplicitie, doth
+make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech your Majestic: to take this
+knowledge of her though it be from one so unworthy to be the
+reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being able to make her
+fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can doe, is to tell
+you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe: and the
+rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she should
+not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a
+Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie,
+might turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to
+the worst of evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her
+some honour more than she can imagine, for being so kinde to your
+servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endeare
+her dearest bloud to effect that, your Majestic and all the Kings
+honest subjects most earnestly desire: and so I humbly kisse your
+gracious hands."
+
+The passage in this letter, "She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+braines to save mine," is inconsistent with the preceding portion of
+the paragraph which speaks of "the exceeding great courtesie" of
+Powhatan; and Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when
+he made up his
+
+"General Historie."
+
+Smith represents himself at this time--the last half of 1616 and the
+first three months of 1617--as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas
+the service she desired.  She was staying at Branford, either from
+neglect of the company or because the London smoke disagreed with
+her, and there Smith went to see her.  His account of his intercourse
+with her, the only one we have, must be given for what it is worth.
+According to this she had supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at
+his neglect of her.  He writes:
+
+"After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about,
+obscured her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour,
+her husband with divers others, we all left her two or three hours
+repenting myself to have writ she could speak English.  But not long
+after she began to talke, remembering me well what courtesies she had
+done: saying, 'You did promise Powhatan what was yours should be his,
+and he the like to you; you called him father, being in his land a
+stranger, and by the same reason so must I do you:' which though I
+would have excused, I durst not allow of that title, because she was
+a king's daughter.  With a well set countenance she said: 'Were you
+not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear in him and
+all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you father;
+I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I will
+be forever and ever, your contrieman.  They did tell me alwaies you
+were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan
+did command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because
+your countriemen will lie much."'
+
+This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what
+they and their state were.  At Plymouth he got a long stick and began
+to make notches in it for the people he saw.  But he was quickly
+weary of that task.  He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him
+out, and get him to show him his God, and the King, Queen, and
+Prince, of whom Smith had told so much.  Smith put him off about
+showing his God, but said he had heard that he had seen the King.
+This the Indian denied, James probably not coming up to his idea of a
+king, till by circumstances he was convinced he had seen him.  Then
+he replied very sadly: "You gave Powhatan a white dog, which Powhatan
+fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am better than
+your white dog."
+
+Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and
+"they did think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have
+seen many English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and
+behavioured;" and he heard that it had pleased the King and Queen
+greatly to esteem her, as also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other
+persons of good quality, both at the masques and otherwise.
+
+Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but
+the contemporary notices of her are scant.  The Indians were objects
+of curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been
+since, and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention.
+She was presented at court.  She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop
+of London.  At the playing of Ben Jonson's "Christmas his Mask" at
+court, January 6, 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present,
+and Chamberlain writes to Carleton: "The Virginian woman Pocahuntas
+with her father counsellor have been with the King and graciously
+used, and both she and her assistant were pleased at the Masque.  She
+is upon her return though sore against her will, if the wind would
+about to send her away."
+
+Mr. Neill says that "after the first weeks of her residence in
+England she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by
+the letter writers," and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that "when they
+heard that Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in
+council whether he had not committed high treason by so doing, that
+is marrying an Indian princesse."
+
+It was like James to think so.  His interest in the colony was never
+the most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial.  Lord
+Southampton (Dec. 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told
+the King of the Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are
+said to fly.  The King very earnestly asked if none were provided for
+him, and said he was sure Salisbury would get him one.  Would not
+have troubled him, "but that you know so well how he is affected to
+these toys."
+
+There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a
+portrait of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is
+translated: "Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan,
+Emperor of Virginia; converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff;
+died on shipboard at Gravesend 1617."  This is doubtless the portrait
+engraved by Simon De Passe in 1616, and now inserted in the extant
+copies of the London edition of the "General Historie," 1624.  It is
+not probable that the portrait was originally published with the
+"General Historie."  The portrait inserted in the edition of 1624 has
+this inscription:
+
+Round the portrait:
+
+"Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim."
+
+In the oval, under the portrait:
+
+                 "Aetatis suae 21 A.
+                       1616"
+Below:
+
+"Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan
+Emprour of Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in
+the Christian faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff.
+i: Pass: sculp.                     Compton Holland excud."
