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+Title: The Story of Pocahantas
+
+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
+
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+
+The Story of Pocahantas
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+
+The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by
+the vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants
+of this dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet
+of her red blood.
+
+That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early
+showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and
+unwilling service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary
+testimony.  That as a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and
+prepossessing above all her copper-colored companions, we can
+believe, and that as a woman her manners were attractive.  If the
+portrait taken of her in London--the best engraving of which is by
+Simon de Passe--in 1616, when she is said to have been twenty-one
+years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian features.
+
+The first mention of her is in "The True Relation," written by
+Captain Smith in Virginia in 1608.  In this narrative, as our readers
+have seen, she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the
+captivity in which Powhatan used him "with all the kindness he could
+devise."  Her name first appears, toward the close of the relation,
+in the following sentence:
+
+"Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his
+daughter, a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature,
+countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his
+people, but for wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country:
+this hee sent by his most trusty messenger, called Rawhunt, as much
+exceeding in deformitie of person, but of a subtill wit and crafty
+understanding, he with a long circumstance told mee how well Powhatan
+loved and respected mee, and in that I should not doubt any way of
+his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most esteemed, to see
+mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring mee that the
+Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan] might come
+again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had taught
+this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had
+been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their
+fathers and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate
+their libertie.
+
+"In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after
+prayer, gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her
+father's kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all
+the time of their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or
+what else they had, and with much content, sent them packing:
+Pocahuntas, also we requited with such trifles as contented her, to
+tel that we had used the Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing
+them."
+
+The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives
+which are appended to the " Map of Virginia," etc.  This was sent
+home by Smith, with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of
+1608.  It was published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years
+after Smith's return to England.  The appendix contains the
+narratives of several of Smith's companions in Virginia, edited by
+Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith.  In one of these is a brief
+reference to the above-quoted incident.
+
+This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs
+of Powhatan.
+
+The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in
+Chapter X.  and the last of the appendix to the "Map of Virginia,"
+and is Smith's denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry
+Pocahontas.  In this passage he speaks of her as "at most not past 13
+or 14 years of age."  If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when
+Smith left Virginia, she must have been more than ten when he wrote
+his "True Relation," composed in the winter of 1608, which in all
+probability was carried to England by Captain Nelson, who left
+Jamestown June 2d.
+
+The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to
+Pocahontas is William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the
+expedition of Gates and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and
+reached Jamestown May 23 or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and
+Recorder of the colony under Lord Delaware.  Of the origin and life
+of Strachey, who was a person of importance in Virginia, little is
+known.  The better impression is that he was the William Strachey of
+Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and was living in 1620, and
+that it was his grandson of the same name who was subsequently
+connected with the Virginia colony.  He was, judged by his writings,
+a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and shared
+the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his
+time.  His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the
+code of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he
+first published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man.
+
+William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled "The Historie
+of Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as
+well by those who went first thither, as collected by William
+Strachey, gent., three years thither, employed as Secretaire of
+State."  How long he remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could
+not have been "three years," though he may have been continued
+Secretary for that period, for he was in London in 1612, in which
+year he published there the laws of Virginia which had been
+established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610, approved by Lord
+Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale June 22,
+1611.
+
+The "Travaile" was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849.
+When and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one
+time, are matters much in dispute.  The first book, descriptive of
+Virginia and its people, is complete; the second book, a narration of
+discoveries in America, is unfinished.  Only the first book concerns
+us.  That Strachey made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the
+book was no doubt written after his return to England
+
+
+[This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what
+are held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the
+Black Codes.  One clause will suffice:
+
+"Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the
+Bell shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear
+divine service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first
+omission, for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be
+condemned to the Gallies for six months.  Likewise no man or woman
+shall dare to violate the Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private,
+abroad or at home, but duly sanctifie and observe the same, both
+himselfe and his familie, by preparing themselves at home with
+private prayer, that they may be the better fitted for the publique,
+according to the commandments of God, and the orders of our church,
+as also every man and woman shall repaire in the morning to the
+divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day, and in the
+afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the first
+fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week
+following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be
+whipt, and for the third to suffer death."]
+
+
+Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's "Map and
+Description" at Oxford in 1612?  The question is important, because
+Smith's "Description" and Strachey's "Travaile" are page after page
+literally the same.  One was taken from the other.  Commonly at that
+time manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before
+they were published.  Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished
+manuscripts of Smith when he compiled his narrative.  Did Smith see
+Strachey's manuscript before he published his Oxford tract, or did
+Strachey enlarge his own notes from Smith's description?  It has been
+usually assumed that Strachey cribbed from Smith without
+acknowledgment.  If it were a question to be settled by the internal
+evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that Smith
+condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the
+balance in Smith's favor.
+
+Strachey in his "Travaile" refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+respect.  It will be noted that Smith's "Map" was engraved and
+published before the "Description" in the Oxford tract.  Purchas had
+it, for he says, in writing of Virginia for his "Pilgrimage" (which
+was published in 1613):
+
+"Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word
+of mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted
+me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been
+the discoverer."  Strachey in his "Travaile" alludes to it, and pays
+a tribute to Smith in the following: "Their severall habitations are
+more plainly described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt.
+Smith, of whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the
+reader to judge.  Sure I am there will not return from thence in
+hast, any one who hath been more industrious, or who hath had (Capt.
+Geo. Percie excepted) greater experience amongst them, however
+misconstruction may traduce here at home, where is not easily seen
+the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd, which is there daylie,
+and with no few hazards and hearty griefes undergon."
+
+There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript.  The one used by the
+Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of
+"Lord High Chancellor," and Bacon had not that title conferred on him
+till after 1618.  But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at
+Oxford is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of "Purveyor
+to His Majestie's Navie Royall"; and as Sir Allen was made
+"Lieutenant of the Tower" in 1616, it is believed that the manuscript
+must have been written before that date, since the author would not
+have omitted the more important of the two titles in his dedication.
+
+Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his "Laws"
+(1612), is dated "From my lodging in the Black Friars.  At your best
+pleasures, either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success
+of it heere."  In his letter he speaks of his experience in the
+Bermudas and Virginia: "The full storie of both in due time [I] shall
+consecrate unto your view....  Howbit since many impediments, as yet
+must detaine such my observations in the shadow of darknesse, untill
+I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgments," etc.
+
+This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations
+were not written then, only that they were not "perfect"; in fact,
+they were detained in the "shadow of darknesse" till the year 1849.
+Our own inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began
+his manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to
+it and corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+
+We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to
+Pocahontas.  The first occurs in his description of the apparel of
+Indian women:
+
+"The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all
+over with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the
+skyrt, carved and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion
+of beasts, fowle, tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best
+please or expresse the fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe
+not shadowed amongst their owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven
+or twelve returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring
+about the yeare, calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock); nor are
+thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remembered
+Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong girle, Powhatan's
+daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven
+or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the markett
+place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their
+heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked
+as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put
+on a kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or
+handycrafts men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be
+seene bare.  We have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey
+feathers, and other fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with
+threeds, that nothing could be discerned but the feathers, which were
+exceedingly warme and very handsome."
+
+Strachey did not see Pocahontas.  She did not resort to the camp
+after the departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was
+kidnapped by Governor Dale in April, 1613.  He repeats what he heard
+of her.  The time mentioned by him of her resorting to the fort, "of
+the age then of eleven or twelve yeares," must have been the time
+referred to by Smith when he might have married her, namely, in
+1608-9, when he calls her "not past 13 or 14 years of age."  The
+description of her as a "yong girle" tumbling about the fort, "naked
+as she was," would seem to preclude the idea that she was married at
+that time.
+
+The use of the word "wanton" is not necessarily disparaging, for
+"wanton" in that age was frequently synonymous with "playful" and
+"sportive"; but it is singular that she should be spoken of as "well
+featured, but wanton."  Strachey, however, gives in another place
+what is no doubt the real significance of the Indian name
+"Pocahontas."  He says:
+
+"Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a
+name, calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing
+their promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great
+King Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well,
+Pocahontas, which may signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was
+rightly called Amonata at more ripe years."
+
+The Indian girls married very young.  The polygamous Powhatan had a
+large number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a
+dozen "for the most part very young women," the names of whom
+Strachey obtained from one Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp,
+whom Smith certifies was a great villain.  Strachey gives a list of
+the names of twelve of them, at the head of which is Winganuske.
+This list was no doubt written down by the author in Virginia, and it
+is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also the number of
+Powhatan's children.  The "great darling" in this list was
+Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered
+his comrade in the Bermudas.  Strachey writes:
+
+"He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst
+us as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not
+otherwise safe for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had
+his braynes knockt out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying
+in the English fort two or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say
+they often reported unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty
+sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Machumps
+his sister, and a great darling of the King's; and besides, younge
+Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme to our fort in tymes
+past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called Kocoum, some two
+years since."
+
+This passage is a great puzzle.  Does Strachey intend to say that
+Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum?  She might have
+been during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her
+kidnapping in 1613, when she was of marriageable age.  We shall see
+hereafter that Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite
+daughter of his, whom Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve
+years of age, to be wife to a great chief.  The term "private
+Captain" might perhaps be applied to an Indian chief.  Smith, in his
+"General Historie,' says the Indians have "but few occasions to use
+any officers more than one commander, which commonly they call
+Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine."  It is probably not
+possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into Caucorouse,
+or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private captain
+was called in Indian a Kocoum.  Werowance and Caucorouse are not
+synonymous terms.  Werowance means "chief," and Caucorouse means"
+talker" or "orator," and is the original of our word "caucus."
+
+Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an
+Indian--a not violent presumption considering her age and the fact
+that war between Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off
+intercourse between them--or Strachey referred to her marriage with
+Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake Kocoum.  If this is to be accepted,
+then this paragraph must have been written in England in 1616, and
+have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it "some two years since," in
+1614.
+
+That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through
+her acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no
+doubt; that she was not different in her habits and mode of life from
+other Indian girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every
+reason to suppose.  It was the English who magnified the imperialism
+of her father, and exaggerated her own station as Princess.  She
+certainly put on no airs of royalty when she was "cart-wheeling"
+about the fort.  Nor does this detract anything from the native
+dignity of the mature, and converted, and partially civilized woman.
+
+We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been
+noticed in the estimates of her age.  Powhatan is not said to have
+kept a private secretary to register births in his family.  If
+Pocahontas gave her age correctly, as it appears upon her London
+portrait in 1616, aged twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years
+of age when she was captured in 1613 This would make her about twelve
+at the time of Smith's captivity in 1607-8.  There is certainly room
+for difference of opinion as to whether so precocious a woman, as her
+intelligent apprehension of affairs shows her to have been, should
+have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen.  In marrying at
+least as early as that she would have followed the custom of her
+tribe.  It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had
+raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the
+court of Werowocomoco.
+
+We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years.
+The occasional mentions of her name in the "General Historie" are so
+evidently interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us.  When
+and where she took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London
+portrait, we are not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as
+Strachey says she was "at more ripe yeares."  How she was occupied
+from the departure of Smith to her abduction, we can only guess.  To
+follow her authentic history we must take up the account of Captain
+Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the colony under
+Governor Dale.
+
+Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous
+in the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in
+September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture
+that would bring Powhatan to terms.  The Emperor, from being a
+friend, had become the most implacable enemy of the English.  Captain
+Argall says: "I was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the
+great Powhatan's daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King
+Potowomek, whither I presently repaired, resolved to possess myself
+of her by any stratagem that I could use, for the ransoming of so
+many Englishmen as were prisoners with Powhatan, as also to get such
+armes and tooles as he and other Indians had got by murther and
+stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity of corn for
+the colonies relief."
+
+By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and
+friend of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek,
+Pocahontas was enticed on board Argall's ship and secured.  Word was
+sent to Powhatan of the capture and the terms on which his daughter
+would be released; namely, the return of the white men he held in
+slavery, the tools and arms he had gotten and stolen, and a great
+quantity of corn.  Powhatan, "much grieved," replied that if Argall
+would use his daughter well, and bring the ship into his river and
+release her, he would accede to all his demands.  Therefore, on the
+13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at Jamestown, and
+delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent home some
+of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long whip-saw,
+and a canoe of corn.  Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown.
+
+Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek
+we can only conjecture.  It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it
+may be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting,
+ambushes, and murders.  More likely she was only making a common
+friendly visit, though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian
+fair.
+
+The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by
+Ralph Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the
+Bermudas in 1609, and returned to England in 1614, where he published
+(London, 1615) "A True Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the
+Affairs there till the 18th of June, 1614."  Hamor was the son of a
+merchant tailor in London who was a member of the Virginia company.
+Hamor writes:
+
+"It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas
+(whose fame has even been spread in England by the title of
+Nonparella of Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme
+it, tooke some pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be
+among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I
+had), implored thither as shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of
+her father's commodities for theirs, where residing some three months
+or longer, it fortuned upon occasion either of promise or profit,
+Captaine Argall to arrive there, whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew
+her familiaritie with the English, and delighting to see them as
+unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised, would gladly visit as she
+did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall intelligence, but he delt
+with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what meanes he might procure
+her caption, assuring him that now or never, was the time to pleasure
+him, if he intended indeede that love which he had made profession
+of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our English men
+and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to use her
+withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his
+brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best
+endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it,
+making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful
+in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid,
+he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his
+brother to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a
+great and longing desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which
+being there three or four times before she had never seene, and
+should be earnest with her husband to permit her--he seemed angry
+with her, making as he pretended so unnecessary request, especially
+being without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly,
+must faine to weepe (as who knows not that women can command teares)
+whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares, gave
+her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese Pocahuntas to
+accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps
+of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, to goe
+with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so forthwith
+aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was seasonably
+provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially
+Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading
+upon Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your
+own.  Supper ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but
+Iapazeus and his wife desired to have some conference with their
+brother, which was onely to acquaint him by what stratagem they had
+betraied his prisoner as I have already related: after which
+discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas nothing mistrusting this
+policy, who nevertheless being most possessed with feere, and desire
+of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to be gon.  Capt.
+Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small Copper kittle,
+and some other les valuable toies so highly by him esteemed, that
+doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them, permitted
+both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+considerations, as for that his father had then eigh [8] of our
+Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at
+severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which
+though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve
+Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and
+discontented, yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward
+appearance was no les discontented that he should be the meanes of
+her captivity, much adoe there was to pursuade her to be patient,
+which with extraordinary curteous usage, by little and little was
+wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she was brought."
+
+Smith, who condenses this account in his "General Historie,"
+expresses his contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: "The old
+Jew and his wife began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas."  It
+will be noted that the account of the visit (apparently alone) of
+Pocahontas and her capture is strong evidence that she was not at
+this time married to "Kocoum" or anybody else.
+
+Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a
+demand made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is
+represented as dearly loving Pocahontas, his "delight and darling,"
+it was, according to Hamor, three months before they heard anything
+from him.  His anxiety about his daughter could not have been
+intense.  He retained a part of his plunder, and a message was sent
+to him that Pocahontas would be kept till he restored all the arms.
+
+This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from
+him till the following March.  Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain
+Argall, with several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up
+to Powhatan's chief seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the
+Indians a chance to fight for her or to take her in peace on
+surrender of the stolen goods.  The Indians received this with
+bravado and flights of arrows, reminding them of the fate of Captain
+Ratcliffe.  The whites landed, killed some Indians, burnt forty
+houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the river and came to
+anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town.  Here were
+assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who dared
+them to come ashore.  Ashore they went, and a palaver was held.  The
+Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would
+fight, if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+
+Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see
+their sister, who had been taken on shore.  When they had sight of
+her, and saw how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and
+promised to persuade their father to redeem her and conclude a
+lasting peace.  The two brothers were taken on board ship, and Master
+John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were sent to negotiate with the King.
+Powhatan did not show himself, but his brother Apachamo, his
+successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring about a peace,
+and the expedition returned to Jamestown.
+
+Long before this time," Hamor relates, "a gentleman of approved
+behaviour and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love
+with Pocahuntas and she with him, which thing at the instant that we
+were in parlee with them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a
+letter from him [Rolfe] whereby he entreated his advice and
+furtherance to his love, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of
+the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself acquainted her brethren
+therewith."  Governor Dale approved this, and consequently was
+willing to retire without other conditions.  "The bruite of this
+pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's
+knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden
+consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of
+hirs, named Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and
+two of his sonnes to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly
+done about the fifth of April [1614], and ever since we have had
+friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also
+with his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the
+collonie should not thrive a pace."
+
+This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a
+firm peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again
+entitled to the grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers.
+Already, in 1612, a plan had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the
+English with the natives, and of obtaining the recognition of
+Powhatan and those allied to him as members of a fifth kingdom, with
+certain privileges.  Cunega, the Spanish ambassador at London, on
+September 22, 1612, writes: "Although some suppose the plantation to
+decrease, he is credibly informed that there is a determination to
+marry some of the people that go over to Virginia; forty or fifty are
+already so married, and English women intermingle and are received
+kindly by the natives.  A zealous minister hath been wounded for
+reprehending it."
+
+Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+welfare of the colony.  He probably brought with him in 1610 his
+wife, who gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers
+Islands at the time of the shipwreck.  We find no notice of her
+death.  Hamor gives him the distinction of being the first in the
+colony to try, in 1612, the planting and raising of tobacco.  "No man
+[he adds] hath labored to his power, by good example there and worthy
+encouragement into England by his letters, than he hath done, witness
+his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of rude education, manners
+barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the good and honor of
+the plantation: and least any man should conceive that some sinister
+respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to his
+knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his
+letter written to Sir Thomas Dale."
+
+The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer
+to a theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record.  It
+reeks with unction.  Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw
+every day, instead of inflicting upon him this painful document, in
+which the flutterings of a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden
+under a great resolve of self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+
+The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+
+"Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall
+be opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose
+be not to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the
+undertaking of so weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's
+weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnall affection;
+but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our countrie,
+for the glory of God, for my owne salvation, and for the converting
+to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving
+creature, namely Pokahuntas.  To whom my heartie and best thoughts
+are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and inthralled in so
+intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to unwinde myself
+thereout."
+
+Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on
+this subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of
+mankind and his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts.  He is aware
+of God's displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying
+strange wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with
+good circumspection "into the grounds and principall agitations which
+should thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath
+bin rude, her manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so
+discrepant in all nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare
+and trembling, I have ended my private controversie with this: surely
+these are wicked instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and
+delighteth in man's distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be
+ever preserved from such diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be)
+I have taken some rest."
+
+The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian,
+and consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her
+image, whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an
+ingenious reason (to show the world) for marrying her.  He continues:
+
+"Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my
+holiest and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a
+new triall, in a straighter manner than the former; for besides the
+weary passions and sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and
+in my sleepe indured, even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with
+remissnesse, and carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform
+the duteie of a good Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying:
+Why dost thou not indeavor to make her a Christian?  And these have
+happened to my greater wonder, even when she hath been furthest
+seperated from me, which in common reason (were it not an undoubted
+work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a far more worthie
+creature."
+
+He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the
+remedy, but he is after a large-sized motive:
+
+"Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why
+I was created?  If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities,
+but to labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to
+nourish and increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good
+husband in the gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the
+fruites may be reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life,
+and his salvation in the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto
+her great appearance of love to me, her desire to be taught and
+instructed in the knowledge of God, her capablenesse of
+understanding, her aptness and willingness to receive anie good
+impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne incitements
+stirring me up hereunto.,'
+
+The "incitements" gave him courage, so that he exclaims: "Shall I be
+of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the
+right way?  Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the
+hungrie, or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?"
+
+It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe
+screwed up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom
+thousands of people were afterwards so anxious to be descended.  But
+he made the sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of
+the plantation, and the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and
+lower motive he vigorously repels: "Now, if the vulgar sort, who
+square all men's actions by the base rule of their own filthinesse,
+shall tax or taunt mee in this my godly labour: let them know it is
+not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe with incontinency; sure (if I
+would and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire,
+though not wiihout a seared conscience, yet with Christians more
+pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the offense unlawfully
+committed.  Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I regard not
+what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my
+country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to
+obtain a mach to my great con'tent....  But shall it please God thus
+to dispose of me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before
+set down) I will heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me,
+and I will never cease (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished,
+and brought to perfection so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray
+God to bless me, to mine and her eternal happiness."
+
+It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters
+to Amonata they had less cant in them than this.  But it was pleasing
+to Sir Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of
+Mr. Rolfe.  In a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18,
+1614, to a reverend friend in London, he describes the expedition
+when Pocahontas was carried up the river, and adds the information
+that when she went on shore, "she would not talk to any of them,
+scarcely to them of the best sort, and to them only, that if her
+father had loved her, he would not value her less than old swords,
+pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the Englishmen
+who loved her."
+
+"Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is
+since married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by
+his letter unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her
+you may perceive), an other knot to bind this peace the stronger.
+Her father and friends gave approbation to it, and her uncle gave her
+to him in the church; she lives civilly and lovingly with him, and I
+trust will increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God increaseth
+in her.  She will goe into England with me, and were it but the
+gayning of this one soule, I will think my time, toile, and present
+stay well spent."
+
+Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date
+with the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the
+genuineness of which is questioned.  In speaking of the good deeds of
+Sir Thomas Dale it says: "But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or
+Matoa, the daughter of Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet
+English Gentleman--Master Rolfe, and that after she had openly
+renounced her countrey Idolatry, and confessed the faith of Jesus
+Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a
+long time to ground her in."  If, as this proclaims, she was married
+after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender conscience must have given
+him another twist for wedding her, when the reason for marrying her
+(her conversion) had ceased with her baptism.  His marriage,
+according to this, was a pure work of supererogation.  It took place
+about the 5th of April, 1614.  It is not known who performed the
+ceremony.
+
+How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+detention, we are not told.  Conjectures are made that she was an
+inmate of the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr.
+Whittaker, both of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on
+religious subjects.  She must also have been learning English and
+civilized ways, for it is sure that she spoke our language very well
+when she went to London.  Mr. John Rolfe was also laboring for her
+conversion, and we may suppose that with all these ministrations,
+mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that ingenious widower had
+discovered, and her desire to convert him into a husband, she was not
+an unwilling captive.  Whatever may have been her barbarous
+instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived
+"civilly and lovingly" with her husband.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+
+Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet
+Governor the colony had had.  One element of his success was no doubt
+the change in the charter of 1609.  By the first charter everything
+had been held in common by the company, and there had been no
+division of property or allotment of land among the colonists.  Under
+the new regime land was held in severalty, and the spur of individual
+interest began at once to improve the condition of the settlement.
+The character of the colonists was also gradually improving.  They
+had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest desire of the London
+promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World.  A zealous defense
+of Virginia and Maryland, against "scandalous imputation," entitled "
+Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters," by Mr. John Hammond,
+London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia "is an unhealthy
+place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery
+persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet"; and
+admits that "at the first settling, and for many years after, it
+deserved most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but
+truths....  There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women
+drilled in, the provision all brought out of England, and that
+embezzled by the Trustees."
+
+Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as
+a private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in
+1606.  Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland.
+The States General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence
+in Virginia.  Upon his arrival he began to put in force that system
+of industry and frugality he had observed in Holland.  He had all the
+imperiousness of a soldier, and in an altercation with Captain
+Newport, occasioned by some injurious remarks the latter made about
+Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled his beard and threatened
+to hang him.  Active operations for settling new plantations were at
+once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, for 2,000
+good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred that came were
+"so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many are
+Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not
+sixty of them may be employed."  He served afterwards with credit in
+Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a
+naval engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620
+from the effects of the climate.  He was twice married, and his
+second wife, Lady Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him
+and received a patent for a Virginia plantation.
+
+Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him
+with a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose
+exquisite perfections he had heard.  He therefore despatched Ralph
+Hamor, with the English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a
+mission to the court of Powhatan, "upon a message unto him, which was
+to deale with him, if by any means I might procure a daughter of his,
+who (Pocahuntas being already in our possession) is generally
+reported to be his delight and darling, and surely he esteemed her as
+his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace."  This visit Hamor relates
+with great naivete.
+
+At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan
+himself received his visitors when they landed, with great
+cordiality, expressing much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had
+been presented to him by Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen
+since he gave him leave to go and see his friends at Jamestown four
+years before; he also inquired anxiously after Namontack, whom he had
+sent to King James's land to see him and his country and report
+thereon, and then led the way to his house, where he sat down on his
+bedstead side.  "On each hand of him was placed a comely and
+personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the howse
+within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a
+hundred bowmen."
+
+The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan "first
+drank," and then passed to Hamor, who "drank" what he pleased and
+then returned it.  The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir
+Thomas Dale fared, "and after that of his daughter's welfare, her
+marriage, his unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved
+together."  Hamor replied "that his brother was very well, and his
+daughter so well content that she would not change her life to return
+and live with him, whereat he laughed heartily, and said he was very
+glad of it."
+
+Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and
+Mr. Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him
+without the presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of
+the guides, who already knew it.
+
+Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver.  First
+there was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of
+presents of coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the
+promise of a grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it.
+Hamor then proceeded:
+
+"The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter,
+being famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing
+of your brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed
+me hither, to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make
+profession of, to permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly
+for the desire which himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her
+sister hath to see her of whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as
+like enough it hath not, your brother (by your favour) would gladly
+make his nearest companion, wife and bed fellow [many times he would
+have interrupted my speech, which I entreated him to heare out, and
+then if he pleased to returne me answer], and the reason hereof is,
+because being now friendly and firmly united together, and made one
+people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond of love, he would
+make a natural union between us, principally because himself hath
+taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he liveth, and
+would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may, of
+perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+thereunto."
+
+Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of
+love and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain.
+But as to the other matter he said: "My daughter, whom my brother
+desireth, I sold within these three days to be wife to a great
+Weroance for two bushels of Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of
+oyster shells], and it is true she is already gone with him, three
+days' journey from me."
+
+Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; "that
+if he pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the
+Roanoke without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter
+again, the rather because she was not full twelve years old, and
+therefore not marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace,
+so much the firmer, he should have treble the price of his daughter
+in beads, copper, hatchets, and many other things more useful for
+him."
+
+The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to
+have brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it.  He said he
+loved his daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but
+he delighted in none so much as in her; he could not live if he did
+not see her often, as he would not if she were living with the
+whites, and he was determined not to put himself in their hands.  He
+desired no other assurance of friendship than his brother had given
+him, who had already one of his daughters as a pledge, which was
+sufficient while she lived; "when she dieth he shall have another
+child of mine."  And then he broke forth in pathetic eloquence: "I
+hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to bereave me of
+two of my children at once; further give him to understand, that if
+he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury
+from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his
+and my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I
+which have power to perform it have said it; no not though I should
+have just occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my
+days in peace; so as if the English offer me any injury, my country
+is large enough, I will remove myself farther from you."
+
+The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two,
+loaded them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins,
+white as snow, for his son and daughter, and, requesting some
+articles sent him in return, bade them farewell with this message to
+Governor Dale: "I hope this will give him good satisfaction, if it do
+not I will go three days' journey farther from him, and never see
+Englishmen more."  It speaks well for the temperate habits of this
+savage that after he had feasted his guests, "he caused to be fetched
+a great glass of sack, some three quarts or better, which Captain
+Newport had given him six or seven years since, carefully preserved
+by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent, and gave each
+of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls."
+
+We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to
+his wife in England.
