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+Title: Captain John Smith
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+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
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+Project Gutenberg's Captain John Smith by, Charles Dudley Warner
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+
+
+
+
+Captain John Smith
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+When I consented to prepare this volume for a series, which should
+deal with the notables of American history with some familiarity and
+disregard of historic gravity, I did not anticipate the seriousness
+of the task.  But investigation of the subject showed me that while
+Captain John Smith would lend himself easily enough to the purely
+facetious treatment, there were historic problems worthy of a
+different handling, and that if the life of Smith was to be written,
+an effort should be made to state the truth, and to disentangle the
+career of the adventurer from the fables and misrepresentations that
+have clustered about it.
+
+The extant biographies of Smith, and the portions of the history of
+Virginia that relate to him, all follow his own narrative, and accept
+his estimate of himself, and are little more than paraphrases of his
+story as told by himself.  But within the last twenty years some new
+contemporary evidence has come to light, and special scholars have
+expended much critical research upon different portions of his
+career.  The result of this modern investigation has been to
+discredit much of the romance gathered about Smith and Pocahontas,
+and a good deal to reduce his heroic proportions.  A vague report of-
+-these scholarly studies has gone abroad, but no effort has been made
+to tell the real story of Smith as a connected whole in the light of
+the new researches.
+
+This volume is an effort to put in popular form the truth about
+Smith's adventures, and to estimate his exploits and character.  For
+this purpose I have depended almost entirely upon original
+contemporary material, illumined as it now is by the labors of
+special editors.  I believe that I have read everything that is
+attributed to his pen, and have compared his own accounts with other
+contemporary narratives, and I think I have omitted the perusal of
+little that could throw any light upon his life or character.  For
+the early part of his career--before he came to Virginia--there is
+absolutely no authority except Smith himself; but when he emerges
+from romance into history, he can be followed and checked by
+contemporary evidence.  If he was always and uniformly untrustworthy
+it would be less perplexing to follow him, but his liability to tell
+the truth when vanity or prejudice does not interfere is annoying to
+the careful student.
+
+As far as possible I have endeavored to let the actors in these pages
+tell their own story, and I have quoted freely from Capt. Smith
+himself, because it is as a writer that he is to be judged no less
+than as an actor.  His development of the Pocahontas legend has been
+carefully traced, and all the known facts about that Indian--or
+Indese, as some of the old chroniclers call the female North
+Americans--have been consecutively set forth in separate chapters.
+The book is not a history of early Virginia, nor of the times of
+Smith, but merely a study of his life and writings.  If my estimate
+of the character of Smith is not that which his biographers have
+entertained, and differs from his own candid opinion, I can only
+plead that contemporary evidence and a collation of his own stories
+show that he was mistaken.  I am not aware that there has been before
+any systematic effort to collate his different accounts of his
+exploits.  If he had ever undertaken the task, he might have
+disturbed that serene opinion of himself which marks him as a man who
+realized his own ideals.
+
+The works used in this study are, first, the writings of Smith, which
+are as follows:
+
+"A True Relation," etc., London, 1608.
+
+"A Map of Virginia, Description and Appendix," Oxford, 1612.
+
+"A Description of New England," etc., London, 1616.
+
+"New England's Trials," etc., London, 1620.  Second edition,
+enlarged, 1622.
+
+"The Generall Historie," etc., London, 1624.  Reissued, with date of
+title-page altered, in 1626, 1627, and twice in 1632.
+
+"An Accidence: or, The Pathway to Experience," etc., London, 1626.
+
+"A Sea Grammar," etc., London, 1627.  Also editions in 1653 and 1699.
+
+"The True Travels," etc., London, 1630.
+
+"Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England," etc.,
+London, 1631.
+
+
+Other authorities are:
+
+"The Historie of Travaile into Virginia," etc., by William Strachey,
+Secretary of the colony 1609 to 1612.  First printed for the Hakluyt
+Society, London, 1849.
+
+"Newport's Relatyon," 1607.  Am.  Ant.  Soc., Vol.  4.
+
+"Wingfield's Discourse," etc., 1607.  Am.  Ant.  Soc., Vol. 4.
+
+"Purchas his Pilgrimage," London, 1613.
+
+"Purchas his Pilgrimes," London, 1625-6.
+
+"Ralph Hamor's True Discourse," etc., London, 1615.
+
+"Relation of Virginia," by Henry Spelman, 1609.  First printed by J.
+F. Hunnewell, London, 1872.
+
+"History of the Virginia Company in London," by Edward D.  Neill,
+Albany, 1869.
+
+"William Stith's History of Virginia," 1753, has been consulted for
+the charters and letters-patent. The Pocahontas discussion has been
+followed in many magazine papers.  I am greatly indebted to the
+scholarly labors of Charles Deane, LL.D., the accomplished editor of
+the "True Relation," and other Virginia monographs.  I wish also to
+acknowledge the courtesy of the librarians of the Astor, the Lenox,
+the New York Historical, Yale, and Cornell libraries, and of Dr. J.
+Hammond Trumbull, the custodian of the Brinley collection, and the
+kindness of Mr. S. L. M. Barlow of New York, who is ever ready to
+give students access to his rich "Americana."
+
+C.  D.  W.
+HARTFORD, June, 1881
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
+
+
+
+
+BIRTH AND TRAINING
+
+Fortunate is the hero who links his name romantically with that of a
+woman.  A tender interest in his fame is assured.  Still more
+fortunate is he if he is able to record his own achievements and give
+to them that form and color and importance which they assume in his
+own gallant consciousness.  Captain John Smith, the first of an
+honored name, had this double good fortune.
+
+We are indebted to him for the glowing picture of a knight-errant of
+the sixteenth century, moving with the port of a swash-buckler across
+the field of vision, wherever cities were to be taken and heads
+cracked in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and, in the language of one of
+his laureates
+
+         "To see bright honor sparkled all in gore."
+
+But we are specially his debtor for adventures on our own continent,
+narrated with naivete and vigor by a pen as direct and clear-cutting
+as the sword with which he shaved off the heads of the Turks, and for
+one of the few romances that illumine our early history.
+
+Captain John Smith understood his good fortune in being the recorder
+of his own deeds, and he preceded Lord Beaconsfield (in "Endymion")
+in his appreciation of the value of the influence of women upon the
+career of a hero.  In the dedication of his "General Historie" to
+Frances, Duchess of Richmond, he says:
+
+"I have deeply hazarded myself in doing and suffering, and why should
+I sticke to hazard my reputation in recording?  He that acteth two
+parts is the more borne withall  if he come short, or fayle in one of
+them.  Where shall we looke to finde a Julius Caesar whose
+atchievments shine as cleare in his owne Commentaries, as they did in
+the field?  I confesse, my hand though able to wield a weapon among
+the Barbarous, yet well may tremble in handling a Pen among so many
+judicious; especially when I am so bold as to call so piercing and so
+glorious an Eye, as your Grace, to view these poore ragged lines.
+Yet my comfort is that heretofore honorable and vertuous Ladies, and
+comparable but amongst themselves, have offered me rescue and
+protection in my greatest dangers: even in forraine parts, I have
+felt reliefe from that sex.  The beauteous Lady Tragabigzanda, when I
+was a slave to the Turks, did all she could to secure me.  When I
+overcame the Bashaw of Nalbrits in Tartaria, the charitable Lady
+Callamata supplyed my necessities.  In the utmost of my extremities,
+that blessed Pokahontas, the great King's daughter of Virginia, oft
+saved my life.  When I escaped the cruelties of Pirats and most
+furious stormes, a long time alone in a small Boat at Sea, and driven
+ashore in France, the good Lady Chanoyes bountifully assisted me."
+
+
+It is stated in his "True Travels" that John Smith was born in
+Willoughby, in Lincolnshire.  The year of his birth is not given, but
+it was probably in 1579, as it appears by the portrait prefixed to
+that work that he was aged 37 years in 1616.  We are able to add also
+that the rector of the Willoughby Rectory, Alford, finds in the
+register an entry of the baptism of John, son of George Smith, under
+date of Jan. 9, 1579.  His biographers, following his account,
+represent him as of ancient lineage: "His father actually descended
+from the ancient Smiths of Crudley in Lancashire, his mother from the
+Rickands at great Heck in Yorkshire;" but the circumstances of his
+boyhood would indicate that like many other men who have made
+themselves a name, his origin was humble.  If it had been otherwise
+he would scarcely have been bound as an apprentice, nor had so much
+difficulty in his advancement.  But the boy was born with a merry
+disposition, and in his earliest years was impatient for adventure.
+The desire to rove was doubtless increased by the nature of his
+native shire, which offered every inducement to the lad of spirit to
+leave it.
+
+Lincolnshire is the most uninteresting part of all England.  It is
+frequently water-logged till late in the summer: invisible a part of
+the year, when it emerges it is mostly a dreary flat.  Willoughby is
+a considerable village in this shire, situated about three miles and
+a half southeastward from Alford.  It stands just on the edge of the
+chalk hills whose drives gently slope down to the German Ocean, and
+the scenery around offers an unvarying expanse of flats.  All the
+villages in this part of Lincolnshire exhibit the same character.
+The name ends in by, the Danish word for hamlet or small village, and
+we can measure the progress of the Danish invasion of England by the
+number of towns which have the terminal by, distinguished from the
+Saxon thorpe, which generally ends the name of villages in Yorkshire.
+The population may be said to be Danish light-haired and blue-eyed.
+Such was John Smith.  The sea was the natural element of his
+neighbors, and John when a boy must have heard many stories of the
+sea and enticing adventures told by the sturdy mariners who were
+recruited from the neighborhood of Willoughby, and whose oars had
+often cloven the Baltic Sea.
+
+Willoughby boasts some antiquity.  Its church is a spacious
+structure, with a nave, north and south aisles, and a chancel, and a
+tower at the west end.  In the floor is a stone with a Latin
+inscription, in black letter, round the verge, to the memory of one
+Gilbert West, who died in 1404.  The church is dedicated to St.
+Helen.  In the village the Wesleyan Methodists also have a place of
+worship.  According to the parliamentary returns of 1825, the parish
+including the hamlet of Sloothby contained 108 houses and 514
+inhabitants.  All the churches in Lincolnshire indicate the existence
+of a much larger population who were in the habit of attending
+service than exists at present.  Many of these now empty are of size
+sufficient to accommodate the entire population of several villages.
+Such a one is Willoughby, which unites in its church the adjacent
+village of Sloothby.
+
+The stories of the sailors and the contiguity of the salt water had
+more influence on the boy's mind than the free, schools of Alford and
+Louth which he attended, and when he was about thirteen he sold his
+books and satchel and intended to run away to sea: but the death of
+his father stayed him.  Both his parents being now dead, he was left
+with, he says, competent means; but his guardians regarding his
+estate more than himself, gave him full liberty and no money, so that
+he was forced to stay at home.
+
+At the age of fifteen he was bound apprentice to Mr. Thomas S.
+Tendall of Lynn.  The articles, however, did not bind him very fast,
+for as his master refused to send him to sea, John took leave of his
+master and did not see him again for eight years.  These details
+exhibit in the boy the headstrong independence of the man.
+
+At length he found means to attach himself to a young son of the
+great soldier, Lord Willoughby, who was going into France.  The
+narrative is not clear, but it appears that upon reaching Orleans, in
+a month or so the services of John were found to be of no value, and
+he was sent back to his friends, who on his return generously gave
+him ten shillings (out of his own estate) to be rid of him.  He is
+next heard of enjoying his liberty at Paris and making the
+acquaintance of a Scotchman named David Hume, who used his purse--ten
+shillings went a long ways in those days--and in return gave him
+letters of commendation to prefer him to King James.  But the boy had
+a disinclination to go where he was sent.  Reaching Rouen, and being
+nearly out of money, he dropped down the river to Havre de Grace, and
+began to learn to be a soldier.
+
+Smith says not a word of the great war of the Leaguers and Henry IV.,
+nor on which side he fought, nor is it probable that he cared.  But
+he was doubtless on the side of Henry, as Havre was at this time in
+possession of that soldier.  Our adventurer not only makes no
+reference to the great religious war, nor to the League, nor to
+Henry, but he does not tell who held Paris when he visited it.
+Apparently state affairs did not interest him.  His reference to a
+"peace" helps us to fix the date of his first adventure in France.
+Henry published the Edict of Nantes at Paris, April 13, 1598, and on
+the 2d of May following, concluded the treaty of France with Philip
+II. at Vervins, which closed the Spanish pretensions in France.  The
+Duc de Mercoeur (of whom we shall hear later as Smith's "Duke of
+Mercury" in Hungary), Duke of Lorraine, was allied with the Guises in
+the League, and had the design of holding Bretagne under Spanish
+protection.  However, fortune was against him and he submitted to
+Henry in February, 1598, with no good grace.  Looking about for an
+opportunity to distinguish himself, he offered his services to the
+Emperor Rudolph to fight the Turks, and it is said led an army of his
+French followers, numbering 15,000, in 1601, to Hungary, to raise the
+siege of Coniza, which was beleaguered by Ibrahim Pasha with 60,000
+men.
+
+Chance of fighting and pay failing in France by reason of the peace,
+he enrolled himself under the banner of one of the roving and
+fighting captains of the time, who sold their swords in the best
+market, and went over into the Low Countries, where he hacked and
+hewed away at his fellow-men, all in the way of business, for three
+or four years.  At the end of that time he bethought himself that he
+had not delivered his letters to Scotland.  He embarked at Aucusan
+for Leith, and seems to have been shipwrecked, and detained by
+illness in the "holy isle" in Northumberland, near Barwick.  On his
+recovery he delivered his letters, and received kind treatment from
+the Scots; but as he had no money, which was needed to make his way
+as a courtier, he returned to Willoughby.
+
+The family of Smith is so "ancient" that the historians of the county
+of Lincoln do not allude to it, and only devote a brief paragraph to
+the great John himself.  Willoughby must have been a dull place to
+him after his adventures, but he says he was glutted with company,
+and retired into a woody pasture, surrounded by forests, a good ways
+from any town, and there built himself a pavilion of boughs--less
+substantial than the cabin of Thoreau at Walden Pond--and there he
+heroically slept in his clothes, studied Machiavelli's "Art of War,"
+read "Marcus Aurelius," and exercised on his horse with lance and
+ring.  This solitary conduct got him the name of a hermit, whose food
+was thought to be more of venison than anything else, but in fact his
+men kept him supplied with provisions.  When John had indulged in
+this ostentatious seclusion for a time, he allowed himself to be
+drawn out of it by the charming discourse of a noble Italian named
+Theodore Palaloga, who just then was Rider to Henry, Earl of Lincoln,
+and went to stay with him at Tattershall.  This was an ancient town,
+with a castle, which belonged to the Earls of Lincoln, and was
+situated on the River Bane, only fourteen miles from Boston, a name
+that at once establishes a connection between Smith's native county
+and our own country, for it is nearly as certain that St. Botolph
+founded a monastery at Boston, Lincoln, in the year 654, as it is
+that he founded a club afterwards in Boston, Massachusetts.
+
+Whatever were the pleasures of Tattershall, they could not long
+content the restless Smith, who soon set out again for the
+Netherlands in search of adventures.
+
+The life of Smith, as it is related by himself, reads like that of a
+belligerent tramp, but it was not uncommon in his day, nor is it in
+ours, whenever America produces soldiers of fortune who are ready,
+for a compensation, to take up the quarrels of Egyptians or Chinese,
+or go wherever there is fighting and booty.  Smith could now handle
+arms and ride a horse, and longed to go against the Turks, whose
+anti-Christian contests filled his soul with lamentations; and
+besides he was tired of seeing Christians slaughter each other.  Like
+most heroes, he had a vivid imagination that made him credulous, and
+in the Netherlands he fell into the toils of three French gallants,
+one of whom pretended to be a great lord, attended by his gentlemen,
+who persuaded him to accompany them to the "Duchess of Mercury,"
+whose lord was then a general of Rodolphus of Hungary, whose favor
+they could command.  Embarking with these arrant cheats, the vessel
+reached the coast of Picardy, where his comrades contrived to take
+ashore their own baggage and Smith's trunk, containing his money and
+goodly apparel, leaving him on board.  When the captain, who was in
+the plot, was enabled to land Smith the next day, the noble lords had
+disappeared with the luggage, and Smith, who had only a single piece
+of gold in his pocket, was obliged to sell his cloak to pay his
+passage.
+
+Thus stripped, he roamed about Normandy in a forlorn condition,
+occasionally entertained by honorable persons who had heard of his
+misfortunes, and seeking always means of continuing his travels,
+wandering from port to port on the chance of embarking on a man-of-
+war.  Once he was found in a forest near dead with grief and cold,
+and rescued by a rich farmer; shortly afterwards, in a grove in
+Brittany, he chanced upon one of the gallants who had robbed him, and
+the two out swords and fell to cutting.  Smith had the satisfaction
+of wounding the rascal, and the inhabitants of a ruined tower near
+by, who witnessed the combat, were quite satisfied with the event.
+
+Our hero then sought out the Earl of Ployer, who had been brought up
+in England during the French wars, by whom he was refurnished better
+than ever.  After this streak of luck, he roamed about France,
+
+viewing the castles and strongholds, and at length embarked at
+Marseilles on a ship for Italy.  Rough weather coming on, the vessel
+anchored under the lee of the little isle St. Mary, off Nice, in
+Savoy.
+
+The passengers on board, among whom were many pilgrims bound for
+Rome, regarded Smith as a Jonah, cursed him for a Huguenot, swore
+that his nation were all pirates, railed against Queen Elizabeth, and
+declared that they never should have fair weather so long as he was
+on board.  To end the dispute, they threw him into the sea.  But God
+got him ashore on the little island, whose only inhabitants were
+goats and a few kine.  The next day a couple of trading vessels
+anchored near, and he was taken off and so kindly used that he
+decided to cast in his fortune with them.  Smith's discourse of his
+adventures so entertained the master of one of the vessels, who is
+described as "this noble Britaine, his neighbor, Captaine la Roche,
+of Saint Malo," that the much-tossed wanderer was accepted as a
+friend.  They sailed to the Gulf of Turin, to Alessandria, where they
+discharged freight, then up to Scanderoon, and coasting for some time
+among the Grecian islands, evidently in search of more freight, they
+at length came round to Cephalonia, and lay to for some days betwixt
+the isle of Corfu and the Cape of Otranto.  Here it presently
+appeared what sort of freight the noble Britaine, Captain la Roche,
+was looking for.
+
+An argosy of Venice hove in sight, and Captaine la Roche desired to
+speak to her.  The reply was so "untoward" that a man was slain,
+whereupon the Britaine gave the argosy a broadside, and then his
+stem, and then other broadsides.  A lively fight ensued, in which the
+Britaine lost fifteen men, and the argosy twenty, and then
+surrendered to save herself from sinking.  The noble Britaine and
+John Smith then proceeded to rifle her.  He says that "the Silkes,
+Velvets, Cloth of Gold, and Tissue, Pyasters, Chiqueenes, and
+Suitanies, which is gold and silver, they unloaded in four-and-twenty
+hours was wonderful, whereof having sufficient, and tired with toils,
+they cast her off with her company, with as much good merchandise as
+would have freighted another Britaine, that was but two hundred
+Tunnes, she four or five hundred."  Smith's share of this booty was
+modest.  When the ship returned he was set ashore at "the Road of
+Antibo in Piamon," "with five hundred chiqueenes [sequins] and a
+little box God sent him worth neere as much more."  He always
+devoutly acknowledged his dependence upon divine Providence, and took
+willingly what God sent him.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+FIGHTING IN HUNGARY
+
+Smith being thus "refurnished," made the tour of Italy, satisfied
+himself with the rarities of Rome, where he saw Pope Clement the
+Eighth and many cardinals creep up the holy stairs, and with the fair
+city of Naples and the kingdom's nobility; and passing through the
+north he came into Styria, to the Court of Archduke Ferdinand; and,
+introduced by an Englishman and an Irish Jesuit to the notice of
+Baron Kisell, general of artillery, he obtained employment, and went
+to Vienna with Colonel Voldo, Earl of Meldritch, with whose regiment
+he was to serve.
+
+He was now on the threshold of his long-desired campaign against the
+Turks.  The arrival on the scene of this young man, who was scarcely
+out of his teens, was a shadow of disaster to the Turks.  They had
+been carrying all before them.  Rudolph II., Emperor of Germany, was
+a weak and irresolute character, and no match for the enterprising
+Sultan, Mahomet III., who was then conducting the invasion of Europe.
+The Emperor's brother, the Archduke Mathias, who was to succeed him,
+and Ferdinand, Duke of Styria, also to become Emperor of Germany,
+were much abler men, and maintained a good front against the Moslems
+in Lower Hungary, but the Turks all the time steadily advanced.  They
+had long occupied Buda (Pesth), and had been in possession of the
+stronghold of Alba Regalis for some sixty years.  Before Smith's
+advent they had captured the important city of Caniza, and just as he
+reached the ground they had besieged the town of Olumpagh, with two
+thousand men.  But the addition to the armies of Germany, France,
+Styria, and Hungary of John Smith, "this English gentleman," as he
+styles himself, put a new face on the war, and proved the ruin of the
+Turkish cause.  The Bashaw of Buda was soon to feel the effect of
+this re-enforcement.
+
+Caniza is a town in Lower Hungary, north of the River Drave, and just
+west of the Platen Sea, or Lake Balatin, as it is also called.  Due
+north of Caniza a few miles, on a bend of the little River Raab
+(which empties into the Danube), and south of the town of Kerment,
+lay Smith's town of Olumpagh, which we are able to identify on a map
+of the period as Olimacum or Oberlymback.  In this strong town the
+Turks had shut up the garrison under command of Governor Ebersbraught
+so closely that it was without intelligence or hope of succor.
+
+In this strait, the ingenious John Smith, who was present in the
+reconnoitering army in the regiment of the Earl of Meldritch, came to
+the aid of Baron Kisell, the general of artillery, with a plan of
+communication with the besieged garrison.  Fortunately Smith had made
+the acquaintance of Lord Ebersbraught at Gratza, in Styria, and had
+(he says) communicated to him a system of signaling a message by the
+use of torches.  Smith seems to have elaborated this method of
+signals, and providentially explained it to Lord Ebersbraught, as if
+he had a presentiment of the latter's use of it.  He divided the
+alphabet into two parts, from A to L and from M to Z.  Letters were
+indicated and words spelled by the means of torches: "The first part,
+from A to L, is signified by showing and holding one linke so oft as
+there is letters from A to that letter you name; the other part, from
+M to Z, is mentioned by two lights in like manner.  The end of a word
+is signifien by showing of three lights."
+
+General Kisell, inflamed by this strange invention, which Smith made
+plain to him, furnished him guides, who conducted him to a high
+mountain, seven miles distant from the town, where he flashed his
+torches and got a reply from the governor.  Smith signaled that they
+would charge on the east of the town in the night, and at the alarum
+Ebersbraught was to sally forth.  General Kisell doubted that he
+should be able to relieve the town by this means, as he had only ten
+thousand men; but Smith, whose fertile brain was now in full action,
+and who seems to have assumed charge of the campaign, hit upon a
+stratagem for the diversion and confusion of the Turks.
+
+On the side of the town opposite the proposed point of attack lay the
+plain of Hysnaburg (Eisnaburg on Ortelius's map).  Smith fastened two
+or three charred pieces of match to divers small lines of an hundred
+fathoms in length, armed with powder.  Each line was tied to a stake
+at each end.  After dusk these lines were set up on the plain, and
+being fired at the instant the alarm was given, they seemed to the
+Turks like so many rows of musketeers.  While the Turks therefore
+prepared to repel a great army from that side, Kisell attacked with
+his ten thousand men, Ebersbraught sallied out and fell upon the
+Turks in the trenches, all the enemy on that side were slain or
+drowned, or put to flight.  And while the Turks were busy routing
+Smith's sham musketeers, the Christians threw a couple of thousand
+troops into the town.  Whereupon the Turks broke up the siege and
+retired to Caniza.  For this exploit General Kisell received great
+honor at Kerment, and Smith was rewarded with the rank of captain,
+and the command of two hundred and fifty horsemen.  From this time
+our hero must figure as Captain John Smith.  The rank is not high,
+but he has made the title great, just as he has made the name of John
+Smith unique.
+
+After this there were rumors of peace for these tormented countries;
+but the Turks, who did not yet appreciate the nature of this force,
+called John Smith, that had come into the world against them, did not
+intend peace, but went on levying soldiers and launching them into
+Hungary.  To oppose these fresh invasions, Rudolph II., aided by the
+Christian princes, organized three armies: one led by the Archduke
+Mathias and his lieutenant, Duke Mercury, to defend Low Hungary; the
+second led by Ferdinand, the Archduke of Styria, and the Duke of
+Mantua, his lieutenant, to regain Caniza; the third by Gonzago,
+Governor of High Hungary, to join with Georgio Busca, to make an
+absolute conquest of Transylvania.
+
+In pursuance of this plan, Duke Mercury, with an army of thirty
+thousand, whereof nearly ten thousand were French, besieged Stowell-
+Weisenberg, otherwise called Alba Regalis, a place so strong by art
+and nature that it was thought impregnable.
+
+This stronghold, situated on the northeast of the Platen Sea, was,
+like Caniza and Oberlympack, one of the Turkish advanced posts, by
+means of which they pushed forward their operations from Buda on the
+Danube.
+
+This noble friend of Smith, the Duke of Mercury, whom Haylyn styles
+Duke Mercurio, seems to have puzzled the biographers of Smith.  In
+fact, the name of "Mercury" has given a mythological air to Smith's
+narration and aided to transfer it to the region of romance.  He was,
+however, as we have seen, identical with a historical character of
+some importance, for the services he rendered to the Church of Rome,
+and a commander of some considerable skill.  He is no other than
+Philip de Lorraine, Duc de Mercceur.'
+
+[So far as I know, Dr. Edward Eggleston was the first to identify
+him.  There is a sketch of him in the "Biographie Universelle," and a
+life with an account of his exploits in Hungary, entitled:
+Histoire de Duc Mercoeur, par Bruseles de Montplain Champs, Cologne,
+1689-97]
+
+At the siege of Alba Regalis, the Turks gained several successes by
+night sallies, and, as usual, it was not till Smith came to the front
+with one of his ingenious devices that the fortune of war changed.
+The Earl Meldritch, in whose regiment Smith served, having heard from
+some Christians who escaped from the town at what place there were
+the greatest assemblies and throngs of people in the city, caused
+Captain Smith to put in practice his "fiery dragons."  These
+instruments of destruction are carefully described: "Having prepared
+fortie or fiftie round-bellied earthen pots, and filled them with
+hand Gunpowder, then covered them with Pitch, mingled with Brimstone
+and Turpentine, and quartering as many Musket-bullets, that hung
+together but only at the center of the division, stucke them round in
+the mixture about the pots, and covered them againe with the same
+mixture, over that a strong sear-cloth, then over all a goode
+thicknesse of Towze-match, well tempered with oyle of Linseed,
+Campheer, and powder of Brimstone, these he fitly placed in slings,
+graduated so neere as they could to the places of these assemblies."
+
+These missiles of Smith's invention were flung at midnight, when the
+alarum was given, and "it was a perfect sight to see the short
+flaming course of their flight in the air, but presently after their
+fall, the lamentable noise of the miserable slaughtered Turkes was
+most wonderful to heare."
+
+While Smith was amusing the Turks in this manner, the Earl Rosworme
+planned an attack on the opposite suburb, which was defended by a
+muddy lake, supposed to be impassable.  Furnishing his men with
+bundles of sedge, which they threw before them as they advanced in
+the dark night, the lake was made passable, the suburb surprised, and
+the captured guns of the Turks were turned upon them in the city to
+which they had retreated.  The army of the Bashaw was cut to pieces
+and he himself captured.
+
+The Earl of Meldritch, having occupied the town, repaired the walls
+and the ruins of this famous city that had been in the possession of
+the Turks for some threescore years.
+
+It is not our purpose to attempt to trace the meteoric course of
+Captain Smith in all his campaigns against the Turks, only to
+indicate the large part he took in these famous wars for the
+possession of Eastern Europe.  The siege of Alba Regalis must have
+been about the year 1601--Smith never troubles himself with any
+dates--and while it was undecided, Mahomet III.--this was the prompt
+Sultan who made his position secure by putting to death nineteen of
+his brothers upon his accession--raised sixty thousand troops for its
+relief or its recovery.  The Duc de Mercoeur went out to meet this
+army, and encountered it in the plains of Girke.  In the first
+skirmishes the Earl Meldritch was very nearly cut off, although he
+made "his valour shine more bright than his armour, which seemed then
+painted with Turkish blood."  Smith himself was sore wounded and had
+his horse slain under him.  The campaign, at first favorable to the
+Turks, was inconclusive, and towards winter the Bashaw retired to
+Buda.  The Duc de Mercoeur then divided his army.  The Earl of
+Rosworme was sent to assist the Archduke Ferdinand, who was besieging
+Caniza; the Earl of Meldritch, with six thousand men, was sent to
+assist Georgio Busca against the Transylvanians; and the Duc de
+Mercoeur set out for France to raise new forces.  On his way he
+received great honor at Vienna, and staying overnight at Nuremberg,
+he was royally entertained by the Archdukes Mathias and Maximilian.
+The next morning after the feast--how it chanced is not known--he was
+found dead His brother-inlaw died two days afterwards, and the hearts
+of both, with much sorrow, were carried into France.
+
+We now come to the most important event in the life of Smith before
+he became an adventurer in Virginia, an event which shows Smith's
+readiness to put in practice the chivalry which had in the old
+chronicles influenced his boyish imagination; and we approach it with
+the satisfaction of knowing that it loses nothing in Smith's
+narration.
+
+It must be mentioned that Transylvania, which the Earl of Meldritch,
+accompanied by Captain Smith, set out to relieve, had long been in a
+disturbed condition, owing to internal dissensions, of which the
+Turks took advantage.  Transylvania, in fact, was a Turkish
+dependence, and it gives us an idea of the far reach of the Moslem
+influence in Europe, that Stephen VI., vaivode of Transylvania, was,
+on the commendation of Sultan Armurath III., chosen King of Poland.
+
+To go a little further back than the period of Smith's arrival, John
+II.  of Transylvania was a champion of the Turk, and an enemy of
+Ferdinand and his successors.  His successor, Stephen VI., surnamed
+Battori, or Bathor, was made vaivode by the Turks, and afterwards, as
+we have said, King of Poland.  He was succeeded in 1575 by his
+brother Christopher Battori, who was the first to drop the title of
+vaivode and assume that of Prince of Transylvania.  The son of
+Christopher, Sigismund Battori, shook off the Turkish bondage,
+defeated many of their armies, slew some of their pashas, and gained
+the title of the Scanderbeg of the times in which he lived.  Not able
+to hold out, however, against so potent an adversary, he resigned his
+estate to the Emperor Rudolph II., and received in exchange the
+dukedoms of Oppelon and Ratibor in Silesia, with an annual pension of
+fifty thousand joachims.  The pension not being well paid, Sigismund
+made another resignation of his principality to his cousin Andrew
+Battori, who had the ill luck to be slain within the year by the
+vaivode of Valentia.  Thereupon Rudolph, Emperor and King of Hungary,
+was acknowledged Prince of Transylvania.  But the Transylvania
+soldiers did not take kindly to a foreign prince, and behaved so
+unsoldierly that Sigismund was called back.  But he was unable to
+settle himself in his dominions, and the second time he left his
+country in the power of Rudolph and retired to Prague, where, in
+1615, he died unlamented.
+
+It was during this last effort of Sigismund to regain his position
+that the Earl of Meldritch, accompanied by Smith, went to
+Transylvania, with the intention of assisting Georgio Busca, who was
+the commander of the Emperor's party.  But finding Prince Sigismund
+in possession of the most territory and of the hearts of the people,
+the earl thought it best to assist the prince against the Turk,
+rather than Busca against the prince.  Especially was he inclined to
+that side by the offer of free liberty of booty for his worn and
+unpaid troops, of what they could get possession of from the Turks.
+
+This last consideration no doubt persuaded the troops that Sigismund
+had "so honest a cause."  The earl was born in Transylvania, and the
+Turks were then in possession of his father's country.  In this
+distracted state of the land, the frontiers had garrisons among the
+mountains, some of which held for the emperor, some for the prince,
+and some for the Turk.  The earl asked leave of the prince to make an
+attempt to regain his paternal estate.  The prince, glad of such an
+ally, made him camp-master of his army, and gave him leave to plunder
+the Turks.  Accordingly the earl began to make incursions of the
+frontiers into what Smith calls the Land of Zarkam--among rocky
+mountains, where were some Turks, some Tartars, but most Brandittoes,
+Renegadoes, and such like, which he forced into the Plains of Regall,
+where was a city of men and fortifications, strong in itself, and so
+environed with mountains that it had been impregnable in all these
+wars.
+
+It must be confessed that the historians and the map-makers did not
+always attach the importance that Smith did to the battles in which
+he was conspicuous, and we do not find the Land of Zarkam or the city
+of Regall in the contemporary chronicles or atlases.  But the region
+is sufficiently identified.  On the River Maruch, or Morusus, was the
+town of Alba Julia, or Weisenberg, the residence of the vaivode or
+Prince of Transylvania.  South of this capital was the town
+Millenberg, and southwest of this was a very strong fortress,
+commanding a narrow pass leading into Transylvania out of Hungary,
+probably where the River Maruct: broke through the mountains.  We
+infer that it was this pass that the earl captured by a stratagem,
+and carrying his army through it, began the siege of Regall in the
+plain.  "The earth no sooner put on her green habit," says our
+knight-errant," than the earl overspread her with his troops."
+Regall occupied a strong fortress on a promontory and the Christians
+encamped on the plain before it.
+
+In the conduct of this campaign, we pass at once into the age of
+chivalry, about which Smith had read so much.  We cannot but
+recognize that this is his opportunity.  His idle boyhood had been
+soaked in old romances, and he had set out in his youth to do what
+equally dreamy but less venturesome devourers of old chronicles were
+content to read about.  Everything arranged itself as Smith would
+have had it.  When the Christian army arrived, the Turks sallied out
+and gave it a lively welcome, which cost each side about fifteen
+hundred men.  Meldritch had but eight thousand soldiers, but he was
+re-enforced by the arrival of nine thousand more, with six-and-twenty
+pieces of ordnance, under Lord Zachel Moyses, the general of the
+army, who took command of the whole.
+
+After the first skirmish the Turks remained within their fortress,
+the guns of which commanded the plain, and the Christians spent a
+month in intrenching themselves and mounting their guns.
+
+The Turks, who taught Europe the art of civilized war, behaved all
+this time in a courtly and chivalric manner, exchanging with the
+besiegers wordy compliments until such time as the latter were ready
+to begin.  The Turks derided the slow progress of the works, inquired
+if their ordnance was in pawn, twitted them with growing fat for want
+of exercise, and expressed the fear that the Christians should depart
+without making an assault.
+
+In order to make the time pass pleasantly, and exactly in accordance
+with the tales of chivalry which Smith had read, the Turkish Bashaw
+in the fortress sent out his challenge: "That to delight the ladies,
+who did long to see some courtlike pastime, the Lord Tubashaw did
+defy any captaine that had the command of a company, who durst combat
+with him for his head."
+
+This handsome offer to swap heads was accepted; lots were cast for
+the honor of meeting the lord, and, fortunately for us, the choice
+fell upon an ardent fighter of twenty-three years, named Captain John
+Smith.  Nothing was wanting to give dignity to the spectacle.  Truce
+was made; the ramparts of this fortress-city in the mountains (which
+we cannot find on the map) were "all beset with faire Dames and men
+in Armes"; the Christians were drawn up in battle array; and upon the
+theatre thus prepared the Turkish Bashaw, armed and mounted, entered
+with a flourish of hautboys; on his shoulders were fixed a pair of
+great wings, compacted of eagles' feathers within a ridge of silver
+richly garnished with gold and precious stones; before him was a
+janissary bearing his lance, and a janissary walked at each side
+leading his steed.
+
+This gorgeous being Smith did not keep long waiting.  Riding into the
+field with a flourish of trumpets, and only a simple page to bear his
+lance, Smith favored the Bashaw with a courteous salute, took
+position, charged at the signal, and before the Bashaw could say
+"Jack Robinson," thrust his lance through the sight of his beaver,
+face, head and all, threw him dead to the ground, alighted, unbraced
+his helmet, and cut off his head.  The whole affair was over so
+suddenly that as a pastime for ladies it must have been
+disappointing.  The Turks came out and took the headless trunk, and
+Smith, according to the terms of the challenge, appropriated the head
+and presented it to General Moyses.
+
+This ceremonious but still hasty procedure excited the rage of one
+Grualgo, the friend of the Bashaw, who sent a particular challenge to
+Smith to regain his friend's head or lose his own, together with his
+horse and armor.  Our hero varied the combat this time.  The two
+combatants shivered lances and then took to pistols; Smith received a
+mark upon the "placard," but so wounded the Turk in his left arm that
+he was unable to rule his horse.  Smith then unhorsed him, cut off
+his head, took possession of head, horse, and armor, but returned the
+rich apparel and the body to his friends in the most gentlemanly
+manner.
+
+Captain Smith was perhaps too serious a knight to see the humor of
+these encounters, but he does not lack humor in describing them, and
+he adopted easily the witty courtesies of the code he was
+illustrating.  After he had gathered two heads, and the siege still
+dragged, he became in turn the challenger, in phrase as courteously
+and grimly facetious as was permissible, thus:
+
+"To delude time, Smith, with so many incontradictible perswading
+reasons, obtained leave that the Ladies might know he was not so much
+enamored of their servants' heads, but if any Turke of their ranke
+would come to the place of combat to redeem them, should have also
+his, upon like conditions, if he could winne it."
+
+This considerate invitation was accepted by a person whom Smith, with
+his usual contempt for names, calls "Bonny Mulgro."  It seems
+difficult to immortalize such an appellation, and it is a pity that
+we have not the real one of the third Turk whom Smith honored by
+killing.  But Bonny Mulgro, as we must call the worthiest foe that
+Smith's prowess encountered, appeared upon the field.  Smith
+understands working up a narration, and makes this combat long and
+doubtful.  The challenged party, who had the choice of weapons, had
+marked the destructiveness of his opponent's lance, and elected,
+therefore, to fight with pistols and battle-axes.  The pistols proved
+harmless, and then the battle-axes came in play, whose piercing bills
+made sometime the one, sometime the other, to have scarce sense to
+keep their saddles.  Smith received such a blow that he lost his
+battle-axe, whereat the Turks on the ramparts set up a great shout.
+"The Turk prosecuted his advantage to the utmost of his power; yet
+the other, what by the readiness of his horse, and his judgment and
+dexterity in such a business, beyond all men's expectations, by God's
+assistance, not only avoided the Turke's violence, but having drawn
+his Faulchion, pierced the Turke so under the Culets throrow backe
+and body, that although he alighted from his horse, he stood not long
+ere he lost his head, as the rest had done."
+
+There is nothing better than this in all the tales of chivalry, and
+John Smith's depreciation of his inability to equal Caesar in
+describing his own exploits, in his dedicatory letter to the Duchess
+of Richmond, must be taken as an excess of modesty.  We are prepared
+to hear that these beheadings gave such encouragement to the whole
+army that six thousand soldiers, with three led horses, each preceded
+by a soldier bearing a Turk's head on a lance, turned out as a guard
+to Smith and conducted him to the pavilion of the general, to whom he
+presented his trophies.  General Moyses (occasionally Smith calls him
+Moses) took him in his arms and embraced him with much respect, and
+gave him a fair horse, richly furnished, a scimeter, and a belt worth
+three hundred ducats.  And his colonel advanced him to the position
+of sergeant-major of his regiment.  If any detail was wanting to
+round out and reward this knightly performance in strict accord with
+the old romances, it was supplied by the subsequent handsome conduct
+of Prince Sigismund.
+
+When the Christians had mounted their guns and made a couple of
+breaches in the walls of Regall, General Moyses ordered an attack one
+dark night "by the light that proceeded from the murdering muskets
+and peace-making cannon."  The enemy were thus awaited, "whilst their
+slothful governor lay in a castle on top of a high mountain, and like
+a valiant prince asketh what's the matter, when horrour and death
+stood amazed at each other, to see who should prevail to make him
+victorious."  These descriptions show that Smith could handle the pen
+as well as the battleaxe, and distinguish him from the more vulgar
+fighters of his time.  The assault succeeded, but at great cost of
+life.  The Turks sent a flag of truce and desired a "composition,"
+but the earl, remembering the death of his father, continued to
+batter the town and when he took it put all the men in arms to the
+sword, and then set their heads upon stakes along the walls, the
+Turks having ornamented the walls with Christian heads when they
+captured the fortress.  Although the town afforded much pillage, the
+loss of so many troops so mixed the sour with the sweet that General
+Moyses could only allay his grief by sacking three other towns,
+Veratis, Solmos, and Kapronka.  Taking from these a couple of
+thousand prisoners, mostly women and children, Earl Moyses marched
+north to Weisenberg (Alba Julia), and camped near the palace of
+Prince Sigismund.
+
+When Sigismund Battori came out to view his army he was made
+acquainted with the signal services of Smith at "Olumpagh, Stowell-
+Weisenberg, and Regall," and rewarded him by conferring upon him,
+according to the law of--arms, a shield of arms with "three Turks'
+heads."  This was granted by a letter-patent, in Latin, which is
+dated at "Lipswick, in Misenland, December 9, 1603" It recites that
+Smith was taken captive by the Turks in Wallachia November 18, 1602;
+that he escaped and rejoined his fellow-soldiers.  This patent,
+therefore, was not given at Alba Julia, nor until Prince Sigismund
+had finally left his country, and when the Emperor was, in fact, the
+Prince of Transylvania.  Sigismund styles himself, by the grace of
+God, Duke of Transylvania, etc.  Appended to this patent, as
+published in Smith's "True Travels," is a certificate by William
+Segar, knight of the garter and principal king of arms of England,
+that he had seen this patent and had recorded a copy of it in the
+office of the Herald of Armes.  This certificate is dated August 19,
+1625, the year after the publication of the General Historie."
+
+Smith says that Prince Sigismund also gave him his picture in gold,
+and granted him an annual pension of three hundred ducats.  This
+promise of a pension was perhaps the most unsubstantial portion of
+his reward, for Sigismund himself became a pensioner shortly after
+the events last narrated.
+
+The last mention of Sigismund by Smith is after his escape from
+captivity in Tartaria, when this mirror of virtues had abdicated.
+Smith visited him at "Lipswicke in Misenland," and the Prince "gave
+him his Passe, intimating the service he had done, and the honors he
+had received, with fifteen hundred ducats of gold to repair his
+losses."  The "Passe" was doubtless the "Patent" before introduced,
+and we hear no word of the annual pension.
+
+Affairs in Transylvania did not mend even after the capture of
+Regall, and of the three Turks' heads, and the destruction of so many
+villages.  This fruitful and strong country was the prey of faction,
+and became little better than a desert under the ravages of the
+contending armies.  The Emperor Rudolph at last determined to conquer
+the country for himself, and sent Busca again with a large army.
+Sigismund finding himself poorly supported, treated again with the
+Emperor and agreed to retire to Silicia on a pension.  But the Earl
+Moyses, seeing no prospect of regaining his patrimony, and
+determining not to be under subjection to the Germans, led his troops
+against Busca, was defeated, and fled to join the Turks.  Upon this
+desertion the Prince delivered up all he had to Busca and retired to
+Prague.  Smith himself continued with the imperial party, in the
+regiment of Earl Meldritch.  About this time the Sultan sent one
+Jeremy to be vaivode of Wallachia, whose tyranny caused the people to
+rise against him, and he fled into Moldavia.  Busca proclaimed Lord
+Rodoll vaivode in his stead.  But Jeremy assembled an army of forty
+thousand Turks, Tartars, and Moldavians, and retired into Wallachia.
+Smith took active part in Rodoll's campaign to recover Wallachia, and
+narrates the savage war that ensued.  When the armies were encamped
+near each other at Raza and Argish, Rodoll cut off the heads of
+parties he captured going to the Turkish camp, and threw them into
+the enemy's trenches.  Jeremy retorted by skinning alive the
+Christian parties he captured, hung their skins upon poles, and their
+carcasses and heads on stakes by them.  In the first battle Rodoll
+was successful and established himself in Wallachia, but Jeremy
+rallied and began ravaging the country.  Earl Meldritch was sent
+against him, but the Turks' force was much superior, and the
+Christians were caught in a trap.  In order to reach Rodoll, who was
+at Rottenton, Meldritch with his small army was obliged to cut his
+way through the solid body of the enemy.  A device of Smith's
+assisted him.  He covered two or three hundred trunks--probably small
+branches of trees--with wild-fire.  These fixed upon the heads of
+lances and set on fire when the troops charged in the night, so
+terrified the horses of the Turks that they fled in dismay.
+Meldritch was for a moment victorious, but when within three leagues
+of Rottenton he was overpowered by forty thousand Turks, and the last
+desperate fight followed, in which nearly all the friends of the
+Prince were slain, and Smith himself was left for dead on the field.
+
+On this bloody field over thirty thousand lay headless, armless,
+legless, all cut and mangled, who gave knowledge to the world how
+dear the Turk paid for his conquest of Transylvania and Wallachia--a
+conquest that might have been averted if the three Christian armies
+had been joined against the "cruel devouring Turk."  Among the slain
+were many Englishmen, adventurers like the valiant Captain whom Smith
+names, men who "left there their bodies in testimony of their minds."
+And there, "Smith among the slaughtered dead bodies, and many a
+gasping soule with toils and wounds lay groaning among the rest, till
+being found by the Pillagers he was able to live, and perceiving by
+his armor and habit, his ransome might be better than his death, they
+led him prisoner with many others."  The captives were taken to
+Axopolis and all sold as slaves.  Smith was bought by Bashaw Bogall,
+who forwarded him by way of Adrianople to Constantinople, to be a
+slave to his mistress.  So chained by the necks in gangs of twenty
+they marched to the city of Constantine, where Smith was delivered
+over to the mistress of the Bashaw, the young Charatza Tragabigzanda.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CAPTIVITY AND WANDERING
+
+Our hero never stirs without encountering a romantic adventure.
+Noble ladies nearly always take pity on good-looking captains, and
+Smith was far from ill-favored.  The charming Charatza delighted to
+talk with her slave, for she could speak Italian, and would feign
+herself too sick to go to the bath, or to accompany the other women
+when they went to weep over the graves, as their custom is once a
+week, in order to stay at home to hear from Smith how it was that
+Bogall took him prisoner, as the Bashaw had written her, and whether
+Smith was a Bohemian lord conquered by the Bashaw's own hand, whose
+ransom could adorn her with the glory of her lover's conquests.
