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Richards + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Euthenics, the science of controllable environment + a plea for better living conditions as a first step toward + higher human efficiency + +Author: Ellen H. Richards + +Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31508] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Irma Spehar and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1 class="title1">EUTHENICS</h1> + +<h2 class="title2">THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE<br /> +ENVIRONMENT</h2> + +<h3 class="title3">A PLEA FOR BETTER<br /> +LIVING CONDITIONS AS A FIRST STEP<br /> +TOWARD HIGHER HUMAN<br /> +EFFICIENCY</h3> + +<div class="tp"> +<p class="titq">The national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized +net earnings is about $1,000,000,000.</p> + +<p class="right"><i>Report on National Vitality</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="author"><i>By</i> ELLEN H. RICHARDS<br /> +<span style="font-size: 80%">Author of Cost of Living Series, Art of Right Living, etc.</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 2em; font-size: 80%">SECOND EDITION</p> + +<p class="publisher">WHITCOMB & BARROWS<br /> + +BOSTON, 1912</p> + +<p class="copyright">Copyright 1910<br /> +By Ellen H. Richards<br /><br /> + +Thomas Todd Co., Printers<br /> +14 Beacon St., Boston</p> + + + +<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></h2> + +<div class="blockquots"><p>Never has society been so clear as to its several special ends, never has +so little effort been due to chance or compulsion.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy.</i> +</p></div> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">N</span>ot</span> through chance, but through increase +of scientific knowledge; not +through compulsion, but through democratic +idealism consciously working through +common interests, will be brought about the +creation of right conditions, the control of +environment.</p> + +<p>The betterment of living conditions, +through conscious endeavor, for the purpose +of securing efficient human beings, is what +the author means by <span class="smcap">Euthenics</span>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>“Human vitality depends upon two primary +conditions—heredity and hygiene—or +conditions preceding birth and conditions +during life.”<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p><p>Eugenics deals with race improvement +through heredity.</p> + +<p>Euthenics deals with race improvement +through environment.</p> + +<p>Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.</p> + +<p>Euthenics is hygiene for the present +generation.</p> + +<p>Eugenics must await careful investigation.</p> + +<p>Euthenics has immediate opportunity.</p> + +<p>Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing +better men now, and thus inevitably +creating a better race of men in the future. +Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary +science on which Eugenics must be +based.</p> + +<p>This new science seeks to emphasize the +immediate duty of man to better his conditions +by availing himself of knowledge already +at hand. As far as in him lies he must +make application of this knowledge to secure +his greatest efficiency under conditions +which he can create or under such existing +conditions as he may not be able wholly to +control, but such as he may modify. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> +knowledge of the causes of disease tends +only to depress the average citizen rather +than to arouse him to combat it. Hope of +success will urge him forward, and it is the +duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible +ways of attaining the goal. The tendency +to hopelessness retards reformation and +regeneration, and the lack of belief in success +holds back the wheels of progress.</p> + +<p>Euthenics is to be developed:</p> + +<ul> +<li>1. Through sanitary science.</li> +<li>2. Through education.</li> +<li>3. Through relating science and education to life.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Students of sanitary science discover for +us the laws which make for health and the +prevention of disease. The laboratory has +been studying conditions and causes, and +now can show the way to many remedies.</p> + +<p>A knowledge of these laws, of the means +of conserving man’s resources and vitality, +which will result in the wealth of human +energy, is more and more brought within +the reach of all by various educational +agencies.</p> + +<p>The individual must estimate properly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +the value of this knowledge in its application +to daily life, in order to secure efficiency +and the greatest happiness for himself +and for the community.</p> + +<p>Right living conditions comprise pure +food and a safe water supply, a clean and +disease-free atmosphere in which to live +and work, proper shelter, and the adjustment +of work, rest, and amusement. The +attainment of these conditions calls for +hearty coöperation between individual and +community—effort on the part of the individual +because the individual makes personality +a power; effort on the part of the +community because the strength of combined +endeavor is required to meet all great +problems.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Eutheneo, Εὐθηνέω (<i>eu</i>, well; <i>the</i>, root of <i>tithemi</i>, to cause). To +be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to prosper.—<i>Demosthenes.</i> To be +strong or vigorous.—<i>Herodotus.</i> To be vigorous in body.—<i>Aristotle.</i> +</p><p> +Euthenia, Εὐθηνία. Good state of the body: prosperity, good fortune, +abundance.—<i>Herodotus.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 49.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="EUTHENICS" id="EUTHENICS"></a>EUTHENICS<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>BETTER ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HUMAN +RACE</h3> + + + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table summary="table of contents" class="contents"> + +<tr><td class="pageno" colspan="3" style="font-size: 79%">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td class="con">The opportunity for betterment is real and +practical, not merely academic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td class="con">Individual effort is needed to improve individual +conditions. Home and habits +of living, eating, etc. Good habits pay +in economy of time and force</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td class="con">Community effort is needed to make better +conditions for all, in streets and public +places, for water and milk supply, hospitals, +markets, housing problems, etc. +Restraint for sake of neighbors</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td class="con">Interchangeableness of these two forms of +progressive effort. First one, then the +other ahead</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td class="con">The child to be “raised” as he should be. +Restraint for his good. Teaching good +habits the chief duty of the family</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td class="con">The child to be educated in the light of +sanitary science. Office of the school. +Domestic science for girls. Applied +science. The duty of the higher education. +Research needed</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_91">91</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td class="con">Stimulative education for adults. Books, +newspapers, lectures, working models, +museums, exhibits, moving pictures</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td class="con">Both child and adult to be protected from +their own ignorance. Educative value +of law and of fines for disobedience. +Compulsory sanitation by municipal, +state, and federal regulations. Instructive +inspection</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a></td><td class="con">There is responsibility as well as opportunity. +The housewife an important +factor and an economic force in improving +the national health and increasing +the national wealth</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I_1" id="CHAPTER_I_1"></a>CHAPTER I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>The opportunity for betterment is real and +practical, not merely academic.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Men ignore Nature’s laws in their personal lives. They crave a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their choice of +dwelling places, in their building of houses to live in, in their selection +of food and drink, in their clothing of their bodies, in their choice of +occupations and amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they +disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions that make +their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible of attainment.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through +Environment.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And is it, I ask, an unworthy ambition for man to set before himself +to understand those eternal laws upon which his happiness, his prosperity, +his very life depend? Is he to be blamed and anathematized for endeavoring +to fulfill the divine injunction: “Fear God and keep His commandments, +for that is the whole duty of man”? Before he can keep them, +surely he must first ascertain what they are.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Adam Sedgwick. Address, Imperial College of Science +and Technology,<br /> December 16, 1909. Nature, December +23, 1909, p. 228.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In my judgment, the situation is hopeful. To realize that our +problems are chiefly those of environment which we in increasing measure +control, to realize that, no matter how bad the environment of this +generation, the next is not injured provided that it be given favorable +conditions, is surely to have an optimistic view.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Carl Kelsey, Influence of Heredity and Environment +upon Race Improvement.<br /> Annals of American Academy +of Political and Social Science, July, 1909.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></h2> + +<div class="blockquots"><p>It is within the power of every living man to rid himself of every +parasitic disease. <span style="float: right"><i>Pasteur.</i></span></p></div> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">S</span>uch</span> facts as the following, showing the +increase in health, or rather the decrease +in disease, go to prove what may be +done.</p> + +<p>Since 1882, tuberculosis has decreased +forty-nine per cent; typhoid, thirty-nine +per cent. Statistics in regard to heart disease +and other troubles under personal control, +however, show increase—kidney disease, +131 per cent; heart disease, fifty-seven +per cent; apoplexy, eighty-four per cent. +This means that infectious and contagious +diseases, of which the State has taken cognizance +and to the suppression of which it +has applied known laws of science, have +been brought under control, and their existence +today is due only to the carelessness or +the ignorance of individuals.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, such results of improper +personal living as do not come under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +legal control—diseases of the heart, kidneys, +and general degeneration, matters of +personal hygiene—have so enormously increased +as in themselves to show the attitude +of mind of the great mass of the people, +“Let us eat and drink and be merry, +what if we do die tomorrow!”</p> + +<p>Probably not more than twenty-five per +cent in any community are doing a full +day’s work such as they would be capable +of doing if they were in perfect health. +This adds to the length of the school course, +to the cost of production in all directions, +to increased taxation, and decreases interest +in daily life.</p> + +<p>The trouble is that the public does not +<i>believe</i> in this waste which comes from being +“just poorly” or “just so as to be about.” +It has no conception of the difference between +working with a clear brain and a +steady hand, and working with a dull and +nerveless tool. It must be convinced of this +in some way. General warnings have been +ineffective, and now the appeal is being +made to the American people on the basis of +money loss. Thus it has been carefully estimated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +that the average economic value of an +inhabitant of the United States is $2,900. +The vital statistics of the United States for +population give 85,500,000. Eighty-five +million five hundred thousand multiplied +by $2,900 equals $250,000,000,000 (minimum +estimate), and this exceeds the value +of <i>all other wealth</i>. The actual economic +saving possible annually in this country by +preventing needless deaths, needless illness, +and needless fatigue is certainly far greater +than $1,500,000,000, and may be three or +four times as great.</p> + +<p>Dr. George M. Gould estimated that +sickness and death in the United States cost +$3,000,000,000 annually, of which at least +one-third is regarded as preventable.</p> + +<p>From all sides comes testimony to the +decrease in personal efficiency of workers +of all degrees. Medical science has prolonged +life, hospitals and visiting nurses +have made sickness less distressful, but have +also in many cases prolonged the time and +increased the cost. Sanitary science aims to +prevent the beginnings of sickness, and so to +eliminate much of the expense.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + +<p>The discovery that the mosquito is the +carrying agent for the yellow fever germ +has saved more lives annually than were lost +in the Cuban War. In the yellow fever epidemic +of 1872, the loss to the country was +not less than $100,000,000 in gold.</p> + +<p>“With our present population there are +always about 3,000,000 persons in the United +States on the sick list.... By means of Farr’s +table, we may calculate that very close to a +third, or 1,000,000 persons, are in the working +period of life. Assuming that average +earnings in the working period are $700, +and that only three-fourths of the 1,000,000 +potential workers would be occupied, we +find over $500,000,000 as the minimum loss +of earnings.</p> + +<p>“The cost of medical attendance, medicine +and nursing, etc., is conjectured by +Dr. Biggs in New York to be from $1.50 +each per day for the consumptive poor to +a greater amount for other diseases and +classes. Applying this to the 3,000,000 years +of illness annually experienced, we have +$1,500,000,000 as the minimum annual cost +of this kind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p>“The statistics of the Commissioner of +Labor show that the expenditure for illness +and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars +per family per annum. This is for workingmen’s +families only. But even this figure, +if applied to the 17,000,000 families +of the United States, would make the total +bill caring for illness and death $460,000,000. +The true cost may well be more than +twice this sum. Certainly the estimate is +more than safe, and is only one-third of the +sum obtained by using Dr. Biggs’s estimate. +The sum of the costs of illness, including +loss of wages and cost of care, is thus $460,000,000 +plus $500,000,000 equals $960,000,000.... +At least three-quarters of the costs +are preventable.”<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The cost of certain preventable diseases +a year is estimated by various authorities as:</p> + +<table summary="diseases"> +<tr><td>Tuberculosis</td><td class="pageno">$1,000,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Typhoid</td><td class="pageno">250,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Malaria</td><td class="pageno">100,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Other insect diseases</td><td class="pageno">100,000,000</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>A hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor +by life insurance companies to bring +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>home to the people the possibilities of race +betterment. One company sends out among +its policy holders trained nurses, who give +plain talks on health subjects and offer practical +suggestions as to hygienic living. This, +to be sure, is on the economic basis of money +saving, but if that is the only thing that +will appeal to the people is it not wise to +seize upon it as a lever to lift the standard +of well-being?</p> + +<p>The possibility of saving the enormous +sums that are lost by reason of premature +deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance +men. It gave to the world what, +up to that time, it had lacked—a body of +powerful men who recognized that they +had a financial interest in preventing the +needless death of men and women.</p> + +<p>A table has been prepared showing that +if insurance companies were to expend +$200,000 a year for the purely commercial +object of reducing their death losses, and +should thereby decrease them only twelve +one-hundredths of one per cent, they would +save enough to cover the expense.</p> + +<p>“If such a plan as this were placed on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +a purely scientific basis and carried out by +good business methods, and all the companies +pulled together for the common +good, I should expect a decrease in death +claims of more than one per cent; and a +decrease in the death claims of one per cent +would mean that the companies would save +more than eight times as much as they expended, +or would make a net saving of more +than seven times the expense, which would +be about a million and a half dollars a +year.”<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>“While it would be impossible to state in +general terms how rich a return lies ready +for public or private investments in good +health, these examples (life insurance) +show that the rate of this return is quite +beyond the dreams of avarice. Were it +possible for the public to realize this fact, +motives both of economy and of humanity +would dictate immediate and generous expenditure +of public moneys for improving +the air we breathe, the water we drink, the +food we eat, as well as for eliminating the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>dangers of life and limb which now surround +us.”<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Undoubtedly a moral force is to be +strengthened by spreading the biological +lesson that man cannot live to himself alone, +but that his acts or failure to act affect a +large number of his fellowmen. Also, a +stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied +in the suggestion of better health and +consequently more money to spend as a +result.</p> + +<p>Civic pride and private gain will be +brought into the endeavor to show man that +to understand himself, to exercise the same +control over his activities that he uses over +his machines, is to double his capacity, not +only for work, but for pleasure. This control +is now possible through the application +of recently confirmed scientific knowledge +as to man’s environment.</p> + +<p>It is the aim of this book to arouse the +thinking portion of the community to the +opportunity of the present moment for inculcating +such standards of living as shall +tend to the increase of health and happiness.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> +<p>To the women of America has come an +opportunity to put their education, their +power of detailed work, and any initiative +they may possess at the service of the State.</p> + +<p>Faith, Hope, and Courage may be taken +as the three potent watchwords of the New +Crusade. There is a real contagion of ideas +as well as of disease germs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 119.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Hiram J. Messenger, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 123.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II_1" id="CHAPTER_II_1"></a>CHAPTER II<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>Individual effort is needed to improve individual +conditions. Home and habits of living. +Good habits pay in economy of time +and force.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The hope is springing up in some minds that the entire problem of +human regeneration will be much simplified when men shall have learned +more fully the nature of their own lives, the nature of the physical world +that environs them, and the interaction between this physical world and +the spirit of man which is set to subdue it.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through +Environment.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We create the evil as well as the good. Nature is impersonal. To +an increasing degree <i>man</i> determines.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Carl Kelsey.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The only certain remedy for any disease is man’s own vital power.</p> + +<p>Today only an exceptional man, almost a genius, learns to modify his +habits and his life to his environment and to triumph over his surroundings, +his appetites, and the absurd dictates of fashion.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Richard Cole Newton, M.D., How Shall the Destructive<br /> +Tendencies of Modern Life Be Met and Overcome?</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength, length of +life, etc., but it lies largely with ourselves to adopt a mode of life which +may make an actual difference in height, weight, and physical strength +and intellectual capacity.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>E. H. Richards, Sanitation in Daily Life.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There are two recognized ways of improving the quality of human +beings: one by giving them a better heredity—starting them in life with +a stronger heart, better digestion, steadier nerves; the other by so combining +the factors of daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong, +a poor digestion may become good, and frayed nerves gain steadiness.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>E. H. Richards, The Art of Right Living.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>FAITH</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> relation of environment to man’s +efficiency is a vital consideration: how +far it is responsible for his character, his +views, and his health; what special elements +in the environment are most potent and +what are the most readily controlled, provided +sufficient knowledge can be gained of +the forces and conditions to be used.</p> + +<p>To this end home life—in its relations +to the child, the adult, and the community—is +considered in connection with the effect +on the home of the influences outside it, and +the reaction of each on the other. These +relations and influences are partly physical +and material, partly ethical and psychical.</p> + +<p>The right of the child is protection, and +it is the responsibility of the adult—parent, +teacher, or state officer—to secure this protection.