+
+Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never
+returned.  After his departure scarcity and severity developed a
+mutiny, and six of the settlers were executed.  Rolfe was planting
+tobacco (he has the credit of being the first white planter of it),
+and his wife was getting an inside view of Christian civilization.
+
+In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians.  They reached
+Plymouth early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note:
+"Sir Thomas Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men
+and women of thatt countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who
+married a daughter of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called
+Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife with him into England."  On the 22d
+Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dudley Carlton that there were ten
+or twelve, old and young, of that country."
+
+The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great
+care to the London company.  In May, 1620, is a record that the
+company had to pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had
+been living as a servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a
+consumption.  The same year two other of the maids were shipped off
+to the Bermudas, after being long a charge to the company, in the
+hope that they might there get husbands, "that after they were
+converted and had children, they might be sent to their country and
+kindred to civilize them."  One of them was there married.  The
+attempt to educate them in England was not very successful, and a
+proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir
+Edwin Sandys:
+
+"Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here,
+he found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might
+be far from the Christian work intended."  One Nanamack, a lad
+brought over by Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where "he
+heard not much of religion but sins, had many times examples of
+drinking, swearing and like evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan," till
+he fell in with a devout family and changed his life, but died before
+he was baptized.  Accompanying Pocahontas was a councilor of
+Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one of her sisters, of whom
+Purchas says in his "Pilgrimes": "With this savage I have often
+conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where he was a
+frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his
+diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and
+religion....  Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my
+Pilgrimage delivered.  And his wife did not only accustom herself to
+civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and
+was accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed
+provision for herself and her son, but of divers particular persons
+of honor, in their hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity.  I
+was present when my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of
+London, Doctor King, entertained her with festival state and pomp
+beyond what I had seen in his great hospitality offered to other
+ladies.  At her return towards Virginia she came at Gravesend to her
+end and grave, having given great demonstration of her Christian
+sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia conversion, leaving here a
+goodly memory, and the hopes of her resurrection, her soul aspiring
+to see and enjoy permanently in heaven what here she had joyed to
+hear and believe of her blessed Saviour.  Not such was Tomocomo, but
+a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his God to ours
+because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their Devil-
+lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his
+appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them
+their husbandry."
+
+Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+"little booke" to Queen Anne, the consort of King James.  This letter
+is found in Smith's "General Historie" ( 1624), where it is
+introduced as having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616.  Probably he
+sent her such a letter.  We find no mention of its receipt or of any
+acknowledgment of it.  Whether the "abstract" in the "General
+Historie" is exactly like the original we have no means of knowing.
+We have no more confidence in Smith's memory than we have in his
+dates.  The letter is as follows:
+
+"To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great
+Brittaine.
+
+Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+
+"The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened
+me in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine
+mee presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this
+short discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest
+vertues, I must be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes
+to bee thankful.  So it is.
+
+"That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by
+the power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great
+Salvage exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne
+Nantaquaus, the most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw
+in a Salvage and his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and wel-
+beloved daughter, being but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of
+age, whose compassionate pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me
+much cause to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud
+King and his grim attendants ever saw, and thus enthralled in their
+barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that
+was in the power of those my mortall foes to prevent notwithstanding
+al their threats.  After some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage
+Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating
+out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely that, but so
+prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestowne,
+where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke
+creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of
+Virginia, such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had
+the Salvages not fed us, we directly had starved.
+
+"And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by
+this Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when
+inconstant Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin
+would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have
+been oft appeased, and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie
+of her father thus to imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to
+make her his instrument, or her extraordinarie affection to our
+Nation, I know not: but of this I am sure: when her father with the
+utmost of his policie and power, sought to surprize mee, having but
+eighteene with mee, the dark night could not affright her from
+comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies gave me
+intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had hee
+known hee had surely slaine her.  Jamestowne with her wild traine she
+as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time
+of two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument
+to preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion,
+which if in those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have
+laine as it was at our first arrivall to this day.  Since then, this
+buisinesse having been turned and varied by many accidents from that
+I left it at: it is most certaine, after a long and troublesome warre
+after my departure, betwixt her father and our Colonie, all which
+time shee was not heard of, about two yeeres longer, the Colonie by
+that meanes was releived, peace concluded, and at last rejecting her
+barbarous condition, was maried to an English Gentleman, with whom at
+this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of that
+Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or had a childe in
+mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning bee truly
+considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+
+"Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at
+your best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large,
+and done in the time of your Majesties life, and however this might
+bee presented you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more
+honest heart, as yet I never begged anything of the State, or any,
+and it is my want of abilitie and her exceeding desert, your birth,
+meanes, and authoritie, her birth, vertue, want and simplicitie, doth
+make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech your Majestic: to take this
+knowledge of her though it be from one so unworthy to be the
+reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being able to make her
+fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can doe, is to tell
+you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe: and the
+rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she should
+not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a
+Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie,
+might turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to
+the worst of evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her
+some honour more than she can imagine, for being so kinde to your
+servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endeare
+her dearest bloud to effect that, your Majestic and all the Kings
+honest subjects most earnestly desire: and so I humbly kisse your
+gracious hands."
+
+The passage in this letter, "She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+braines to save mine," is inconsistent with the preceding portion of
+the paragraph which speaks of "the exceeding great courtesie" of
+Powhatan; and Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when
+he made up his
+
+"General Historie."
+
+Smith represents himself at this time--the last half of 1616 and the
+first three months of 1617--as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas
+the service she desired.  She was staying at Branford, either from
+neglect of the company or because the London smoke disagreed with
+her, and there Smith went to see her.  His account of his intercourse
+with her, the only one we have, must be given for what it is worth.
+According to this she had supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at
+his neglect of her.  He writes:
+
+"After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about,
+obscured her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour,
+her husband with divers others, we all left her two or three hours
+repenting myself to have writ she could speak English.  But not long
+after she began to talke, remembering me well what courtesies she had
+done: saying, 'You did promise Powhatan what was yours should be his,
+and he the like to you; you called him father, being in his land a
+stranger, and by the same reason so must I do you:' which though I
+would have excused, I durst not allow of that title, because she was
+a king's daughter.  With a well set countenance she said: 'Were you
+not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear in him and
+all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you father;
+I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I will
+be forever and ever, your contrieman.  They did tell me alwaies you
+were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan
+did command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because
+your countriemen will lie much."'
+
+This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what
+they and their state were.  At Plymouth he got a long stick and began
+to make notches in it for the people he saw.  But he was quickly
+weary of that task.  He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him
+out, and get him to show him his God, and the King, Queen, and
+Prince, of whom Smith had told so much.  Smith put him off about
+showing his God, but said he had heard that he had seen the King.
+This the Indian denied, James probably not coming up to his idea of a
+king, till by circumstances he was convinced he had seen him.  Then
+he replied very sadly: "You gave Powhatan a white dog, which Powhatan
+fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am better than
+your white dog."
+
+Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and
+"they did think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have
+seen many English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and
+behavioured;" and he heard that it had pleased the King and Queen
+greatly to esteem her, as also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other
+persons of good quality, both at the masques and otherwise.
+
+Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but
+the contemporary notices of her are scant.  The Indians were objects
+of curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been
+since, and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention.
+She was presented at court.  She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop
+of London.  At the playing of Ben Jonson's "Christmas his Mask" at
+court, January 6, 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present,
+and Chamberlain writes to Carleton: "The Virginian woman Pocahuntas
+with her father counsellor have been with the King and graciously
+used, and both she and her assistant were pleased at the Masque.  She
+is upon her return though sore against her will, if the wind would
+about to send her away."
+
+Mr. Neill says that "after the first weeks of her residence in
+England she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by
+the letter writers," and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that "when they
+heard that Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in
+council whether he had not committed high treason by so doing, that
+is marrying an Indian princesse."
+
+It was like James to think so.  His interest in the colony was never
+the most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial.  Lord
+Southampton (Dec. 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told
+the King of the Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are
+said to fly.  The King very earnestly asked if none were provided for
+him, and said he was sure Salisbury would get him one.  Would not
+have troubled him, "but that you know so well how he is affected to
+these toys."
+
+There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a
+portrait of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is
+translated: " Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan,
+Emperor of Virginia; converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff;
+died on shipboard at Gravesend 1617.  This is doubtless the portrait
+engraved by Simon De Passe in 1616, and now inserted in the extant
+copies of the London edition of the "General Historie," 1624.  It is
+not probable that the portrait was originally published with the
+"General Historie."  The portrait inserted in the edition of 1624 has
+this inscription:
+
+Round the portrait:
+
+Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim."
+
+In the oval, under the portrait:
+
+                 "Aetatis suae 21 A.
+                       1616"
+Below:
+
+"Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan
+Emprour of Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in
+the Christian faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff.
+i: Pass: sculp.                     Compton Holland excud."
+
+
+Camden in his "History of Gravesend" says that everybody paid this
+young lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to
+her own country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition
+toward the English; " and that she died, "giving testimony all the
+time she lay sick, of her being a very good Christian."
+
+The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days,
+probably on the 21st of March, 1617.  I have seen somewhere a
+statement, which I cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox.
+St.  George's Church, where she was buried, was destroyed by fire in
+1727.  The register of that church has this record:
+
+
+             "1616, May 2j Rebecca Wrothe
+               Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+         A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+                   in ye chaunncle."
+
+Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+Papers, dated "1617 29 March, London," that her death occurred March
+21, 1617.
+
+John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the
+company.  August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: "We cannot
+imagine why you should give us warning that Opechankano and the
+natives have given the country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they
+reserve it from all others till he comes of years except as we
+suppose as some do here report it be a device of your own, to some
+special purpose for yourself."  It appears also by the minutes of the
+company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to recover goods of
+hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a commission
+directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine what
+goods of the late "Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and
+get satisfaction of him."  This George Sandys is the famous traveler
+who made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote,
+while living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World,
+the completion of his translation of Ovid's "Metamorphosis."
+
+John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children.
+This is supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his
+marriage to her nor of the death of his first.  October 7, 1622, his
+brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be
+converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his
+own indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's
+daughter.
+
+This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of
+Pocahontas to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell
+into evil practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship
+of his uncle Henry Rolfe, and educated in London.  When he was grown
+up he returned to Virginia, and was probably there married.  There is
+on record his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for
+leave to go into the Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's
+sister.  He left an only daughter who was married, says Stith (1753),
+"to Col. John Bolling; by whom she left an only son, the late Major
+John Bolling, who was father to the present Col. John Bolling, and
+several daughters, married to Col. Richard Randolph, Col. John
+Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge, and Mr. James Murray."
+Campbell in his "History of Virginia" says that the first Randolph
+that came to the James River was an esteemed and industrious
+mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of the
+celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great
+granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+
+In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with
+fighting and the savage delights of life.  He had many names and
+titles; his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes
+Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk.  He ruled,
+by inheritance and conquest, with many chiefs under him, over a large
+territory with not defined borders, lying on the James, the York, the
+Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the Pawtuxet Rivers.  He had several
+seats, at which he alternately lived with his many wives and guard of
+bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of the English was
+Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River.  His state has been
+sufficiently described.  He is said to have had a hundred wives, and
+generally a dozen--the youngest--personally attending him.  When he
+had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient
+oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest
+maidens to be brought from whom to select.  And he gave the wives of
+whom he was tired to his favorites.
+
+Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about
+1610: "He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten
+with cold and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many
+necessityes and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely
+great.  He is supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I
+dare not saye how much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and
+cleane lymbes, of a sad aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie
+haires, but plaine and thin, hanging upon his broad showlders; some
+few haires upon his chin, and so on his upper lippe: he hath been a
+strong and able salvadge, synowye, vigilant, ambitious, subtile to
+enlarge his dominions:....  cruell he hath been, and quarellous as
+well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that to strike a
+terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also with
+his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security
+and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of
+peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is
+likewise more quietly settled amongst his own."
+
+It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young
+wives whom Strachey names.  All his people obeyed him with fear and
+adoration, presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling
+if he frowned.  His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to
+death before him, or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or
+broiled to death on burning coals.  Strachey wondered how such a
+barbarous prince should put on such ostentation of majesty, yet he
+accounted for it as belonging to the necessary divinity that doth
+hedge in a king: "Such is (I believe) the impression of the divine
+nature, and however these (as other heathens forsaken by the true
+light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed Christian
+spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of divinities
+and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of
+kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth."
+
+Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed
+by Strachey and Smith.  A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept
+and conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no
+conception of an overruling power or of an immortal life.  Smith
+describes a ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity; but
+this is doubtful, although Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians
+"naked slaves of the devil," also says they sacrificed sometimes
+themselves and sometimes their own children.  An image of their god
+which he sent to England "was painted upon one side of a toadstool,
+much like unto a deformed monster."  And he adds: "Their priests,
+whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our English
+witches are."  This notion I believe also pertained among the New
+England colonists.  There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had
+some power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in
+time the Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the
+invocations of the whites.  In "Winslow's Relation," quoted by
+Alexander Young in his " Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers," under
+date of July, 1623, we read that on account of a great drought a fast
+day was appointed.  When the assembly met the sky was clear.  The
+exercise lasted eight or nine hours.  Before they broke up, owing to
+prayers the weather was overcast.  Next day began a long gentle rain.
+This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of our God: "showing
+the difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the
+name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and
+tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the
+corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a
+manner, as they never observed the like."
+
+It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was
+of those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that
+they got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of
+earth and the juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves
+either according to the custom of the country or as a defense against
+the stinging of mosquitoes.  The women are of the same hue as the
+men, says Strachey; "howbeit, it is supposed neither of them
+naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith (lyving sometymes
+amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb indifferent white,
+but as the men, so doe the women," "dye and disguise themselves into
+this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be nearest such a
+kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of," as the Greek women colored
+their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves with red;
+"howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the
+perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind
+of earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious
+unto herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other
+painting white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and
+teach it one another."