+Great must have been her disgust with Bogall when she heard that he
+had not captured this handsome prisoner, but had bought him in the
+slave-market at Axopolis.  Her compassion for her slave increased,
+and the hero thought he saw in her eyes a tender interest.  But she
+had no use for such a slave, and fearing her mother would sell him,
+she sent him to her brother, the Tymor Bashaw of Nalbrits in the
+country of Cambria, a province of Tartaria (wherever that may be).
+If all had gone on as Smith believed the kind lady intended, he might
+have been a great Bashaw and a mighty man in the Ottoman Empire, and
+we might never have heard of Pocahontas.  In sending him to her
+brother, it was her intention, for she told him so, that he should
+only sojourn in Nalbrits long enough to learn the language, and what
+it was to be a Turk, till time made her master of herself.  Smith
+himself does not dissent from this plan to metamorphose him into a
+Turk and the husband of the beautiful Charatza Tragabigzanda.  He had
+no doubt that he was commended to the kindest treatment by her
+brother; but Tymor "diverted all this to the worst of cruelty."
+Within an hour of his arrival, he was stripped naked, his head and
+face shaved as smooth as his hand, a ring of iron, with a long stake
+bowed like a sickle, riveted to his neck, and he was scantily clad in
+goat's skin.  There were many other slaves, but Smith being the last,
+was treated like a dog, and made the slave of slaves.
+
+The geographer is not able to follow Captain Smith to Nalbrits.
+Perhaps Smith himself would have been puzzled to make a map of his
+own career after he left Varna and passed the Black Sea and came
+through the straits of Niger into the Sea Disbacca, by some called
+the Lake Moetis, and then sailed some days up the River Bruapo to
+Cambria, and two days more to Nalbrits, where the Tyrnor resided.
+
+Smith wrote his travels in London nearly thirty years after, and it
+is difficult to say how much is the result of his own observation and
+how much he appropriated from preceding romances.  The Cambrians may
+have been the Cossacks, but his description of their habits and also
+those of the "Crym-Tartars" belongs to the marvels of Mandeville and
+other wide-eyed travelers.  Smith fared very badly with the Tymor.
+The Tymor and his friends ate pillaw; they esteemed "samboyses" and
+"musselbits" great dainties," and yet," exclaims Smith, "but round
+pies, full of all sorts of flesh they can get, chopped with variety
+of herbs."  Their best drink was "coffa" and sherbet, which is only
+honey and water.  The common victual of the others was the entrails
+of horses and "ulgries" (goats?) cut up and boiled in a caldron with
+"cuskus," a preparation made from grain.  This was served in great
+bowls set in the ground, and when the other prisoners had raked it
+thoroughly with their foul fists the remainder was given to the
+Christians.  The same dish of entrails used to be served not many
+years ago in Upper Egypt as a royal dish to entertain a distinguished
+guest.
+
+It might entertain but it would too long detain us to repeat Smith's
+information, probably all secondhand, about this barbarous region.
+We must confine ourselves to the fortunes of our hero.  All his hope
+of deliverance from thraldom was in the love of Tragabigzanda, whom
+he firmly believed was ignorant of his bad usage.  But she made no
+sign.  Providence at length opened a way for his escape.  He was
+employed in thrashing in a field more than a league from the Tymor's
+home.  The Bashaw used to come to visit his slave there, and beat,
+spurn, and revile him.  One day Smith, unable to control himself
+under these insults, rushed upon the Tymor, and beat out his brains
+with a thrashing bat--"for they had no flails," he explains--put on
+the dead man's clothes, hid the body in the straw, filled a knapsack
+with corn, mounted his horse and rode away into the unknown desert,
+where he wandered many days before he found a way out.  If we may
+believe Smith this wilderness was more civilized in one respect than
+some parts of our own land, for on all the crossings of the roads
+were guide-boards.  After traveling sixteen days on the road that
+leads to Muscova, Smith reached a Muscovite garrison on the River
+Don.  The governor knocked off the iron from his neck and used him so
+kindly that he thought himself now risen from the dead.  With his
+usual good fortune there was a lady to take interest in him--"the
+good Lady Callamata largely supplied all his wants."
+
+After Smith had his purse filled by Sigismund he made a thorough tour
+of Europe, and passed into Spain, where being satisfied, as he says,
+with Europe and Asia, and understanding that there were wars in
+Barbary, this restless adventurer passed on into Morocco with several
+comrades on a French man-of-war.  His observations on and tales about
+North Africa are so evidently taken from the books of other travelers
+that they add little to our knowledge of his career.  For some reason
+he found no fighting going on worth his while.  But good fortune
+attended his return.  He sailed in a man-of-war with Captain Merham.
+They made a few unimportant captures, and at length fell in with two
+Spanish men-of-war, which gave Smith the sort of entertainment he
+most coveted.  A sort of running fight, sometimes at close quarters,
+and with many boardings and repulses, lasted for a couple of days and
+nights, when having battered each other thoroughly and lost many men,
+the pirates of both nations separated and went cruising, no doubt,
+for more profitable game.  Our wanderer returned to his native land,
+seasoned and disciplined for the part he was to play in the New
+World.  As Smith had traveled all over Europe and sojourned in
+Morocco, besides sailing the high seas, since he visited Prince
+Sigismund in December, 1603, it was probably in the year 1605 that he
+reached England.  He had arrived at the manly age of twenty-six
+years, and was ready to play a man's part in the wonderful drama of
+discovery and adventure upon which the Britons were then engaged.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+FIRST ATTEMPTS IN VIRGINIA
+
+John Smith has not chosen to tell us anything of his life during the
+interim--perhaps not more than a year and a half--between his return
+from Morocco and his setting sail for Virginia.  Nor do his
+contemporaries throw any light upon this period of his life.
+
+One would like to know whether he went down to Willoughby and had a
+reckoning with his guardians; whether he found any relations or
+friends of his boyhood; whether any portion of his estate remained of
+that "competent means" which he says he inherited, but which does not
+seem to have been available in his career.  From the time when he set
+out for France in his fifteenth year, with the exception of a short
+sojourn in Willoughby seven or eight years after, he lived by his
+wits and by the strong hand.  His purse was now and then replenished
+by a lucky windfall, which enabled him to extend his travels and seek
+more adventures.  This is the impression that his own story makes
+upon the reader in a narrative that is characterized by the
+boastfulness and exaggeration of the times, and not fuller of the
+marvelous than most others of that period.
+
+The London to which Smith returned was the London of Shakespeare.  We
+should be thankful for one glimpse of him in this interesting town.
+Did he frequent the theatre?  Did he perhaps see Shakespeare himself
+at the Globe?  Did he loaf in the coffee-houses, and spin the fine
+thread of his adventures to the idlers and gallants who resorted to
+them?  If he dropped in at any theatre of an afternoon he was quite
+likely to hear some allusion to Virginia, for the plays of the hour
+were full of chaff, not always of the choicest, about the attractions
+of the Virgin-land, whose gold was as plentiful as copper in England;
+where the prisoners were fettered in gold, and the dripping-pans were
+made of it; and where--an unheard-of thing--you might become an
+alderman without having been a scavenger.
+
+Was Smith an indulger in that new medicine for all ills, tobacco?
+Alas! we know nothing of his habits or his company.  He was a man of
+piety according to his lights, and it is probable that he may have
+had the then rising prejudice against theatres.  After his return
+from Virginia he and his exploits were the subject of many a stage
+play and spectacle, but whether his vanity was more flattered by this
+mark of notoriety than his piety was offended we do not know.  There
+is certainly no sort of evidence that he engaged in the common
+dissipation of the town, nor gave himself up to those pleasures which
+a man rescued from the hardships of captivity in Tartaria might be
+expected to seek.  Mr. Stith says that it was the testimony of his
+fellow soldiers and adventurers that "they never knew a soldier,
+before him, so free from those military vices of wine, tobacco,
+debts, dice, and oathes."
+
+But of one thing we may be certain: he was seeking adventure
+according to his nature, and eager for any heroic employment; and it
+goes without saying that he entered into the great excitement of the
+day--adventure in America.  Elizabeth was dead.  James had just come
+to the throne, and Raleigh, to whom Elizabeth had granted an
+extensive patent of Virginia, was in the Tower.  The attempts to make
+any permanent lodgment in the countries of Virginia had failed.  But
+at the date of Smith's advent Captain Bartholomew Gosnold had
+returned from a voyage undertaken in 1602 under the patronage of the
+Earl of Southampton, and announced that he had discovered a direct
+passage westward to the new continent, all the former voyagers having
+gone by the way of the West Indies.  The effect of this announcement
+in London, accompanied as it was with Gosnold's report of the
+fruitfulness of the coast of New England which he explored, was
+something like that made upon New York by the discovery of gold in
+California in 1849.  The route by the West Indies, with its incidents
+of disease and delay, was now replaced by the direct course opened by
+Gosnold, and the London Exchange, which has always been quick to
+scent any profit in trade, shared the excitement of the distinguished
+soldiers and sailors who were ready to embrace any chance of
+adventure that offered.
+
+It is said that Captain Gosnold spent several years in vain, after
+his return, in soliciting his friends and acquaintances to join him
+in settling this fertile land he had explored; and that at length he
+prevailed upon Captain John Smith, Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield, the
+Rev. Mr. Robert Hunt, and others, to join him.  This is the first
+appearance of the name of Captain John Smith in connection with
+Virginia.  Probably his life in London had been as idle as
+unprofitable, and his purse needed replenishing.  Here was a way open
+to the most honorable, exciting, and profitable employment.  That its
+mere profit would have attracted him we do not believe; but its
+danger, uncertainty, and chance of distinction would irresistibly
+appeal to him.  The distinct object of the projectors was to
+establish a colony in Virginia.  This proved too great an undertaking
+for private persons.  After many vain projects the scheme was
+commended to several of the nobility, gentry, and merchants, who came
+into it heartily, and the memorable expedition of 1606 was organized.
+
+The patent under which this colonization was undertaken was obtained
+from King James by the solicitation of Richard Hakluyt and others.
+Smith's name does not appear in it, nor does that of Gosnold nor of
+Captain Newport.  Richard Hakluyt, then clerk prebendary of
+Westminster, had from the first taken great interest in the project.
+He was chaplain of the English colony in Paris when Sir Francis Drake
+was fitting out his expedition to America, and was eager to further
+it.  By his diligent study he became the best English geographer of
+his time; he was the historiographer of the East India Company, and
+the best informed man in England concerning the races, climates, and
+productions of all parts of the globe.  It was at Hakluyt's
+suggestion that two vessels were sent out from Plymouth in 1603 to
+verify Gosnold's report of his new short route.  A further
+verification of the feasibility of this route was made by Captain
+George Weymouth, who was sent out in 1605 by the Earl of Southampton.
+
+The letters-patent of King James, dated April 10, 1606, licensed the
+planting of two colonies in the territories of America commonly
+called Virginia.  The corporators named in the first colony were Sir
+Thos. Gates, Sir George Somers, knights, and Richard Hakluyt and
+Edward Maria Wingfield, adventurers, of the city of London.  They
+were permitted to settle anywhere in territory between the 34th and
+41st degrees of latitude.
+
+The corporators named in the second colony were Thomas Hankam,
+Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, representing
+Bristol, Exeter, and Plymouth, and the west counties, who were
+authorized to make a settlement anywhere between the 38th and 4Sth
+degrees of latitude.
+
+The--letters commended and generously accepted this noble work of
+colonization, "which may, by the Providence of Almighty God,
+hereafter tend to the glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of
+Christian religion to such people as yet live in darkness and
+miserable ignorance of all true knowledge and worship of God, and may
+in time bring the infidels and savages living in those parts to human
+civility and to a settled and quiet government."  The conversion of
+the Indians was as prominent an object in all these early adventures,
+English or Spanish, as the relief of the Christians has been in all
+the Russian campaigns against the Turks in our day.
+
+Before following the fortunes of this Virginia colony of 1606, to
+which John Smith was attached, it is necessary to glance briefly at
+the previous attempt to make settlements in this portion of America.
+
+Although the English had a claim upon America, based upon the
+discovery of Newfoundland and of the coast of the continent from the
+38th to the 68th north parallel by Sebastian Cabot in 1497, they took
+no further advantage of it than to send out a few fishing vessels,
+until Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a noted and skillful seaman, took out
+letters-patent for discovery, bearing date the 11th of January, 1578.
+Gilbert was the half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh and thirteen years
+his senior.  The brothers were associated in the enterprise of 1579,
+which had for its main object the possession of Newfoundland.  It is
+commonly said, and in this the biographical dictionaries follow one
+another, that Raleigh accompanied his brother on this voyage of 1579
+and went with him to Newfoundland.  The fact is that Gilbert did not
+reach Newfoundland on that voyage, and it is open to doubt if Raleigh
+started with him.  In April, 1579, when Gilbert took active steps
+under the charter of 1578, diplomatic difficulties arose, growing out
+of Elizabeth's policy with the Spaniards, and when Gilbert's ships
+were ready to sail he was stopped by an order from the council.
+Little is known of this unsuccessful attempt of Gilbert's. He did,
+after many delays, put to sea, and one of his contemporaries, John
+Hooker, the antiquarian, says that Raleigh was one of the assured
+friends that accompanied him.  But he was shortly after driven back,
+probably from an encounter with the Spaniards, and returned with the
+loss of a tall ship.
+
+Raleigh had no sooner made good his footing at the court of Elizabeth
+than he joined Sir Humphrey in a new adventure.  But the Queen
+peremptorily retained Raleigh at court, to prevent his incurring the
+risks of any "dangerous sea-fights."  To prevent Gilbert from
+embarking on this new voyage seems to have been the device of the
+council rather than the Queen, for she assured Gilbert of her good
+wishes, and desired him, on his departure, to give his picture to
+Raleigh for her, and she contributed to the large sums raised to meet
+expenses "an anchor guarded by a lady," which the sailor was to wear
+at his breast.  Raleigh risked L 2,000 in the venture, and equipped a
+ship which bore his name, but which had ill luck.  An infectious
+fever broke out among the crew, and the "Ark Raleigh" returned to
+Plymouth.  Sir Humphrey wrote to his brother admiral, Sir George
+Peckham, indignantly of this desertion, the reason for which he did
+not know, and then proceeded on his voyage with his four remaining
+ships.  This was on the 11th of January, 1583.  The expedition was so
+far successful that Gilbert took formal possession of Newfoundland
+for the Queen.  But a fatality attended his further explorations: the
+gallant admiral went down at sea in a storm off our coast, with his
+crew, heroic and full of Christian faith to the last, uttering, it is
+reported, this courageous consolation to his comrades at the last
+moment: "Be of good heart, my friends.  We are as near to heaven by
+sea as by land."
+
+In September, 1583, a surviving ship brought news of the disaster to
+Falmouth.  Raleigh was not discouraged.  Within six months of this
+loss he had on foot another enterprise.  His brother's patent had
+expired.  On the 25th of March, 1584, he obtained from Elizabeth a
+new charter with larger powers, incorporating himself, Adrian
+Gilbert, brother of Sir Humphrey, and John Davys, under the title of
+"The College of the Fellowship for the Discovery of the Northwest
+Passage."  But Raleigh's object was colonization.  Within a few days
+after his charter was issued he despatched two captains, Philip
+Amadas and Arthur Barlow, who in July of that year took possession of
+the island of Roanoke.
+
+The name of Sir Walter Raleigh is intimately associated with Carolina
+and Virginia, and it is the popular impression that he personally
+assisted in the discovery of the one and the settlement of the other.
+But there is no more foundation for the belief that he ever visited
+the territory of Virginia, of which he was styled governor, than that
+he accompanied Sir Humphrey Gilbert to Newfoundland.  An allusion by
+William Strachey, in his "Historie of Travaile into Virginia,"
+hastily read, may have misled some writers.  He speaks of an
+expedition southward, "to some parts of Chawonock and the Mangoangs,
+to search them there left by Sir Walter Raleigh."  But his further
+sketch of the various prior expeditions shows that he meant to speak
+of settlers left by Sir Ralph Lane and other agents of Raleigh in
+colonization.  Sir Walter Raleigh never saw any portion of the coast
+of the United States.
+
+In 1592 he planned an attack upon the Spanish possessions of Panama,
+but his plans were frustrated.  His only personal expedition to the
+New World was that to Guana in 1595.
+
+The expedition of Captain Amadas and Captain Barlow is described by
+Captain Smith in his compilation called the "General Historie," and
+by Mr. Strachey.  They set sail April 27, 1584, from the Thames.  On
+the 2d of July they fell with the coast of Florida in shoal water,
+"where they felt a most delicate sweet smell," but saw no land.
+Presently land appeared, which they took to be the continent, and
+coasted along to the northward a hundred and thirty miles before
+finding a harbor.  Entering the first opening, they landed on what
+proved to be the Island of Roanoke.  The landing-place was sandy and
+low, but so productive of grapes or vines overrunning everything,
+that the very surge of the sea sometimes overflowed them.  The
+tallest and reddest cedars in the world grew there, with pines,
+cypresses, and other trees, and in the woods plenty of deer, conies,
+and fowls in incredible abundance.
+
+After a few days the natives came off in boats to visit them, proper
+people and civil in their behavior, bringing with them the King's
+brother, Granganameo (Quangimino, says Strachey).  The name of the
+King was Winginia, and of the country Wingandacoa.  The name of this
+King might have suggested that of Virginia as the title of the new
+possession, but for the superior claim of the Virgin Queen.
+Granganameo was a friendly savage who liked to trade.  The first
+thing he took a fancy was a pewter dish, and he made a hole through
+it and hung it about his neck for a breastplate.  The liberal
+Christians sold it to him for the low price of twenty deer-skins,
+worth twenty crowns, and they also let him have a copper kettle for
+fifty skins.  They drove a lively traffic with the savages for much
+of such "truck," and the chief came on board and ate and drank
+merrily with the strangers.  His wife and children, short of stature
+but well-formed and bashful, also paid them a visit.  She wore a long
+coat of leather, with a piece of leather about her loins, around her
+forehead a band of white coral, and from her ears bracelets of pearls
+of the bigness of great peas hung down to her middle.  The other
+women wore pendants of copper, as did the children, five or six in an
+ear.  The boats of these savages were hollowed trunks of trees.
+Nothing could exceed the kindness and trustfulness the Indians
+exhibited towards their visitors.  They kept them supplied with game
+and fruits, and when a party made an expedition inland to the
+residence of Granganameo, his wife (her husband being absent) came
+running to the river to welcome them; took them to her house and set
+them before a great fire; took off their clothes and washed them;
+removed the stockings of some and washed their feet in warm water;
+set plenty of victual, venison and fish and fruits, before them, and
+took pains to see all things well ordered for their comfort.  "More
+love they could not express to entertain us."  It is noted that these
+savages drank wine while the grape lasted.  The visitors returned all
+this kindness with suspicion.
+
+They insisted upon retiring to their boats at night instead of
+lodging in the house, and the good woman, much grieved at their
+jealousy, sent down to them their half-cooked supper, pots and all,
+and mats to cover them from the rain in the night, and caused several
+of her men and thirty women to sit all night on the shore over
+against them.  "A more kind, loving people cannot be," say the
+voyagers.
+
+In September the expedition returned to England, taking specimens of
+the wealth of the country, and some of the pearls as big as peas, and
+two natives, Wanchese and Manteo.  The "lord proprietary" obtained
+the Queen's permission to name the new lands "Virginia," in her
+honor, and he had a new seal of his arms cut, with the legend,
+Propria insignia Walteri Ralegh, militis, Domini et Gubernatoris
+Virginia.
+
+The enticing reports brought back of the fertility of this land, and
+the amiability of its pearl-decked inhabitants, determined Raleigh at
+once to establish a colony there, in the hope of the ultimate
+salvation of the "poor seduced infidell" who wore the pearls.  A
+fleet of seven vessels, with one hundred householders, and many
+things necessary to begin a new state, departed from Plymouth in
+April, 1585.  Sir Richard Grenville had command of the expedition,
+and Mr. Ralph Lane was made governor of the colony, with Philip
+Amadas for his deputy.  Among the distinguished men who accompanied
+them were Thomas Hariot, the mathematician, and Thomas Cavendish, the
+naval discoverer.  The expedition encountered as many fatalities as
+those that befell Sir Humphrey Gilbert; and Sir Richard was destined
+also to an early and memorable death.  But the new colony suffered
+more from its own imprudence and want of harmony than from natural
+causes.
+
+In August, Grenville left Ralph Lane in charge of the colony and
+returned to England, capturing a Spanish ship on the way.  The
+colonists pushed discoveries in various directions, but soon found
+themselves involved in quarrels with the Indians, whose conduct was
+less friendly than formerly, a change partly due to the greed of the
+whites.  In June, when Lane was in fear of a conspiracy which he had
+discovered against the life of the colony, and it was short of
+supplies, Sir Francis Drake appeared off Roanoke, returning homeward
+with his fleet from the sacking of St.  Domingo, Carthagena, and St.
+Augustine.  Lane, without waiting for succor from England, persuaded
+Drake to take him and all the colony back home.  Meantime Raleigh,
+knowing that the colony would probably need aid, was preparing a
+fleet of three well appointed ships to accompany Sir Richard
+Grenville, and an "advice ship," plentifully freighted, to send in
+advance to give intelligence of his coming.  Great was Grenville's
+chagrin, when he reached Hatorask, to find that the advice boat had
+arrived, and finding no colony, had departed again for England.
+However, he established fifteen men ("fifty," says the "General
+Historie") on the island, provisioned for two years, and then
+returned home.
+
+
+[Sir Richard Grenville in 1591 was vice-admiral of a fleet, under
+command of Lord Thomas Howard, at the Azores, sent against a Spanish
+Plate-fleet.  Six English vessels were suddenly opposed by a Spanish
+convoy of 53 ships of war.  Left behind his comrades, in embarking
+from an island, opposed by five galleons, he maintained a terrible
+fight for fifteen hours, his vessel all cut to pieces, and his men
+nearly all slain.  He died uttering aloud these words: "Here dies Sir
+Richard Grenville, with a joyful and quiet mind, for that I have
+ended my life as a true soldier ought to do, fighting for his
+country, queen, religion, and honor."]
+
+
+Mr. Ralph Lane's colony was splendidly fitted out, much better
+furnished than the one that Newport, Wingfield, and Gosnold conducted
+to the River James in 1607; but it needed a man at the head of it.
+If the governor had possessed Smith's pluck, he would have held on
+till the arrival of Grenville.
+
+Lane did not distinguish himself in the conduct of this governorship,
+but he nevertheless gained immortality.  For he is credited with
+first bringing into England that valuable medicinal weeds called
+tobacco, which Sir Walter Raleigh made fashionable, not in its
+capacity to drive "rheums" out of the body, but as a soother, when
+burned in the bowl of a pipe and drawn through the stem in smoke, of
+the melancholy spirit.
+
+The honor of introducing tobacco at this date is so large that it has
+been shared by three persons--Sir Francis Drake, who brought Mr. Lane
+home; Mr. Lane, who carried the precious result of his sojourn in
+America; and Sir Walter Raleigh, who commended it to the use of the
+ladies of Queen Elizabeth's court.
+
+But this was by no means its first appearance in Europe.  It was
+already known in Spain, in France, and in Italy, and no doubt had
+begun to make its way in the Orient.  In the early part of the
+century the Spaniards had discovered its virtues.  It is stated by
+John Neander, in his " Tobaco Logia," published in Leyden in 1626,
+that Tobaco took its name from a province in Yucatan, conquered by
+Fernando Cortez in 1519.  The name Nicotiana he derives from D.
+Johanne Nicotino Nemansensi, of the council of Francis II., who first
+introduced the plant into France.  At the date of this volume (1626)
+tobacco was in general use all over Europe and in the East.  Pictures
+are given of the Persian water pipes, and descriptions of the mode of
+preparing it for use.  There are reports and traditions of a very
+ancient use of tobacco in Persia and in China, as well as in India,
+but we are convinced that the substance supposed to be tobacco, and
+to be referred to as such by many writers, and described as
+"intoxicating," was really India hemp, or some plant very different
+from the tobacco of the New World.  At any rate there is evidence
+that in the Turkish Empire as late as 1616 tobacco was still somewhat
+a novelty, and the smoking of it was regarded as vile, and a habit
+only of the low.  The late Hekekian Bey, foreign minister of old
+Mahomet Ali, possessed an ancient Turkish MS which related an
+occurrence at Smyrna about the year 1610, namely, the punishment of
+some sailors for the use of tobacco, which showed that it was a
+novelty and accounted a low vice at that time.  The testimony of the
+trustworthy George Sandys, an English traveler into Turkey, Egypt,
+and Syria in 1610 (afterwards, 1621, treasurer of the colony in
+Virginia), is to the same effect as given in his "Relation,"
+published in London in 1621.  In his minute description of the people
+and manners of Constantinople, after speaking of opium, which makes
+the Turks "giddy-headed" and "turbulent dreamers," he says: "But
+perhaps for the self-same cause they delight in Tobacco: which they
+take through reedes that have joyned with them great heads of wood to
+containe it, I doubt not but lately taught them as brought them by
+the English; and were it not sometimes lookt into (for Morat Bassa
+[Murad III.?] not long since commanded a pipe to be thrust through
+the nose of a Turke, and to be led in derision through the Citie), no
+question but it would prove a principal commodity.  Nevertheless they
+will take it in corners; and are so ignorant therein, that that which
+in England is not saleable, doth passe here among them for most
+excellent."
+
+Mr. Stith ("History of Virginia," 1746) gives Raleigh credit for the
+introduction of the pipe into good society, but he cautiously says,
+"We are not informed whether the queen made use of it herself: but it
+is certain she gave great countenance to it as a vegetable of
+singular strength and power, which might therefore prove of benefit
+to mankind, and advantage to the nation."  Mr. Thomas Hariot, in his
+observations on the colony at Roanoke, says that the natives esteemed
+their tobacco, of which plenty was found, their "chief physicke."
+
+It should be noted, as against the claim of Lane, that Stowe in his
+"Annales" (1615) says: "Tobacco was first brought and made known in
+England by Sir John Hawkins, about the year 1565, but not used by
+Englishmen in many years after, though at this time commonly used by
+most men and many women."  In a side-note to the edition of 1631 we
+read: "Sir Walter Raleigh was the first that brought tobacco in use,
+when all men wondered what it meant."  It was first commended for its
+medicinal virtues.  Harrison's "Chronologie," under date of 1573,
+says: "In these daies the taking in of the smoke of the Indian herbe
+called 'Tabaco' by an instrument formed like a little ladell, whereby
+it passeth from the mouth into the hed and stomach, is gretlie taken-
+up and used in England, against Rewmes and some other diseases
+ingendred in the longes and inward partes, and not without effect."
+But Barnaby Rich, in "The Honestie of this Age," 1614, disagrees with
+Harrison about its benefit: "They say it is good for a cold, for a
+pose, for rewmes, for aches, for dropsies, and for all manner of
+diseases proceeding of moyst humours; but I cannot see but that those
+that do take it fastest are as much (or more) subject to all these
+infirmities (yea, and to the poxe itself) as those that have nothing
+at all to do with it."  He learns that 7,000 shops in London live by
+the trade of tobacco-selling, and calculates that there is paid for
+it L 399,375 a year, "all spent in smoake."  Every base groom must
+have his pipe with his pot of ale; it "is vendible in every taverne,
+inne, and ale-house; and as for apothecaries shops, grosers shops,
+chandlers shops, they are (almost) never without company that, from
+morning till night, are still taking of tobacco."  Numbers of houses
+and shops had no other trade to live by.  The wrath of King James was
+probably never cooled against tobacco, but the expression of it was
+somewhat tempered when he perceived what a source of revenue it
+became.
+
+The savages of North America gave early evidence of the possession of
+imaginative minds, of rare power of invention, and of an amiable
+desire to make satisfactory replies to the inquiries of their
+visitors.  They generally told their questioners what they wanted to
+know, if they could ascertain what sort of information would please
+them.  If they had known the taste of the sixteenth century for the
+marvelous they could not have responded more fitly to suit it.  They
+filled Mr. Lane and Mr. Hariot full of tales of a wonderful copper
+mine on the River Maratock (Roanoke), where the metal was dipped out
+of the stream in great bowls.  The colonists had great hopes of this
+river, which Mr: Hariot thought flowed out of the Gulf of Mexico, or
+very near the South Sea.  The Indians also conveyed to the mind of
+this sagacious observer the notion that they had a very respectably
+developed religion; that they believed in one chief god who existed
+from all eternity, and who made many gods of less degree; that for
+mankind a woman was first created, who by one of the gods brought
+forth children; that they believed in the immortality of the soul,
+and that for good works a soul will be conveyed to bliss in the
+tabernacles of the gods, and for bad deeds to pokogusso, a great pit
+in the furthest part of the world, where the sun sets, and where they
+burn continually.  The Indians knew this because two men lately dead
+had revived and come back to tell them of the other world.  These
+stories, and many others of like kind, the Indians told of
+themselves, and they further pleased Mr. Hariot by kissing his Bible
+and rubbing it all over their bodies, notwithstanding he told them
+there was no virtue in the material book itself, only in its
+doctrines.  We must do Mr. Hariot the justice to say, however, that
+he had some little suspicion of the "subtiltie" of the weroances
+(chiefs) and the priests.
+
+Raleigh was not easily discouraged; he was determined to plant his
+colony, and to send relief to the handful of men that Grenville had
+left on Roanoke Island.  In May, 1587, he sent out three ships and a
+hundred and fifty householders, under command of Mr. John White, who
+was appointed Governor of the colony, with twelve assistants as a
+Council, who were incorporated under the name of "The Governor and
+Assistants of the City of Ralegh in Virginia," with instructions to
+change their settlement to Chesapeake Bay.  The expedition found
+there no one of the colony (whether it was fifty or fifteen the
+writers disagree), nothing but the bones of one man where the
+plantation had been; the houses were unhurt, but overgrown with
+weeds, and the fort was defaced.  Captain Stafford, with twenty men,
+went to Croatan to seek the lost colonists.  He heard that the fifty
+had been set upon by three hundred Indians, and, after a sharp
+skirmish and the loss of one man, had taken boats and gone to a small
+island near Hatorask, and afterwards had departed no one knew
+whither.
+
+Mr. White sent a band to take revenge upon the Indians who were
+suspected of their murder through treachery, which was guided by
+Mateo, the friendly Indian, who had returned with the expedition from
+England.  By a mistake they attacked a friendly tribe.  In August of
+this year Mateo was Christianized, and baptized under the title of
+Lord of Roanoke and Dassomonpeake, as a reward for his fidelity.  The
+same month Elinor, the daughter of the Govemor, the wife of Ananias
+Dare, gave birth to a daughter, the first white child born in this
+part of the continent, who was named Virginia.
+
+Before long a dispute arose between the Governor and his Council as
+to the proper person to return to England for supplies.  White
+himself was finally prevailed upon to go, and he departed, leaving
+about a hundred settlers on one of the islands of Hatorask to form a
+plantation.
+
+The Spanish invasion and the Armada distracted the attention of
+Europe about this time, and the hope of plunder from Spanish vessels
+was more attractive than the colonization of America.  It was not
+until 1590 that Raleigh was able to despatch vessels to the relief of
+the Hatorask colony, and then it was too late.  White did, indeed,
+start out from Biddeford in April, 1588, with two vessels, but the
+temptation to chase prizes was too strong for him, and he went on a
+cruise of his own, and left the colony to its destruction.
+
+In March, 1589-90, Mr. White was again sent out, with three ships,
+from Plymouth, and reached the coast in August.  Sailing by Croatan
+they went to Hatorask, where they descried a smoke in the place they
+had left the colony in 1587.  Going ashore next day, they found no
+man, nor sign that any had been there lately.  Preparing to go to
+Roanoke next day, a boat was upset and Captain Spicer and six of the
+crew were drowned.  This accident so discouraged the sailors that
+they could hardly be persuaded to enter on the search for the colony.
+At last two boats, with nineteen men, set out for Hatorask, and
+landed at that part of Roanoke where the colony had been left.  When
+White left the colony three years before, the men had talked of going
+fifty miles into the mainland, and had agreed to leave some sign of
+their departure.  The searchers found not a man of the colony; their
+houses were taken down, and a strong palisade had been built.  All
+about were relics of goods that had been buried and dug up again and
+scattered, and on a post was carved the name "CROATAN."  This signal,
+which was accompanied by no sign of distress, gave White hope that he
+should find his comrades at Croatan.  But one mischance or another
+happening, his provisions being short, the expedition decided to run
+down to the West Indies and "refresh" (chiefly with a little Spanish
+plunder), and return in the spring and seek their countrymen; but
+instead they sailed for England and never went to Croatan.  The men
+of the abandoned colonies were never again heard of.  Years after, in
+1602, Raleigh bought a bark and sent it, under the charge of Samuel
+Mace, a mariner who had been twice to Virginia, to go in search of
+the survivors of White's colony.  Mace spent a month lounging about
+the Hatorask coast and trading with the natives, but did not land on
+Croatan, or at any place where the lost colony might be expected to
+be found; but having taken on board some sassafras, which at that
+time brought a good price in England, and some other barks which were
+supposed to be valuable, he basely shirked the errand on which he was
+hired to go, and took himself and his spicy woods home.
+
+The "Lost Colony" of White is one of the romances of the New World.
+Governor White no doubt had the feelings of a parent, but he did not
+allow them to interfere with his more public duties to go in search
+of Spanish prizes.  If the lost colony had gone to Croatan, it was
+probable that Ananias Dare and his wife, the Governor's daughter, and
+the little Virginia Dare, were with them.  But White, as we have
+seen, had such confidence in Providence that he left his dear
+relatives to its care, and made no attempt to visit Croatan.
+
+Stith says that Raleigh sent five several times to search for the
+lost, but the searchers returned with only idle reports and frivolous
+allegations.  Tradition, however, has been busy with the fate of
+these deserted colonists.  One of the unsupported conjectures is that
+the colonists amalgamated with the tribe of Hatteras Indians, and
+Indian tradition and the physical characteristics of the tribe are
+said to confirm this idea.  But the sporadic birth of children with
+white skins (albinos) among black or copper-colored races that have
+had no intercourse with white people, and the occurrence of light
+hair and blue eyes among the native races of America and of New
+Guinea, are facts so well attested that no theory of amalgamation can
+be sustained by such rare physical manifestations.  According to
+Captain John Smith, who wrote of Captain Newport's explorations in
+1608, there were no tidings of the waifs, for, says Smith, Newport
+returned "without a lump of gold, a certainty of the South Sea, or
+one of the lost company sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh."
+
+In his voyage of discovery up the Chickahominy, Smith seem; to have
+inquired about this lost colony of King Paspahegh, for he says, "what
+he knew of the dominions he spared not to acquaint me with, as of
+certaine men cloathed at a place called Ocanahonan, cloathcd like
+me."
+
+[Among these Hatteras Indians Captain Amadas, in 1584, saw children
+with chestnut-colored hair.]
+
+We come somewhat nearer to this matter in the Historie of Travaile
+into Virginia Britannia," published from the manuscript by the
+Hakluyt Society in 1849, in which it is intimated that seven of these
+deserted colonists were afterwards rescued.  Strachey is a first-rate
+authority for what he saw.  He arrived in Virginia in 1610 and
+remained there two years, as secretary of the colony, and was a man
+of importance.  His "Historie" was probably written between 1612 and
+1616.  In the first portion of it, which is descriptive of the
+territory of Virginia, is this important passage: "At Peccarecamek
+and Ochanahoen, by the relation of Machumps, the people have houses
+built with stone walls, and one story above another, so taught them
+by those English who escaped the slaughter of Roanoke.  At what time
+this our colony, under the conduct of Captain Newport, landed within
+the Chesapeake Bay, where the people breed up tame turkies about
+their houses, and take apes in the mountains, and where, at Ritanoe,
+the Weroance Eyanaco, preserved seven of the English alive--four men,
+two boys, and one young maid (who escaped [that is from Roanoke] and
+fled up the river of Chanoke), to beat his copper, of which he hath
+certain mines at the said Ritanoe, as also at Pamawauk are said to be
+store of salt stones."
+
+This, it will be observed, is on the testimony of Machumps.  This
+pleasing story is not mentioned in Captain Newport's "Discoveries "
+(May, 1607).  Machumps, who was the brother of Winganuske, one of the
+many wives of Powhatan, had been in England.  He was evidently a
+lively Indian.  Strachey had heard him repeat the "Indian grace," a
+sort of incantation before meat, at the table of Sir Thomas Dale.  If
+he did not differ from his red brothers he had a powerful
+imagination, and was ready to please the whites with any sort of a
+marvelous tale.  Newport himself does not appear to have seen any of
+the "apes taken in the mountains."  If this story is to be accepted
+as true we have to think of Virginia Dare as growing up to be a woman
+of twenty years, perhaps as other white maidens have been, Indianized
+and the wife of a native.  But the story rests only upon a romancing
+Indian.  It is possible that Strachey knew more of the matter than he
+relates, for in his history he speaks again of those betrayed people,
+"of whose end you shall hereafter read in this decade."  But the
+possessed information is lost, for it is not found in the remainder
+of this "decade" of his writing, which is imperfect.  Another
+reference in Strachey is more obscure than the first.  He is speaking
+of the merciful intention of King James towards the Virginia savages,
+and that he does not intend to root out the natives as the Spaniards
+did in Hispaniola, but by degrees to change their barbarous nature,
+and inform them of the true God and the way to Salvation, and that
+his Majesty will even spare Powhatan himself.  But, he says, it is
+the intention to make "the common people likewise to understand, how
+that his Majesty has been acquainted that the men, women, and
+children of the first plantation of Roanoke were by practice of
+Powhatan (he himself persuaded thereunto by his priests) miserably
+slaughtered, without any offense given him either by the first
+planted (who twenty and odd years had peaceably lived intermixed with
+those savages, and were out of his territory) or by those who are now
+come to inhabit some parts of his distant lands," etc.
+
+Strachey of course means the second plantation and not the first,
+which, according to the weight of authority, consisted of only
+fifteen men and no women.
+
+In George Percy's Discourse concerning Captain Newport's exploration
+of the River James in 1607 (printed in Purchas's " Pilgrims ") is
+this sentence: "At Port Cotage, in our voyage up the river, we saw a
+savage boy, about the age of ten years, which had a head of hair of a
+perfect yellow, and reasonably white skin, which is a miracle amongst
+all savages."  Mr. Neill, in his "History of the Virginia Company,"
+says that this boy" was no doubt the offspring of the colonists left
+at Roanoke by White, of whom four men, two boys, and one young maid
+had been preserved from slaughter by an Indian Chief."  Under the
+circumstances, "no doubt" is a very strong expression for a historian
+to use.
+
+This belief in the sometime survival of the Roanoke colonists, and
+their amalgamation with the Indians, lingered long in colonial
+gossip.  Lawson, in his History, published in London in 1718,
+mentions a tradition among the Hatteras Indians, "that several of
+their ancestors were white people and could talk from a book; the
+truth of which is confirmed by gray eyes being among these Indians
+and no others."
+
+But the myth of Virginia Dare stands no chance beside that of
+Pocahontas.
+
+
+
+V
+
+FIRST PLANTING OF THE COLONY
+
+The way was now prepared for the advent of Captain John Smith in
+Virginia.  It is true that we cannot give him his own title of its
+discoverer, but the plantation had been practically abandoned, all
+the colonies had ended in disaster, all the governors and captains
+had lacked the gift of perseverance or had been early drawn into
+other adventures, wholly disposed, in the language of Captain John
+White, "to seek after purchase and spoils," and but for the energy
+and persistence of Captain Smith the expedition of 1606 might have
+had no better fate.  It needed a man of tenacious will to hold a
+colony together in one spot long enough to give it root.  Captain
+Smith was that man, and if we find him glorying in his exploits, and
+repeating upon single big Indians the personal prowess that
+distinguished him in Transylvania and in the mythical Nalbrits, we
+have only to transfer our sympathy from the Turks to the
+Sasquesahanocks if the sense of his heroism becomes oppressive.
+
+Upon the return of Samuel Mace, mariner, who was sent out in 1602 to
+search for White's lost colony, all Raleigh's interest in the
+Virginia colony had, by his attainder, escheated to the crown.  But
+he never gave up his faith in Virginia: neither the failure of nine
+several expeditions nor twelve years imprisonment shook it.  On the
+eve of his fall he had written, "I shall yet live to see it an
+English nation:" and he lived to see his prediction come true.
+
+The first or Virginian colony, chartered with the Plymouth colony in
+April, 1606, was at last organized by the appointment of Sir Thomas
+Smith, the 'Chief of Raleigh's assignees, a wealthy London merchant,
+who had been ambassador to Persia, and was then, or shortly after,
+governor of the East India Company, treasurer and president of the
+meetings of the council in London; and by the assignment of the
+transportation of the colony to Captain Christopher Newport, a
+mariner of experience in voyages to the West Indies and in plundering
+the Spaniards, who had the power to appoint different captains and
+mariners, and the sole charge of the voyage.  No local councilors
+were named for Virginia, but to Captain Newport, Captain Bartholomew
+Gosnold, and Captain John Ratcliffe were delivered sealed
+instructions, to be opened within twenty-four hours after their
+arrival in Virginia, wherein would be found the names of the persons
+designated for the Council.
+
+This colony, which was accompanied by the prayers and hopes of
+London, left the Thames December 19, 1606, in three vessels--the
+Susan Constant, one hundred tons, Captain Newport, with seventy-one
+persons; the God-Speed, forty tons, Captain Gosnold, with fifty-two
+persons; and a pinnace of twenty tons, the Discovery, Captain
+Ratcliffe, with twenty persons.  The Mercure Francais, Paris, 1619,
+says some of the passengers were women and children, but there is
+no other mention of women.  Of the persons embarked, one hundred and
+five were planters, the rest crews.  Among the planters were Edward
+Maria Wingfield, Captain John Smith, Captain John Martin, Captain
+Gabriel Archer, Captain George Kendall, Mr. Robert Hunt, preacher,
+and Mr. George Percie, brother of the Earl of Northumberland,
+subsequently governor for a brief period, and one of the writers from
+whom Purchas compiled.  Most of the planters were shipped as
+gentlemen, but there were four carpenters, twelve laborers, a
+blacksmith, a sailor, a barber, a bricklayer, a mason, a tailor, a
+drummer, and a chirurgeon.
+
+The composition of the colony shows a serious purpose of settlement,
+since the trades were mostly represented, but there were too many
+gentlemen to make it a working colony.  And, indeed, the gentlemen,
+like the promoters of the enterprise in London, were probably more
+solicitous of discovering a passage to the South Sea, as the way to
+increase riches, than of making a state.  They were instructed to
+explore every navigable river they might find, and to follow the main
+branches, which would probably lead them in one direction to the East
+Indies or South Sea, and in the other to the Northwest Passage.  And
+they were forcibly reminded that the way to prosper was to be of one
+mind, for their own and their country's good.
+
+This last advice did not last the expedition out of sight of land.
+They sailed from Blackwell, December 19, 1606, but were kept six
+weeks on the coast of England by contrary winds.  A crew of saints
+cabined in those little caravels and tossed about on that coast for
+six weeks would scarcely keep in good humor.  Besides, the position
+of the captains and leaders was not yet defined.  Factious quarrels
+broke out immediately, and the expedition would likely have broken up
+but for the wise conduct and pious exhortations of Mr. Robert Hunt,
+the preacher.  This faithful man was so ill and weak that it was
+thought he could not recover, yet notwithstanding the stormy weather,
+the factions on board, and although his home was almost in sight,
+only twelve miles across the Downs, he refused to quit the ship.  He
+was unmoved, says Smith, either by the weather or by "the scandalous
+imputations (of some few little better than atheists, of the greatest
+rank amongst us)."  With "the water of his patience" and "his godly
+exhortations" he quenched the flames of envy and dissension.
+
+They took the old route by the West Indies.  George Percy notes that
+on the 12th of February they saw a blazing star, and presently.  a
+storm.  They watered at the Canaries, traded with savages at San
+Domingo, and spent three weeks refreshing themselves among the
+islands.  The quarrels revived before they reached the Canaries, and
+there Captain Smith was seized and put in close confinement for
+thirteen weeks.
+
+We get little light from contemporary writers on this quarrel.  Smith
+does not mention the arrest in his "True Relation," but in his
+"General Historie," writing of the time when they had been six weeks
+in Virginia, he says: "Now Captain Smith who all this time from their
+departure from the Canaries was restrained as a prisoner upon the
+scandalous suggestion of some of the chiefs (envying his repute) who
+fancied he intended to usurp the government, murder the Council, and
+make himself King, that his confedcrates were dispersed in all three
+ships, and that divers of his confederates that revealed it, would
+affirm it, for this he was committed a prisoner; thirteen weeks he
+remained thus suspected, and by that time they should return they
+pretended out of their commiserations, to refer him to the Council in
+England to receive a check, rather than by particulating his designs
+make him so odious to the world, as to touch his life, or utterly
+overthrow his reputation.  But he so much scorned their charity and
+publically defied the uttermost of their cruelty, he wisely prevented
+their policies, though he could not suppress their envies, yet so
+well he demeaned himself in this business, as all the company did see
+his innocency, and his adversaries' malice, and those suborned to
+accuse him accused his accusers of subornation; many untruths were
+alleged against him; but being apparently disproved, begot a general
+hatred in the hearts of the company against such unjust Commanders,
+that the President was adjudged to give him L 200, so that all he had
+was seized upon, in part of satisfaction, which Smith presently
+returned to the store for the general use of the colony."--
+
+Neither in Newport's "Relatyon" nor in Mr. Wingfield's "Discourse" is
+the arrest mentioned, nor does Strachey speak of it.
+
+About 1629, Smith, in writing a description of the Isle of Mevis
+(Nevis) in his "Travels and Adventures," says: "In this little [isle]
+of Mevis, more than twenty years agone, I have remained a good time
+together, to wod and water--and refresh my men."  It is
+characteristic of Smith's vivid imagination, in regard to his own
+exploits, that he should speak of an expedition in which he had no
+command, and was even a prisoner, in this style: "I remained," and
+"my men."  He goes on: "Such factions here we had as commonly attend
+such voyages, and a pair of gallows was made, but Captaine Smith, for
+whom they were intended, could not be persuaded to use them; but not
+any one of the inventors but their lives by justice fell into his
+power, to determine of at his pleasure, whom with much mercy he
+favored, that most basely and unjustly would have betrayed him."  And
+it is true that Smith, although a great romancer, was often
+magnanimous, as vain men are apt to be.
+
+King James's elaborate lack of good sense had sent the expedition to
+sea with the names of the Council sealed up in a box, not to be
+opened till it reached its destination.  Consequently there was no
+recognized authority.  Smith was a young man of about twenty-eight,
+vain and no doubt somewhat "bumptious," and it is easy to believe
+that Wingfield and the others who felt his superior force and
+realized his experience, honestly suspected him of designs against
+the expedition.  He was the ablest man on board, and no doubt was
+aware of it.  That he was not only a born commander of men, but had
+the interest of the colony at heart, time was to show.