</p> + +<p>The knowledge that investigators are +gaining in the laboratory and are trying to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +give to the community must be accepted and +applied by the individual. How is the individual, +discouraged by sickness and hardship, +to know that things are awry or that +they can be set more nearly straight? How +can he know that he is responsible for his +limitations? Why should he suppose that +he need not be eternally a slave to environment? +How can he realize that “health +promotes efficiency by producing more +energy and leaving it all free for useful +purposes?” A few enlightened souls recognize +the tendency of environment to kick +the man that is down; to be subservient to +the man of bodily and mental vigor, of keen +understanding and human insight, but the +majority must be led to believe these scientific +principles.</p> + +<p>Again and again scientists and humanitarians +must return to the attack, for individual +carelessness becomes community +menace, and “line upon line and precept +upon precept” they must present their +knowledge in language that shall attract +and hold the attention and fancy. So the +work and discoveries of Metchnikoff have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +gained credence because the disciple who +described them had the ability to impress on +his audience in a convincing fashion the one +fact that made a strong appeal—the possibility +of long life. If those who are zealous +for any movement would study the psychology +of advertising and speak as forcefully +as the legitimate advertiser, they would be +more persuasive and successful.</p> + +<p>When an idea has won in a certain circle, +it quickly spreads to the other members, +thence to active communities. So the universal +law of imitation may be the greatest +help in the spread of ideas. The individual +eats a certain food because his neighbor +does. Boston determines to make an effort +for a better city because Chicago has felt +the stirrings of civic pride.</p> + +<p>A gifted individual with a deep sense +of the need of his community sees an ideal +condition, which by his thought becomes a +possibility. These beliefs he shares with a +few choice spirits till the circle has widened. +The new ideas come to the notice of +the city or the town officials, new means are +adopted of educating the whole community,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +and, if necessary, legal measures are +passed. But the new means to betterment +must be applied by the individual. Beginning +with the exceptional individual and +ending with the average individual, the +perfect circle is rounded out.</p> + +<p>The leaders must show convincingly +that the laws which they have discovered +may be applied to daily life, but the <i>individual +himself</i> must adopt them. When he +has been saturated with knowledge, his inertia +will break down, his hopelessness give +way to its very antithesis, a strong hope for +a better future. Every known method must +be used by the laboratory to develop this +hope into a belief wide enough to reach all +members of every section of the community +and deep enough to become a vital working +principle. Only through a belief strong +enough to ride over unbelief and inertia, +a belief in the value of science for personal +life strong enough to make a wise choice +possible, can the will to obtain a better +environment be developed. The belief in +better things must be thoroughly impressed +on the individual mind. Each individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +must understand that it does affect <i>him</i>, that +it is <i>his</i> concern, that <i>he</i> must give heed to +his environment. Then he may have the +will and make the effort to combat dangers +to body and mind.</p> + +<p>Today, belief is much more difficult than +ever before because the dangers are unseen +and insidious, and our enemies do not generally +make an appeal through the senses +of sight and hearing. But the dangers to +modern life are no less than in the days of +the pioneers, when a stockade was built as +a defense from the Indians. We have no +standards for safety. Our enemies are no +longer Indians and wild animals. Those +were the days of big things. Today is the +day of the infinitely little. To see our cruelest +enemies, we must use the microscope. +Of all our dangers, that of uncleanness leads—uncleanness +of food and water and air—uncleanness +due to unsanitary production +and storage, to exposure to street dust, or to +cooking and serving of food in unclean vessels. +Such conditions result not only in +actual disease, but in lowered vitality and +lessened work power.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> + +<p>Lack of knowledge on the part of some, +heedlessness on the part of others who +should be intelligent enough to interpret +such conditions, are responsible for their +continuance. A few timely suggestions +will accomplish more in remedying many +evils than any amount of attempted legal +enforcement. The very fact of a law makes +many persons defy it. They feel justified +in showing their wit by outwitting the +law’s representatives. Many of our newer +citizens have come to us from the protection +(?) of a personal authority that they +can see and feel. In this country of ours, +we have taken away that binding regard for +authority, and we must as far as possible +lead rather than compel.</p> + +<p>It is, after all, what a man determines +for himself and for his family that affects +both his views of life and his wish to secure +for himself and for them that which he believes +to be best. It is not what some other +man believes for him that affects his life.</p> + +<p>Evolution from within, not a dragging +from outside, even if it is in the right direction, +is the method of human development.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +Nevertheless, if the bale of hay is skillfully +hung in front of the donkey’s nose it will +often serve to start the wheels on an easy +road.</p> + +<p>Evidence of the value of concerted +effort by individuals and of the power of +suggestion was given by a woman’s club in +a small town. The members became aware +of the dangers in exposed food, and on investigation +found their own market to be +very low in standards of cleanness. At a +certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor +why he did not protect this and +cover that article. Certain members were +told off for the duty and the days agreed +upon. Mrs. A., making her usual purchases, +casually asked why such an article +was not covered. “I never thought about +it,” was the answer. Mrs. B., the next day, +asked why such an article was left out for +the flies. “I never thought about the flies.” +Mrs. C. asked the same question on the +third day. The proprietor said: “You’re +the third woman who has asked me that. +No one ever suggested it before, but it +would be a good idea.” Before the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +two weeks the provisions and groceries were +covered. The end had been gained without +resort to coercion.</p> + +<p>We know that our capacity for mental +and bodily work depends on our supply of +food. Proper food is necessary as a source +of power for the work of the body as well +as to furnish material for growth and repair +of the losses of the body. Taking food is +the most interesting of the vital processes. +It appeals to all the senses (except hearing).</p> + +<p>Professor Dawson calls attention to the +fact that the richest food areas in the world +have provided the most powerful stocks of +men of which we have any record, and it +has been pointed out by many that improper +food is closely connected with +mental and moral defects. Strong men and +women are not the product of improper +food. Dr. Stanley Hall says: “The necessity +of judicious, wholesome food is paramount.... +You can educate a long time by +externals and not accomplish as much as +good feeding will accomplish by itself. +Children must be supplied with plenty of +nutritious food if they are to develop healthily +either in mind or body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>”</p> + +<p>Mr. Robert Hunter says: “All that we +are, either as individuals or as a complexly +constituted society of men, is made possible +by the food supply.... Perhaps more than +any other condition of life it lies at the +door of most of the social and mental inequalities +among men.”</p> + +<p>In these days of irresponsibility there is +probably more harm done to the health by +ignoring physical law in the matter of eating +than in any other one thing.</p> + +<p>It is in the study of food substances and +their possibilities in relation to better sanitary +conditions that the widest field is open +to housekeepers, and the subject should be +especially fascinating to women of education +and ability. All the skill and knowledge +of the best educated women should be +enlisted in the cause of better food for the +people. Certainly no subject, except that +of pure air, can have a closer bearing on the +health than right diet. Much sound teaching +will be needed before bad habits of +eating and drinking will be conquered.</p> + +<p>A strong, well man whose work is muscular +and carried on in the open air, as is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +that of the farmer and of the fisherman, +will have the power to assimilate almost +anything, and can maintain abundant health +on the coarsest food poorly prepared, provided, +only, that it is abundant and composed +of the chemical constituents that the +body requires.</p> + +<p>Only a small proportion of our people, +however, engage in work of this sort. The +majority are compelled by occupation, age, +or health to remain indoors. For them +nutritious, readily digested food is a requisite. +The farmer or the fisherman can +digest, even thrive upon, food which would +be deadly for a woman working in a factory.</p> + +<p>In the fourth report of the Massachusetts +State Board of Health (1873), +Dr. Derby, the secretary, holds that “we +have good reason to believe that the many +forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly +met with among all classes in Massachusetts, +in country quite as much as in town, +are but too often the danger signal that +Nature gives us to show that the food, either +in its quality, or its preparation, or its variety, +is unsuited to maintain the vital processes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +If this warning is rejected, the result +of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease +of the so-called major class.”</p> + +<p>Sanitation in relation to food deals first +with wholesome and clean materials—meat +from animals free from disease; fruit and +vegetables free from decay; milk, butter, +etc., free from harmful bacteria. The dangers +are the transference to the human body +of encysted organisms like trichina; of the +absorption of poisonous substances as toxins +or ptomaines; of the lodgment of germs of +disease along with dust on berries, rough +peach skins, crushed-open fruits; of dirt +clinging to lettuce, celery, and such vegetables +as are eaten raw.</p> + +<p>For the next class of dangers we turn to +the handling of foods with unclean hands.</p> + +<p>In countless ways disease is spread mysteriously, +all due to unclean habits. It is a +safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants +in which the waiters are evidently +trained to handle the food and vessels with +care. It will pay well to take care of one’s +hands and learn sanitary habits when one is +young; then one will do right without effort.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +Whatever change of ideas may come with +increase of knowledge, these habits will not +need to be unlearned. Without knowing +the reasons for them, they have been proclaimed +in civilized lands.</p> + +<p>It should be the part of the physicians +to take pains to advise, for most of our people +are accessible to ideas; yet from these +can come no improvement until the people +are convinced that it is needed. Just as soon +as the individual fully realizes that he himself +is to blame for his suffering or his +poverty in human energy, he will apply his +intelligence to the bettering of his condition. +If he can, in a short time, make as good a +showing as public effort has made in the +case of water supplies, he will accomplish +much for the race.</p> + +<p>Of equal importance to food, in the +proper care of the human machine, comes +the air we breathe.</p> + +<p>Many of man’s present physical troubles +are due to the roof over his head confining +the warmed, used-up air, which would escape +freely if there were an opening provided. +The first law of sanitation requires<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +the quick removal of all wastes. Once-breathed +air is as much a waste as once-used +water, and should be allowed to escape. +Sewers are built for draining away used +water. Flues are just as important to serve +as sewers for used air. Air is lighter than +water, and out-breathed air being warmed +is lighter than that at room temperature. +It rises to the ceiling, where it will escape +if it is allowed to do so before it cools sufficiently +to fall.</p> + +<p>The roof also keeps out sunlight, and +some late investigations indicate that glass +cuts off some of the most vitally important +light rays. The “glame” of the Ralstonites—“air +in motion with the sunlight on +it”—may have a scientific basis.</p> + +<p>It will at once be retorted, “But we cannot +heat all out-of-doors.”</p> + +<p>A partial reply is: Do not try to make +your house a tropical jungle. Travelers +assure us that such an atmosphere is not +conducive to work or to health.</p> + +<p>All great nations have lived in a temperate +climate, where physical and mental activity +was possible for many hours a day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +Science is more and more clearly giving +reasons for the cooler temperature in certain +physiological laws. The habits of life +in regard to air and food are largely under +individual, or at least under family control, +and should be studied as personal hygiene.</p> + +<p>The lessons being so clearly taught in +the treatment of tuberculosis should be +heeded in forming the general living habits +of the people.</p> + +<p>If loss of life can be lessened and working +power increased by man’s effort, why +does he not make the effort? Why are men +and women so apathetic over the prevalence +of disease? Why do they not devote their +energies to stamping it out? For no other +reason than their disbelief in the teachings +of science, coupled with a lingering superstition +that, after all, it is fate, not will +power, which rules the destinies of mankind.</p> + +<p>Perhaps it is too much to expect that +a sturdy plant of belief should have grown +since the days of Edwin Chadwick and +Benjamin Ward Richardson (1830-50), +less than a century ago, when there were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +perhaps not a dozen men and women who +believed that man had any appreciable +control over his own health.</p> + +<p>This early school of sanitarians endeavored +to “get behind fate, to the causes +of sickness.” The modern socionomist is, +by a study of the mental conditions of communities, +endeavoring to get behind the +causes of poverty and consequent suffering +to the reasons for <i>fatal indifference to dirt</i>.</p> + +<p>It is well recognized that in severe sicknesses +of many kinds the will to get well is +more powerful than drugs, that something +which we call nerve force acting upon the +physical machine sends a vital current +through the arteries, coerces the heart to +renewed pumping action, and life comes +again to the blanched cheek and glazing +eye. This more often happens by a mental +stimulus than by any medicine. In like +manner the improvement of the body’s +shell, the home, like that of the soul’s shell, +the body, comes more often from an inward +impulse than from outward coercion.</p> + +<p>Appeal to the loving but listless parent +will reach the heart quickest through love<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +for the child. Therefore stress should be +laid on the child, its habits, its surroundings, +its ideals. By ideals is meant the very +real stimulus to action coming from within. +Action must come through the material +things which ideals control and through +which they express themselves.</p> + +<p>Certain notions which have crept into +popular currency need to be corrected before +the individual can free himself from +bondage sufficiently to attempt constructive +advance and improvement.</p> + +<p>Only a small percentage of adults obtain +the full efficiency from the human machine—the +only means they have of living, working, +enjoying. They permit themselves to +stand and walk badly, they breathe with +only a portion of their lungs, and so fail +to furnish the blood stream with oxygen. +They dress unhygienically. They eat +wrongly. They exercise little. In short, +they subject their bodies to abusive treatment +which would ruin any machine. Because +retribution does not instantly follow +infraction of Nature’s laws, they become +callous and unbelieving. Economy and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +efficiency in human time and strength is +one of the lessons to be taught the young +people, so that they may not waste their +patrimony.</p> + +<p>The youth feels as rich in his fifty years +to come as he does with a legacy of $50,000 +in the bank. The years, however, can yield +only small variations from the established +rate of interest. The human machine can +manufacture only a limited amount of +energy. It remains to utilize that quantity +to the best advantage. This can be done +only by having a purpose in life strong +enough to resist alluring temptations to +fritter away both time and strength.</p> + +<p>One of the world’s busy workers found +that the distractions of urban life were +breaking in upon his working time and +making inroads upon his physical vitality. +He recognized that work for the body and +work for the mind must be balanced, and he +evolved an acrostic to be followed as a rule +of life, the fulfillment of which has meant +prolonged years of efficient work and has +kept the freshness of middle life with the +advancing years. Taking the six days of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +the week as a unit, the acrostic is as +follows:</p> + +<table summary="the feast of life"> +<tr><th colspan="3"><i>The Feast of Life</i></th></tr> + +<tr><td>F</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Food</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr> +<tr><td>E</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Exercise</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr> +<tr><td>A</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Amusement</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr> +<tr><td>S</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Sleep</td><td>Three-tenths the time</td></tr> +<tr><td>T</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Task</td><td>Four-tenths the time</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="newchapter">The first and last are nearly fixed quantities, +the other three may vary within certain +limits as to amount of time given and intensity +of effort. Amusement and exercise may +be taken together; exercise and sleep may +be somewhat interchangeable.</p> + +<p>The task, or daily work, is a necessity for +mental and physical health. It should be +accepted as a part of human life and the +will and energy should be directed to doing +it well. It may be a pure delight, the most +entertaining thing that happens; <i>it should +be interesting</i>. It is astonishing how interesting +a dull piece of work may become if +one sets one’s self to doing it well. That +which one subconsciously knows one is doing +badly is drudgery. The real pleasure +in life comes not from so-called amusements—things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +done by other people to make one +laugh; to “take one’s mind off”—but from +seeing the work of one’s own hand and +brain prosper. The work of creation, of +transformation to desirable result, is the +purest joy the human mind can experience. +Fourteen hours a day is not too much for +this kind of task. The difficulty is to gain +skill of hand and eye, or training of mind, +to this end. A fallacy, a canker at the heart +of our social fabric today, is that the daily +task is something to be rid of.</p> + +<p>The psychology of doing is clearly illustrated +in the character of Fool Billy, as +drawn by the author of “Priscilla of the +Good Intent.”</p> + +<p>“Is there nought ye like better than +idleness?” asked the blacksmith. “Think +now, Billy—just ponder over it.”</p> + +<p>“Well, now,” answered the other, after +a silence, “there’s playing—what ye might +call playing at a right good game. Could +ye think of some likely pastime, David?”</p> + +<p>“Ay, could I; blowing bellows is the +grandest frolic ever I came across.” ...</p> + +<p>“I doubt ’tis work, David.... I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +shouldn’t like to be trapped into work. +’Twould scare me when I woke o’ nights +and thought of it.”</p> + +<p>“See ye then, Billy”—blowing the +bellows gently—“is it work to make yon +sparks go, blue and green and red, as fast +as ever ye like to drive ’em?”</p> + +<p>“Te-he, ’tis just a bit o’ sport—I hadn’t +thought of it in that light.” And soon he +was blowing steadily.</p> + +<p>Later, when David the smith was going +to America and wished to leave his forge +with the half-witted Billy, he proposed the +smith’s work as play.</p> + +<p>“Te-he,” laughed Billy, “am I to play +wi’ all your fine tools, David?”</p> + +<p>“Ay, just that. I’ve taught ye the way +o’ them and Dan Foster’s lad from Brow +Farm shall come and blow the bellows for +you.”</p> + +<p>“Will that be work for Dan Foster’s +lad, or play?”</p> + +<p>“Hard work, Billy—grievous hard +work, while you are just playing at making +horseshoes, fence railings, and what +not.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>”</p> + +<p>“And I’m to play at making horseshoes,” +went on Fool Billy, “while Dan +Foster’s lad’s sweating hard at bellows-blowing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>”</p> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III_1" id="CHAPTER_III_1"></a>CHAPTER III<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>Community effort is needed to make better +conditions for all, in streets and public +places, for water and milk supply, hospitals, +markets, housing problems, etc. Restraint +for sake of neighbors.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Quite slowly but surely, the idea is dawning on the social horizon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to human prosperity is discreditable +to a civilized community, and that economics if not ethics calls +for their control.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Alice Ravenhill.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is the new view that disease must be understood and overcome; +that hospitals, dispensaries, surgical and medical treatment, nursing and +preventive measures must be developed and dovetailed into a general social +scheme for the elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial +reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as yet be classed as +preventable.