+
+Thomas Lechford in his "Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,"
+London, 1642, says: "They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their
+children are borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors
+presently."
+
+The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions;
+no beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full
+at the end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly
+as the Moors; and the women as having "handsome limbs, slender arms,
+pretty hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their
+voices.  The men shaved their hair on the right side, the women
+acting as barbers, and left the hair full length on the left side,
+with a lock an ell long."  A Puritan divine--"New England's
+Plantation, 1630"--says of the Indians about him, "their hair is
+generally black, and cut before like our gentlewomen, and one lock
+longer than the rest, much like to our gentlemen, which fashion I
+think came from hence into England."
+
+Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract
+from Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+
+"Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and
+in the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of
+white bone or shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde
+up hollowe, and with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles,
+hawkes, turkeys, etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes,
+squirrells, etc.  The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the
+cheeke to the full view, and some of their men there be who will
+weare in these holes a small greene and yellow-couloured live snake,
+neere half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping himself about
+his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to kisse his lippes.
+Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such like
+conundrums."
+
+This is the earliest use I find of our word "conundrum," and the
+sense it bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+
+Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and
+deserves his prominence.  He was an able and crafty savage, and made
+a good fight against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no
+match for the crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians.
+There is something pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow
+for the death of his daughter in a strange land, when he saw his
+territories overrun by the invaders, from whom he only asked peace,
+and the poor privilege of moving further away from them into the
+wilderness if they denied him peace.
+
+In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild
+rose.  She was, like the Douglas, "tender and true."  Wanting
+apparently the cruel nature of her race generally, her heroic
+qualities were all of the heart.  No one of all the contemporary
+writers has anything but gentle words for her.  Barbarous and
+untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle nature.  Stripped
+of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into her story, and
+all the romantic suggestions which later writers have indulged in,
+she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is able to
+gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl,
+probablv not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but
+bright and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the
+white men, and easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a
+growing and lasting friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn
+refinements; accepting the new religion through love for those who
+taught it, and finally becoming in her maturity a well-balanced,
+sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+
+According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something
+more than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a
+stranger and a captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those
+who opposed his invasion.  In all times, among the most savage tribes
+and in civilized society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by
+the sight of a prisoner, and risked life to save him--the impulse was
+as natural to a Highland lass as to an African maid.  Pocahontas went
+further than efforts to make peace between the superior race and her
+own.  When the whites forced the Indians to contribute from their
+scanty stores to the support of the invaders, and burned their
+dwellings and shot them on sight if they refused, the Indian maid
+sympathized with the exposed whites and warned them of stratagems
+against them; captured herself by a base violation of the laws of
+hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her situation, adopted the
+habits of the foreigners, married one of her captors, and in peace
+and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.  History has not
+preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+
+It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony,
+that her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always
+remains in history in the bloom of youth.  She did not live to be
+pained by the contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her
+own and her adopted people, nor to learn what things could be done in
+the Christian name she loved, nor to see her husband in a less
+honorable light than she left him, nor to be involved in any way in
+the frightful massacre of 1622.  If she had remained in England after
+the novelty was over, she might have been subject to slights and
+mortifying neglect.  The struggles of the fighting colony could have
+brought her little but pain.  Dying when she did, she rounded out one
+of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for her name
+the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little that
+belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her
+friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Pocahantas, by Charles D. Warner
+
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas by C. D. Warner
+#33 in our series by Charles Dudley Warner
+
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+Title: The Story of Pocahantas
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+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
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+Release Date: March, 2002  [Etext #3129]
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas by C. D. Warner
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+
+NOTE: This work has been previously published in [Etext #2673]
+The Complete Writings of Charles Dudley Warner Volume 3
+Project Gutenberg The Complete Writings of Charles Dudley Warner
+3warn10.txt or 3warn10.zip
+
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+The simple story of the life of Pocahontas is sufficiently romantic
+without the embellishments which have been wrought on it either by
+the vanity of Captain Smith or the natural pride of the descendants
+of this dusky princess who have been ennobled by the smallest rivulet
+of her red blood.
+
+That she was a child of remarkable intelligence, and that she early
+showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and
+unwilling service, is the concurrent evidence of all contemporary
+testimony.  That as a child she was well-favored, sprightly, and
+prepossessing above all her copper-colored companions, we can
+believe, and that as a woman her manners were attractive.  If the
+portrait taken of her in London--the best engraving of which is by
+Simon de Passe--in 1616, when she is said to have been twenty-one
+years old, does her justice, she had marked Indian features.
+
+The first mention of her is in "The True Relation," written by
+Captain Smith in Virginia in 1608.  In this narrative, as our readers
+have seen, she is not referred to until after Smith's return from the
+captivity in which Powhatan used him "with all the kindness he could
+devise."  Her name first appears, toward the close of the relation,
+in the following sentence:
+
+"Powhatan understanding we detained certain salvages, sent his
+daughter, a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature,
+countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his
+people, but for wit and spirit the only nonpareil of his country:
+this hee sent by his most trusty messenger, called Rawhunt, as much
+exceeding in deformitie of person, but of a subtill wit and crafty
+understanding, he with a long circumstance told mee how well Powhatan
+loved and respected mee, and in that I should not doubt any way of
+his kindness, he had sent his child, which he most esteemed, to see
+mee, a Deere, and bread, besides for a present: desiring mee that the
+Boy [Thomas Savage, the boy given by Newport to Powhatan] might come
+again, which he loved exceedingly, his little Daughter he had taught
+this lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had
+been prisoners three daies, till that morning that she saw their
+fathers and friends come quietly, and in good termes to entreate
+their libertie.
+
+"In the afternoon they [the friends of the prisoners] being gone, we
+guarded them [the prisoners] as before to the church, and after
+prayer, gave them to Pocahuntas the King's Daughter, in regard of her
+father's kindness in sending her: after having well fed them, as all
+the time of their imprisonment, we gave them their bows, arrowes, or
+what else they had, and with much content, sent them packing:
+Pocahuntas, also we requited with such trifles as contented her, to
+tel that we had used the Paspaheyans very kindly in so releasing
+them."
+
+The next allusion to her is in the fourth chapter of the narratives
+which are appended to the "Map of Virginia," etc.  This was sent
+home by Smith, with a description of Virginia, in the late autumn of
+1608.  It was published at Oxford in 1612, from two to three years
+after Smith's return to England.  The appendix contains the
+narratives of several of Smith's companions in Virginia, edited by
+Dr. Symonds and overlooked by Smith.  In one of these is a brief
+reference to the above-quoted incident.
+
+This Oxford tract, it is scarcely necessary to repeat, contains no
+reference to the saving of Smith's life by Pocahontas from the clubs
+of Powhatan.
+
+The next published mention of Pocahontas, in point of time, is in
+Chapter X.  and the last of the appendix to the "Map of Virginia,"
+and is Smith's denial, already quoted, of his intention to marry
+Pocahontas.  In this passage he speaks of her as "at most not past 13
+or 14 years of age."  If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609, when
+Smith left Virginia, she must have been more than ten when he wrote
+his "True Relation," composed in the winter of 1608, which in all
+probability was carried to England by Captain Nelson, who left
+Jamestown June 2d.
+
+The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to
+Pocahontas is William Strachey, who, as we have seen, went with the
+expedition of Gates and Somers, was shipwrecked on the Bermudas, and
+reached Jamestown May 23 or 24, 1610, and was made Secretary and
+Recorder of the colony under Lord Delaware.  Of the origin and life
+of Strachey, who was a person of importance in Virginia, little is
+known.  The better impression is that he was the William Strachey of
+Saffron Walden, who was married in 1588 and was living in 1620, and
+that it was his grandson of the same name who was subsequently
+connected with the Virginia colony.  He was, judged by his writings,
+a man of considerable education, a good deal of a pedant, and shared
+the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his
+time.  His connection with Lord Delaware, and his part in framing the
+code of laws in Virginia, which may be inferred from the fact that he
+first published them, show that he was a trusted and capable man.
+
+William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled "The Historie
+of Travaile into Virginia Britanica, &c., gathered and observed as
+well by those who went first thither, as collected by William
+Strachey, gent., three years thither, employed as Secretaire of
+State."  How long he remained in Virginia is uncertain, but it could
+not have been "three years," though he may have been continued
+Secretary for that period, for he was in London in 1612, in which
+year he published there the laws of Virginia which had been
+established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24, 1610, approved by Lord
+Delaware June 10, 1610, and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale June 22,
+1611.
+
+The "Travaile" was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849.
+When and where it was written, and whether it was all composed at one
+time, are matters much in dispute.  The first book, descriptive of
+Virginia and its people, is complete; the second book, a narration of
+discoveries in America, is unfinished.  Only the first book concerns
+us.  That Strachey made notes in Virginia may be assumed, but the
+book was no doubt written after his return to England
+
+
+[This code of laws, with its penalty of whipping and death for what
+are held now to be venial offenses, gives it a high place among the
+Black Codes.  One clause will suffice:
+
+"Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the
+Bell shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear
+divine service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first
+omission, for the second to be whipt, and for the third to be
+condemned to the Gallies for six months.  Likewise no man or woman
+shall dare to violate the Sabbath by any gaming, publique or private,
+abroad or at home, but duly sanctifie and observe the same, both
+himselfe and his familie, by preparing themselves at home with
+private prayer, that they may be the better fitted for the publique,
+according to the commandments of God, and the orders of our church,
+as also every man and woman shall repaire in the morning to the
+divine service, and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day, and in the
+afternoon to divine service, and Catechism upon paine for the first
+fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week
+following, for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be
+whipt, and for the third to suffer death."]
+
+
+Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's "Map and
+Description" at Oxford in 1612?  The question is important, because
+Smith's "Description" and Strachey's "Travaile" are page after page
+literally the same.  One was taken from the other.  Commonly at that
+time manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before
+they were published.  Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished
+manuscripts of Smith when he compiled his narrative.  Did Smith see
+Strachey's manuscript before he published his Oxford tract, or did
+Strachey enlarge his own notes from Smith's description?  It has been
+usually assumed that Strachey cribbed from Smith without
+acknowledgment.  If it were a question to be settled by the internal
+evidence of the two accounts, I should incline to think that Smith
+condensed his description from Strachey, but the dates incline the
+balance in Smith's favor.
+
+Strachey in his "Travaile" refers sometimes to Smith, and always with
+respect.  It will be noted that Smith's "Map" was engraved and
+published before the "Description" in the Oxford tract.  Purchas had
+it, for he says, in writing of Virginia for his "Pilgrimage" (which
+was published in 1613):
+
+"Concerning-the latter [Virginia], Capt. John Smith, partly by word
+of mouth, partly by his mappe thereof in print, and more fully by a
+Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee, hath acquainted
+me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine, had been
+the discoverer."  Strachey in his "Travaile" alludes to it, and pays
+a tribute to Smith in the following: "Their severall habitations are
+more plainly described by the annexed mappe, set forth by Capt.
+Smith, of whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the
+reader to judge.  Sure I am there will not return from thence in
+hast, any one who hath been more industrious, or who hath had (Capt.
+Geo. Percie excepted) greater experience amongst them, however
+misconstruction may traduce here at home, where is not easily seen
+the mixed sufferances, both of body and mynd, which is there daylie,
+and with no few hazards and hearty griefes undergon."
+
+There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript.  The one used by the
+Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon, with the title of
+"Lord High Chancellor," and Bacon had not that title conferred on him
+till after 1618.  But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at
+Oxford is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley, with the title of "Purveyor
+to His Majestie's Navie Royall"; and as Sir Allen was made
+"Lieutenant of the Tower" in 1616, it is believed that the manuscript
+must have been written before that date, since the author would not
+have omitted the more important of the two titles in his dedication.
+
+Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council, prefixed to his "Laws"
+(1612), is dated "From my lodging in the Black Friars.  At your best
+pleasures, either to return unto the colony, or pray for the success
+of it heere."  In his letter he speaks of his experience in the
+Bermudas and Virginia: "The full storie of both in due time [I] shall
+consecrate unto your view....  Howbit since many impediments, as yet
+must detaine such my observations in the shadow of darknesse, untill
+I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgments," etc.
+
+This is not, as has been assumed, a statement that the observations
+were not written then, only that they were not "perfect"; in fact,
+they were detained in the "shadow of darknesse" till the year 1849.
+Our own inference is, from all the circumstances, that Strachey began
+his manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return, and added to
+it and corrected it from time to time up to 1616.
+
+We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to
+Pocahontas.  The first occurs in his description of the apparel of
+Indian women:
+
+"The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most part) all
+over with skin mantells, finely drest, shagged and fringed at the
+skyrt, carved and coloured with some pretty work, or the proportion
+of beasts, fowle, tortayses, or other such like imagry, as shall best
+please or expresse the fancy of the wearer; their younger women goe
+not shadowed amongst their owne companie, until they be nigh eleaven
+or twelve returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring
+about the yeare, calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock); nor are
+thev much ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remembered
+Pocahontas, a well featured, but wanton yong girle, Powhatan's
+daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven
+or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the markett
+place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their
+heeles upwards, whome she would followe and wheele so herself, naked
+as she was, all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put
+on a kind of semecinctum lethern apron (as do our artificers or
+handycrafts men) before their bellies, and are very shamefac't to be
+seene bare.  We have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey
+feathers, and other fowle, so prettily wrought and woven with
+threeds, that nothing could be discerned but the feathers, which were
+exceedingly warme and very handsome."
+
+Strachey did not see Pocahontas.  She did not resort to the camp
+after the departure of Smith in September, 1609, until she was
+kidnapped by Governor Dale in April, 1613.  He repeats what he heard
+of her.  The time mentioned by him of her resorting to the fort, "of
+the age then of eleven or twelve yeares," must have been the time
+referred to by Smith when he might have married her, namely, in
+1608-9, when he calls her "not past 13 or 14 years of age."  The
+description of her as a "yong girle" tumbling about the fort, "naked
+as she was," would seem to preclude the idea that she was married at
+that time.
