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diff --git a/3129-h/3129-h.htm b/3129-h/3129-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fbd2ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3129-h/3129-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1885 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Story of Pocahontas, by Charles Dudley Warner + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd7; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles Dudley Warner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Story of Pocahantas + +Author: Charles Dudley Warner + +Release Date: August 22, 2006 [EBook #3129] +Last Updated: February 24, 2018 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF POCAHANTAS *** + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + + <h1> + THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Charles Dudley Warner + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic + without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by the + vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants of this + dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet of her red + blood. + </p> + <p> + That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early showed + a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and unwilling + service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary testimony. That as + a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and prepossessing above all her + copper-colored companions, we can believe, and that as a woman her manners + were attractive. If the portrait taken of her in London—the best + engraving of which is by Simon de Passe—in 1616, when she is said to + have been twenty-one years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian + features. + </p> + <p> + The first mention of her is in “The True Relation,” written by Captain + Smith in Virginia in 1608. In this narrative, as our readers have seen, + she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the captivity in + which Powhatan used him “with all the kindness he could devise.” Her name + first appears, toward the close of the relation, in the following + sentence: + </p> + <p> + “Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his daughter, a + child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature, countenance, and + proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his people, but for wit and + spirit the only nonpareil of his country: this hee sent by his most trusty + messenger, called Rawhunt, as much exceeding in deformitie of person, but + of a subtill wit and crafty understanding, he with a long circumstance + told mee how well Powhatan loved and respected mee, and in that I should + not doubt any way of his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most + esteemed, to see mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring + mee that the Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan] + might come again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had + taught this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had + been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their fathers + and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate their libertie. + </p> + <p> + “In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we + guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after prayer, + gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her father's + kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all the time of + their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or what else they + had, and with much content, sent them packing: Pocahuntas, also we + requited with such trifles as contented her, to tel that we had used the + Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing them.” + </p> + <p> + The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives which + are appended to the “Map of Virginia,” etc. This was sent home by Smith, + with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of 1608. It was + published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years after Smith's return + to England. The appendix contains the narratives of several of Smith's + companions in Virginia, edited by Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith. In + one of these is a brief reference to the above-quoted incident. + </p> + <p> + This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no + reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs of + Powhatan. + </p> + <p> + The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in Chapter + X. and the last of the appendix to the “Map of Virginia,” and is Smith's + denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry Pocahontas. In this + passage he speaks of her as “at most not past 13 or 14 years of age.” If + she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when Smith left Virginia, she must + have been more than ten when he wrote his “True Relation,” composed in the + winter of 1608, which in all probability was carried to England by Captain + Nelson, who left Jamestown June 2d. + </p> + <p> + The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to Pocahontas is + William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the expedition of Gates + and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and reached Jamestown May 23 + or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and Recorder of the colony under Lord + Delaware. Of the origin and life of Strachey, who was a person of + importance in Virginia, little is known. The better impression is that he + was the William Strachey of Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and + was living in 1620, and that it was his grandson of the same name who was + subsequently connected with the Virginia colony. He was, judged by his + writings, a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and + shared the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his + time. His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the code + of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he first + published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man. + </p> + <p> + William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled “The Historie of + Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as well + by those who went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, gent., + three years thither, employed as Secretaire of State.” How long he + remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could not have been “three + years,” though he may have been continued Secretary for that period, for + he was in London in 1612, in which year he published there the laws of + Virginia which had been established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610, + approved by Lord Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale + June 22, 1611. + </p> + <p> + The “Travaile” was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849. When + and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one time, are + matters much in dispute. The first book, descriptive of Virginia and its + people, is complete; the second book, a narration of discoveries in + America, is unfinished. Only the first book concerns us. That Strachey + made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the book was no doubt written + after his return to England. + </p> + <p> + [This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what are + held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the Black + Codes. One clause will suffice: + </p> + <p> + “Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the Bell + shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear divine + service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first omission, + for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be condemned to the + Gallies for six months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate the + Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private, abroad or at home, but duly + sanctifie and observe the same, both himselfe and his familie, by + preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be the + better fitted for the publique, according to the commandments of God, and + the orders of our church, as also every man and woman shall repaire in the + morning to the divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day, + and in the afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the + first fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week + following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be whipt, + and for the third to suffer death.”] + </p> + <p> + Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's “Map and + Description” at Oxford in 1612? The question is important, because Smith's + “Description” and Strachey's “Travaile” are page after page literally the + same. One was taken from the other. Commonly at that time manuscripts seem + to have been passed around and much read before they were published. + Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished manuscripts of Smith when he + compiled his narrative. Did Smith see Strachey's manuscript before he + published his Oxford tract, or did Strachey enlarge his own notes from + Smith's description? It has been usually assumed that Strachey cribbed + from Smith without acknowledgment. If it were a question to be settled by + the internal evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that + Smith condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the + balance in Smith's favor. + </p> + <p> + Strachey in his “Travaile” refers sometimes to Smith, and always with + respect. It will be noted that Smith's “Map” was engraved and published + before the “Description” in the Oxford tract. Purchas had it, for he says, + in writing of Virginia for his “Pilgrimage” (which was published in 1613): + </p> + <p> + “Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word of + mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a + Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted me + with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been the + discoverer.” Strachey in his “Travaile” alludes to it, and pays a tribute + to Smith in the following: “Their severall habitations are more plainly + described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt. Smith, of whose paines + taken herein I leave to the censure of the reader to judge. Sure I am + there will not return from thence in hast, any one who hath been more + industrious, or who hath had (Capt. Geo. Percie excepted) greater + experience amongst them, however misconstruction may traduce here at home, + where is not easily seen the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd, + which is there daylie, and with