+
+The voyagers disported themselves among the luxuries of the West
+Indies.  At Guadaloupe they found a bath so hot that they boiled
+their pork in it as well as over the fire.  At the Island of Monaca
+they took from the bushes with their hands near two hogsheads full of
+birds in three or four hours.  These, it is useless to say, were
+probably not the "barnacle geese" which the nautical travelers used
+to find, and picture growing upon bushes and dropping from the eggs,
+when they were ripe, full-fledged into the water.  The beasts were
+fearless of men.  Wild birds and natives had to learn the whites
+before they feared them.
+
+"In Mevis, Mona, and the Virgin Isles," says the "General Historie,"
+"we spent some time, where with a lothsome beast like a crocodile,
+called a gwayn [guana], tortoises, pellicans, parrots, and fishes, we
+feasted daily."
+
+Thence they made sail-in search of Virginia, but the mariners lost
+their reckoning for three days and made no land; the crews were
+discomfited, and Captain Ratcliffe, of the pinnace, wanted to up helm
+and return to England.  But a violent storm, which obliged them "to
+hull all night," drove them to the port desired.  On the 26th of
+April they saw a bit of land none of them had ever seen before.
+This, the first land they descried, they named Cape Henry, in honor
+of the Prince of Wales; as the opposite cape was called Cape Charles,
+for the Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.  Within these capes they
+found one of the most pleasant places in the world, majestic
+navigable rivers, beautiful mountains, hills, and plains, and a
+fruitful and delightsome land.
+
+Mr. George Percy was ravished at the sight of the fair meadows and
+goodly tall trees.  As much to his taste were the large and delicate
+oysters, which the natives roasted, and in which were found many
+pearls.  The ground was covered with fine and beautiful strawberries,
+four times bigger than those in England.
+
+Masters Wingfield, Newport, and Gosnold., with thirty men, went
+ashore on Cape Henry, where they were suddenly set upon by savages,
+who came creeping upon all-fours over the hills, like bears, with
+their bows in their hands; Captain Archer was hurt in both hands, and
+a sailor dangerously wounded in two places on his body.  It was a bad
+omen.
+
+The night of their arrival they anchored at Point Comfort, now
+Fortress Monroe; the box was opened and the orders read, which
+constituted Edward Maria Wingfield, Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith,
+Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe, John Martin, and George Kendall
+the Council, with power to choose a President for a year.  Until the
+13th of May they were slowly exploring the River Powhatan, now the
+James, seeking a place for the settlement.  They selected a peninsula
+on the north side of the river, forty miles from its mouth, where
+there was good anchorage, and which could be readily fortified.  This
+settlement was Jamestown.  The Council was then sworn in, and Mr.
+Wingfield selected President.  Smith being under arrest was not sworn
+in of the Council, and an oration was made setting forth the reason
+for his exclusion.
+
+When they had pitched upon a site for the fort, every man set to
+work, some to build the fort, others to pitch the tents, fell trees
+and make clapboards to reload the ships, others to make gardens and
+nets.  The fort was in the form of a triangle with a half-moon at
+each comer, intended to mount four or five guns.
+
+President Wingfield appears to have taken soldierly precautions, but
+Smith was not at all pleased with him from the first.  He says "the
+President's overweening jealousy would admit of no exercise at arms,
+or fortifications but the boughs of trees cast together in the form
+of a half-moon by the extraordinary pains and diligence of Captain
+Kendall."  He also says there was contention between Captain
+Wingfield and Captain Gosnold about the site of the city.
+
+The landing was made at Jamestown on the 14th of May, according to
+Percy.  Previous to that considerable explorations were made.  On the
+18th of April they launched a shallop, which they built the day
+before, and "discovered up the bay."  They discovered a river on the
+south side running into the mainland, on the banks of which were good
+stores of mussels and oysters, goodly trees, flowers of all colors,
+and strawberries.  Returning to their ships and finding the water
+shallow, they rowed over to a point of land, where they found from
+six to twelve fathoms of water, which put them in good comfort,
+therefore they named that part of the land Cape Comfort.  On the 29th
+they set up a cross on Chesapeake Bay, on Cape Henry, and the next
+day coasted to the Indian town of Kecoughton, now Hampton, where they
+were kindly entertained.  When they first came to land the savages
+made a doleful noise, laying their paws to the ground and scratching
+the earth with their nails.  This ceremony, which was taken to be a
+kind of idolatry, ended, mats were brought from the houses, whereon
+the guests were seated, and given to eat bread made of maize, and
+tobacco to smoke.  The savages also entertained them with dancing and
+singing and antic tricks and grimaces.  They were naked except a
+covering of skins about the loins, and many were painted in black and
+red, with artificial knots of lovely colors, beautiful and pleasing
+to the eye.  The 4th of May they were entertained by the chief of
+Paspika, who favored them with a long oration, making a foul noise
+and vehement in action, the purport of which they did not catch.  The
+savages were full of hospitality.  The next day the weroance, or
+chief, of Rapahanna sent a messenger to invite them to his seat.  His
+majesty received them in as modest a proud fashion as if he had been
+a prince of a civil government.  His body was painted in crimson and
+his face in blue, and he wore a chain of beads about his neck and in
+his ears bracelets of pearls and a bird's claw.  The 8th of May they
+went up the river to the country Apomatica, where the natives
+received them in hostile array, the chief, with bow and arrows in one
+hand, and a pipe of tobacco in the other, offering them war or peace.
+
+These savages were as stout and able as any heathen or Christians in
+the world.  Mr. Percy said they bore their years well.  He saw among
+the Pamunkeys a savage reported to be 160, years old, whose eyes were
+sunk in his head, his teeth gone his hair all gray, and quite a big
+beard, white as snow; he was a lusty savage, and could travel as fast
+as anybody.
+
+The Indians soon began to be troublesome in their visits to the
+plantations, skulking about all night, hanging around the fort by
+day, bringing sometimes presents of deer, but given to theft of small
+articles, and showing jealousy of the occupation.  They murmured,
+says Percy, at our planting in their country.  But worse than the
+disposition of the savages was the petty quarreling in the colony
+itself.
+
+In obedience to the orders to explore for the South Sea, on the 22d
+of May, Newport, Percy, Smith, Archer, and twenty others were sent in
+the shallop to explore the Powhatan, or James River.
+
+Passing by divers small habitations, and through a land abounding in
+trees, flowers, and small fruits, a river full of fish, and of
+sturgeon such as the world beside has none, they came on the 24th,
+having passed the town of Powhatan, to the head of the river, the
+Falls, where they set up the cross and proclaimed King James of
+England.
+
+Smith says in his "General Historie" they reached Powhatan on the
+26th.  But Captain Newport's "Relatyon" agrees with Percy's, and
+with, Smith's "True Relation."  Captain Newport, says Percy,
+permitted no one to visit Powhatan except himself.
+
+Captain Newport's narration of the exploration of the James is
+interesting, being the first account we have of this historic river.
+At the junction of the Appomattox and the James, at a place he calls
+Wynauk, the natives welcomed them with rejoicing and entertained them
+with dances.  The Kingdom of Wynauk was full of pearl-mussels.  The
+king of this tribe was at war with the King of Paspahegh.  Sixteen
+miles above this point, at an inlet, perhaps Turkey Point, they were
+met by eight savages in a canoe, one of whom was intelligent enough
+to lay out the whole course of the river, from Chesapeake Bay to its
+source, with a pen and paper which they showed him how to use.  These
+Indians kept them company for some time, meeting them here and there
+with presents of strawberries, mulberries, bread, and fish, for which
+they received pins, needles, and beads.  They spent one night at
+Poore Cottage (the Port Cotage of Percy, where he saw the white boy),
+probably now Haxall.  Five miles above they went ashore near the now
+famous Dutch Gap, where King Arahatic gave them a roasted deer, and
+caused his women to bake cakes for them.  This king gave Newport his
+crown, which was of deer's hair dyed red.  He was a subject of the
+great King Powhatan.  While they sat making merry with the savages,
+feasting and taking tobacco and seeing the dances, Powhatan himself
+appeared and was received with great show of honor, all rising from
+their seats except King Arahatic, and shouting loudly.  To Powhatan
+ample presents were made of penny-knives, shears, and toys, and he
+invited them to visit him at one of his seats called Powhatan, which
+was within a mile of the Falls, where now stands the city of
+Richmond.  All along the shore the inhabitants stood in clusters,
+offering food to the strangers.  The habitation of Powhatan was
+situated on a high hill by the water side, with a meadow at its foot
+where was grown wheat, beans, tobacco, peas, pompions, flax, and
+hemp.
+
+Powhatan served the whites with the best he had, and best of all with
+a friendly welcome and with interesting discourse of the country.
+They made a league of friendship.  The next day he gave them six men
+as guides to the falls above, and they left with him one man as a
+hostage.
+
+On Sunday, the 24th of May, having returned to Powhatan's seat, they
+made a feast for him of pork, cooked with peas, and the Captain and
+King ate familiarly together; "he eat very freshly of our meats,
+dranck of our beere, aquavite, and sack."  Under the influence of
+this sack and aquavite the King was very communicative about the
+interior of the country, and promised to guide them to the mines of
+iron and copper; but the wary chief seems to have thought better of
+it when he got sober, and put them off with the difficulties and
+dangers of the way.
+
+On one of the islets below the Falls, Captain Newport set up a cross
+with the inscription "Jacobus, Rex, 1607," and his own name beneath,
+and James was proclaimed King with a great shout.  Powhatan was
+displeased with their importunity to go further up the river, and
+departed with all the Indians, except the friendly Navirans, who had
+accompanied them from Arahatic.  Navirans greatly admired the cross,
+but Newport hit upon an explanation of its meaning that should dispel
+the suspicions of Powhatan.  He told him that the two arms of the
+cross signified King Powhatan and himself, the fastening of it in the
+middle was their united league, and the shout was the reverence he
+did to Powhatan.  This explanation being made to Powhatan greatly
+contented him, and he came on board and gave them the kindest
+farewell when they dropped down the river.  At Arahatic they found
+the King had provided victuals for them, but, says Newport, "the King
+told us that he was very sick and not able to sit up long with us."
+The inability of the noble red man to sit up was no doubt due to too
+much Christian sack and aquavite, for on "Monday he came to the water
+side, and we went ashore with him again.  He told us that our hot
+drinks, he thought, caused him grief, but that he was well again, and
+we were very welcome."
+
+It seems, therefore, that to Captain Newport, who was a good sailor
+in his day, and has left his name in Virginia in Newport News, must
+be given the distinction of first planting the cross in Virginia,
+with a lie, and watering it, with aquavite.
+
+They dropped down the river to a place called Mulberry Shade, where
+the King killed a deer and prepared for them another feast, at which
+they had rolls and cakes made of wheat.  "This the women make and are
+very cleanly about it.  We had parched meal, excellent good, sodd
+[cooked] beans, which eat as sweet as filbert kernels, in a manner,
+strawberries; and mulberries were shaken off the tree, dropping on
+our heads as we sat.  He made ready a land turtle, which we ate; and
+showed that he was heartily rejoiced in our company."  Such was the
+amiable disposition of the natives before they discovered the purpose
+of the whites to dispossess them of their territory.  That night they
+stayed at a place called "Kynd Woman's Care," where the people
+offered them abundant victual and craved nothing in return.
+
+Next day they went ashore at a place Newport calls Queen Apumatuc's
+Bower.  This Queen, who owed allegiance to Powhatan, had much land
+under cultivation, and dwelt in state on a pretty hill.  This ancient
+representative of woman's rights in Virginia did honor to her sex.
+She came to meet the strangers in a show as majestical as that of
+Powhatan himself: "She had an usher before her, who brought her to
+the matt prepared under a faire mulberry-tree; where she sat down by
+herself, with a stayed countenance.  She would permitt none to stand
+or sitt neare her.  She is a fatt, lustie, manly woman.  She had much
+copper about her neck, a coronet of copper upon her hed.  She had
+long, black haire, which hanged loose down her back to her myddle;
+which only part was covered with a deare's skyn, and ells all naked.
+She had her women attending her, adorned much like herself (except
+they wanted the copper).  Here we had our accustomed eates, tobacco,
+and welcome.  Our Captaine presented her with guyfts liberally,
+whereupon shee cheered somewhat her countenance, and requested him to
+shoote off a piece; whereat (we noted) she showed not near the like
+feare as Arahatic, though he be a goodly man."
+
+The company was received with the same hospitality by King Pamunkey,
+whose land was believed to be rich in copper and pearls.  The copper
+was so flexible that Captain Newport bent a piece of it the thickness
+of his finger as if it had been lead.  The natives were unwilling to
+part with it.  The King had about his neck a string of pearls as big
+as peas, which would have been worth three or four hundred pounds, if
+the pearls had been taken from the mussels as they should have been.
+
+Arriving on their route at Weanock, some twenty miles above the fort,
+they were minded to visit Paspahegh and another chief Jamestown lay
+in the territory of Paspahegh--but suspicious signs among the natives
+made them apprehend trouble at the fort, and they hastened thither to
+find their suspicions verified.  The day before, May 26th, the colony
+had been attacked by two hundred Indians (four hundred, Smith says),
+who were only beaten off when they had nearly entered the fort, by
+the use of the artillery.  The Indians made a valiant fight for an
+hour; eleven white men were wounded, of whom one died afterwards, and
+a boy was killed on the pinnace.  This loss was concealed from the
+Indians, who for some time seem to have believed that the whites
+could not be hurt.  Four of the Council were hurt in this fight, and
+President Wingfield, who showed himself a valiant gentleman, had a
+shot through his beard.  They killed eleven of the Indians, but their
+comrades lugged them away on their backs and buried them in the woods
+with a great noise.  For several days alarms and attacks continued,
+and four or five men were cruelly wounded, and one gentleman, Mr.
+Eustace Cloville, died from the effects of five arrows in his body.
+
+Upon this hostility, says Smith, the President was contented the fort
+should be palisaded, and the ordnance mounted, and the men armed and
+exercised.  The fortification went on, but the attacks continued, and
+it was unsafe for any to venture beyond the fort.
+
+Dissatisfaction arose evidently with President Wingfield's
+management.  Captain Newport says: " There being among the gentlemen
+and all the company a murmur and grudge against certain proceedings
+and inconvenient courses [Newport] put up a petition to the Council
+for reformation."  The Council heeded this petition, and urged to
+amity by Captain Newport, the company vowed faithful love to each
+other and obedience to the superiors.  On the 10th of June, Captain
+Smith was sworn of the Council.  In his "General Historie," not
+published till 1624, he says: "Many were the mischiefs that daily
+sprung from their ignorant (yet ambitious) spirits; but the good
+doctrine and exhortation of our preacher Mr. Hunt, reconciled them
+and caused Captain Smith to be admitted to the Council."  The next
+day they all partook of the holy communion.
+
+In order to understand this quarrel, which was not by any means
+appeased by this truce, and to determine Captain Smith's
+responsibility for it, it is necessary to examine all the witnesses.
+Smith is unrestrained in his expression of his contempt for
+Wingfield.  But in the diary of Wingfield we find no accusation
+against Smith at this date.  Wingfield says that Captain Newport
+before he departed asked him how he thought himself settled in the
+government, and that he replied "that no disturbance could endanger
+him or the colony, but it must be wrought either by Captain Gosnold
+or Mr. Archer, for the one was strong with friends and followers and
+could if he would; and the other was troubled with an ambitious
+spirit and would if he could."
+
+The writer of Newport's "Relatyon" describes the Virginia savages as
+a very strong and lusty race, and swift warriors.  "Their skin is
+tawny; not so borne, but with dyeing and painting themselves, in
+which they delight greatly."  That the Indians were born white was,
+as we shall see hereafter, a common belief among the first settlers
+in Virginia and New England.  Percy notes a distinction between maids
+and married women: "The maids shave close the fore part and sides of
+their heads, and leave it long behind, where it is tied up and hangs
+down to the hips.  The married women wear their hair all of a length,
+but tied behind as that of maids is.  And the women scratch on their
+bodies and limbs, with a sharp iron, pictures of fowls, fish, and
+beasts, and rub into the 'drawings' lively colors which dry into the
+flesh and are permanent."  The "Relatyon " says the people are witty
+and ingenious and allows them many good qualities, but makes this
+exception: "The people steal anything comes near them; yea, are so
+practiced in this art, that looking in our face, they would with
+their foot, between their toes, convey a chisel, knife, percer, or
+any indifferent light thing, which having once conveyed, they hold it
+an injury to take the same from them.  They are naturally given to
+treachery; howbeit we could not find it in our travel up the river,
+but rather a most kind and loving people."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+QUARRELS AND HARDSHIPS
+
+On Sunday, June 21st, they took the communion lovingly together.
+That evening Captain Newport gave a farewell supper on board his
+vessel.  The 22d he sailed in the Susan Constant for England,
+carrying specimens of the woods and minerals, and made the short
+passage of five weeks.  Dudley Carleton, in a letter to John
+Chamberlain dated Aug. 18, 1607, writes "that Captain Newport has
+arrived without gold or silver, and that the adventurers, cumbered by
+the presence of the natives, have fortified themselves at a place
+called Jamestown."  The colony left numbered one hundred and four.
+
+The good harmony of the colony did not last.  There were other
+reasons why the settlement was unprosperous.  The supply of wholesome
+provisions was inadequate.  The situation of the town near the
+Chickahominy swamps was not conducive to health, and although
+Powhatan had sent to make peace with them, and they also made a
+league of amity with the chiefs Paspahegh and Tapahanagh, they
+evidently had little freedom of movement beyond sight of their guns.
+Percy says they were very bare and scant of victuals, and in wars and
+dangers with the savages.
+
+Smith says in his "True Relation," which was written on the spot, and
+is much less embittered than his "General Historie," that they were
+in good health and content when Newport departed, but this did not
+long continue, for President Wingfield and Captain Gosnold, with the
+most of the Council, were so discontented with each other that
+nothing was done with discretion, and no business transacted with
+wisdom.  This he charges upon the "hard-dealing of the President,"
+the rest of the Council being diversely affected through his
+audacious command.  "Captain Martin, though honest, was weak and
+sick; Smith was in disgrace through the malice of others; and God
+sent famine and sickness, so that the living were scarce able to bury
+the dead.  Our want of sufficient good food, and continual watching,
+four or five each night, at three bulwarks, being the chief cause;
+only of sturgeon we had great store, whereon we would so greedily
+surfeit, as it cost many their lives; the sack, Aquavite, and other
+preservations of our health being kept in the President's hands, for
+his own diet and his few associates."
+
+In his "General Historie," written many years later, Smith enlarges
+this indictment with some touches of humor characteristic of him.  He
+says:
+
+"Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days
+scarce ten amongst us could either go, or well stand, such extreme
+weakness and sicknes oppressed us.  And thereat none need marvaile if
+they consider the cause and reason, which was this: whilst the ships
+stayed, our allowance was somewhat bettered, by a daily proportion of
+Bisket, which the sailors would pilfer to sell, give, or exchange
+with us for money, Saxefras, furres, or love.  But when they
+departed, there remained neither taverne, beere-house, nor place of
+reliefe, but the common Kettell.  Had we beene as free from all
+sinnes as gluttony, and drunkennesse, we might have been canonized
+for Saints.  But our President would never have been admitted, for
+ingrissing to his private, Oatmeale, Sacke, Oyle, Aquavitz, Beef,
+Egges, or what not, but the Kettell: that indeed he allowed equally
+to be distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat, and as much
+barley boyled with water for a man a day, and this being fryed some
+twenty-six weeks in the ship's hold, contained as many wormes as
+graines; so that we might truly call it rather so much bran than
+corrne, our drinke was water, our lodgings Castles in the ayre; with
+this lodging and dyet, our extreme toile in bearing and planting
+Pallisadoes, so strained and bruised us, and our continual labour in
+the extremitie of the heat had so weakened us, as were cause
+sufficient to have made us miserable in our native countrey, or any
+other place in the world."
+
+Affairs grew worse.  The sufferings of this colony in the summer
+equaled that of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in the winter and spring.
+Before September forty-one were buried, says Wingfield; fifty, says
+Smith in one statement, and forty-six in another; Percy gives a list
+of twenty-four who died in August and September.  Late in August
+Wingfield said, "Sickness had not now left us seven able men in our
+town."  " As yet," writes Smith in September, "we had no houses to
+cover us, our tents were rotten, and our cabins worse than nought."
+
+Percy gives a doleful picture of the wretchedness of the colony: "Our
+men were destroyed with cruel sickness, as swellings, fluxes,
+burning-fevers, and by wars, and some departed suddenly, but for the
+most part they died of mere famine.... We watched every three nights,
+lying on the cold bare ground what weather soever came, worked all
+the next day, which brought our men to be most feeble wretches, our
+food was but a small can of barley, sod in water to five men a day,
+our drink but cold water taken out of the river, which was at the
+flood very salt, at a low tide full of shrimp and filth, which was
+the destruction of many of our men.  Thus we lived for the space of
+five months in this miserable distress, but having five able men to
+man our bulwarks upon any occasion.  If it had not pleased God to put
+a terror in the savage hearts, we had all perished by those wild and
+cruel Pagans, being in that weak state as we were: our men night and
+day groaning in every comer of the fort, most pitiful to hear.  If
+there were any conscience in men, it would make their hearts to bleed
+to hear the pitiful murmurings and outcries of our sick men, without
+relief, every night and day, for the space of six weeks: some
+departing out of the world; many times three or four in a night; in
+the morning their bodies trailed out of their cabins, like dogs, to
+be buried.  In this sort did I see the mortality of divers of our
+people."
+
+A severe loss to the colony was the death on the 22d of August of
+Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the Council, a brave and
+adventurous mariner, and, says Wingfield, a "worthy and religious
+gentleman."  He was honorably buried, "having all the ordnance in the
+fort shot off with many volleys of small shot."  If the Indians had
+known that those volleys signified the mortality of their comrades,
+the colony would no doubt have been cut off entirely.  It is a
+melancholy picture, this disheartened and half-famished band of men
+quarreling among themselves; the occupation of the half-dozen able
+men was nursing the sick and digging graves.  We anticipate here by
+saying, on the authority of a contemporary manuscript in the State
+Paper office, that when Captain Newport arrived with the first supply
+in January, 1608, "he found the colony consisting of no more than
+forty persons; of those, ten only able men."
+
+After the death of Gosnold, Captain Kendall was deposed from the
+Council and put in prison for sowing discord between the President
+and Council, says Wingfield; for heinous matters which were proved
+against him, says Percy; for "divers reasons," says Smith, who
+sympathized with his dislike of Wingfield.  The colony was in very
+low estate at this time, and was only saved from famine by the
+providential good-will of the Indians, who brought them corn half
+ripe, and presently meat and fruit in abundance.
+
+On the 7th of September the chief Paspahegh gave a token of peace by
+returning a white boy who had run away from camp, and other runaways
+were returned by other chiefs, who reported that they had been well
+used in their absence.  By these returns Mr. Wingfield was convinced
+that the Indians were not cannibals, as Smith believed.
+
+On the 10th of September Mr. Wingfield was deposed from the
+presidency and the Council, and Captain John Ratcliffe was elected
+President.  Concerning the deposition there has been much dispute;
+but the accounts of it by Captain Smith and his friends, so long
+accepted as the truth, must be modified by Mr. Wingfield's "Discourse
+of Virginia," more recently come to light, which is, in a sense, a
+defense of his conduct.
+
+In his " True Relation" Captain Smith is content to say that "Captain
+Wingfield, having ordered the affairs in such sort that he was hated
+of them all, in which respect he was with one accord deposed from the
+presidency."
+
+In the "General Historie" the charges against him, which we have
+already quoted, are extended, and a new one is added, that is, a
+purpose of deserting the colony in the pinnace: "the rest seeing the
+President's projects to escape these miseries in our pinnace by
+flight (who all this time had neither felt want nor sickness), so
+moved our dead spirits we deposed him."
+
+In the scarcity of food and the deplorable sickness and death, it was
+inevitable that extreme dissatisfaction should be felt with the
+responsible head.  Wingfield was accused of keeping the best of the
+supplies to himself.  The commonalty may have believed this.  Smith
+himself must have known that the supplies were limited, but have been
+willing to take advantage of this charge to depose the President, who
+was clearly in many ways incompetent for his trying position.  It
+appears by Mr. Wingfield's statement that the supply left with the
+colony was very scant, a store that would only last thirteen weeks
+and a half, and prudence in the distribution of it, in the
+uncertainty of Newport's return, was a necessity.  Whether Wingfield
+used the delicacies himself is a question which cannot be settled.
+In his defense, in all we read of him, except that written by Smith
+and his friends, he seems to be a temperate and just man, little
+qualified to control the bold spirits about him.
+
+As early as July, "in his sickness time, the President did easily
+fortell his own deposing from his command," so much did he differ
+from the Council in the management of the colony.  Under date of
+September 7th he says that the Council demanded a larger allowance
+for themselves and for some of the sick, their favorites, which he
+declined to give without their warrants as councilors.  Captain
+Martin of the Council was till then ignorant that only store for
+thirteen and a half weeks was in the hands of the Cape Merchant, or
+treasurer, who was at that time Mr. Thomas Studley.  Upon a
+representation to the Council of the lowness of the stores, and the
+length of time that must elapse before the harvest of grain, they
+declined to enlarge the allowance, and even ordered that every meal
+of fish or flesh should excuse the allowance of porridge.  Mr.
+Wingfield goes on to say: "Nor was the common store of oyle, vinegar,
+sack, and aquavite all spent, saving two gallons of each: the sack
+reserved for the Communion table, the rest for such extremities as
+might fall upon us, which the President had only made known to
+Captain Gosnold; of which course he liked well.  The vessels wear,
+therefore, boonged upp.  When Mr. Gosnold was dead, the President did
+acquaint the rest of the Council with the said remnant; but, Lord,
+how they then longed for to supp up that little remnant: for they had
+now emptied all their own bottles, and all other that they could
+smell out."
+
+Shortly after this the Council again importuned the President for
+some better allowance for themselves and for the sick.  He protested
+his impartiality, showed them that if the portions were distributed
+according to their request the colony would soon starve; he still
+offered to deliver what they pleased on their warrants, but would not
+himself take the responsibility of distributing all the stores, and
+when he divined the reason of their impatience he besought them to
+bestow the presidency among themselves, and he would be content to
+obey as a private.  Meantime the Indians were bringing in supplies of
+corn and meat, the men were so improved in health that thirty were
+able to work, and provision for three weeks' bread was laid up.
+
+Nevertheless, says Mr. Wingfield, the Council had fully plotted to
+depose him.  Of the original seven there remained, besides Mr.
+Wingfield, only three in the Council.  Newport was in England,
+Gosnold was dead, and Kendall deposed.  Mr. Wingfield charged that
+the three--Ratcliffe, Smith, and Martin--forsook the instructions of
+his Majesty, and set up a Triumvirate.  At any rate, Wingfield was
+forcibly deposed from the Council on the 10th of September.  If the
+object had been merely to depose him, there was an easier way, for
+Wingfield was ready to resign.  But it appears, by subsequent
+proceedings, that they wished to fasten upon him the charge of
+embezzlement, the responsibility of the sufferings of the colony, and
+to mulct him in fines.  He was arrested, and confined on the pinnace.
+Mr. Ratcliffe was made President.
+
+On the 11th of September Mr. Wingfield was brought before the Council
+sitting as a court, and heard the charges against him.  They were, as
+Mr. Wingfield says, mostly frivolous trifles.  According to his
+report they were these:
+
+First, Mister President [Radcliffe] said that I had denied him a
+penny whitle, a chicken, a spoonful of beer, and served him with foul
+corn; and with that pulled some grain out of a bag, showing it to the
+company.
+
+Then starts up Mr. Smith and said that I had told him plainly how he
+lied; and that I said, though we were equal here, yet if we were in
+England, he [I] would think scorn his man should be my companion.
+
+Mr. Martin followed with: " He reported that I do slack the service
+in the colony, and do nothing but tend my pot, spit, and oven; but he
+hath starved my son, and denied him a spoonful of beer.  I have
+friends in England shall be revenged on him, if ever he come in
+London."
+
+Voluminous charges were read against Mr. Wingfield by Mr. Archer, who
+had been made by the Council, Recorder of Virginia, the author,
+according to Wingfield, of three several mutinies, as "always
+hatching of some mutiny in my time."
+
+Mr. Percy sent him word in his prison that witnesses were hired to
+testify against him by bribes of cakes and by threats.  If Mr. Percy,
+who was a volunteer in this expedition, and a man of high character,
+did send this information, it shows that he sympathized with him, and
+this is an important piece of testimony to his good character.
+
+Wingfield saw no way of escape from the malice of his accusers, whose
+purpose he suspected was to fine him fivefold for all the supplies
+whose disposition he could not account for in writing: but he was
+finally allowed to appeal to the King for mercy, and recommitted to
+the pinnace.  In regard to the charge of embezzlement, Mr. Wingfield
+admitted that it was impossible to render a full account: he had no
+bill of items from the Cape Merchant when he received the stores, he
+had used the stores for trade and gifts with the Indians; Captain
+Newport had done the same in his expedition, without giving any
+memorandum.  Yet he averred that he never expended the value of these
+penny whittles [small pocket-knives] to his private use.
+
+There was a mutinous and riotous spirit on shore, and the Council
+professed to think Wingfield's life was in danger.  He says: "In all
+these disorders was Mr. Archer a ringleader."  Meantime the Indians
+continued to bring in supplies, and the Council traded up and down
+the river for corn, and for this energy Mr. Wingfield gives credit to
+"Mr. Smith especially," " which relieved the colony well."  To the
+report that was brought him that he was charged with starving the
+colony, he replies with some natural heat and a little show of
+petulance, that may be taken as an evidence of weakness, as well as
+of sincerity, and exhibiting the undignified nature of all this
+squabbling:
+
+"I did alwaises give every man his allowance faithfully, both of
+corne, oyle, aquivite, etc., as was by the counsell proportioned:
+neyther was it bettered after my tyme, untill, towards th' end of
+March, a bisket was allowed to every working man for his breakfast,
+by means of the provision brought us by Captn. Newport: as will
+appeare hereafter.  It is further said, I did much banquit and
+ryot.  I never had but one squirrel roasted; whereof I gave part
+to Mr. Ratcliffe then sick: yet was that squirrel given me.  I did
+never heate a flesh pott but when the comon pott was so used
+likewise.  Yet how often Mr. President's and the Counsellors' spitts
+have night and daye bene endaungered to break their backes-so, laden
+with swanns, geese, ducks, etc.! how many times their flesh potts
+have swelled, many hungrie eies did behold, to their great longing:
+and what great theeves and theeving thear hath been in the comon
+stoare since my tyme, I doubt not but is already made knowne to his
+Majesty's Councell for Virginia."
+
+Poor Wingfield was not left at ease in his confinement.  On the 17th
+he was brought ashore to answer the charge of Jehu [John?] Robinson
+that he had with Robinson and others intended to run away with the
+pinnace to Newfoundland; and the charge by Mr. Smith that he had
+accused Smith of intending mutiny.  To the first accuser the jury
+awarded one hundred pounds, and to the other two hundred pounds
+damages, for slander.  "Seeing their law so speedy and cheap," Mr.
+Wingfield thought he would try to recover a copper kettle he had lent
+Mr. Crofts, worth half its weight in gold.  But Crofts swore that
+Wingfield had given it to him, and he lost his kettle: "I told Mr.
+President I had not known the like law, and prayed they would be more
+sparing of law till we had more witt or wealthe."  Another day they
+obtained from Wingfield the key to his coffers, and took all his
+accounts, note-books, and "owne proper goods," which he could never
+recover. Thus was I made good prize on all sides."
+
+During one of Smith's absences on the river President Ratcliffe did
+beat James Read, the blacksmith.  Wingfield says the Council were
+continually beating the men for their own pleasure.  Read struck
+back.
+
+For this he was condemned to be hanged; but "before he turned of the
+lather," he desired to speak privately with the President, and
+thereupon accused Mr. Kendall--who had been released from the pinnace
+when Wingfield was sent aboard--of mutiny.  Read escaped.  Kendall
+was convicted of mutiny and shot to death.  In arrest of judgment he
+objected that the President had no authority to pronounce judgment
+because his name was Sicklemore and not Ratcliffe.  This was true,
+and Mr. Martin pronounced the sentence.  In his "True Relation,"
+Smith agrees with this statement of the death of Kendall, and says
+that he was tried by a jury.  It illustrates the general looseness of
+the "General Historie," written and compiled many years afterwards,
+that this transaction there appears as follows: "Wingfield and
+Kendall being in disgrace, seeing all things at random in the absence
+of Smith, the company's dislike of their President's weakness, and
+their small love to Martin's never-mending sickness, strengthened
+themselves with the sailors and other confederates to regain their
+power, control, and authority, or at least such meanes aboard the
+pinnace (being fitted to sail as Smith had appointed for trade) to
+alter her course and to goe for England.  Smiith unexpectedly
+returning had the plot discovered to him, much trouble he had to
+prevent it, till with store of sakre and musket-shot he forced them
+to stay or sink in the river, which action cost the life of Captain
+Kendall."
+
+In a following sentence he says: "The President [Ratcliffe] and
+Captain Archer not long after intended also to have abandoned the
+country, which project also was curbed and suppressed by Smith."
+Smith was always suppressing attempts at flight, according to his own
+story, unconfirmed by any other writers.  He had before accused
+President Wingfield of a design to escape in the pinnace.
+
+Communications were evidently exchanged with Mr. Wingfield on the
+pinnace, and the President was evidently ill at ease about him.  One
+day he was summoned ashore, but declined to go, and requested an
+interview with ten gentlemen.  To those who came off to him he said
+that he had determined to go to England to make known the weakness of
+the colony, that he could not live under the laws and usurpations of
+the Triumvirate; however, if the President and Mr. Archer would go,
+he was willing to stay and take his fortune with the colony, or he
+would contribute one hundred pounds towards taking the colony home.
+"They did like none of my proffers, but made divers shott at uss in
+the pynnasse."  Thereupon he went ashore and had a conference.
+
+On the 10th of December Captain Smith departed on his famous
+expedition up the Chickahominy, during which the alleged Pocahontas
+episode occurred.  Mr. Wingfield's condensed account of this journey
+and captivity we shall refer to hereafter.  In Smith's absence
+President Ratcliffe, contrary to his oath, swore Mr. Archer one of
+the Council; and Archer was no sooner settled in authority than he
+sought to take Smith's life.  The enmity of this man must be regarded
+as a long credit mark to Smith.  Archer had him indicted upon a
+chapter in Leviticus (they all wore a garb of piety) for the death of
+two men who were killed by the Indians on his expedition.  "He had
+had his trials the same daie of his retourne," says Wingfield, "and I
+believe his hanging the same, or the next daie, so speedy is our law
+there.  But it pleased God to send Captain Newport unto us the same
+evening, to our unspeakable comfort; whose arrivall saved Mr. Smyth's
+leif and mine, because he took me out of the pynnasse, and gave me
+leave to lyve in the towne.  Also by his comyng was prevented a
+parliament, which the newe counsailor, Mr. Recorder, intended thear
+to summon."
+
+Captain Newport's arrival was indeed opportune.  He was the only one
+of the Council whose character and authority seem to have been
+generally respected, the only one who could restore any sort of
+harmony and curb the factious humors of the other leaders.  Smith
+should have all credit for his energy in procuring supplies, for his
+sagacity in dealing with the Indians, for better sense than most of
+the other colonists exhibited, and for more fidelity to the objects
+of the plantation than most of them; but where ability to rule is
+claimed for him, at this juncture we can but contrast the deference
+shown by all to Newport with the want of it given to Smith.
+Newport's presence at once quelled all the uneasy spirits.
+
+Newport's arrival, says Wingfield, "saved Mr Smith's life and mine."
+Smith's account of the episode is substantially the same.  In his
+"True Relation" he says on his return to the fort "each man with
+truest signs of joy they could express welcomed me, except Mr.
+Archer, and some two or three of his, who was then in my absence
+sworn councilor, though not with the consent of Captain Martin; great
+blame and imputation was laid upon me by them for the loss of our two
+men which the Indians slew: insomuch that they purposed to depose me,
+but in the midst of my miseries, it pleased God to send Captain
+Newport, who arriving there the same night, so tripled our joy, as
+for a while those plots against me were deferred, though with much
+malice against me, which Captain Newport in short time did plainly
+see."  In his "Map of Virginia," the Oxford tract of 1612, Smith does
+not allude to this; but in the "General Historie" it had assumed a
+different aspect in his mind, for at the time of writing that he was
+the irresistible hero, and remembered himself as always nearly
+omnipotent in Virginia.  Therefore, instead of expressions of
+gratitude to Newport we read this: "Now in Jamestown they were all in
+combustion, the strongest preparing once more to run away with the
+pinnace; which with the hazard of his life, with Sakre, falcon and
+musket shot, Smith forced now the third time to stay or sink.  Some
+no better than they should be, had plotted to put him to death by the
+Levitical law, for the lives of Robinson and Emry, pretending that
+the fault was his, that led them to their ends; but he quickly took
+such order with such Lawyers, that he laid them by the heels till he
+sent some of them prisoners to England."
+
+Clearly Captain Smith had no authority to send anybody prisoner to
+England.  When Newport returned, April 10th, Wingfield and Archer
+went with him.  Wingfield no doubt desired to return.  Archer was so
+insolent, seditious, and libelous that he only escaped the halter by
+the interposition of Newport.  The colony was willing to spare both
+these men, and probably Newport it was who decided they should go.
+As one of the Council, Smith would undoubtedly favor their going.  He
+says in the "General Historie": "We not having any use of
+parliaments, plaises, petitions, admirals, recorders, interpreters,
+chronologers, courts of plea, or justices of peace, sent Master
+Wingfield and Captain Archer home with him, that had engrossed all
+those titles, to seek some better place of employment."  Mr.
+Wingfield never returned.  Captain Archer returned in 1609, with the
+expedition of Gates and Somers, as master of one of the ships.
+
+Newport had arrived with the first supply on the 8th of January,
+1608.  The day before, according to Wingfield, a fire occurred which
+destroyed nearly all the town, with the clothing and provisions.
+According to Smith, who is probably correct in this, the fire did not
+occur till five or six days after the arrival of the ship.  The date
+is uncertain, and some doubt is also thrown upon the date of the
+arrival of the ship.  It was on the day of Smith's return from
+captivity: and that captivity lasted about four weeks if the return
+was January 8th, for he started on the expedition December 10th.
+Smith subsequently speaks of his captivity lasting six or seven
+weeks.
+
+In his "General Historie" Smith says the fire happened after the
+return of the expedition of Newport, Smith, and Scrivener to the
+Pamunkey: "Good Master Hunt, our Preacher, lost all his library, and
+all he had but the clothes on his back; yet none ever heard him
+repine at his loss."  This excellent and devoted man is the only one
+of these first pioneers of whom everybody speaks well, and he
+deserved all affection and respect.
+
+One of the first labors of Newport was to erect a suitable church.
+Services had been held under many disadvantages, which Smith depicts
+in his "Advertisements for Unexperienced Planters," published in
+London in 1631:
+
+"When I first went to Virginia, I well remember, we did hang an
+awning (which is an old saile) to three or foure trees to shadow us
+from the Sunne, our walls were rales of wood, our seats unhewed
+trees, till we cut plankes, our Pulpit a bar of wood nailed to two
+neighboring trees, in foule weather we shifted into an old rotten
+tent, for we had few better, and this came by the way of adventure
+for me; this was our Church, till we built a homely thing like a
+barne, set upon Cratchets, covered with rafts, sedge and earth, so
+was also the walls: the best of our houses of the like curiosity, but
+the most part farre much worse workmanship, that could neither well
+defend wind nor raine, yet we had daily Common Prayer morning and
+evening, every day two Sermons, and every three moneths the holy
+Communion, till our Minister died, [Robert Hunt] but our Prayers
+daily, with an Homily on Sundaies."
+
+It is due to Mr. Wingfield, who is about to disappear from Virginia,
+that something more in his defense against the charges of Smith and
+the others should be given.  It is not possible now to say how the
+suspicion of his religious soundness arose, but there seems to have
+been a notion that he had papal tendencies.  His grandfather, Sir
+Richard Wingfield, was buried in Toledo, Spain.  His father, Thomas
+Maria Wingfield, was christened by Queen Mary and Cardinal Pole.
+These facts perhaps gave rise to the suspicion.  He answers them with
+some dignity and simplicity, and with a little querulousness :
+
+"It is noised that I combyned with the Spanniards to the distruccion
+of the Collony; that I ame an atheist, because I carryed not a Bible
+with me, and because I did forbid the preacher to preache; that I
+affected a kingdome; that I did hide of the comon provision in the
+ground.
+
+"I confesse I have alwayes admyred any noble vertue and prowesse, as
+well in the Spanniards (as in other nations): but naturally I have
+alwayes distrusted and disliked their neighborhoode.  I sorted many
+bookes in my house, to be sent up to me at my goeing to Virginia;
+amongst them a Bible.  They were sent up in a trunk to London, with
+divers fruite, conserves, and preserves, which I did sett in Mr.
+Crofts his house in Ratcliff.  In my beeing at Virginia, I did
+understand my trunk was thear broken up, much lost, my sweetmeates
+eaten at his table, some of my bookes which I missed to be seene in
+his hands: and whether amongst them my Bible was so ymbeasiled or
+mislayed by my servants, and not sent me, I knowe not as yet.
+
+"Two or three Sunday mornings, the Indians gave us allarums at our
+towne.  By that tymes they weare answered, the place about us well
+discovered, and our devyne service ended, the daie was farr spent.
+The preacher did aske me if it were my pleasure to have a sermon: hee
+said hee was prepared for it.  I made answere, that our men were
+weary and hungry, and that he did see the time of the daie farr past
+(for at other tymes bee never made such question, but, the service
+finished he began his sermon); and that, if it pleased him, wee would
+spare him till some other tyme.  I never failed to take such noates
+by wrighting out of his doctrine as my capacity could comprehend,
+unless some raynie day hindred my endeavor.  My mynde never swelled
+with such ympossible mountebank humors as could make me affect any
+other kingdome than the kingdom of heaven.
+
+"As truly as God liveth, I gave an ould man, then the keeper of the
+private store, 2 glasses with sallet oyle which I brought with me out
+of England for my private stoare, and willed him to bury it in the
+ground, for that I feared the great heate would spoile it.
+Whatsoever was more, I did never consent unto or know of it, and as
+truly was it protested unto me, that all the remaynder before
+mencioned of the oyle, wyne, &c., which the President receyved of me
+when I was deposed they themselves poored into their owne bellyes.
+
+"To the President's and Counsell's objections I saie that I doe knowe
+curtesey and civility became a governor.  No penny whittle was asked
+me, but a knife, whereof I have none to spare The Indyans had long
+before stoallen my knife.  Of chickins I never did eat but one, and
+that in my sicknes.  Mr. Ratcliff had before that time tasted Of 4 or
+5.  I had by my owne huswiferie bred above 37, and the most part of
+them my owne poultrye; of all which, at my comyng awaie, I did not
+see three living.  I never denyed him (or any other) beare, when I
+had it.  The corne was of the same which we all lived upon.
+
+"Mr. Smyth, in the time of our hungar, had spread a rumor in the
+Collony, that I did feast myself and my servants out of the comon
+stoare, with entent (as I gathered) to have stirred the discontented
+company against me.  I told him privately, in Mr. Gosnold's tent,
+that indeede I had caused half a pint of pease to be sodden with a
+peese of pork, of my own provision, for a poore old man, which in a
+sicknes (whereof he died) he much desired; and said, that if out of
+his malice he had given it out otherwise, that hee did tell a leye.
+It was proved to his face, that he begged in Ireland like a rogue,
+without a lycence.  To such I would not my nam should be a
+companyon."
+
+The explanation about the Bible as a part of his baggage is a little
+far-fetched, and it is evident that that book was not his daily
+companion.  Whether John Smith habitually carried one about with him
+we are not informed.  The whole passage quoted gives us a curious
+picture of the mind and of the habits of the time.  This allusion to
+John Smith's begging is the only reference we can find to his having
+been in Ireland.  If he was there it must have been in that interim
+in his own narrative between his return from Morocco and his going to
+Virginia.  He was likely enough to seek adventure there, as the
+hangers-on of the court in Raleigh's day occasionally did, and
+perhaps nothing occurred during his visit there that he cared to
+celebrate.  If he went to Ireland he probably got in straits there,
+for that was his usual luck.
+
+Whatever is the truth about Mr. Wingfield's inefficiency and
+embezzlement of corn meal, Communion sack, and penny whittles, his
+enemies had no respect for each other or concord among themselves.
+It is Wingfield's testimony that Ratcliffe said he would not have
+been deposed if he had visited Ratcliffe during his sickness.  Smith
+said that Wingfield would not have been deposed except for Archer;
+that the charges against him were frivolous.  Yet, says Wingfield, "I
+do believe him the first and only practiser in these practices," and
+he attributed Smith's hostility to the fact that "his name was
+mentioned in the intended and confessed mutiny by Galthrop."  Noother
+reference is made to this mutiny.  Galthrop was one of those who died
+in the previous August.
+
+One of the best re-enforcements of the first supply was Matthew
+Scrivener, who was appointed one of the Council.  He was a sensible
+man, and he and Smith worked together in harmony for some time.  They
+were intent upon building up the colony.  Everybody else in the camp
+was crazy about the prospect of gold: there was, says Smith, "no
+talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load
+gold, such a bruit of gold that one mad fellow desired to be buried
+in the sands, lest they should by their art make gold of his bones."
+He charges that Newport delayed his return to England on account of
+this gold fever, in order to load his vessel (which remained fourteen
+weeks when it might have sailed in fourteen days) with gold-dust.
+Captain Martin seconded Newport in this; Smith protested against it;
+he thought Newport was no refiner, and it did torment him "to see all
+necessary business neglected, to fraught such a drunken ship with so
+much gilded durt."  This was the famous load of gold that proved to
+be iron pyrites.
+
+In speaking of the exploration of the James River as far as the Falls
+by Newport, Smith, and Percy, we have followed the statements of
+Percy and the writer of Newport's discovery that they saw the great
+Powhatan.  There is much doubt of this.  Smith in his "True Relation
+"does not say so; in his voyage up the Chickahominy he seems to have
+seen Powhatan for the first time; and Wingfield speaks of Powhatan,
+on Smith's return from that voyage, as one "of whom before we had no
+knowledge."  It is conjectured that the one seen at Powhatan's seat
+near the Falls was a son of the "Emperor."  It was partly the
+exaggeration of the times to magnify discoveries, and partly English
+love of high titles, that attributed such titles as princes,
+emperors, and kings to the half-naked barbarians and petty chiefs of
+Virginia.