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Edward Devine, Social Forces.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright of +normal physical efficiency. It is the duty of those who aspire to be +known as social workers each to do his share in confirming his fellow +beings in this possession.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before<br /> +Conference of Women Workers, London, 1904.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We know now that if we do the things we ought to do, we can +prevent sickness. We have reached a point where it is recognized that +it is the duty of the community or state to effectually protect itself against +the ignorant, the selfish, the filthy, and the diseased. We believe now +that we must have proper sewage disposal, pure water, decent tenements, +clean streets, good-sized playgrounds, supervision of factories, protection +of child labor, and pure food.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Eugene H. Porter, Report, 1909, New York State Department +of Health.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Next after himself, man owes it to his neighbor to be well, and to +avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden upon that neighbor.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. William T. Sedgwick, The Call to Public Health.</i><br /> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>HOPE</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> real significance of biological evolution +has not been grasped by the +people in general. It is that man is a part +of organic nature, subject to laws of development +and growth, laws which he cannot +break with impunity. It is his business to +study the forces of Nature and to conquer +his environment by submitting to the inevitable. +Only then will man gain control +of the conditions which affect his own +well-being.</p> + +<p>Sickness, we know, is the result of breaking +some law of universal nature. What +that law may be, investigators in scores of +laboratories are endeavoring to determine. +In most diseases they have been successful. +Those remaining are being attacked on all +sides, and it may be confidently predicted +that a few years will see success assured.</p> + +<p>Why, then, does sickness continue to be +the greatest drain upon individual and national<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +resources? Because man, through +ignorance or unbelief, will not avail himself +of this knowledge, or is behind the times in +his method. Where wisdom means effort +and discomfort, many feel it folly to be +wise.</p> + +<p>The individual may be wise as to his +own needs, but powerless by himself to +secure the satisfaction of them. Certain +concessions to others’ needs are always made +in family life. The community is only a +larger family group, and social consciousness +must in time take into account social +welfare. Moreover, a neighbor may pollute +the water supply, foul the air, and +adulterate the food. This is the penalty +paid for living in groups. Men band together, +therefore, to protect a common +water supply, to suppress smoke, dust, and +foul gases which render the common air unfit +to breathe. The State helps the group to +protect itself from bad food as it does from +destruction of property.</p> + +<p>The development of fire protection is a +good example of community effort. The +isolated farmhouse may have buckets of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +water and blankets in an accessible place +with which to put out an incipient fire. +Then eight or ten families build close together. +The danger of one becomes the +danger of all, and a fire brigade is organized +that may protect all. When hundreds of +families crowd together in a small space +the danger becomes so much the greater +that a paid department with efficient apparatus +is necessary. No one complains of +the infraction of individual rights. Each +one is glad to pay his share of the expense.</p> + +<p>In securing protection from other dangers, +the individual and the family unit are +fast relying on community regulations. In +fact, in many ways the individual, when he +becomes one of a crowd, must go whither +the crowd goes and at the same rate of +progress.</p> + +<p>Failure to recognize that by coming into +the community he has forfeited his right to +unrestrained individuality causes an irritation +as unreasonable as harmful.</p> + +<p>A certain control of sanitary conditions +must be delegated to the community and its +rules cheerfully followed. The legal aspects<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +of these rules will be considered in a +later chapter. Here is to be considered +only the <i>mental attitude</i> with which the +members of the community should come +together to agree upon a common defense +against disease and dirt. The spirit of coöperation +must prevail over a tendency to +antagonism when certain individual rights +seem to be involved.</p> + +<p>Numbers of families living close together +are served by the same grocer or +market man. These families may agree +upon their requirements as to quality and +cleanliness and publish their rules. If they +do not take interest enough to protect themselves, +the community must make rules for +them. If the local officials are not vigilant +enough, the State may step in and compel +the observance of sanitary regulations.</p> + +<p>The average citizen learns of the existence +of a health regulation when he is +warned that he has broken it, or perhaps is +fined. His first attitude is rebellion at the +invasion of his personal liberty. The housewife +usually takes the ground that the rule +is absurd or unnecessary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<p>When, in the interest of the community, +any law is to be enforced, how are the people +to be led from this rebellious state of +mind? Perhaps first through authority. +In America we have learned to use the +phrase, “Big Stick.” Authority is exactly +that; it is coercion from without. It has +partial result in good; the law may be fulfilled +because the individual knows he must +obey when within the jurisdiction of that +law; but if the result is simply obedience +to authority and not to the underlying +principle, it will not be a force in his life +or be continued if by chance he can escape +it. He will be a “tramp” in his methods +of obedience. This method can never be +constructive; its value lies in the possibility +that by continuous usage or repetition the +procedure may become a habit, and from +habit will come reason and intelligence.</p> + +<p>But the more direct and efficient way to +help the individual to realize his relation to +communal right living is through education. +The former method—blind obedience—will +foster the spirit of antagonism and call +the State’s protection “interference,” thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +weakening the efficiency of the State and of +the individual, for the State is the multiplication +of its citizens; but through the latter +method the individual will carry out the +law with intelligence and interest. This +will be constructive and it will be permanent, +for again, if the State is the sum of +its citizens, the efficiency of the State is the +sum of the efficiency of the citizens.</p> + +<p>Their interests are now identical, the +man has become equal master with the +State; they are co-partners. His motive for +right living is greater than the letter of the +law, for he is the living law, the protest +against wrong and the fulfillment of the +right.</p> + + +<p style="padding-top: 1.5em">The next generation must be born with +healthy bodies, must be nurtured in healthy +physical and moral environments, and must +be filled with ambition to give birth to a +still healthier, still nobler generation. But, +as has been said, “whatever improvements +may sometime be achieved, the benefits of +their influence can be enjoyed only by +future, perhaps distantly future generations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +We of the present have to take our +heredity as we find it. We cannot follow +the advice of a humorous philosopher to +begin life by selecting our grandparents; +but through hygiene (sanitary science) we +can make the most of our endowment.”<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>There is a force in the development of +public opinion somewhere between individual +action and national compulsion +which may be termed “semi-public” action. +It is in a measure the same sort of influence +that in a later chapter is termed “stimulative +education.” For instance, a hospital +for the treatment of some special ailment is +needed. Private enterprise furnishes the +capital, proves the success of the treatment, +and then the community comes forward and +supports the institution. Such helps are +accepted freely and are not considered undemocratic.</p> + +<p>The less spectacular but more effective +office of prevention of the need for charity, +in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets, +streets, and shops, yes, even in the +homes of the people, has been neglected. +Through lack of belief, and especially +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>through inattention to causes so common as +to escape notice, many details of great hygienic +importance have been overlooked.</p> + +<p>Some daring ones in commercial ventures +are showing the possibilities of a +standard in cleanness, and model establishments, +dairies, bakeries, and restaurants +should receive the hearty support of a community. +If they do not receive this support, +it is more than discouraging to the +promoters, for <i>it costs to be clean</i>, a lesson +the community must learn. The saving of +money and the consequent loss of life +through disease, or the spending of money +and the saving of life through prevention, +are the alternatives.</p> + +<p>Undoubtedly the old view of charity as +tenderly caring for the sick—because there +must always be a certain amount of sickness +in the world—has held men back from +attempting to make a world without sickness. +The charity worker of the past had +no hope of really making things better +permanently.</p> + +<p>The new view, based upon scientific +investigation, is that it is not charity that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +is needed to support invalids who once +stricken must fade away, but preventive +action to give the patient hope and fresh +air. Most important of all, the experience +already gained shows how far from +the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the +necessary continuance of disease.</p> + +<p>While the support of many agencies—dispensaries, +clinics, hospitals, sanatoria, +etc.—must for a time depend upon private +philanthropy, the expense is in the nature +of an investment to bring in a high rate of +interest in the future welfare of the race. +As soon as the belief in the efficiency of +these agents reaches the taxpayer he will +willingly furnish the funds for public +agencies.</p> + +<p>Today the child in the school is examined; +then, if need be, is given special consideration +at the dispensary, then sent to +school, where, with fresh air, pure food, +and hygienic surroundings, he will so +strengthen himself as to combat the ravages +of disease.</p> + +<p>The Association for the Improvement +of the Condition of the Poor, New York<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +City, not only sends bread to fill the hungry +stomach, but now sends a wise and sympathetic +worker to help women to understand +food and money values, which means a permanent +help. And it no longer simply says +to the tired, worried woman who has had no +education-stimulus along the line of cleanness, +“Be clean,” but sends in women to +make the house an example, an exhibit of +clean conditions, if you will. Example is +stronger than precept.</p> + +<p>In the rapid growth of cities, so often +beyond anticipation, preparation for development +or plans for extension have +seldom been laid. Much suffering has been +wrought to the families of men in our +crowded cities, for there is no greater evil +than the congestion of streets and buildings.</p> + +<p>Many students of social conditions of +today believe that the most serious menace +is the situation best described as housing—the +site, the crowding, the bad building, +poor water supply and drainage, lack of +light and air and cleanliness. All believe +that it is economically a loss to the city in +general, however profitable to a very few.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +To rent such buildings is a far greater crime +than cruelty to animals or even the beating +of women and children.</p> + +<p>But groups of people the wide world +over are keenly awake to this state of affairs, +and though the problem is tremendous they +are trying in numerous ways to solve it.</p> + +<p>In some cities there are at present organizations +urging “city planning,” while in +several foreign cities the municipality has +already made regulations. In some cities +there are municipal model tenements, but +this is still a project of too small proportions +to affect the community.</p> + +<p>Perhaps no modern movement that comprehends +both the city planning and the +housing of the working people is more ideal +than the “Garden Cities” movement in +England and the other countries following +it.</p> + +<p>If there is any spot on which the hand +of the law should be laid, it is the congested +districts in cities and mill villages. The +evil has grown to such magnitude that the +first steps will mean some drastic measures.</p> + +<p>The author has elsewhere called it the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +<i>Capitalists’ Opportunity</i>. Instead of investing +in an uncertain gold mine in some distant +land, let the millions, for no less sum +will suffice, be invested in a plot of land, +whether an open field or a slum district +depends on local conditions, and thereon +cause to be erected habitations decently +comfortable, wholly sanitary, and place +over each group an inspector as both agent +and teacher who shall be a friend to the +tenants, and to whose office they may come +freely with their needs. This plan has been +in part carried out in the Model Tenements +in New York, but variations and improvements +are needed. There should be more +light and air, more grass and trees, even if +the buildings are fifteen-story towers.</p> + +<p>The old story has been so often reiterated, +“But the tenants will not use the +devices,” that the capitalist has become callous +to this appeal. The missing link in +the chain has been the instruction to go with +the construction.</p> + +<p>All department stores, all venders of +new mechanical appliances, have come to +recognize the value of demonstration, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +instruction, in the use of articles as an aid +to purchase. The advocate of better dwellings +must take a leaf from the commercial +book and <i>show how</i>. It is in this that philanthropy +has been weak in the past. It +has assumed a power to see, where there +was only a fear of handling the strange +objects.</p> + +<p>There is a virgin field for the capitalist +who wishes to use some millions for the +prosperity of the country to build a short +trolley line to a district of sanitary houses +with gardens, playgrounds, entertainment +halls, etc.; such a village to contain, not +long blocks, but both separate houses and +tenements from two rooms up, possibly +several stories high, where the elders may +have light and air without the confusion of +the street. Dust and noise will be eliminated. +There should be a central bakery +and laundry, and, most important of all, +an office where both men and women skilled +in sanitary and economic practical affairs +may be found ready to go to any home and +advise on any subject. There has never yet +been such an enterprise with all the elements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +worked out. Several, however, have +shown the way, the Morris houses in Brooklyn, +for example.</p> + +<p>It is easier to take a city block and construct +fireproof, high buildings than to solve +transportation problems. We are losing +our fear of the high buildings as we see +the great value of light and air. There is +chance for work in this direction, for in +spite of rapid transit some must live in the +center of things.</p> + +<p>Let a philanthropist or two, instead of +building hospitals, set some bright young +architects and sanitarians to devising such +suitable housing conditions for city and +suburbs as will obviate the necessity for +hospitals. Any lover of his kind, any one +who longs for fame, could find both it and +the blessing of the homeless by this means, +and in the end get a fair return for his +investment.</p> + +<p>The Federal Department of Labor<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> has +studied workingmen’s houses, but <i>living +in the house</i> has not been worked up. +The housewife has no station to which she +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>may carry her trials, like the experiment +stations which have been provided for the +farmer. Here is another opportunity for +the capitalist to hasten the time when the +State will supply these. The way will very +soon be laid out and the first steps taken.</p> + +<p>For the immediate present some standard +of healthful housing is needed, and now +that a similar type of house and of apartment +house is being built in all cities and +towns from one ocean to the other, and from +Texas to Maine, such a standard is compatible +with conditions.</p> + +<p>A score card for houses to rent would +save much wrangling. The agent shows the +card with this house’s rating, and the tenant +learns that some of his wishes are incompatible +with the standard, and some would +mean a much higher rent than he is willing +to pay. Professor J. R. Commons, Department +of Economics, University of Wisconsin, +has devised a score card to serve the +house hunter and householder as a standard +of comparison. This should serve the house +builder as well, indicating what the demand +will be forty or fifty years hence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<p>At present the rating stands somewhat as +follows:</p> + + +<ul style="line-height: 130%"> +<li style="padding-left: 6em">Dwelling, 100 points</li> + +<li>Location, 18 points out of 100</li> +<li>Congestion of buildings, 26 points</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Common entrance for two or more, discredit 2 points</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Basement, discredit 5 points</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Sunlight, credit 16 points of the 26</li> +<li>Window openings, 11 points</li> +<li>Air and ventilation, 13 points</li> +<li>Structural condition, 6 points</li> +<li>House appurtenances, 26 points</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Well outside, discredit 3 points</li> +</ul> + + + +<p>The final score card may vary somewhat.</p> + +<p>For rent collectors there is also a score +card.</p> + +<ul style="line-height: 130%"> +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Occupants, 100 points</li> + +<li>Congestion of occupancy, 61 points cubic air space</li> +<li>1,000 cu. ft. per person, no discredit</li> +<li style="padding-left: 0.6em">600 cu. ft. per person discredits 20 points</li> +<li>Condition of air and ventilation, 18 points</li> +<li>Cleanliness, 21 points</li></ul> + + +<p>A score card movement might be started +as a hobby, and in the end lead public +opinion to judicial choice and action. No +such movement, however, is possible without +leaders, and leaders of the right type.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<p>The lesson for the community to be +drawn from a study of crowd psychology +is that of leadership and loyal coöperation. +The common man is likely to be possessed +of one idea at a time. If such an one becomes +a leader, there is danger that equally +vital factors will be overlooked. Safety is +found in a combination of leaders to make +an all-round improvement.</p> + +<p>Each individual is too busy in his own +affairs to look after his own, much less his +neighbor’s, health and comfort, hence community +life, with its advantages, brings its +own dangers. Children in school in contact +with other children; crowds in trains, in elevators, +stores, in lecture halls, contract habits +as well as diseases. The need for large +quantities of supplies at one point brings +long-distance transportation and cold storage +difficulties. The man who caters to +public need does not look far ahead to consequences, +and if unrestrained may prove +more of a menace than a convenience.</p> + +<p>The safe and reasonable way is to delegate +to certain persons the making and enforcement +of regulations corresponding to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +the needs of the times, and then to obey +them, even at some personal inconvenience.</p> + +<p>Each community should put into the +hands of its health officers the carrying out +of the rules it has agreed to as an <i>insurance</i> +against outbreaks of disease. Does a man +let his fire insurance policy lapse because +the year has passed without a fire? Even +if the regulation seems superfluous to the +particular individual or family, let it be +remembered that there are inflammable +spots in every community. Eternal vigilance +is the price of safety in sanitary as +well as in military affairs. As in the army, +the community must delegate scout duty to +certain chosen individuals and rely on their +report for safety.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bulletin No. 54.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV_1" id="CHAPTER_IV_1"></a>CHAPTER IV<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>Interchangeableness of these two forms of +progressive effort. First one, then the other +ahead.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour, and enlistment in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +the cause can come only through education....</p> + +<p>He who understands the dangers is thrice armed, and is trained and +entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect the health of his household +and neighbors.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. M. H. Rosenau, Harvard Medical School.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next generation of parents is being made strong or weak in home +and school today by an environment furnished by parents and teachers. +These latter cannot be too well instructed in physiology, hygiene, and +biology.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Prof. John Tyler, The Responsibility of the Medical<br /> Profession +for Public Education in Hygiene.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The new view is a social view, which seeks in all movements, whether +of research or of remedial action, for the common welfare.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Edward Devine, Social Forces.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Democracy means that the best of all life is for all, and that if there +are many incapable of entering into it, then they must be helped to become +capable.