no few hazards and hearty griefes + undergon.” + </p> + <p> + There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript. The one used by the + Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of “Lord + High Chancellor,” and Bacon had not that title conferred on him till after + 1618. But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at Oxford is dedicated + to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of “Purveyor to His Majestie's Navie + Royall”; and as Sir Allen was made “Lieutenant of the Tower” in 1616, it + is believed that the manuscript must have been written before that date, + since the author would not have omitted the more important of the two + titles in his dedication. + </p> + <p> + Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his “Laws” (1612), + is dated “From my lodging in the Black Friars. At your best pleasures, + either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success of it heere.” In + his letter he speaks of his experience in the Bermudas and Virginia: “The + full storie of both in due time [I] shall consecrate unto your view.... + Howbit since many impediments, as yet must detaine such my observations in + the shadow of darknesse, untill I shall be able to deliver them perfect + unto your judgments,” etc. + </p> + <p> + This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations were + not written then, only that they were not “perfect”; in fact, they were + detained in the “shadow of darknesse” till the year 1849. Our own + inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began his + manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to it and + corrected it from time to time up to 1616. + </p> + <p> + We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to Pocahontas. + The first occurs in his description of the apparel of Indian women: + </p> + <p> + “The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all over + with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the skyrt, carved + and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion of beasts, fowle, + tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best please or expresse the + fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe not shadowed amongst their + owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven or twelve returnes of the leafe + old (for soe they accompt and bring about the yeare, calling the fall of + the leaf tagnitock); nor are thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore + would the before remembered Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong + girle, Powhatan's daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age + then of eleven or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the + markett place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up + their heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked + as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put on a + kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or handycrafts + men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be seene bare. We + have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey feathers, and other + fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with threeds, that nothing could be + discerned but the feathers, which were exceedingly warme and very + handsome.” + </p> + <p> + Strachey did not see Pocahontas. She did not resort to the camp after the + departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was kidnapped by Governor + Dale in April, 1613. He repeats what he heard of her. The time mentioned + by him of her resorting to the fort, “of the age then of eleven or twelve + yeares,” must have been the time referred to by Smith when he might have + married her, namely, in 1608-9, when he calls her “not past 13 or 14 years + of age.” The description of her as a “yong girle” tumbling about the fort, + “naked as she was,” would seem to preclude the idea that she was married + at that time. + </p> + <p> + The use of the word “wanton” is not necessarily disparaging, for “wanton” + in that age was frequently synonymous with “playful” and “sportive”; but + it is singular that she should be spoken of as “well featured, but + wanton.” Strachey, however, gives in another place what is no doubt the + real significance of the Indian name “Pocahontas.” He says: + </p> + <p> + “Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first + according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men + children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a name, + calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing their + promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great King Powhatan + called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well, Pocahontas, which may + signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was rightly called Amonata at more + ripe years.” + </p> + <p> + The Indian girls married very young. The polygamous Powhatan had a large + number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a dozen “for the + most part very young women,” the names of whom Strachey obtained from one + Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp, whom Smith certifies was a great + villain. Strachey gives a list of the names of twelve of them, at the head + of which is Winganuske. This list was no doubt written down by the author + in Virginia, and it is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also + the number of Powhatan's children. The “great darling” in this list was + Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered his + comrade in the Bermudas. Strachey writes: + </p> + <p> + “He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian + Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst us as + he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not otherwise safe + for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had his braynes knockt + out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying in the English fort two + or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say they often reported unto us + that Powhatan had then lyving twenty sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a + young one by Winganuske, Machumps his sister, and a great darling of the + King's; and besides, younge Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme + to our fort in tymes past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called + Kocoum, some two years since.” + </p> + <p> + This passage is a great puzzle. Does Strachey intend to say that + Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum? She might have been + during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her kidnapping in + 1613, when she was of marriageable age. We shall see hereafter that + Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite daughter of his, whom + Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve years of age, to be wife + to a great chief. The term “private Captain” might perhaps be applied to + an Indian chief. Smith, in his “General Historie,” says the Indians have + “but few occasions to use any officers more than one commander, which + commonly they call Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine.” It is + probably not possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into + Caucorouse, or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private + captain was called in Indian a Kocoum. Werowance and Caucorouse are not + synonymous terms. Werowance means “chief,” and Caucorouse means “talker” + or “orator,” and is the original of our word “caucus.” + </p> + <p> + Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an Indian—a + not violent presumption considering her age and the fact that war between + Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off intercourse between them—or + Strachey referred to her marriage with Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake + Kocoum. If this is to be accepted, then this paragraph must have been + written in England in 1616, and have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it + “some two years since,” in 1614. + </p> + <p> + That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through her + acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no doubt; that + she was not different in her habits and mode of life from other Indian + girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every reason to + suppose. It was the English who magnified the imperialism of her father, + and exaggerated her own station as Princess. She certainly put on no airs + of royalty when she was “cart-wheeling” about the fort. Nor does this + detract anything from the native dignity of the mature, and converted, and + partially civilized woman. + </p> + <p> + We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been noticed + in the estimates of her age. Powhatan is not said to have kept a private + secretary to register births in his family. If Pocahontas gave her age + correctly, as it appears upon her London portrait in 1616, aged + twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years of age when she was captured + in 1613 This would make her about twelve at the time of Smith's captivity + in 1607-8. There is certainly room for difference of opinion as to whether + so precocious a woman, as her intelligent apprehension of affairs shows + her to have been, should have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen. + In marrying at least as early as that she would have followed the custom + of her tribe. It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had + raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the court of + Werowocomoco. + </p> + <p> + We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years. The + occasional mentions of her name in the “General Historie” are so evidently + interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us. When and where she + took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London portrait, we are + not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as Strachey says she was “at + more ripe yeares.” How she was occupied from the departure of Smith to her + abduction, we can only guess. To follow her authentic history we must take + up the account of Captain Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the + colony under Governor Dale. + </p> + <p> + Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous in + the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in + September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an + expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture that + would bring Powhatan to terms. The Emperor, from being a friend, had + become the most implacable enemy of the English. Captain Argall says: “I + was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the great Powhatan's + daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King Potowomek, whither I presently + repaired, resolved to possess myself of her by any stratagem that I could + use, for the ransoming of so many Englishmen as were prisoners with + Powhatan, as also to get such armes and tooles as he and other Indians had + got by murther and stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity + of corn for the colonies relief.” + </p> + <p> + By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and friend + of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek, Pocahontas was + enticed on board Argall's ship and secured. Word was sent to Powhatan of + the capture and the terms on which his daughter would be released; namely, + the return of the white men he held in slavery, the tools and arms he had + gotten and stolen, and a great quantity of corn. Powhatan, “much grieved,” + replied that if Argall would use his daughter well, and bring the ship + into his river and release her, he would accede to all his demands. + Therefore, on the 13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at + Jamestown, and delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent + home some of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long + whip-saw, and a canoe of corn. Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown. + </p> + <p> + Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek we + can only conjecture. It is possible that Powhatan suspected her + friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it may + be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting, ambushes, + and murders. More likely she was only making a common friendly visit, + though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian fair. + </p> + <p> + The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by Ralph + Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the Bermudas in 1609, + and returned to England in 1614, where he published (London, 1615) “A True + Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the Affairs there till the 18th + of June, 1614.” Hamor was the son of a merchant tailor in London who was a + member of the Virginia company. Hamor writes: + </p> + <p> + “It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas (whose + fame has even been spread in England by the title of Nonparella of + Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme it, tooke some + pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be among her friends at + Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I had), implored thither as + shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of her father's commodities for + theirs, where residing some three months or longer, it fortuned upon + occasion either of promise or profit, Captaine Argall to arrive there, + whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew her familiaritie with the English, and + delighting to see them as unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised, + would gladly visit as she did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall + intelligence, but he delt with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what + meanes he might procure her caption, assuring him that now or never, was + the time to pleasure him, if he intended indeede that love which he had + made profession of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our + English men and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to + use her withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his + brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best + endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it, + making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful in + beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid, he + agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his brother + to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a great and longing + desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which being there three or four + times before she had never seene, and should be earnest with her husband + to permit her—he seemed angry with her, making as he pretended so + unnecessary request, especially being without the company of women, which + denial she taking unkindly, must faine to weepe (as who knows not that + women can command teares) whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those + counterfeit teares, gave her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese + Pocahuntas to accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her, + guilty perhaps of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, + to goe with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so + forthwith aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was + seasonably provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially + Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading upon + Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your own. Supper + ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but Iapazeus and his + wife desired to have some conference with their brother, which was onely + to acquaint him by what stratagem they had betraied his prisoner as I have + already related: after which discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas + nothing mistrusting this policy, who nevertheless being most possessed + with feere, and desire of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to + be gon. Capt. Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small + Copper kittle, and some other les valuable toies so highly by him + esteemed, that doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them, + permitted both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers + considerations, as for that his father had then eight of our + Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at + severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which + though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve + Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and discontented, + yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward appearance was no + les discontented that he should be the meanes of her captivity, much adoe + there was to pursuade her to be patient, which with extraordinary curteous + usage, by little and little was wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she + was brought.” + </p> + <p> + Smith, who condenses this account in his “General Historie,” expresses his + contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: “The old Jew and his wife + began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas.” It will be noted that the + account of the visit (apparently alone) of Pocahontas and her capture is + strong evidence that she was not at this time married to “Kocoum” or + anybody else. + </p> + <p> + Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a demand + made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is represented + as dearly loving Pocahontas, his “delight and darling,” it was, according + to Hamor, three months before they heard anything from him. His anxiety + about his daughter could not have been intense. He retained a part of his + plunder, and a message was sent to him that Pocahontas would be kept till + he restored all the arms. + </p> + <p> + This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from him + till the following March. Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain Argall, with + several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up to Powhatan's chief + seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the Indians a chance to + fight for her or to take her in peace on surrender of the stolen goods. + The Indians received this with bravado and flights of arrows, reminding + them of the fate of Captain Ratcliffe. The whites landed, killed some + Indians, burnt forty houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the + river and came to anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town. + Here were assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who + dared them to come ashore. Ashore they went, and a palaver was held. The + Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would fight, + if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites. + </p> + <p> + Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see their + sister, who had been taken on shore. When they had sight of her, and saw + how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and promised to persuade + their father to redeem her and conclude a lasting peace. The two brothers + were taken on board ship, and Master John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were + sent to negotiate with the King. Powhatan did not show himself, but his + brother Apachamo, his successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring + about a peace, and the expedition returned to Jamestown. + </p> + <p> + “Long before this time,” Hamor relates, “a gentleman of approved behaviour + and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love with Pocahuntas + and she with him, which thing at the instant that we were in parlee with + them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a letter from him [Rolfe] + whereby he entreated his advice and furtherance to his love, if so it + seemed fit to him for the good of the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself + acquainted her brethren therewith.” Governor Dale approved this, and + consequently was willing to retire without other conditions. “The bruite + of this pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's + knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden consent + thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of hirs, named + Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and two of his sonnes + to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly done about the fifth + of April 1614, and ever since we have had + friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also with + his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the collonie + should not thrive a pace.” + </p> + <p> + This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a firm + peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again entitled to the + grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers. Already, in 1612, a plan + had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the English with the natives, and + of obtaining the recognition of Powhatan and those allied to him as + members of a fifth kingdom, with certain privileges. Cunega, the Spanish + ambassador at London, on September 22, 1612, writes: “Although some + suppose the plantation to decrease, he is credibly informed that there is + a determination to marry some of the people that go over to Virginia; + forty or fifty are already so married, and English women intermingle and + are received kindly by the natives. A zealous minister hath been wounded + for reprehending it.” + </p> + <p> + Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the + welfare of the colony. He probably brought with him in 1610 his wife, who + gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers Islands at the time + of the shipwreck. We find no notice of her death. Hamor gives him the + distinction of being the first in the colony to try, in 1612, the planting + and raising of tobacco. “No man [he adds] hath labored to his power, by + good example there and worthy encouragement into England by his letters, + than he hath done, witness his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of + rude education, manners barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the + good and honor of the plantation: and least any man should conceive that + some sinister respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to + his knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his + letter written to Sir Thomas Dale.” + </p> + <p> + The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer to a + theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record. It reeks with + unction. Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw every day, instead + of inflicting upon him this painful document, in which the flutterings of + a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden under a great resolve of + self-sacrifice, is not plain. + </p> + <p> + The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved + entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues: + </p> + <p> + “Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make + between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the + dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall be + opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose be not + to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking of so + weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's weakness may permit) + with the unbridled desire of carnall affection; but for the good of this + plantation, for the honour of our countrie, for the glory of God, for my + owne salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and + Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas. To whom my + heartie and best thoughts are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and + inthralled in so intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to + unwinde myself thereout.” + </p> + <p> + Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on this + subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of mankind and + his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts. He is aware of God's + displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying strange + wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with good + circumspection “into the grounds and principall agitations which should + thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath bin rude, her + manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so discrepant in all + nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare and trembling, I have + ended my private controversie with this: surely these are wicked + instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and delighteth in man's + distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be ever preserved from such + diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be) I have taken some rest.” + </p> + <p> + The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian, and + consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her image, + whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an ingenious + reason (to show the world) for marrying her. He continues: + </p> + <p> + “Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde + another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my holiest + and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a new triall, in + a straighter manner than the former; for besides the weary passions and + sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and in my sleepe indured, + even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with remissnesse, and + carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform the duteie of a good + Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying: Why dost thou not indeavor + to make her a Christian? And these have happened to my greater wonder, + even when she hath been furthest seperated from me, which in common reason + (were it not an undoubted work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a + far more worthie creature.” + </p> + <p> + He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the remedy, + but he is after a large-sized motive: + </p> + <p> + “Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why I + was created? If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities, but to + labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to nourish and + increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good husband in the + gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the fruites may be + reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life, and his salvation in + the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto her great appearance of + love to me, her desire to be taught and instructed in the knowledge of + God, her capablenesse of understanding, her aptness and willingness to + receive anie good impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne + incitements stirring me up hereunto.” + </p> + <p> + The “incitements” gave him courage, so that he exclaims: “Shall I be of so + untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right way? + Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the hungrie, or + uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?” + </p> + <p> + It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe screwed + up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom thousands of + people were afterwards so anxious to be descended. But he made the + sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of the plantation, and + the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and lower motive he + vigorously repels: “Now, if the vulgar sort, who square all men's actions + by the base rule of their own filthinesse, shall tax or taunt mee in this + my godly labour: let them know it is not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe + with incontinency; sure (if I would and were so sensually inclined) I + might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared conscience, yet + with Christians more pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the + offense unlawfully committed. Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I + regard not what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my + country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to obtain a + mach to my great con'tent.... But shall it please God thus to dispose of + me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before set down) I will + heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me, and I will never cease + (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished, and brought to perfection + so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray God to bless me, to mine and + her eternal happiness.” + </p> + <p> + It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters to + Amonata they had less cant in them than this. But it was pleasing to Sir + Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of Mr. Rolfe. In + a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18, 1614, to a reverend + friend in London, he describes the expedition when Pocahontas was carried + up the river, and adds the information that when she went on shore, “she + would not talk to any of them, scarcely to them of the best sort, and to + them only, that if her father had loved her, he would not value her less + than old swords, pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the + Englishmen who loved her.” + </p> + <p> + “Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully + instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good + progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly + confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is since + married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by his letter + unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her you may perceive), + an other knot to bind this peace the stronger. Her father and friends gave + approbation to it, and her uncle gave her to him in the church; she lives + civilly and lovingly with him, and I trust will increase in goodness, as + the knowledge of God increaseth in her. She will goe into England with me, + and were it but the gayning of this one soule, I will think my time, + toile, and present stay well spent.” + </p> + <p> + Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date with + the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the genuineness of which + is questioned. In speaking of the good deeds of Sir Thomas Dale it says: + “But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or Matoa, the daughter of + Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet English Gentleman—Master + Rolfe, and that after she had openly renounced her countrey Idolatry, and + confessed the faith of Jesus Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir + Thomas Dale had laboured a long time to ground her in.” If, as this + proclaims, she was married after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender + conscience must have given him another twist for wedding her, when the + reason for marrying her (her conversion) had ceased with her baptism. His + marriage, according to this, was a pure work of supererogation. It took + place about the 5th of April, 1614. It is not known who performed the + ceremony. + </p> + <p> + How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her + detention, we are not told. Conjectures are made that she was an inmate of + the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr. Whittaker, both + of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on religious subjects. She + must also have been learning English and civilized ways, for it is sure + that she spoke our language very well when she went to London. Mr. John + Rolfe was also laboring for her conversion, and we may suppose that with + all these ministrations, mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that + ingenious widower had discovered, and her desire to convert him into a + husband, she was not an unwilling captive. Whatever may have been her + barbarous instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived + “civilly and lovingly” with her husband. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED + </h2> + <p> + Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet Governor + the colony had had. One element of his success was no doubt the change in + the charter of 1609. By the first charter everything had been held in + common by the company, and there had been no division of property or + allotment of land among the colonists. Under the new regime land was held + in severalty, and the spur of individual interest began at once to improve + the condition of the settlement. The character of the colonists was also + gradually improving. They had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest + desire of the London promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World. A + zealous defense of Virginia and Maryland, against “scandalous imputation,” + entitled “Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters,” by Mr. John + Hammond, London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia “is an + unhealthy place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery + persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet”; and + admits that “at the first settling, and for many years after, it deserved + most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but truths.... + There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women drilled in, the + provision all brought out of England, and that embezzled by the Trustees.” + </p> + <p> + Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as a + private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in 1606. + Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland. The States + General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence in Virginia. Upon + his arrival he began to put in force that system of industry and frugality + he had observed in Holland. He had all the imperiousness of a soldier, and + in an altercation with Captain Newport, occasioned by some injurious + remarks the latter made about Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled + his beard and threatened to hang him. Active operations for settling new + plantations were at once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of + Salisbury, for 2,000 good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred + that came were “so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many + are Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not + sixty of them may be employed.” He served afterwards with credit in + Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a naval + engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620 from the + effects of the climate. He was twice married, and his second wife, Lady + Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him and received a patent + for a Virginia plantation. + </p> + <p> + Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to + Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him with + a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose exquisite + perfections he had heard. He therefore despatched Ralph Hamor, with the + English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a mission to the court of + Powhatan, “upon a message unto him, which was to deale with him, if by any + means I might procure a daughter of his, who (Pocahuntas being already in + our possession) is generally reported to be his delight and darling, and + surely he esteemed her as his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace.” This + visit Hamor relates with great naivete. + </p> + <p> + At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan himself + received his visitors when they landed, with great cordiality, expressing + much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had been presented to him by + Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen since he gave him leave to go + and see his friends at Jamestown four years before; he also inquired + anxiously after Namontack, whom he had sent to King James's land to see + him and his country and report thereon, and then led the way to his house, + where he sat down on his bedstead side. “On each hand of him was placed a + comely and personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the + howse within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a + hundred bowmen.” + </p> + <p> + The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan “first + drank,” and then passed to Hamor, who “drank” what he pleased and then + returned it. The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir Thomas Dale + fared, “and after that of his daughter's welfare, her marriage, his + unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved together.” Hamor replied + “that his brother was very well, and his daughter so well content that she + would not change her life to return and live with him, whereat he laughed + heartily, and said he was very glad of it.” + </p> + <p> + Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and Mr. + Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him without the + presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of the guides, who + already knew it. + </p> + <p> + Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may + never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver. First there + was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of presents of + coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the promise of a + grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it. Hamor then + proceeded: + </p> + <p> + “The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter, being + famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing of your + brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed me hither, + to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make profession of, to + permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly for the desire which + himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her sister hath to see her of + whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as like enough it hath not, your + brother (by your favour) would gladly make his nearest companion, wife and + bed fellow [many times he would have interrupted my speech, which I + entreated him to heare out, and then if he pleased to returne me answer], + and the reason hereof is, because being now friendly and firmly united + together, and made one people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond + of love, he would make a natural union between us, principally because + himself hath taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he + liveth, and would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may, + of perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe + thereunto.” + </p> + <p> + Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of love + and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain. But as to the + other matter he said: “My daughter, whom my brother desireth, I sold + within these three days to be wife to a great Weroance for two bushels of + Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of oyster shells], and it is true she + is already gone with him, three days' journey from me.” + </p> + <p> + Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; “that if he + pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the Roanoke + without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter again, the + rather because she was not full twelve years old, and therefore not + marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace, so much the firmer, + he should have treble the price of his daughter in beads, copper, + hatchets, and many other things more useful for him.” + </p> + <p> + The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to have + brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it. He said he loved his + daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but he delighted in + none so much as in her; he could not live if he did not see her often, as + he would not if she were living with the whites, and he was determined not + to put himself in their hands. He desired no other assurance of friendship + than his brother had given him, who had already one of his daughters as a + pledge, which was sufficient while she lived; “when she dieth he shall + have another child of mine.” And then he broke forth in pathetic + eloquence: “I hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to + bereave me of two of my children at once; further give him to understand, + that if he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury + from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his and + my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I which have + power to perform it have said it; no not though I should have just + occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my days in peace; + so as if the English offer me any injury, my country is large enough, I + will remove myself farther from you.” + </p> + <p> + The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two, loaded + them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins, white as snow, + for his son and daughter, and, requesting some articles sent him in + return, bade them farewell with this message to Governor Dale: “I hope + this will give him good satisfaction, if it do not I will go three days' + journey farther from him, and never see Englishmen more.” It speaks well + for the temperate habits of this savage that after he had feasted his + guests, “he caused to be fetched a great glass of sack, some three quarts + or better, which Captain Newport had given him six or seven years since, + carefully preserved by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent, + and gave each of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls.” + </p> + <p> + We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to his + wife in England. + </p> + <p> + Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never returned. + After his departure scarcity and severity developed a mutiny, and six of + the settlers were executed. Rolfe was planting tobacco (he has the credit + of being the first white planter of it), and his wife was getting an + inside view of Christian civilization. + </p> + <p> + In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John + Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians. They reached Plymouth + early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note: “Sir Thomas Dale + returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men and women of thatt + countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who married a daughter of + Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife + with him into England.” On the 22d Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir + Dudley Carlton that there were “ten or twelve, old and young, of that + country.” + </p> + <p> + The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great care + to the London company. In May, 1620, is a record that the company had to + pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had been living as a + servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a consumption. The same year + two other of the maids were shipped off to the Bermudas, after being long + a charge to the company, in the hope that they might there get husbands, + “that after they were converted and had children, they might be sent to + their country and kindred to civilize them.” One of them was there + married. The attempt to educate them in England was not very successful, + and a proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir + Edwin Sandys: + </p> + <p> + “Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here, he + found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might be far + from the Christian work intended.” One Nanamack, a lad brought over by + Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where “he heard not much of + religion but sins, had many times examples of drinking, swearing and like + evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan,” till he fell in with a devout family + and changed his life, but died before he was baptized. Accompanying + Pocahontas was a councilor of Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one + of her sisters, of whom Purchas says in his “Pilgrimes”: “With this savage + I have often conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where + he was a frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his + diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and + religion.... Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my + Pilgrimage delivered. And his wife did not only accustom herself to + civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and was + accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed provision for + herself and her son, but of divers particular persons of honor, in their + hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity. I was present when my + honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of London, Doctor King, + entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond what I had seen in his + great hospitality offered to other ladies. At her return towards Virginia + she came at Gravesend to her end and grave, having given great + demonstration of her Christian sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia + conversion, leaving here a goodly memory, and the hopes of her + resurrection, her soul aspiring to see and enjoy permanently in heaven + what here she had joyed to hear and believe of her blessed Saviour. Not + such was Tomocomo, but a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his + God to ours because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their + Devil-lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his + appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them their + husbandry.” + </p> + <p> + Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own + importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or + “little booke” to Queen Anne, the consort of King James. This letter is + found in Smith's “General Historie” ( 1624), where it is introduced as + having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616. Probably he sent her such a + letter. We find no mention of its receipt or of any acknowledgment of it. + Whether the “abstract” in the “General Historie” is exactly like the + original we have no means of knowing. We have no more confidence in + Smith's memory than we have in his dates. The letter is as follows: + </p> + <p> + “To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great Brittaine. + </p> + <p> + “Most ADMIRED QUEENE. + </p> + <p> + “The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened me + in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine mee + presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this short + discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest vertues, I must + be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes to bee thankful. So + it is. + </p> + <p> + “That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by the + power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great Salvage + exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne Nantaquaus, the most + manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw in a Salvage and his + sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and well-beloved daughter, being + but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of age, whose compassionate + pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me much cause to respect her: I + being the first Christian this proud King and his grim attendants ever + saw, and thus enthralled in their barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the + least occasion of want that was in the power of those my mortall foes to + prevent notwithstanding al their threats. After some six weeks fatting + amongst those Salvage Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she + hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely + that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to + Jamestowne, where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke + creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of Virginia, + such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had the Salvages not + fed us, we directly had starved. + </p> + <p> + “And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by this + Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when inconstant + Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin would still not + spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have been oft appeased, + and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie of her father thus to + imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to make her his instrument, or + her extraordinarie affection to our Nation, I know not: but of this I am + sure: when her father with the utmost of his policie and power, sought to + surprize mee, having but eighteene with mee, the dark night could not + affright her from comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies + gave me intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had + hee known hee had surely slaine her. Jamestowne with her wild traine she + as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time of + two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument to + preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion, which if in + those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have laine as it was + at our first arrivall to this day. Since then, this buisinesse having been + turned and varied by many accidents from that I left it at: it is most + certaine, after a long and troublesome warre after my departure, betwixt + her father and our Colonie, all which time shee was not heard of, about + two yeeres longer, the Colonie by that meanes was releived, peace + concluded, and at last rejecting her barbarous condition, was maried to an + English Gentleman, with whom at this present she is in England; the first + Christian ever of that Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or + had a childe in mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning + bee truly considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding. + </p> + <p> + “Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at your + best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large, and done in + the time of your Majesties life, and however this might bee presented you + from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more honest heart, as yet I never + begged anything of the State, or any, and it is my want of abilitie and + her exceeding desert, your birth, meanes, and authoritie, her birth, + vertue, want and simplicitie, doth make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech + your Majestic: to take this knowledge of her though it be from one so + unworthy to be the reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being + able to make her fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can + doe, is to tell you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe: + and the rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she + should not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a + Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie, might + turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to the worst of + evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her some honour more than + she can imagine, for being so kinde to your servants and subjects, would + so ravish her with content, as endeare her dearest bloud to effect that, + your Majestic and all the Kings honest subjects most earnestly desire: and + so I humbly kisse your gracious hands.” + </p> + <p> + The passage in this letter, “She hazarded the beating out of her owne + braines to save mine,” is inconsistent with the preceding portion of the + paragraph which speaks of “the exceeding great courtesie” of Powhatan; and + Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when he made up his + </p> + <p> + “General Historie.” + </p> + <p> + Smith represents himself at this time—the last half of 1616 and the + first three months of 1617—as preparing to attempt a third voyage to + New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas the + service she desired. She was staying at Branford, either from neglect of + the company or because the London smoke disagreed with her, and there + Smith went to see her. His account of his intercourse with her, the only + one we have, must be given for what it is worth. According to this she had + supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at his neglect of her. He writes: + </p> + <p> + “After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about, obscured + her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour, her husband + with divers others, we all left her two or three hours repenting myself to + have writ she could speak English. But not long after she began to talke, + remembering me well what courtesies she had done: saying, 'You did promise + Powhatan what was yours should be his, and he the like to you; you called + him father, being in his land a stranger, and by the same reason so must I + do you:' which though I would have excused, I durst not allow of that + title, because she was a king's daughter. With a well set countenance she + said: 'Were you