+
+In all the accounts of the colony at this period, no mention is made
+of women, and it is not probable that any went over with the first
+colonists.  The character of the men was not high.  Many of them were
+"gentlemen" adventurers, turbulent spirits, who would not work, who
+were much better fitted for piratical maraudings than the labor of
+founding a state.  The historian must agree with the impression
+conveyed by Smith, that it was poor material out of which to make a
+colony.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+SMITH TO THE FRONT
+
+It is now time to turn to Smith's personal adventures among the
+Indians during this period.  Almost our only authority is Smith
+himself, or such presumed writings of his companions as he edited or
+rewrote.  Strachey and others testify to his energy in procuring
+supplies for the colony, and his success in dealing with the Indians,
+and it seems likely that the colony would have famished but for his
+exertions.  Whatever suspicion attaches to Smith's relation of his
+own exploits, it must never be forgotten that he was a man of
+extraordinary executive ability, and had many good qualities to
+offset his vanity and impatience of restraint.
+
+After the departure of Wingfield, Captain Smith was constrained to
+act as Cape Merchant; the leaders were sick or discontented, the rest
+were in despair, and would rather starve and rot than do anything for
+their own relief, and the Indian trade was decreasing.  Under these
+circumstances, Smith says in his "True Relation," "I was sent to the
+mouth of the river, to Kegquoughtan [now Hampton], an Indian Towne,
+to trade for corn, and try the river for fish."  The Indians,
+thinking them near famished, tantalized them with offers of little
+bits of bread in exchange for a hatchet or a piece of copper, and
+Smith offered trifles in return.  The next day the Indians were
+anxious to trade.  Smith sent men up to their town, a display of
+force was made by firing four guns, and the Indians kindly traded,
+giving fish, oysters, bread, and deer.  The town contained eighteen
+houses, and heaps of grain.  Smith obtained fifteen bushels of it,
+and on his homeward way he met two canoes with Indians, whom he
+accompanied to their villages on the south side of the river, and got
+from them fifteen bushels more.
+
+This incident is expanded in the "General Historie."  After the lapse
+of fifteen years Smith is able to remember more details, and to
+conceive himself as the one efficient man who had charge of
+everything outside the fort, and to represent his dealings with the
+Indians in a much more heroic and summary manner.  He was not sent on
+the expedition, but went of his own motion.  The account opens in
+this way: "The new President [Ratcliffe] and Martin, being little
+beloved, of weake judgement in dangers, and loose industrie in peace,
+committed the management of all things abroad to Captain Smith; who
+by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow,
+others to binde thatch, some to builde houses, others to thatch them,
+himselfe always bearing the greatest taske for his own share, so that
+in short time he provided most of them with lodgings, neglecting any
+for himselfe.  This done, seeing the Salvage superfluities beginne to
+decrease (with some of his workmen) shipped himself in the Shallop to
+search the country for trade."
+
+In this narration, when the Indians trifled with Smith he fired a
+volley at them, ran his boat ashore, and pursued them fleeing towards
+their village, where were great heaps of corn that he could with
+difficulty restrain his soldiers [six or seven] from taking.  The
+Indians then assaulted them with a hideous noise: "Sixty or seventy
+of them, some black, some red, some white, some particoloured, came
+in a square order, singing and dancing out of the woods, with their
+Okee (which is an Idol made of skinnes, stuffed with mosse, and
+painted and hung with chains and copper) borne before them; and in
+this manner being well armed with clubs, targets, bowes and arrowes,
+they charged the English that so kindly received them with their
+muskets loaden with pistol shot, that down fell their God, and divers
+lay sprawling on the ground; the rest fled againe to the woods, and
+ere long sent men of their Quiyoughkasoucks [conjurors] to offer
+peace and redeeme the Okee."  Good feeling was restored, and the
+savages brought the English "venison, turkies, wild fowl, bread all
+that they had, singing and dancing in sign of friendship till they
+departed."  This fantastical account is much more readable than the
+former bare narration.
+
+The supplies which Smith brought gave great comfort to the despairing
+colony, which was by this time reasonably fitted with houses.  But it
+was not long before they again ran short of food.  In his first
+narrative Smith says there were some motions made for the President
+and Captain Arthur to go over to England and procure a supply, but it
+was with much ado concluded that the pinnace and the barge should go
+up the river to Powhatan to trade for corn, and the lot fell to Smith
+to command the expedition.  In his "General Historie" a little
+different complexion is put upon this.  On his return, Smith says, he
+suppressed an attempt to run away with the pinnace to England.  He
+represents that what food "he carefully provided the rest carelessly
+spent," and there is probably much truth in his charges that the
+settlers were idle and improvident.  He says also that they were in
+continual broils at this time.  It is in the fall of 1607, just
+before his famous voyage up the Chickahominy, on which he departed
+December 10th--that he writes: "The President and Captain Arthur
+intended not long after to have abandoned the country, which project
+was curbed and suppressed by Smith.  The Spaniard never more greedily
+desired gold than he victual, nor his soldiers more to abandon the
+country than he to keep it.  But finding plenty of corn in the river
+of Chickahomania, where hundreds of salvages in divers places stood
+with baskets expecting his coming, and now the winter approaching,
+the rivers became covered with swans, geese, ducks, and cranes, that
+we daily feasted with good bread, Virginia peas, pumpions, and
+putchamins, fish, fowls, and divers sorts of wild beasts as fat as we
+could eat them, so that none of our Tuftaffaty humorists desired to
+go to England."
+
+While the Chickahominy expedition was preparing, Smith made a voyage
+to Popohanock or Quiyoughcohanock, as it is called on his map, a town
+on the south side of the river, above Jamestown.  Here the women and
+children fled from their homes and the natives refused to trade.
+They had plenty of corn, but Smith says he had no commission to spoil
+them.  On his return he called at Paspahegh, a town on the north side
+of the James, and on the map placed higher than Popohanock, but
+evidently nearer to Jamestown, as he visited it on his return.  He
+obtained ten bushels of corn of the churlish and treacherous natives,
+who closely watched and dogged the expedition.
+
+Everything was now ready for the journey to Powhatan.  Smith had the
+barge and eight men for trading and discovery, and the pinnace was to
+follow to take the supplies at convenient landings.  On the 9th of
+November he set out in the barge to explore the Chickahominy, which
+is described as emptying into the James at Paspahegh, eight miles
+above the fort.  The pinnace was to ascend the river twenty miles to
+Point Weanock, and to await Smith there.  All the month of November
+Smith toiled up and down the Chickahominy, discovering and visiting
+many villages, finding the natives kindly disposed and eager to
+trade, and possessing abundance of corn.  Notwithstanding this
+abundance, many were still mutinous.  At this time occurred the
+President's quarrel with the blacksmith, who, for assaulting the
+President, was condemned to death, and released on disclosing a
+conspiracy of which Captain Kendall was principal; and the latter was
+executed in his place.  Smith returned from a third voyage to the
+Chickahominy with more supplies, only to find the matter of sending
+the pinnace to England still debated.
+
+This project, by the help of Captain Martin, he again quieted and at
+last set forward on his famous voyage into the country of Powhatan
+and Pocahontas.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE FAMOUS CHICKAHOMINY VOYAGE
+
+We now enter upon the most interesting episode in the life of the
+gallant captain, more thrilling and not less romantic than the
+captivity in Turkey and the tale of the faithful love of the fair
+young mistress Charatza Tragabigzanda.
+
+Although the conduct of the lovely Charatza in despatching Smith to
+her cruel brother in Nalbrits, where he led the life of a dog, was
+never explained, he never lost faith in her.  His loyalty to women
+was equal to his admiration of them, and it was bestowed without
+regard to race or complexion.  Nor is there any evidence that the
+dusky Pocahontas, who is about to appear, displaced in his heart the
+image of the too partial Tragabigzanda.  In regard to women, as to
+his own exploits, seen in the light of memory, Smith possessed a
+creative imagination.  He did not create Pocahontas, as perhaps he
+may have created the beautiful mistress of Bashaw Bogall, but he
+invested her with a romantic interest which forms a lovely halo about
+his own memory.
+
+As this voyage up the Chickahominy is more fruitful in its
+consequences than Jason's voyage to Colchis; as it exhibits the
+energy, daring, invention, and various accomplishments of Captain
+Smith, as warrior, negotiator, poet, and narrator; as it describes
+Smith's first and only captivity among the Indians; and as it was
+during this absence of four weeks from Jamestown, if ever, that
+Pocahontas interposed to prevent the beating out of Smith's brains
+with a club, I shall insert the account of it in full, both Smith's
+own varying relations of it, and such contemporary notices of it as
+now come to light.  It is necessary here to present several accounts,
+just as they stand, and in the order in which they were written, that
+the reader may see for himself how the story of Pocahontas grew to
+its final proportions.  The real life of Pocahontas will form the
+subject of another chapter.
+
+The first of these accounts is taken from "The True Relation,"
+written by Captain John Smith, composed in Virginia, the earliest
+published work relating to the James River Colony.  It covers a
+period of a little more than thirteen months, from the arrival at
+Cape Henry on April 26, 1607, to the return of Captain Nelson in the
+Phoenix, June 2, 1608.  The manuscript was probably taken home by
+Captain Nelson, and it was published in London in 1608.  Whether it
+was intended for publication is doubtful; but at that time all news
+of the venture in Virginia was eagerly sought, and a narrative of
+this importance would naturally speedily get into print.
+
+In the several copies of it extant there are variations in the title-
+page, which was changed while the edition was being printed.  In some
+the name of Thomas Watson is given as the author, in others
+"A Gentleman of the Colony," and an apology appears signed " T. H.,"
+for the want of knowledge or inadvertence of attributing it to any
+one except Captain Smith.
+
+There is no doubt that Smith was its author.  He was still in
+Virginia when it was printed, and the printers made sad work of parts
+of his manuscript.  The question has been raised, in view of the
+entire omission of the name of Pocahontas in connection with this
+voyage and captivity, whether the manuscript was not cut by those who
+published it.  The reason given for excision is that the promoters of
+the Virginia scheme were anxious that nothing should appear to
+discourage capitalists, or to deter emigrants, and that this story of
+the hostility and cruelty of Powhatan, only averted by the tender
+mercy of his daughter, would have an unfortunate effect.  The answer
+to this is that the hostility was exhibited by the captivity and the
+intimation that Smith was being fatted to be eaten, and this was
+permitted to stand.  It is wholly improbable that an incident so
+romantic, so appealing to the imagination, in an age when wonder-
+tales were eagerly welcomed, and which exhibited such tender pity in
+the breast of a savage maiden, and such paternal clemency in a savage
+chief, would have been omitted.  It was calculated to lend a lively
+interest to the narration, and would be invaluable as an
+advertisement of the adventure.
+
+
+[For a full bibliographical discussion of this point the reader is
+referred to the reprint of "The True Relation," by Charles Deane,
+Esq., Boston, 1864, the preface and notes to which are a masterpiece
+of critical analysis.]
+
+
+That some portions of "The True Relation " were omitted is possible.
+There is internal evidence of this in the abrupt manner in which it
+opens, and in the absence of allusions to the discords during the
+voyage and on the arrival.  Captain Smith was not the man to pass
+over such questions in silence, as his subsequent caustic letter sent
+home to the Governor and Council of Virginia shows.  And it is
+probable enough that the London promoters would cut out from the
+"Relation" complaints and evidence of the seditions and helpless
+state of the colony.  The narration of the captivity is consistent as
+it stands, and wholly inconsistent with the Pocahontas episode.
+
+We extract from the narrative after Smith's departure from Apocant,
+the highest town inhabited, between thirty and forty miles up the
+river, and below Orapaks, one of Powhatan's seats, which also appears
+on his map.  He writes:
+
+"Ten miles higher I discovered with the barge; in the midway a great
+tree hindered my passage, which I cut in two: heere the river became
+narrower, 8, 9 or 10 foote at a high water, and 6 or 7 at a lowe: the
+stream exceeding swift, and the bottom hard channell, the ground most
+part a low plaine, sandy soyle, this occasioned me to suppose it
+might issue from some lake or some broad ford, for it could not be
+far to the head, but rather then I would endanger the barge, yet to
+have beene able to resolve this doubt, and to discharge the
+imputating malicious tungs, that halfe suspected I durst not for so
+long delaying, some of the company, as desirous as myself, we
+resolved to hier a canow, and returne with the barge to Apocant,
+there to leave the barge secure, and put ourselves upon the
+adventure: the country onely a vast and wilde wilderness, and but
+only that Towne: within three or foure mile we hired a canow, and 2
+Indians to row us ye next day a fowling: having made such provision
+for the barge as was needfull, I left her there to ride, with
+expresse charge not any to go ashore til my returne.  Though some
+wise men may condemn this too bould attempt of too much indiscretion,
+yet if they well consider the friendship of the Indians, in
+conducting me, the desolatenes of the country, the probabilitie of
+some lacke, and the malicious judges of my actions at home, as also
+to have some matters of worth to incourage our adventurers in
+england, might well have caused any honest minde to have done the
+like, as wel for his own discharge as for the publike good: having 2
+Indians for my guide and 2 of our own company, I set forward, leaving
+7 in the barge; having discovered 20 miles further in this desart,
+the river stil kept his depth and bredth, but much more combred with
+trees; here we went ashore (being some 12 miles higher than ye barge
+had bene) to refresh our selves, during the boyling of our vituals:
+one of the Indians I tooke with me, to see the nature of the soile,
+and to cross the boughts of the river, the other Indian I left with
+M. Robbinson and Thomas Emry, with their matches light and order to
+discharge a peece, for my retreat at the first sight of any Indian,
+but within a quarter of an houre I heard a loud cry, and a hollowing
+of Indians, but no warning peece, supposing them surprised, and that
+the Indians had betraid us, presently I seazed him and bound his arme
+fast to my hand in a garter, with my pistoll ready bent to be
+revenged on him: he advised me to fly and seemed ignorant of what was
+done, but as we went discoursing, I was struck with an arrow on the
+right thigh, but without harme: upon this occasion I espied 2 Indians
+drawing their bowes, which I prevented in discharging a french
+pistoll: by that I had charged again 3 or 4 more did the 'like, for
+the first fell downe and fled: at my discharge they did the like, my
+hinde I made my barricade, who offered not to strive, 20 or 30
+arrowes were shot at me but short, 3 or 4 times I had discharged my
+pistoll ere the king of Pamauck called Opeckakenough with 200 men,
+environed me, each drawing their bowe, which done they laid them upon
+the ground, yet without shot, my hinde treated betwixt them and me of
+conditions of peace, he discovered me to be the captaine, my request
+was to retire to ye boate, they demanded my armes, the rest they
+saide were slaine, onely me they would reserve: the Indian importuned
+me not to shoot.  In retiring being in the midst of a low quagmire,
+and minding them more than my steps, I stept fast into the quagmire,
+and also the Indian in drawing me forth: thus surprised, I resolved
+to trie their mercies, my armes I caste from me, till which none
+durst approch me: being ceazed on me, they drew me out and led me to
+the King, I presented him with a compasse diall, describing by my
+best meanes the use thereof, whereat he so amazedly admired, as he
+suffered me to proceed in a discourse of the roundnes of the earth,
+the course of the sunne, moone, starres and plannets, with kinde
+speeches and bread he requited me, conducting me where the canow lay
+and John Robinson slaine, with 20 or 30 arrowes in him.  Emry I saw
+not, I perceived by the abundance of fires all over the woods, at
+each place I expected when they would execute me, yet they used me
+with what kindnes they could: approaching their Towne which was
+within 6 miles where I was taken, onely made as arbors and covered
+with mats, which they remove as occasion requires: all the women and
+children, being advertised of this accident came forth to meet, the
+King well guarded with 20 bow men 5 flanck and rear and each flanck
+before him a sword and a peece, and after him the like, then a
+bowman, then I on each hand a boweman, the rest in file in the reare,
+which reare led forth amongst the trees in a bishion, eache his bowe
+and a handfull of arrowes, a quiver at his back grimly painted: on
+eache flanck a sargeant, the one running alwaiss towards the front
+the other towards the reare, each a true pace and in exceeding good
+order, this being a good time continued, they caste themselves in a
+ring with a daunce, and so eache man departed to his lodging, the
+captain conducting me to his lodging, a quarter of Venison and some
+ten pound of bread I had for supper, what I left was reserved for me,
+and sent with me to my lodging: each morning three women presented me
+three great platters of fine bread, more venison than ten men could
+devour I had, my gowne, points and garters, my compas and a tablet
+they gave me again, though 8 ordinarily guarded me, I wanted not what
+they could devise to content me: and still our longer acquaintance
+increased our better affection: much they threatened to assault our
+forte as they were solicited by the King of Paspahegh, who shewed at
+our fort great signs of sorrow for this mischance: the King took
+great delight in understanding the manner of our ships and sayling
+the seas, the earth and skies and of our God: what he knew of the
+dominions he spared not to acquaint me with, as of certaine men
+cloathed at a place called Ocanahonun, cloathed like me, the course
+of our river, and that within 4 or 5 daies journey of the falles, was
+a great turning of salt water: I desired he would send a messenger to
+Paspahegh, with a letter I would write, by which they should
+understand, how kindly they used me, and that I was well, lest they
+should revenge my death; this he granted and sent three men, in such
+weather, as in reason were unpossible, by any naked to be indured:
+their cruell mindes towards the fort I had deverted, in describing
+the ordinance and the mines in the fields, as also the revenge
+Captain Newport would take of them at his returne, their intent, I
+incerted the fort, the people of Ocanahomm and the back sea, this
+report they after found divers Indians that confirmed: the next day
+after my letter, came a salvage to my lodging, with his sword to have
+slaine me, but being by my guard intercepted, with a bowe and arrow
+he offred to have effected his purpose: the cause I knew not, till
+the King understanding thereof came and told me of a man a dying
+wounded with my pistoll: he tould me also of another I had slayne,
+yet the most concealed they had any hurte: this was the father of him
+I had slayne, whose fury to prevent, the King presently conducted me
+to another kingdome, upon the top of the next northerly river, called
+Youghtanan, having feasted me, he further led me to another branch of
+the river called Mattapament, to two other hunting townes they led
+me, and to each of these Countries, a house of the great Emperor of
+Pewhakan, whom as yet I supposed to be at the Fals, to him I tolde
+him I must goe, and so returne to Paspahegh, after this foure or five
+dayes march we returned to Rasawrack, the first towne they brought me
+too, where binding the mats in bundles, they marched two dayes
+journey and crossed the River of Youghtanan, where it was as broad as
+Thames: so conducting me too a place called Menapacute in Pamunke,
+where ye King inhabited; the next day another King of that nation
+called Kekataugh, having received some kindness of me at the Fort,
+kindly invited me to feast at his house, the people from all places
+flocked to see me, each shewing to content me.  By this the great
+King hath foure or five houses, each containing fourscore or an
+hundred foote in length, pleasantly seated upon an high sandy hill,
+from whence you may see westerly a goodly low country, the river
+before the which his crooked course causeth many great Marshes of
+exceeding good ground.  An hundred houses, and many large plaines are
+here together inhabited, more abundance of fish and fowle, and a
+pleasanter seat cannot be imagined: the King with fortie bowmen to
+guard me, intreated me to discharge my Pistoll, which they there
+presented me with a mark at six score to strike therewith but to
+spoil the practice I broke the cocke, whereat they were much
+discontented though a chaunce supposed.  From hence this kind King
+conducted me to a place called Topahanocke, a kingdome upon another
+river northward; the cause of this was, that the yeare before, a
+shippe had beene in the River of Pamunke, who having been kindly
+entertained by Powhatan their Emperour, they returned thence, and
+discovered the River of Topahanocke, where being received with like
+kindnesse, yet he slue the King, and tooke of his people, and they
+supposed I were bee, but the people reported him a great man that was
+Captaine, and using mee kindly, the next day we departed.  This River
+of Topahanock, seemeth in breadth not much lesse than that we dwell
+upon.  At the mouth of the River is a Countrey called Cuttata women,
+upwards is Marraugh tacum Tapohanock, Apparnatuck, and Nantaugs
+tacum, at Topmanahocks, the head issuing from many Mountains, the
+next night I lodged at a hunting town of Powhatam's, and the next day
+arrived at Waranacomoco upon the river of Parnauncke, where the great
+king is resident: by the way we passed by the top of another little
+river, which is betwixt the two called Payankatank.  The most of this
+country though Desert, yet exceeding fertil, good timber, most hils
+and in dales, in each valley a cristall spring.
+
+"Arriving at Weramacomoco, their Emperour, proudly lying upon a
+Bedstead a foote high upon tenne or twelve Mattes, richly hung with
+manie Chaynes of great Pearles about his necke, and covered with a
+great covering of Rahaughcums: At heade sat a woman, at his feete
+another, on each side sitting upon a Matte upon the ground were
+raunged his chiefe men on each side the fire, tenne in a ranke and
+behinde them as many yong women, each a great Chaine of white Beades
+over their shoulders: their heades painted in redde and with such a
+grave and Majeslicall countenance, as drove me into admiration to see
+such state in a naked Salvage, bee kindlv welcomed me with good
+wordes, and great Platters of sundrie victuals, asiuring mee his
+friendship and my libertie within foure dayes, bee much delighted in
+Opechan Conough's relation of what I had described to him, and oft
+examined me upon the same.  Hee asked me the cause of our comming, I
+tolde him being in fight with the Spaniards our enemie, being over
+powred, neare put to retreat, and by extreme weather put to this
+shore, where landing at Chesipiack, the people shot us, but at
+Kequoughtan they kindly used us, wee by signes demaunded fresh water,
+they described us up the River was all fresh water, at Paspahegh,
+also they kindly used us, our Pinnasse being leake wee were inforced
+to stay to mend her, till Captain Newport my father came to conduct
+us away.  He demaunded why we went further with our Boate, I tolde
+him, in that I would have occasion to talke of the backe Sea, that on
+the other side the maine, where was salt water, my father had a
+childe slaine, which we supposed Monocan his enemie, whose death we
+intended to revenge.  After good deliberation, hee began to describe
+me the countreys beyond the Falles, wiih many of the rest, confirming
+what not only Opechancanoyes, and an Indian which had been prisoner
+to Pewhatan had before tolde mee, but some called it five days, some
+sixe, some eight, where the sayde water dashed amongst many stones
+and rocks, each storme which caused oft tymes the heade of the River
+to bee brackish: Anchanachuck he described to bee the people that had
+slaine my brother, whose death hee would revenge.  Hee described also
+upon the same Sea, a mighty nation called Pocoughtronack, a fierce
+nation that did eate men and warred with the people of Moyaoncer, and
+Pataromerke, Nations upon the toppe of the heade of the Bay, under
+his territories, where the yeare before they had slain an hundred, he
+signified their crownes were shaven, long haire in the necke, tied on
+a knot, Swords like Pollaxes.
+
+" Beyond them he described people with short Coates, and Sleeves to
+the Elbowes, that passed that way in Shippes like ours.  Many
+Kingdomes hee described mee to the heade of the Bay, which seemed to
+bee a mightie River, issuing from mightie mountaines, betwixt the two
+seas; the people clothed at Ocamahowan.  He also confirmed, and the
+Southerly Countries also, as the rest, that reported us to be within
+a day and a halfe of Mangoge, two dayes of Chawwonock, 6 from
+Roonock, to the South part of the backe sea: he described a countrie
+called Anone, where they have abundance of Brasse, and houses walled
+as ours.  I requited his discourse, seeing what pride he had in his
+great and spacious Dominions, seeing that all hee knewe were under
+his Territories.
+
+" In describing to him the territories of Europe which was subject to
+our great King whose subject I was, the innumerable multitude of his
+ships, I gave him to understand the noyse of Trumpets and terrible
+manner of fighting were under Captain Newport my father, whom I
+intituled the Meworames which they call King of all the waters, at
+his greatnesse bee admired and not a little feared; he desired mee to
+forsake Paspahegh, and to live with him upon his River, a countrie
+called Capa Howasicke; he promised to give me corne, venison, or what
+I wanted to feede us, Hatchets and Copper wee should make him, and
+none should disturbe us.  This request I promised to performe: and
+thus having with all the kindnes hee could devise, sought to content
+me, he sent me home with 4 men, one that usually carried my Gonne and
+Knapsacke after me, two other loded with bread, and one to accompanie
+me."
+
+The next extract in regard to this voyage is from President
+Wingfield's "Discourse of Virginia," which appears partly in the form
+of a diary, but was probably drawn up or at least finished shortly
+after Wingfield's return to London in May, 1608.  He was in Jamestown
+when Smith returned from his captivity, and would be likely to allude
+to the romantic story of Pocahontas if Smith had told it on his
+escape.  We quote:
+
+"Decem. --The 10th of December, Mr. Smyth went up the ryver of the
+Chechohomynies to trade for corne; he was desirous to see the heade
+of that river; and, when it was not passible with the shallop, he
+hired a cannow and an Indian to carry him up further.  The river the
+higher grew worse and worse.  Then hee went on shoare with his guide,
+and left Robinson and Emmery, and twoe of our Men, in the cannow;
+which were presently slayne by the Indians, Pamaonke's men, and hee
+himself taken prysoner, and, by the means of his guide, his lief was
+saved; and Pamaonche, haveing him prisoner, carryed him to his
+neybors wyroances, to see if any of them knew him for one of those
+which had bene, some two or three eeres before us, in a river amongst
+them Northward, and taken awaie some Indians from them by force.  At
+last he brought him to the great Powaton (of whome before wee had no
+knowledg), who sent him home to our towne the 8th of January."
+
+
+The next contemporary document to which we have occasion to refer is
+Smith's Letter to the Treasurer and Council of Virginia in England,
+written in Virginia after the arrival of Newport there in September,
+1608, and probably sent home by him near the close of that year.  In
+this there is no occasion for a reference to Powhatan or his
+daughter, but he says in it: "I have sent you this Mappe of the Bay
+and Rivers, with an annexed Relation of the Countryes and Nations
+that inhabit them as you may see at large."  This is doubtless the
+"Map of Virginia," with a description of the country, published some
+two or three years after Smith's return to England, at Oxford, 1612.
+It is a description of the country and people, and contains little
+narrative.  But with this was published, as an appendix, an account
+of the proceedings of the Virginia colonists from 1606 to 1612, taken
+out of the writings of Thomas Studley and several others who had been
+residents in Virginia.  These several discourses were carefully
+edited by William Symonds, a doctor of divinity and a man of learning
+and repute, evidently at the request of Smith.  To the end of the
+volume Dr. Symonds appends a note addressed to Smith, saying:
+"I return you the fruit of my labors, as Mr. Cranshaw requested me,
+which I bestowed in reading the discourses and hearing the relations
+of such as have walked and observed the land of Virginia with you."
+These narratives by Smith's companions, which he made a part of his
+Oxford book, and which passed under his eye and had his approval, are
+uniformly not only friendly to him, but eulogistic of him, and
+probably omit no incident known to the writers which would do him
+honor or add interest to him as a knight of romance.  Nor does it
+seem probable that Smith himself would have omitted to mention the
+dramatic scene of the prevented execution if it had occurred to him.
+If there had been a reason in the minds of others in 1608 why it
+should not appear in the "True Relation," that reason did not exist
+for Smith at this time, when the discords and discouragements of the
+colony were fully known.  And by this time the young girl Pocahontas
+had become well known to the colonists at Jamestown.  The account of
+this Chickahominy voyage given in this volume, published in 1612, is
+signed by Thomas Studley, and is as follows:
+
+'The next voyage he proceeded so farre that with much labour by
+cutting of trees in sunder he made his passage, but when his Barge
+could passe no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of
+shot, commanding none should go ashore till his returne; himselfe
+with 2 English and two Salvages went up higher in a Canowe, but he
+was not long absent, but his men went ashore, whose want of
+government gave both occasion and opportunity to the Salvages to
+surprise one George Casson, and much failed not to have cut of the
+boat and all the rest.  Smith little dreaming of that accident, being
+got to the marshes at the river's head, 20 miles in the desert, had
+his 2 men slaine (as is supposed) sleeping by the Canowe, whilst
+himselfe by fowling sought them victual, who finding he was beset by
+200 Salvages, 2 of them he slew, stil defending himselfe with the aid
+of a Salvage his guid (whome bee bound to his arme and used as his
+buckler), till at last slipping into a bogmire they tooke him
+prisoner: when this news came to the fort much was their sorrow for
+his losse, fewe expecting what ensued.  A month those Barbarians kept
+him prisoner, many strange triumphs and conjurations they made of
+him, yet he so demeaned himselfe amongst them, as he not only
+diverted them from surprising the Fort, but procured his own liberty,
+and got himselfe and his company such estimation amongst them, that
+those Salvages admired him as a demi-God.  So returning safe to the
+Fort, once more staied the pinnas her flight for England, which til
+his returne could not set saile, so extreme was the weather and so
+great the frost."
+
+The first allusion to the salvation of Captain Smith by Pocahontas
+occurs in a letter or "little booke" which he wrote to Queen Anne in
+1616, about the time of the arrival in England of the Indian
+Princess, who was then called the Lady Rebecca, and was wife of John
+Rolfe, by whom she had a son, who accompanied them.  Pocahontas had
+by this time become a person of some importance.  Her friendship had
+been of substantial service to the colony.  Smith had acknowledged
+this in his "True Relation," where he referred to her as the
+"nonpareil" of Virginia.  He was kind-hearted and naturally
+magnanimous, and would take some pains to do the Indian convert a
+favor, even to the invention of an incident that would make her
+attractive.  To be sure, he was vain as well as inventive, and here
+was an opportunity to attract the attention of his sovereign and
+increase his own importance by connecting his name with hers in a
+romantic manner.  Still, we believe that the main motive that
+dictated this epistle was kindness to Pocahontas.  The sentence that
+refers to her heroic act is this: "After some six weeks [he was
+absent only four weeks] fatting amongst those Salvage Countries, at
+the minute of my execution she hazarded the beating out of her own
+braines to save mine, and not only that, but so prevailed with her
+father [of whom he says, in a previous paragraph, "I received from
+this great Salvage exceeding great courtesie"], that I was safely
+conducted to Jamestown."
+
+This guarded allusion to the rescue stood for all known account of
+it, except a brief reference to it in his "New England's Trials" of
+1622, until the appearance of Smith's "General Historie " in London,
+1624.  In the first edition of "New England's Trials," 1620, there is
+no reference to it.  In the enlarged edition of 1622, Smith gives a
+new version to his capture, as resulting from "the folly of them that
+fled," and says: "God made Pocahontas, the King's daughter the means
+to deliver me."
+
+The "General Historie " was compiled--as was the custom in making up
+such books at the time from a great variety of sources.  Such parts
+of it as are not written by Smith--and these constitute a
+considerable portion of the history--bear marks here and there of his
+touch.  It begins with his description of Virginia, which appeared in
+the Oxford tract of 1612; following this are the several narratives
+by his comrades, which formed the appendix of that tract.  The one
+that concerns us here is that already quoted, signed Thomas Studley.
+It is reproduced here as "written by Thomas Studley," the first Cape
+Merchant in Virginia, Robert Fenton, Edward Harrington, and I. S."
+[John Smith].  It is, however, considerably extended, and into it is
+interjected a detailed account of the captivity and the story of the
+stones, the clubs, and the saved brains.
+
+It is worthy of special note that the "True Relation" is not
+incorporated in the "General Historie."  This is the more remarkable
+because it was an original statement, written when the occurrences it
+describes were fresh, and is much more in detail regarding many
+things that happened during the period it covered than the narratives
+that Smith uses in the " General Historie."  It was his habit to use
+over and over again his own publications.  Was this discarded because
+it contradicted the Pocahontas story--because that story could not be
+fitted into it as it could be into the Studley relation?
+
+It should be added, also, that Purchas printed an abstract of the
+Oxford tract in his "Pilgrimage," in 1613, from material furnished
+him by Smith.  The Oxford tract was also republished by Purchas in
+his "Pilgrimes," extended by new matter in manuscript supplied by
+Smith.  The "Pilgrimes" did not appear till 1625, a year after the "
+General Historie," but was in preparation long before.  The
+Pocahontas legend appears in the "Pilgrimes," but not in the earlier
+"Pilgrimage."
+
+We have before had occasion to remark that Smith's memory had the
+peculiarity of growing stronger and more minute in details the
+further he was removed in point of time from any event he describes.
+The revamped narrative is worth quoting in full for other reasons.
+It exhibits Smith's skill as a writer and his capacity for rising
+into poetic moods.  This is the story from the "General Historie":
+
+"The next voyage hee proceeded so farre that with much labour by
+cutting of trees in sunder he made his passage, but when his Barge
+could pass no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of
+shot, commanding none should goe ashore till his return: himselfe
+with two English and two Salvages went up higher in a Canowe, but he
+was not long absent, but his men went ashore, whose want of
+government, gave both occasion and opportunity to the Salvages to
+surprise one George Cassen, whom they slew, and much failed not to
+have cut of the boat and all the rest.  Smith little dreaming of that
+accident, being got to the marshes at the river's head, twentie myles
+in the desert, had his two men slaine (as is supposed) sleeping by
+the Canowe, whilst himselfe by fowling sought them victuall, who
+finding he was beset with 200 Salvages, two of them hee slew, still
+defending himself with the ayd of a Salvage his guide, whom he bound
+to his arme with his garters, and used him as a buckler, yet he was
+shot in his thigh a little, and had many arrowes stucke in his
+cloathes but no great hurt, till at last they tooke him prisoner.
+When this newes came to Jamestowne, much was their sorrow for his
+losse, fewe expecting what ensued.  Sixe or seven weekes those
+Barbarians kept him prisoner, many strange triumphes and conjurations
+they made of him, yet hee so demeaned himselfe amongst them, as he
+not onely diverted them from surprising the Fort, but procured his
+owne libertie, and got himself and his company such estimation
+amongst them, that those Salvages admired him more than their owne
+Quiyouckosucks.  The manner how they used and delivered him, is as
+followeth.
+
+"The Salvages having drawne from George Cassen whether Captaine Smith
+was gone, prosecuting that opportunity they followed him with 300
+bowmen, conducted by the King of Pamaunkee, who in divisions
+searching the turnings of the river, found Robinson and Entry by the
+fireside, those they shot full of arrowes and slew.  Then finding the
+Captaine as is said, that used the Salvage that was his guide as his
+shield (three of them being slaine and divers others so gauld) all
+the rest would not come neere him.  Thinking thus to have returned to
+his boat, regarding them, as he marched, more then his way, slipped
+up to the middle in an oasie creeke and his Salvage with him, yet
+durst they not come to him till being neere dead with cold, he threw
+away his armes.  Then according to their composition they drew him
+forth and led him to the fire, where his men were slaine.  Diligently
+they chafed his benumbed limbs.  He demanding for their Captaine,
+they shewed him Opechankanough, King of Pamaunkee, to whom he gave a
+round Ivory double compass Dyall.  Much they marvailed at the playing
+of the Fly and Needle, which they could see so plainly, and yet not
+touch it, because of the glass that covered them.  But when he
+demonstrated by that Globe-like Jewell, the roundnesse of the earth
+and skies, the spheare of the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, and how the
+Sunne did chase the night round about the world continually: the
+greatnesse of the Land and Sea, the diversitie of Nations, varietie
+of Complexions, and how we were to them Antipodes, and many other
+such like matters, they all stood as amazed with admiration.
+Notwithstanding within an houre after they tyed him to a tree, and as
+many as could stand about him prepared to shoot him, but the King
+holding up the Compass in his hand, they all laid downe their Bowes
+and Arrowes, and in a triumphant manner led him to Orapaks, where he
+was after their manner kindly feasted and well used.
+
+"Their order in conducting him was thus: Drawing themselves all in
+fyle, the King in the middest had all their Peeces and Swords borne
+before him.  Captaine Smith was led after him by three great
+Salvages, holding him fast by each arme: and on each side six went in
+fyle with their arrowes nocked.  But arriving at the Towne (which was
+but onely thirtie or fortie hunting houses made of Mats, which they
+remove as they please, as we our tents) all the women and children
+staring to behold him, the souldiers first all in file performe the
+forme of a Bissom so well as could be: and on each flanke, officers
+as Serieants to see them keepe their orders.  A good time they
+continued this exercise, and then cast themselves in a ring, dauncing
+in such severall Postures, and singing and yelling out such hellish
+notes and screeches: being strangely painted, every one his quiver of
+arrowes, and at his backe a club: on his arme a Fox or an Otters
+skinne, or some such matter for his vambrace: their heads and
+shoulders painted red, with oyle and Pocones mingled together, which
+Scarlet like colour made an exceeding handsome shew, his Bow in his
+hand, and the skinne of a Bird with her wings abroad dryed, tyed on
+his head, a peece of copper, a white shell, a long feather, with a
+small rattle growing at the tayles of their snaks tyed to it, or some
+such like toy.  All this time Smith and the King stood in the middest
+guarded, as before is said, and after three dances they all departed.
+Smith they conducted to a long house, where thirtie or fortie talI
+fellowes did guard him, and ere long more bread and venison were
+brought him then would have served twentie men.  I thinke his
+stomacke at that time was not very good; what he left they put in
+baskets and tyed over his head.  About midnight they set the meat
+again before him, all this time not one of them would eat a bit with
+him, till the next morning they brought him as much more, and then
+did they eate all the old, and reserved the new as they had done the
+other, which made him think they would fat him to eat him.  Yet in
+this desperate estate to defend him from the cold, one Maocassater
+brought him his gowne, in requitall of some beads and toyes Smith had
+given him at his first arrival] in Firginia.
+
+"Two days a man would have slaine him (but that the guard prevented
+it) for the death of his sonne, to whom they conducted him to recover
+the poore man then breathing his last.  Smith told them that at James
+towne he had a water would doe it if they would let him fetch it, but
+they would not permit that: but made all the preparations they could
+to assault James towne, craving his advice, and for recompence he
+should have life, libertie, land, and women.  In part of a Table
+booke he writ his mind to them at the Fort, what was intended, how
+they should follow that direction to affright the messengers, and
+without fayle send him such things as he writ for.  And an Inventory
+with them.  The difficultie and danger he told the Salvaves, of the
+Mines, great gunnes, and other Engins, exceedingly affrighted them,
+yet according to his request they went to James towne in as bitter
+weather as could be of frost and snow, and within three days returned
+with an answer.
+
+"But when they came to James towne, seeing men sally out as he had
+told them they would, they fled: yet in the night they came again to
+the same place where he had told them they should receive an answer,
+and such things as he had promised them, which they found
+accordingly, and with which they returned with no small expedition,
+to the wonder of them all that heard it, that he could either divine
+or the paper could speake.  Then they led him to the Youthtanunds,
+the Mattapanients, the Payankatanks, the Nantaughtacunds and
+Onawmanients, upon the rivers of Rapahanock and Patawomek, over all
+those rivers and backe againe by divers other severall Nations, to
+the King's habitation at Pamaunkee, where they entertained him with
+most strange and fearefull conjurations;
+
+          'As if neare led to hell,
+          Amongst the Devils to dwell.'
+
+Not long after, early in a morning, a great fire was made in a long
+house, and a mat spread on the one side as on the other; on the one
+they caused him to sit, and all the guard went out of the house, and
+presently came skipping in a great grim fellow, all painted over with
+coale mingled with oyle; and many Snakes and Wesels skins stuffed
+with mosse, and all their tayles tyed together, so as they met on the
+crowne of his head in a tassell; and round about the tassell was a
+Coronet of feathers, the skins hanging round about his head, backe,
+and shoulders, and in a manner covered his face; with a hellish voyce
+and a rattle in his hand.  With most strange gestures and passions he
+began his invocation, and environed the fire with a circle of meale;
+which done three more such like devils came rushing in with the like
+antique tricks, painted halfe blacke, halfe red: but all their eyes
+were painted white, and some red stroakes like Mutchato's along their
+cheekes: round about him those fiends daunced a pretty while, and
+then came in three more as ugly as the rest; with red eyes and
+stroakes over their blacke faces, at last they all sat downe right
+against him; three of them on the one hand of the chiefe Priest, and
+three on the other.  Then all with their rattles began a song, which
+ended, the chiefe Priest layd downe five wheat cornes: then strayning
+his arms and hands with such violence that he sweat, and his veynes
+swelled, he began a short Oration: at the conclusion they all gave a
+short groane; and then layd downe three graines more.  After that
+began their song againe, and then another Oration, ever laying down
+so many cornes as before, til they had twice incirculed the fire;
+that done they tooke a bunch of little stickes prepared for that
+purpose, continuing still their devotion, and at the end of every
+song and Oration they layd downe a sticke betwixt the divisions of
+Corne.  Til night, neither he nor they did either eate or drinke, and
+then they feasted merrily, and with the best provisions they could
+make.  Three dayes they used this Ceremony: the meaning whereof they
+told him was to know if he intended them well or no.  The circle of
+meale signified their Country, the circles of corne the bounds of the
+Sea, and the stickes his Country.  They imagined the world to be flat
+and round, like a trencher, and they in the middest.  After this they
+brought him a bagge of gunpowder, which they carefully preserved till
+the next spring, to plant as they did their corne, because they would
+be acquainted with the nature of that seede.  Opitchapam, the King's
+brother, invited him to his house, where with many platters of bread,
+foule, and wild beasts, as did environ him, he bid him wellcome: but
+not any of them would eate a bit with him, but put up all the
+remainder in Baskets.  At his returne to Opechancanoughs, all the
+King's women and their children flocked about him for their parts, as
+a due by Custome, to be merry with such fragments.
+
+"But his waking mind in hydeous dreames did oft see wondrous shapes
+Of bodies strange, and huge in growth, and of stupendious makes."
+
+At last they brought him to Meronocomoco, where was Powhatan their
+Emperor.  Here more than two hundred of those grim Courtiers stood
+wondering at him, as he had beene a monster, till Powhatan and his
+trayne had put themselves in their greatest braveries.  Before a fire
+upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made
+of Rarowcun skinnes and all the tayles hanging by.  On either hand
+did sit a young wench of sixteen or eighteen years, and along on each
+side the house, two rowes of men, and behind them as many women, with
+all their heads and shoulders painted red; many of their heads
+bedecked with the white downe of Birds; but everyone with something:
+and a great chayne of white beads about their necks.  At his entrance
+before the King, all the people gave a great shout.  The Queene of
+Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and
+another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a Towell to dry
+them: having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they
+could.  A long consultation was held, but the conclusion was two
+great stones were brought before Powhatan; then as many as could layd
+hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and
+being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines.  Pocahontas,
+the King's dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevaile, got his
+head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death:
+whereat the Emperour was contented he should live to make him
+hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper: for they thought him as
+well of all occupations as themselves.  For the King himselfe will
+make his owne robes, shooes, bowes, arrowes, pots, plant, hunt, or
+doe any thing so well as the rest.
+
+          'They say he bore a pleasant shew,
+          But sure his heart was sad
+          For who can pleasant be, and rest,
+          That lives in feare and dread.
+          And having life suspected, doth
+          If still suspected lead.'
+
+Two days after, Powhatan having disguised himselfe in the most
+fearfullest manner he could, caused Capt. Smith to be brought forth
+to a great house in the woods and there upon a mat by the fire to be
+left alone.  Not long after from behinde a mat that divided the
+house, was made the most dolefullest noyse he ever heard: then
+Powhatan more like a devill than a man with some two hundred more as
+blacke as himseffe, came unto him and told him now they were friends,
+and presently he should goe to James town, to send him two great
+gunnes, and a gryndstone, for which he would give him the country of
+Capahowojick, and for ever esteeme him as his sonn Nantaquoud.  So to
+James towne with 12 guides Powhatan sent him.  That night they
+quartered in the woods, he still expecting (as he had done all this
+long time of his imprisonment) every houre to be put to one death or
+other; for all their feasting.  But almightie God (by his divine
+providence) had mollified the hearts of those sterne Barbarians with
+compassion.  The next morning betimes they came to the Fort, where
+Smith having used the salvages with what kindnesse he could, he
+shewed Rawhunt, Powhatan's trusty servant, two demiculverings and a
+millstone to carry Powhatan; they found them somewhat too heavie; but
+when they did see him discharge them, being loaded with stones, among
+the boughs of a great tree loaded with Isickles, the yce and branches
+came so tumbling downe, that the poore Salvages ran away halfe dead
+with feare.  But at last we regained some conference with them and
+gave them such toys: and sent to Powhatan, his women, and children
+such presents, and gave them in generall full content.  Now in James
+Towne they were all in combustion, the strongest preparing once more
+to run away with the Pinnace; which with the hazard of his life, with
+Sakre falcon and musketshot, Smith forced now the third time to stay
+or sinke.  Some no better then they should be had plotted with the
+President, the next day to have put him to death by the Leviticall
+law, for the lives of Robinson and Emry, pretending the fault was his
+that had led them to their ends; but he quickly tooke such order with
+such Lawyers, that he layed them by the heeles till he sent some of
+them prisoners for England.  Now ever once in four or five dayes,
+Pocahontas with her attendants, brought him so much provision, that
+saved many of their lives, that els for all this had starved with
+hunger.
+
+     'Thus from numbe death our good God sent reliefe,
+     The sweete asswager of all other griefe.'
+
+His relation of the plenty he had scene, especially at Werawocomoco,
+and of the state and bountie of Powhatan (which till that time was
+unknowne), so revived their dead spirits (especially the love of
+Pocahontas) as all men's feare was abandoned."
+
+
+We should like to think original, in the above, the fine passage, in
+which Smith, by means of a simple compass dial, demonstrated the
+roundness of the earth, and skies, the sphere of the sun, moon, and
+stars, and how the sun did chase the night round about the world
+continually; the greatness of the land and sea, the diversity of
+nations, variety of complexions, and how we were to them antipodes,
+so that the Indians stood amazed with admiration.
+
+Captain Smith up to his middle in a Chickahominy swamp, discoursing
+on these high themes to a Pamunkey Indian, of whose language Smith
+was wholly ignorant, and who did not understand a word of English, is
+much more heroic, considering the adverse circumstances, and appeals
+more to the imagination, than the long-haired Iopas singing the song
+of Atlas, at the banquet given to AEneas, where Trojans and Tyrians
+drained the flowing bumpers while Dido drank long draughts of love.
+Did Smith, when he was in the neighborhood of Carthage pick up some
+such literal translations of the song of Atlas' as this:
+
+"He sang the wandering moon, and the labors of the Sun;
+>From whence the race of men and flocks; whence rain and lightning;
+Of Arcturus, the rainy Hyades, and the twin Triones;
+Why the winter suns hasten so much to touch themselves in the ocean,
+And what delay retards the slow nights."
+
+
+The scene of the rescue only occupies seven lines and the reader
+feels that, after all, Smith has not done full justice to it.  We
+cannot, therefore, better conclude this romantic episode than by
+quoting the description of it given with an elaboration of language
+that must be, pleasing to the shade of Smith, by John Burke in his
+History of Virginia:
+
+"Two large stones were brought in, and placed at the feet of the
+emperor; and on them was laid the head of the prisoner; next a large
+club was brought in, with which Powhatan, for whom, out of respect,
+was reserved this honor, prepared to crush the head of his captive.
+The assembly looked on with sensations of awe, probably not unmixed
+with pity for the fate of an enemy whose bravery had commanded their
+admiration, and in whose misfortunes their hatred was possibly
+forgotten.