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If the child is not only in theory but in practice recognized as the +main interest in society, the family and society will more and more assist +the mother in his nurture.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic standards of +those who provide the means for administering sanitary law. The tax-paying +public must believe in the economy, utility, and necessity of efficient +health administration.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Wm. H. Allen, Civics and Health.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The connection between poverty and ill health is so direct, so immediate, +and so important that the moment any individual or society turns +its attention to the causes of poverty, that moment it finds itself in the +thick of the public health movement.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Homer Folks, Journal Public Hygiene, November, 1909.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>FAITH AND HOPE</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">P</span>rogress</span> is a series of zigzags: now +the individual goes ahead of the community; +now the community outstrips the +individual.</p> + +<p>The community cannot rise much above +the level of the individual home, and the +home rises only by the pull of the community +regulations, or by the initiative of a few +especially farsighted individuals.</p> + +<p>The steps need to be carefully measured, +for if the family begins to rely on the State +for the backbone it should have, it will not +stay up, and its fall will be lower than the +stage it rose from. “When man reverts, he +goes not to Nature, but to death.”</p> + +<p>The example set by the city in maintaining +clean streets and well-kept parks reacts +upon the home yards. The insistence by the +police on city regulations as to alleys and +garbage educates the family as to the general +attention to be paid to such things.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<p>The city authorities, on the other hand, +are prodded to their work by well-informed +individuals who see the great gain to the +community from certain measures.</p> + +<p>The centers of movement, civic and +quasi-religious or philanthropic, are usually +the outgrowth of individual effort. The +great movements for betterment—water +supply, street cleaning, tenement laws, etc.—are +carried out by community agreement +with a common tax outlay.</p> + +<p>The clean city means streets of clean +houses. The clean house in the midst of a +dirty city may be the match to start a fire of +cleansing.</p> + +<p>Probably medical inspection in the public +school is as good an example as may +be given of helpfulness to the community. +No quicker means of influencing both home +and community life may be found, for in +five years it might revolutionize the whole.</p> + +<p>School buildings should be so constructed +and so managed that they cannot +themselves either produce or aggravate +physical defects. Departments of school +hygiene should be organized, not only in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +every city, but for every rural school under +county and state superintendents of instruction. +The general question of physical +welfare of children involves too many considerations +to be satisfactorily treated by +school physician and school nurse alone, or +by busy teachers and principals.</p> + +<p>“New York City will spend in 1910 +$6,500 for making over twenty rooms in +regular buildings, a first step in an entirely +new plan of ventilation, which will eventually +give outdoor air to all children, sick +or well.”<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Speaking generally, America is one of +the last of the civilized nations to deal with +the subject of the medical inspection of +school children upon a comprehensive and +national scheme. But once aroused to the +needs, it is safe to say that the nation will +speedily educate parents to correct such +home conditions as reduce the child’s ability +to profit from schooling, and to persuade +governments to see that safe homes are provided. +It will be easy to convince the taxpayer +that it is cheaper to provide such care +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>than to neglect the future parent and citizen, +for it is easy to prove that medical +inspection in our schools returns large dividends +on small investments. Dr. Luther +Gulick says that it seems probable, though +only a guess, that the total annual expenditure +for medical inspection of schools in the +United States at the present time is perhaps +$500,000. The money saved by enabling +thousands of children to do one year’s work +in one year, instead of in two or three years, +would greatly exceed the total expense of +examining all children in all boroughs.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The health of all our school children +should be conserved by a system of competent +medical inspection which should secure +the correction of defects of eyes, ears, +teeth, as well as defects due to infection or +malnutrition.</p> + +<p>The statistics of medical inspection in +public schools tell a pitiful tale wherever +it has been tried: thirty or forty per cent of +the children are found with defective or +diseased eyes, ten to twenty per cent with +distorted spines, fifteen per cent with throat +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>and nose troubles, all of which directly +affect their intellectual proficiency.</p> + +<p>When these deficiencies are discovered +and reported to the parents, such is the +apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per +cent of the cases usually go unattended; +therefore the school nurse, who follows the +case home and explains the needs and sets +forth the penalties, has become a necessity.</p> + +<p>The parent who permits his child to go +to school physically unfitted to profit from +school opportunity is not only injuring his +own child, but is injuring his neighbor’s +child, and is taxing that neighbor without +the latter’s consent.</p> + +<p>It would seem as if such parents had +forfeited their right to the sole care of the +children, and that government would be +obliged, for its own protection, to step in +and do the work while it is needed. The +author has termed this <i>temporary paternalism</i>. +The providing of penny lunches during +the morning recess, the service of the +school nurse and the home visitor to teach +those parents who are willing to learn all +these schemes for the saving of the child,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +may be carried out in a spirit of helpfulness +with a support which may be withdrawn +when no longer needed.</p> + +<p>Although all America has not become +aroused to the undoubted fact of tendencies +toward physical deterioration, it is on the +verge of an awakening. The public school +is the natural medium for the spread of +better ideals, and if the teachers of cooking +and of hygiene would coöperate and use all +the material which sanitary science is heaping +on the table before them, we should +soon see a betterment of the physical status. +Combined with medical inspection and +sanitary construction of schoolhouses, this +would raise the general health of the community +thirty or forty per cent in five years +and fifty to seventy per cent in ten years.</p> + +<p>There has been in some quarters much +objection to public effort towards remedying +evils which would not have existed if +each family had lived up to its duties. The +community is a larger family, with greater +resources, and can employ investigators to +find the means for greater security. That +individual is very foolish who does not recognize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +this interaction between community +and individual, and who objects to taking +the benefits of the larger knowledge.</p> + +<p>To take one of the latest examples of +social problems: In every thousand children +in the public schools of any city, probably of +the town also, there are perhaps fifty who +are ill-nourished (not necessarily underfed), +ill-clothed, unwashed, and deprived +of good air for sleeping. What is the duty +of the public? This is one of the burning +questions of the moment. Send missionary +teachers to the homes, some say, but that is +costly; the selection of the suitable missionary +is difficult, and the result may be slight. +Others say, give one good luncheon at the +school, for which the children pay in part +or in whole, and make that an education +which, by the aid of the school nurse, will +in time affect a change in habit. In short, +the problem is this: Shall the children suffer +in childhood and become a burden on society +in adult years, or shall society protect +itself from future expense by community +care now? “Because <i>finding</i> diseases and +defects does not protect children unless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +discovery is followed by <i>treatment</i>, fifty-eight +cities take children to dispensaries +or instruct at schoolhouses; fifty-eight send +nurses from house to house to instruct parents +and to persuade them to have their +families cared for; 101 send out cards of +instruction to parents either by mail or the +children; while 157 cities have arranged +special coöperation with dispensaries, hospitals, +and relief societies for giving the +children the shoes or clothing or medical +and dental care which is found necessary.”<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Nearly all preventive measures adopted +by society and ranked as paternalism by +timid philanthropists are or may be educative +and temporary at the same time. +They may be dropped as soon as the end is +gained. The attention of parents must be +called to neglected duties. Compulsory +attention to such duties as affect the wards +of society, the children, may be needed for +a time. Just as the wise father, taking the +child for a walk, allows him to run free as +soon as his strength and courage permit, so +the paternalism of society is relaxed as soon +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>as its <i>protégées</i> show themselves both able +and willing to do the right thing without its +aid or command.</p> + +<p>Compulsory school attendance places responsibility +for certain care, vaccination, +decent clothing, good food, decent shelter. +The thousand and one ways in which society +is now protecting itself are all educating +the newcomers to American ideals. They +are all intended to make efficient, self-sustaining +citizens who do not feel the pull of +the law or the bond of outside care. It +is the last conflict between the ideals of individualism +and those of the community need, +subordinating the individual preference. +Much wisdom and forbearance will be +needed to secure this community ideal, but +in that way evidently lies progress. It behooves +the leaders of social effort to make +all their work educational, and thus remove +the necessity for a repetition in the future.</p> + +<p>Just as the parent in the home establishes +habits while the child’s mind is plastic, +so the community stands <i>in loco parentis</i> +to the future citizen, and surrounds him +with safeguards while needed. Knowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +is needed, scientific investigation is fundamental, +expert wisdom is indispensable, +costly though it is, being the product of +long research and rare brain power. This +is at the service of the nation for the good +of all the people, and it is the surer the +wider the range of experience. For this +reason chiefly, greater actual knowledge +and more complete harmonizing of conflicting +interests is necessary. Certain sanitary +measures are carried out by the Federal +government as an education to communities, +just as communities educate individuals. +Federal effort may be unwisely put forth in +certain cases, investigations of little consequence +may be undertaken, but on the whole +a democracy must learn to manage its affairs +by making mistakes. The principle should +not be discarded as a result of the first +mistake.</p> + +<p>The immediate concern of this chapter +is with the leaders of community movements, +the educated, sympathetic, farsighted +sociologists, sanitarians, and economists, +whose concern is for the advancement +of mankind. These leaders must have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +courage and belief in the value of their +work, for no half-hearted means will carry +the community forward. Still more, they +must have knowledge, a sure ground to stand +upon. To acquire this means both time and +opportunity. To go into betterment work +without it is to set back the wheels of progress, +not to advance them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Bureau of Municipal Research.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Quoted in Report on National Vitality, p. 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bulletin, Bureau of Municipal Research.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V_1" id="CHAPTER_V_1"></a>CHAPTER V<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>The child to be “raised” as he should be. +Restraint for his good. Teaching good +habits the chief duty of the family.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our success or failure with the unending stream of babies (one every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +eight seconds) is the measure of our civilization: every institution stands +or falls by its contribution to that result, by the improvement of the children +born or by the improvement of the quality of births attained under its +influence.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>H. G. Wells, Mankind in the Making.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Children are the most hopeful element of our population, and we should +concentrate our efforts on them.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. W. F. Porter, Harvard Medical School Lectures.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We want the mothers to be the health officers of the home.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Charles W. Hewitt.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When human beings and families rationally subordinate their own +interests as perfectly to the welfare of future generations as do animals +under the control of instinct, the world will have a more enduring type +of family life than exists at present. This can only be accomplished by +the development of controlling ideals which are supported not only by +reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and religious motive.</p> + +<p>The home should be considered the place where are to be developed +and conveyed the precious qualities which are so vital to the continuity of +the race and the progress of human society and civilization.</p> + +<p>Those factors which are of a more material or physical nature, such +as shelter, food, dress, and personal health, are to be estimated in their +relation to mind, character, and effective conduct.</p> + +<p>In the confusion of relative values human health as one of the essential +means to many worthy ends is usually neglected. Man is the most highly +developed of all species of animals. He is, to some degree at least, civilized, +and yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest, and this in +spite of the fact that human health is more important to man and to the +world than the health of any other creature. And by health I do not +mean simply existence, freedom from pain, or absence of disease, but +rather organic power and efficiency, the maximum vital ability possible to +the individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while in life.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Lake Placid Conference, 1902.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>RESPONSIBILITY</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> ideal of “home” is protection +from dangers from <i>within</i>—bad +habits, bad food, bad air, dirt and abuse,—shelter, +in fact, from all stunting agencies, +just as the gardener protects his tender +plants until they become strong enough to +stand by themselves. The child’s home +environment is certainly a potent factor in +his future efficiency.</p> + +<p>But more than physical protection is +that education in all that goes to make up +profitable living, acquired by following the +mother or nurse in her daily round and in +having legitimate questions answered. Imitation +is the first step in good habits, as in +learning to walk or to read. That which +is set before the child should be worthy its +imitation, and be of value when fixed as a +habit. Habits of health, correct position, +deep breathing, clean ways, distaste for +dirt in one’s person or in one’s vicinity, liking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +for fresh air, for simple food, good +habits of exercise, of reading, and the thousand +and one trifles that go to make up the +efficient worker in adult years, all belong +to the well-ordered home, where, as one +author puts it, the child is the business of +the day.</p> + +<p>But the State cannot risk its property +too far.</p> + +<p>When mothers become so careless or +ignorant that half their children fail to +reach their first birthday, and of those that +live to be three years old a majority are +defrauded of their birthright of health, +some agency must step in.</p> + +<p>If the State is to have good citizens it +must provide for the teaching of the essentials +to a generation that will become the +wiser mothers and fathers of the next. +Therefore, even if we regard this as only +a temporary expedient, we must begin to +teach the children in our schools, and begin +at once, that which we see they are no +longer learning in the home. “The achievement +at Huddersfield, England, is especially +noteworthy. The average annual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +number of deaths of infants for ten years +had been 310. By a systematic education +of mothers the number was in 1907 reduced +to 212. The cost of saving these ninety-eight +lives was about $2,000.”<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>One university has established a course +in the care of children, much to the amusement +of the press. The United States Commissioner +of Education has, however, been +a responsible mover in the idea.</p> + +<p>But real progress by means of family +education means the stable family and the +permanent dwelling. Where is the family +in the permanent dwelling today? Among +any class, except the agricultural, where is +the stable family?</p> + +<p>Since industry has taken woman’s work +from her, and she has to follow it out into +the world, the means of education for the +child has gone from the home. Its atmosphere +is artificial, if the attempt is made.</p> + +<p>To work exclusively on the family, for +the sake of the child, is a very slow process. +As in all American life, the quicker method +appeals most strongly. The school is today +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>the quickest means of reaching both child +and home; the present home through the +child, and the future homes through the +children when they grow up.</p> + +<p>And time presses! A whole generation +has been lost because the machine ran wild +without guidance, and all attempt at improvement +was met by futile resistance.</p> + +<p>It is very difficult to present the socionomist’s +view of the child in the home so +that it may appeal to the two extremes of +opinion. There are those who still apply +mediæval rules to twentieth century living; +those who believe, honestly, that the +ideal life was found in the days when the +mother was the manufacturer in her own +home and the children were her helpers in +all the varied processes. “There was never +any artificial teaching devised so good for +children as the daily helping in the household +tasks.” The inference is made that +therefore the same restriction for the mother +and the children leads to an ideal life today. +Such persons fail to realize that the twentieth +century is practically a new world. The +old rules which related to material things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +hardly hold more closely than they would +on the planet Mars. The fundamental +moral principles of reverence, obedience, +love, and unselfish sacrifice must be worked +in on a new background.</p> + +<p>To keep the eighteenth century habit, +so carefully taught the girl, of courtesying +as she stepped aside to allow the rider or +the ox cart to pass, in these days of the +swift automobile, which would be out of +sight before the knee could bend, is no +more ridiculous than to expect the average +young mother to follow the methods of her +grandmother. Her mother’s ways are now +pronounced all wrong, not necessarily because +they were wrong then, but because +conditions have changed, knowledge has +been gained, and it is clearly a waste of +human life, of money, of physical and +mental power for people to be sick and die +because the caretaker does not use the +knowledge in circulation.</p> + +<p>If the young mother can learn how +better to fulfill her duties by going out of +the house to lectures or classes, why not?</p> + +<p>Tracts are not always successful as an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +incentive to conduct. It is obviously impossible +to pass a blue law compelling +parents to conform to—what ideal? The +school is fast taking the place of the home, +not because it wishes to do so, but because +the home does not fulfill its function, and +so far has not been made to, and the lack +must be supplied. The personal point of +view, inculcated now by modern conditions +of strife for money, just as surely as it must +have been by barbarian struggle in pre-civilized +days, must be supplanted by the +broad view of majority welfare. The +extreme of the personal point of view, +expressed in such phrases as “The world +owes me a living;” “My child is mine to +treat as I please;” “It is nobody’s business +how I spend my money;” “I have a right +to all the pleasure I can get out of life,” is +well shown in Mr. H. G. Wells’s analogy<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>: +“A cat’s standpoint is probably strictly individualistic. +She sees the whole universe as a +scheme of more or less useful, pleasurable, +and interesting things concentrated upon +her sensitive and interesting personality. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>With a sinuous determination she evades +disagreeables and pursues delights. Life +is to her quite clearly and simply a succession +of pleasures, sensations, and interests, +among which interests there happen to be—kittens.”</p> + +<p>This unsuspicious ignorance of the real +nature of life is by no means confined to +animals and savages; it would seem to be +the common view of many young people +today. At least they take as little care of +the homes to which they bring children, +and they follow the cat’s example in boxing +the children’s ears and turning them out to +fend for themselves.