+
+
+Camden in his "History of Gravesend" says that everybody paid this
+young lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to
+her own country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition
+toward the English; and that she died, "giving testimony all the
+time she lay sick, of her being a very good Christian."
+
+The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days,
+probably on the 21st of March, 1617.  I have seen somewhere a
+statement, which I cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox.
+St.  George's Church, where she was buried, was destroyed by fire in
+1727.  The register of that church has this record:
+
+
+             "1616, May 21 Rebecca Wrothe
+               Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+         A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+                   in ye chaunncle."
+
+Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+Papers, dated "1617, 29 March, London," that her death occurred March
+21, 1617.
+
+John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the
+company.  August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: "We cannot
+imagine why you should give us warning that Opechankano and the
+natives have given the country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they
+reserve it from all others till he comes of years except as we
+suppose as some do here report it be a device of your own, to some
+special purpose for yourself."  It appears also by the minutes of the
+company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to recover goods of
+hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a commission
+directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine what
+goods of the late "Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and
+get satisfaction of him."  This George Sandys is the famous traveler
+who made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote,
+while living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World,
+the completion of his translation of Ovid's "Metamorphosis."
+
+John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children.
+This is supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his
+marriage to her nor of the death of his first.  October 7, 1622, his
+brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be
+converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his
+own indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's
+daughter.
+
+This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of
+Pocahontas to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell
+into evil practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship
+of his uncle Henry Rolfe, and educated in London.  When he was grown
+up he returned to Virginia, and was probably there married.  There is
+on record his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for
+leave to go into the Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's
+sister.  He left an only daughter who was married, says Stith (1753),
+"to Col. John Bolling; by whom she left an only son, the late Major
+John Bolling, who was father to the present Col. John Bolling, and
+several daughters, married to Col. Richard Randolph, Col. John
+Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge, and Mr. James Murray."
+Campbell in his "History of Virginia" says that the first Randolph
+that came to the James River was an esteemed and industrious
+mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of the
+celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great
+granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+
+In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with
+fighting and the savage delights of life.  He had many names and
+titles; his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes
+Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk.  He ruled,
+by inheritance and conquest, with many chiefs under him, over a large
+territory with not defined borders, lying on the James, the York, the
+Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the Pawtuxet Rivers.  He had several
+seats, at which he alternately lived with his many wives and guard of
+bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of the English was
+Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River.  His state has been
+sufficiently described.  He is said to have had a hundred wives, and
+generally a dozen--the youngest--personally attending him.  When he
+had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient
+oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest
+maidens to be brought from whom to select.  And he gave the wives of
+whom he was tired to his favorites.
+
+Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about
+1610: "He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten
+with cold and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many
+necessityes and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely
+great.  He is supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I
+dare not saye how much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and
+cleane lymbes, of a sad aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie
+haires, but plaine and thin, hanging upon his broad showlders; some
+few haires upon his chin, and so on his upper lippe: he hath been a
+strong and able salvadge, synowye, vigilant, ambitious, subtile to
+enlarge his dominions:....  cruell he hath been, and quarellous as
+well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that to strike a
+terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also with
+his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security
+and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of
+peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is
+likewise more quietly settled amongst his own."
+
+It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young
+wives whom Strachey names.  All his people obeyed him with fear and
+adoration, presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling
+if he frowned.  His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to
+death before him, or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or
+broiled to death on burning coals.  Strachey wondered how such a
+barbarous prince should put on such ostentation of majesty, yet he
+accounted for it as belonging to the necessary divinity that doth
+hedge in a king: "Such is (I believe) the impression of the divine
+nature, and however these (as other heathens forsaken by the true
+light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed Christian
+spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of divinities
+and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of
+kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth."
+
+Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed
+by Strachey and Smith.  A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept
+and conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no
+conception of an overruling power or of an immortal life.  Smith
+describes a ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity; but
+this is doubtful, although Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians
+"naked slaves of the devil," also says they sacrificed sometimes
+themselves and sometimes their own children.  An image of their god
+which he sent to England "was painted upon one side of a toadstool,
+much like unto a deformed monster."  And he adds: "Their priests,
+whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our English
+witches are."  This notion I believe also pertained among the New
+England colonists.  There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had
+some power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in
+time the Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the
+invocations of the whites.  In "Winslow's Relation," quoted by
+Alexander Young in his "Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers," under
+date of July, 1623, we read that on account of a great drought a fast
+day was appointed.  When the assembly met the sky was clear.  The
+exercise lasted eight or nine hours.  Before they broke up, owing to
+prayers the weather was overcast.  Next day began a long gentle rain.