+
+"The fatal club was uplifted: the breasts of the company already
+by anticipation felt the dreadful crash, which was to bereave the
+wretched victim of life: when the young and beautiful Pocahontas, the
+beloved daughter of the emperor, with a shriek of terror
+and agony threw herself on the body of Smith; Her hair was loose, and
+her eyes streaming with tears, while her whole manner bespoke the
+deep distress and agony of her bosom.  She cast a beseeching
+look at her furious and astonished father, deprecating his wrath, and
+imploring his pity and the life of his prisoner, with all the
+eloquence of mute but impassioned sorrow.
+
+"The remainder of this scene is honorable to Powhatan.  It will
+remain a lasting monument, that tho' different principles of action,
+and the influence of custom, have given to the manners and opinions
+of this people an appearance neither amiable nor virtuous, they still
+retain the noblest property of human character, the touch of pity and
+the feeling of humanity.
+
+"The club of the emperor was still uplifted; but pity had touched his
+bosom, and his eye was every moment losing its fierceness; he looked
+around to collect his fortitude, or perhaps to find an excuse for his
+weakness in the faces of his attendants.  But every eye was suffused
+with the sweetly contagious softness.  The generous savage no longer
+hesitated.  The compassion of the rude state is neither ostentatious
+nor dilating: nor does it insult its object by the exaction of
+impossible conditions.  Powhatan lifted his grateful and delighted
+daughter, and the captive, scarcely yet assured of safety, from the
+earth...."
+
+"The character of this interesting woman, as it stands in the
+concurrent accounts of all our historians, is not, it is with
+confidence affirmed, surpassed by any in the whole range of history;
+and for those qualities more especially which do honor to our nature-
+-an humane and feeling heart, an ardor and unshaken constancy in her
+attachments--she stands almost without a rival.
+
+"At the first appearance of the Europeans her young heart was
+impressed with admiration of the persons and manners of the
+strangers; but it is not during their prosperity that she displays
+her attachment.  She is not influenced by awe of their greatness, or
+fear of their resentment, in the assistance she affords them.  It was
+during their severest distresses, when their most celebrated chief
+was a captive in their hands, and was dragged through the country as
+a spectacle for the sport and derision of their people, that she
+places herself between him and destruction.
+
+"The spectacle of Pocahontas in an attitude of entreaty, with her
+hair loose, and her eyes streaming with tears, supplicating with her
+enraged father for the life of Captain Smith when he was about to
+crush the head of his prostrate victim with a club, is a situation
+equal to the genius of Raphael.  And when the royal savage directs
+his ferocious glance for a moment from his victim to reprove his
+weeping daughter, when softened by her distress his eye loses its
+fierceness, and he gives his captive to her tears, the painter will
+discover a new occasion for exercising his talents."
+
+
+The painters have availed themselves of this opportunity.  In one
+picture Smith is represented stiffly extended on the greensward (of
+the woods), his head resting on a stone, appropriately clothed in a
+dresscoat, knee-breeches, and silk stockings; while Powhatan and the
+other savages stand ready for murder, in full-dress parade costume;
+and Pocahontas, a full-grown woman, with long, disheveled hair, in
+the sentimental dress and attitude of a Letitia E. Landon of the
+period, is about to cast herself upon the imperiled and well-dressed
+Captain.
+
+Must we, then, give up the legend altogether, on account of the
+exaggerations that have grown up about it, our suspicion of the
+creative memory of Smith, and the lack of all contemporary allusion
+to it?  It is a pity to destroy any pleasing story of the past, and
+especially to discharge our hard struggle for a foothold on this
+continent of the few elements of romance.  If we can find no evidence
+of its truth that stands the test of fair criticism, we may at least
+believe that it had some slight basis on which to rest.  It is not at
+all improbable that Pocahontas, who was at that time a precocious
+maid of perhaps twelve or thirteen years of age (although Smith
+mentions her as a child of ten years old when she came to the camp
+after his release), was touched with compassion for the captive, and
+did influence her father to treat him kindly.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+SMITH'S WAY WITH THE INDIANS
+
+As we are not endeavoring to write the early history of Virginia, but
+only to trace Smith's share in it, we proceed with his exploits after
+the arrival of the first supply, consisting of near a hundred men, in
+two ships, one commanded by Captain Newport and the other by Captain
+Francis Nelson.  The latter, when in sight of Cape Henry, was driven
+by a storm back to the West Indies, and did not arrive at James River
+with his vessel, the Phoenix, till after the departure of Newport for
+England with his load of "golddust," and Master Wingfield and Captain
+Arthur.
+
+In his "True Relation," Smith gives some account of his exploration
+of the Pamunkey River, which he sometimes calls the "Youghtamand,"
+upon which, where the water is salt, is the town of Werowocomoco.  It
+can serve no purpose in elucidating the character of our hero to
+attempt to identify all the places he visited.
+
+It was at Werowocomoco that Smith observed certain conjurations of
+the medicine men, which he supposed had reference to his fate.  From
+ten o'clock in the morning till six at night, seven of the savages,
+with rattles in their hands, sang and danced about the fire, laying
+down grains of corn in circles, and with vehement actions, casting
+cakes of deer suet, deer, and tobacco into the fire, howling without
+ceasing.  One of them was "disfigured with a great skin, his head
+hung around with little skins of weasels and other vermin, with a
+crownlet of feathers on his head, painted as ugly as the devil."  So
+fat they fed him that he much doubted they intended to sacrifice him
+to the Quiyoughquosicke, which is a superior power they worship: a
+more uglier thing cannot be described.  These savages buried their
+dead with great sorrow and weeping, and they acknowledge no
+resurrection.  Tobacco they offer to the water to secure a good
+passage in foul weather.  The descent of the crown is to the first
+heirs of the king's sisters, "for the kings have as many women as
+they will, the subjects two, and most but one."
+
+After Smith's return, as we have read, he was saved from a plot to
+take his life by the timely arrival of Captain Newport.  Somewhere
+about this time the great fire occurred.  Smith was now one of the
+Council; Martin and Matthew Scrivener, just named, were also
+councilors.  Ratcliffe was still President.  The savages, owing to
+their acquaintance with and confidence in Captain Smith, sent in
+abundance of provision.  Powhatan sent once or twice a week "deer,
+bread, raugroughcuns (probably not to be confounded with the
+rahaughcuns [raccoons] spoken of before, but probably 'rawcomens,'
+mentioned in the Description of Virginia), half for Smiith, and half
+for his father, Captain Newport."  Smith had, in his intercourse with
+the natives, extolled the greatness of Newport, so that they
+conceived him to be the chief and all the rest his children, and
+regarded him as an oracle, if not a god.
+
+Powhatan and the rest had, therefore, a great desire to see this
+mighty person.  Smith says that the President and Council greatly
+envied his reputation with the Indians, and wrought upon them to
+believe, by giving in trade four times as much as the price set by
+Smith, that their authority exceeded his as much as their bounty.
+
+We must give Smith the credit of being usually intent upon the
+building up of the colony, and establishing permanent and livable
+relations with the Indians, while many of his companions in authority
+seemed to regard the adventure as a temporary occurrence, out of
+which they would make what personal profit they could.  The new-
+comers on a vessel always demoralized the trade with the Indians, by
+paying extravagant prices.  Smith's relations with Captain Newport
+were peculiar.  While he magnified him to the Indians as the great
+power, he does not conceal his own opinion of his ostentation and
+want of shrewdness.  Smith's attitude was that of a priest who puts
+up for the worship of the vulgar an idol, which he knows is only a
+clay image stuffed with straw.
+
+In the great joy of the colony at the arrival of the first supply,
+leave was given to sailors to trade with the Indians, and the new-
+comers soon so raised prices that it needed a pound of copper to buy
+a quantity of provisions that before had been obtained for an ounce.
+Newport sent great presents to Powhatan, and, in response to the wish
+of the "Emperor," prepared to visit him.  "A great coyle there was to
+set him forward," says Smith.  Mr. Scrivener and Captain Smith, and a
+guard of thirty or forty, accompanied him.  On this expedition they
+found the mouth of the Pamaunck (now York) River.  Arriving at
+Werowocomoco, Newport, fearing treachery, sent Smith with twenty men
+to land and make a preliminary visit.  When they came ashore they
+found a network of creeks which were crossed by very shaky bridges,
+constructed of crotched sticks and poles, which had so much the
+appearance of traps that Smith would not cross them until many of the
+Indians had preceded him, while he kept others with him as hostages.
+Three hundred savages conducted him to Powhatan, who received him in
+great state.  Before his house were ranged forty or fifty great
+platters of fine bread.  Entering his house, "with loude tunes they
+made all signs of great joy."  In the first account Powhatan is
+represented as surrounded by his principal women and chief men, "as
+upon a throne at the upper end of the house, with such majesty as I
+cannot express, nor yet have often seen, either in Pagan or
+Christian."  In the later account he is "sitting upon his bed of
+mats, his pillow of leather embroidered (after their rude manner with
+pearls and white beads), his attire a fair robe of skins as large as
+an Irish mantel; at his head and feet a handsome young woman; on each
+side of his house sat twenty of his concubines, their heads and
+shoulders painted red, with a great chain of white beads about each
+of their necks.  Before those sat his chiefest men in like order in
+his arbor-like house."  This is the scene that figures in the old
+copper-plate engravings.  The Emperor welcomed Smith with a kind
+countenance, caused him to sit beside him, and with pretty discourse
+they renewed their old acquaintance.  Smith presented him with a suit
+of red cloth, a white greyhound, and a hat.  The Queen of Apamatuc, a
+comely young savage, brought him water, a turkeycock, and bread to
+eat.  Powhatan professed great content with Smith, but desired to see
+his father, Captain Newport.  He inquired also with a merry
+countenance after the piece of ordnance that Smith had promised to
+send him, and Smith, with equal jocularity, replied that he had
+offered the men four demi-culverins, which they found too heavy to
+carry.  This night they quartered with Powhatan, and were liberally
+feasted, and entertained with singing, dancing, and orations.
+
+The next day Captain Newport came ashore.  The two monarchs exchanged
+presents.  Newport gave Powhatan a white boy thirteen years old,
+named Thomas Savage.  This boy remained with the Indians and served
+the colony many years as an interpreter.  Powhatan gave Newport in
+return a bag of beans and an Indian named Namontack for his servant.
+Three or four days they remained, feasting, dancing, and trading with
+the Indians.
+
+In trade the wily savage was more than a match for Newport.  He
+affected great dignity; it was unworthy such great werowances to
+dicker; it was not agreeable to his greatness in a peddling manner to
+trade for trifles; let the great Newport lay down his commodities all
+together, and Powhatan would take what he wished, and recompense him
+with a proper return.  Smith, who knew the Indians and their
+ostentation, told Newport that the intention was to cheat him, but
+his interference was resented.  The result justified Smith's
+suspicion.  Newport received but four bushels of corn when he should
+have had twenty hogsheads.  Smith then tried his hand at a trade.
+With a few blue beads, which he represented as of a rare substance,
+the color of the skies, and worn by the greatest kings in the world,
+he so inflamed the desire of Powhatan that he was half mad to possess
+such strange jewels, and gave for them 200 to 300 bushels of corn,
+"and yet," says Smith, "parted good friends."
+
+At this time Powhatan, knowing that they desired to invade or explore
+Monacan, the country above the Falls, proposed an expedition, with
+men and boats, and "this faire tale had almost made Captain Newport
+undertake by this means to discover the South Sea," a project which
+the adventurers had always in mind.  On this expedition they
+sojourned also with the King of Pamaunke.
+
+Captain Newport returned to England on the 10th of April.  Mr.
+Scrivener and Captain Smith were now in fact the sustainers of the
+colony.  They made short expeditions of exploration.  Powhatan and
+other chiefs still professed friendship and sent presents, but the
+Indians grew more and more offensive, lurking about and stealing all
+they could lay hands on.  Several of them were caught and confined in
+the fort, and, guarded, were conducted to the morning and evening
+prayers.  By threats and slight torture, the captives were made to
+confess the hostile intentions of Powhatan and the other chiefs,
+which was to steal their weapons and then overpower the colony.
+Rigorous measures were needed to keep the Indians in check, but the
+command from England not to offend the savages was so strict that
+Smith dared not chastise them as they deserved.  The history of the
+colony all this spring of 1608 is one of labor and discontent, of
+constant annoyance from the Indians, and expectations of attacks.  On
+the 20th of April, while they were hewing trees and setting corn, an
+alarm was given which sent them all to their arms.  Fright was turned
+into joy by the sight of the Phoenix, with Captain Nelson and his
+company, who had been for three months detained in the West Indies,
+and given up for lost.
+
+Being thus re-enforced, Smith and Scrivener desired to explore the
+country above the Falls, and got ready an expedition.  But this,
+Martin, who was only intent upon loading the return ship with "his
+phantastical gold," opposed, and Nelson did not think he had
+authority to allow it, unless they would bind themselves to pay the
+hire of the ships.  The project was therefore abandoned.  The Indians
+continued their depredations.  Messages daily passed between the fort
+and the Indians, and treachery was always expected.  About this time
+the boy Thomas Savage was returned, with his chest and clothing.
+
+The colony had now several of the Indians detained in the fort.  At
+this point in the "True Relation " occurs the first mention of
+Pocahontas.  Smith says: "Powhatan, understanding we detained certain
+Salvages, sent his daughter, a child of tenne years old, which not
+only for feature, countenance, and proportion much exceeded any of
+his people, but for wit and spirit, the only nonpareil of his
+country.' She was accompanied by his trusty messenger Rawhunt, a
+crafty and deformed savage, who assured Smith how much Powhatan loved
+and respected him and, that he should not doubt his kindness, had sen
+his child, whom he most esteemed, to see him, and a deer, and bread
+besides for a present; "desiring us that the boy might come again,
+which he loved exceedingly, his little daughter he had taught this
+lesson also: not taking notice at all of the Indians that had been
+prisoners three days, till that morning that she saw their fathers
+and friends come quietly and in good terms to entreat their liberty."
+
+Opechancanough (the King of "Pamauk") also sent asking the release of
+two that were his friends; and others, apparently with confidence in
+the whites, came begging for the release of the prisoners.  "In the
+afternoon they being gone, we guarded them [the prisoners] as before
+to the church, and after prayer gave them to Pocahuntas, the King's
+daughter, in regard to her father's kindness in sending her: after
+having well fed them, as all the time of their imprisonment, we gave
+them their bows, arrows, or what else they had, and with much content
+sent them packing; Pocahuntas, also, we requited with such trifles as
+contented her, to tell that we had used the Paspaheyans very kindly
+in so releasing them."
+
+This account would show that Pocahontas was a child of uncommon
+dignity and self-control for her age.  In his letter to Queen Anne,
+written in 1616, he speaks of her as aged twelve or thirteen at the
+time of his captivity, several months before this visit to the fort.
+
+The colonists still had reasons to fear ambuscades from the savages
+lurking about in the woods.  One day a Paspahean came with a
+glittering mineral stone, and said he could show them great abundance
+of it.  Smith went to look for this mine, but was led about hither
+and thither in the woods till he lost his patience and was convinced
+that the Indian was fooling him, when he gave him twenty lashes with
+a rope, handed him his bows and arrows, told him to shoot if he
+dared, and let him go.  Smith had a prompt way with the Indians.  He
+always traded "squarely" with them, kept his promises, and never
+hesitated to attack or punish them when they deserved it.  They
+feared and respected him.
+
+The colony was now in fair condition, in good health, and contented;
+and it was believed, though the belief was not well founded, that
+they would have lasting peace with the Indians.  Captain Nelson's
+ship, the Phoenix, was freighted with cedar wood, and was despatched
+for England June 8, 1608.  Captain Martin, "always sickly and
+unserviceable, and desirous to enjoy the credit of his supposed art
+of finding the gold mine," took passage.  Captain Nelson probably
+carried Smith's "True Relation."
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE CHESAPEAKE
+
+On the same, day that Nelson sailed for England, Smith set out to
+explore the Chesapeake, accompanying the Phoenix as far as Cape
+Henry, in a barge of about three tons.  With him went Dr. Walter
+Russell, six gentlemen, and seven soldiers.  The narrative of the
+voyage is signed by Dr. Russell, Thomas Momford, gentleman, and Anas
+Todkill, soldier.  Master Scrivener remained at the fort, where his
+presence was needed to keep in check the prodigal waste of the stores
+upon his parasites by President Ratcliffe.
+
+The expedition crossed the bay at "Smith's Isles," named after the
+Captain, touched at Cape Charles, and coasted along the eastern
+shore.  Two stout savages hailed them from Cape Charles, and directed
+them to Accomack, whose king proved to be the most comely and civil
+savage they had yet encountered.
+
+He told them of a strange accident that had happened.  The parents of
+two children who had died were moved by some phantasy to revisit
+their dead carcasses, "whose benumbed bodies reflected to the eyes of
+the beholders such delightful countenances as though they had
+regained their vital spirits."  This miracle drew a great part of the
+King's people to behold them, nearly all of whom died shortly
+afterward.  These people spoke the language of Powhatan.  Smith
+explored the bays, isles, and islets, searching for harbors and
+places of habitation.  He was a born explorer and geographer, as his
+remarkable map of Virginia sufficiently testifies.  The company was
+much tossed about in the rough waves of the bay, and had great
+difficulty in procuring drinking-water.  They entered the
+Wighcocomoco, on the east side, where the natives first threatened
+and then received them with songs, dancing, and mirth.  A point on
+the mainland where they found a pond of fresh water they named "Poynt
+Ployer in honer of the most honorable house of Monsay, in Britaine,
+that in an extreme extremitie once relieved our Captain."  This
+reference to the Earl of Ployer, who was kind to Smith in his youth,
+is only an instance of the care with which he edited these narratives
+of his own exploits, which were nominally written by his companions.
+
+The explorers were now assailed with violent storms, and at last took
+refuge for two days on some uninhabited islands, which by reason of
+the ill weather and the hurly-burly of thunder, lightning, wind, and
+rain, they called "Limbo."  Repairing their torn sails with their
+shirts, they sailed for the mainland on the east, and ran into a
+river called Cuskarawook (perhaps the present Annomessie), where the
+inhabitants received them with showers of arrows, ascending the trees
+and shooting at them.  The next day a crowd came dancing to the
+shore, making friendly signs, but Smith, suspecting villainy,
+discharged his muskets into them.  Landing toward evening, the
+explorers found many baskets and much blood, but no savages.  The
+following day, savages to the number, the account wildly says, of two
+or three thousand, came to visit them, and were very friendly.  These
+tribes Smith calls the Sarapinagh, Nause, Arseek, and Nantaquak, and
+says they are the best merchants of that coast.  They told him of a
+great nation, called the Massawomeks, of whom he set out in search,
+passing by the Limbo, and coasting the west side of Chesapeake Bay.
+The people on the east side he describes as of small stature.
+
+They anchored at night at a place called Richard's Cliffs, north of
+the Pawtuxet, and from thence went on till they reached the first
+river navigable for ships, which they named the Bolus, and which by
+its position on Smith's map may be the Severn or the Patapsco.
+
+The men now, having been kept at the oars ten days, tossed about by
+storms, and with nothing to eat but bread rotten from the wet,
+supposed that the Captain would turn about and go home.  But he
+reminded them how the company of Ralph Lane, in like circumstances,
+importuned him to proceed with the discovery of Moratico, alleging
+that they had yet a dog that boiled with sassafrks leaves would
+richly feed them.  He could not think of returning yet, for they were
+scarce able to say where they had been, nor had yet heard of what
+they were sent to seek.  He exhorted them to abandon their childish
+fear of being lost in these unknown, large waters, but he assured
+them that return he would not, till he had seen the Massawomeks and
+found the Patowomek.
+
+On the 16th of June they discovered the River Patowomek (Potomac),
+seven miles broad at the mouth, up which they sailed thirty miles
+before they encountered any inhabitants.  Four savages at length
+appeared and conducted them up a creek where were three or four
+thousand in ambush, "so strangely painted, grimed, and disguised,
+shouting, yelling, and crying as so many spirits from hell could not
+have showed more terrible."  But the discharge of the firearms and
+the echo in the forest so appeased their fury that they threw down
+their bows, exchanged hostages, and kindly used the strangers.  The
+Indians told him that Powhatan had commanded them to betray them, and
+the serious charge is added that Powhatan, "so directed from the
+discontents at Jamestown because our Captain did cause them to stay
+in their country against their wills."  This reveals the suspicion
+and thoroughly bad feeling existing among the colonists.
+
+The expedition went up the river to a village called Patowomek, and
+thence rowed up a little River Quiyough (Acquia Creek?) in search of
+a mountain of antimony, which they found.  The savages put this
+antimony up in little bags and sold it all over the country to paint
+their bodies and faces, which made them look like Blackamoors dusted
+over with silver.  Some bags of this they carried away, and also
+collected a good amount of furs of otters, bears, martens, and minks.
+Fish were abundant, "lying so thick with their heads above water, as
+for want of nets (our barge driving among them) we attempted to catch
+them with a frying-pan; but we found it a bad instrument to catch
+fish with; neither better fish, more plenty, nor more variety for
+small fish, had any of us ever seen in any place, so swimming in the
+water, but they are not to be caught with frying-pans."
+
+In all his encounters and quarrels with the treacherous savages Smith
+lost not a man; it was his habit when he encountered a body of them
+to demand their bows, arrows, swords, and furs, and a child or two as
+hostages.
+
+Having finished his discovery he returned.  Passing the mouth of the
+Rappahannock, by some called the Tappahannock, where in shoal water
+were many fish lurking in the weeds, Smith had his first experience
+of the Stingray.  It chanced that the Captain took one of these fish
+from his sword, "not knowing her condition, being much the fashion of
+a Thornbeck, but a long tayle like a riding rodde whereon the middest
+is a most poysonne sting of two or three inches long, bearded like a
+saw on each side, which she struck into the wrist of his arme neare
+an inch and a half."  The arm and shoulder swelled so much, and the
+torment was so great, that "we all with much sorrow concluded his
+funerale, and prepared his grave in an island by, as himself
+directed."  But it " pleased God by a precious oyle Dr. Russell
+applied to it that his tormenting paine was so assuged that he ate of
+that fish to his supper."
+
+Setting sail for Jamestown, and arriving at Kecoughtan, the sight of
+the furs and other plunder, and of Captain Smith wounded, led the
+Indians to think that he had been at war with the Massawomeks; which
+opinion Smith encouraged.  They reached Jamestown July 21st, in fine
+spirits, to find the colony in a mutinous condition, the last
+arrivals all sick, and the others on the point of revenging
+themselves on the silly President, who had brought them all to misery
+by his riotous consumption of the stores, and by forcing them to work
+on an unnecessary pleasure-house for himself in the woods.  They were
+somewhat appeased by the good news of the discovery, and in the
+belief that their bay stretched into the South Sea; and submitted on
+condition that Ratclifte should be deposed and Captain Smith take
+upon himself the government, "as by course it did belong."  He
+consented, but substituted Mr. Scrivener, his dear friend, in the
+presidency, distributed the provisions, appointed honest men to
+assist Mr. Scrivener, and set out on the 24th, with twelve men, to
+finish his discovery.
+
+He passed by the Patowomek River and hasted to the River Bolus, which
+he had before visited.  Pn the bay they fell in with seven or eight
+canoes full of the renowned Massawomeks, with whom they had a fight,
+but at length these savages became friendly and gave them bows,
+arrows, and skins.  They were at war with the Tockwoghes.  Proceeding
+up the River Tockwogh, the latter Indians received them with
+friendship, because they had the weapons which they supposed had been
+captured in a fight with the Massawomeks.  These Indians had
+hatchets, knives, pieces of iron and brass, they reported came from
+the Susquesahanocks, a mighty people, the enemies of the Massawomeks,
+living at the head of the bay.  As Smith in his barge could not
+ascend to them, he sent an interpreter to request a visit from them.
+In three or four days sixty of these giant-like people came down with
+presents of venison, tobacco-pipes three feet in length, baskets,
+targets, and bows and arrows.  Some further notice is necessary of
+this first appearance of the Susquehannocks, who became afterwards so
+well known, by reason of their great stature and their friendliness.
+Portraits of these noble savages appeared in De Bry's voyages, which
+were used in Smith's map, and also by Strachey.  These beautiful
+copperplate engravings spread through Europe most exaggerated ideas
+of the American savages.
+
+"Our order," says Smith, "was daily to have prayers, with a psalm, at
+which solemnity the poor savages wondered."  When it was over the
+Susquesahanocks, in a fervent manner, held up their hands to the sun,
+and then embracing the Captain, adored him in like manner.  With a
+furious manner and "a hellish voyce " they began an oration of their
+loves, covered him with their painted bear-skins, hung a chain of
+white beads about his neck, and hailed his creation as their governor
+and protector, promising aid and victuals if he would stay and help
+them fight the Massawomeks.  Much they told him of the Atquanachuks,
+who live on the Ocean Sea, the Massawomeks and other people living on
+a great water beyond the mountain (which Smith understood to be some
+great lake or the river of Canada), and that they received their
+hatchets and other commodities from the French.  They moumed greatly
+at Smith's departure.  Of Powhatan they knew nothing but the name.
+
+Strachey, who probably enlarges from Smith his account of the same
+people, whom he calls Sasquesahanougs, says they were well-
+proportioned giants, but of an honest and simple disposition.  Their
+language well beseemed their proportions, "sounding from them as it
+were a great voice in a vault or cave, as an ecco."  The picture of
+one of these chiefs is given in De Bry,and described by Strachey,"
+the calf of whose leg was three-quarters of a yard about, and all the
+rest of his limbs so answerable to the same proportions that he
+seemed the goodliest man they ever saw."
+
+It would not entertain the reader to follow Smith in all the small
+adventures of the exploration, during which he says he went about
+3,000 miles (three thousand miles in three or four weeks in a row-
+boat is nothing in Smith's memory), "with such watery diet in these
+great waters and barbarous countries."  Much hardship he endured,
+alternately skirmishing and feasting with the Indians; many were the
+tribes he struck an alliance with, and many valuable details he added
+to the geographical knowledge of the region.  In all this exploration
+Smith showed himself skillful as he was vigorous and adventurous.
+
+He returned to James River September 7th.  Many had died, some were
+sick, Ratcliffe, the late President, was a prisoner for mutiny,
+Master Scrivener had diligently gathered the harvest, but much of the
+provisions had been spoiled by rain.  Thus the summer was consumed,
+and nothing had been accomplished except Smith's discovery.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+SMITH'S PRESIDENCY AND PROWESS
+
+On the 10th of September, by the election of the Council and the
+request of the company, Captain Smith received the letters-patent,
+and became President.  He stopped the building of Ratcliffe's
+"palace," repaired the church and the storehouse, got ready the
+buildings for the supply expected from England, reduced the fort to a
+"five square form," set and trained the watch and exercised the
+company every Saturday on a plain called Smithfield, to the amazement
+of the on-looking Indians.
+
+Captain Newport arrived with a new supply of seventy persons.  Among
+them were Captain Francis West, brother to Lord Delaware, Captain
+Peter Winne, and Captain Peter Waldo, appointed on the Council, eight
+Dutchmen and Poles, and Mistress Forest and Anne Burrows her maid,
+the first white women in the colony.
+
+Smith did not relish the arrival of Captain Newport nor the
+instructions under which he returned.  He came back commanded to
+discover the country of Monacan (above the Falls) and to perform the
+ceremony of coronation on the Emperor Powhatan.
+
+How Newport got this private commission when he had returned to
+England without a lump of gold, nor any certainty of the South Sea,
+or one of the lost company sent out by Raleigh; and why he brought a
+"fine peeced barge" which must be carried over unknown mountains
+before it reached the South Sea, he could not understand.  " As for
+the coronation of Powhatan and his presents of basin and ewer, bed,
+bedding, clothes, and such costly novelties, they had been much
+better well spared than so ill spent, for we had his favor and better
+for a plain piece of copper, till this stately kind of soliciting
+made him so much overvalue himself that he respected us as much as
+nothing at all."  Smith evidently understood the situation much
+better than the promoters in England; and we can quite excuse him in
+his rage over the foolishness and greed of most of his companions.
+There was little nonsense about Smith in action, though he need not
+turn his hand on any man of that age as a boaster.
+
+To send out Poles and Dutchmen to make pitch, tar, and glass would
+have been well enough if the colony had been firmly established and
+supplied with necessaries; and they might have sent two hundred
+colonists instead of seventy, if they had ordered them to go to work
+collecting provisions of the Indians for the winter, instead of
+attempting this strange discovery of the South Sea, and wasting their
+time on a more strange coronation.  "Now was there no way," asks
+Smith, "to make us miserable," but by direction from England to
+perform this discovery and coronation, "to take that time, spend what
+victuals we had, tire and starve our men, having no means to carry
+victuals, ammunition, the hurt or the sick, but on their own backs?"
+
+Smith seems to have protested against all this nonsense, but though
+he was governor, the Council overruled him.  Captain Newport decided
+to take one hundred and twenty men, fearing to go with a less number
+and journey to Werowocomoco to crown Powhatan.  In order to save time
+Smith offered to take a message to Powhatan, and induce him to come
+to Jamestown and receive the honor and the presents.  Accompanied by
+only four men he crossed by land to Werowocomoco, passed the
+Pamaunkee (York) River in a canoe, and sent for Powhatan, who was
+thirty miles off.  Meantime Pocahontas, who by his own account was a
+mere child, and her women entertained Smith in the following manner:
+
+"In a fayre plaine they made a fire, before which, sitting upon a
+mat, suddenly amongst the woods was heard such a hydeous noise and
+shreeking that the English betook themselves to their armes, and
+seized upon two or three old men, by them supposing Powhatan with all
+his power was come to surprise them.  But presently Pocahontas came,
+willing him to kill her if any hurt were intended, and the beholders,
+which were men, women and children, satisfied the Captaine that there
+was no such matter.  Then presently they were presented with this
+anticke: Thirty young women came naked out of the woods, only covered
+behind and before with a few greene leaves, their bodies all painted,
+some of one color, some of another, but all differing; their leader
+had a fayre payre of Bucks hornes on her head, and an Otters skinne
+at her girdle, and another at her arme, a quiver of arrows at her
+backe, a bow and arrows in her hand; the next had in her hand a
+sword, another a club, another a pot-sticke: all horned alike; the
+rest every one with their several devises.  These fiends with most
+hellish shouts and cries, rushing from among the trees, cast
+themselves in a ring about the fire, singing and dancing with most
+excellent ill-varietie, oft falling into their infernal passions, and
+solemnly again to sing and dance; having spent nearly an hour in this
+Mascarado, as they entered,in like manner they departed.
+
+"Having reaccommodated themselves, they solemnly invited him to their
+lodgings, where he was no sooner within the house, but all these
+Nymphs more tormented him than ever, with crowding, pressing, and
+hanging about him, most tediously crying, 'Love you not me?  Love you
+not me?'  This salutation ended, the feast was set, consisting of all
+the Salvage dainties they could devise: some attending, others
+singing and dancing about them: which mirth being ended, with fire
+brands instead of torches they conducted him to his lodging."
+
+The next day Powhatan arrived.  Smith delivered up the Indian
+Namontuck, who had just returned from a voyage to England--whither it
+was suspected the Emperor wished him to go to spy out the weakness of
+the English tribe--and repeated Father Newport's request that
+Powhatan would come to Jamestown to receive the presents and join in
+an expedition against his enemies, the Monacans.
+
+Powhatan's reply was worthy of his imperial highness, and has been
+copied ever since in the speeches of the lords of the soil to the
+pale faces: "If your king has sent me present, I also am a king, and
+this is my land: eight days I will stay to receive them.  Your father
+is to come to me, not I to him, nor yet to your fort, neither will I
+bite at such a bait; as for the Monacans, I can revenge my own
+injuries."
+
+This was the lofty potentate whom Smith, by his way of management,
+could have tickled out of his senses with a glass bead, and who would
+infinitely have preferred a big shining copper kettle to the
+misplaced honor intended to be thrust upon him, but the offer of
+which puffed him up beyond the reach of negotiation.  Smith returned
+with his message.  Newport despatched the presents round by water a
+hundred miles, and the Captains, with fifty soldiers, went over land
+to Werowocomoco, where occurred the ridiculous ceremony of the
+coronation, which Smith describes with much humor.  "The next day,"
+he says, "was appointed for the coronation.  Then the presents were
+brought him, his bason and ewer, bed and furniture set up, his
+scarlet cloke and apparel, with much adoe put on him, being persuaded
+by Namontuck they would not hurt him.  But a foule trouble there was
+to make him kneel to receive his Crown; he not knowing the majesty
+nor wearing of a Crown, nor bending of the knee, endured so many
+persuasions, examples and instructions as tyred them all.  At last by
+bearing hard on his shoulders, he a little stooped, and three having
+the crown in their hands put it on his head, when by the warning of a
+pistoll the boats were prepared with such a volley of shot that the
+king start up in a horrible feare, till he saw all was well.  Then
+remembering himself to congratulate their kindness he gave his old
+shoes and his mantell to Captain Newport!"
+
+The Monacan expedition the King discouraged, and refused to furnish
+for it either guides or men.  Besides his old shoes, the crowned
+monarch charitably gave Newport a little heap of corn, only seven or
+eight bushels, and with this little result the absurd expedition
+returned to Jamestown.
+
+Shortly after Captain Newport with a chosen company of one hundred
+and twenty men (leaving eighty with President Smith in the fort) and
+accompanied by Captain Waldo, Lieutenant Percy, Captain Winne, Mr.
+West, and Mr. Scrivener, who was eager for adventure, set off for the
+discovery of Monacan.  The expedition, as Smith predicted, was
+fruitless: the Indians deceived them and refused to trade, and the
+company got back to Jamestown, half of them sick, all grumbling, and
+worn out with toil, famine, and discontent.
+
+Smith at once set the whole colony to work, some to make glass, tar,
+pitch, and soap-ashes, and others he conducted five miles down the
+river to learn to fell trees and make clapboards.  In this company
+were a couple of gallants, lately come over, Gabriel Beadle and John
+Russell, proper gentlemen, but unused to hardships, whom Smith has
+immortalized by his novel cure of their profanity.  They took gayly
+to the rough life, and entered into the attack on the forest so
+pleasantly that in a week they were masters of chopping: "making it
+their delight to hear the trees thunder as they fell, but the axes so
+often blistered their tender fingers that many times every third blow
+had a loud othe to drown the echo; for remedie of which sinne the
+President devised how to have every man's othes numbered, and at
+night for every othe to have a Canne of water powred downe his
+sleeve, with which every offender was so washed (himself and all),
+that a man would scarce hear an othe in a weake."  In the clearing of
+our country since, this excellent plan has fallen into desuetude, for
+want of any pious Captain Smith in the logging camps.
+
+These gentlemen, says Smith, did not spend their time in wood-logging
+like hirelings, but entered into it with such spirit that thirty of
+them would accomplish more than a hundred of the sort that had to be
+driven to work; yet, he sagaciously adds, "twenty good workmen had
+been better than them all."
+
+Returning to the fort, Smith, as usual, found the time consumed and
+no provisions got, and Newport's ship lying idle at a great charge.
+With Percy he set out on an expedition for corn to the Chickahominy,
+which the insolent Indians, knowing their want, would not supply.
+Perceiving that it was Powhatan's policy to starve them (as if it was
+the business of the Indians to support all the European vagabonds and
+adventurers who came to dispossess them of their country), Smith gave
+out that he came not so much for corn as to revenge his imprisonment
+and the death of his men murdered by the Indians, and proceeded to
+make war.  This high-handed treatment made the savages sue for peace,
+and furnish, although they complained of want themselves, owing to a
+bad harvest, a hundred bushels of corn.
+
+This supply contented the company, who feared nothing so much as
+starving, and yet, says Smith, so envied him that they would rather
+hazard starving than have him get reputation by his vigorous conduct.
+There is no contemporary account of that period except this which
+Smith indited.  He says that Newport and Ratcliffe conspired not only
+to depose him but to keep him out of the fort; since being President
+they could not control his movements, but that their horns were much
+too short to effect it.
+
+At this time in the "old Taverne," as Smith calls the fort, everybody
+who had money or goods made all he could by trade; soldiers, sailors,
+and savages were agreed to barter, and there was more care to
+maintain their damnable and private trade than to provide the things
+necessary for the colony.  In a few weeks the whites had bartered
+away nearly all the axes, chisels, hoes, and picks, and what powder,
+shot, and pikeheads they could steal, in exchange for furs, baskets,
+young beasts and such like commodities.  Though the supply of furs
+was scanty in Virginia, one master confessed he had got in one voyage
+by this private trade what he sold in England for thirty pounds.
+"These are the Saint-seeming Worthies of Virginia," indignantly
+exclaims the President, "that have, notwithstanding all this, meate,
+drinke, and wages."  But now they began to get weary of the country,
+their trade being prevented.  "The loss, scorn, and misery was the
+poor officers, gentlemen and careless governors, who were bought and
+sold."  The adventurers were cheated, and all their actions
+overthrown by false information and unwise directions.
+
+Master Scrivener was sent with the barges and pinnace to
+Werowocomoco, where by the aid of Namontuck he procured a little
+corn, though the savages were more ready to fight than to trade.  At
+length Newport's ship was loaded with clapboards, pitch, tar, glass,
+frankincense (?) and soapashes, and despatched to England.  About two
+hundred men were left in the colony.  With Newport, Smith sent his
+famous letter to the Treasurer and Council in England.  It is so good
+a specimen of Smith's ability with the pen, reveals so well his
+sagacity and knowledge of what a colony needed, and exposes so
+clearly the ill-management of the London promoters, and the condition
+of the colony, that we copy it entire.  It appears by this letter
+that Smith's " Map of Virginia," and his description of the country
+and its people, which were not published till 1612, were sent by this
+opportunity.  Captain Newport sailed for England late in the autumn
+of 1608.  The letter reads:
+
+RIGHT HONORABLE, ETC.:
+
+I received your letter wherein you write that our minds are so set
+upon faction, and idle conceits in dividing the country without your
+consents, and that we feed you but with ifs and ands, hopes and some
+few proofes; as if we would keepe the mystery of the businesse to
+ourselves: and that we must expressly follow your instructions sent
+by Captain Newport: the charge of whose voyage amounts to neare two
+thousand pounds, the which if we cannot defray by the ships returne
+we are likely to remain as banished men.  To these particulars I
+humbly intreat your pardons if I offend you with my rude answer.
+
+For our factions, unless you would have me run away and leave the
+country, I cannot prevent them; because I do make many stay that
+would else fly away whither.  For the Idle letter sent to my Lord of
+Salisbury, by the President and his confederates, for dividing the
+country, &c., what it was I know not, for you saw no hand of mine to
+it; nor ever dream't I of any such matter.  That we feed you with
+hopes, &c.  Though I be no scholar, I am past a schoolboy; and I
+desire but to know what either you and these here doe know, but that
+I have learned to tell you by the continuall hazard of my life.  I
+have not concealed from you anything I know; but I feare some cause
+you to believe much more than is true.
+
+Expressly to follow your directions by Captain Newport, though they
+be performed, I was directly against it; but according to our
+commission, I was content to be overouled by the major part of the
+Councill, I feare to the hazard of us all; which now is generally
+confessed when it is too late.  Onely Captaine Winne and Captaine
+Walclo I have sworne of the Councill, and crowned Powhattan according
+to your instructions.
+
+For the charge of the voyage of two or three thousand pounds we have
+not received the value of one hundred pounds, and for the quartered
+boat to be borne by the souldiers over the falls.  Newport had 120 of
+the best men he could chuse.  If he had burnt her to ashes, one might
+have carried her in a bag, but as she is, five hundred cannot to a
+navigable place above the falls.  And for him at that time to find in
+the South Sea a mine of gold; or any of them sent by Sir Walter
+Raleigh; at our consultation I told them was as likely as the rest.
+But during this great discovery of thirtie miles (which might as well
+have been done by one man, and much more, for the value of a pound of
+copper at a seasonable tyme), they had the pinnace and all the boats
+with them but one that remained with me to serve the fort.  In their
+absence I followed the new begun works of Pitch and Tarre, Glasse,
+Sope-ashes, Clapboord, whereof some small quantities we have sent
+you.  But if you rightly consider what an infinite toyle it is in
+Russia and Swethland, where the woods are proper for naught els, and
+though there be the helpe both of man and beast in those ancient
+commonwealths, which many an hundred years have used it, yet
+thousands of those poor people can scarce get necessaries to live,
+but from hand to mouth, and though your factors there can buy as much
+in a week as will fraught you a ship, or as much as you please, you
+must not expect from us any such matter, which are but as many of
+ignorant, miserable soules, that are scarce able to get wherewith to
+live, and defend ourselves against the inconstant Salvages: finding
+but here and there a tree fit for the purpose, and want all things
+else the Russians have.  For the Coronation of Powhattan, by whose
+advice you sent him such presents, I know not; but this give me leave
+to tell you, I feare they will be the confusion of us all ere we
+heare from you again.  At your ships arrivall, the Salvages harvest
+was newly gathered, and we going to buy it, our owne not being halve
+sufficient for so great a number.  As for the two ships loading of
+corne Newport promised to provide us from Powhattan, he brought us
+but fourteen bushels; and from the Monacans nothing, but the most of
+the men sicke and neare famished.  From your ship we had not
+provision in victuals worth twenty pound, and we are more than two
+hundred to live upon this, the one halfe sicke, the other little
+better.  For the saylers (I confesse), they daily make good cheare,
+but our dyet is a little meale and water, and not sufficient of that.
+Though there be fish in the Sea, fowles in the ayre, and beasts in
+the woods, their bounds are so large, they so wilde, and we so weake
+and ignorant, we cannot much trouble them.  Captaine Newport we much
+suspect to be the Author of these inventions.  Now that you should
+know, I have made you as great a discovery as he, for less charge
+than he spendeth you every meale; I had sent you this mappe of the
+Countries and Nations that inhabit them, as you may see at large.
+Also two barrels of stones, and such as I take to be good.  Iron ore
+at the least; so divided, as by their notes you may see in what
+places I found them.  The souldiers say many of your officers
+maintaine their families out of that you sent us, and that Newport
+hath an hundred pounds a year for carrying newes.  For every master
+you have yet sent can find the way as well as he, so that an hundred
+pounds might be spared, which is more than we have all, that helps to
+pay him wages.  Cap.  Ratliffe is now called Sicklemore, a poore
+counterfeited Imposture.  I have sent you him home least the Company
+should cut his throat.  What he is, now every one can tell you: if he
+and Archer returne againe, they are sufficient to keep us always in
+factions.  When you send againe I entreat you rather send but thirty
+carpenters, husbandmen, gardiners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons,
+and diggers up of trees roots, well provided, then a thousand of such
+as we have; for except wee be able both to lodge them, and feed them,
+the most will consume with want of necessaries before they can be
+made good for anything.  Thus if you please to consider this account,
+and the unnecessary wages to Captaine Newport, or his ships so long
+lingering and staying here (for notwithstanding his boasting to leave
+us victuals for 12 months, though we had 89 by this discovery lame
+and sicke, and but a pinte of corne a day for a man, we were
+constrained to give him three hogsheads of that to victuall him
+homeward), or yet to send into Germany or Poleland for glassemen and
+the rest, till we be able to sustaine ourselves, and releeve them
+when they come.  It were better to give five hundred pound a ton for
+those grosse Commodities in Denmarke, then send for them hither, till
+more necessary things be provided.  For in over-toyling our weake and
+unskilfull bodies, to satisfy this desire of present profit, we can
+scarce ever recover ourselves from one supply to another.  And I
+humbly intreat you hereafter, let us have what we should receive, and
+not stand to the Saylers courtesie to leave us what they please, els
+you may charge us what you will, but we not you with anything.  These
+are the causes that have kept us in Virginia from laying such a
+foundation that ere this might have given much better content and
+satisfaction, but as yet you must not look for any profitable
+returning.  So I humbly rest.
+
+After the departure of Newport, Smith, with his accustomed
+resolution, set to work to gather supplies for the winter.  Corn had
+to be extorted from the Indians by force.  In one expedition to
+Nansemond, when the Indians refused to trade, Smith fired upon them,
+and then landed and burned one of their houses; whereupon they
+submitted and loaded his three boats with corn.  The ground was
+covered with ice and snow, and the nights were bitterly cold.  The
+device for sleeping warm in the open air was to sweep the snow away
+from the ground and build a fire; the fire was then raked off from
+the heated earth and a mat spread, upon which the whites lay warm,
+sheltered by a mat hung up on the windward side, until the ground got
+cold, when they builded a fire on another place.  Many a cold winter
+night did the explorers endure this hardship, yet grew fat and lusty
+under it.
+
+About this time was solemnized the marriage of John Laydon and Anne
+Burrows, the first in Virginia.  Anne was the maid of Mistress
+Forrest, who had just come out to grow up with the country, and John
+was a laborer who came with the first colony in 1607.  This was
+actually the "First Family of Virginia," about which so much has been
+eloquently said.
+
+Provisions were still wanting.  Mr. Scrivener and Mr. Percy returned
+from an expedition with nothing.  Smith proposed to surprise
+Powhatan, and seize his store of corn, but he says he was hindered in
+this project by Captain Winne and Mr. Scrivener (who had heretofore
+been considered one of Smith's friends), whom he now suspected of
+plotting his ruin in England.
+
+Powhatan on his part sent word to Smith to visit him, to send him men
+to build a house, give him a grindstone, fifty swords, some big guns,
+a cock and a hen, much copper and beads, in return for which he
+would load his ship with corn.  Without any confidence in the crafty
+savage, Smith humored him by sending several workmen, including four
+Dutchmen, to build him a house.  Meantime with two barges and the
+pinnace and forty-six men, including Lieutenant Percy, Captain Wirt,
+and Captain William Phittiplace, on the 29th of December he set out
+on a journey to the Pamaunky, or York, River.
+
+The first night was spent at " Warraskogack," the king of which
+warned Smith that while Powhatan would receive him kindly he was only
+seeking an opportunity to cut their throats and seize their arms.
+Christmas was kept with extreme winds, rain, frost and snow among the
+savages at Kecoughton, where before roaring fires they made merry
+with plenty of oysters, fish, flesh, wild fowls and good bread.  The
+President and two others went gunning for birds, and brought down one
+hundred and forty-eight fowls with three shots.
+
+Ascending the river, on the 12th of January they reached
+Werowocomoco.  The river was frozen half a mile from the shore, and
+when the barge could not come to land by reason of the ice and muddy
+shallows, they effected a landing by wading.  Powhatan at their
+request sent them venison, turkeys, and bread; the next day he
+feasted them, and then inquired when they were going, ignoring his
+invitation to them to come.  Hereupon followed a long game of fence
+between Powhatan and Captain Smith, each trying to overreach the
+other, and each indulging profusely in lies and pledges.  Each
+professed the utmost love for the other.