</p> + +<p>The last generation seemed to become +disciples of Schopenhauer in his passionate +rebellion against the fate that deferred all +the pleasure of the present to the needs of +the future generation. Evolution has revealed +the necessity for this subordination +of the individual lot to the destiny of the +race, if progress is to be made. The man +who asserts himself as free from race trammels +is snuffed out as a factor—a blighted +blossom fallen to earth and trodden under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +foot. To the student of biological evolution, +the individual is as a mere pin point +on the chart of community advance, for +surely society grows according to evolutionary +law. “As certainly as Nature gives +the poor child its chance of a good life, +so certainly do the circumstances of slum +environment rob it forthwith of its birthright—it +is not uncommon to find more +than half the children of three years of age +hanging on to life with marks of disease +and undergrowth firmly implanted on their +tender frames. Yet, practically, none of this +is inherited in the true sense; it is the victory +of evil human devices in their endeavor +to cheat Nature of her own. If ever there +was a mission in the world worthy of the +most strenuous service, it is to wrest back +this victory, be it out of pity for suffering +children or for the very welfare and existence +of the nation.</p> + +<p>“The schools have made their beginning; +the <i>homes</i> have not yet started; they +wait the impulse from without. It is for +voluntary, intelligent opinion to get to work +on the home, and never to relax until a race<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +of parents has arisen which knows no other +duty to the state than to rear with heart and +brain the children which have been given +to them. Then we shall hear no more about +physical degeneracy.”<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Hope for the future is to be found in +the conclusions of the immigration commission, +that in one generation certain marked +changes in stature and in head measurements +have taken place in the children of +immigrants of various nationalities, such +changes as have hitherto been considered as +the result of centuries. The commissioners +credit the better environment and larger +opportunities with these indications of increasing +intellectuality and mental force.</p> + +<p>Most human efficiency is the result of +habits rather than of innate ability. These +habits of mind, as well as of body, are developed +by the home life at an early age. +The home is responsible for the upbringing +of healthy, intelligent children. Here is the +place for fostering the valuable and suppressing +the harmful traits. The school can +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>never take the place of the home in this. +With the large classes of the public schools, +the teacher should not be asked to undertake +this individual work. Moreover, correcting +a child for personal habits can +hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs +of critical eyes.</p> + +<p>The office of the home must be to teach +habits of right living and daily action, and +a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility +for life. It is not fair that the parents +should sit back and shift to the school the +whole responsibility for the future citizen.</p> + +<p>The little modifications can best be made +in the home, permanent foundations can be +laid and braced with habits so good and +strong that nothing can shake them. Most +powers are the result of habits. Let the +furrows be plowed deeply enough while the +brain cells are plastic, then human energies +will result in efficiency and the line of least +resistance will be the right line. Everything, +therefore, which influences the child +must be the best known to science. The +houses of the land must be regulated by the +scientific laws of right living. To the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +woman, the home worker, we say: “You +must have the will power, for the sake of +your child, to bring to his service all that +has been discovered for the promotion of +human efficiency, so that he may have the +habit, the <i>technique</i>.”</p> + +<p>To pay a tax today for the benefit of +one’s children is a principle of insurance, +of benefit association. This feeling of +obligation means present sacrifice of ease +and inclination, and it has been increasingly +shirked, so that it is not surprising that a +tax to insure one against future loss by disease +is an unwelcome proposition.</p> + +<p>The whole question of the child in the +home is one of ethics, as the writers on +social conditions have been trying to convince +the world. If the swarms of dwellers +in the busy hives of industry have no sense +of their humanity, if they do not use the +human power of looking ahead, that power +which differentiates man from animals, +what better are they than animals?</p> + +<p>No one can be sorry that there are no +children in thousands of homes one knows. +It is better that children should not have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +been born than to come into an inheritance +of suffering and mental and moral dwarfing. +Social uplift will not be possible while +parents take the view of cats, or even of a +well-to-do mother who said, “I did not +have my baby to discipline her; I had her +to play with.”</p> + +<p>No state can thrive while its citizens +waste their resources of health, bodily +energy, time, and brain power, any more +than a nation may prosper which wastes its +natural resources.</p> + +<p>America today is wasting its human +possibilities even more prodigally than its +material wealth. The latter deficiency is +being brought to a halt. Shall the human +side receive less attention? A sharply +divided line between home and school is +no longer clearly drawn. Parents’ associations +are being formed and are coöperating +with the school-teacher. To what end? To +the better moral and intellectual atmosphere +of the home. Physical education has had +its vogue, but too much as an endeavor +apart, not as a necessary element in the +whole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> + +<p>The pedagogical world is now becoming +convinced that physical defects are more +often than not the basis of mental incompetence, +and this leads logically to the teaching +of the laws of right living in a practical +way, not merely as lessons from books, but +as daily practice. This practice must eventually +go into the home, where the most of +the child’s hours are spent. It is as useless +to expect good health from unsanitary +houses as good English from two hours’ +school training diluted by twelve hours of +slovenly language. Hence the imperative +need of such teaching and example as can +be put into practice; and since immediate +house to house renovation and change of +view are impossible, the school must provide +for teaching how to live wisely and +sanely, as well as for clear thinking and +æsthetic appreciation. Practical hygiene, +food, cleanliness, sanitation, all must eventually +be exemplified by the schoolhouse +and taught as a part of a general education +to all pupils, boys and girls.</p> + +<p>If this sounds like socialism, let us not +be afraid, but educate for five or ten years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +all children, so that homes may be better +managed, and then it is to be hoped there +will be no need for such school training. +To live economically in the broad sense of +wise use of time, money, and bodily strength +is the great need of the twentieth century. +This is practical economics. This is something +which cannot today, except in rare +instances, be learned at home, for conditions +change so rapidly that grown people +may not keep up with them. Mothers’ +ways are superseded before the children +are grown.</p> + +<p>The school, if it is maintained as a progressive +institution and a defense against +predatory ideas, is the people’s safeguard +from being crushed by the irresistible car +of progress. I repeat, standards may be set +by the school which will reach and influence +the community in a few months. Such +standards should be a means of safeguarding +the people, and this leads to the most +important service which a teacher of domestic +economy can render to the people +in giving them a sense of control over their +environment, than which nothing is so +conducive to stability of ideas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>To feel one’s self in command of a situation +robs it of its terror. A great danger +in America today is the loss of this feeling +of self-confidence with which the pioneer +was abundantly furnished. A certain helpless +dependence is creeping over the land +because of the peculiar development of resources, +which must be replaced by a sense +of power over one’s environment.</p> + + + + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<h3 style="font-weight: normal"><i>Home Ideals</i></h3> + +<p>There is no noble life without a noble aim.</p> + +<p>The watchword of the future is the welfare and +security of the child.</p> + +<p>Love of home and of what the home stands for +converts the drudgery of daily routine into a high order +of social service.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> + +<p>The economy of right uses depends largely upon +the home-maker, and brings the return in health, happiness, +and efficiency.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Dr. Charles H. Chapin.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Mankind in the Making.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before Conference +of Women Workers, London, 1904.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Motto, Mary Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit, Jamestown +Exposition, 1907.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI_1" id="CHAPTER_VI_1"></a>CHAPTER VI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>The child to be educated in the light of +sanitary science. Office of the school. Domestic +science for girls. Applied science. +The duty of the higher education. Research +needed.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No Christian and civilized community can afford to show a happy-go-lucky<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +lack of concern for the youth of today; for, if so, the community +will have to pay a terrible penalty of financial burden and social degradation +in the tomorrow.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>President Roosevelt, Message to Congress, December, 1904.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the loss of purpose +in life—of any purpose, at least, beyond purely material ones. To those +who need money the duty of getting it first and above anything else +becomes the gospel of life. To those who feel the need of position, +whether in society, business, or elsewhere, their gospel drives them to all +means within the law to attain that. To those who have both money +and position comes the only remaining purpose in life—that of using +them for an existence of amusement and enjoyment. Is it too much to +say that never before in our history have such aspirations so completely +dominated and limited such large classes?</p> + +<p>What is the poor American to do in his present fever and with his +present nerves, but with fivefold greater powers placed in his hands and +fivefold greater attention and capacity demanded for their control? If +sixty years ago the free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently +needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative body, who +can overestimate the necessity for such service now?</p> + +<p>When you ask how it is to be rendered, one cannot be mistaken in +turning first to those priceless qualities in any sound national life whose +tendency to decay we noted at the outset. Give back to us our faith. +Give back to us a serious and worthy purpose. Restore sane views of +life, of our own relations to it, and of our relations to those who share +it with us.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Whitelaw Reid, Phi Beta Kappa address, 1903.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>THE HOME AND THE SCHOOL</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne</span> must not displace the other, for +one cannot replace the other, but +rather the home and the school must react +on each other. The home is the place in +which to gain the experience, and the +school the place in which to acquire the +knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize +the experience. The child should +go out to the school with enthusiasm, and +return to the home filled with a deeper interest +and desire to realize things.</p> + +<p>In morals and manners the school can +only give tendency or direction to the child’s +life. The school is not the best place to +teach ethics. In the family life the child +himself finds his future revealed, reflected +by his relations to other members of the +family. The spirit of coöperation nurtured +there will develop in the school through +the more various opportunities of relationship +to others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p>The earlier conditions cannot be restored, +even the home training cannot be +brought back, except on the farm, and there, +it is hoped, it may be revived. The city or +suburban children cannot have the opportunity +to pick up chips when too young to +bring in wood; cannot stand by and hold +skeins of yarn, or go to the barn and help +feed the calves—all most interesting and +provocative of endless questions. They cannot +go into the garden and pick berries or +vegetables for dinner, cannot learn how to +avoid breaking the vines, or how to judge +the ripeness of the melons.</p> + +<p>All that is probably not feasible for +many, because it is not possible to give +children of this age responsibility without +oversight, and today’s elders are loath to +give and are often incapable of giving +oversight.</p> + +<p>But while these circumstances over +which, apparently, we have no control, +preclude much of the valuable outdoor +work, food has still to be prepared, dishes +need washing, and clothes must be mended, +even if towels and napkins are no longer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +hemmed by hand. Rooms are still swept +and dusted, beds are made, and chairs and +tables put straight. Has any better means +of giving experience ever been devised than +these small, daily tasks which differentiate +men from animals? The care of the fixed +habitation, the foresight needed to prepare +the things for the family life in the weeks +and months to come, the coöperation of +all the members of the family toward one +common end—all tend toward high <i>human +ideals</i>. If the wise mother only realized +the value to the child of helping in such +portions as are not too heavy, of being a +part of the life, she would let nothing stand +in the way of using this natural means of +development. But with foreign domestics +whose idea is to get the various duties over +as soon as possible, and whose gift is not +that of teaching, how is the child to grow +into the normal ways of right daily living, +unconsciously and effectively?</p> + +<p>If the parents continue to throw all the +work of education on the school, then the +school must take the best means of fulfilling +the task.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p>Not only has the home put the burden +of education on the school, but the school +has drawn the child away from the home. +The school of today demands much more +from him than the school of the early New +England days. It has taken the time that +was formerly given to assisting in the duties +of the household; it has taken from the +home the interest and responsibility that +were developed through the coöperation in +the family life. School has taken the place +of home in the child’s thoughts. In the +morning the thought is of reaching school +in time, not of the home duties whose performance +could lighten many a mother’s +burden.</p> + +<p>The school, hurried with a curriculum +that is wasteful of time and energy, lacking +correlation in the studies (except in a few +schools that are noted exceptions proving +the rule), has little time to relate its work to +the home as the kindergarten does in its +morning talk; so there must come an intermediate +step in order that the school may +emphasize the home life and industries, and +that a generation may grow up who shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +have a knowledge of the daily needs of +life.</p> + +<p>The interest awakened in the school will +surely react upon the home. It is like an +expedition going out to make discoveries +and to bring back knowledge to its own land. +The directive work of the school will thus +become a practical realization in the home. +Then the cycle will be complete, for while +the school has separated the child from +his natural environment for many hours +and weeks, it is sending him back better +equipped through knowledge and experience +to fulfill his place there.</p> + +<p>How shall the ends be gained artificially +by devices of the school? For gained they +must be, if civilization is to be maintained.</p> + +<p>To quote from Isabel Bevier:</p> + +<p>“As the home is so inseparably connected +with the house, and our comfort and +efficiency are so greatly influenced by the +kind of houses in which we live, much of +interest and importance centers in the study +of the house.”</p> + +<p>Moreover, with the house, its evolution, +decoration, and care, may be associated much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +that is interesting in history, art, and architecture, +as well as much that has a direct +bearing on the daily life of the individual.</p> + +<p>The philosophers have struggled for +centuries, each contributing according to +his experience and vision to determine what +is the purpose of life. America’s thought +could be translated into the word efficiency. +Yes, we might almost say she worships efficiency. +If, then, efficiency is to be the goal, +what are the means to develop it? Efficiency +depends chiefly upon good health, +and to maintain this we must first consider +in the scheme of education the physical +aids—food, air, water, clothing and shelter, +exercise and rest—and with this goal in +view must come also recreation, play or +amusement, and beauty to develop the +mental and the spiritual. In relating our +scheme of work to this ideal we will consider +first the shelter.</p> + +<p>The children of ten or twelve years of +age have passed the “make-believe” stage +of play; they want the “real,” but of their +own kind and age. After little children +have made and played with toys and foreshadowed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +the needs of the actual home, +the time has come for the youth to have his +demands, which are not yet the demands of +man and manhood.</p> + +<p>At the Tuberculosis Congress, held in +Washington in 1908, a sanatorium in England, +which won a prize, presented among +many good features a system of graded work +with graded tools, almost childlike implements +for the weak and unskilled, gradually +advancing toward the normal as the strength +and health of the man grew. So it should +be with the material we should give to the +children.</p> + +<p>After the toy age a house about two-thirds +the ordinary sized house may be +constructed. A room seven feet square is +very livable for a child. Three rooms is a +very good working plant—the kitchen and +the bedroom, the dining and living room +combined. Both boys and girls may coöperate +in planning, building, and furnishing +this home.</p> + +<p>The plan of a modern house may be +drawn, basing it on the knowledge of house +architecture through history, of the modification<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +necessary to site through geography, +and the knowledge that science has brought +of drainage, ventilation, and construction. +The house could be built by the manual +training class, or if that is not feasible it +may be built by one of the firms making +portable houses. At all events, it can be +painted by the children, and this will lead +to lessons on color, the use of paint and its +composition.</p> + +<p>While the “shelter” is being constructed +the child must be considering at the same +time the principles of caring for the +home, for this would naturally influence +the thought of furnishing. The simply +furnished home means less physical exertion, +but not less beauty. The home planned +and executed on scientific principles of +hygiene and sanitation means a healthful +home, a much cleaner home.</p> + +<p>The shelter of the individual has been +considered; now comes the immediate protection +of the child—its clothing. It would +not be quite practical in this little home to +enter into the personal activities of bathing +and dressing. A very large doll, approximating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +the child, may be used, one large +enough so that it can wear boots, stockings, +etc., that are usually bought for the real +child. Here can be taught also the lesson +in wise spending.</p> + +<p>The right care of the body must be included +among the necessities of education. +The teaching of the principles of hygiene +should be closely related to the lives of the +children. Correct habits, not rules, are +the proper prevention for all sorts of defects. +To secure and maintain a healthy +body, habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm +for health must be inculcated. Such habits +can be readily impressed on the body while +it is plastic—that is, while it is young; +but they are acquired only with difficulty +and by much thought in after years. Hence +there is the greatest economy of time and +energy in accustoming young people to +habits of daily living which will give them +the best chance in after life—the chance +to be “healthy, happy, efficient human +beings.” Most of the teaching must be by +indirect methods—illustrations—and so +the doll may be used again to demonstrate +and relate facts about the daily life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + +<p>An old Scotch writer once said, “He that +would be good must be happy, and he that +would be happy must be healthy.” As has +already been said, the great increase of disease +from causes under individual control, +such as that which is brought on by errors +of diet, points to a need for a more general +education in this respect. The food problem +is fundamental to the welfare of the +race. Society, to protect itself, must take +cognizance of the questions of food and +nutrition. It is necessary to give the child +the right ideas on these subjects, for only +then will there be sufficient effort to get the +right kind of food and to have it clean. +Right living goes further and demands the +right manner of serving and eating the food. +The home table should be the school of +good manners and of good food habits of +which the child ought not to be deprived.</p> + +<p>If all the foregoing principles have been +developed, if the child has been led to see +the joy of living through these home activities, +he will consider the home the true +shelter, the place where he can have the +happiest play, the easiest rest, where he can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +study most earnestly, and express himself +most honestly.