+
+The use of the word "wanton" is not necessarily disparaging, for
+"wanton" in that age was frequently synonymous with "playful" and
+"sportive"; but it is singular that she should be spoken of as "well
+featured, but wanton."  Strachey, however, gives in another place
+what is no doubt the real significance of the Indian name
+"Pocahontas."  He says:
+
+"Both men, women, and children have their severall names; at first
+according to the severall humor of their parents; and for the men
+children, at first, when they are young, their mothers give them a
+name, calling them by some affectionate title, or perhaps observing
+their promising inclination give it accordingly; and so the great
+King Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well,
+Pocahontas, which may signify a little wanton; howbeyt she was
+rightly called Amonata at more ripe years."
+
+The Indian girls married very young.  The polygamous Powhatan had a
+large number of wives, but of all his women, his favorites were a
+dozen "for the most part very young women," the names of whom
+Strachey obtained from one Kemps, an Indian a good deal about camp,
+whom Smith certifies was a great villain.  Strachey gives a list of
+the names of twelve of them, at the head of which is Winganuske.
+This list was no doubt written down by the author in Virginia, and it
+is followed by a sentence, quoted below, giving also the number of
+Powhatan's children.  The "great darling" in this list was
+Winganuske, a sister of Machumps, who, according to Smith, murdered
+his comrade in the Bermudas.  Strachey writes:
+
+"He [Powhatan] was reported by the said Kemps, as also by the Indian
+Machumps, who was sometyme in England, and comes to and fro amongst
+us as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leave, for it is not
+otherwise safe for him, no more than it was for one Amarice, who had
+his braynes knockt out for selling but a baskett of corne, and lying
+in the English fort two or three days without Powhatan's leave; I say
+they often reported unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty
+sonnes and ten daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Machumps
+his sister, and a great darling of the King's; and besides, younge
+Pocohunta, a daughter of his, using sometyme to our fort in tymes
+past, nowe married to a private Captaine, called Kocoum, some two
+years since."
+
+This passage is a great puzzle.  Does Strachey intend to say that
+Pocahontas was married to an Iniaan named Kocoum?  She might have
+been during the time after Smith's departure in 1609, and her
+kidnapping in 1613, when she was of marriageable age.  We shall see
+hereafter that Powhatan, in 1614, said he had sold another favorite
+daughter of his, whom Sir Thomas Dale desired, and who was not twelve
+years of age, to be wife to a great chief.  The term "private
+Captain" might perhaps be applied to an Indian chief.  Smith, in his
+"General Historie," says the Indians have "but few occasions to use
+any officers more than one commander, which commonly they call
+Werowance, or Caucorouse, which is Captaine."  It is probably not
+possible, with the best intentions, to twist Kocoum into Caucorouse,
+or to suppose that Strachey intended to say that a private captain
+was called in Indian a Kocoum.  Werowance and Caucorouse are not
+synonymous terms.  Werowance means "chief," and Caucorouse means"
+talker" or "orator," and is the original of our word "caucus."
+
+Either Strachey was uninformed, or Pocahontas was married to an
+Indian--a not violent presumption considering her age and the fact
+that war between Powhatan and the whites for some time had cut off
+intercourse between them--or Strachey referred to her marriage with
+Rolfe, whom he calls by mistake Kocoum.  If this is to be accepted,
+then this paragraph must have been written in England in 1616, and
+have referred to the marriage to Rolfe it "some two years since," in
+1614.
+
+That Pocahontas was a gentle-hearted and pleasing girl, and, through
+her acquaintance with Smith, friendly to the whites, there is no
+doubt; that she was not different in her habits and mode of life from
+other Indian girls, before the time of her kidnapping, there is every
+reason to suppose.  It was the English who magnified the imperialism
+of her father, and exaggerated her own station as Princess.  She
+certainly put on no airs of royalty when she was "cart-wheeling"
+about the fort.  Nor does this detract anything from the native
+dignity of the mature, and converted, and partially civilized woman.
+
+We should expect there would be the discrepancies which have been
+noticed in the estimates of her age.  Powhatan is not said to have
+kept a private secretary to register births in his family.  If
+Pocahontas gave her age correctly, as it appears upon her London
+portrait in 1616, aged twenty-one, she must have been eighteen years
+of age when she was captured in 1613 This would make her about twelve
+at the time of Smith's captivity in 1607-8.  There is certainly room
+for difference of opinion as to whether so precocious a woman, as her
+intelligent apprehension of affairs shows her to have been, should
+have remained unmarried till the age of eighteen.  In marrying at
+least as early as that she would have followed the custom of her
+tribe.  It is possible that her intercourse with the whites had
+raised her above such an alliance as would be offered her at the
+court of Werowocomoco.
+
+We are without any record of the life of Pocahontas for some years.
+The occasional mentions of her name in the "General Historie" are so
+evidently interpolated at a late date, that they do not aid us.  When
+and where she took the name of Matoaka, which appears upon her London
+portrait, we are not told, nor when she was called Amonata, as
+Strachey says she was "at more ripe yeares."  How she was occupied
+from the departure of Smith to her abduction, we can only guess.  To
+follow her authentic history we must take up the account of Captain
+Argall and of Ralph Hamor, Jr., secretary of the colony under
+Governor Dale.
+
+Captain Argall, who seems to have been as bold as he was unscrupulous
+in the execution of any plan intrusted to him, arrived in Virginia in
+September, 1612, and early in the spring of 1613 he was sent on an
+expedition up the Patowomek to trade for corn and to effect a capture
+that would bring Powhatan to terms.  The Emperor, from being a
+friend, had become the most implacable enemy of the English.  Captain
+Argall says: "I was told by certain Indians, my friends, that the
+great Powhatan's daughter Pokahuntis was with the great King
+Potowomek, whither I presently repaired, resolved to possess myself
+of her by any stratagem that I could use, for the ransoming of so
+many Englishmen as were prisoners with Powhatan, as also to get such
+armes and tooles as he and other Indians had got by murther and
+stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity of corn for
+the colonies relief."
+
+By the aid of Japazeus, King of Pasptancy, an old acquaintance and
+friend of Argall's, and the connivance of the King of Potowomek,
+Pocahontas was enticed on board Argall's ship and secured.  Word was
+sent to Powhatan of the capture and the terms on which his daughter
+would be released; namely, the return of the white men he held in
+slavery, the tools and arms he had gotten and stolen, and a great
+quantity of corn.  Powhatan, "much grieved," replied that if Argall
+would use his daughter well, and bring the ship into his river and
+release her, he would accede to all his demands.  Therefore, on the
+13th of April, Argall repaired to Governor Gates at Jamestown, and
+delivered his prisoner, and a few days after the King sent home some
+of the white captives, three pieces, one broad-axe, a long whip-saw,
+and a canoe of corn.  Pocahontas, however, was kept at Jamestown.
+
+Why Pocahontas had left Werowocomoco and gone to stay with Patowomek
+we can only conjecture.  It is possible that Powhatan suspected her
+friendliness to the whites, and was weary of her importunity, and it
+may be that she wanted to escape the sight of continual fighting,
+ambushes, and murders.  More likely she was only making a common
+friendly visit, though Hamor says she went to trade at an Indian
+fair.
+
+The story of her capture is enlarged and more minutely related by
+Ralph Hamor, Jr., who was one of the colony shipwrecked on the
+Bermudas in 1609, and returned to England in 1614, where he published
+(London, 1615) "A True Discourse of Virginia, and the Success of the
+Affairs there till the 18th of June, 1614."  Hamor was the son of a
+merchant tailor in London who was a member of the Virginia company.
+Hamor writes:
+
+"It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Pocahuntas
+(whose fame has even been spread in England by the title of
+Nonparella of Firginia) in her princely progresse if I may so terme
+it, tooke some pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall) to be
+among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I
+had), implored thither as shopkeeper to a Fare, to exchange some of
+her father's commodities for theirs, where residing some three months
+or longer, it fortuned upon occasion either of promise or profit,
+Captaine Argall to arrive there, whom Pocahuntas, desirous to renew
+her familiaritie with the English, and delighting to see them as
+unknown, fearefull perhaps to be surprised, would gladly visit as she
+did, of whom no sooner had Captaine Argall intelligence, but he delt
+with an old friend Iapazeus, how and by what meanes he might procure
+her caption, assuring him that now or never, was the time to pleasure
+him, if he intended indeede that love which he had made profession
+of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme some of our English men
+and armes, now in the possession of her father, promising to use her
+withall faire and gentle entreaty; Iapazeus well assured that his
+brother, as he promised, would use her courteously, promised his best
+endeavors and service to accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it,
+making his wife an instrument (which sex have ever been most powerful
+in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid,
+he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas, would accompanie his
+brother to the water side, whither come, his wife should faine a
+great and longing desire to goe aboorde, and see the shippe, which
+being there three or four times before she had never seene, and
+should be earnest with her husband to permit her--he seemed angry
+with her, making as he pretended so unnecessary request, especially
+being without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly,
+must faine to weepe (as who knows not that women can command teares)
+whereupon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares, gave
+her leave to goe aboord, so that it would pleese Pocahuntas to
+accompany her; now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps
+of her father's wrongs, though not knowne as she supposed, to goe
+with her, yet by her earnest persuasions, she assented: so forthwith
+aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was seasonably
+provided, to supper they went, merry on all hands, especially
+Iapazeus and his wife, who to expres their joy would ere be treading
+upon Captaine Argall's foot, as who should say tis don, she is your
+own.  Supper ended Pocahuntas was lodged in the gunner's roome, but
+Iapazeus and his wife desired to have some conference with their
+brother, which was onely to acquaint him by what stratagem they had
+betraied his prisoner as I have already related: after which
+discourse to sleepe they went, Pocahuntas nothing mistrusting this
+policy, who nevertheless being most possessed with feere, and desire
+of returne, was first up, and hastened Iapazeus to be gon.  Capt.
+Argall having secretly well rewarded him, with a small Copper kittle,
+and some other les valuable toies so highly by him esteemed, that
+doubtlesse he would have betraied his own father for them, permitted
+both him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers
+considerations, as for that his father had then eigh [8] of our
+Englishe men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he hid at
+severall times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from them which
+though of no use to him, he would not redeliver, he would reserve
+Pocahuntas, whereat she began to be exceeding pensive, and
+discontented, yet ignorant of the dealing of Japazeus who in outward
+appearance was no les discontented that he should be the meanes of
+her captivity, much adoe there was to pursuade her to be patient,
+which with extraordinary curteous usage, by little and little was
+wrought in her, and so to Jamestowne she was brought."
+
+Smith, who condenses this account in his "General Historie,"
+expresses his contempt of this Indian treachery by saying: "The old
+Jew and his wife began to howle and crie as fast as Pocahuntas."  It
+will be noted that the account of the visit (apparently alone) of
+Pocahontas and her capture is strong evidence that she was not at
+this time married to "Kocoum" or anybody else.
+
+Word was despatched to Powhatan of his daughter's duress, with a
+demand made for the restitution of goods; but although this savage is
+represented as dearly loving Pocahontas, his "delight and darling,"
+it was, according to Hamor, three months before they heard anything
+from him.  His anxiety about his daughter could not have been
+intense.  He retained a part of his plunder, and a message was sent
+to him that Pocahontas would be kept till he restored all the arms.
+
+This answer pleased Powhatan so little that they heard nothing from
+him till the following March.  Then Sir Thomas Dale and Captain
+Argall, with several vessels and one hundred and fifty men, went up
+to Powhatan's chief seat, taking his daughter with them, offering the
+Indians a chance to fight for her or to take her in peace on
+surrender of the stolen goods.  The Indians received this with
+bravado and flights of arrows, reminding them of the fate of Captain
+Ratcliffe.  The whites landed, killed some Indians, burnt forty
+houses, pillaged the village, and went on up the river and came to
+anchor in front of Matchcot, the Emperor's chief town.  Here were
+assembled four hundred armed men, with bows and arrows, who dared
+them to come ashore.  Ashore they went, and a palaver was held.  The
+Indians wanted a day to consult their King, after which they would
+fight, if nothing but blood would satisfy the whites.
+
+Two of Powhatan's sons who were present expressed a desire to see
+their sister, who had been taken on shore.  When they had sight of
+her, and saw how well she was cared for, they greatly rejoiced and
+promised to persuade their father to redeem her and conclude a
+lasting peace.  The two brothers were taken on board ship, and Master
+John Rolfe and Master Sparkes were sent to negotiate with the King.
+Powhatan did not show himself, but his brother Apachamo, his
+successor, promised to use his best efforts to bring about a peace,
+and the expedition returned to Jamestown.
+
+"Long before this time," Hamor relates, "a gentleman of approved
+behaviour and honest carriage, Master John Rolfe, had been in love
+with Pocahuntas and she with him, which thing at the instant that we
+were in parlee with them, myselfe made known to Sir Thomas Dale, by a
+letter from him [Rolfe] whereby he entreated his advice and
+furtherance to his love, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of
+the Plantation, and Pocahuntas herself acquainted her brethren
+therewith."  Governor Dale approved this, and consequently was
+willing to retire without other conditions.  "The bruite of this
+pretended marriage [Hamor continues] came soon to Powhatan's
+knowledge, a thing acceptable to him, as appeared by his sudden
+consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of
+hirs, named Opachisco, to give her as his deputy in the church, and
+two of his sonnes to see the mariage solemnized which was accordingly
+done about the fifth of April [1614], and ever since we have had
+friendly commerce and trade, not only with Powhatan himself, but also
+with his subjects round about us; so as now I see no reason why the
+collonie should not thrive a pace."
+
+This marriage was justly celebrated as the means and beginning of a
+firm peace which long continued, so that Pocahontas was again
+entitled to the grateful remembrance of the Virginia settlers.