+
+Smith upbraided him with neglect of his promise to supply them with
+corn, and told him, in reply to his demand for weapons, that he had
+no arms to spare.  Powhatan asked him, if he came on a peaceful
+errand, to lay aside his weapons, for he had heard that the English
+came not so much for trade as to invade his people and possess his
+country, and the people did not dare to bring in their corn while the
+English were around.
+
+Powhatan seemed indifferent about the building.  The Dutchmen who had
+come to build Powhatan a house liked the Indian plenty better than
+the risk of starvation with the colony, revealed to Powhatan the
+poverty of the whites, and plotted to betray them, of which plot
+Smith was not certain till six months later.  Powhatan discoursed
+eloquently on the advantage of peace over war: "I have seen the death
+of all my people thrice," he said, "and not any one living of those
+three generations but myself; I know the difference of peace and war
+better than any in my country.  But I am now old and ere long must
+die."  He wanted to leave his brothers and sisters in peace.  He
+heard that Smith came to destroy his country.  He asked him what good
+it would do to destroy them that provided his food, to drive them
+into the woods where they must feed on roots and acorns; "and be so
+hunted by you that I can neither rest, eat nor sleep, but my tired
+men must watch, and if a twig but break every one crieth, there
+cometh Captain Smith!"  They might live in peace, and trade, if Smith
+would only lay aside his arms.  Smith, in return, boasted of his
+power to get provisions, and said that he had only been restrained
+from violence by his love for Powhatan; that the Indians came armed
+to Jamestown, and it was the habit of the whites to wear their arms.
+Powhatan then contrasted the liberality of Newport, and told Smith
+that while he had used him more kindly than any other chief, he had
+received from him (Smith) the least kindness of any.
+
+Believing that the palaver was only to get an opportunity to cut his
+throat, Smith got the savages to break the ice in order to bring up
+the barge and load it with corn, and gave orders for his soldiers to
+land and surprise Powhatan; meantime, to allay his suspicions,
+telling him the lie that next day he would lay aside his arms and
+trust Powhatan's promises.  But Powhatan was not to be caught with
+such chaff.  Leaving two or three women to talk with the Captain he
+secretly fled away with his women, children, and luggage.  When Smith
+perceived this treachery he fired into the "naked devils" who were in
+sight.  The next day Powhatan sent to excuse his flight, and
+presented him a bracelet and chain of pearl and vowed eternal
+friendship.
+
+With matchlocks lighted, Smith forced the Indians to load the boats;
+but as they were aground, and could not be got off till high water,
+he was compelled to spend the night on shore.  Powhatan and the
+treacherous Dutchmen are represented as plotting to kill Smith that
+night.  Provisions were to be brought him with professions of
+friendship, and Smith was to be attacked while at supper.  The
+Indians, with all the merry sports they could devise, spent the time
+till night, and then returned to Powhatan.
+
+The plot was frustrated in the providence of God by a strange means.
+"For Pocahuntas his dearest jewele and daughter in that dark night
+came through the irksome woods, and told our Captaine good cheer
+should be sent us by and by; but Powhatan and all the power he could
+make would after come and kill us all, if they that brought it could
+not kill us with our own weapons when we were at supper.  Therefore
+if we would live she wished us presently to be gone.  Such things as
+she delighted in he would have given her; but with the tears rolling
+down her cheeks she said she durst not to be seen to have any; for if
+Powhatan should know it, she were but dead, and so she ran away by
+herself as she came."
+
+[This instance of female devotion is exactly paralleled in
+D'Albertis's "New Guinea."  Abia, a pretty Biota girl of seventeen,
+made her way to his solitary habitation at the peril of her life, to
+inform him that the men of Rapa would shortly bring him insects and
+other presents, in order to get near him without suspicion, and then
+kill him.  He tried to reward the brave girl by hanging a gold chain
+about her neck, but she refused it, saying it would betray her.  He
+could only reward her with a fervent kiss, upon which she fled.
+Smith omits that part of the incident.]
+
+
+In less than an hour ten burly fellows arrived with great platters of
+victuals, and begged Smith to put out the matches (the smoke of which
+made them sick) and sit down and eat.  Smith, on his guard, compelled
+them to taste each dish, and then sent them back to Powhatan.  All
+night the whites watched, but though the savages lurked about, no
+attack was made.  Leaving the four Dutchmen to build Powhatan's
+house, and an Englishman to shoot game for him, Smith next evening
+departed for Pamaunky.
+
+No sooner had he gone than two of the Dutchmen made their way
+overland to Jamestown, and, pretending Smith had sent them, procured
+arms, tools, and clothing.  They induced also half a dozen sailors,
+"expert thieves," to accompany them to live with Powhatan; and
+altogether they stole, besides powder and shot, fifty swords, eight
+pieces, eight pistols, and three hundred hatchets.  Edward Boynton
+and Richard Savage, who had been left with Powhatan, seeing the
+treachery, endeavored to escape, but were apprehended by the Indians.
+
+At Pamaunky there was the same sort of palaver with Opechancanough,
+the king, to whom Smith the year before had expounded the mysteries
+of history, geography, and astronomy.  After much fencing in talk,
+Smith, with fifteen companions, went up to the King's house, where
+presently he found himself betrayed and surrounded by seven hundred
+armed savages, seeking his life.  His company being dismayed, Smith
+restored their courage by a speech, and then, boldly charging the
+King with intent to murder him, he challenged him to a single combat
+on an island in the river, each to use his own arms, but Smith to be
+as naked as the King.  The King still professed friendship, and laid
+a great present at the door, about which the Indians lay in ambush to
+kill Smith.  But this hero, according to his own account, took prompt
+measures.  He marched out to the King where he stood guarded by fifty
+of his chiefs, seized him by his long hair in the midst of his men,
+and pointing a pistol at his breast led, him trembling and near dead
+with fear amongst all his people.  The King gave up his arms, and the
+savages, astonished that any man dare treat their king thus, threw
+down their bows.  Smith, still holding the King by the hair, made
+them a bold address, offering peace or war.  They chose peace.
+
+In the picture of this remarkable scene in the "General Historie,"
+the savage is represented as gigantic in stature, big enough to crush
+the little Smith in an instant if he had but chosen.  Having given
+the savages the choice to load his ship with corn or to load it
+himself with their dead carcasses, the Indians so thronged in with
+their commodities that Smith was tired of receiving them, and leaving
+his comrades to trade, he lay down to rest.  When he was asleep the
+Indians, armed some with clubs, and some with old English swords,
+entered into the house.  Smith awoke in time, seized his arms, and
+others coming to his rescue, they cleared the house.
+
+While enduring these perils, sad news was brought from Jamestown.
+Mr. Scrivener, who had letters from England (writes Smith) urging him
+to make himself Caesar or nothing, declined in his affection for
+Smith, and began to exercise extra authority.  Against the advice of
+the others, he needs must make a journey to the Isle of Hogs, taking
+with him in the boat Captain Waldo, Anthony Gosnoll (or Gosnold,
+believed to be a relative of Captain Bartholomew Gosnold), and eight
+others.  The boat was overwhelmed in a storm, and sunk, no one knows
+how or where.  The savages were the first to discover the bodies of
+the lost.  News of this disaster was brought to Captain Smith (who
+did not disturb the rest by making it known) by Richard Wiffin, who
+encountered great dangers on the way.  Lodging overnight at
+Powhatan's, he saw great preparations for war, and found himself in
+peril.  Pocahontas hid him for a time, and by her means, and
+extraordinary bribes, in three days' travel he reached Smith.
+
+Powhatan, according to Smith, threatened death to his followers if
+they did not kill Smith.  At one time swarms of natives, unarmed,
+came bringing great supplies of provisions; this was to put Smith off
+his guard, surround him with hundreds of savages, and slay him by an
+ambush.  But he also laid in ambush and got the better of the crafty
+foe with a superior craft.  They sent him poisoned food, which made
+his company sick, but was fatal to no one.  Smith apologizes for
+temporizing with the Indians at this time, by explaining that his
+purpose was to surprise Powhatan and his store of provisions.  But
+when they stealthily stole up to the seat of that crafty chief, they
+found that those "damned Dutchmen" had caused Powhatan to abandon his
+new house at Werowocomoco, and to carry away all his corn and
+provisions.
+
+The reward of this wearisome winter campaign was two hundred weight
+of deer-suet and four hundred and seventy-nine bushels of corn for
+the general store.  They had not to show such murdering and
+destroying as the Spaniards in their "relations," nor heaps and mines
+of gold and silver; the land of Virginia was barbarous and ill-
+planted, and without precious jewels, but no Spanish relation could
+show, with such scant means, so much country explored, so many
+natives reduced to obedience, with so little bloodshed.
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+TRIALS OF THE SETTLEMENT
+
+Without entering at all into the consideration of the character of
+the early settlers of Virginia and of Massachusetts, one contrast
+forces itself upon the mind as we read the narratives of the
+different plantations.  In Massachusetts there was from the beginning
+a steady purpose to make a permanent settlement and colony, and
+nearly all those who came over worked, with more or less friction,
+with this end before them.  The attempt in Virginia partook more of
+the character of a temporary adventure.  In Massachusetts from the
+beginning a commonwealth was in view.  In Virginia, although the
+London promoters desired a colony to be fixed that would be
+profitable to themselves, and many of the adventurers, Captain Smith
+among them, desired a permanent planting, a great majority of those
+who went thither had only in mind the advantages of trade, the
+excitement of a free and licentious life, and the adventure of
+something new and startling.  It was long before the movers in it
+gave up the notion of discovering precious metals or a short way to
+the South Sea.  The troubles the primitive colony endured resulted
+quite as much from its own instability of purpose, recklessness, and
+insubordination as from the hostility of the Indians.  The majority
+spent their time in idleness, quarreling, and plotting mutiny.
+
+The ships departed for England in December, 1608.  When Smith
+returned from his expedition for food in the winter of 1609, he found
+that all the provision except what he had gathered was so rotted from
+the rain, and eaten by rats and worms, that the hogs would scarcely
+eat it.  Yet this had been the diet of the soldiers, who had consumed
+the victuals and accomplished nothing except to let the savages have
+the most of the tools and a good part of the arms.
+
+Taking stock of what he brought in, Smith found food enough to last
+till the next harvest, and at once organized the company into bands
+of ten or fifteen, and compelled them to go to work.  Six hours a day
+were devoted to labor, and the remainder to rest and merry exercises.
+Even with this liberal allowance of pastime a great part of the
+colony still sulked.  Smith made them a short address, exhibiting his
+power in the letters-patent, and assuring them that he would enforce
+discipline and punish the idle and froward; telling them that those
+that did not work should not eat, and that the labor of forty or
+fifty industrious men should not be consumed to maintain a hundred
+and fifty idle loiterers.  He made a public table of good and bad
+conduct; but even with this inducement the worst had to be driven to
+work by punishment or the fear of it.
+
+The Dutchmen with Powhatan continued to make trouble, and
+confederates in the camp supplied them with powder and shot, swords
+and tools.  Powhatan kept the whites who were with him to instruct
+the Indians in the art of war.  They expected other whites to join
+them, and those not coming, they sent Francis, their companion,
+disguised as an Indian, to find out the cause.  He came to the Glass
+house in the woods a mile from Jamestown, which was the rendezvous
+for all their villainy.  Here they laid an ambush of forty men for
+Smith, who hearing of the Dutchman, went thither to apprehend him.
+The rascal had gone, and Smith, sending twenty soldiers to follow and
+capture him, started alone from the Glass house to return to the
+fort.  And now occurred another of those personal adventures which
+made Smith famous by his own narration.
+
+On his way he encountered the King of Paspahegh, "a most strong,
+stout savage," who, seeing that Smith had only his falchion,
+attempted to shoot him.  Smith grappled him; the savage prevented his
+drawing his blade, and bore him into the river to drown him.  Long
+they struggled in the water, when the President got the savage by the
+throat and nearly strangled him, and drawing his weapon, was about to
+cut off his head, when the King begged his life so pitifully, that
+Smith led him prisoner to the fort and put him in chains.
+
+In the pictures of this achievement, the savage is represented as
+about twice the size and stature of Smith; another illustration that
+this heroic soul was never contented to take one of his size.
+
+The Dutchman was captured, who, notwithstanding his excuses that he
+had escaped from Powhatan and did not intend to return, but was only
+walking in the woods to gather walnuts, on the testimony of Paspahegh
+of his treachery, was also "laid by the heels."  Smith now proposed
+to Paspahegh to spare his life if he would induce Powhatan to send
+back the renegade Dutchmen.  The messengers for this purpose reported
+that the Dutchmen, though not detained by Powhatan, would not come,
+and the Indians said they could not bring them on their backs fifty
+miles through the woods.  Daily the King's wives, children, and
+people came to visit him, and brought presents to procure peace and
+his release.  While this was going on, the King, though fettered,
+escaped.  A pursuit only resulted in a vain fight with the Indians.
+Smith then made prisoners of two Indians who seemed to be hanging
+around the camp, Kemps and Tussore, "the two most exact villains in
+all the country," who would betray their own king and kindred for a
+piece of copper, and sent them with a force of soldiers, under Percy,
+against Paspahegh.  The expedition burned his house, but did not
+capture the fugitive.  Smith then went against them himself, killed
+six or seven, burned their houses, and took their boats and fishing
+wires.  Thereupon the savages sued for peace, and an amnesty was
+established that lasted as long as Smith remained in the country.
+
+Another incident occurred about this time which greatly raised
+Smith's credit in all that country.  The Chicahomanians, who always
+were friendly traders, were great thieves.  One of them stole a
+Pistol, and two proper young fellows, brothers, known to be his
+confederates, were apprehended.  One of them was put in the dungeon
+and the other sent to recover the pistol within twelve hours, in
+default of which his brother would be hanged.  The President, pitying
+the wretched savage in the dungeon, sent him some victuals and
+charcoal for a fire.  "Ere midnight his brother returned with the
+pistol, but the poor savage in the dungeon was so smothered with the
+smoke he had made, and so piteously burnt, that we found him dead.
+The other most lamentably bewailed his death, and broke forth in such
+bitter agonies, that the President, to quiet him, told him that if
+hereafter they would not steal, he would make him alive again; but he
+(Smith) little thought he could be recovered."  Nevertheless, by a
+liberal use of aqua vitae and vinegar the Indian was brought again to
+life, but "so drunk and affrighted that he seemed lunatic, the which
+as much tormented and grieved the other as before to see him dead."
+Upon further promise of good behavior Smith promised to bring the
+Indian out of this malady also, and so laid him by a fire to sleep.
+In the morning the savage had recovered his perfect senses, his
+wounds were dressed, and the brothers with presents of copper were
+sent away well contented.  This was spread among the savages for a
+miracle, that Smith could make a man alive that was dead.  He
+narrates a second incident which served to give the Indians a
+wholesome fear of the whites: "Another ingenious savage of Powhatan
+having gotten a great bag of powder and the back of an armour at
+Werowocomoco, amongst a many of his companions, to show his
+extraordinary skill, he did dry it on the back as he had seen the
+soldiers at Jamestown.  But he dried it so long, they peeping over it
+to see his skill, it took fire, and blew him to death, and one or two
+more, and the rest so scorched they had little pleasure any more to
+meddle with gunpowder."
+
+"These and many other such pretty incidents," says Smith, "so amazed
+and affrighted Powhatan and his people that from all parts they
+desired peace;" stolen articles were returned, thieves sent to
+Jamestown for punishment, and the whole country became as free for
+the whites as for the Indians.
+
+And now ensued, in the spring of 1609, a prosperous period of three
+months, the longest season of quiet the colony had enjoyed, but only
+a respite from greater disasters.  The friendship of the Indians and
+the temporary subordination of the settlers we must attribute to
+Smith's vigor, shrewdness, and spirit of industry.  It was much
+easier to manage the Indian's than the idle and vicious men that
+composed the majority of the settlement.
+
+In these three months they manufactured three or four lasts (fourteen
+barrels in a last) of tar, pitch, and soap-ashes, produced some
+specimens of glass, dug a well of excellent sweet water in the fort,
+which they had wanted for two years, built twenty houses, repaired
+the church, planted thirty or forty acres of ground, and erected a
+block-house on the neck of the island, where a garrison was stationed
+to trade with the savages and permit neither whites nor Indians to
+pass except on the President's order.  Even the domestic animals
+partook the industrious spirit: "of three sowes in eighteen months
+increased 60 and od Pigs; and neare 500 chickings brought up
+themselves without having any meat given them."  The hogs were
+transferred to Hog Isle, where another block house was built and
+garrisoned, and the garrison were permitted to take "exercise" in
+cutting down trees and making clapboards and wainscot.  They were
+building a fort on high ground, intended for an easily defended
+retreat, when a woful discovery put an end to their thriving plans.
+
+Upon examination of the corn stored in casks, it was found half-
+rotten, and the rest consumed by rats, which had bred in thousands
+from the few which came over in the ships.  The colony was now at its
+wits end, for there was nothing to eat except the wild products of
+the country.  In this prospect of famine, the two Indians, Kemps and
+Tussore, who had been kept fettered while showing the whites how to
+plant the fields, were turned loose; but they were unwilling to
+depart from such congenial company.  The savages in the neighborhood
+showed their love by bringing to camp, for sixteen days, each day at
+least a hundred squirrels, turkeys, deer, and other wild beasts.  But
+without corn, the work of fortifying and building had to be
+abandoned, and the settlers dispersed to provide victuals.  A party
+of sixty or eighty men under Ensign Laxon were sent down the river to
+live on oysters; some twenty went with Lieutenant Percy to try
+fishing at Point Comfort, where for six weeks not a net was cast,
+owing to the sickness of Percy, who had been burnt with gunpowder;
+and another party, going to the Falls with Master West, found nothing
+to eat but a few acorns.
+
+Up to this time the whole colony was fed by the labors of thirty or
+forty men: there was more sturgeon than could be devoured by dog and
+man; it was dried, pounded, and mixed with caviare, sorrel, and other
+herbs, to make bread; bread was also made of the "Tockwhogh" root,
+and with the fish and these wild fruits they lived very well.  But
+there were one hundred and fifty of the colony who would rather
+starve or eat each other than help gather food.  These "distracted,
+gluttonous loiterers" would have sold anything they had--tools, arms,
+and their houses--for anything the savages would bring them to eat.
+Hearing that there was a basket of corn at Powhatan's, fifty miles
+away, they would have exchanged all their property for it.  To
+satisfy their factious humors, Smith succeeded in getting half of it:
+"they would have sold their souls," he says, for the other half,
+though not sufficient to last them a week.
+
+The clamors became so loud that Smith punished the ringleader, one
+Dyer, a crafty fellow, and his ancient maligner, and then made one of
+his conciliatory addresses.  Having shown them how impossible it was
+to get corn, and reminded them of his own exertions, and that he had
+always shared with them anything he had, he told them that he should
+stand their nonsense no longer; he should force the idle to work, and
+punish them if they railed; if any attempted to escape to
+Newfoundland in the pinnace they would arrive at the gallows; the
+sick should not starve; every man able must work, and every man who
+did not gather as much in a day as he did should be put out of the
+fort as a drone.
+
+Such was the effect of this speech that of the two hundred only seven
+died in this pinching time, except those who were drowned; no man
+died of want.  Captain Winne and Master Leigh had died before this
+famine occurred.  Many of the men were billeted among the savages,
+who used them well, and stood in such awe of the power at the fort
+that they dared not wrong the whites out of a pin.  The Indians
+caught Smith's humor, and some of the men who ran away to seek Kemps
+and Tussore were mocked and ridiculed, and had applied to them--
+Smith's law of "who cannot work must not eat;" they were almost
+starved and beaten nearly to death.  After amusing himself with them,
+Kemps returned the fugitives, whom Smith punished until they were
+content to labor at home, rather than adventure to live idly among
+the savages, "of whom," says our shrewd chronicler, "there was more
+hope to make better christians and good subjects than the one half of
+them that counterfeited themselves both."  The Indians were in such
+subjection that any who were punished at the fort would beg the
+President not to tell their chief, for they would be again punished
+at home and sent back for another round.
+
+We hear now of the last efforts to find traces of the lost colony of
+Sir Walter Raleigh.  Master Sicklemore returned from the Chawwonoke
+(Chowan River) with no tidings of them; and Master Powell, and Anas
+Todkill who had been conducted to the Mangoags, in the regions south
+of the James, could learn nothing but that they were all dead.  The
+king of this country was a very proper, devout, and friendly man; he
+acknowledged that our God exceeded his as much as our guns did his
+bows and arrows, and asked the President to pray his God for him, for
+all the gods of the Mangoags were angry.
+
+The Dutchmen and one Bentley, another fugitive, who were with
+Powhatan, continued to plot against the colony, and the President
+employed a Swiss, named William Volday, to go and regain them with
+promises of pardon.  Volday turned out to be a hypocrite, and a
+greater rascal than the others.  Many of the discontented in the fort
+were brought into the scheme, which was, with Powhatan's aid, to
+surprise and destroy Jamestown.  News of this getting about in the
+fort, there was a demand that the President should cut off these
+Dutchmen.  Percy and Cuderington, two gentlemen, volunteered to do
+it; but Smith sent instead Master Wiffin and Jeffrey Abbot, to go and
+stab them or shoot them.  But the Dutchmen were too shrewd to be
+caught, and Powhatan sent a conciliatory message that he did not
+detain the Dutchmen, nor hinder the slaying of them.
+
+While this plot was simmering, and Smith was surrounded by treachery
+inside the fort and outside, and the savages were being taught that
+King James would kill Smith because he had used the Indians so
+unkindly, Captain Argall and Master Thomas Sedan arrived out in a
+well-furnished vessel, sent by Master Cornelius to trade and fish for
+sturgeon.  The wine and other good provision of the ship were so
+opportune to the necessities of the colony that the President seized
+them.  Argall lost his voyage; his ship was revictualed and sent back
+to England, but one may be sure that this event was so represented as
+to increase the fostered dissatisfaction with Smith in London.  For
+one reason or another, most of the persons who returned had probably
+carried a bad report of him.  Argall brought to Jamestown from London
+a report of great complaints of him for his dealings with the savages
+and not returning ships freighted with the products of the country.
+Misrepresented in London, and unsupported and conspired against in
+Virginia, Smith felt his fall near at hand.  On the face of it he was
+the victim of envy and the rascality of incompetent and bad men; but
+whatever his capacity for dealing with savages, it must be confessed
+that he lacked something which conciliates success with one's own
+people.  A new commission was about to be issued, and a great supply
+was in preparation under Lord De La Ware.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+SMITH'S LAST DAYS IN VIRGINIA
+
+The London company were profoundly dissatisfied with the results of
+the Virginia colony.  The South Sea was not discovered, no gold had
+turned up, there were no valuable products from the new land, and the
+promoters received no profits on their ventures.  With their
+expectations, it is not to be wondered at that they were still
+further annoyed by the quarreling amongst the colonists themselves,
+and wished to begin over again.
+
+A new charter, dated May 23, 1609, with enlarged powers, was got from
+King James.  Hundreds of corporators were named, and even thousands
+were included in the various London trades and guilds that were
+joined in the enterprise.  Among the names we find that of Captain
+John Smith.  But he was out of the Council, nor was he given then or
+ever afterward any place or employment in Virginia, or in the
+management of its affairs.  The grant included all the American coast
+two hundred miles north and two hundred miles south of Point Comfort,
+and all the territory from the coast up into the land throughout from
+sea to sea, west and northwest.  A leading object of the project
+still being (as we have seen it was with Smith's precious crew at
+Jamestown) the conversion and reduction of the natives to the true
+religion, no one was permitted in the colony who had not taken the
+oath of supremacy.
+
+Under this charter the Council gave a commission to Sir Thomas West,
+Lord Delaware, Captain-General of Virginia; Sir Thomas Gates,
+Lieutenant-General; Sir George Somers, Admiral; Captain Newport,
+Vice-Admiral; Sir Thomas Dale, High Marshal; Sir Frederick Wainman,
+General of the Horse, and many other officers for life.
+
+With so many wealthy corporators money flowed into the treasury, and
+a great expedition was readily fitted out.  Towards the end of May,
+1609, there sailed from England nine ships and five hundred people,
+under the command of Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, and Captain
+Newport.  Each of these commanders had a commission, and the one who
+arrived first was to call in the old commission; as they could not
+agree, they all sailed in one ship, the Sea Venture.
+
+This brave expedition was involved in a contest with a hurricane; one
+vessel was sunk, and the Sea Venture, with the three commanders, one
+hundred and fifty men, the new commissioners, bills of lading, all
+sorts of instructions, and much provision, was wrecked on the
+Bermudas.  With this company was William Strachey, of whom we shall
+hear more hereafter.  Seven vessels reached Jamestown, and brought,
+among other annoyances, Smith's old enemy, Captain Ratcliffe, alias
+Sicklemore, in command of a ship.  Among the company were also
+Captains Martin, Archer, Wood, Webbe, Moore, King, Davis, and several
+gentlemen of good means, and a crowd of the riff-raff of London.
+Some of these Captains whom Smith had sent home, now returned with
+new pretensions, and had on the voyage prejudiced the company against
+him.  When the fleet was first espied, the President thought it was
+Spaniards, and prepared to defend himself, the Indians promptly
+coming to his assistance.
+
+This hurricane tossed about another expedition still more famous,
+that of Henry Hudson, who had sailed from England on his third voyage
+toward Nova Zembla March 25th, and in July and August was beating
+down the Atlantic coast.  On the 18th of August he entered the Capes
+of Virginia, and sailed a little way up the Bay.  He knew he was at
+the mouth of the James River, "where our Englishmen are," as he says.
+The next day a gale from the northeast made him fear being driven
+aground in the shallows, and he put to sea.  The storm continued for
+several days.  On the 21st "a sea broke over the fore-course and
+split it;" and that night something more ominous occurred: "that
+night [the chronicle records] our cat ran crying from one side of the
+ship to the other, looking overboard, which made us to wonder, but we
+saw nothing."  On the 26th they were again off the bank of Virginia,
+and in the very bay and in sight of the islands they had seen on the
+18th.  It appeared to Hudson "a great bay with rivers," but too
+shallow to explore without a small boat.  After lingering till the
+29th, without any suggestion of ascending the James, he sailed
+northward and made the lucky stroke of river exploration which
+immortalized him.
+
+It seems strange that he did not search for the English colony, but
+the adventurers of that day were independent actors, and did not care
+to share with each other the glories of discovery.
+
+The first of the scattered fleet of Gates and Somers came in on the
+11th, and the rest straggled along during the three or four days
+following.  It was a narrow chance that Hudson missed them all, and
+one may imagine that the fate of the Virginia colony and of the New
+York settlement would have been different if the explorer of the
+Hudson had gone up the James.
+
+No sooner had the newcomers landed than trouble began.  They would
+have deposed Smith on report of the new commission, but they could
+show no warrant.  Smith professed himself willing to retire to
+England, but, seeing the new commission did not arrive, held on to
+his authority, and began to enforce it to save the whole colony from
+anarchy.  He depicts the situation in a paragraph: "To a thousand
+mischiefs these lewd Captains led this lewd company, wherein were
+many unruly gallants, packed thither by their friends to escape ill
+destinies, and those would dispose and determine of the government,
+sometimes to one, the next day to another; today the old commission
+must rule, tomorrow the new, the next day neither; in fine, they
+would rule all or ruin all; yet in charity we must endure them thus
+to destroy us, or by correcting their follies, have brought the
+world's censure upon us to be guilty of their blouds.  Happie had we
+beene had they never arrived, and we forever abandoned, as we were
+left to our fortunes; for on earth for their number was never more
+confusion or misery than their factions occasioned."  In this company
+came a boy, named Henry Spelman, whose subsequent career possesses
+considerable interest.
+
+The President proceeded with his usual vigor: he "laid by the heels"
+the chief mischief-makers till he should get leisure to punish them;
+sent Mr. West with one hundred and twenty good men to the Falls to
+make a settlement; and despatched Martin with near as many and their
+proportion of provisions to Nansemond, on the river of that name
+emptying into the James, obliquely opposite Point Comfort.
+
+Lieutenant Percy was sick and had leave to depart for England when he
+chose.  The President's year being about expired, in accordance with
+the charter, he resigned, and Captain Martin was elected President.
+But knowing his inability, he, after holding it three hours, resigned
+it to Smith, and went down to Nansemond.  The tribe used him kindly,
+but he was so frightened with their noisy demonstration of mirth that
+he surprised and captured the poor naked King with his houses, and
+began fortifying his position, showing so much fear that the savages
+were emboldened to attack him, kill some of his men, release their
+King, and carry off a thousand bushels of corn which had been
+purchased, Martin not offering to intercept them.  The frightened
+Captain sent to Smith for aid, who despatched to him thirty good
+shot.  Martin, too chicken-hearted to use them, came back with them
+to Jamestown, leaving his company to their fortunes.  In this
+adventure the President commends the courage of one George Forrest,
+who, with seventeen arrows sticking into him and one shot through
+him, lived six or seven days.
+
+Meantime Smith, going up to the Falls to look after Captain West, met
+that hero on his way to Jamestown.  He turned him back, and found
+that he had planted his colony on an unfavorable flat, subject not
+only to the overflowing of the river, but to more intolerable
+inconveniences.  To place him more advantageously the President sent
+to Powhatan, offering to buy the place called Powhatan, promising to
+defend him against the Monacans, to pay him in copper, and make a
+general alliance of trade and friendship.
+
+But "those furies," as Smith calls West and his associates, refused
+to move to Powhatan or to accept these conditions.  They contemned
+his authority, expecting all the time the new commission, and,
+regarding all the Monacans' country as full of gold, determined that
+no one should interfere with them in the possession of it.  Smith,
+however, was not intimidated from landing and attempting to quell
+their mutiny.  In his "General Historie " it is written "I doe more
+than wonder to think how onely with five men he either durst or would
+adventure as he did (knowing how greedy they were of his bloud) to
+come amongst them."  He landed and ordered the arrest of the chief
+disturbers, but the crowd hustled him off.  He seized one of their
+boats and escaped to the ship which contained the provision.
+Fortunately the sailors were friendly and saved his life, and a
+considerable number of the better sort, seeing the malice of
+Ratcliffe and Archer, took Smith's part.
+
+Out of the occurrences at this new settlement grew many of the
+charges which were preferred against Smith.  According to the
+"General Historie" the company of Ratcliffe and Archer was a
+disorderly rabble, constantly tormenting the Indians, stealing their
+corn, robbing their gardens, beating them, and breaking into their
+houses and taking them prisoners.  The Indians daily complained to
+the President that these "protectors" he had given them were worse
+enemies than the Monacans, and desired his pardon if they defended
+themselves, since he could not punish their tormentors.  They even
+proposed to fight for him against them.  Smith says that after
+spending nine days in trying to restrain them, and showing them how
+they deceived themselves with "great guilded hopes of the South Sea
+Mines," he abandoned them to their folly and set sail for Jamestown.
+
+No sooner was he under way than the savages attacked the fort, slew
+many of the whites who were outside, rescued their friends who were
+prisoners, and thoroughly terrified the garrison.  Smith's ship
+happening to go aground half a league below, they sent off to him,
+and were glad to submit on any terms to his mercy.  He "put by the
+heels" six or seven of the chief offenders, and transferred the
+colony to Powhatan, where were a fort capable of defense against all
+the savages in Virginia, dry houses for lodging, and two hundred
+acres of ground ready to be planted.  This place, so strong and
+delightful in situation, they called Non-such.  The savages appeared
+and exchanged captives, and all became friends again.
+
+At this moment, unfortunately, Captain West returned.  All the
+victuals and munitions having been put ashore, the old factious
+projects were revived.  The soft-hearted West was made to believe
+that the rebellion had been solely on his account.  Smith, seeing
+them bent on their own way, took the row-boat for Jamestown.  The
+colony abandoned the pleasant Non-such and returned to the open air
+at West's Fort.  On his way down, Smith met with the accident that
+suddenly terminated his career in Virginia.
+
+While he was sleeping in his boat his powder-bag was accidentally
+fired; the explosion tore the flesh from his body and thighs, nine or
+ten inches square, in the most frightful manner.  To quench the
+tormenting fire, frying him in his clothes, he leaped into the deep
+river, where, ere they could recover him, he was nearly drowned.  In
+this pitiable condition, without either surgeon or surgery, he was to
+go nearly a hundred miles.
+
+It is now time for the appearance upon the scene of the boy Henry
+Spelman, with his brief narration, which touches this period of
+Smith's life.  Henry Spelman was the third son of the distinguished
+antiquarian, Sir Henry Spelman, of Coughan, Norfolk, who was married
+in 1581.  It is reasonably conjectured that he could not have been
+over twenty-one when in May, 1609, he joined the company going to
+Virginia.  Henry was evidently a scapegrace, whose friends were
+willing to be rid of him.  Such being his character, it is more than
+probable that he was shipped bound as an apprentice, and of course
+with the conditions of apprenticeship in like expeditions of that
+period--to be sold or bound out at the end of the voyage to pay for
+his passage.  He remained for several years in Virginia, living most
+of the time among the Indians, and a sort of indifferent go between
+of the savages and the settlers.  According to his own story it was
+on October 20, 1609, that he was taken up the river to Powhatan by
+Captain Smith, and it was in April, 1613, that he was rescued from
+his easy-setting captivity on the Potomac by Captain Argall.  During
+his sojourn in Virginia, or more probably shortly after his return to
+England, he wrote a brief and bungling narration of his experiences
+in the colony, and a description of Indian life.  The MS. was not
+printed in his time, but mislaid or forgotten.  By a strange series
+of chances it turned up in our day, and was identified and prepared
+for the press in 1861.  Before the proof was read, the type was
+accidentally broken up and the MS. again mislaid.  Lost sight of for
+several years, it was recovered and a small number of copies of it
+were printed at London in 1872, edited by Mr. James F. Hunnewell.
+
+Spelman's narration would be very important if we could trust it.  He
+appeared to have set down what he saw, and his story has a certain
+simplicity that gains for it some credit.  But he was a reckless boy,
+unaccustomed to weigh evidence, and quite likely to write as facts
+the rumors that he heard.  He took very readily to the ways of Indian
+life.  Some years after, Spelman returned to Virginia with the title
+of Captain, and in 1617 we find this reference to him in the "General
+Historie": " Here, as at many other times, we are beholden to Capt.
+Henry Spilman, an interpreter, a gentleman that lived long time in
+this country, and sometimes a prisoner among the Salvages, and done
+much good service though but badly rewarded."  Smith would probably
+not have left this on record had he been aware of the contents of the
+MS. that Spelman had left for after-times.
+
+Spelman begins his Relation, from which I shall quote substantially,
+without following the spelling or noting all the interlineations,
+with the reason for his emigration, which was, "being in displeasure
+of my friends, and desirous to see other countries."  After a brief
+account of the voyage and the joyful arrival at Jamestown, the
+Relation continues:
+
+"Having here unloaded our goods and bestowed some senight or
+fortnight in viewing the country, I was carried by Capt. Smith, our
+President, to the Falls, to the little Powhatan, where, unknown to
+me, he sold me to him for a town called Powhatan; and, leaving me
+with him, the little Powhatan, he made known to Capt. West how he had
+bought a town for them to dwell in.  Whereupon Capt. West, growing
+angry because he had bestowed cost to begin a town in another place,
+Capt. Smith desiring that Capt. West would come and settle himself
+there, but Capt. West, having bestowed cost to begin a town in
+another place, misliked it, and unkindness thereupon arising between
+them, Capt. Smith at that time replied little, but afterward combined
+with Powhatan to kill Capt.  West, which plot took but small effect,
+for in the meantime Capt. Smith was apprehended and sent aboard for
+England."
+
+That this roving boy was "thrown in" as a makeweight in the trade for
+the town is not impossible; but that Smith combined with Powhatan to
+kill Captain West is doubtless West's perversion of the offer of the
+Indians to fight on Smith's side against him.
+
+According to Spelman's Relation, he stayed only seven or eight days
+with the little Powhatan, when he got leave to go to Jamestown, being
+desirous to see the English and to fetch the small articles that
+belonged to him.  The Indian King agreed to wait for him at that
+place, but he stayed too long, and on his return the little Powhatan
+had departed, and Spelman went back to Jamestown.  Shortly after, the
+great Powhatan sent Thomas Savage with a present of venison to
+President Percy.  Savage was loath to return alone, and Spelman was
+appointed to go with him, which he did willingly, as victuals were
+scarce in camp.  He carried some copper and a hatchet, which he
+presented to Powhatan, and that Emperor treated him and his comrade
+very kindly, seating them at his own mess-table.  After some three
+weeks of this life, Powhatan sent this guileless youth down to decoy
+the English into his hands, promising to freight a ship with corn if
+they would visit him.  Spelman took the message and brought back the
+English reply, whereupon Powhatan laid the plot which resulted in the
+killing of Captain Ratcliffe and thirty-eight men, only two of his
+company escaping to Jamestown.  Spelman gives two versions of this
+incident.  During the massacre Spelman says that Powhatan sent him
+and Savage to a town some sixteen miles away.  Smith's "General
+Historie" says that on this occasion "Pocahuntas saved a boy named
+Henry Spilman that lived many years afterward, by her means, among
+the Patawomekes."  Spelman says not a word about Pocahuntas.  On the
+contrary, he describes the visit of the King of the Patawomekes to
+Powhatan; says that the King took a fancy to him; that he and Dutch
+Samuel, fearing for their lives, escaped from Powhatan's town; were
+pursued; that Samuel was killed, and that Spelman, after dodging
+about in the forest, found his way to the Potomac, where he lived
+with this good King Patomecke at a place called Pasptanzie for more
+than a year.  Here he seems to have passed his time agreeably, for
+although he had occasional fights with the squaws of Patomecke, the
+King was always his friend, and so much was he attached to the boy
+that he would not give him up to Captain Argall without some copper
+in exchange.
+
+When Smith returned wounded to Jamestown, he was physically in no
+condition to face the situation.  With no medical attendance, his
+death was not improbable.  He had no strength to enforce discipline
+nor organize expeditions for supplies; besides, he was acting under a
+commission whose virtue had expired, and the mutinous spirits
+rebelled against his authority.  Ratcliffe, Archer, and the others
+who were awaiting trial conspired against him, and Smith says he
+would have been murdered in his bed if the murderer's heart had not
+failed him when he went to fire his pistol at the defenseless sick
+man.  However, Smith was forced to yield to circumstances.  No sooner
+had he given out that he would depart for England than they persuaded
+Mr. Percy to stay and act as President, and all eyes were turned in
+expectation of favor upon the new commanders.  Smith being thus
+divested of authority, the most of the colony turned against him;
+many preferred charges, and began to collect testimony.  "The ships
+were detained three weeks to get up proofs of his ill-conduct"--"time
+and charges," says Smith, dryly, "that might much better have been
+spent."
+
+It must have enraged the doughty Captain, lying thus helpless, to see
+his enemies triumph, the most factious of the disturbers in the
+colony in charge of affairs, and become his accusers.  Even at this
+distance we can read the account with little patience, and should
+have none at all if the account were not edited by Smith himself.
+His revenge was in his good fortune in setting his own story afloat
+in the current of history.  The first narrative of these events,
+published by Smith in his Oxford tract of 1612, was considerably
+remodeled and changed in his "General Historie" of 1624.  As we have
+said before, he had a progressive memory, and his opponents ought to
+be thankful that the pungent Captain did not live to work the story
+over a third time.
+
+It is no doubt true, however, that but for the accident to our hero,
+he would have continued to rule till the arrival of Gates and Somers
+with the new commissions; as he himself says, "but had that unhappy
+blast not happened, he would quickly have qualified the heat of those
+humors and factions, had the ships but once left them and us to our
+fortunes; and have made that provision from among the salvages, as we
+neither feared Spaniard, Salvage, nor famine: nor would have left
+Virginia nor our lawful authority, but at as dear a price as we had
+bought it, and paid for it."
+
+He doubtless would have fought it out against all comers; and who
+shall say that he does not merit the glowing eulogy on himself which
+he inserts in his General History?  "What shall I say but this, we
+left him, that in all his proceedings made justice his first guide,
+and experience his second, ever hating baseness, sloth, pride, and
+indignity, more than any dangers; that upon no danger would send them
+where he would not lead them himself; that would never see us want
+what he either had or could by any means get us; that would rather
+want than borrow; or starve than not pay; that loved action more than
+words, and hated falsehood and covetousness worse than death; whose
+adventures were our lives, and whose loss our deaths."
+
+A handsomer thing never was said of another man than Smith could say
+of himself, but he believed it, as also did many of his comrades, we
+must suppose.  He suffered detraction enough, but he suffered also
+abundant eulogy both in verse and prose.  Among his eulogists, of
+course, is not the factious Captain Ratcliffe.  In the English
+Colonial State papers, edited by Mr. Noel Sainsbury, is a note, dated
+Jamestown, October 4, 1609, from Captain "John Radclyffe comenly
+called," to the Earl of Salisbury, which contains this remark upon
+Smith's departure after the arrival of the last supply: "They heard
+that all the Council were dead but Capt. [John] Smith, President, who
+reigned sole Governor, and is now sent home to answer some
+misdemeanor."
+
+Captain Archer also regards this matter in a different light from
+that in which Smith represents it.  In a letter from Jamestown,
+written in August, he says:
+
+"In as much as the President [Smith], to strengthen his authority,
+accorded with the variances and gave not any due respect to many
+worthy gentlemen that were in our ships, wherefore they generally,
+with my consent, chose Master West, my Lord De La Ware's brother,
+their Governor or President de bene esse, in the absence of Sir
+Thomas Gates, or if he be miscarried by sea, then to continue till we
+heard news from our counsell in England.  This choice of him they
+made not to disturb the old President during his term, but as his
+authority expired, then to take upon him the sole government, with
+such assistants of the captains or discreet persons as the colony
+afforded.
+
+"Perhaps you shall have it blamed as a mutinie by such as retaine old
+malice, but Master West, Master Piercie, and all the respected
+gentlemen of worth in Virginia, can and will testify otherwise upon
+their oaths.  For the King's patent we ratified, but refused to be
+governed by the President--that is, after his time was expired and
+only subjected ourselves to Master West, whom we labor to have next
+President."
+
+
+It is clear from this statement that the attempt was made to
+supersede Smith even before his time expired, and without any
+authority (since the new commissions were still with Gates and Somers
+in Bermuda), for the reason that Smith did not pay proper respect to
+the newly arrived "gentlemen."  Smith was no doubt dictatorial and
+offensive, and from his point of view he was the only man who
+understood Virginia, and knew how successfully to conduct the affairs
+of the colony.  If this assumption were true it would be none the
+less disagreeable to the new-comers.
+
+At the time of Smith's deposition the colony was in prosperous
+condition.  The "General Historie " says that he left them "with
+three ships, seven boats, commodities ready to trade, the harvest
+newly gathered, ten weeks' provision in store, four hundred ninety
+and odd persons, twenty-four pieces of ordnance, three hundred
+muskets, snaphances and fire-locks, shot, powder, and match
+sufficient, curats, pikes, swords, and morrios, more than men; the
+Salvages, their language and habitations well known to a hundred
+well-trained and expert soldiers; nets for fishing; tools of all
+kinds to work; apparel to supply our wants; six mules and a horse;
+five or six hundred swine; as many hens and chickens; some goats;
+some sheep; what was brought or bred there remained."  Jamestown was
+also strongly palisaded and contained some fifty or sixty houses;
+besides there were five or six other forts and plantations, "not so
+sumptuous as our succerers expected, they were better than they
+provided any for us."
+
+These expectations might well be disappointed if they were founded
+upon the pictures of forts and fortifications in Virginia and in the
+Somers Islands, which appeared in De Bry and in the "General
+Historie," where they appear as massive stone structures with all the
+finish and elegance of the European military science of the day.
+
+Notwithstanding these ample provisions for the colony, Smith had
+small expectation that it would thrive without him.  "They regarding
+nothing," he says, "but from hand to mouth, did consume what we had,
+took care for nothing but to perfect some colorable complaint against
+Captain Smith."
+
+Nor was the composition of the colony such as to beget high hopes of
+it.  There was but one carpenter, and three others that desired to
+learn, two blacksmiths, ten sailors; those called laborers were for
+the most part footmen, brought over to wait upon the adventurers, who
+did not know what a day's work was--all the real laborers were the
+Dutchmen and Poles and some dozen others.  "For all the rest were
+poor gentlemen, tradesmen, serving men, libertines, and such like,
+ten times more fit to spoil a commonwealth than either begin one or
+help to maintain one.  For when neither the fear of God, nor the law,
+nor shame, nor displeasure of their friends could rule them here,
+there is small hope ever to bring one in twenty of them to be good
+there."  Some of them proved more industrious than was expected;
+"but ten good workmen would have done more substantial work in a day
+than ten of them in a week."
+
+The disreputable character of the majority of these colonists is
+abundantly proved by other contemporary testimony.  In the letter of
+the Governor and Council of Virginia to the London Company, dated
+Jamestown, July 7, 1610, signed by Lord De La Ware, Thomas Gates,
+George Percy, Ferd. Wenman, and William Strachey, and probably
+composed by Strachey, after speaking of the bountiful capacity of the
+country, the writer exclaims: "Only let me truly acknowledge there
+are not one hundred or two of deboisht hands, dropt forth by year
+after year, with penury and leysure, ill provided for before they
+come, and worse governed when they are here, men of such distempered
+bodies and infected minds, whom no examples daily before their eyes,
+either of goodness or punishment, can deterr from their habituall
+impieties, or terrifie from a shameful death, that must be the
+carpenters and workmen in this so glorious a building."
+
+The chapter in the "General Historie" relating to Smith's last days
+in Virginia was transferred from the narrative in the appendix to
+Smith's "Map of Virginia," Oxford, 1612, but much changed in the
+transfer.  In the "General Historie" Smith says very little about the
+nature of the charges against him.  In the original narrative signed
+by Richard Pots and edited by Smith, there are more details of the
+charges.  One omitted passage is this: "Now all those Smith had
+either whipped or punished, or in any way disgraced, had free power
+and liberty to say or sweare anything, and from a whole armful of
+their examinations this was concluded."
+
+Another omitted passage relates to the charge, to which reference is
+made in the "General Historie," that Smith proposed to marry
+Pocahontas:
+
+"Some propheticall spirit calculated he had the salvages in such
+subjection, he would have made himself a king by marrying Pocahuntas,
+Powhatan's daughter.  It is true she was the very nonpareil
+of his kingdom, and at most not past thirteen or fourteen years of
+age.  Very oft she came to our fort with what she could get for
+Capt. Smith, that ever loved and used all the country well, but her
+especially he ever much respected, and she so well requited it, that
+when her father intended to have surprised him, she by stealth in
+the dark night came through the wild woods and told him of it.
+But her marriage could in no way have entitled him by any right
+to the kingdom, nor was it ever suspected he had such a thought, or
+more regarded her or any of them than in honest reason and discretion
+he might.  If he would he might have married her, or have
+done what he listed.  For there were none that could have hindered
+his determination."