+This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of our God: "showing
+the difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the
+name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and
+tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the
+corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a
+manner, as they never observed the like."
+
+It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was
+of those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that
+they got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of
+earth and the juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves
+either according to the custom of the country or as a defense against
+the stinging of mosquitoes.  The women are of the same hue as the
+men, says Strachey; "howbeit, it is supposed neither of them
+naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith (lyving sometymes
+amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb indifferent white,
+but as the men, so doe the women," "dye and disguise themselves into
+this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be nearest such a
+kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of," as the Greek women colored
+their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves with red;
+"howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the
+perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind
+of earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious
+unto herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other
+painting white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and
+teach it one another."
+
+Thomas Lechford in his "Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,"
+London, 1642, says: "They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their
+children are borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors
+presently."
+
+The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions;
+no beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full
+at the end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly
+as the Moors; and the women as having "handsome limbs, slender arms,
+pretty hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their
+voices.  The men shaved their hair on the right side, the women
+acting as barbers, and left the hair full length on the left side,
+with a lock an ell long."  A Puritan divine--"New England's
+Plantation, 1630"--says of the Indians about him, "their hair is
+generally black, and cut before like our gentlewomen, and one lock
+longer than the rest, much like to our gentlemen, which fashion I
+think came from hence into England."
+
+Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract
+from Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+
+"Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and
+in the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of
+white bone or shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde
+up hollowe, and with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles,
+hawkes, turkeys, etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes,
+squirrells, etc.  The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the
+cheeke to the full view, and some of their men there be who will
+weare in these holes a small greene and yellow-couloured live snake,
+neere half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping himself about
+his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to kisse his lippes.
+Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such like
+conundrums."
+
+This is the earliest use I find of our word "conundrum," and the
+sense it bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+
+Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and
+deserves his prominence.  He was an able and crafty savage, and made
+a good fight against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no
+match for the crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians.
+There is something pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow
+for the death of his daughter in a strange land, when he saw his
+territories overrun by the invaders, from whom he only asked peace,
+and the poor privilege of moving further away from them into the
+wilderness if they denied him peace.
+
+In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild
+rose.  She was, like the Douglas, "tender and true."  Wanting
+apparently the cruel nature of her race generally, her heroic
+qualities were all of the heart.  No one of all the contemporary
+writers has anything but gentle words for her.  Barbarous and
+untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle nature.  Stripped
+of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into her story, and
+all the romantic suggestions which later writers have indulged in,
+she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is able to
+gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl,
+probablv not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but
+bright and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the
+white men, and easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a
+growing and lasting friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn
+refinements; accepting the new religion through love for those who
+taught it, and finally becoming in her maturity a well-balanced,
+sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+
+According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something
+more than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a
+stranger and a captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those
+who opposed his invasion.  In all times, among the most savage tribes
+and in civilized society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by
+the sight of a prisoner, and risked life to save him--the impulse was
+as natural to a Highland lass as to an African maid.  Pocahontas went
+further than efforts to make peace between the superior race and her
+own.  When the whites forced the Indians to contribute from their
+scanty stores to the support of the invaders, and burned their
+dwellings and shot them on sight if they refused, the Indian maid
+sympathized with the exposed whites and warned them of stratagems
+against them; captured herself by a base violation of the laws of
+hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her situation, adopted the
+habits of the foreigners, married one of her captors, and in peace
+and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.  History has not
+preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+
+It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony,
+that her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always
+remains in history in the bloom of youth.  She did not live to be
+pained by the contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her
+own and her adopted people, nor to learn what things could be done in
+the Christian name she loved, nor to see her husband in a less
+honorable light than she left him, nor to be involved in any way in
+the frightful massacre of 1622.  If she had remained in England after
+the novelty was over, she might have been subject to slights and
+mortifying neglect.  The struggles of the fighting colony could have
+brought her little but pain.  Dying when she did, she rounded out one
+of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for her name
+the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little that
+belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her
+friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas
+by Charles Dudley Warner
+
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