+Already, in 1612, a plan had been mooted in Virginia of marrying the
+English with the natives, and of obtaining the recognition of
+Powhatan and those allied to him as members of a fifth kingdom, with
+certain privileges.  Cunega, the Spanish ambassador at London, on
+September 22, 1612, writes: "Although some suppose the plantation to
+decrease, he is credibly informed that there is a determination to
+marry some of the people that go over to Virginia; forty or fifty are
+already so married, and English women intermingle and are received
+kindly by the natives.  A zealous minister hath been wounded for
+reprehending it."
+
+Mr. John Rolfe was a man of industry, and apparently devoted to the
+welfare of the colony.  He probably brought with him in 1610 his
+wife, who gave birth to his daughter Bermuda, born on the Somers
+Islands at the time of the shipwreck.  We find no notice of her
+death.  Hamor gives him the distinction of being the first in the
+colony to try, in 1612, the planting and raising of tobacco.  "No man
+[he adds] hath labored to his power, by good example there and worthy
+encouragement into England by his letters, than he hath done, witness
+his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of rude education, manners
+barbarous and cursed generation, meerely for the good and honor of
+the plantation: and least any man should conceive that some sinister
+respects allured him hereunto, I have made bold, contrary to his
+knowledge, in the end of my treatise to insert the true coppie of his
+letter written to Sir Thomas Dale."
+
+The letter is a long, labored, and curious document, and comes nearer
+to a theological treatise than any love-letter we have on record.  It
+reeks with unction.  Why Rolfe did not speak to Dale, whom he saw
+every day, instead of inflicting upon him this painful document, in
+which the flutterings of a too susceptible widower's heart are hidden
+under a great resolve of self-sacrifice, is not plain.
+
+The letter protests in a tedious preamble that the writer is moved
+entirely by the Spirit of God, and continues:
+
+"Let therefore this my well advised protestation, which here I make
+between God and my own conscience, be a sufficient witness, at the
+dreadful day of judgment (when the secrets of all men's hearts shall
+be opened) to condemne me herein, if my chiefest interest and purpose
+be not to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the
+undertaking of so weighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man's
+weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnall affection;
+but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our countrie,
+for the glory of God, for my owne salvation, and for the converting
+to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving
+creature, namely Pokahuntas.  To whom my heartie and best thoughts
+are, and have a long time bin so entangled, and inthralled in so
+intricate a laborinth, that I was even awearied to unwinde myself
+thereout."
+
+Master Rolfe goes on to describe the mighty war in his meditations on
+this subject, in which he had set before his eyes the frailty of
+mankind and his proneness to evil and wicked thoughts.  He is aware
+of God's displeasure against the sons of Levi and Israel for marrying
+strange wives, and this has caused him to look about warily and with
+good circumspection "into the grounds and principall agitations which
+should thus provoke me to be in love with one, whose education hath
+bin rude, her manners barbarous, her generation accursed, and so
+discrepant in all nurtriture from myselfe, that oftentimes with feare
+and trembling, I have ended my private controversie with this: surely
+these are wicked instigations, fetched by him who seeketh and
+delighteth in man's distruction; and so with fervent prayers to be
+ever preserved from such diabolical assaults (as I looke those to be)
+I have taken some rest."
+
+The good man was desperately in love and wanted to marry the Indian,
+and consequently he got no peace; and still being tormented with her
+image, whether she was absent or present, he set out to produce an
+ingenious reason (to show the world) for marrying her.  He continues:
+
+"Thus when I thought I had obtained my peace and quietnesse, beholde
+another, but more gracious tentation hath made breaches into my
+holiest and strongest meditations; with which I have been put to a
+new triall, in a straighter manner than the former; for besides the
+weary passions and sufferings which I have dailey, hourely, yea and
+in my sleepe indured, even awaking me to astonishment, taxing me with
+remissnesse, and carelessnesse, refusing and neglecting to perform
+the duteie of a good Christian, pulling me by the eare, and crying:
+Why dost thou not indeavor to make her a Christian?  And these have
+happened to my greater wonder, even when she hath been furthest
+seperated from me, which in common reason (were it not an undoubted
+work of God) might breede forgetfulnesse of a far more worthie
+creature."
+
+He accurately describes the symptoms and appears to understand the
+remedy, but he is after a large-sized motive:
+
+"Besides, I say the holy Spirit of God hath often demanded of me, why
+I was created?  If not for transitory pleasures and worldly vanities,
+but to labour in the Lord's vineyard, there to sow and plant, to
+nourish and increase the fruites thereof, daily adding with the good
+husband in the gospell, somewhat to the tallent, that in the ends the
+fruites may be reaped, to the comfort of the labourer in this life,
+and his salvation in the world to come.... Likewise, adding hereunto
+her great appearance of love to me, her desire to be taught and
+instructed in the knowledge of God, her capablenesse of
+understanding, her aptness and willingness to receive anie good
+impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne incitements
+stirring me up hereunto."
+
+The "incitements" gave him courage, so that he exclaims: "Shall I be
+of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the
+right way?  Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the
+hungrie, or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked?"
+
+It wasn't to be thought of, such wickedness; and so Master Rolfe
+screwed up his courage to marry the glorious Princess, from whom
+thousands of people were afterwards so anxious to be descended.  But
+he made the sacrifice for the glory of the country, the benefit of
+the plantation, and the conversion of the unregenerate, and other and
+lower motive he vigorously repels: "Now, if the vulgar sort, who
+square all men's actions by the base rule of their own filthinesse,
+shall tax or taunt mee in this my godly labour: let them know it is
+not hungry appetite, to gorge myselfe with incontinency; sure (if I
+would and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire,
+though not without a seared conscience, yet with Christians more
+pleasing to the eie, and less fearefull in the offense unlawfully
+committed.  Nor am I in so desperate an estate, that I regard not
+what becometh of me; nor am I out of hope but one day to see my
+country, nor so void of friends, nor mean in birth, but there to
+obtain a mach to my great con'tent....  But shall it please God thus
+to dispose of me (which I earnestly desire to fulfill my ends before
+set down) I will heartily accept of it as a godly taxe appointed me,
+and I will never cease (God assisting me) untill I have accomplished,
+and brought to perfection so holy a worke, in which I will daily pray
+God to bless me, to mine and her eternal happiness."
+
+It is to be hoped that if sanctimonious John wrote any love-letters
+to Amonata they had less cant in them than this.  But it was pleasing
+to Sir Thomas Dale, who was a man to appreciate the high motives of
+Mr. Rolfe.  In a letter which he despatched from Jamestown, June 18,
+1614, to a reverend friend in London, he describes the expedition
+when Pocahontas was carried up the river, and adds the information
+that when she went on shore, "she would not talk to any of them,
+scarcely to them of the best sort, and to them only, that if her
+father had loved her, he would not value her less than old swords,
+pieces, or axes; wherefore she would still dwell with the Englishmen
+who loved her."
+
+"Powhatan's daughter [the letter continues] I caused to be carefully
+instructed in Christian Religion, who after she had made some good
+progress therein, renounced publically her countrey idolatry, openly
+confessed her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is
+since married to an English Gentleman of good understanding (as by
+his letter unto me, containing the reasons for his marriage of her
+you may perceive), an other knot to bind this peace the stronger.
+Her father and friends gave approbation to it, and her uncle gave her
+to him in the church; she lives civilly and lovingly with him, and I
+trust will increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God increaseth
+in her.  She will goe into England with me, and were it but the
+gayning of this one soule, I will think my time, toile, and present
+stay well spent."
+
+Hamor also appends to his narration a short letter, of the same date
+with the above, from the minister Alexander Whittaker, the
+genuineness of which is questioned.  In speaking of the good deeds of
+Sir Thomas Dale it says: "But that which is best, one Pocahuntas or
+Matoa, the daughter of Powhatan, is married to an honest and discreet
+English Gentleman--Master Rolfe, and that after she had openly
+renounced her countrey Idolatry, and confessed the faith of Jesus
+Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a
+long time to ground her in."  If, as this proclaims, she was married
+after her conversion, then Rolfe's tender conscience must have given
+him another twist for wedding her, when the reason for marrying her
+(her conversion) had ceased with her baptism.  His marriage,
+according to this, was a pure work of supererogation.  It took place
+about the 5th of April, 1614.  It is not known who performed the
+ceremony.
+
+How Pocahontas passed her time in Jamestown during the period of her
+detention, we are not told.  Conjectures are made that she was an
+inmate of the house of Sir Thomas Dale, or of that of the Rev. Mr.
+Whittaker, both of whom labored zealously to enlighten her mind on
+religious subjects.  She must also have been learning English and
+civilized ways, for it is sure that she spoke our language very well
+when she went to London.  Mr. John Rolfe was also laboring for her
+conversion, and we may suppose that with all these ministrations,
+mingled with her love of Mr. Rolfe, which that ingenious widower had
+discovered, and her desire to convert him into a husband, she was not
+an unwilling captive.  Whatever may have been her barbarous
+instincts, we have the testimony of Governor Dale that she lived
+"civilly and lovingly" with her husband.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+STORY OF POCAHONTAS, CONTINUED
+
+Sir Thomas Dale was on the whole the most efficient and discreet
+Governor the colony had had.  One element of his success was no doubt
+the change in the charter of 1609.  By the first charter everything
+had been held in common by the company, and there had been no
+division of property or allotment of land among the colonists.  Under
+the new regime land was held in severalty, and the spur of individual
+interest began at once to improve the condition of the settlement.
+The character of the colonists was also gradually improving.  They
+had not been of a sort to fulfill the earnest desire of the London
+promoter's to spread vital piety in the New World.  A zealous defense
+of Virginia and Maryland, against "scandalous imputation," entitled
+"Leah and Rachel; or, The Two Fruitful Sisters," by Mr. John Hammond,
+London, 1656, considers the charges that Virginia "is an unhealthy
+place, a nest of rogues, abandoned women, dissolut and rookery
+persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and hard diet"; and
+admits that "at the first settling, and for many years after, it
+deserved most of these aspersions, nor were they then aspersions but
+truths....  There were jails supplied, youth seduced, infamous women
+drilled in, the provision all brought out of England, and that
+embezzled by the Trustees."
+
+Governor Dale was a soldier; entering the army in the Netherlands as
+a private he had risen to high position, and received knighthood in
+1606.  Shortly after he was with Sir Thomas Gates in South Holland.
+The States General in 1611 granted him three years' term of absence
+in Virginia.  Upon his arrival he began to put in force that system
+of industry and frugality he had observed in Holland.  He had all the
+imperiousness of a soldier, and in an altercation with Captain
+Newport, occasioned by some injurious remarks the latter made about
+Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, he pulled his beard and threatened
+to hang him.  Active operations for settling new plantations were at
+once begun, and Dale wrote to Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, for 2,000
+good colonists to be sent out, for the three hundred that came were
+"so profane, so riotous, so full of mutiny, that not many are
+Christians but in name, their bodies so diseased and crazed that not
+sixty of them may be employed."  He served afterwards with credit in
+Holland, was made commander of the East Indian fleet in 1618, had a
+naval engagement with the Dutch near Bantam in 1619, and died in 1620
+from the effects of the climate.  He was twice married, and his
+second wife, Lady Fanny, the cousin of his first wife, survived him
+and received a patent for a Virginia plantation.
+
+Governor Dale kept steadily in view the conversion of the Indians to
+Christianity, and the success of John Rolfe with Matoaka inspired him
+with a desire to convert another daughter of Powhatan, of whose
+exquisite perfections he had heard.  He therefore despatched Ralph
+Hamor, with the English boy, Thomas Savage, as interpreter, on a
+mission to the court of Powhatan, "upon a message unto him, which was
+to deale with him, if by any means I might procure a daughter of his,
+who (Pocahuntas being already in our possession) is generally
+reported to be his delight and darling, and surely he esteemed her as
+his owne Soule, for surer pledge of peace."  This visit Hamor relates
+with great naivete.
+
+At his town of Matchcot, near the head of York River, Powhatan
+himself received his visitors when they landed, with great
+cordiality, expressing much pleasure at seeing again the boy who had
+been presented to him by Captain Newport, and whom he had not seen
+since he gave him leave to go and see his friends at Jamestown four
+years before; he also inquired anxiously after Namontack, whom he had
+sent to King James's land to see him and his country and report
+thereon, and then led the way to his house, where he sat down on his
+bedstead side.  "On each hand of him was placed a comely and
+personable young woman, which they called his Queenes, the howse
+within round about beset with them, the outside guarded with a
+hundred bowmen."
+
+The first thing offered was a pipe of tobacco, which Powhatan "first
+drank," and then passed to Hamor, who "drank" what he pleased and
+then returned it.  The Emperor then inquired how his brother Sir
+Thomas Dale fared, "and after that of his daughter's welfare, her
+marriage, his unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved
+together."  Hamor replied "that his brother was very well, and his
+daughter so well content that she would not change her life to return
+and live with him, whereat he laughed heartily, and said he was very
+glad of it."
+
+Powhatan then desired to know the cause of his unexpected coming, and
+Mr. Hamor said his message was private, to be delivered to him
+without the presence of any except one of his councilors, and one of
+the guides, who already knew it.
+
+Therefore the house was cleared of all except the two Queens, who may
+never sequester themselves, and Mr. Hamor began his palaver.  First
+there was a message of love and inviolable peace, the production of
+presents of coffee, beads, combs, fish-hooks, and knives, and the
+promise of a grindstone when it pleased the Emperor to send for it.