+
+
+It is fair, in passing, to remark that the above allusion to the
+night visit of Pocahontas to Smith in this tract of 1612 helps to
+confirm the story, which does not appear in the previous narration of
+Smith's encounter with Powhatan at Werowocomoco in the same tract,
+but is celebrated in the "General Historie."  It is also hinted
+plainly enough that Smith might have taken the girl to wife, Indian
+fashion.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+THE COLONY WITHOUT SMITH
+
+It was necessary to follow for a time the fortune of the Virginia
+colony after the departure of Captain Smith.  Of its disasters and
+speedy decline there is no more doubt than there is of the opinion of
+Smith that these were owing to his absence.  The savages, we read in
+his narration, no sooner knew he was gone than they all revolted and
+spoiled and murdered all they encountered.
+
+The day before Captain Smith sailed, Captain Davis arrived in a small
+pinnace with sixteen men.  These, with a company from the fort under
+Captain Ratcliffe, were sent down to Point Comfort.  Captain West and
+Captain Martin, having lost their boats and half their men among the
+savages at the Falls, returned to Jamestown.  The colony now lived
+upon what Smith had provided, "and now they had presidents with all
+their appurtenances.  President Percy was so sick he could neither go
+nor stand.  Provisions getting short, West and Ratcliffe went abroad
+to trade, and Ratcliffe and twenty-eight of his men were slain by an
+ambush of Powhatan's, as before related in the narrative of Henry
+Spelman.  Powhatan cut off their boats, and refused to trade, so that
+Captain West set sail for England.  What ensued cannot be more
+vividly told than in the "General Historie":
+
+"Now we all found the losse of Capt. Smith, yea his greatest
+maligners could now curse his losse; as for corne provision and
+contribution from the salvages, we had nothing but mortall wounds,
+with clubs and arrowes; as for our hogs, hens, goats, sheep, horse,
+or what lived, our commanders, officers and salvages daily consumed
+them, some small proportions sometimes we tasted, till all was
+devoured; then swords, arms, pieces or anything was traded with the
+salvages, whose cruell fingers were so oft imbrued in our blouds,
+that what by their crueltie, our Governor's indiscretion, and the
+losse of our ships, of five hundred within six months after Capt.
+Smith's departure, there remained not past sixty men, women and
+children, most miserable and poore creatures; and those were
+preserved for the most part, by roots, herbes, acorns, walnuts,
+berries, now and then a little fish; they that had starch in these
+extremities made no small use of it, yea, even the very skinnes of
+our horses.  Nay, so great was our famine, that a salvage we slew and
+buried, the poorer sort took him up again and eat him, and so did
+divers one another boyled, and stewed with roots and herbs.  And one
+amongst the rest did kill his wife, poudered her and had eaten part
+of her before it was knowne, for which he was executed, as he well
+deserved; now whether she was better roasted, boyled, or carbonaded,
+I know not, but of such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of.
+This was that time, which still to this day we called the starving
+time; it were too vile to say and scarce to be believed what we
+endured; but the occasion was our owne, for want of providence,
+industrie and government, and not the barreness and defect of the
+country as is generally supposed."
+
+This playful allusion to powdered wife, and speculation as to how she
+was best cooked, is the first instance we have been able to find of
+what is called "American humor," and Captain Smith has the honor of
+being the first of the "American humorists" who have handled subjects
+of this kind with such pleasing gayety.
+
+It is to be noticed that this horrible story of cannibalism and wife-
+eating appears in Smith's "General Historie" of 1624, without a word
+of contradiction or explanation, although the company as early as
+1610 had taken pains to get at the facts, and Smith must have seen
+their "Declaration," which supposes the story was started by enemies
+of the colony.  Some reported they saw it, some that Captain Smith
+said so, and some that one Beadle, the lieutenant of Captain Davis,
+did relate it.  In "A True Declaration of the State of the Colonie in
+Virginia," published by the advice and direction of the Council of
+Virginia, London, 1610, we read:
+
+"But to clear all doubt, Sir Thomas Yates thus relateth the tragedie:
+
+"There was one of the company who mortally hated his wife, and
+therefore secretly killed her, then cut her in pieces and hid her in
+divers parts of his house: when the woman was missing, the man
+suspected, his house searched, and parts of her mangled body were
+discovered, to excuse himself he said that his wife died, that he hid
+her to satisfie his hunger, and that he fed daily upon her.  Upon
+this his house was again searched, when they found a good quantitie
+of meale, oatmeale, beanes and pease.  Hee therefore was arraigned,
+confessed the murder, and was burned for his horrible villainy."
+
+This same "True Declaration," which singularly enough does not
+mention the name of Captain Smith, who was so prominent an actor in
+Virginia during the period to which it relates, confirms all that
+Smith said as to the character of the colonists, especially the new
+supply which landed in the eight vessels with Ratcliffe and Archer.
+"Every man overvalueing his own strength would be a commander; every
+man underprizing another's value, denied to be commanded."  They were
+negligent and improvident.  "Every man sharked for his present
+bootie, but was altogether careless of succeeding penurie."  To
+idleness and faction was joined treason.  About thirty "unhallowed
+creatures," in the winter of 1610, some five months before the
+arrival of Captain Gates, seized upon the ship Swallow, which had
+been prepared to trade with the Indians, and having obtained corn
+conspired together and made a league to become pirates, dreaming of
+mountains of gold and happy robberies.  By this desertion they
+weakened the colony, which waited for their return with the
+provisions, and they made implacable enemies of the Indians by their
+violence.  "These are that scum of men," which, after roving the seas
+and failing in their piracy, joined themselves to other pirates they
+found on the sea, or returned to England, bound by a mutual oath to
+discredit the land, and swore they were drawn away by famine.  "These
+are they that roared at the tragicall historie of the man eating up
+his dead wife in Virginia"--"scandalous reports of a viperous
+generation."
+
+If further evidence were wanting, we have it in "The New Life of
+Virginia," published by authority of the Council, London, 1612.  This
+is the second part of the "Nova Britannia," published in London,
+1609.  Both are prefaced by an epistle to Sir Thomas Smith, one of
+the Council and treasurer, signed "R. I."  Neither document contains
+any allusion to Captain John Smith, or the part he played in
+Virginia.  The "New Life of Virginia," after speaking of the tempest
+which drove Sir Thomas Gates on Bermuda, and the landing of the eight
+ships at Jamestown, says: "By which means the body of the plantation
+was now augmented with such numbers of irregular persons that it soon
+became as so many members without a head, who as they were bad and
+evil affected for the most part before they went hence; so now being
+landed and wanting restraint, they displayed their condition in all
+kinds of looseness, those chief and wisest guides among them (whereof
+there were not many) did nothing but bitterly contend who should be
+first to command the rest, the common sort, as is ever seen in such
+cases grew factious and disordered out of measure, in so much as the
+poor colony seemed (like the Colledge of English fugitives in Rome)
+as a hostile camp within itself; in which distemper that envious man
+stept in, sowing plentiful tares in the hearts of all, which grew to
+such speedy confusion, that in few months ambition, sloth and
+idleness had devoured the fruit of former labours, planting and
+sowing were clean given over, the houses decayed, the church fell to
+ruin, the store was spent, the cattle consumed, our people starved,
+and the Indians by wrongs and injuries made our enemies.... As for
+those wicked Impes that put themselves a shipboard, not knowing
+otherwise how to live in England; or those ungratious sons that daily
+vexed their fathers hearts at home, and were therefore thrust upon
+the voyage, which either writing thence, or being returned back to
+cover their own leudnes, do fill mens ears with false reports of
+their miserable and perilous life in Virginia, let the imputation of
+misery be to their idleness, and the blood that was spilt upon their
+own heads that caused it."
+
+Sir Thomas Gates affirmed that after his first coming there he had
+seen some of them eat their fish raw rather than go a stone's cast to
+fetch wood and dress it.
+
+The colony was in such extremity in May, 1610, that it would have
+been extinct in ten days but for the arrival of Sir Thomas Gates and
+Sir George Somers and Captain Newport from the Bermudas.  These
+gallant gentlemen, with one hundred and fifty souls, had been wrecked
+on the Bermudas in the Sea Venture in the preceding July.  The
+terrors of the hurricane which dispersed the fleet, and this
+shipwreck, were much dwelt upon by the writers of the time, and the
+Bermudas became a sort of enchanted islands, or realms of the
+imagination.  For three nights, and three days that were as black as
+the nights, the water logged Sea Venture was scarcely kept afloat by
+bailing.  We have a vivid picture of the stanch Somers sitting upon
+the poop of the ship, where he sat three days and three nights
+together, without much meat and little or no sleep, conning the ship
+to keep her as upright as he could, until he happily descried land.
+The ship went ashore and was wedged into the rocks so fast that it
+held together till all were got ashore, and a good part of the goods
+and provisions, and the tackling and iron of the ship necessary for
+the building and furnishing of a new ship.
+
+This good fortune and the subsequent prosperous life on the island
+and final deliverance was due to the noble Somers, or Sommers, after
+whom the Bermudas were long called "Sommers Isles," which was
+gradually corrupted into "The Summer Isles."  These islands of
+Bermuda had ever been accounted an enchanted pile of rocks and a
+desert inhabitation for devils, which the navigator and mariner
+avoided as Scylla and Charybdis, or the devil himself.  But this
+shipwrecked company found it the most delightful country in the
+world, the climate was enchanting, delicious fruits abounded, the
+waters swarmed with fish, some of them big enough to nearly drag the
+fishers into the sea, while whales could be heard spouting and nosing
+about the rocks at night; birds fat and tame and willing to be eaten
+covered all the bushes, and such droves of wild hogs covered the
+island that the slaughter of them for months seemed not to diminish
+their number.  The friendly disposition of the birds seemed most to
+impress the writer of the "True Declaration of Virginia."  He
+remembers how the ravens fed Elias in the brook Cedron; "so God
+provided for our disconsolate people in the midst of the sea by
+foules; but with an admirable difference; unto Elias the ravens
+brought meat, unto our men the foules brought (themselves) for meate:
+for when they whistled, or made any strange noyse, the foules would
+come and sit on their shoulders, they would suffer themselves to be
+taken and weighed by our men, who would make choice of the fairest
+and fattest and let flie the leane and lightest, an accident [the
+chronicler exclaims], I take it [and everybody will take it], that
+cannot be paralleled by any Historie, except when God sent abundance
+of Quayles to feed his Israel in the barren wilderness."
+
+The rescued voyagers built themselves comfortable houses on the
+island, and dwelt there nine months in good health and plentifully
+fed.  Sunday was carefully observed, with sermons by Mr. Buck, the
+chaplain, an Oxford man, who was assisted in the services by Stephen
+Hopkins, one of the Puritans who were in the company.  A marriage was
+celebrated between Thomas Powell, the cook of Sir George Somers, and
+Elizabeth Persons, the servant of Mrs. Horlow.  Two children were
+also born, a boy who was christened Bermudas and a girl Bermuda.  The
+girl was the child of Mr. John Rolfe and wife, the Rolfe who was
+shortly afterward to become famous by another marriage.  In order
+that nothing should be wanting to the ordinary course of a civilized
+community, a murder was committed.  In the company were two Indians,
+Machumps and Namontack, whose acquaintance we have before made,
+returning from England, whither they had been sent by Captain Smith.
+Falling out about something, Machumps slew Namontack, and having made
+a hole to bury him, because it was too short he cut off his legs and
+laid them by him.  This proceeding Machumps concealed till he was in
+Virginia.
+
+Somers and Gates were busy building two cedar ships, the Deliverer,
+of eighty tons, and a pinnace called the Patience.  When these were
+completed, the whole company, except two scamps who remained behind
+and had adventures enough for a three-volume novel, embarked, and on
+the 16th of May sailed for Jamestown, where they arrived on the 23d
+or 24th, and found the colony in the pitiable condition before
+described.  A few famished settlers watched their coming.  The church
+bell was rung in the shaky edifice, and the emaciated colonists
+assembled and heard the "zealous and sorrowful prayer" of Chaplain
+Buck.  The commission of Sir Thomas Gates was read, and Mr. Percy
+retired from the governorship.
+
+The town was empty and unfurnished, and seemed like the ruin of some
+ancient fortification rather than the habitation of living men.  The
+palisades were down; the ports open; the gates unhinged; the church
+ruined and unfrequented; the houses empty, torn to pieces or burnt;
+the people not able to step into the woods to gather fire-wood; and
+the Indians killing as fast without as famine and pestilence within.
+William Strachey was among the new-comers, and this is the story that
+he despatched as Lord Delaware's report to England in July.  On
+taking stock of provisions there was found only scant rations for
+sixteen days, and Gates and Somers determined to abandon the
+plantation, and, taking all on board their own ships, to make their
+way to Newfoundland, in the hope of falling in with English vessels.
+Accordingly, on the 7th of June they got on board and dropped down
+the James.
+
+Meantime the news of the disasters to the colony, and the supposed
+loss of the Sea Venture, had created a great excitement in London,
+and a panic and stoppage of subscriptions in the company.  Lord
+Delaware, a man of the highest reputation for courage and principle,
+determined to go himself, as Captain-General, to Virginia, in the
+hope of saving the fortunes of the colony.  With three ships and one
+hundred and fifty persons, mostly artificers, he embarked on the 1st
+of April, 1610, and reached the Chesapeake Bay on the 5th of June,
+just in time to meet the forlorn company of Gates and Somers putting
+out to sea.
+
+They turned back and ascended to Jamestown, when landing on Sunday,
+the 10th, after a sermon by Mr. Buck, the commission of Lord Delaware
+was read, and Gates turned over his authority to the new Governor.
+He swore in as Council, Sir Thomas Gates, Lieutenant-General; Sir
+George Somers, Admiral; Captain George Percy; Sir Ferdinando Wenman,
+Marshal; Captain Christopher Newport, and William Strachey, Esq.,
+Secretary and Recorder.
+
+On the 19th of June the brave old sailor, Sir George Somers,
+volunteered to return to the Bermudas in his pinnace to procure hogs
+and other supplies for the colony.  He was accompanied by Captain
+Argall in the ship Discovery.  After a rough voyage this noble old
+knight reached the Bermudas.  But his strength was not equal to the
+memorable courage of his mind.  At a place called Saint George he
+died, and his men, confounded at the death of him who was the life of
+them all, embalmed his body and set sail for England.  Captain
+Argall, after parting with his consort, without reaching the
+Bermudas, and much beating about the coast, was compelled to return
+to Jamestown.
+
+Captain Gates was sent to England with despatches and to procure more
+settlers and more supplies.  Lord Delaware remained with the colony
+less than a year; his health failing, he went in pursuit of it, in
+March, 1611, to the West Indies.  In June of that year Gates sailed
+again, with six vessels, three hundred men, one hundred cows, besides
+other cattle, and provisions of all sorts.  With him went his wife,
+who died on the passage, and his daughters.  His expedition reached
+the James in August.  The colony now numbered seven hundred persons.
+Gates seated himself at Hampton, a "delicate and necessary site for a
+city."
+
+Percy commanded at Jamestown, and Sir Thomas Dale went up the river
+to lay the foundations of Henrico.
+
+We have no occasion to follow further the fortunes of the Virginia
+colony, except to relate the story of Pocahontas under her different
+names of Amonate, Matoaka, Mrs. Rolfe, and Lady Rebecca.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+NEW ENGLAND ADVENTURES
+
+Captain John Smith returned to England in the autumn of 1609, wounded
+in body and loaded with accusations of misconduct, concocted by his
+factious companions in Virginia.  There is no record that these
+charges were ever considered by the London Company.  Indeed, we
+cannot find that the company in those days ever took any action on
+the charges made against any of its servants in Virginia.  Men came
+home in disgrace and appeared to receive neither vindication nor
+condemnation.  Some sunk into private life, and others more pushing
+and brazen, like Ratcliffe, the enemy of Smith, got employment again
+after a time.  The affairs of the company seem to have been conducted
+with little order or justice.
+
+Whatever may have been the justice of the charges against Smith, he
+had evidently forfeited the good opinion of the company as a
+desirable man to employ.  They might esteem his energy and profit by
+his advice and experience, but they did not want his services.  And
+in time he came to be considered an enemy of the company.
+
+Unfortunately for biographical purposes, Smith's life is pretty much
+a blank from 1609 to 1614.  When he ceases to write about himself he
+passes out of sight.  There are scarcely any contemporary allusions
+to his existence at this time.  We may assume, however, from our
+knowledge of his restlessness, ambition, and love of adventure, that
+he was not idle.  We may assume that he besieged the company with his
+plans for the proper conduct of the settlement of Virginia; that he
+talked at large in all companies of his discoveries, his exploits,
+which grew by the relating, and of the prospective greatness of the
+new Britain beyond the Atlantic.  That he wearied the Council by his
+importunity and his acquaintances by his hobby, we can also surmise.
+No doubt also he was considered a fanatic by those who failed to
+comprehend the greatness of his schemes, and to realize, as he did,
+the importance of securing the new empire to the English before it
+was occupied by the Spanish and the French.  His conceit, his
+boasting, and his overbearing manner, which no doubt was one of the
+causes why he was unable to act in harmony with the other adventurers
+of that day, all told against him.  He was that most uncomfortable
+person, a man conscious of his own importance, and out of favor and
+out of money.
+
+Yet Smith had friends, and followers, and men who believed in him.
+This is shown by the remarkable eulogies in verse from many pens,
+which he prefixes to the various editions of his many works.  They
+seem to have been written after reading the manuscripts, and prepared
+to accompany the printed volumes and tracts.  They all allude to the
+envy and detraction to which he was subject, and which must have
+amounted to a storm of abuse and perhaps ridicule; and they all tax
+the English vocabulary to extol Smith, his deeds, and his works.  In
+putting forward these tributes of admiration and affection, as well
+as in his constant allusion to the ill requital of his services, we
+see a man fighting for his reputation, and conscious of the necessity
+of doing so.  He is ever turning back, in whatever he writes, to
+rehearse his exploits and to defend his motives.
+
+The London to which Smith returned was the London of Shakespeare's
+day; a city dirty, with ill-paved streets unlighted at night, no
+sidewalks, foul gutters, wooden houses, gable ends to the street, set
+thickly with small windows from which slops and refuse were at any
+moment of the day or night liable to be emptied upon the heads of the
+passers by; petty little shops in which were beginning to be
+displayed the silks and luxuries of the continent; a city crowded and
+growing rapidly, subject to pestilences and liable to sweeping
+conflagrations.  The Thames had no bridges, and hundreds of boats
+plied between London side and Southwark, where were most of the
+theatres, the bull-baitings, the bear-fighting, the public gardens,
+the residences of the hussies, and other amusements that Bankside,
+the resort of all classes bent on pleasure, furnished high or low.
+At no time before or since was there such fantastical fashion in
+dress, both in cut and gay colors, nor more sumptuousness in costume
+or luxury in display among the upper classes, and such squalor in low
+life.  The press teemed with tracts and pamphlets, written in
+language "as plain as a pikestaff," against the immoralities of the
+theatres, those "seminaries of vice," and calling down the judgment
+of God upon the cost and the monstrosities of the dress of both men
+and women; while the town roared on its way, warned by sermons, and
+instructed in its chosen path by such plays and masques as Ben
+Jonson's "Pleasure reconciled to Virtue."
+
+The town swarmed with idlers, and with gallants who wanted
+advancement but were unwilling to adventure their ease to obtain it.
+There was much lounging in apothecaries' shops to smoke tobacco,
+gossip, and hear the news.  We may be sure that Smith found many
+auditors for his adventures and his complaints.  There was a good
+deal of interest in the New World, but mainly still as a place where
+gold and other wealth might be got without much labor, and as a
+possible short cut to the South Sea and Cathay.  The vast number of
+Londoners whose names appear in the second Virginia charter shows the
+readiness of traders to seek profit in adventure.  The stir for wider
+freedom in religion and government increased with the activity of
+exploration and colonization, and one reason why James finally
+annulled the Virginia, charter was because he regarded the meetings
+of the London Company as opportunities of sedition.
+
+Smith is altogether silent about his existence at this time.  We do
+not hear of him till 1612, when his "Map of Virginia" with his
+description of the country was published at Oxford.  The map had been
+published before: it was sent home with at least a portion of the
+description of Virginia.  In an appendix appeared (as has been said)
+a series of narrations of Smith's exploits, covering the rime he was
+in Virginia, written by his companions, edited by his friend Dr.
+Symonds, and carefully overlooked by himself.
+
+Failing to obtain employment by the Virginia company, Smith turned
+his attention to New England, but neither did the Plymouth company
+avail themselves of his service.  At last in 1614 he persuaded some
+London merchants to fit him out for a private trading adventure to
+the coast of New England.  Accordingly with two ships, at the charge
+of Captain Marmaduke Roydon, Captain George Langam, Mr. John Buley,
+and William Skelton, merchants, he sailed from the Downs on the 3d of
+March, 1614, and in the latter part of April "chanced to arrive in
+New England, a part of America at the Isle of Monahiggan in 43 1/2 of
+Northerly latitude."  This was within the territory appropriated to
+the second (the Plymouth) colony by the patent of 1606, which gave
+leave of settlement between the 38th and 44th parallels.
+
+Smith's connection with New England is very slight, and mainly that
+of an author, one who labored for many years to excite interest in it
+by his writings.  He named several points, and made a map of such
+portion of the coast as he saw, which was changed from time to time
+by other observations.  He had a remarkable eye for topography, as is
+especially evident by his map of Virginia.  This New England coast is
+roughly indicated in Venazzani's Plot Of 1524, and better on
+Mercator's of a few years later, and in Ortelius's "Theatrum Orbis
+Terarum " of 1570; but in Smith's map we have for the first time a
+fair approach to the real contour.
+
+Of Smith's English predecessors on this coast there is no room here
+to speak.  Gosnold had described Elizabeth's Isles, explorations and
+settlements had been made on the coast of Maine by Popham and
+Weymouth, but Smith claims the credit of not only drawing the first
+fair map of the coast, but of giving the name " New England " to what
+had passed under the general names of Virginia, Canada, Norumbaga,
+etc.
+
+Smith published his description of New England June 18, 1616, and it
+is in that we must follow his career.  It is dedicated to the "high,
+hopeful Charles, Prince of Great Britain," and is prefaced by an
+address to the King's Council for all the plantations, and another to
+all the adventurers into New England.  The addresses, as usual, call
+attention to his own merits.  "Little honey [he writes] hath that
+hive, where there are more drones than bees; and miserable is that
+land where more are idle than are well employed.  If the endeavors of
+these vermin be acceptable, I hope mine may be excusable: though I
+confess it were more proper for me to be doing what I say than
+writing what I know.  Had I returned rich I could not have erred; now
+having only such food as came to my net, I must be taxed.  But, I
+would my taxers were as ready to adventure their purses as I, purse,
+life, and all I have; or as diligent to permit the charge, as I know
+they are vigilant to reap the fruits of my labors."  The value of the
+fisheries he had demonstrated by his catch; and he says, looking, as
+usual, to large results, "but because I speak so much of fishing, if
+any mistake me for such a devote fisher, as I dream of nought else,
+they mistake me. I know a ring of gold from a grain of barley as well
+as a goldsmith; and nothing is there to be had which fishing doth
+hinder, but further us to obtain."
+
+John Smith first appears on the New England coast as a whale fisher.
+The only reference to his being in America in Josselyn's
+"Chronological Observations of America " is under the wrong year,
+1608: "Capt. John Smith fished now for whales at Monhiggen."  He
+says: "Our plot there was to take whales, and made tryall of a Myne
+of gold and copper;" these failing they were to get fish and furs.
+Of gold there had been little expectation, and (he goes on) "we found
+this whale fishing a costly conclusion; we saw many, and spent much
+time in chasing them; but could not kill any; they being a kind of
+Jubartes, and not the whale that yeeldes finnes and oyle as we
+expected."  They then turned their attention to smaller fish, but
+owing to their late arrival and "long lingering about the whale"--
+chasing a whale that they could not kill because it was not the right
+kind--the best season for fishing was passed.  Nevertheless, they
+secured some 40,000 cod--the figure is naturally raised to 6o,ooo
+when Smith retells the story fifteen years afterwards.
+
+But our hero was a born explorer, and could not be content with not
+examining the strange coast upon which he found himself.  Leaving his
+sailors to catch cod, he took eight or nine men in a small boat, and
+cruised along the coast, trading wherever he could for furs, of which
+he obtained above a thousand beaver skins; but his chance to trade
+was limited by the French settlements in the east, by the presence of
+one of Popham's ships opposite Monhegan, on the main, and by a couple
+of French vessels to the westward.  Having examined the coast from
+Penobscot to Cape Cod, and gathered a profitable harvest from the
+sea, Smith returned in his vessel, reaching the Downs within six
+months after his departure.  This was his whole experience in New
+England, which ever afterwards he regarded as particularly his
+discovery, and spoke of as one of his children, Virginia being the
+other.
+
+With the other vessel Smith had trouble.  He accuses its master,
+Thomas Hunt, of attempting to rob him of his plots and observations,
+and to leave him "alone on a desolate isle, to the fury of famine,
+And all other extremities."  After Smith's departure the rascally
+Hunt decoyed twenty-seven unsuspecting savages on board his ship and
+carried them off to Spain, where he sold them as slaves.  Hunt sold
+his furs at a great profit.  Smith's cargo also paid well: in his
+letter to Lord Bacon in 1618 he says that with forty-five men he had
+cleared L 1,500 in less than three months on a cargo of dried fish
+and beaver skins--a pound at that date had five times the purchasing
+power of a pound now.
+
+The explorer first landed on Monhegan, a small island in sight of
+which in the war of 1812 occurred the lively little seafight of the
+American Wasp and the British Frolic, in which the Wasp was the
+victor, but directly after, with her prize, fell into the hands of an
+English seventy-four.
+
+He made certainly a most remarkable voyage in his open boat.  Between
+Penobscot and Cape Cod (which he called Cape James) he says he saw
+forty several habitations, and sounded about twenty-five excellent
+harbors.  Although Smith accepted the geographical notion of his
+time, and thought that Florida adjoined India, he declared that
+Virginia was not an island, but part of a great continent, and he
+comprehended something of the vastness of the country he was coasting
+along, "dominions which stretch themselves into the main, God doth
+know how many thousand miles, of which one could no more guess the
+extent and products than a stranger sailing betwixt England and
+France could tell what was in Spain, Italy, Germany, Bohemia,
+Hungary, and the rest."  And he had the prophetic vision, which he
+more than once refers to, of one of the greatest empires of the world
+that would one day arise here.  Contrary to the opinion that
+prevailed then and for years after, he declared also that New England
+was not an island.
+
+Smith describes with considerable particularity the coast, giving the
+names of the Indian tribes, and cataloguing the native productions,
+vegetable and animal.  He bestows his favorite names liberally upon
+points and islands--few of which were accepted.  Cape Ann he called
+from his charming Turkish benefactor, "Cape Tragabigzanda"; the three
+islands in front of it, the "Three Turks' Heads"; and the Isles of
+Shoals he simply describes: "Smyth's Isles are a heape together, none
+neare them, against Acconimticus."  Cape Cod, which appears upon all
+the maps before Smith's visit as "Sandy" cape, he says "is only a
+headland of high hills of sand, overgrown with shrubbie pines, hurts
+[whorts, whortleberries] and such trash; but an excellent harbor for
+all weathers.  This Cape is made by the maine Sea on the one side,
+and a great bay on the other in the form of a sickle."
+
+A large portion of this treatise on New England is devoted to an
+argument to induce the English to found a permanent colony there, of
+which Smith shows that he would be the proper leader.  The main
+staple for the present would be fish, and he shows how Holland has
+become powerful by her fisheries and the training of hardy sailors.
+The fishery would support a colony until it had obtained a good
+foothold, and control of these fisheries would bring more profit to
+England than any other occupation.  There are other reasons than gain
+that should induce in England the large ambition of founding a great
+state, reasons of religion and humanity, erecting towns, peopling
+countries, informing the ignorant, reforming things unjust, teaching
+virtue, finding employment for the idle, and giving to the mother
+country a kingdom to attend her.  But he does not expect the English
+to indulge in such noble ambitions unless he can show a profit in
+them.
+
+"I have not [he says] been so ill bred but I have tasted of plenty
+and pleasure, as well as want and misery; nor doth a necessity yet,
+nor occasion of discontent, force me to these endeavors; nor am I
+ignorant that small thank I shall have for my pains; or that many
+would have the world imagine them to be of great judgment, that can
+but blemish these my designs, by their witty objections and
+detractions; yet (I hope) my reasons and my deeds will so prevail
+with some, that I shall not want employment in these affairs to make
+the most blind see his own senselessness and incredulity; hoping that
+gain will make them affect that which religion, charity and the
+common good cannot....  For I am not so simple to think that ever any
+other motive than wealth will ever erect there a Commonwealth; or
+draw company from their ease and humours at home, to stay in New
+England to effect any purpose."
+
+But lest the toils of the new settlement should affright his readers,
+our author draws an idyllic picture of the simple pleasures which
+nature and liberty afford here freely, but which cost so dearly in
+England.  Those who seek vain pleasure in England take more pains to
+enjoy it than they would spend in New England to gain wealth, and yet
+have not half such sweet content.  What pleasure can be more, he
+exclaims, when men are tired of planting vines and fruits and
+ordering gardens, orchards and building to their mind, than "to
+recreate themselves before their owne doore, in their owne boates
+upon the Sea, where man, woman and child, with a small hooke and
+line, by angling, may take divers sorts of excellent fish at their
+pleasures?  And is it not pretty sport, to pull up two pence, six
+pence, and twelve pence as fast as you can hale and veere a line?...
+And what sport doth yield more pleasing content, and less hurt or
+charge than angling with a hooke, and crossing the sweet ayre from
+Isle to Isle, over the silent streams of a calme Sea? wherein the
+most curious may finde pleasure, profit and content."
+
+Smith made a most attractive picture of the fertility of the soil and
+the fruitfulness of the country.  Nothing was too trivial to be
+mentioned.  "There are certain red berries called Alkermes which is
+worth ten shillings a pound, but of these hath been sold for thirty
+or forty shillings the pound, may yearly be gathered a good
+quantity."  John Josselyn, who was much of the time in New England
+from 1638 to 1671 and saw more marvels there than anybody else ever
+imagined, says, "I have sought for this berry he speaks of, as a man
+should for a needle in a bottle of hay, but could never light upon
+it; unless that kind of Solomon's seal called by the English treacle-
+berry should be it."
+
+Towards the last of August, 1614, Smith was back at Plymouth.  He had
+now a project of a colony which he imparted to his friend Sir
+Ferdinand Gorges.  It is difficult from Smith's various accounts to
+say exactly what happened to him next.  It would appear that he
+declined to go with an expedition of four ship which the Virginia
+company despatched in 1615, and incurred their ill-will by refusing,
+but he considered himself attached to the western or Plymouth
+company.  Still he experienced many delays from them: they promised
+four ships to be ready at Plymouth; on his arrival "he found no such
+matter," and at last he embarked in a private expedition, to found a
+colony at the expense of Gorges, Dr. Sutliffe, Bishop o Exeter, and a
+few gentlemen in London.  In January 1615, he sailed from Plymouth
+with a ship Of 20 tons, and another of 50.  His intention was, after
+the fishing was over, to remain in New England with only fifteen men
+and begin a colony.
+
+These hopes were frustrated.  When only one hundred and twenty
+leagues out all the masts of his vessels were carried away in a
+storm, and it was only by diligent pumping that he was able to keep
+his craft afloat and put back to Plymouth.  Thence on the 24th of
+June he made another start in a vessel of sixty tons with thirty men.
+But ill-luck still attended him.  He had a queer adventure with
+pirates.  Lest the envious world should not believe his own story,
+Smith had Baker, his steward, and several of his crew examined before
+a magistrate at Plymouth, December 8, 1615, who support his story by
+their testimony up to a certain point.
+
+It appears that he was chased two days by one Fry, an English pirate,
+in a greatly superior vessel, heavily armed and manned.  By reason of
+the foul weather the pirate could not board Smith, and his master,
+mate, and pilot, Chambers, Minter, and Digby, importuned him to
+surrender, and that he should send a boat to the pirate, as Fry had
+no boat.  This singular proposal Smith accepted on condition Fry
+would not take anything that would cripple his voyage, or send more
+men aboard (Smith furnishing the boat) than he allowed.  Baker
+confessed that the quartermaster and Chambers received gold of the
+pirates, for what purpose it does not appear.  They came on board,
+but Smith would not come out of his cabin to entertain them,
+"although a great many of them had been his sailors, and for his love
+would have wafted us to the Isle of Flowers."
+
+Having got rid of the pirate Fry by this singular manner of receiving
+gold from him, Smith's vessel was next chased by two French pirates
+at Fayal.  Chambers, Minter, and Digby again desired Smith to yield,
+but he threatened to blow up his ship if they did not stand to the
+defense; and so they got clear of the French pirates.  But more were
+to come.
+
+At "Flowers" they were chased by four French men-of-war.  Again
+Chambers, Minter, and Digby importuned Smith to yield, and upon the
+consideration that he could speak French, and that they were
+Protestants of Rochelle and had the King's commission to take
+Spaniards, Portuguese, and pirates, Smith, with some of his company,
+went on board one of the French ships.  The next day the French
+plundered Smith's vessel and distributed his crew among their ships,
+and for a week employed his boat in chasing all the ships that came
+in sight.  At the end of this bout they surrendered her again to her
+crew, with victuals but no weapons.  Smith exhorted his officers to
+proceed on their voyage for fish, either to New England or
+Newfoundland.  This the officers declined to do at first, but the
+soldiers on board compelled them, and thereupon Captain Smith busied
+himself in collecting from the French fleet and sending on board his
+bark various commodities that belonged to her--powder, match, books,
+instruments, his sword and dagger, bedding, aquavite, his commission,
+apparel, and many other things.  These articles Chambers and the
+others divided among themselves, leaving Smith, who was still on
+board the Frenchman, only his waistcoat and breeches.  The next day,
+the weather being foul, they ran so near the Frenchman as to endanger
+their yards, and Chambers called to Captain Smith to come aboard or
+he would leave him.  Smith ordered him to send a boat; Chambers
+replied that his boat was split, which was a lie, and told him to
+come off in the Frenchman's boat.  Smith said he could not command
+that, and so they parted.  The English bark returned to Plymouth, and
+Smith was left on board the French man-of-war.
+
+Smith himself says that Chambers had persuaded the French admiral
+that if Smith was let to go on his boat he would revenge himself on
+the French fisheries on the Banks.
+
+For over two months, according to his narration, Smith was kept on
+board the Frenchman, cruising about for prizes, "to manage their
+fight against the Spaniards, and be in a prison when they took any
+English."  One of their prizes was a sugar caraval from Brazil;
+another was a West Indian worth two hundred thousand crowns, which
+had on board fourteen coffers of wedges of silver, eight thousand
+royals of eight, and six coffers of the King of Spain's treasure,
+besides the pillage and rich coffers of many rich passengers.  The
+French captain, breaking his promise to put Smith ashore at Fayal, at
+length sent him towards France on the sugar caravel.  When near the
+coast, in a night of terrible storm, Smith seized a boat and escaped.
+It was a tempest that wrecked all the vessels on the coast, and for
+twelve hours Smith was drifting about in his open boat, in momentary
+expectation of sinking, until he was cast upon the oozy isle of
+"Charowne," where the fowlers picked him up half dead with water,
+cold, and hunger, and he got to Rochelle, where he made complaint to
+the Judge of Admiralty.  Here he learned that the rich prize had been
+wrecked in the storm and the captain and half the crew drowned.  But
+from the wreck of this great prize thirty-six thousand crowns' worth
+of jewels came ashore.  For his share in this Smith put in his claim
+with the English ambassador at Bordeaux.  The Captain was hospitably
+treated by the Frenchmen.  He met there his old friend Master
+Crampton, and he says: "I was more beholden to the Frenchmen that
+escaped drowning in the man-of-war, Madam Chanoyes of Rotchell, and
+the lawyers of Burdeaux, than all the rest of my countrymen I met in
+France."  While he was waiting there to get justice, he saw the
+"arrival of the King's great marriage brought from Spain."  This is
+all his reference to the arrival of Anne of Austria, eldest daughter
+of Philip III., who had been betrothed to Louis XIII. in 1612, one of
+the double Spanish marriages which made such a commotion in France.
+
+Leaving his business in France unsettled (forever), Smith returned to
+Plymouth, to find his reputation covered with infamy and his clothes,
+books, and arms divided among the mutineers of his boat.  The
+chiefest of these he "laid by the heels," as usual, and the others
+confessed and told the singular tale we have outlined.  It needs no
+comment, except that Smith had a facility for unlucky adventures
+unequaled among the uneasy spirits of his age.  Yet he was as buoyant
+as a cork, and emerged from every disaster with more enthusiasm for
+himself and for new ventures.  Among the many glowing tributes to
+himself in verse that Smith prints with this description is one
+signed by a soldier, Edw.  Robinson, which begins:
+
+       Oft thou hast led, when I brought up the Rere,
+       In bloody wars where thousands have been slaine."
+
+This common soldier, who cannot help breaking out in poetry when he
+thinks of Smith, is made to say that Smith was his captain "in the
+fierce wars of Transylvania," and he apostrophizes him:
+
+       Thou that to passe the worlds foure parts dost deeme
+       No more, than ewere to goe to bed or drinke,
+       And all thou yet hast done thou dost esteeme
+       As nothing.
+
+       For mee: I not commend but much admire
+       Thy England yet unknown to passers by-her,
+       For it will praise itselfe in spight of me:
+       Thou, it, it, thou, to all posteritie."
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+NEW ENGLAND'S TRIALS
+
+Smith was not cast down by his reverses.  No sooner had he laid his
+latest betrayers by the heels than he set himself resolutely to
+obtain money and means for establishing a colony in New England, and
+to this project and the cultivation in England of interest in New
+England he devoted the rest of his life.
+
+His Map and Description of New England was published in 1616, and he
+became a colporteur of this, beseeching everywhere a hearing for his
+noble scheme.  It might have been in 1617, while Pocahontas was about
+to sail for Virginia, or perhaps after her death, that he was again
+in Plymouth, provided with three good ships, but windbound for three
+months, so that the season being past, his design was frustrated, and
+his vessels, without him, made a fishing expedition to Newfoundland.
+
+It must have been in the summer of this year that he was at Plymouth
+with divers of his personal friends, and only a hundred pounds among
+them all.  He had acquainted the nobility with his projects, and was
+afraid to see the Prince Royal before he had accomplished anything,
+"but their great promises were nothing but air to prepare the voyage
+against the next year."  He spent that summer in the west of England,
+visiting "Bristol, Exeter, Bastable? Bodman, Perin, Foy, Milborow,
+Saltash, Dartmouth, Absom, Pattnesse, and the most of the gentry in
+Cornwall and Devonshire, giving them books and maps," and inciting
+them to help his enterprise.
+
+So well did he succeed, he says, that they promised him twenty sail
+of ships to go with him the next year, and to pay him for his pains
+and former losses.  The western commissioners, in behalf of the
+company, contracted with him, under indented articles, "to be admiral
+of that country during my life, and in the renewing of the letters-
+patent so to be nominated"; half the profits of the enterprise to be
+theirs, and half to go to Smith and his companions.
+
+Nothing seems to have come out of this promising induction except the
+title of "Admiral of New England," which Smith straightway assumed
+and wore all his life, styling himself on the title-page of
+everything he printed, "Sometime Governor of Virginia and Admiral of
+New England."  As the generous Captain had before this time assumed
+this title, the failure of the contract could not much annoy him.  He
+had about as good right to take the sounding name of Admiral as
+merchants of the west of England had to propose to give it to him.
+
+The years wore away, and Smith was beseeching aid, republishing his
+works, which grew into new forms with each issue, and no doubt making
+himself a bore wherever he was known.  The first edition of "New
+England's Trials"--by which he meant the various trials and attempts
+to settle New England was published in 1620.  It was to some extent a
+repetition of his "Description" of 1616.  In it he made no reference
+to Pocahontas.  But in the edition of 1622, which is dedicated to
+Charles, Prince of Wales, and considerably enlarged, he drops into
+this remark about his experience at Jamestown: "It Is true in our
+greatest extremitie they shot me, slue three of my men, and by the
+folly of them that fled tooke me prisoner; yet God made Pocahontas
+the king's daughter the meanes to deliver me: and thereby taught me
+to know their treacheries to preserve the rest.  [This is evidently
+an allusion to the warning Pocahontas gave him at Werowocomoco.]  It
+was also my chance in single combat to take the king of Paspahegh
+prisoner, and by keeping him, forced his subjects to work in chains
+till I made all the country pay contribution having little else
+whereon to live."
+
+This was written after he had heard of the horrible massacre of 1622
+at Jamestown, and he cannot resist the temptation to draw a contrast
+between the present and his own management.  He explains that the
+Indians did not kill the English because they were Christians, but to
+get their weapons and commodities.  How different it was when he was
+in Virginia.  "I kept that country with but 38, and had not to eat
+but what we had from the savages.  When I had ten men able to go
+abroad, our commonwealth was very strong: with such a number I ranged
+that unknown country 14 weeks: I had but 18 to subdue them all."
+This is better than Sir John Falstaff.  But he goes on: "When I first
+went to those desperate designes it cost me many a forgotten pound to
+hire men to go, and procrastination caused more run away than went."
+"Twise in that time I was President."  [It will be remembered that
+about the close of his first year he gave up the command, for form's
+sake, to Capt.  Martin, for three hours, and then took it again.] "To
+range this country of New England in like manner, I had but eight, as
+is said, and amongst their bruite conditions I met many of their
+silly encounters, and without any hurt, God be thanked."  The valiant
+Captain had come by this time to regard himself as the inventor and
+discoverer of Virginia and New England, which were explored and
+settled at the cost of his private pocket, and which he is not
+ashamed to say cannot fare well in his absence.  Smith, with all his
+good opinion of himself, could not have imagined how delicious his
+character would be to readers in after-times.  As he goes on he warms
+up: "Thus you may see plainly the yearly success from New England by
+Virginia, which hath been so costly to this kingdom and so dear to
+me.
+
+By that acquaintance I have with them I may call them my children [he
+spent between two and three months on the New England coast] for they
+have been my wife, my hawks, my hounds, my cards, my dice, and total
+my best content, as indifferent to my heart as my left hand to my
+right....  Were there not one Englishman remaining I would yet begin
+again as I did at the first; not that I have any secret encouragement
+for any I protest, more than lamentable experiences; for all their
+discoveries I can yet hear of are but pigs of my sowe: nor more
+strange to me than to hear one tell me he hath gone from Billingate
+and discovered Greenwich!"
+
+As to the charge that he was unfortunate, which we should think might
+have become current from the Captain's own narratives, he tells his
+maligners that if they had spent their time as he had done, they
+would rather believe in God than in their own calculations, and
+peradventure might have had to give as bad an account of their
+actions.  It is strange they should tax him before they have tried
+what he tried in Asia, Europe, and America, where he never needed to
+importune for a reward, nor ever could learn to beg: "These sixteen
+years I have spared neither pains nor money, according to my ability,
+first to procure his majesty's letters patent, and a Company here to
+be the means to raise a company to go with me to Virginia [this is
+the expedition of 1606 in which he was without command] as is said:
+which beginning here and there cost me near five years work, and more
+than 500 pounds of my own estate, besides all the dangers, miseries
+and encumbrances I endured gratis, where I stayed till I left 500
+better provided than ever I was: from which blessed Virgin (ere I
+returned) sprung the fortunate habitation of Somer Isles."  "Ere I
+returned" is in Smith's best vein.  The casual reader would certainly
+conclude that the Somers Isles were somehow due to the providence of
+John Smith, when in fact he never even heard that Gates and Smith
+were shipwrecked there till he had returned to England, sent home
+from Virginia.  Neill says that Smith ventured L 9 in the Virginia
+company!  But he does not say where he got the money.
+
+New England, he affirms, hath been nearly as chargeable to him and
+his friends: he never got a shilling but it cost him a pound.  And
+now, when New England is prosperous and a certainty, "what think you
+I undertook when nothing was known, but that there was a vast land."
+These are some of the considerations by which he urges the company to
+fit out an expedition for him: "thus betwixt the spur of desire and
+the bridle of reason I am near ridden to death in a ring of despair;
+the reins are in your hands, therefore I entreat you to ease me."
+
+The Admiral of New England, who since he enjoyed the title had had
+neither ship, nor sailor, nor rod of land, nor cubic yard of salt
+water under his command, was not successful in his several "Trials."
+And in the hodge-podge compilation from himself and others, which he
+had put together shortly after,--the "General Historie," he
+pathetically exclaims: "Now all these proofs and this relation, I now
+called New England's Trials.  I caused two or three thousand of them
+to be printed, one thousand with a great many maps both of Virginia
+and New England, I presented to thirty of the chief companies in
+London at their Halls, desiring either generally or particularly
+(them that would) to imbrace it and by the use of a stock of five
+thousand pounds to ease them of the superfluity of most of their
+companies that had but strength and health to labor; near a year I
+spent to understand their resolutions, which was to me a greater toil
+and torment, than to have been in New England about my business but
+with bread and water, and what I could get by my labor; but in
+conclusion, seeing nothing would be effected I was contented as well
+with this loss of time and change as all the rest."
+
+In his "Advertisements" he says that at his own labor, cost, and loss
+he had "divulged more than seven thousand books and maps," in order
+to influence the companies, merchants and gentlemen to make a
+plantation, but "all availed no more than to hew Rocks with Oister-
+shels."
+
+His suggestions about colonizing were always sensible.  But we can
+imagine the group of merchants in Cheapside gradually dissolving as
+Smith hove in sight with his maps and demonstrations.
+
+In 1618, Smith addressed a letter directly to Lord Bacon, to which
+there seems to have been no answer.  The body of it was a
+condensation of what he had repeatedly written about New England, and
+the advantage to England of occupying the fisheries.  "This nineteen
+years," he writes, "I have encountered no few dangers to learn what
+here I write in these few leaves:...  their fruits I am certain may
+bring both wealth and honor for a crown and a kingdom to his
+majesty's posterity."  With 5,000, pounds he will undertake to
+establish a colony, and he asks of his Majesty a pinnace to lodge his
+men and defend the coast for a few months, until the colony gets
+settled.  Notwithstanding his disappointments and losses, he is still
+patriotic, and offers his experience to his country: "Should I
+present it to the Biskayners, French and Hollanders, they have made
+me large offers.  But nature doth bind me thus to beg at home, whom
+strangers have pleased to create a commander abroad....  Though I can
+promise no mines of gold, the Hollanders are an example of my
+project, whose endeavors by fishing cannot be suppressed by all the
+King of Spain's golden powers.  Worth is more than wealth, and
+industrious subjects are more to a kingdom than gold.  And this is so
+certain a course to get both as I think was never propounded to any
+state for so small a charge, seeing I can prove it, both by example,
+reason and experience."