</p> + +<p>And the parents, the fathers and mothers +of children of the city? How far are we +helping the city dwellers to take advantage +of city life? The principles back of housekeeping +are the same, the end the same—what +are to be the means to stimulate the +modern home-maker? Show the possibilities +within reach of them; send the children +home with ideas which the mother must +consider.</p> + +<p>Education in pursuing the so-called +“humanities” has been holding up to view +a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment.</p> + +<p>The pursuit of gold has not been hindered +thereby, and has gone on without the +restraints of education because of the complete +detachment of ideals inculcated from +the actual daily life where money meant +personal pleasure and comfort for the time +being.</p> + +<p>The power over things gained by a few +students was utilized by money power to +hasten all progress. Speed was the watchword.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +No one could stop to see what injury +he had caused. “Get there,” really seemed +to be the motto. In this scramble for power +the “purpose” for which life is lived has +been lost sight of. No “worthy aim” has +been impressed on the mind of the child.</p> + +<p>An awakening has come and the school +is the leading factor in the upward movement. +Education is coming to have a new +meaning, or better, perhaps, is going back to +the older meaning with new materials. No +knowledge or power the youth may acquire +will avail in real struggle for existence of +the race without a definite aim to hold +steady the eye fixed on a certain goal. This +is a law of man’s existence.</p> + +<p>The change in point of view has been +growing like a root underground. It seems +to have suddenly sent up shoots in every +direction. In no line of thought has this +change come more generally than in relation +to the things youth should be taught. +Himself and his relation to his environment +are now to the front. Instead of extolling +man as the lord of all created things, +the youth is made to see that man unaided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +by scientific knowledge is at the mercy of +Nature’s forces; that man in crowds is sure +to succumb unless he makes a strong effort +to keep himself erect.</p> + +<p>Hence the boys are given manual training—power +over wood and stone, steam +and electricity; and are taught the principles +of production of food and metals. +The girls are being taught to distinguish +values in textiles and food stuffs; to manage +finances and to keep houses in a sanitary +manner.</p> + +<p>It is the business of the higher education +at once to apply the knowledge of +preventive measures to its own students and +through them to reach the people, but it has +been very slow to take up the cause of better +environment.</p> + +<p>In colleges there is still more emphasis +laid on external works, such as water supply, +drainage, etc., than on the more intimate +hourly needs of fresh air and clean +rooms. The halls, study rooms, and dining +rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated +and not over clean.</p> + +<p>The senses are blunted at an age when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +they should be keenly sensitive. It is only +within ten years or so that very many of +the higher schools have made a point of +indoor sanitation beyond plumbing provisions. +Outdoor sports have been relied +upon to give sufficient impetus to the health +side of education.</p> + +<p>A new element has come into the State +universities through the Home Economics +courses, which have been steadily growing +in favor during the last two decades. +Within that time several buildings have +been erected and equipped to teach the principles +of sanitary and economic living both +in institution, school, and family life.</p> + +<p>Probably no one movement has been so +powerful as this in convincing educators +of the efficiency of trained women as factors +in sanitary progress. In no other direction +is the outlook for social service greater. +The woman must, however, be more than a +willing worker; she must be educated in +science as a foundation for sanitary work.</p> + +<p>Within the next few years the demand +for trained women is sure far to exceed the +supply, for the fundamental sciences are +not to be acquired in one or two years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> + +<p>Young college women are even now +realizing their mistake in neglecting the +sciences. They assumed that science was +not of practical use. They assumed that +educational curricula were stable and would +go on in the same lines forever.</p> + +<p>The high school is now fully awake to +these vital factors. Some of the best buildings +in the United States are the high school +buildings, those of the West excelling those +of the East. By 1911 nearly every school +will have a course in Sanitary Science. It +may be under the name of Home Economics, +or of Camp Cookery, or of House +Building, but the idea of better physical +environment has already taken root. In +the extension of school work by the employment +of the school visitor to supplement +the work of the teacher in the grade +schools, in Parents’ Associations, in Mothers’ +Clubs, in social endeavors on every side, +there is coming the study of more special +branches of sanitary science, clean air, clean +floors, clean clothes—where once cooking +lessons were the extent to which the workers +could lead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p> + +<p>Evolution has at last been accepted as +applying to man as well as to animals. In +his inaugural address, November, 1909, +President H. J. Waters, of Kansas Agricultural +College, said: “... for every dollar +that goes into the fitting of a show herd +of cattle or hogs, or into experiments in +feeding domestic animals, there should be +a like sum available for fundamental research +in feeding men for the greatest +efficiency.... We have millions for research +in the realm of domestic animals and nothing +for the application of science to the +rearing of children.”</p> + +<p>Evidence is not wanting that all this is +to be speedily changed. Man has awakened +to the fact that he is “the sickest beast alive” +and that he has himself to blame, and, moreover, +that it is within his power to change +his condition and that speedily.</p> + +<p>After all, human life and effort are governed +largely by the conscious or unconscious +value put upon the varied elements +that go to make up the daily round.</p> + +<p>It seems to be a universal law that +effort must precede satisfaction, from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +infant feeding to the man building up a +successful business. The satisfaction grows +in a measure as the effort was a prolonged +or sustained one.</p> + +<p>Well-being is a product of effort and +resulting satisfaction. The child without +interest in work or play does not develop; +the man with no stimulus walks through +life as in a dream.</p> + +<p>The first steps in “civilizing” (?) a +nation or tribe are to suggest <i>wants</i>—things +to strive for. Struggle, with all its attendant +evils, seems the lever that moves the +world. It is therefore in line that health, +and whatever favors it, is to be gained at +the expense of struggle. The one necessary +element is that men should value it enough +to struggle for it.</p> + +<p>Sanitary science above all others, when +applied, benefits the whole people, raises +the level of productive life.</p> + +<p>In the rapid development of our civilization, +the laboratory, the shop, the school +can be the quickest mediums of suggesting +wants.</p> + +<p>In an earlier chapter, the indifference to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +clean conditions, the ignorance of the means +of obtaining pure food and clean air, were +dwelt upon, and still later the need of <i>will</i> +to choose the right thing.</p> + +<p>Now we should consider the means of +stimulating that choice. So far it has been +chiefly exploitation for the personal gain +of the manufacturer, who has persuaded the +people to buy his product regardless of its +economic or hygienic effect. Thrift has +been undermined most subtly.</p> + +<p>“That’s the secret of the whole situation +we’re talking about; it’s easier to buy a new +shirt than to take care of the one you’ve +got.”<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>All sense of values has been lost, so that +with no sound basis choice is apt to be +unwise, unsatisfactory, and is gradually +dropped, while the individual drifts.</p> + +<p>No more effective agent for the dissemination +of knowledge was ever devised than +the American Public School. If only it +would live up to its opportunities, its teachers +could bring to its millions of receptive +minds the best practice in daily living +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>(never mind the theory for the children), +and through the children reach the home, +where the infants may be saved from the +risks that the elders have run.</p> + +<p>To be effective, however, school conditions +should be satisfactory, and teachers +should be familiar with the best ways of +living, or at least in active sympathy with +the medical inspector and the school nurse.</p> + +<p>No more revolting revelations have ever +been made than those usually locked in the +hearts of these faithful servants of the people. +How they can have courage to go on +in face of parental and community indifference +is a marvel. We shall consider in the +next chapter how the average parent is to +be aroused.</p> + +<p>But the leaders in educational and scientific +thought—what of them? The school +is the pride of the community and measures +the progress of the community toward +ideals. Alas, how is pride laid low in most +public school buildings in the inability of +most of the teachers to see the relations +between mental stupidity and bad air.</p> + +<p>The awakening has begun, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +and thousands of teachers have responded +and are urging authorities to burn more +coal, to employ more help, to keep the house +clean, to make it more beautiful, to make +the curriculum more helpful, to make provision +for good food to be purchased, and +the hundred ways in which the school may +be the most powerful civilizing factor the +nation has. <i>But civilization must not spell +disease and ruin.</i></p> + +<p>The economic factor must not be lost +sight of. To tell the boy and girl that they +are as good as any does not give them the +right to the most expensive food and clothing +they see. How shall they choose wisely +in the multitude of new things? They +wish the best, naturally, and all America +is honeycombed with the wrong idea that +the best costs the most. An Alaska Indian +came into the store in Juneau one day to +buy some canned peas. The storekeeper +said, “I am out of the brand you want.” +“No peas?” asked the Indian. “No, only +some small cans of French peas at forty +cents a can. You don’t want those.” “Why +not? Me want the best.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>”</p> + +<p>The schools of domestic economy, the +classes in all grade schools, will have to +attack and conquer these prejudices as to +values, or, rather, will need to substitute +right estimates of value before our people +will choose wisely in distributing their income, +for that is what right living means. +The division of the income according to +the necessities of health and efficiency, not +according to whim or selfish desire, is sometimes +estimated as</p> + +<table summary="expenses"> +<tr><td>20 to 25 per cent for rent</td></tr> +<tr><td>25 to 30 per cent for food</td></tr> +<tr><td>10 to 15 per cent for clothing</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="newchapter">This leaves only forty-five or thirty per +cent for other things, and the pennies must +be carefully counted to cover fuel, light, +amusements, education, books, insurance, +or investments. Something that the family +would like must be left out—no matter +what, providing only it does not injure their +efficiency as wage-earners, as comfortable +human beings.</p> + +<p>The sensation of comfort or satisfaction +is so completely a psychic factor that the +school training has a great chance to affect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +after life. The child can acquire the habit +of being more comfortable in plain, washable, +clean clothes, with clean hands, than +in dirty, ragged furbelows. This habit once +thoroughly acquired is not likely to be +quickly lost. Provision for clean hands is +a necessity in school, and ways of making a +small amount of soap and water serve may +also be taught. All the while, care is to be +taken not to introduce unnecessarily expensive +materials or to inculcate over-refined +notions.</p> + +<p>Sound instruction as to dangers of transference +of saliva, of nose discharge, etc., can +be given without also giving the despair of +impossible achievement.</p> + +<p>The teaching in the classes must have +this practical bearing on daily life. It is +insisted on here because unclean hands are +the chief source of infectious disease.</p> + +<p>Instead of blaming water supplies, dusty +streets, or even contagion by the breath, +sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis +upon the actual contact of moist mucus +with milk and other food, in preparation or +in serving. It is not a supercilious notion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +to examine tumblers for finger marks, or to +object to the habit of wetting the finger with +saliva in turning leaves of books. These +little unclean acts are the unconscious habits +that cling to a person in spite of education +from reading. The greatest service to be +done today in improving the health of the +community is in the application of the principles +which may be summed up in the +phrases—fresh air all the twenty-four hours, +clean hands the livelong day, the free use +of the handkerchief to protect from contamination +of mouth and nose.</p> + +<p>All these small personal habits should +be taught in the earliest months of life, <i>i. e.</i>, +in the home; but if the child reaches school +untaught, then in defense of the whole community +the school must insist upon teaching +them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Meredith Nicholson, Lords of High Decision, p. 133.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII_1" id="CHAPTER_VII_1"></a>CHAPTER VII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>Stimulative education for adults. Books, +newspapers, lectures, working models, museums, +exhibits, moving pictures.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a raging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might have raged but for +his preventive care, and for this result his most continuous and effectual +work is to educate—educate—educate.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven Health Association, 1905.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The essential fact in man’s history to my sense is the slow unfolding +of a sense of community with his kind, of the possibilities of coöperation +leading to scarce-dreamt-of collective powers, of a synthesis of the species, +of the development of a common general idea, a common general purpose +out of a present confusion.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>H. G. Wells, First and Last Things.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The great mass of the population is, indeed, at the present time like +clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening influence underneath, but +which this educational process, like some drying and heating influence +upon that clay, is rendering resonant.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></h2> + +<div class="blockquots" style="width: 60%"><p>In a store an advertisement reads: “Any kind of tea you prefer; no +charge whatever.”</p></div> + +<div class="blockquots" style="width: 60%"><p>She: “The women look so tired when they come in, and in ten +minutes they are so rested and refreshed.”</p> + +<p>He: “Ready to go home?”</p> + +<p>She: “Why, no—ready to do some more shopping.”</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Spectator, The Outlook, December 18, 1909.</i> +</p></div> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">S</span>omething</span> in motion and something +to eat attract the crowd.</p> + +<p>The social worker is just beginning to +realize what the manufacturer and the +department storekeeper have long since +found out.</p> + +<p>Why is it not legitimate to “attract a +crowd,” to do them a good service in showing +them how to save money as well as in +impelling them to spend it? It is wiser +to <i>show how</i> before explaining why.</p> + +<p>The force of example, the power of +suggestion, should be used fully before coercion +is applied. Exhibits and models +come before law.</p> + +<p>The psychology of influence is an interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +study (see Münsterberg’s article, +<i>McClure’s</i>, November, 1909). Its principles +have been grasped and used by those +who exploit human feelings for their own +gain. The student of social conditions +should make a wider and better use of a +real force.</p> + +<p>Publicity is perhaps first. Exhibits +showing existing conditions often shock +people into attention, for it is inattention +more than anything else that prevent +betterment.</p> + +<p>It is said that “a knowledge of danger +is the surest means of guarding against +it,” but this knowledge must be translated +into belief and the danger be brought +home to the individual as a member of the +community.</p> + +<p>Exhibits may often suggest for existing +evils simple remedies never thought of before. +They should never suggest the one +idea without the other. Even though the +remedy is not worked out, it should be +called for. America’s inventive power +may well be turned on its own social affairs +as well as on adaptation of European +machinery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<p>The man considered in these pages is +the man in community environment, and +the discussion is as to what controls this +community life. It will be acknowledged +by all thoughtful persons that the prime +control lies in the purpose for which the +community exists. If for selfish gain, then +all is sacrificed to that end. Men and +women become mere machines and children +are only in the way until they, too, may be +put into the service.</p> + +<p>If it exists for mutual help and general +advance in civilization, then the leaders in +the community take into account the elements +that contribute to the future as well +as those for the immediate present.</p> + +<p>In the confusion of ideas resulting from +the rapid, almost cancerous growth of the +modern community, made possible by mechanical +invention, the people have lost the +power of visualizing their conception of +right and wrong, a power which made the +Puritan such a force in early colonial times. +Heaven and hell were very real to him and +were powerful factors in influencing his +daily life. The average man today has no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +such spur to good behavior. Perhaps the +sword of Damocles must be visualized by +such exhibits as the going out of an electric +light every time a man dies, by the ghastly +microbe in the moving picture, by the +highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction +of crowded quarters. The social +worker has been doubtful of the real value +of such exhibits, but such reminders have +their place in a community accustomed to +the advertising of less worthy subjects.</p> + +<p>A decided recognition of the value of +exhibits is found in the advertisement of a +company: “We design and equip Exhibits +on Tuberculosis, Milk, Civic Betterment, +Dental Hygiene, Saner Fourth of July. +Have you our catalogue?” Much of our +educational work for the dissemination of +useful knowledge would gain in power +and directness from an adaptation of the +methods of the man skilled in promoting +commercial interests. He knows how to +apply the right stimulus at the right time +in order to arouse the desired interest.</p> + +<p>In many ways the adult is but the child +of a larger growth, who needs something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +concrete to make him understand. And so +have grown up the great industrial fairs +and exhibitions. One comes away from +these wondering that so much, both good +and bad, is being prepared for him, and +stimulated, usually, to work out certain +suggestions and better many of the present +conditions. Both the manufacturer and the +consumer have been helped.</p> + +<p>Wherever it is possible, a working +model illustrating the chief features to be +explained should be installed. The expense +of this kind of exhibit has in the past been +prohibitive, and moreover the use of such +“claptrap” has been frowned upon; but +scientific knowledge is no longer to be held +within the aristocratic circle of the university. +It is to be brought within the reach +of the man in the street, and to make up for +the wasted years of seclusion experts now +vie with each other in putting cause and +effect not merely into words but into pictures, +and even into motion pictures. The +fly as a carrier of disease is now shown +in all its busy and disgusting activity. The +lesson of awakened attention by such means<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +is being learned, and soon lessons in botany, +in gardening, in housewifery, will be given +through the eye, to be the better followed +by the hand.</p> + +<p>Of all means, that product of man’s ingenuity, +the moving picture, is destined +to play the greatest part in quick education. +It is the quintessence of democracy.</p> + +<p>The extension movement in education is +an evidence of a new social ideal. It is a +true expression of democracy that the university +and school can be utilized by the +busy working people. Museums that at one +time were only for the educated who by +previous training could understand them +now assume as a privilege the educating +of all the people. Schools of art and +science, also, through lectures, bulletins, +guides, and special exhibits, extend a generous +welcome to the public.</p> + +<p>The citizens ought to be a gladder, sadder +people, stirred and delighted and grateful +for much that the city affords; sad and +shocked by some of the forbidding, existing +conditions. That is the power of an exhibit, +so to visualize a condition that the mind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +really conceives it, never again to recover +from the shock, to be unmindful of such +possibilities of degraded existence for human +beings.