+Hamor then proceeded:
+
+"The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter,
+being famous through all your territories, hath come to the hearing
+of your brother, Sir Thomas Dale, who for this purpose hath addressed
+me hither, to intreate you by that brotherly friendship you make
+profession of, to permit her (with me) to returne unto him, partly
+for the desire which himselfe hath, and partly for the desire her
+sister hath to see her of whom, if fame hath not been prodigall, as
+like enough it hath not, your brother (by your favour) would gladly
+make his nearest companion, wife and bed fellow [many times he would
+have interrupted my speech, which I entreated him to heare out, and
+then if he pleased to returne me answer], and the reason hereof is,
+because being now friendly and firmly united together, and made one
+people [as he supposeth and believes] in the bond of love, he would
+make a natural union between us, principally because himself hath
+taken resolution to dwel in your country so long as he liveth, and
+would not only therefore have the firmest assurance hee may, of
+perpetuall friendship from you, but also hereby binde himselfe
+thereunto."
+
+Powhatan replied with dignity that he gladly accepted the salute of
+love and peace, which he and his subjects would exactly maintain.
+But as to the other matter he said: "My daughter, whom my brother
+desireth, I sold within these three days to be wife to a great
+Weroance for two bushels of Roanoke [a small kind of beads made of
+oyster shells], and it is true she is already gone with him, three
+days' journey from me."
+
+Hamor persisted that this marriage need not stand in the way; "that
+if he pleased herein to gratify his Brother he might, restoring the
+Roanoke without the imputation of injustice, take home his daughter
+again, the rather because she was not full twelve years old, and
+therefore not marriageable; assuring him besides the bond of peace,
+so much the firmer, he should have treble the price of his daughter
+in beads, copper, hatchets, and many other things more useful for
+him."
+
+The reply of the noble old savage to this infamous demand ought to
+have brought a blush to the cheeks of those who made it.  He said he
+loved his daughter as dearly as his life; he had many children, but
+he delighted in none so much as in her; he could not live if he did
+not see her often, as he would not if she were living with the
+whites, and he was determined not to put himself in their hands.  He
+desired no other assurance of friendship than his brother had given
+him, who had already one of his daughters as a pledge, which was
+sufficient while she lived; "when she dieth he shall have another
+child of mine."  And then he broke forth in pathetic eloquence: "I
+hold it not a brotherly part of your King, to desire to bereave me of
+two of my children at once; further give him to understand, that if
+he had no pledge at all, he should not need to distrust any injury
+from me, or any under my subjection; there have been too many of his
+and my men killed, and by my occasion there shall never be more; I
+which have power to perform it have said it; no not though I should
+have just occasion offered, for I am now old and would gladly end my
+days in peace; so as if the English offer me any injury, my country
+is large enough, I will remove myself farther from you."
+
+The old man hospitably entertained his guests for a day or two,
+loaded them with presents, among which were two dressed buckskins,
+white as snow, for his son and daughter, and, requesting some
+articles sent him in return, bade them farewell with this message to
+Governor Dale: "I hope this will give him good satisfaction, if it do
+not I will go three days' journey farther from him, and never see
+Englishmen more."  It speaks well for the temperate habits of this
+savage that after he had feasted his guests, "he caused to be fetched
+a great glass of sack, some three quarts or better, which Captain
+Newport had given him six or seven years since, carefully preserved
+by him, not much above a pint in all this time spent, and gave each
+of us in a great oyster shell some three spoonfuls."
+
+We trust that Sir Thomas Dale gave a faithful account of all this to
+his wife in England.
+
+Sir Thomas Gates left Virginia in the spring of 1614 and never
+returned.  After his departure scarcity and severity developed a
+mutiny, and six of the settlers were executed.  Rolfe was planting
+tobacco (he has the credit of being the first white planter of it),
+and his wife was getting an inside view of Christian civilization.
+
+In 1616 Sir Thomas Dale returned to England with his company and John
+Rolfe and Pocahontas, and several other Indians.  They reached
+Plymouth early in June, and on the 20th Lord Carew made this note:
+"Sir Thomas Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men
+and women of thatt countrye to be educated here, and one Rolfe who
+married a daughter of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called
+Pocahuntas, hath brought his wife with him into England."  On the 22d
+Sir John Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dudley Carlton that there were "ten
+or twelve, old and young, of that country."
+
+The Indian girls who came with Pocahontas appear to have been a great
+care to the London company.  In May, 1620, is a record that the
+company had to pay for physic and cordials for one of them who had
+been living as a servant in Cheapside, and was very weak of a
+consumption.  The same year two other of the maids were shipped off
+to the Bermudas, after being long a charge to the company, in the
+hope that they might there get husbands, "that after they were
+converted and had children, they might be sent to their country and
+kindred to civilize them."  One of them was there married.  The
+attempt to educate them in England was not very successful, and a
+proposal to bring over Indian boys obtained this comment from Sir
+Edwin Sandys:
+
+"Now to send for them into England, and to have them educated here,
+he found upon experience of those brought by Sir Thomas Dale, might
+be far from the Christian work intended."  One Nanamack, a lad
+brought over by Lord Delaware, lived some years in houses where "he
+heard not much of religion but sins, had many times examples of
+drinking, swearing and like evils, ran as he was a mere Pagan," till
+he fell in with a devout family and changed his life, but died before
+he was baptized.  Accompanying Pocahontas was a councilor of
+Powhatan, one Tomocomo, the husband of one of her sisters, of whom
+Purchas says in his "Pilgrimes": "With this savage I have often
+conversed with my good friend Master Doctor Goldstone where he was a
+frequent geust, and where I have seen him sing and dance his
+diabolical measures, and heard him discourse of his country and
+religion....  Master Rolfe lent me a discourse which I have in my
+Pilgrimage delivered.  And his wife did not only accustom herself to
+civility, but still carried herself as the daughter of a king, and
+was accordingly respected, not only by the Company which allowed
+provision for herself and her son, but of divers particular persons
+of honor, in their hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity.  I
+was present when my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of
+London, Doctor King, entertained her with festival state and pomp
+beyond what I had seen in his great hospitality offered to other
+ladies.  At her return towards Virginia she came at Gravesend to her
+end and grave, having given great demonstration of her Christian
+sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginia conversion, leaving here a
+goodly memory, and the hopes of her resurrection, her soul aspiring
+to see and enjoy permanently in heaven what here she had joyed to
+hear and believe of her blessed Saviour.  Not such was Tomocomo, but
+a blasphemer of what he knew not and preferring his God to ours
+because he taught them (by his own so appearing) to wear their Devil-
+lock at the left ear; he acquainted me with the manner of that his
+appearance, and believed that their Okee or Devil had taught them
+their husbandry."
+
+Upon news of her arrival, Captain Smith, either to increase his own
+importance or because Pocahontas was neglected, addressed a letter or
+"little booke" to Queen Anne, the consort of King James.  This letter
+is found in Smith's "General Historie" ( 1624), where it is
+introduced as having been sent to Queen Anne in 1616.  Probably he
+sent her such a letter.  We find no mention of its receipt or of any
+acknowledgment of it.  Whether the "abstract" in the "General
+Historie" is exactly like the original we have no means of knowing.
+We have no more confidence in Smith's memory than we have in his
+dates.  The letter is as follows:
+
+"To the most high and vertuous Princesse Queene Anne of Great
+Brittaine.
+
+"Most ADMIRED QUEENE.
+
+"The love I beare my God, my King and Countrie hath so oft emboldened
+me in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honestie doth constraine
+mee presume thus farre beyond my selfe, to present your Majestie this
+short discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest
+vertues, I must be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes
+to bee thankful.  So it is.
+
+"That some ten yeeres agoe being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by
+the power of Powhaten, their chiefe King, I received from this great
+Salvage exceeding great courtesie, especially from his sonne
+Nantaquaus, the most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw
+in a Salvage and his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most deare and wel-
+beloved daughter, being but a childe of twelve or thirteen yeeres of
+age, whose compassionate pitifull heart, of desperate estate, gave me
+much cause to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud
+King and his grim attendants ever saw, and thus enthralled in their
+barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that
+was in the power of those my mortall foes to prevent notwithstanding
+al their threats.  After some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage
+Courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating
+out of her owne braines to save mine, and not onely that, but so
+prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestowne,
+where I found about eight and thirty miserable poore and sicke
+creatures, to keepe possession of all those large territories of
+Virginia, such was the weaknesse of this poore Commonwealth, as had
+the Salvages not fed us, we directly had starved.
+
+"And this reliefe, most gracious Queene, was commonly brought us by
+this Lady Pocahontas, notwithstanding all these passages when
+inconstant Fortune turned our Peace to warre, this tender Virgin
+would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jarres have
+been oft appeased, and our wants still supplyed; were it the policie
+of her father thus to imploy her, or the ordinance of God thus to
+make her his instrument, or her extraordinarie affection to our
+Nation, I know not: but of this I am sure: when her father with the
+utmost of his policie and power, sought to surprize mee, having but
+eighteene with mee, the dark night could not affright her from
+comming through the irksome woods, and with watered eies gave me
+intilligence, with her best advice to escape his furie: which had hee
+known hee had surely slaine her.  Jamestowne with her wild traine she
+as freely frequented, as her father's habitation: and during the time
+of two or three yeares, she next under God, was still the instrument
+to preserve this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion,
+which if in those times had once beene dissolved, Virginia might have
+laine as it was at our first arrivall to this day.  Since then, this
+buisinesse having been turned and varied by many accidents from that
+I left it at: it is most certaine, after a long and troublesome warre
+after my departure, betwixt her father and our Colonie, all which
+time shee was not heard of, about two yeeres longer, the Colonie by
+that meanes was releived, peace concluded, and at last rejecting her
+barbarous condition, was maried to an English Gentleman, with whom at
+this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of that
+Nation, the first Virginian ever spake English, or had a childe in
+mariage by an Englishman, a matter surely, if my meaning bee truly
+considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.
+
+"Thus most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majestic, what at
+your best leasure our approved Histories will account you at large,
+and done in the time of your Majesties life, and however this might
+bee presented you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more
+honest heart, as yet I never begged anything of the State, or any,
+and it is my want of abilitie and her exceeding desert, your birth,
+meanes, and authoritie, her birth, vertue, want and simplicitie, doth
+make mee thus bold, humbly to beseech your Majestic: to take this
+knowledge of her though it be from one so unworthy to be the
+reporter, as myselfe, her husband's estate not being able to make her
+fit to attend your Majestic: the most and least I can doe, is to tell
+you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myselfe: and the
+rather being of so great a spirit, however her station: if she should
+not be well received, seeing this Kingdome may rightly have a
+Kingdome by her meanes: her present love to us and Christianitie,
+might turne to such scorne and furie, as to divert all this good to
+the worst of evill, when finding so great a Queene should doe her
+some honour more than she can imagine, for being so kinde to your
+servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endeare
+her dearest bloud to effect that, your Majestic and all the Kings
+honest subjects most earnestly desire: and so I humbly kisse your
+gracious hands."
+
+The passage in this letter, "She hazarded the beating out of her owne
+braines to save mine," is inconsistent with the preceding portion of
+the paragraph which speaks of "the exceeding great courtesie" of
+Powhatan; and Smith was quite capable of inserting it afterwards when
+he made up his
+
+"General Historie."
+
+Smith represents himself at this time--the last half of 1616 and the
+first three months of 1617--as preparing to attempt a third voyage to
+New England (which he did not make), and too busy to do Pocahontas
+the service she desired.  She was staying at Branford, either from
+neglect of the company or because the London smoke disagreed with
+her, and there Smith went to see her.  His account of his intercourse
+with her, the only one we have, must be given for what it is worth.
+According to this she had supposed Smith dead, and took umbrage at
+his neglect of her.  He writes:
+
+"After a modest salutation, without any word, she turned about,
+obscured her face, as not seeming well contented; and in that humour,
+her husband with divers others, we all left her two or three hours
+repenting myself to have writ she could speak English.  But not long
+after she began to talke, remembering me well what courtesies she had
+done: saying, 'You did promise Powhatan what was yours should be his,
+and he the like to you; you called him father, being in his land a
+stranger, and by the same reason so must I do you:' which though I
+would have excused, I durst not allow of that title, because she was
+a king's daughter.  With a well set countenance she said: 'Were you
+not afraid to come into my father's country and cause fear in him and
+all his people (but me), and fear you have I should call you father;
+I tell you then I will, and you shall call me childe, and so I will
+be forever and ever, your contrieman.  They did tell me alwaies you
+were dead, and I knew no other till I came to Plymouth, yet Powhatan
+did command Uttamatomakkin to seek you, and know the truth, because
+your countriemen will lie much."'
+
+This savage was the Tomocomo spoken of above, who had been sent by
+Powhatan to take a census of the people of England, and report what
+they and their state were.  At Plymouth he got a long stick and began
+to make notches in it for the people he saw.  But he was quickly
+weary of that task.  He told Smith that Powhatan bade him seek him
+out, and get him to show him his God, and the King, Queen, and
+Prince, of whom Smith had told so much.  Smith put him off about
+showing his God, but said he had heard that he had seen the King.
+This the Indian denied, James probably not coming up to his idea of a
+king, till by circumstances he was convinced he had seen him.  Then
+he replied very sadly: "You gave Powhatan a white dog, which Powhatan
+fed as himself, but your king gave me nothing, and I am better than
+your white dog."
+
+Smith adds that he took several courtiers to see Pocahontas, and
+"they did think God had a great hand in her conversion, and they have
+seen many English ladies worse favoured, proportioned, and
+behavioured;" and he heard that it had pleased the King and Queen
+greatly to esteem her, as also Lord and Lady Delaware, and other
+persons of good quality, both at the masques and otherwise.
+
+Much has been said about the reception of Pocahontas in London, but
+the contemporary notices of her are scant.  The Indians were objects
+of curiosity for a time in London, as odd Americans have often been
+since, and the rank of Pocahontas procured her special attention.
+She was presented at court.  She was entertained by Dr. King, Bishop
+of London.  At the playing of Ben Jonson's "Christmas his Mask" at
+court, January 6, 1616-17, Pocahontas and Tomocomo were both present,
+and Chamberlain writes to Carleton: "The Virginian woman Pocahuntas
+with her father counsellor have been with the King and graciously
+used, and both she and her assistant were pleased at the Masque.  She
+is upon her return though sore against her will, if the wind would
+about to send her away."