+
+Smith's maxims were excellent, his notions of settling New England
+were sound and sensible, and if writing could have put him in command
+of New England, there would have been no room for the Puritans.  He
+addressed letter after letter to the companies of Virginia and
+Plymouth, giving them distinctly to understand that they were losing
+time by not availing themselves of his services and his project.
+After the Virginia massacre, he offered to undertake to drive the
+savages out of their country with a hundred soldiers and thirty
+sailors.  He heard that most of the company liked exceedingly well
+the notion, but no reply came to his overture.
+
+He laments the imbecility in the conduct of the new plantations.  At
+first, he says, it was feared the Spaniards would invade the
+plantations or the English Papists dissolve them: but neither the
+councils of Spain nor the Papists could have desired a better course
+to ruin the plantations than have been pursued; "It seems God is
+angry to see Virginia in hands so strange where nothing but murder
+and indiscretion contends for the victory."
+
+In his letters to the company and to the King's commissions for the
+reformation of Virginia, Smith invariably reproduces his own
+exploits, until we can imagine every person in London, who could
+read, was sick of the story.  He reminds them of his unrequited
+services: "in neither of those two countries have I one foot of land,
+nor the very house I builded, nor the ground I digged with my own
+hands, nor ever any content or satisfaction at all, and though I see
+ordinarily those two countries shared before me by them that neither
+have them nor knows them, but by my descriptions....  For the books
+and maps I have made, I will thank him that will show me so much for
+so little recompense, and bear with their errors till I have done
+better.  For the materials in them I cannot deny, but am ready to
+affirm them both there and here, upon such ground as I have
+propounded, which is to have but fifteen hundred men to subdue again
+the Salvages, fortify the country, discover that yet unknown, and
+both defend and feed their colony."
+
+There is no record that these various petitions and letters of advice
+were received by the companies, but Smith prints them in his History,
+and gives also seven questions propounded to him by the
+commissioners, with his replies; in which he clearly states the cause
+of the disasters in the colonies, and proposes wise and statesman-
+like remedies.  He insists upon industry and good conduct: "to
+rectify a commonwealth with debauched people is impossible, and no
+wise man would throw himself into such society, that intends
+honestly, and knows what he understands, for there is no country to
+pillage, as the Romans found; all you expect from thence must be by
+labour."
+
+Smith was no friend to tobacco, and although he favored the
+production to a certain limit as a means of profit, it is interesting
+to note his true prophecy that it would ultimately be a demoralizing
+product.  He often proposes the restriction of its cultivation, and
+speaks with contempt of "our men rooting in the ground about tobacco
+like swine."  The colony would have been much better off "had they
+not so much doated on their tobacco, on whose furnish foundation
+there is small stability."
+
+So long as he lived, Smith kept himself informed of the progress of
+adventure and settlement in the New World, reading all relations and
+eagerly questioning all voyagers, and transferring their accounts to
+his own History, which became a confused patchwork of other men's
+exploits and his own reminiscences and reflections.  He always
+regards the new plantations as somehow his own, and made in the light
+of his advice; and their mischances are usually due to the neglect of
+his counsel.  He relates in this volume the story of the Pilgrims in
+1620 and the years following, and of the settlement of the Somers
+Isles, making himself appear as a kind of Providence over the New
+World.
+
+Out of his various and repetitious writings might be compiled quite a
+hand-book of maxims and wise saws.  Yet all had in steady view one
+purpose--to excite interest in his favorite projects, to shame the
+laggards of England out of their idleness, and to give himself
+honorable employment and authority in the building up of a new
+empire.  "Who can desire," he exclaims, "more content that hath small
+means, or but only his merit to advance his fortunes, than to tread
+and plant that ground he hath purchased by the hazard of his life; if
+he have but the taste of virtue and magnanimity, what to such a mind
+can be more pleasant than planting and building a foundation for his
+posterity, got from the rude earth by God's blessing and his own
+industry without prejudice to any; if he have any grace of faith or
+zeal in Religion, what can be more healthful to any or more agreeable
+to God than to convert those poor salvages to know Christ and
+humanity, whose labours and discretion will triply requite any charge
+and pain."
+
+"Then who would live at home idly," he exhorts his countrymen, "or
+think in himself any worth to live, only to eat, drink and sleep, and
+so die; or by consuming that carelessly his friends got worthily, or
+by using that miserably that maintained virtue honestly, or for being
+descended nobly, or pine with the vain vaunt of great kindred in
+penury, or to maintain a silly show of bravery, toil out thy heart,
+soul and time basely; by shifts, tricks, cards and dice, or by
+relating news of other men's actions, sharke here and there for a
+dinner or supper, deceive thy friends by fair promises and
+dissimulations, in borrowing when thou never meanest to pay, offend
+the laws, surfeit with excess, burden thy country, abuse thyself,
+despair in want, and then cozen thy kindred, yea, even thy own
+brother, and wish thy parent's death (I will not say damnation), to
+have their estates, though thou seest what honors and rewards the
+world yet hath for them that will seek them and worthily deserve
+them."
+
+"I would be sorry to offend, or that any should mistake my honest
+meaning: for I wish good to all, hurt to none; but rich men for the
+most part are grown to that dotage through their pride in their
+wealth, as though there were no accident could end it or their life."
+
+"And what hellish care do such take to make it their own misery and
+their countrie's spoil, especially when there is such need of their
+employment, drawing by all manner of inventions from the Prince and
+his honest subjects, even the vital spirits of their powers and
+estates; as if their bags or brags were so powerful a defense, the
+malicious could not assault them, when they are the only bait to
+cause us not only to be assaulted, but betrayed and smothered in our
+own security ere we will prevent it."
+
+And he adds this good advice to those who maintain their children in
+wantonness till they grow to be the masters: "Let this lamentable
+example [the ruin of Constantinople] remember you that are rich
+(seeing there are such great thieves in the world to rob you) not
+grudge to lend some proportion to breed them that have little, yet
+willing to learn how to defend you, for it is too late when the deed
+is done."
+
+No motive of action did Smith omit in his importunity, for "Religion
+above all things should move us, especially the clergy, if we are
+religious."  " Honor might move the gentry, the valiant and
+industrious, and the hope and assurance of wealth all, if we were
+that we would seem and be accounted; or be we so far inferior to
+other nations, or our spirits so far dejected from our ancient
+predecessors, or our minds so upon spoil, piracy and such villainy,
+as to serve the Portugall, Spaniard, Dutch, French or Turke (as to
+the cost of Europe too many do), rather than our own God, our king,
+our country, and ourselves; excusing our idleness and our base
+complaints by want of employment, when here is such choice of all
+sorts, and for all degrees, in the planting and discovering these
+North parts of America."
+
+It was all in vain so far as Smith's fortunes were concerned.  The
+planting and subjection of New England went on, and Smith had no part
+in it except to describe it.  The Brownists, the Anabaptists, the
+Papists, the Puritans, the Separatists, and "such factious
+Humorists," were taking possession of the land that Smith claimed to
+have "discovered," and in which he had no foothold.  Failing to get
+employment anywhere, he petitioned the Virginia Company for a reward
+out of the treasury in London or the profits in Virginia.
+
+At one of the hot discussions in 1623 preceding the dissolution of
+the Virginia Company by the revocation of their charter, Smith was
+present, and said that he hoped for his time spent in Virginia he
+should receive that year a good quantity of tobacco.  The charter was
+revoked in 1624 after many violent scenes, and King James was glad to
+be rid of what he called "a seminary for a seditious parliament."
+The company had made use of lotteries to raise funds, and upon their
+disuse, in 1621, Smith proposed to the company to compile for its
+benefit a general history.  This he did, but it does not appear that
+the company took any action on his proposal.  At one time he had been
+named, with three others, as a fit person for secretary, on the
+removal of Mr. Pory, but as only three could be balloted for, his
+name was left out.  He was, however, commended as entirely competent.
+
+After the dissolution of the companies, and the granting of new
+letters-patent to a company of some twenty noblemen, there seems to
+have been a project for dividing up the country by lot.  Smith says:
+"All this they divided in twenty parts, for which they cast lots, but
+no lot for me but Smith's Isles, which are a many of barren rocks,
+the most overgrown with shrubs, and sharp whins, you can hardly pass
+them; without either grass or wood, but three or four short shrubby
+old cedars."
+
+The plan was not carried out, and Smith never became lord of even
+these barren rocks, the Isles of Shoals.  That he visited them when
+he sailed along the coast is probable, though he never speaks of
+doing so.  In the Virginia waters he had left a cluster of islands
+bearing his name also.
+
+In the Captain's "True Travels," published in 1630, is a summary of
+the condition of colonization in New England from Smith's voyage
+thence till the settlement of Plymouth in 1620, which makes an
+appropriate close to our review of this period:
+
+"When I first went to the North part of Virginia, where the Westerly
+Colony had been planted, it had dissolved itself within a year, and
+there was not one Christian in all the land.  I was set forth at the
+sole charge of four merchants of London; the Country being then
+reputed by your westerlings a most rocky, barren, desolate desart;
+but the good return I brought from thence, with the maps and
+relations of the Country, which I made so manifest, some of them did
+believe me, and they were well embraced, both by the Londoners, and
+Westerlings, for whom I had promised to undertake it, thinking to
+have joyned them all together, but that might well have been a work
+for Hercules.  Betwixt them long there was much contention: the
+Londoners indeed went bravely forward: but in three or four years I
+and my friends consumed many hundred pounds amongst the Plimothians,
+who only fed me but with delays, promises, and excuses, but no
+performance of anything to any purpose.  In the interim, many
+particular ships went thither, and finding my relations true, and
+that I had not taken that I brought home from the French men, as had
+been reported: yet further for my pains to discredit me, and my
+calling it New England, they obscured it, and shadowed it, with the
+title of Canada, till at my humble suit, it pleased our most Royal
+King Charles, whom God long keep, bless and preserve, then Prince of
+Wales, to confirm it with my map and book, by the title of New
+England; the gain thence returning did make the fame thereof so
+increase that thirty, forty or fifty sail went yearly only to trade
+and fish; but nothing would be done for a plantation, till about some
+hundred of your Brownists of England, Amsterdam and Leyden went to
+New Plimouth, whose humorous ignorances, caused them for more than a
+year, to endure a wonderful deal of misery, with an infinite
+patience; saying my books and maps were much better cheap to teach
+them than myself: many others have used the like good husbandry that
+have payed soundly in trying their self-willed conclusions; but those
+in time doing well, diverse others have in small handfulls undertaken
+to go there, to be several Lords and Kings of themselves, but most
+vanished to nothing."
+
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+WRITINGS-LATER YEARS
+
+If Smith had not been an author, his exploits would have occupied a
+small space in the literature of his times.  But by his unwearied
+narrations he impressed his image in gigantic features on our plastic
+continent.  If he had been silent, he would have had something less
+than justice; as it is, he has been permitted to greatly exaggerate
+his relations to the New World.  It is only by noting the comparative
+silence of his contemporaries and by winnowing his own statements
+that we can appreciate his true position.
+
+For twenty years he was a voluminous writer, working off his
+superfluous energy in setting forth his adventures in new forms.
+Most of his writings are repetitions and recastings of the old
+material, with such reflections as occur to him from time to time.
+He seldom writes a book, or a tract, without beginning it or working
+into it a resume of his life.  The only exception to this is his "Sea
+Grammar."  In 1626 he published "An Accidence or the Pathway to
+Experience, necessary to all Young Seamen," and in 1627 "A Sea
+Grammar, with the plain Exposition of Smith's Accidence for Young
+Seamen, enlarged."  This is a technical work, and strictly confined
+to the building, rigging, and managing of a ship.  He was also
+engaged at the time of his death upon a "History of the Sea," which
+never saw the light.  He was evidently fond of the sea, and we may
+say the title of Admiral came naturally to him, since he used it in
+the title-page to his "Description of New England," published in
+1616, although it was not till 1617 that the commissioners at
+Plymouth agreed to bestow upon him the title of "Admiral of that
+country."
+
+In 1630 he published " The True Travels, Adventures and Observations
+of Captain John Smith, in Europe, Asia, Affrica and America, from
+1593 to 1629.  Together with a Continuation of his General History of
+Virginia, Summer Isles, New England, and their proceedings since 1624
+to this present 1629: as also of the new Plantations of the great
+River of the Amazons, the Isles of St.  Christopher, Mevis and
+Barbadoes in the West Indies."  In the dedication to William, Earl of
+Pembroke, and Robert, Earl of Lindsay, he says it was written at the
+request of Sir Robert Cotton, the learned antiquarian, and he the
+more willingly satisfies this noble desire because, as he says, "they
+have acted my fatal tragedies on the stage, and racked my relations
+at their pleasure.  To prevent, therefore, all future misprisions, I
+have compiled this true discourse.  Envy hath taxed me to have writ
+too much, and done too little; but that such should know how little,
+I esteem them, I have writ this more for the satisfaction of my
+friends, and all generous and well-disposed readers: To speak only of
+myself were intolerable ingratitude: because, having had many co-
+partners with me, I cannot make a Monument for myself, and leave them
+unburied in the fields, whose lives begot me the title of Soldier,
+for as they were companions with me in my dangers, so shall they be
+partakers with me in this Tombe."  In the same dedication he spoke of
+his "Sea Grammar" caused to be printed by his worthy friend Sir
+Samuel Saltonstall.
+
+This volume, like all others Smith published, is accompanied by a
+great number of swollen panegyrics in verse, showing that the writers
+had been favored with the perusal of the volume before it was
+published.  Valor, piety, virtue, learning, wit, are by them ascribed
+to the "great Smith," who is easily the wonder and paragon of his.
+age.  All of them are stuffed with the affected conceits fashionable
+at the time.  One of the most pedantic of these was addressed to him
+by Samuel Purchas when the "General Historie " was written.
+
+The portrait of Smith which occupies a corner in the Map of Virginia
+has in the oval the date, "AEta 37, A. 16l6," and round the rim the
+inscription: " Portraictuer of Captaine John Smith, Admirall of New
+England," and under it these lines engraved:
+
+       "These are the Lines that show thy face: but those
+       That show thy Grace and Glory brighter bee:
+       Thy Faire Discoveries and Fowle-Overthrowes
+       Of Salvages, much Civilized by thee
+       Best shew thy Spirit; and to it Glory Wyn;
+       So, thou art Brasse without, but Golde within,
+       If so, in Brasse (too soft smiths Acts to beare)
+       I fix thy Fame to make Brasse steele outweare.
+
+Thine as thou art Virtues
+JOHN DAVIES, Heref."
+
+
+In this engraving Smith is clad in armor, with a high starched
+collar, and full beard and mustache formally cut.  His right hand
+rests on his hip, and his left grasps the handle of his sword.  The
+face is open and pleasing and full of decision.
+
+This "true discourse" contains the wild romance with which this
+volume opens, and is pieced out with recapitulations of his former
+writings and exploits, compilations from others' relations, and
+general comments.  We have given from it the story of his early life,
+because there is absolutely no other account of that part of his
+career.  We may assume that up to his going to Virginia he did lead a
+life of reckless adventure and hardship, often in want of a decent
+suit of clothes and of "regular meals."  That he took some part in
+the wars in Hungary is probable, notwithstanding his romancing
+narrative, and he may have been captured by the Turks.  But his
+account of the wars there, and of the political complications, we
+suspect are cribbed from the old chronicles, probably from the
+Italian, while his vague descriptions of the lands and people in
+Turkey and "Tartaria" are evidently taken from the narratives of
+other travelers.  It seems to me that the whole of his story of his
+oriental captivity lacks the note of personal experience.  If it were
+not for the "patent" of Sigismund (which is only produced and
+certified twenty years after it is dated), the whole Transylvania
+legend would appear entirely apocryphal.
+
+The "True Travels" close with a discourse upon the bad life,
+qualities, and conditions of pirates.  The most ancient of these was
+one Collis, "who most refreshed himself upon the coast of Wales, and
+Clinton and Pursser, his companions, who grew famous till Queen
+Elizabeth of blessed memory hanged them at Wapping.  The misery of a
+Pirate (although many are as sufficient seamen as any) yet in regard
+of his superfluity, you shall find it such, that any wise man would
+rather live amongst wild beasts, than them; therefore let all
+unadvised persons take heed how they entertain that quality; and I
+could wish merchants, gentlemen, and all setters-forth of ships not
+to be sparing of a competent pay, nor true payment; for neither
+soldiers nor seamen can live without means; but necessity will force
+them to steal, and when they are once entered into that trade they
+are hardly reclaimed."
+
+Smith complains that the play-writers had appropriated his
+adventures, but does not say that his own character had been put upon
+the stage.  In Ben Jonson's "Staple of News," played in 1625, there
+is a reference to Pocahontas in the dialogue that occurs between
+Pick-lock and Pennyboy Canter:
+
+Pick. --A tavern's unfit too for a princess.
+
+P.  Cant. --No, I have known a Princess and a great one, Come forth
+of a tavern.
+
+Pick. --Not go in Sir, though.
+
+A Cant. --She must go in, if she came forth.  The blessed Pocahontas,
+as the historian calls her, And great King's daughter of Virginia,
+Hath been in womb of tavern.
+
+The last work of our author was published in 1631, the year of his
+death.  Its full title very well describes the contents:
+"Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or
+anywhere.  Or, the Pathway to Experience to erect a Plantation.  With
+the yearly proceedings of this country in fishing and planting since
+the year 1614 to the year 1630, and their present estate.  Also, how
+to prevent the greatest inconvenience by their proceedings in
+Virginia, and other plantations by approved examples.  With the
+countries armes, a description of the coast, harbours, habitations,
+landmarks, latitude and longitude: with the map allowed by our Royall
+King Charles."
+
+Smith had become a trifle cynical in regard to the newsmongers of the
+day, and quaintly remarks in his address to the reader: "Apelles by
+the proportion of a foot could make the whole proportion of a man:
+were he now living, he might go to school, for now thousands can by
+opinion proportion kingdoms, cities and lordships that never durst
+adventure to see them.  Malignancy I expect from these, have lived 10
+or 12 years in those actions, and return as wise as they went,
+claiming time and experience for their tutor that can neither shift
+Sun nor moon, nor say their compass, yet will tell you of more than
+all the world betwixt the Exchange, Paul's and Westminster.... and
+tell as well what all England is by seeing but Mitford Haven as what
+Apelles was by the picture of his great toe."
+
+This is one of Smith's most characteristic productions.  Its material
+is ill-arranged, and much of it is obscurely written; it runs
+backward and forward along his life, refers constantly to his former
+works and repeats them, complains of the want of appreciation of his
+services, and makes himself the centre of all the colonizing exploits
+of the age.  Yet it is interspersed with strokes of humor and
+observations full of good sense.
+
+It opens with the airy remark: "The wars in Europe, Asia and Africa,
+taught me how to subdue the wild savages in Virginia and New
+England."  He never did subdue the wild savages in New England, and
+he never was in any war in Africa, nor in Asia, unless we call his
+piratical cruising in the Mediterranean "wars in Asia."
+
+As a Church of England man, Smith is not well pleased with the
+occupation of New England by the Puritans, Brownists, and such
+"factious humorists" as settled at New Plymouth, although he
+acknowledges the wonderful patience with which, in their ignorance
+and willfulness, they have endured losses and extremities; but he
+hopes better things of the gentlemen who went in 1629 to supply
+Endicott at Salem, and were followed the next year by Winthrop.  All
+these adventurers have, he says, made use of his "aged endeavors."
+It seems presumptuous in them to try to get on with his maps and
+descriptions and without him.  They probably had never heard, except
+in the title-pages of his works, that he was "Admiral of New
+England."
+
+Even as late as this time many supposed New England to be an island,
+but Smith again asserts, what he had always maintained--that it was a
+part of the continent.  The expedition of Winthrop was scattered by a
+storm, and reached Salem with the loss of threescore dead and many
+sick, to find as many of the colony dead, and all disconsolate.  Of
+the discouraged among them who returned to England Smith says: "Some
+could not endure the name of a bishop, others not the sight of a
+cross or surplice, others by no means the book of common prayer.
+This absolute crew, only of the Elect, holding all (but such as
+themselves) reprobates and castaways, now made more haste to return
+to Babel, as they termed England, than stay to enjoy the land they
+called Canaan."  Somewhat they must say to excuse themselves.
+Therefore, "some say they could see no timbers of ten foot diameter,
+some the country is all wood; others they drained all the springs and
+ponds dry, yet like to famish for want of fresh water; some of the
+danger of the ratell-snake."  To compel all the Indians to furnish
+them corn without using them cruelly they say is impossible.  Yet
+this "impossible," Smith says, he accomplished in Virginia, and
+offers to undertake in New England, with one hundred and fifty men,
+to get corn, fortify the country, and "discover them more land than
+they all yet know."
+
+This homily ends--and it is the last published sentence of the "great
+Smith"--with this good advice to the New England colonists:
+
+"Lastly, remember as faction, pride, and security produces nothing
+but confusion, misery and dissolution; so the contraries well
+practised will in short time make you happy, and the most admired
+people of all our plantations for your time in the world.
+
+"John Smith writ this with his owne hand."
+
+The extent to which Smith retouched his narrations, as they grew in
+his imagination, in his many reproductions of them, has been referred
+to, and illustrated by previous quotations.  An amusing instance of
+his care and ingenuity is furnished by the interpolation of
+Pocahontas into his stories after 1623.  In his "General Historie" of
+1624 he adopts, for the account of his career in Virginia, the
+narratives in the Oxford tract of 1612, which he had supervised.  We
+have seen how he interpolated the wonderful story of his rescue by
+the Indian child.  Some of his other insertions of her name, to bring
+all the narrative up to that level, are curious.  The following
+passages from the "Oxford Tract" contain in italics the words
+inserted when they were transferred to the "General Historie":
+
+"So revived their dead spirits (especially the love of Pocahuntas) as
+all anxious fears were abandoned."
+
+"Part always they brought him as presents from their king, or
+Pocahuntas."
+
+In the account of the "masques" of girls to entertain Smith at
+Werowocomoco we read:
+
+"But presently Pocahuntas came, wishing him to kill her if any hurt
+were intended, and the beholders, which were women and children,
+satisfied the Captain there was no such matter."
+
+In the account of Wyffin's bringing the news of Scrivener's drowning,
+when Wyffin was lodged a night with Powhatan, we read:.
+
+"He did assure himself some mischief was intended.  Pocahontas hid
+him for a time, and sent them who pursued him the clean contrary way
+to seek him; but by her means and extraordinary bribes and much
+trouble in three days' travel, at length he found us in the middest
+of these turmoyles."
+
+The affecting story of the visit and warning from Pocahontas in the
+night, when she appeared with "tears running down her cheeks," is not
+in the first narration in the Oxford Tract, but is inserted in the
+narrative in the "General Historie."  Indeed, the first account would
+by its terms exclude the later one.  It is all contained in these few
+lines:
+
+"But our barge being left by the ebb, caused us to staie till the
+midnight tide carried us safe aboord, having spent that half night
+with such mirth as though we never had suspected or intended
+anything, we left the Dutchmen to build, Brinton to kill foule for
+Powhatan (as by his messengers he importunately desired), and left
+directions with our men to give Powhatan all the content they could,
+that we might enjoy his company on our return from Pamaunke."
+
+It should be added, however, that there is an allusion to some
+warning by Pocahontas in the last chapter of the "Oxford Tract."  But
+the full story of the night visit and the streaming tears as we have
+given it seems without doubt to have been elaborated from very slight
+materials.  And the subsequent insertion of the name of Pocahontas--
+of which we have given examples above--into old accounts that had no
+allusion to her, adds new and strong presumptions to the belief that
+Smith invented what is known as the Pocahontas legend."
+
+As a mere literary criticism on Smith's writings, it would appear
+that he had a habit of transferring to his own career notable
+incidents and adventures of which he had read, and this is somewhat
+damaging to an estimate of his originality.  His wonderful system of
+telegraphy by means of torches, which he says he put in practice at
+the siege of Olympack, and which he describes as if it were his own
+invention, he had doubtless read in Polybius, and it seemed a good
+thing to introduce into his narrative.
+
+He was (it must also be noted) the second white man whose life was
+saved by an Indian princess in America, who subsequently warned her
+favorite of a plot to kill him.  In 1528 Pamphilo de Narvaes landed
+at Tampa Bay, Florida, and made a disastrous expedition into the
+interior.  Among the Spaniards who were missing as a result of this
+excursion was a soldier named Juan Ortiz.  When De Soto marched into
+the same country in 1539 he encountered this soldier, who had been
+held in captivity by the Indians and had learned their language.  The
+story that Ortiz told was this: He was taken prisoner by the chief
+Ucita, bound hand and foot, and stretched upon a scaffold to be
+roasted, when, just as the flames were seizing him, a daughter of the
+chief interposed in his behalf, and upon her prayers Ucita spared the
+life of the prisoner.  Three years afterward, when there was danger
+that Ortiz would be sacrificed to appease the devil, the princess
+came to him, warned him of his danger, and led him secretly and alone
+in the night to the camp of a chieftain who protected him.
+
+This narrative was in print before Smith wrote, and as he was fond of
+such adventures he may have read it.  The incidents are curiously
+parallel.  And all the comment needed upon it is that Smith seems to
+have been peculiarly subject to such coincidences
+
+Our author's selection of a coat of arms, the distinguishing feature
+of which was "three Turks' heads," showed little more originality.
+It was a common device before his day: on many coats of arms of the
+Middle Ages and later appear "three Saracens' heads," or "three
+Moors' heads"--probably most of them had their origin in the
+Crusades.  Smith's patent to use this charge, which he produced from
+Sigismund, was dated 1603, but the certificate appended to it by the
+Garter King at Arms, certifying that it was recorded in the register
+and office of the heralds, is dated 1625.  Whether Smith used it
+before this latter date we are not told.  We do not know why he had
+not as good right to assume it as anybody.
+
+[Burke's " Encyclopedia of Heraldry " gives it as granted to Capt.
+John Smith, of the Smiths of Cruffley, Co.  Lancaster, in 1629, and
+describes it: " Vert, a chev.  gu.  betw.  three Turks' heads couped
+ppr.  turbaned or.  Crest-an Ostrich or, holding in the mouth a
+horseshoe or."]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII
+
+DEATH AND CHARACTER
+
+Hardship and disappointment made our hero prematurely old, but could
+not conquer his indomitable spirit.  The disastrous voyage of June,
+1615, when he fell into the hands of the French, is spoken of by the
+Council for New England in 1622 as "the ruin of that poor gentleman,
+Captain Smith, who was detained prisoner by them, and forced to
+suffer many extremities before he got free of his troubles;" but he
+did not know that he was ruined, and did not for a moment relax his
+efforts to promote colonization and obtain a command, nor relinquish
+his superintendence of the Western Continent.
+
+His last days were evidently passed in a struggle for existence,
+which was not so bitter to him as it might have been to another man,
+for he was sustained by ever-elating "great expectations."  That he
+was pinched for means of living, there is no doubt.  In 1623 he
+issued a prospectus of his "General Historie," in which he said:
+"These observations are all I have for the expenses of a thousand
+pounds and the loss of eighteen years' time, besides all the travels,
+dangers, miseries and incumbrances for my countries good, I have
+endured gratis: ....this is composed in less than eighty sheets,
+besides the three maps, which will stand me near in a hundred pounds,
+which sum I cannot disburse: nor shall the stationers have the copy
+for nothing.  I therefore, humbly entreat your Honour, either to
+adventure, or give me what you please towards the impression, and I
+will be both accountable and thankful."
+
+He had come before he was fifty to regard himself as an old man, and
+to speak of his "aged endeavors."  Where and how he lived in his
+later years, and with what surroundings and under what circumstances
+he died, there is no record.  That he had no settled home, and was in
+mean lodgings at the last, may be reasonably inferred.  There is a
+manuscript note on the fly-leaf of one of the original editions of
+"The Map of Virginia...."  (Oxford, 1612), in ancient chirography,
+but which from its reference to Fuller could not have been written
+until more than thirty years after Smith's death.  It says: "When he
+was old he lived in London poor but kept up his spirits with the
+commemoration of his former actions and bravery.  He was buried in
+St. Sepulcher's Church, as Fuller tells us, who has given us a line
+of his Ranting Epitaph."
+
+That seems to have been the tradition of the man, buoyantly
+supporting himself in the commemoration of his own achievements.  To
+the end his industrious and hopeful spirit sustained him, and in the
+last year of his life he was toiling on another compilation, and
+promised his readers a variety of actions and memorable observations
+which they shall "find with admiration in my History of the Sea, if
+God be pleased I live to finish it."
+
+He died on the 21 St of June, 1631, and the same day made his last
+will, to which he appended his mark, as he seems to have been too
+feeble to write his name.  In this he describes himself as "Captain
+John Smith of the parish of St. Sepulcher's London Esquior."  He
+commends his soul "into the hands of Almighty God, my maker, hoping
+through the merits of Christ Jesus my Redeemer to receive full
+remission of all my sins and to inherit a place in the everlasting
+kingdom"; his body he commits to the earth whence it came; and "of
+such worldly goods whereof it hath pleased God in his mercy to make
+me an unworthy receiver," he bequeathes: first, to Thomas Packer,
+Esq., one of his Majesty's clerks of the Privy Seal, It all my
+houses, lands, tenantements and hereditaments whatsoever, situate
+lying and being in the parishes of Louthe and Great Carleton, in the
+county of Lincoln together with my coat of armes"; and charges him to
+pay certain legacies not exceeding the sum of eighty pounds, out of
+which he reserves to himself twenty pounds to be disposed of as he
+chooses in his lifetime.  The sum of twenty pounds is to be disbursed
+about the funeral.  To his most worthy friend, Sir Samuel Saltonstall
+Knight, he gives five pounds; to Morris Treadway, five pounds; to his
+sister Smith, the widow of his brother, ten pounds; to his cousin
+Steven Smith, and his sister, six pounds thirteen shillings and
+fourpence between them; to Thomas Packer, Joane, his wife, and
+Eleanor, his daughter, ten pounds among them; to "Mr. Reynolds, the
+lay Mr of the Goldsmiths Hall, the sum of forty shillings"; to
+Thomas, the son of said Thomas Packer, "my trunk standing in my
+chamber at Sir Samuel Saltonstall's house in St. Sepulcher's parish,
+together with my best suit of apparel of a tawny color viz. hose,
+doublet jirkin and cloak," "also, my trunk bound with iron bars
+standing in the house of Richard Hinde in Lambeth, together--with
+half the books therein"; the other half of the books to Mr. John
+Tredeskin and Richard Hinde.  His much honored friend, Sir Samuel
+Saltonstall, and Thomas Packer, were joint executors, and the will
+was acknowledged in the presence "of Willmu Keble Snr civitas,
+London, William Packer, Elizabeth Sewster, Marmaduke Walker, his
+mark, witness."
+
+We have no idea that Thomas Packer got rich out of the houses, lands
+and tenements in the county of Lincoln.  The will is that of a poor
+man, and reference to his trunks standing about in the houses of his
+friends, and to his chamber in the house of Sir Samuel Saltonstall,
+may be taken as proof that he had no independent and permanent
+abiding-place.
+
+It is supposed that he was buried in St. Sepulcher's Church.  The
+negative evidence of this is his residence in the parish at the time
+of his death, and the more positive, a record in Stow's "Survey of
+London," 1633, which we copy in full:
+
+This Table is on the south side of the Quire in Saint Sepulchers,
+with this Inscription:
+
+To the living Memory of his deceased Friend, Captaine John Smith, who
+departed this mortall life on the 21 day of June, 1631, with his
+Armes, and this Motto,
+
+Accordamus, vincere est vivere.
+
+Here lies one conquer'd that hath conquer'd Kings,
+Subdu'd large Territories, and done things
+Which to the World impossible would seeme,
+But that the truth is held in more esteeme,
+Shall I report His former service done
+In honour of his God and Christendome:
+How that he did divide from Pagans three,
+Their heads and Lives, types of his chivalry:
+For which great service in that Climate done,
+Brave Sigismundus (King of Hungarion)
+Did give him as a Coat of Armes to weare,
+Those conquer'd heads got by his Sword and Speare?
+Or shall I tell of his adventures since,
+Done in Firginia, that large Continence:
+I-low that he subdu'd Kings unto his yoke,
+And made those heathen flie, as wind doth smoke:
+And made their Land, being of so large a Station,
+A hab;tation for our Christian Nation:
+Where God is glorifi'd, their wants suppli'd,
+Which else for necessaries might have di'd?
+But what avails his Conquest now he lyes
+Inter'd in earth a prey for Wormes & Flies?
+
+O may his soule in sweet Mizium sleepe,
+Untill the Keeper that all soules doth keepe,
+Returne to judgement and that after thence,
+With Angels he may have his recompence.
+Captaine John Smith, sometime Governour of Firginia, and
+Admirall of New England.
+
+
+This remarkable epitaph is such an autobiographical record as Smith
+might have written himself.  That it was engraved upon a tablet and
+set up in this church rests entirely upon the authority of Stow.  The
+present pilgrim to the old church will find no memorial that Smith
+was buried there, and will encounter besides incredulity of the
+tradition that he ever rested there.
+
+The old church of St. Sepulcher's, formerly at the confluence of Snow
+Hill and the Old Bailey, now lifts its head far above the pompous
+viaduct which spans the valley along which the Fleet Ditch once
+flowed.  All the registers of burial in the church were destroyed by
+the great fire of 1666, which burnt down the edifice from floor to
+roof, leaving only the walls and tower standing.  Mr. Charles Deane,
+whose lively interest in Smith led him recently to pay a visit to St.
+Sepulcher's, speaks of it as the church "under the pavement of which
+the remains of our hero were buried; but he was not able to see the
+stone placed over those remains, as the floor of the church at that
+time was covered with a carpet....  The epitaph to his memory,
+however, it is understood, cannot now be deciphered upon the
+tablet,"--which he supposes to be the one in Stow.
+
+The existing tablet is a slab of bluish-black marble, which formerly
+was in the chancel.  That it in no way relates to Captain Smith a
+near examination of it shows.  This slab has an escutcheon which
+indicates three heads, which a lively imagination may conceive to be
+those of Moors, on a line in the upper left corner on the husband's
+side of a shield, which is divided by a perpendicular line.  As Smith
+had no wife, this could not have been his cognizance.  Nor are these
+his arms, which were three Turks' heads borne over and beneath a
+chevron.  The cognizance of "Moors' heads," as we have said, was not
+singular in the Middle Ages, and there existed recently in this very
+church another tomb which bore a Moor's head as a family badge.  The
+inscription itself is in a style of lettering unlike that used in the
+time of James I., and the letters are believed not to belong to an
+earlier period than that of the Georges.  This bluish-black stone has
+been recently gazed at by many pilgrims from this side of the ocean,
+with something of the feeling with which the Moslems regard the Kaaba
+at Mecca.  This veneration is misplaced, for upon the stone are
+distinctly visible these words:
+
+          "Departed this life September....
+            ....sixty-six ....years....
+                ....months ...."
+
+As John Smith died in June, 1631, in his fifty-second year, this
+stone is clearly not in his honor: and if his dust rests in this
+church, the fire of 1666 made it probably a labor of wasted love to
+look hereabouts for any monument of him.
+
+A few years ago some American antiquarians desired to place some
+monument to the "Admiral of New England" in this church, and a
+memorial window, commemorating the "Baptism of Pocahontas," was
+suggested.  We have been told, however, that a custom of St.
+Sepulcher's requires a handsome bonus to the rector for any memorial
+set up in the church) which the kindly incumbent had no power to set
+aside (in his own case) for a foreign gift and act of international
+courtesy of this sort; and the project was abandoned.
+
+Nearly every trace of this insatiable explorer of the earth has
+disappeared from it except in his own writings.  The only monument to
+his memory existing is a shabby little marble shaft erected on the
+southerly summit of Star Island, one of the Isles of Shoals.  By a
+kind of irony of fortune, which Smith would have grimly appreciated,
+the only stone to perpetuate his fame stands upon a little heap of
+rocks in the sea; upon which it is only an inference that he ever set
+foot, and we can almost hear him say again, looking round upon this
+roomy earth, so much of which he possessed in his mind, "No lot for
+me but Smith's Isles, which are an array of barren rocks, the most
+overgrowne with shrubs and sharpe whins you can hardly passe them:
+without either grasse or wood but three or foure short shrubby old
+cedars."
+
+Nearly all of Smith's biographers and the historians of Virginia
+have, with great respect, woven his romances about his career into
+their narratives, imparting to their paraphrases of his story such an
+elevation as his own opinion of himself seemed to demand.  Of
+contemporary estimate of him there is little to quote except the
+panegyrics in verse he has preserved for us, and the inference from
+his own writings that he was the object of calumny and detraction.
+Enemies he had in plenty, but there are no records left of their
+opinion of his character.  The nearest biographical notice of him in
+point of time is found in the "History of the Worthies of England,"
+by Thomas Fuller, D.D., London, 1662.
+
+Old Fuller's schoolmaster was Master Arthur Smith, a kinsman of John,
+who told him that John was born in Lincolnshire, and it is probable
+that Fuller received from his teacher some impression about the
+adventurer.
+
+Of his "strange performances" in Hungary, Fuller says: "The scene
+whereof is laid at such a distance that they are cheaper credited
+than confuted."
+
+"From the Turks in Europe he passed to the pagans in America, where
+towards the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth [it was in the
+reign of James] such his perils, preservations, dangers,
+deliverances, they seem to most men above belief, to some beyond
+truth.  Yet have we two witnesses to attest them, the prose and the
+pictures, both in his own book; and it soundeth much to the
+diminution of his deeds that he alone is the herald to publish and
+proclaim them."
+
+"Surely such reports from strangers carry the greater reputation.
+However, moderate men must allow Captain Smith to have been very
+instrumental in settling the plantation in Virginia, whereof he was
+governor, as also Admiral of New England."
+
+"He led his old age in London, where his having a prince's mind
+imprisoned in a poor man's purse, rendered him to the contempt of
+such as were not ingenuous.  Yet he efforted his spirits with the
+remembrance and relation of what formerly he had been, and what he
+had done."
+
+Of the "ranting epitaph," quoted above, Fuller says: "The
+orthography, poetry, history and divinity in this epitaph are much
+alike."
+
+Without taking Captain John Smith at his own estimate of himself, he
+was a peculiar character even for the times in which he lived.  He
+shared with his contemporaries the restless spirit of roving and
+adventure which resulted from the invention of the mariner's compass
+and the discovery of the New World; but he was neither so sordid nor
+so rapacious as many of them, for his boyhood reading of romances had
+evidently fired him with the conceits of the past chivalric period.
+This imported into his conduct something inflated and something
+elevated.  And, besides, with all his enormous conceit, he had a
+stratum of practical good sense, a shrewd wit, and the salt of humor.
+
+If Shakespeare had known him, as he might have done, he would have
+had a character ready to his hand that would have added one of the
+most amusing and interesting portraits to his gallery.  He faintly
+suggests a moral Falstaff, if we can imagine a Falstaff without
+vices.  As a narrator he has the swagger of a Captain Dalghetty, but
+his actions are marked by honesty and sincerity.  He appears to have
+had none of the small vices of the gallants of his time.  His
+chivalric attitude toward certain ladies who appear in his
+adventures, must have been sufficiently amusing to his associates.
+There is about his virtue a certain antique flavor which must have
+seemed strange to the adventurers and court hangers-on in London.
+Not improbably his assumptions were offensive to the ungodly, and his
+ingenuous boastings made him the object of amusement to the skeptics.
+Their ridicule would naturally appear to him to arise from envy.  We
+read between the lines of his own eulogies of himself, that there was
+a widespread skepticism about his greatness and his achievements,
+which he attributed to jealousy.  Perhaps his obtrusive virtues made
+him enemies, and his rectitude was a standing offense to his
+associates.
+
+It is certain he got on well with scarcely anybody with whom he was
+thrown in his enterprises.  He was of common origin, and always
+carried with him the need of assertion in an insecure position.  He
+appears to us always self-conscious and ill at ease with gentlemen
+born.  The captains of his own station resented his assumptions of
+superiority, and while he did not try to win them by an affectation
+of comradeship, he probably repelled those of better breeding by a
+swaggering manner.  No doubt his want of advancement was partly due
+to want of influence, which better birth would have given him; but
+the plain truth is that he had a talent for making himself
+disagreeable to his associates.  Unfortunately he never engaged in
+any enterprise with any one on earth who was so capable of conducting
+it as himself, and this fact he always made plain to his comrades.
+Skill he had in managing savages, but with his equals among whites he
+lacked tact, and knew not the secret of having his own way without
+seeming to have it.  He was insubordinate, impatient of any authority
+over him, and unwilling to submit to discipline he did not himself
+impose.
+
+Yet it must be said that he was less self-seeking than those who were
+with him in Virginia, making glory his aim rather than gain always;
+that he had a superior conception of what a colony should be, and how
+it should establish itself, and that his judgment of what was best
+was nearly always vindicated by the event.  He was not the founder of
+the Virginia colony, its final success was not due to him, but it was
+owing almost entirely to his pluck and energy that it held on and
+maintained an existence during the two years and a half that he was
+with it at Jamestown.  And to effect this mere holding on, with the
+vagabond crew that composed most of the colony, and with the
+extravagant and unintelligent expectations of the London Company, was
+a feat showing decided ability.  He had the qualities fitting him to
+be an explorer and the leader of an expedition.  He does not appear
+to have had the character necessary to impress his authority on a
+community.  He was quarrelsome, irascible, and quick to fancy that
+his full value was not admitted.  He shines most upon such small
+expeditions as the exploration of the Chesapeake; then his energy,
+self-confidence, shrewdness, inventiveness, had free play, and his
+pluck and perseverance are recognized as of the true heroic
+substance.
+
+Smith, as we have seen, estimated at their full insignificance such
+flummeries as the coronation of Powhatan, and the foolishness of
+taxing the energies of the colony to explore the country for gold and
+chase the phantom of the South Sea.  In his discernment and in his
+conceptions of what is now called "political economy" he was in
+advance of his age.  He was an advocate of "free trade" before the
+term was invented.  In his advice given to the New England plantation
+in his "Advertisements" he says:
+
+"Now as his Majesty has made you custome-free for seven yeares, have
+a care that all your countrymen shall come to trade with you, be not
+troubled with pilotage, boyage, ancorage, wharfage, custome, or any
+such tricks as hath been lately used in most of our plantations,
+where they would be Kings before their folly; to the discouragement
+of many, and a scorne to them of understanding, for Dutch, French,
+Biskin, or any will as yet use freely the Coast without controule,
+and why not English as well as they?  Therefore use all commers with
+that respect, courtesie, and liberty is fitting, which will in a
+short time much increase your trade and shipping to fetch it from
+you, for as yet it were not good to adventure any more abroad with
+factors till you bee better provided; now there is nothing more
+enricheth a Common-wealth than much trade, nor no meanes better to
+increase than small custome, as Holland, Genua, Ligorne, as divers
+other places can well tell you, and doth most beggar those places
+where they take most custome, as Turkie, the Archipelegan Iles,
+Cicilia, the Spanish ports, but that their officers will connive to
+enrich themselves, though undo the state."
+
+It may perhaps be admitted that he knew better than the London or the
+Plymouth company what ought to be done in the New World, but it is
+absurd to suppose that his success or his ability forfeited him the
+confidence of both companies, and shut him out of employment.  The
+simple truth seems to be that his arrogance and conceit and
+importunity made him unpopular, and that his proverbial ill luck was
+set off against his ability.
+
+Although he was fully charged with the piety of his age, and kept in
+mind his humble dependence on divine grace when he was plundering
+Venetian argosies or lying to the Indians, or fighting anywhere
+simply for excitement or booty, and was always as devout as a modern
+Sicilian or Greek robber; he had a humorous appreciation of the value
+of the religions current in his day.  He saw through the hypocrisy of
+the London Company, "making religion their color, when all their aim
+was nothing but present profit."  There was great talk about
+Christianizing the Indians; but the colonists in Virginia taught them
+chiefly the corruptions of civilized life, and those who were
+despatched to England soon became debauched by London vices.  "Much
+they blamed us [he writes] for not converting the Salvages, when
+those they sent us were little better, if not worse, nor did they all
+convert any of those we sent them to England for that purpose."
+
+Captain John Smith died unmarried, nor is there any record that he
+ever had wife or children.  This disposes of the claim of subsequent
+John Smiths to be descended from him.  He was the last of that race;
+the others are imitations.  He was wedded to glory.  That he was not
+insensible to the charms of female beauty, and to the heavenly pity
+in their hearts, which is their chief grace, his writings abundantly
+evince; but to taste the pleasures of dangerous adventure, to learn
+war and to pick up his living with his sword, and to fight wherever
+piety showed recompense would follow, was the passion of his youth,
+while his manhood was given to the arduous ambition of enlarging the
+domains of England and enrolling his name among those heroes who make
+an ineffaceable impression upon their age.  There was no time in his
+life when he had leisure to marry, or when it would have been
+consistent with his schemes to have tied himself to a home.
+
+As a writer he was wholly untrained, but with all his introversions
+and obscurities he is the most readable chronicler of his time, the
+most amusing and as untrustworthy as any.  He is influenced by his
+prejudices, though not so much by them as by his imagination and
+vanity.  He had a habit of accurate observation, as his maps show,
+and this trait gives to his statements and descriptions, when his own
+reputation is not concerned, a value beyond that of those of most
+contemporary travelers.  And there is another thing to be said about
+his writings.  They are uncommonly clean for his day.  Only here and
+there is coarseness encountered.  In an age when nastiness was
+written as well as spoken, and when most travelers felt called upon
+to satisfy a curiosity for prurient observations, Smith preserved a
+tone quite remarkable for general purity.
+
+Captain Smith is in some respects a very good type of the restless
+adventurers of his age; but he had a little more pseudo-chivalry at
+one end of his life, and a little more piety at the other, than the
+rest.  There is a decidedly heroic element in his courage, hardihood,
+and enthusiasm, softened to the modern observer's comprehension by
+the humorous contrast between his achievements and his estimate of
+them.  Between his actual deeds as he relates them, and his noble
+sentiments, there is also sometimes a contrast pleasing to the
+worldly mind.  He is just one of those characters who would be more
+agreeable on the stage than in private life.  His extraordinary
+conceit would be entertaining if one did not see too much of him.
+Although he was such a romancer that we can accept few of his
+unsupported statements about himself, there was, nevertheless, a
+certain verity in his character which showed something more than
+loyalty to his own fortune; he could be faithful to an ambition for
+the public good.  Those who knew him best must have found in him very
+likable qualities, and acknowledged the generosities of his nature,
+while they were amused at his humorous spleen and his serious
+contemplation of his own greatness.  There is a kind of simplicity in
+his self-appreciation that wins one, and it is impossible for the
+candid student of his career not to feel kindly towards the "sometime
+Governor of Virginia and Admiral of New England."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Captain John Smith by, Charles Dudley Warner
+