</p> + +<p>The influence of these great expositions +is of a most subtle kind, not often to be +traced, but there is a noticeable change in +the estimation in which Home Economics +is held dating from the time of the Mary +Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit +held at the Exposition in St. Louis in 1905. +This illustrated the application of modern +knowledge to home life, chiefly in economic +and æsthetic lines, all bearing upon the +health and efficiency of the people. The +Chicago Exposition in 1893 had its Rumford +Kitchen, an exhibit under the auspices +of the State of Massachusetts. This practical +illustration of scientific principles +modified the ideas of the world as to the +place and importance of cookery in education. +Indeed, there seemed a distinct danger +that other lines would be neglected, so that +when the Exposition at St. Louis was determined +upon this legacy of fifteen years before +was drawn upon to show the wide scope +of the subject as it had been developed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + +<p>Boards of Health might pave the way +for a better understanding of their rules and +regulations if they would have temporary +exhibits in public places of some of the conditions +known to them but unsuspected by +the average citizen and taxpayer.</p> + +<p>Traveling exhibits may show local and +temporary conditions and may call attention +to needs demanding immediate remedy—with +the remedy suggested.</p> + +<p>Permanent exhibits in museums should, +on the other hand, teach a deeper lesson. +They should always be constructive and +should be replaced when the conditions +have changed. The modern idea of a museum +is a series of adjustable exhibits with +distinct suggestive purpose. Such are found +in the Town Room, 3 Joy Street, Boston, +the Social Museum, Harvard College, the +American Museum of Safety, and the Sanitary +Science Section, American Museum of +Natural History, New York.</p> + +<p>The distribution of the printed word +has become so universal that it would seem +as if every family might be influenced by +it; but the scientific title, or the size of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +book, or the scientific terms seem forbidding, +and so the whole question is thrust +aside.</p> + +<p>In the past, newspaper science was +largely discounted as sensational and only +one-tenth fact. Scientific workers were +largely to blame for this. They could not +take the time to explain the meaning of their +work, and the few things they were ready +to say were worked over out of all semblance +to truth by the writer who must have a +“story” and who had not the training in +“suspension of judgment” which the scientific +investigator knows to be necessary.</p> + +<p>There is no concern of human life that +cannot be made interesting, and the magazine +writers of today understand that art. +Read the newspaper and the world is yours. +It is all things to all men. The popularizing +of knowledge is now proceeding on +somewhat better lines. Intermediaries between +the laboratory and the people are +springing up to interpret the one to the +other. This work is good or bad according +to the individual writer. Most of it is still +too superficial. Here is one of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +fertile fields for the educated woman, since +the evils of which we complain have to do +so intimately with woman’s province, the +home and the school. There is hope that +the trained, scientific woman will take her +place as interpreter. Her practical sense +will give her an advantage over the young +man who has never known other home than +a boarding house.</p> + +<p>But the expert knows that the man of +“practical affairs” wants and needs certain +knowledge, and so seeks another way. Our +Federal government, through the departments +of Agriculture and Education; the +State Boards of Health; the educational institutions, +have with care and accuracy formulated +this knowledge and are sending to +the people, in the form of bulletins meeting +their interest and requirements, knowledge +in concise and readable form, and so most +valuable. More than five hundred thousand +copies of Miss Maria Parloa’s bulletin +on Preserving have been distributed by the +Department of Agriculture.</p> + +<p>These efforts by both men and women +have meant independent scientific research,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +which is often the only available knowledge +for the housekeeper. It is bringing to them +in their “business” of life the same help +that the men on the farm and elsewhere are +receiving in theirs.</p> + +<p>But the written word, however clearly +put, can never reach the untrained as can +the voice and personality of an earnest +speaker with a compelling vitality. Lectures +by those who have been engaged in +research themselves, so that they have +absorbed the spirit of the laboratory—not +by those who have merely smelled the odors +of the waste jars—are ten times more valuable +than even the most attractively illustrated +articles. It is well that the personality +of the human being is an asset, and +that there is a stimulus in hearing and seeing +the person who has accomplished things. +There is always a power in the spoken word. +The government, with its public lectures, +recognizes this as well as the private organization, +and today ignorance is necessarily +due only to indifference.</p> + +<p>Illustrated lectures followed by literature +are of inestimable value if rightly and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +not sensationally given. Even then, the +seed must have time to sprout.</p> + +<p>Man has reached his present stage of +civilization, however we regard it, by an +incessant warfare against adverse conditions. +Enemies, man and beast, surrounded +him; mountains and rivers obstructed his +passage; fire and flood swept away his dwellings; +but ever onward the inward impulse +has carried him.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to see how the same +vocabulary is transferred to the warfare +for social betterment, “campaign,” “warfare,” +“battle,” “fight,” “weapon,” “corps,” +“army.” And the fight to be won can only +come through knowledge, its dissemination +and then its application.</p> + +<p>Publicity today means coöperation and +democracy—all to help, all to be helped.</p> + +<p>All the foregoing methods should be +used in these campaigns for health, with +the dictum, “Man, know thyself.”</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII_1" id="CHAPTER_VIII_1"></a>CHAPTER VIII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>Both child and adult to be protected from +their own ignorance. Educative value of +law and of fines for disobedience. Compulsory +sanitation by municipal, state, and federal +regulations. Instructive inspection.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The strength of the State is the sum of all the effective people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Dr. Edward Jarvis, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1874.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the Americans took charge of Bilibid Prison in Manila the +death rate was 238 per 1,000 per year: by improving sanitary conditions, +this death rate was reduced to about 75 per 1,000: here it remained stationary +until it was discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners +were infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites: then a systematic +campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms, and when this +was done the death rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>C. W. Stiles.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>So the duties and responsibilities of a Health Department are not only +changed, but they are very greatly increased and are constantly increasing. +And on broad lines to cause the citizen to do the things he can and ought +to do, and then to do for him the things that he cannot do, but which +should be done, is the duty of the State, and that, being interpreted, +means the real prevention of disease.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Eugene H. Porter, Report, New York State Department +of Health, 1909.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The whole difference of modern scientific research from that of the +Middle Ages, the secret of its immense successes, lies in its collective +character, in the fact that every fruitful experiment is published, every +new discovery of relationships explained. In a sense, scientific research +is a triumph over natural instinct, over that mean instinct that makes men +secretive.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned with pure +air and pure food, and with organisms producing epidemic diseases. Boards +of health are a recent invention, and in this country they have as yet been +only imperfectly developed. They can never become the power they +should be until, first, public opinion better realizes their usefulness and the +fact that their cost to the taxpayer is saved many times over by the prevention +of death and disease; second, more and better health legislation is +enacted—national, state, and municipal; and, third, special training is +secured for what is really a new profession, that of a public health officer.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Report on National Vitality.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>LEGISLATIVE COMPULSION</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">G</span>overnment</span> is delegated to persons +specially set apart for the oversight +of the people’s welfare.</p> + +<p>Personal conduct was free from such +delegated power in the Anglo-Saxon +thought. The Englishman’s house was his +castle inviolate. This was especially true +of the early American settlers. Laws interfering +with personal liberty, a man’s right +to drink tea, to punish his own children, to +beat his own wife, to keep his own muck-heap, +have been deeply resented by the +American citizen. Each step in the protection +of his neighbor has been taken only by +a struggle extending the common law of +nuisance to a variety of conditions.</p> + +<p>The protection of the man against himself, +and of his wife and child against his +ignorance or greed, is one of the twentieth +century tasks yet hardly begun.</p> + +<p>The control of man’s environment for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +his own good as a function of government +is a comparatively new idea in republican +democracy. The cry of paternalism is +quickly raised, on the one hand, of socialism, +on the other. Each gain has been at the +cost of a hard-fought battle. But it is certain +that the individual must delegate more +or less of his so-called rights for the sake of +the race, and since the only excuse for the +existence of the individual is the race, he +must so far relinquish his authority.</p> + +<p>It is a part of the urban trend that the +will of the man, of the head of the family, +should be superseded by that of the community, +city, state, nation.</p> + +<p>Even though all the agencies for the +education of both young people and adults +that have been discussed in the preceding +chapters were set in motion at once, there +would still remain many thousands in township +and city untouched by these forces, or +so touched as to arouse rebellion against +such novel notions.</p> + +<p>Only the child can be educated to acquire +habits of right living so perfectly that +the suitable action takes place unconsciously.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +Twenty years hence these trained children +will be the chief citizens of the republic, +the leaders of public opinion. Today, however, +less gentle means, less gradual processes, +must be used in order that these children +may have a chance to grow up.</p> + +<p>In the social republic, the child as a +future citizen is an asset of the state, not the +property of its parents. Hence its welfare +is a direct concern of the state. Preventive +medicine is in this sense truly State Medicine, +and means protection of the people +from their own ignorance.</p> + +<p>In the laws made with this end in view +lies one of the greatest educative agencies +known. We have referred in the last chapter +to the need of drawing attention to defects +and dangers in order that people may know +what the results of their careless ways may +be. No surer way has been found to fix +attention than to attempt to enforce a law +or collect a fine for disobedience of it. A +marked illustration of this truth is given +in the case of the ordinance against spitting +in street cars. In many cities a notice +was posted in each car—usually with little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +effect. In some a fine of five dollars was +added, with little more result. Boston was +one of the first cities to pass an ordinance, +and it accompanied the law with a fine of +one hundred dollars. This compelled attention—a +sum which represented to the +workman more than his yearly savings, +more than any single expenditure. To the +business man, even, it was a sum not to +be lightly dropped on a filthy car floor. +This mere statement of the value of cleanness +made an almost instantaneous change +in the habits of thousands. Within two +days the car floors became practically free +without a single fine being collected within +that time, as far as the author is aware.</p> + +<p>The law imposing fines for neglect of +removal of garbage or of screening stables +must be occasionally enforced in order to +express degree of disapproval. A petty +fine is of little use.</p> + +<p>Conditions of motion, of rapid intermingling +of distant populations—a thousand +miles in a day is now possible—make +national control a necessity. It is proved +that quick results may be gained in saving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +lives and property by that prompt +and thorough action which well-equipped +Federal forces alone possess. The stamping +out of yellow fever in Cuba, the redemption +of Panama, the suppression of +sporadic outbreaks at New Orleans, the +quick response to a discovery, as in the +cases of pellagra and the hookworm—all +these show what a thoroughly alive government +may do.</p> + +<p>It is no disgrace to an individual or a +city to have the national laboratory make +discoveries, to have the national power put +down epidemics, as it does civil rebellion, +for the good of the whole nation. It is disgraceful, +however, for the citizen to remain +indifferent or obstructive, to grumble over +the cost. The indifference of the people +themselves is today almost the only stumbling +block to national prosperity.</p> + +<p>The time lost to the average worker by +inefficient labor is a drain on the community +largely avoidable, and is the cause of that +other drain on the moral as well as physical +vitality—charity.</p> + +<p>Preventive medicine is a science by itself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +a combination of social and scientific +forces guided by research quickly applied, +and it must be accepted and upheld by +those whom it benefits, namely, all the +citizens. The nation is in many cases the +only power strong enough to command +confidence, and in the combination of government +effort an international science of +human welfare is bound to be evolved.</p> + +<p>It is a waste of effort for each state to +prepare a fly pamphlet. The correctness +of a Government Bulletin would give an +added value as well as the rapidity of circulation. +The bulletins of the Agricultural +Department are an example.</p> + +<p>The Weather Service, with its quick +notifications, shows what a health service +might do. A monthly or weekly <i>health +chart</i> would give the best and worst spots.</p> + +<p>Precautions really workable might be +furnished the Associated Press.</p> + +<p>In short, system and science might be +put at the service of the local health officer, +of the traveler, and even of the housewife.</p> + +<p>The Library of Congress now furnishes +cards in duplicate to a large number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +centers, thus saving time to the investigator +and giving information often not otherwise +obtainable.</p> + +<p>The Farmers’ Bulletins of the Department +of Agriculture are also most valuable +to the people who are in search of help. +Such agencies might be extended without +fear of trespass on any existing agencies.</p> + +<p>Just as the individual, if he is to do and +be his best, accepts his limitations, obeys +Nature’s law, and thrives in body and estate +in consequence, and as the community banding +together makes and carries out with +penalties for deviation certain regulations +for mutual benefit, so must the still larger +groups—the state and the nation—use their +larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the +benefit of all. The individual should recognize +the value to himself of this more complete +investigation, and instead of raising +the cry of paternalism and national interference, +should welcome all aids to increased +efficiency.</p> + +<p>State hygiene is necessary to supplement +municipal hygiene. Often the rural district +has no other hygiene, and the city and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +country are interdependent, the city dependent +upon the country for its water, milk, and +other supplies.</p> + +<p>Almost all the states are alive to the importance +of milk inspection. As early as +1869 in Massachusetts, Dr. Bowditch called +the Board of Health “The State Medicine,” +and quotes from Dr. Farr: “How out of the +<i>existing</i> seed to raise races of men to divine +perfection is the final problem of public +medicine.” That is the function of all +boards of health. If factories are incorporated +under state laws, they must also be +governed by the state regulations for health.</p> + +<p>Here in America we are always locking +the stable door after the horse has been +stolen. Not until many “accidents” had +occurred in the use of antitoxins did Congress +pass an act (1902) regulating the manufacture +and interstate sale of the viruses, +serums, toxins, etc. The supervision and +control were vested in the Secretary of the +Treasury through the Public Health and +Marine Hospital Service. Previous to +April 1, 1905, there was no official standard +for measuring the strength of diphtheria<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +antitoxin. Previous to October 25, 1907, +there were as many units or standards for +tetanus antitoxin as there were producers. +One was labeled “6,000,000 units per c.c.” +and another “0.75 unit per c.c.,” while, according +to official standard, the first had +only 90 and the latter 770.</p> + +<p>The point to be made is that however +faulty an official or Federal standard for +sanitary devices may be, it is a standard, and +so is of service in protecting the people, +especially those away from active centers +of research.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX_1" id="CHAPTER_IX_1"></a>CHAPTER IX<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></h2> + +<p class="chquote"><i>There is responsibility as well as opportunity. +The housewife an important factor +and an economic force in improving the +national health and increasing the national +wealth.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It would indeed seem that opposition to woman’s participation in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +totality of life is a romantic subterfuge, resting not so much on belief in +the disability of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate conspicuous +and pleasurable objects for his sole use and ornamentation. “A +little thing, but all mine own,” was one of the remarks of Achilles to +Agamemnon in their quarrel over the two maidens, and it contains the +secret of man’s world-old disposition to overlook the <i>intrinsic</i> worth of +woman.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations,<br /> American +Magazine, October, 1909.</i> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The president of the British Medical Association about 1892 said, +“I wish to impress it upon you that the whole future progress of sanitary +movement rests, for its permanent and executive support, upon the women +of our land.”</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In a letter to Madame Bodichon, dated April 6, 1868, George Eliot +writes: “What I should like to be sure of as a result of higher education +for women—a result that will come to pass over my grave—is their +recognition of the great amount of social <i>unproductive</i> labor which needs +to be done by women, and which is now either not done at all or done +wretchedly.”</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<i>Quoted by Mrs. Nixon in a paper before the Conference<br /> of +Women Workers in England, 1904.</i> +</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>WOMAN’S RESPONSIBILITY</h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>here</span> are about 40,000,000 women +and girls in the United States. About +14,000,000 live in the country and have a +direct and compelling power over the life +of the community.</p> + +<p>In rural agricultural districts the home-keeper +is the provider. She practically +requisitions from farm and garden what she +deems necessary for the family table. To +an extent she makes the clothing and sews +the house linen. She also exchanges her +perquisites, egg money, perhaps, for furniture +and ornaments. The itinerant peddler +brings the world’s wares to her door; the +mail-order houses do the rest.</p> + +<p>“The ideal home is a social and coöperative +society in which all of its members +unite their efforts for the common good. +This ideal is realized most nearly in the +country home, where even the smallest child +has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +to the family support. It has come +to be a recognized fact that boys and girls, +healthy, industrious, frugal, capable, intelligent, +self-supporting, cheerful, and patriotic, +abound in country homes, and that the +prevalence there of these high qualities is +largely due to the family life, which requires +each individual from his earliest +years to bear his proportionate share in +providing for the maintenance of the home. +By bringing within the reach of the country +people educational advantages suited to +their needs, rural life becomes more attractive, +country homes are multiplied, and the +valuable qualities which these homes develop +become the possession of a correspondingly +larger number of the citizenship of +the state.”<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>The government has recognized the need +and the possibilities of meeting it in the +recognition it has given to Farmers’ Institutes +for women, in which, by lectures, demonstration, +and short winter courses at the +colleges, the interest of the woman in her +occupation is aroused. She is not only given +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>help in details of her daily work, but she is +shown how much the efficiency of the farm +life depends upon her capability and intelligence. +She is encouraged in the using of all +mechanical and scientific appliances, is introduced +to the means of mental growth; +but, best of all, she is given the stimulus of +social recognition. In the year 1908 there +were held 832 such meetings in the several +states. In the year 1910 the number will be +nearly or quite doubled.</p> + +<p>In no other form of society is the power +of the woman for good or ill so paramount +as in rural life, in no other mode of living is +the family so much at her mercy.