+
+Mr. Neill says that "after the first weeks of her residence in
+England she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Rolfe by
+the letter writers," and the Rev. Peter Fontaine says that "when they
+heard that Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in
+council whether he had not committed high treason by so doing, that
+is marrying an Indian princesse."
+
+It was like James to think so.  His interest in the colony was never
+the most intelligent, and apt to be in things trivial.  Lord
+Southampton (Dec. 15, 1609) writes to Lord Salisbury that he had told
+the King of the Virginia squirrels brought into England, which are
+said to fly.  The King very earnestly asked if none were provided for
+him, and said he was sure Salisbury would get him one.  Would not
+have troubled him, "but that you know so well how he is affected to
+these toys."
+
+There has been recently found in the British Museum a print of a
+portrait of Pocahontas, with a legend round it in Latin, which is
+translated: "Matoaka, alias Rebecka, Daughter of Prince Powhatan,
+Emperor of Virginia; converted to Christianity, married Mr. Rolff;
+died on shipboard at Gravesend 1617."  This is doubtless the portrait
+engraved by Simon De Passe in 1616, and now inserted in the extant
+copies of the London edition of the "General Historie," 1624.  It is
+not probable that the portrait was originally published with the
+"General Historie."  The portrait inserted in the edition of 1624 has
+this inscription:
+
+Round the portrait:
+
+"Matoaka als Rebecca Filia Potentiss Princ: Pohatani Imp: Virginim."
+
+In the oval, under the portrait:
+
+                 "Aetatis suae 21 A.
+                       1616"
+Below:
+
+"Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan
+Emprour of Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in
+the Christian faith, and wife to the worth Mr. job Rolff.
+i: Pass: sculp.                     Compton Holland excud."
+
+
+Camden in his "History of Gravesend" says that everybody paid this
+young lady all imaginable respect, and it was believed she would have
+sufficiently acknowledged those favors, had she lived to return to
+her own country, by bringing the Indians to a kinder disposition
+toward the English; and that she died, "giving testimony all the
+time she lay sick, of her being a very good Christian."
+
+The Lady Rebecka, as she was called in London, died on shipboard at
+Gravesend after a brief illness, said to be of only three days,
+probably on the 21st of March, 1617.  I have seen somewhere a
+statement, which I cannot confirm, that her disease was smallpox.
+St.  George's Church, where she was buried, was destroyed by fire in
+1727.  The register of that church has this record:
+
+
+             "1616, May 21 Rebecca Wrothe
+               Wyff of Thomas Wroth gent
+         A Virginia lady borne, here was buried
+                   in ye chaunncle."
+
+Yet there is no doubt, according to a record in the Calendar of State
+Papers, dated "1617, 29 March, London," that her death occurred March
+21, 1617.
+
+John Rolfe was made Secretary of Virginia when Captain Argall became
+Governor, and seems to have been associated in the schemes of that
+unscrupulous person and to have forfeited the good opinion of the
+company.  August 23, 1618, the company wrote to Argall: "We cannot
+imagine why you should give us warning that Opechankano and the
+natives have given the country to Mr. Rolfe's child, and that they
+reserve it from all others till he comes of years except as we
+suppose as some do here report it be a device of your own, to some
+special purpose for yourself."  It appears also by the minutes of the
+company in 1621 that Lady Delaware had trouble to recover goods of
+hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia, and desired a commission
+directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr. George Sandys to examine what
+goods of the late "Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and
+get satisfaction of him."  This George Sandys is the famous traveler
+who made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610, and who wrote,
+while living in Virginia, the first book written in the New World,
+the completion of his translation of Ovid's "Metamorphosis."
+
+John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622, leaving a wife and children.
+This is supposed to be his third wife, though there is no note of his
+marriage to her nor of the death of his first.  October 7, 1622, his
+brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be
+converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his
+own indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's
+daughter.
+
+This child, named Thomas Rolfe, was given after the death of
+Pocahontas to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth, who fell
+into evil practices, and the boy was transferred to the guardianship
+of his uncle Henry Rolfe, and educated in London.  When he was grown
+up he returned to Virginia, and was probably there married.  There is
+on record his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for
+leave to go into the Indian country and visit Cleopatra, his mother's
+sister.  He left an only daughter who was married, says Stith (1753),
+"to Col. John Bolling; by whom she left an only son, the late Major
+John Bolling, who was father to the present Col. John Bolling, and
+several daughters, married to Col. Richard Randolph, Col. John
+Fleming, Dr. William Gay, Mr. Thomas Eldridge, and Mr. James Murray."
+Campbell in his "History of Virginia" says that the first Randolph
+that came to the James River was an esteemed and industrious
+mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of the
+celebrated John Randolph, married Jane Bolling, the great
+granddaughter of Pocahontas.
+
+In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with
+fighting and the savage delights of life.  He had many names and
+titles; his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack, sometimes
+Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk.  He ruled,
+by inheritance and conquest, with many chiefs under him, over a large
+territory with not defined borders, lying on the James, the York, the
+Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the Pawtuxet Rivers.  He had several
+seats, at which he alternately lived with his many wives and guard of
+bowmen, the chief of which at the arrival of the English was
+Werowomocomo, on the Pamunkey (York) River.  His state has been
+sufficiently described.  He is said to have had a hundred wives, and
+generally a dozen--the youngest--personally attending him.  When he
+had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient
+oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest
+maidens to be brought from whom to select.  And he gave the wives of
+whom he was tired to his favorites.
+
+Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about
+1610: "He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking, though well beaten
+with cold and stormeye winters, in which he hath been patient of many
+necessityes and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely
+great.  He is supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old, I
+dare not saye how much more; others saye he is of a tall stature and
+cleane lymbes, of a sad aspect, rownd fatt visaged, with graie
+haires, but plaine and thin, hanging upon his broad showlders; some
+few haires upon his chin, and so on his upper lippe: he hath been a
+strong and able salvadge, synowye, vigilant, ambitious, subtile to
+enlarge his dominions:....  cruell he hath been, and quarellous as
+well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles, and that to strike a
+terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion, as also with
+his neighbors in his younger days, though now delighted in security
+and pleasure, and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of
+peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him, and is
+likewise more quietly settled amongst his own."
+
+It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young
+wives whom Strachey names.  All his people obeyed him with fear and
+adoration, presenting anything he ordered at his feet, and trembling
+if he frowned.  His punishments were cruel; offenders were beaten to
+death before him, or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint, or
+broiled to death on burning coals.  Strachey wondered how such a
+barbarous prince should put on such ostentation of majesty, yet he
+accounted for it as belonging to the necessary divinity that doth
+hedge in a king: "Such is (I believe) the impression of the divine
+nature, and however these (as other heathens forsaken by the true
+light) have not that porcion of the knowing blessed Christian
+spiritt, yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of divinities
+and extraordinary (appointed that it shall be so by the King of
+kings) to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth."
+
+Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the
+appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects, as they were observed
+by Strachey and Smith.  A sort of religion they had, with priests or
+conjurors, and houses set apart as temples, wherein images were kept
+and conjurations performed, but the ceremonies seem not worship, but
+propitiations against evil, and there seems to have been no
+conception of an overruling power or of an immortal life.  Smith
+describes a ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity; but
+this is doubtful, although Parson Whittaker, who calls the Indians
+"naked slaves of the devil," also says they sacrificed sometimes
+themselves and sometimes their own children.  An image of their god
+which he sent to England "was painted upon one side of a toadstool,
+much like unto a deformed monster."  And he adds: "Their priests,
+whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our English
+witches are."  This notion I believe also pertained among the New
+England colonists.  There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had
+some power over the elements, but not a well-regulated power, and in
+time the Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the
+invocations of the whites.  In "Winslow's Relation," quoted by
+Alexander Young in his "Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers," under
+date of July, 1623, we read that on account of a great drought a fast
+day was appointed.  When the assembly met the sky was clear.  The
+exercise lasted eight or nine hours.  Before they broke up, owing to
+prayers the weather was overcast.  Next day began a long gentle rain.
+This the Indians seeing, admired the goodness of our God: "showing
+the difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the
+name of God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and
+tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the
+corn flat on the ground; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a
+manner, as they never observed the like."
+
+It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia, as it was
+of those in New England, that the Indians were born white, but that
+they got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments, made of
+earth and the juice of roots, with which they besmear themselves
+either according to the custom of the country or as a defense against
+the stinging of mosquitoes.  The women are of the same hue as the
+men, says Strachey; "howbeit, it is supposed neither of them
+naturally borne so discolored; for Captain Smith (lyving sometymes
+amongst them) affirmeth how they are from the womb indifferent white,
+but as the men, so doe the women," "dye and disguise themselves into
+this tawny cowler, esteeming it the best beauty to be nearest such a
+kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of," as the Greek women colored
+their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves with red;
+"howbeit [Strachey slyly adds] he or she that hath obtained the
+perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind
+of earth, yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious
+unto herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum, or other
+painting white and red, but they frindly communicate the secret and
+teach it one another."
+
+Thomas Lechford in his "Plain Dealing; or Newes from New England,"
+London, 1642, says: "They are of complexion swarthy and tawny; their
+children are borne white, but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors
+presently."
+
+The men are described as tall, straight, and of comely proportions;
+no beards; hair black, coarse, and thick; noses broad, flat, and full
+at the end; with big lips and wide mouths', yet nothing so unsightly
+as the Moors; and the women as having "handsome limbs, slender arms,
+pretty hands, and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their
+voices.  The men shaved their hair on the right side, the women
+acting as barbers, and left the hair full length on the left side,
+with a lock an ell long."  A Puritan divine--"New England's
+Plantation, 1630"--says of the Indians about him, "their hair is
+generally black, and cut before like our gentlewomen, and one lock
+longer than the rest, much like to our gentlemen, which fashion I
+think came from hence into England."
+
+Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract
+from Strachey, which is in substance what Smith writes:
+
+"Their eares they boare with wyde holes, commonly two or three, and
+in the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts, of
+white bone or shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wounde
+up hollowe, and with a grate pride, certaine fowles' legges, eagles,
+hawkes, turkeys, etc., with beasts clawes, bears, arrahacounes,
+squirrells, etc.  The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the
+cheeke to the full view, and some of their men there be who will
+weare in these holes a small greene and yellow-couloured live snake,
+neere half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping himself about
+his neck oftentymes familiarly, he suffreeth to kisse his lippes.
+Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle, and such like
+conundrums."
+
+This is the earliest use I find of our word "conundrum," and the
+sense it bears here may aid in discovering its origin.
+
+Powhatan is a very large figure in early Virginia history, and
+deserves his prominence.  He was an able and crafty savage, and made
+a good fight against the encroachments of the whites, but he was no
+match for the crafty Smith, nor the double-dealing of the Christians.
+There is something pathetic about the close of his life, his sorrow
+for the death of his daughter in a strange land, when he saw his
+territories overrun by the invaders, from whom he only asked peace,
+and the poor privilege of moving further away from them into the
+wilderness if they denied him peace.
+
+In the midst of this savagery Pocahontas blooms like a sweet, wild
+rose.  She was, like the Douglas, "tender and true."  Wanting
+apparently the cruel nature of her race generally, her heroic
+qualities were all of the heart.  No one of all the contemporary
+writers has anything but gentle words for her.  Barbarous and
+untaught she was like her comrades, but of a gentle nature.  Stripped
+of all the fictions which Captain Smith has woven into her story, and
+all the romantic suggestions which later writers have indulged in,
+she appears, in the light of the few facts that industry is able to
+gather concerning her, as a pleasing and unrestrained Indian girl,
+probablv not different from her savage sisters in her habits, but
+bright and gentle; struck with admiration at the appearance of the
+white men, and easily moved to pity them, and so inclined to a
+growing and lasting friendship for them; tractable and apt to learn
+refinements; accepting the new religion through love for those who
+taught it, and finally becoming in her maturity a well-balanced,
+sensible, dignified Christian woman.
+
+According to the long-accepted story of Pocahontas, she did something
+more than interfere to save from barbarous torture and death a
+stranger and a captive, who had forfeited his life by shooting those
+who opposed his invasion.  In all times, among the most savage tribes
+and in civilized society, women have been moved to heavenly pity by
+the sight of a prisoner, and risked life to save him--the impulse was
+as natural to a Highland lass as to an African maid.  Pocahontas went
+further than efforts to make peace between the superior race and her
+own.  When the whites forced the Indians to contribute from their
+scanty stores to the support of the invaders, and burned their
+dwellings and shot them on sight if they refused, the Indian maid
+sympathized with the exposed whites and warned them of stratagems
+against them; captured herself by a base violation of the laws of
+hospitality, she was easily reconciled to her situation, adopted the
+habits of the foreigners, married one of her captors, and in peace
+and in war cast in her lot with the strangers.  History has not
+preserved for us the Indian view of her conduct.
+
+It was no doubt fortunate for her, though perhaps not for the colony,
+that her romantic career ended by an early death, so that she always
+remains in history in the bloom of youth.  She did not live to be
+pained by the contrast, to which her eyes were opened, between her
+own and her adopted people, nor to learn what things could be done in
+the Christian name she loved, nor to see her husband in a less
+honorable light than she left him, nor to be involved in any way in
+the frightful massacre of 1622.  If she had remained in England after
+the novelty was over, she might have been subject to slights and
+mortifying neglect.  The struggles of the fighting colony could have
+brought her little but pain.  Dying when she did, she rounded out one
+of the prettiest romances of all history, and secured for her name
+the affection of a great nation, whose empire has spared little that
+belonged to her childhood and race, except the remembrance of her
+friendship for those who destroyed her people.
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Story of Pocahantas
+by Charles Dudley Warner
+
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