not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear + in him and all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you + father; I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I + will be forever and ever, your contrieman. They did tell me alwaies you + were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan did + command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because your + countriemen will lie much.”' + </p> + <p> + This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by + Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what they + and their state were. At Plymouth he got a long stick and began to make + notches in it for the people he saw. But he was quickly weary of that + task. He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him out, and get him to + show him his God, and the King, Queen, and Prince, of whom Smith had told + so much. Smith put him off about showing his God, but said he had heard + that he had seen the King. This the Indian denied, James probably not + coming up to his idea of a king, till by circumstances he was convinced he + had seen him. Then he replied very sadly: “You gave Powhatan a white dog, + which Powhatan fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am + better than your white dog.” + </p> + <p> + Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and “they did + think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have seen many + English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and behavioured;” and he + heard that it had pleased the King and Queen greatly to esteem her, as + also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other persons of good quality, both at + the masques and otherwise. + </p> + <p> + Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but the + contemporary notices of her are scant. The Indians were objects of + curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been since, + and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention. She was + presented at court. She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop of London. At + the playing of Ben Jonson's “Christmas his Mask” at court, January 6, + 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present, and Chamberlain writes + to Carleton: “The Virginian woman Pocahuntas with her father counsellor + have been with the King and graciously used, and both she and her + assistant were pleased at the Masque. She is upon her return though sore + against her will, if the wind would about to send her away.” + </p> + <p> + Mr. Neill says that “after the first weeks of her residence in England she + does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by the letter + writers,” and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that “when they heard that + Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in council whether he had + not committed high treason by so doing, that is marrying an Indian + princesse.” + </p> + <p> + It was like James to think so. His interest in the colony was never the + most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial. Lord Southampton (Dec. + 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told the King of the + Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are said to fly. The King + very earnestly asked if none were provided for him, and said he was sure + Salisbury would get him one. Would not have troubled him, “but that you + know so well how he is affected to these toys.” + </p> + <p> + There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a portrait + of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is translated: + “Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan, Emperor of Virginia; + converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff; died on shipboard at + Gravesend 1617.” This is doubtless the portrait engraved by Simon De Passe + in 1616, and now inserted in the extant copies of the London edition of + the “General Historie,” 1624. It is not probable that the portrait was + originally published with the “General Historie.” The portrait inserted in + the edition of 1624 has this inscription: + </p> + <p> + Round the portrait: + </p> + <p> + “Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim.” + </p> + <p> + In the oval, under the portrait: + </p> + <h3> + “Aetatis suae 21 A.<br /> <br /> 1616” + </h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + “Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan Emprour of + Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in the Christian + faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff. i: Pass: sculp. Compton + Holland excud.” + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Camden in his “History of Gravesend” says that everybody paid this young + lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have + sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to her own + country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition toward the + English; and that she died, “giving testimony all the time she lay sick, + of her being a very good Christian.” + </p> + <p> + The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at + Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days, probably + on the 21st of March, 1617. I have seen somewhere a statement, which I + cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox. St. George's Church, where + she was buried, was destroyed by fire in 1727. The register of that church + has this record: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + “1616, May 21 Rebecca Wrothe + Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent + A Virginia lady borne, here was buried + in ye chaunncle.” + </pre> + <p> + Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State + Papers, dated “1617, 29 March, London,” that her death occurred March 21, + 1617. + </p> + <p> + John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became + Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that + unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the company. + August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: “We cannot imagine why you + should give us warning that Opechankano and the natives have given the + country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they reserve it from all others + till he comes of years except as we suppose as some do here report it be a + device of your own, to some special purpose for yourself.” It appears also + by the minutes of the company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to + recover goods of hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a + commission directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine + what goods of the late “Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and + get satisfaction of him.” This George Sandys is the famous traveler who + made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote, while + living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World, the + completion of his translation of Ovid's “Metamorphosis.” + </p> + <p> + John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children. This is + supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his marriage to + her nor of the death of his first. October 7, 1622, his brother Henry + Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be converted to the + support of his relict wife and children and to his own indemnity for + having brought up John's child by Powhatan's daughter. + </p> + <p> + This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of Pocahontas to + the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell into evil + practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship of his uncle + Henry Rolfe, and educated in London. When he was grown up he returned to + Virginia, and was probably there married. There is on record his + application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for leave to go into the + Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's sister. He left an only + daughter who was married, says Stith (1753), “to Col. John Bolling; by + whom she left an only son, the late Major John Bolling, who was father to + the present Col. John Bolling, and several daughters, married to Col. + Richard Randolph, Col. John Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge, + and Mr. James Murray.” Campbell in his “History of Virginia” says that the + first Randolph that came to the James River was an esteemed and + industrious mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of + the celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great + granddaughter of Pocahontas. + </p> + <p> + In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting + and the savage delights of life. He had many names and titles; his own + people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick, and usually + in his presence Wahunsenasawk. He ruled, by inheritance and conquest, with + many chiefs under him, over a large territory with not defined borders, + lying on the James, the York, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the + Pawtuxet Rivers. He had several seats, at which he alternately lived with + his many wives and guard of bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of + the English was Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River. His state has + been sufficiently described. He is said to have had a hundred wives, and + generally a dozen—the youngest—personally attending him. When + he had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient + oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest maidens + to be brought from whom to select. And he gave the wives of whom he was + tired to his favorites. + </p> + <p> + Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about 1610: + “He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten with cold + and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many necessityes + and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely great. He is + supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I dare not saye how + much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and cleane lymbes, of a sad + aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie haires, but plaine and thin, + hanging upon his broad showlders; some few haires upon his chin, and so on + his upper lippe: he hath been a strong and able salvadge, synowye, + vigilant, ambitious, subtile to enlarge his dominions:... cruell he hath + been, and quarellous as well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that + to strike a terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also + with his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security + and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of peace + with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is