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diff --git a/31491-8.txt b/31491-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66d182c --- /dev/null +++ b/31491-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1535 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western +North America, by John A. White + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America + +Author: John A. White + +Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph +Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Notes: The following change has been made to the text: +Page 631, added closing parenthesis to "(genus Eutamias of California)"] + + + + +The Baculum in the Chipmunks +of Western North America + +BY + +JOHN A. WHITE + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text +December 1, 1953 + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1953 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +and Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text + +December 1, 1953 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1953 + +[Illustration] + +24-8968 + + + + +The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America + +By + +JOHN A. WHITE + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + +Introduction 613 + +Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments 614 + +Variation 614 + +Key to the Bacula of the Species of Eutamias of +Western North America 615 + +Accounts by Species 616 + _Eutamias alpinus_ 616 + _E. minimus_ 617 + _E. townsendii_ 618 + _E. sonomae_ 619 + _E. amoenus_ 619 + _E. dorsalis_ 620 + _E. merriami_ 621 + _E. quadrivittatus_ 621 + _E. ruficaudus_ 622 + _E. cinereicollis_ 624 + _E. quadrimaculatus_ 624 + _E. speciosus_ 625 + _E. panamintinus_ 625 + _E. umbrinus_ 626 + _E. palmeri_ 627 + _E. bulleri_ 627 + +Figures 1-19. Lateral views of bacula 629 + +Discussion 630 + +Literature Cited 631 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the +subgenus _Neotamias_ the proximal part of the baculum is termed the +shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the dorsal +side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel. The +proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19). Depending on +the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in length, and the +base may or may not be widened or deepened. + +The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the +structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks; and (2) +compare a classification based on the structure of the baculum with a +classification based on the structure and appearance of the skull and +skin. + + + + +METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + + The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan, + Museum of Zoology, were processed according to the method + described by Friley (1947:395-397), whereas all others were + processed according to the method described by White (1951:125). + Thus the bacula that were borrowed from the University of + Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection, whereas + the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the + University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with + the skulls of the corresponding specimens. + + All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece + micrometer. + + A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum + of Natural History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise + indicated by the following symbols: + + BS United States Biological Surveys Collection. + CN Chicago Natural History Museum. + LA Los Angeles County Museum. + MM University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. + NM United States National Museum. + UU University of Utah, Museum of Zoology. + + I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my + study and thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and + Edwin C. Galbraith, as well as other friends and associates of + the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, for + encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L. Jellison, + United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my + field work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My + wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me in + many ways. + + For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University + of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for + bacula on study skins, and to process those that were found, I + thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States Fish and Wildlife + Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History Museum, + Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H. + Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D. + Durrant, Museum of Zoology, University of Utah. + + Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas + University Endowment Association, the National Science + Foundation and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research, + through contract No. NR 161 791. + + + + +VARIATION + + +_Individual variation._--Individual variation is small. This is shown by +a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of the shaft in +a series of 12 specimens of _E. umbrinus umbrinus_ from Paradise Park, +21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah County, Utah. + +_Variation with age._--In the chipmunks the baculum varies but little +with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the M3 and m3 +have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and p4; nevertheless, +the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult configuration and +size. In juvenal _Eutamias minimus_ the tip of the baculum is longer in +relation to the length of the shaft than it is in adults; the tip is 18 +to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults, as opposed to 29 to +32 per cent in juveniles. + +_Aberrations._--In a small percentage of specimens of _E. minimus_ and +_E. umbrinus_ the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults. + +_Variations of taxonomic worth._--Variations in this category are +described in the section immediately following the key. + + + + +KEY TO THE BACULA IN EUTAMIAS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA + + +1. Distal 1/2 to 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base + markedly widened. + + 2. Distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward + to base of tip. + + 3. Height of keel 1/2 of length of tip; keel markedly + enlarged. _Eutamias bulleri_, p. 627 + + 3'. Height of keel 1/4 of length of tip; keel not markedly + enlarged. + _Eutamias umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, pp. 626, 627 + + 2'. Distal 2/3 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward + to base of tip. + + 4. Base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip + and shaft less than 100° _Eutamias speciosus_, p. 625 + + 4'. Base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; angle formed by tip + and shaft more than 102° _Eutamias panamintinus_, p. 625 + +1'. Distal 1/12 to 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base + not markedly widened. + + 5. Shaft thin; shaft less than .20 mm. in diameter at widest + point. + + 6. Ridges on either side of keel enlarged, partially + obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel 1/10 of + length of tip. _Eutamias sonomae_, p. 619 + + 6'. Ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, not partially + obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel at least + 1/7 of length of tip. + + 7. Base not widened or dorsoventrally thickened. + + 8. Shaft more than 4.5 mm. in length; tip 16 per + cent of length of shaft; shaft strongly incised + on dorsal side of base + _Eutamias merriami_, p. 621 + + 8'. Shaft less than 4.4 mm. in length; tip more than + 25 per cent of length of shaft; shaft not incised + on dorsal side of base. + + 9. Height of keel 1/7 of length of tip; angle + formed by tip and shaft distinct + _Eutamias alpinus_, p. 616 + + 9'. Height of keel at least 1/5 of length of tip; + angle formed by tip and shaft poorly defined. + + 10. Height of keel 1/3 of length of tip; + angle formed by tip and shaft 140° + _Eutamias dorsalis_, p. 620 + + 10'. Height of keel 1/5 of length of tip; + angle formed by tip and shaft 130° or + less. + + 11. Tip more than 29 per cent of length + of shaft. _Eutamias amoenus_, p. 619 + + 11'. Tip less than 28 per cent of length + of shaft. _Eutamias minimus_, p. 617 + + 7'. Base widened and dorsoventrally thickened. + _Eutamias townsendii_, p. 618 + + 5'. Shaft thick; shaft more than .25 mm. in diameter at widest + point. + + 12. Length of shaft less than 3.00 mm.; length of tip less + than 1.10 mm. _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, p. 622 + + 12'. Length of shaft more than 3.10 mm.; length of tip more + than 1.15 mm. + + 13. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft. + _Eutamias quadrimaculatus_, p. 624 + + 13'. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft. + + 14. Angle formed by tip and shaft more than 140°; + ridges on either side of tip indistinct. + _Eutamias cinereicollis_, p. 624 + + 14'. Angle formed by tip and shaft less than 135°; + ridges on either side of tip distinct. + + 15. Shaft less than 3.65 mm. in length, and .55 + mm. or less in diameter at widest point. + _Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, p. 621 + + 15'. Shaft usually more than 3.65 mm. in length, + but when shorter, diameter is .60 mm. or more + at widest point. + + 16. Diameter of shaft at widest point less + than .58 mm.; tip less than 35 per cent + of length of shaft. + _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, p. 622 + + 16'. Diameter of shaft at widest point more + than .65 mm.; tip more than 40 per cent + of length of shaft. + _Eutamias ruficaudus simulans_, p. 623 + + + + +ACCOUNTS BY SPECIES + + +#Eutamias alpinus# (Merriam) + +Figure 1 + + Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively + obscure; size small; skull broad, flattened, and large in + proportion to body. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent of +length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135°; distal 1/3 of shaft +slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft +short, 2.17 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, and shaft +thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, +and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from _E. +townsendii_, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so widened; +from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, base +not dorsoventrally thickened; from _E. amoenus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. +dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft more distinct; +from _E. merriami_, in baculum markedly shorter, base not incised +dorsally. + + _Specimen examined_: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount + Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN). + + +#Eutamias minimus# (Bachman) + +Figure 2 + + Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies; + size small to medium; rostrum short and stout. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28 per +cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125°; distal 1/2 +of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long, 2.44 to +4.35 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened; +from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. +quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from _E. amoenus_, in +tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from _E. dorsalis_, in +angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. townsendii_, in tip less +than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft 125° +instead of 130°; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip less +well-developed, keel higher; from _E. merriami_, in shaft shorter (less +than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer. + +For comparison with _E. alpinus_ see the account of that species. + +In most places where _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_ occur together they +can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at Banff and +Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is almost necessary. +There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished readily by the shape of +the bacula. + + _Specimens examined_: 72. + + _Eutamias minimus borealis_: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS). + + _E. m. cacodemus_: South Dakota: _Shannon Co._: Quinn's Draw, + Cheyenne River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200 + ft., 1. + + _E. m. confinis_: Wyoming: _Big Horn Co._: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S + Shell, 9,000 ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1. + _Washakie Co._: 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1. + + _E. m. consobrinus_: Montana: _Madison Co._: 26 mi. NW West + Yellowstone, 6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 5 mi. E and + 9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100 ft., 2. _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. + W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 + ft., 2. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N + Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: _Jackson Co._: 9-1/2 mi. W and + 2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1. + + _E. m. jacksoni_: Michigan: _Menominee Co._: 7 mi. E Stephenson, + 4 (MM). Wisconsin: _Juneau Co._: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM). + + _E. m. minimus_: Wyoming: _Natrona Co._: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E + Powder River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950 + ft., 1; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1. + _Uinta Co._: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft. + Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). _Sweetwater Co._: + Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and + 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1. + + _E. m. operarius_: Wyoming: _Converse Co._: 21-1/2 mi. S and + 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 1. _Carbon Co._: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E + Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1. + _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Colorado: + _Rocky Mountain National Park_, 1 (MM). _Boulder Co._: + Unspecified, 1 (NM). _Gunnison Co._: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W + Gunnison, 8,150 ft., 1. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W + Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. _Archuleta Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5 + mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3. _Costilla Co._: + Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. + E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3. + + _E. m. pallidus_: Montana: _Fergus Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). + _Sweetgrass Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: _Campbell Co._: + 4 mi. S and 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi. + N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte, 6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi. + W Gillette, 1. + + _E. m. silvaticus_: South Dakota: _Pennington Co._: Unspecified, + 1 (MM). _Custer Co._: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: _Weston + Co._: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6,150 ft., 3. + + +#Eutamias townsendii# (Bachman) + +Figure 3 + + Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts + tawny, or stripes conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender + and sparsely haired; size large; skull largest in the subgenus + _Neotamias_. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent of +length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 of shaft +slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft +short, 2.24 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner, +tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, +_E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum +shorter and smaller; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip +not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from _E. amoenus_ and _E. +dorsalis_, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter; from +_E. merriami_, in being markedly shorter, and having base widened and +deepened but not incised dorsally. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_ and _E. minimus_ see the accounts of +those species. + + _Specimens examined_: 2. + + _E. townsendii townsendii_: Oregon: _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 1 + (NM). + + _E. t. cooperi_: Oregon: _Hood Co._: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 + mi. ENE Mount Hood, 1. + + +#Eutamias sonomae# Grinnell + +Figure 4 + + Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of + pinnae of ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large; + skull large, long, and narrow; rostrum deep. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31 per +cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/4 +of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than +shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges on either side +of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from side. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in ridges on either side of tip strongly +developed, shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally +shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, +and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip +strongly developed, baculum shorter; from _E. amoenus_ and _E. +dorsalis_, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly +developed, base thicker and wider; from _E. merriami_, in markedly +shorter, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, tip +proportionally longer, base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. townsendii_, +see the accounts of those species. + + _Specimens examined_: 5. + + _E. sonomae alleni_: California: _Marin Co._: Unspecified, 1 + (NM). + + _E. sonomae sonomae_: California: _Siskiyou Co._: Salmon Mts., W + slope, W of Etna, 1 (BS). _Shasta Co._: Redding, 1 (BS). + _Mendocino Co._: Cahto, 1 (BS). + + +#Eutamias amoenus# (J. A. Allen) + +Figure 5 + + Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size + small to medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium; + frequently difficult to distinguish from _E. minimus_. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35 per +cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 +of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to 2.96 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner; +from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_ and _E. +quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip +shorter; from _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and +shaft 130°, usually smaller; from _E. merriami_, in being markedly +shorter, and in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally +longer. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, and +_E. sonomae_, see the accounts of those species. + +Bacula from skins labeled as _E. amoenus amoenus_ from, Lardo, Valley +Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National Forest, Idaho +(BS), resemble the bacula of _E. umbrinus_, and critical study of other +features of these specimens probably will show that they are _E. +umbrinus_. + + _Specimens examined_: 23. + + _E. amoenus amoenus_: Oregon: _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1 + (MM). Idaho: _Valley Co._: Lardo, 1 (BS). _Butte Co._: + Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise National Forest, 1 (BS). + + _E. a. ludibundus_: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM). + + _E. a. luteiventris_: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: _Flathead + Co._: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. _Teton Co._: + 17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. _Missoula + Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: _Idaho Co._: 20 mi. S and 2 + mi. E Grangeville, 2. _Fremont Co._: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, + 7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming: + _Teton Co._: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1. + + _E. a. monoensis_: California: _Mono Co._: Leevining Creek, 1 + (NM). + + _E. a. vallicola_: Montana: _Ravalli Co._: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi. + NW Stevensville, 3,750 ft., 2. + + +#Eutamias dorsalis# (Baird) + +Figure 6 + + General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes + indistinct or obsolete; skull large. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40 per +cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140°; distal 1/2 +of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium, 2.64 to +3.69 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from _E. +quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. +quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from _E. +merriami_, in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip +proportionally longer. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, and _E. amoenus_, see the accounts of those species. + + _Specimens examined_: 12. + + _E. dorsalis dorsalis_: Arizona: _Yavapai Co._: 3 mi. N Ft. + Whipple, 5,000 ft., 1 (BS). _Gila Co._: Carr's Ranch, Sierra + Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). _Pima Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New + Mexico: _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM); 1 mi. N Cebolleta, + 1 (MM). _Socorro Co._: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS). _Chihuahua_: + Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS). + + _E. d. utahensis_: Wyoming: _Sweetwater Co._: W side Green + River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: _Moffat Co._: Escalante + Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore, 1 (BS). Arizona: _Coconino Co._: Ryan, + 1 (BS). + + +#Eutamias merriami# (J. A. Allen) + +Figure 7 + + General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts + white, more or less dulled by gray; size large; skull large. + +Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent of +length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/10 of +shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft +markedly long, 4.88 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base incised dorsally, base not widened, +shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. +ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in base +incised dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, and _E. dorsalis_, see the accounts of those +species. + + _Specimens examined_: One from Mount Piņos, Ventura Co., + California (LA). + + +#Eutamias quadrivittatus# (Say) + +Figures 8-10 + + Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened. + +Baculum of _E. q. quadrivittatus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, +1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle +formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed +laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm. + +Differs from _E. q. hopiensis_, in baculum larger, angle formed by tip +and shaft less distinct; from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, in shaft and +tip proportionally shorter; from _E. r. simulans_, in keel +proportionally lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from _E. +cinereicollis_, in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, +ridges on either side of tip more distinct; from _E. quadrimaculatus_, +in tip proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. +panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base +not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft +larger. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_, see the +accounts of those species. + +Baculum of _E. q. hopiensis_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/3 +of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by +tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; +shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length. + +Differs from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, _E. r. simulans_, _E. +cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in being shorter, proportions +as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, +_E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly +widened, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. alpinus_, _E. +minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, +and _E. merriami_, except for smaller size, as in _E. q. +quadrivittatus_. + +Bacula of _E. q. hopiensis_ from northeastern Arizona are like those in +typical _E. q. quadrivittatus_. The specimens from this region, to judge +from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades between +_E. q. hopiensis_ and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. Specimens from near Moab, +Grand Co., Utah, are typical _E. q. hopiensis_ and the bacula of these +specimens are considerably smaller than those of specimens of typical +_E. q. quadrivittatus_. No bacula are known to me that are structurally +intermediate between those of _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and _E. q. +hopiensis_. + + _Specimens examined_: 21. + + _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_: Colorado: _Gunnison Co._: + Sapinero, 1 (BS). _Chaffee Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Saguache + Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. _Fremont + Co._: Canon City, 3 (BS). New Mexico: _Rio Arriba Co._: Dulce, 1 + (BS). _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 4. + _Union Co._: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). _Valencia Co._: Mirror + Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). _Torrance Co._: S end, E slope, + Manzano Mountains, 2 (BS). + + _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_: Utah: _Grand Co._: Mouth of + Nigger Bill Canyon, E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge, + 4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: _Apache + Co._: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS). + + +#Eutamias ruficaudus# Howell + +Figures 11-12 + + General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase + narrowed. + +Baculum of _E. r. ruficaudus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4 +of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle +formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed +laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm. + +Differs from _E. r. simulans_, in keel proportionally lower, tip +proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed, +shaft usually longer; from _E. cinereicollis_, in angle formed by tip +and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct; +from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually +shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, +angle formed by tip and shaft larger. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E. +quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species. + +Baculum of _E. r. simulans_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 2/5 +of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed +by tip and shaft 130°; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed; base +slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm. + +Differs from _E. cinereicollis_ in, keel proportionally higher, shaft +shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft +smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from _E. +quadrimaculatus_ in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and +shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more +laterally compressed, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. +panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base +not markedly widened, shaft usually longer. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E. +quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species. + +The differences between the bacula of the subspecies _Eutamias +ruficaudus ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_ are comparable to those +usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I suspect that +_E. r. simulans_ and _E. r. ruficaudus_ are specifically distinct and +suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens in the +geographic area between the geographic ranges as now known for the two +kinds to ascertain whether intergradation (the criterion of subspecies) +occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation but in the absence of +precise information, I choose not to modify the current taxonomic +arrangement of _E. r. ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_. + + _Specimens examined_: 17. + + _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_: Montana: _Flathead Co._: 1 mi. W and + 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. _Ravalli Co._: Big Hole Hill, + 6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill, 6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide, + Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1. + + _E. r. simulans_: Idaho: _Bonner Co._: Priest Lake, 1 (BS). + _Kootenai Co._: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. _Shoshone + Co._: Mullan, 1 (BS). _Clearwater Co._: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N + Pierce, 6. + + +#Eutamias cinereicollis# (J. A. Allen) + +Figure 13 + + General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to + large; skull large; braincase widened. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip +34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145°; +distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly +widened; shaft long, 4.88 mm. + +Differs from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in keel lower, ridges on either side +of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. +speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. +bulleri_, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed by +tip and shaft much larger. + +For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, _E. +quadrivittatus_, and _E. ruficaudus_, see the accounts of those species. + + _Specimen examined_: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, + Apache Co., Arizona (BS). + + +#Eutamias quadrimaculatus# (Gray) + +Figure 14 + + General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern + inconspicuous; light and dark facial stripes strongly + contrasting; size large; skull relatively small and slightly + built. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 27 +per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal +1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than +shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm. + +Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. +umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft markedly longer; +base not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip +proportionally shorter. + +For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western North +America, see the accounts of those species. + + _Specimens examined_: 4. + + California: _Plumas Co._: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). _Placer + Co._: Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). _Alpine Co._: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N + fork Stanislaus River, 1 (BS). + + +#Eutamias speciosus# (Merriam) + +Figure 15 + + General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of + color pattern strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and + strikingly conspicuous; size medium; skull moderately broadened; + dorsal outline of skull strongly arched in profile; upper + incisors short and sharply recurved. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip; base +of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of shaft; +angle formed by tip and shaft 90°; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly +compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short to +medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm. + +Differs from _E. panamintinus_, in base of keel proportionally shorter, +angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. +palmeri_, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal +2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base markedly +wider; from _E. bulleri_, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip +proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct. + +For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North +America, see the accounts of those species. + +The baculum in _E. speciosus frater_ is approximately the same size as +in _E. umbrinus inyoensis_, but differs in shape as described above. + + _Specimens examined_: 6. + + _E. speciosus frater_: California: _Madera Co._: San Joaquin + River, near head of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS). + + _E. speciosus sequoiensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount + Whitney, 1 (BS); Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS). + + _E. speciosus callipeplus_: California: _Kern Co._: Mount Pinos, + 1 (BS). + + +#Eutamias panamintinus# (Merriam) + +Figure 16 + + Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of + medium size; braincase flattened. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2 +of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by +tip and shaft 110°; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed laterally; +base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm. + +Differs from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, in distal 2/3 (rather than +1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from _E. bulleri_, in +keel smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct. + +For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western North +America, see the accounts of those species. + +The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of _E. +speciosus_ and the geographic ranges of these two species are in +juxtaposition. + + _Specimen examined_: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, + Inyo Co., California (CN). + + +#Eutamias umbrinus# (J. A. Allen) + +Figures 17-18 + + General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of + medium size; braincase narrowed. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50 per +cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; distal 1/2 +of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft +short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm. + +Differs from _E. bulleri_, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on +either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed +laterally. Does not differ from _E. palmeri_. + +For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North +America, see the accounts of those species. + +Specimens of _E. umbrinus montanus_ from north-central Colorado have, in +the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to _E. quadrivittatus +quadrivittatus_. In many features these two kinds of chipmunks resemble +each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless, differ markedly (compare +figs. 8-9 with 17-18). + + _Specimens examined_: 25. + + _E. umbrinus umbrinus_: Wyoming: _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. + W Robertson, 8,700 ft, 1. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 + mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12. + + _E. u. adsitus_: Utah: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range + Mountains, 8,500 ft, 1 (BS). _Wayne Co._: Donkey Lake, Boulder + Mountain, 10,000 ft., 1 (UU). _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., + Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU). + + _E. u. sedulus_: Utah: _Garfield Co._: Mount Ellen, Henry + Mountains, 1 (BS). + + _E. u. inyoensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount Whitney, head + of Big Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: _Elko Co._: W side Ruby + Lake, 3 mi. N Elko County Line, 1. + + _E. u. nevadensis_: Nevada: _Clark Co._: Sheep Mountains, 1 + (MM). + + _E. u. fremonti_: Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, + 8,025 ft., 1; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1. + + _E. u. montanus_: Colorado: _Boulder Co._: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 + ft., 1; 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1. + + +#Eutamias palmeri# Merriam + +Figures 17-18 + + General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale; + skull, rostrum, nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in _E. + umbrinus_. + +Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of _E. umbrinus_. This supports the +opinion of previous students that _E. palmeri_ is a close relative of +_E. umbrinus_ which occurs immediately to the north and east. +Intergradation does not occur between these two species, for, low-lying +terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates _E. palmeri_ from its +relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.) + + _Specimen examined_: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear + Creek Co., Nevada. + + +#Eutamias bulleri# (J. A. Allen) + +Figure 19 + + General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes + conspicuous and black; size large; skull large. + +Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long, 1/2 of +length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by +tip and shaft 100°; base markedly widened; shaft of medium length, 3.30 +mm. + +For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North +America, see the accounts of those species. + +The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive +among chipmunks of western North America. + + _Specimens examined_: 2. + + _E. bulleri bulleri_: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM). + + + + +[Illustration: FIGS. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise +indicated, of the baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus +_Neotamias_) of western North America: + + 1. _Eutamias alpinus_, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow, + Tulare Co., California. + + 2. _E. minimus consobrinus_, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Robertson, 9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming. + + 3. _E. townsendii cooperi_, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300 + ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon. + + 4. _E. sonomae sonomae_, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co., + California. + + 5. _E. amoenus luteiventris_, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West + Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., Fremont Co., Idaho. + + 6. _E. dorsalis dorsalis_, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, + 5,000 ft., Yavapai Co., Arizona. + + 7. _E. merriami merriami_, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura + Co., California. + + 8 and 9. _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS; + from Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view. + + 10. _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft., + Grand Co., Utah. + + 11. _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S + Summit, 5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana. + + 12. _E. ruficaudus simulans_, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N + Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho. + + 13. _E. cinereicollis cinereicollis_, No. 208621 BS; from Mount + Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona. + + 14. _E. quadrimaculatus_, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy, + Plumas Co., California. + + 15. _E. speciosus sequoiensis_, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount + Whitney, Tulare Co., California. + + 16. _E. panamintinus panamintinus_, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns, + Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California. + + 17. _E. umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W + and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah. + + 18. _E. umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S + Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view. + + 19. _E. bulleri bulleri_, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso, + Zacatecas.] + + + + +DISCUSSION + + +In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks and +assigned these to the five main groups of species which were proposed by +Howell (1929). In characterizing each species, Johnson (_op. cit._) not +only made a careful study of skins and skulls, but also employed many +ecological data. + +Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's +(_op. cit._) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests that +there are three (not five) groups of species in California--as well as +elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus _Neotamias_. The +three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. _minimus_-group (_E. alpinus_, _E. +minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, +and _E. merriami_); 2. _quadrivittatus_-group (_E. quadrivittatus_, _E. +ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_); and 3. +_speciosus_-group (_E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. +palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_). + +_Eutamias panamintinus_, according to Howell (_op. cit._:78) and Johnson +(_op. cit._:83), is a near relative of _E. amoenus_. But, the baculum in +_E. panamintinus_ more closely resembles that in _E. speciosus_ than +that in _E. amoenus_ (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16). Consequently I have +placed _E. panamintinus_ in the _speciosus_-group. + +In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are _E. umbrinus_ +(subspecies _montanus_) have, in the past (Howell _op. cit._:82), been +referred to _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, but the bacula of the +two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9 with +17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly identified to +species. Further, Howell (_op. cit._:95) placed _E. umbrinus_ +(subspecies _umbrinus_ and _fremonti_ of current usage) in the +_quadrivittatus_-group, whereas the structure of the baculum leads me to +place _E. umbrinus_ in the _speciosus_-group. + +Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls and +skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a broader +basis which includes the bacula. + +Johnson (_op. cit._:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a +characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species. Where +two or more species occur together in a general locality they are +usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and nesting sites +and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the species of +Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics but by +habits and habitats as well. The characteristics of the skulls and skins +of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats in which these animals live. +The characteristics of the bacula, on the other hand, may also reflect +the habitats in which the animals live, but to a lesser degree. Because +the structures of the bacula are probably less affected by the action of +the external environment they probably indicate relationships between +groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of +the skulls and skins. + +If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between groups of +species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics of the +skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the skulls of _E. +quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ may be thought of as convergence. The +same can be said of _E. amoenus_ and _E. panamintinus_. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +FRILEY, C. E., JR. + + 1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour. + Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1. + +HOWELL, A. H. + + 1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and + _Eutamias_). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps. + +JOHNSON, D. H. + + 1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of + California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls., + 12 figs, in text, December 24. + +WHITE, J. A. + + 1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals. + Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15. + + + + +_Transmitted June 26, 1953._ + + +24-8968 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of +Western North America, by John A. White + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. 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