likewise more + quietly settled amongst his own.” + </p> + <p> + It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young wives + whom Strachey names. All his people obeyed him with fear and adoration, + presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling if he frowned. + His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to death before him, or + tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or broiled to death on + burning coals. Strachey wondered how such a barbarous prince should put on + such ostentation of majesty, yet he accounted for it as belonging to the + necessary divinity that doth hedge in a king: “Such is (I believe) the + impression of the divine nature, and however these (as other heathens + forsaken by the true light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed + Christian spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of + divinities and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of + kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth.” + </p> + <p> + Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the + appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed by + Strachey and Smith. A sort of religion they had, with priests or + conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept and + conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but + propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no conception of + an overruling power or of an immortal life. Smith describes a ceremony of + sacrifice of children to their deity; but this is doubtful, although + Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians “naked slaves of the devil,” also + says they sacrificed sometimes themselves and sometimes their own + children. An image of their god which he sent to England “was painted upon + one side of a toadstool, much like unto a deformed monster.” And he adds: + “Their priests, whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our + English witches are.” This notion I believe also pertained among the New + England colonists. There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had some + power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in time the + Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the invocations of the + whites. In “Winslow's Relation,” quoted by Alexander Young in his + “Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers,” under date of July, 1623, we read + that on account of a great drought a fast day was appointed. When the + assembly met the sky was clear. The exercise lasted eight or nine hours. + Before they broke up, owing to prayers the weather was overcast. Next day + began a long gentle rain. This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of + our God: “showing the difference between their conjuration and our + invocation in the name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such + storms and tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth + the corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a + manner, as they never observed the like.” + </p> + <p> + It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was of + those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that they got + a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of earth and the + juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves either according to the + custom of the country or as a defense against the stinging of mosquitoes. + The women are of the same hue as the men, says Strachey; “howbeit, it is + supposed neither of them naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith + (lyving sometymes amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb + indifferent white, but as the men, so doe the women,” “dye and disguise + themselves into this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be + nearest such a kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of,” as the Greek + women colored their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves + with red; “howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the + perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind of + earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious unto + herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other painting + white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and teach it one + another.” + </p> + <p> + Thomas Lechford in his “Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,” London, + 1642, says: “They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their children are + borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors presently.” + </p> + <p> + The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions; no + beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full at the + end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly as the + Moors; and the women as having “handsome limbs, slender arms, pretty + hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their voices. The + men shaved their hair on the right side, the women acting as barbers, and + left the hair full length on the left side, with a lock an ell long.” A + Puritan divine—“New England's Plantation, 1630”—says of the + Indians about him, “their hair is generally black, and cut before like our + gentlewomen, and one lock longer than the rest, much like to our + gentlemen, which fashion I think came from hence into England.” + </p> + <p> + Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract from + Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes: + </p> + <p> + “Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and in the + same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of white bone or + shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde up hollowe, and + with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles, hawkes, turkeys, + etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes, squirrells, etc. The clawes + thrust through they let hang upon the cheeke to the full view, and some of + their men there be who will weare in these holes a small greene and + yellow-couloured live snake, neere half a yard in length, which crawling + and lapping himself about his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to + kisse his lippes. Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such + like conundrums.” + </p> + <p> + This is the earliest use I find of our word “conundrum,” and the sense it + bears here may aid in discovering its origin. + </p> + <p> + Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and deserves + his prominence. He was an able and crafty savage, and made a good fight + against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no match for the + crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians. There is something + pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow for the death of his + daughter in a strange land, when he saw his territories overrun by the + invaders, from whom he only asked peace, and the poor privilege of moving + further away from them into the wilderness if they denied him peace. + </p> + <p> + In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild rose. + She was, like the Douglas, “tender and true.” Wanting apparently the cruel + nature of her race generally, her heroic qualities were all of the heart. + No one of all the contemporary writers has anything but gentle words for + her. Barbarous and untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle + nature. Stripped of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into + her story, and all the romantic suggestions which later writers have + indulged in, she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is + able to gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl, + probably not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but bright + and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the white men, and + easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a growing and lasting + friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn refinements; accepting the + new religion through love for those who taught it, and finally becoming in + her maturity a well-balanced, sensible, dignified Christian woman. + </p> + <p> + According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something more + than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a stranger and a + captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those who opposed his + invasion. In all times, among the most savage tribes and in civilized + society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by the sight of a + prisoner, and risked life to save him—the impulse was as natural to + a Highland lass as to an African maid. Pocahontas went further than + efforts to make peace between the superior race and her own. When the + whites forced the Indians to contribute from their scanty stores to the + support of the invaders, and burned their dwellings and shot them on sight + if they refused, the Indian maid sympathized with the exposed whites and + warned them of stratagems against them; captured herself by a base + violation of the laws of hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her + situation, adopted the habits of the foreigners, married one of her + captors, and in peace and in war cast in her lot with the strangers. + History has not preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct. + </p> + <p> + It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony, that + her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always remains in + history in the bloom of youth. She did not live to be pained by the + contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her own and her adopted + people, nor to learn what things could be done in the Christian name she + loved, nor to see her husband in a less honorable light than she left him, + nor to be involved in any way in the frightful massacre of 1622. If she + had remained in England after the novelty was over, she might have been + subject to slights and mortifying neglect. The struggles of the fighting + colony could have brought her little but pain. Dying when she did, she + rounded out one of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for + her name the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little + that belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her + friendship for those who destroyed her people. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles Dudley Warner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF POCAHANTAS *** + +***** This file should be named 3129-h.htm or 3129-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/2/3129/ + +Produced by David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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