</p> + +<p>In suburban and city life the family can +in a measure escape from insufficient care +and uncomfortable conditions. That they +do so escape, any student of social tendencies +will testify. The great increase of restaurants, +of clubs and hotels of all grades, +shows one phase of the unattractiveness of +home life. The city woman is only half a +housekeeper; she has only one-eighth of a +house as compared with her rural sister. +Her control is therefore curtailed until she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +feels her helplessness in the hands of her +landlord. She sighs and turns to other interests. +To her must be brought the knowledge +of her power as a social factor if she +will but use the knowledge she can easily +gain.</p> + +<p>The city woman has amused herself +because she has seen nothing better to do +with her time. The utilization of her ability +is all that is needed to regenerate city +life. Without it all efforts will prove fruitless. +Education of all women in the principles +of sanitary science is the key to race +progress in the twentieth century.</p> + +<p>As an economic factor, the influence of +the housewife is of the greatest moment. +Production on the farm is only one phase. +The city and suburban dweller is a buyer, +not a producer. In suburban and city life +the housekeeper has more temptations to +buy needless articles, food out of season, to +go often to the shops, especially on bargain +days. She thinks her taste is educated, when +it is only aroused to notice what others like. +She is led to strive after effects without +knowing how to attain them. It has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +estimated by advertising experts that ninety +per cent of the purchases of the community +are determined by women, not always according +to their judgment, but by a suppression +of it. Woman is made to think +that she must buy certain lines of goods. +The power of suggestion has been referred +to in a preceding chapter.</p> + +<p>When civilization, as it is called, persuaded +woman to give up manufacture +and to become a buyer, the first step in +the disintegration of the home as a center +of information, as well as of industry, was +taken. The housewife and mother were +made to look to the dealer, and thus to feel +their helplessness. This sense of ignorance, +this subconscious loss of power over things, +only increased the effect of that fatalism +which the control of machinery was leading +man out from under.</p> + +<p>It is barely fifty years since woman began +to ask questions and insist upon knowing, +to claim freedom of movement, a chance +to breathe. The time between has been a +time of plowed fields, often muddy, usually +stony, but the furrows are turning green and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +the harvest will prove the wisdom of the +plowing.</p> + +<p>Woman had to struggle for right to private +judgment and public action. Some +pioneers had to enter the field of research, +of investigation, in order that they might +call to those below that the way was open. +This vast company, which has been nearly +untouched by the scientific spirit, was +warned off the field of investigation, and +society is paying the penalty of its own +blindness.</p> + +<p>In the very field where applied science +can most serve human welfare, scarecrows +have been set up most prominently. Not +until society avails itself of those qualities of +mind sorely needed in the field of sanitary +science, patient attention to detail, strong, +practical sense directed by a profound interest +in the subject, will it begin to show +what height it is capable of scaling.</p> + +<p>The intrusting of so many great fortunes +to women shows an increasing confidence in +their judgment of social needs. It shows +that woman’s education has passed the selfish +stage, that it has given a wider vision of +the whole horizon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> + +<p>It may be said without fear of contradiction +that the future well-being of society +is largely in the hands of woman. What +will she do with it? Responsibility is always +sobering.</p> + +<p>Let her once realize her position and +woman will rise to the task. Instances are +not wanting of groups attacking scientific +and administrative problems in the true +spirit, without sentimental charity, to which +in the past women have been prone.</p> + +<p>If civic authorities felt that women’s +leagues were informed bodies of women +whose suggestions they would make no +error in adopting, more legislation could +be effected. Too often city councils are +approached by those who favor some whim +or fad, and so <small>ALL</small> women’s demands are +classed together. Much harm has been +done to the cause by indiscreet, pushing +women with only a glimmer of knowledge. +The question is not <small>WOMAN</small>, but ability and +women. It is better, as a rule, to work out +ideas through existing organizations.</p> + +<p>All the problems of environment which +we have been considering would be solved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +in half the time, yes, in one-quarter, if all +housewives would combine in carrying out +the knowledge which some of them have +and which all may have.</p> + +<p>Infant mortality is controllable through +the training of the mother and nurse. Unsanitary +houses are the results of careless +housekeeping, usually a product of apathetic +fatalism. Landlords assume that the +woman will submit. When she has a woman +sanitary inspector to appeal to, matters will +take on a different aspect.</p> + +<p>Unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters +do not complain loudly enough to the +right authorities. Dirty markets have been +so long tolerated because women buyers +carried the same fatalism to the stalls—“what +is, has to be.”</p> + +<p>Society is only just beginning to realize +that it has at its command today for its own +regeneration a great unused force in its army +of housewives, teachers, mothers, conscious +of power but uncertain how to use it. Perhaps +the most progressive movement of the +times is one led by women who see clearly +that cleanness is above charity, that moral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +support must be given to those who know +but do not dare to do right, and that knowledge +must be brought to the ignorant. Nothing +can stop this most notable progress but +a relapse into apathy and fatalism of the +vast army of women now being enlisted to +fight disease.</p> + +<p>The opportunity has come, the responsibility +is woman’s hereafter. No one can +take it from her; she has knowledge. The +door has opened, she has taken the weapons +in hand, is learning to use them. Will she +falter on the eve of victory simply because +it involves some sacrifice of prejudice or +tradition? Must she not boldly accept the +twentieth century challenge and fight her +way to victory, even at some æsthetic sacrifice? +In another hundred years, then, Euthenics +may give place to Eugenics, and the +better race of men become an actuality.</p> + +<p>The keeping of the house, the laundry +work, the cleaning, the cooking, the daily +oversight, must have for its conscious end +the welfare of the family. It cannot be +done without labor, but the labor in this +as in any process may be lightened by +thought and by machinery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p> + +<p>Knowledge of labor-saving appliances +is today everywhere demanded of the successful +establishment <small>EXCEPT</small> of the family +home. Is it not time that it came in for its +share? If the housewife would use wisely +the information at her hand today, it is safe +to say that in six cases out of ten she could +cut in half the housekeeping budget and +double the comfort of living.</p> + +<p>As conditions are, the twentieth century +sees a strange phenomenon—the most vital +of all processes, the raising of children, +carried on under adverse conditions; human +labor and life being held of as little account +as in the days of building the pyramids.</p> + +<p>Women may be trained to become the +economic leaders in the body politic. It is +doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful +until they are trained to realize their +responsibility.</p> + +<p>The housewife was told that she must +stay at home and do her work. This was +preached <i>at</i> her, written <i>at</i> her, but no one +of them all, save, perhaps, the Englishmen +Lecky and H. G. Wells, saw the problem in +its social significance, saw that the work of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +home-making in this engineering age must +be worked out on engineering principles, +and with the coöperation of both trained +men and trained women. The mechanical +setting of life is become an important factor, +and this new impulse which is showing itself +so clearly today for the modified construction +and operation of the family home +is the final crown or seal of the conquest of +the last stronghold of conservatism, the +home-keeper.</p> + +<p>Tomorrow, if not today, the woman who +is to be really mistress of her house must +be an engineer, so far as to be able to +understand the use of machines and to believe +what she is told. Your ham-and-eggs +woman was of the old type, now gone by in +the fight for the right to think.</p> + +<p>The emergence from the primitive condition +was slow because the few of us who +did show our heads were beaten down and +told we did not know. It has required many +college women (from some 50,000 college +women graduates) to build and run houses +and families successfully, here one and there +another, until the barrel of flour has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +leavened. Society <i>is</i> being reorganized, not +in sudden, explosive ways, but underneath +all the froth and foam the yeast has been +working. The world is going to the bad +only if one believes that material progress +is bad. If we can see the new heaven and +the new earth in it, then we may have faith +in the future.</p> + +<p>The human elements of love and sacrifice, +of foresight and of faith, are going to +persist, and any apparent upheaval is only +because of settling down into a more solid +condition, a readjustment to circumstances. +As Caroline Hunt has said<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>: “We may disregard +the popular fear that the home will +finally take upon itself the characteristics of +a public institution.... Human intelligence, +which suits means to ends, and which is ever +coming to the aid of human affection, will +prevent that. So long as affection lasts it will +seek satisfactory expression in home life, +and so long as intelligence endures it will +stand in the way of the extension of the +borders of the home beyond the possibilities +of the mutual helpfulness to its members.”</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p> +<p>The persistent efforts of the farsighted +to secure a place in education for the subjects +fundamental to the modern home are +now respectfully listened to.</p> + +<p>It is, perhaps, not strange that the first +successes in modern housekeeping were +gained in public institutions, for there accounts +were kept and saving told. When +one hospital saved $12,000 in one year by +an expenditure of $2,000 for a trained +woman, trustees began to take notice. When +large state institutions were reorganized +and made over from unsavory scandals +into reputable and life-saving establishments, +even legislators took notice. The +trained woman superintendent proved not +only more competent but less affected by +perquisites.</p> + +<p>(I do not vouch for the universal maintenance +of this high standard when women +managers have had longer experience; but +so far conscience and sterling integrity have +been attributes of all my expert women, +even if they have now and then disappointed +me in endurance or in ability. Is not this +a fact of great social significance?)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is universally conceded today, only a +few willfully blind or croaking pessimists +dissenting, that home-keeping under modern +conditions requires a knowledge of conditions +and a power of control of persons and +machines obtained only through education +or through bitter experience, and that education +is the less costly.</p> + +<p>When social conditions become adjusted +to the new order, it will be seen how much +gain in power the community has made, +how much better worth the people are. +Have faith in the working out of the destiny +of the race; be ready to accept the +unaccustomed, to use the radium of social +progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction. +What if a few mistakes are made? +How else shall the truth be learned? Try +all things and hold fast that which is good.</p> + +<p>The Home Economics Movement is an +endeavor to hold the home and the welfare +of children from slipping over the cliff by +a knowledge which will bring courage to +combat the destructive tendencies. Is not +one of the distinctive features of our age +a forcible overcoming of the natural trend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +of things? If a river is by natural law +wearing away its bank in a place we wish +to keep, do we sit down and moan and say +it is sad, but we cannot help it? No, that +attitude belonged to the Middle Ages. We +say, Hold fast, we cannot have that; and +we cement the sides and confine or turn the +river.</p> + +<p>The ancient cities whose ruins are now +being explored in Asia seem to have been +abandoned because of failure of the water +supply as the earth became desiccated; so +was the home of our own Zunis. Does such +a possibility stop us? No, we bring water +from hundreds of miles. Will man, who +has gained such control over nature, sit +down before his own problems and say, +“What am I going to do about it?”</p> + +<p>What if the apparent motion is toward +cells to sleep in, and clubs to play bridge in, +and amusements for evenings, and a strenuous +business life, run on piratical principles, +into which the women are drawn as decoy +ducks? Because this <i>is</i>, is it going to be, +as soon as a good proportion of the thinking +people stand face to face with the problem?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +I believe it is possible to solve the problem, +but only if the aid of scientifically trained +women is brought into service to work in +harmony with the engineer who has already +accomplished so much.</p> + +<p>Household engineering is the great need +for material welfare, and social engineering +for moral and ethical well-being. What +else does this persistent forcing of scientific +training to the front mean? If the State is +to have good citizens, productive human +beings, it must provide for the teaching of +the essentials to those who are to become +the parents of the next generation. No state +can thrive while its citizens waste their resources +of health, bodily energy, time and +brain power, any more than a nation may +prosper that wastes its natural resources.</p> + +<p>The teaching of domestic economy in +the elementary school and home economics +in the higher is intended to give the people +a sense of <i>control</i> over their <i>environment</i> +and to avert a panic as to the future.</p> + +<p>The economics of consumption, including +as it does the ethics of spending, must +have a place in our higher education, preceded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +in earlier grades by manual dexterity +and scientific information, which will lead +to true economy in the use of time, energy, +and money in the home life of the land. +Education is obliged to take cognizance of +the need, because the ideal American homestead, +that place of busy industry, with +occupation for the dozen children, no longer +exists. Gone out of it are the industries, +gone out of it are ten of the children, gone +out of it in large measure is that sense of +moral and religious responsibility which +was the keystone of the whole.</p> + +<p>The methods of work imposed by housing +conditions are wasteful of time, energy, +and money, and the people are restive, they +know not why. As was said earlier, shelter +was found by early students of social conditions +to be most in need of remedy, so we +see that</p> + +<p>“In the first place the state is beginning +to offer positive aid to secure a suitable +home for each family. A communistic habitation +forces the members of a family to +conform insensibly to communistic modes of +thought. Paul Goehre, in his keen observations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +printed in ‘Three Months in a German +Workshop,’ interpreted this tendency in all +clearness. The architecture of a city tenement +house is to blame for the silent but +certain transformation of the home into a +sty. Instead of accepting this condition as +inevitable, like a law of nature, and accepting +its consequences, all experience demands +of those who believe in the monogamic family, +that they make a united and persistent +fight on the evil which threatens the slowly +acquired qualities secured in the highest +form of the family. It would be unworthy +of us to permit a great part of a modern +population to descend again to the animal +level from which the race has ascended only +through æons of struggle and difficulty. +When we remember that very much, perhaps +most of the progress has been dearly +purchased at the cost of women, by the appeal +of her weakness and need and motherhood, +we must all the more firmly resolve +not to yield the field to a temporary effect +of a needless result of neglect and avarice. +As the evil conditions are merely the work +of unwise and untaught communities, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +cure will come from education of the same +communities in wisdom and science and +duty. What man has marred, man can make +better.”<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>It is not impossible to furnish a decent +habitation for every productive laborer in +all our great cities. Many really humane +people are overawed by the authority, the +pompous and powerful assertions of “successful” +men of affairs; and they often +sleep while such men are forming secret +conspiracies against national health and +morality with the aid of legal talent hired +to kill. Only when the social mind and +conscience is educated and the entire community +becomes intelligent and alert can +legislation be secured which places all +competitors on a level where humanity is +possible.</p> + +<p>Here, again, the monogamic family is +the social interest at stake. It is a conflict +for altars and fires. We are told that all +these results are the effect of a natural, uniform +tendency in the progress of the business +world, and that it is useless to combat +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>it. Professor Henderson reminds us that +tendency to uniformity revealed by statistics +may be reversed when resolute men and +women, possessed of higher ideals, unite to +resist it. Jacob A. Riis holds that these +evils are not by a decree of fate, but are the +result of positive wrong, and he dedicates +his “Ten Years’ War” as follows—“to the +faint-hearted and those of little faith.”</p> + +<p>In like manner we call today for more +faith in a way out of the slough of despond, +more resolute endeavor to improve social +and economic conditions. We beg the leaders +of public opinion to pause before they +condemn the efforts making to teach those +means of social control which may build +yet again a home life that will prove the +nursery of good citizens and of efficient +men and women with a sense of responsibility +to God and man for the use they make +of their lives.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> I. H. Hamilton, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Home Problems from a New Standpoint, p. 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> C. R. Henderson, Proceedings Lake Placid Conference, 1902.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="INSTRUCTIVE_INSPECTION" id="INSTRUCTIVE_INSPECTION"></a>INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></h2> + +<div style="width: 60%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> +<p style="padding-top: 1em">Mrs. Richards intended to embody the +following material in Chapter VIII of +the second edition. Because of her death it +has seemed best to add it as an appendix.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Whitcomb and Barrows.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></h2> + +<h3>INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></h3> + + +<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> checking of wastes of all description +is much in the air, but there is +less discussion about <small>WASTE OF EFFORT</small> than +might be expected. Yet effort means time, +and saving of time saves lives as well as +money.</p> + +<p>Nearly every investigation of sanitary +evils leads back to the family home (or the +lack of one), and a great deal of the health +authorities’ work is saving at the spigot +while there is a hundred times the waste +at the bunghole. The medical inspection of +the schools was found to have little effect +without the visiting school nurse, for the +parents did not know how to better conditions +and in the majority of cases did not +believe in the need.</p> + +<p>Such experience should give the health +authorities a cue. Rules and Regulations +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>should be enforced, but enforced with instruction +as to the means of doing. The +<small>WHY</small> is not so easily understood as the student +of sanitary science seems to think. +Germs and microbes are empty air to the +street urchins until they have been shown on +a screen in a lecture hall or until cultures +have been made in the sight of the children +in a schoolroom. One whole school district +of intelligent parents was converted, many +years ago, by giving the children in one class +two Petri dishes each with sterile prepared +gelatine, with directions to open one in the +sitting room while it was being swept, and +two hours after the room had been thoroughly +dusted to open the other in the same +place for the same time. These “dust gardens,” +as the children called them, “took the +place of the family album” for callers, and +spread knowledge.</p> + +<p>Hundreds of similar experiences should +convince any intelligent, earnest Board of +Health that a teacher by nature or training +should be in their employ, to be sent <small>WITH +POWER</small>, like any other inspector, wherever +ignorance—usually diagnosed as stubbornness—is +found.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> + +<p>The health officer whose mother was a +good housekeeper, not afraid of work, has +no idea of the attitude of half the housewives +of his district. Having been made as +a boy “to get the dustpan and brush and +sweep up his whittlings,” he does not realize +that these houses in the tenement district +have no dustpans, and that no one would +bend his back to sweep up litter if there +were. It is all swept into the alley or the +street. Cheap, long-handled dustpans would +be valuable sanitary implements. As has +been elsewhere suggested, the garbage question +in the tenement house needs study and +must be solved by a practical housewife. +There are such, and Boards of Health are +wasting effort and the town’s money until +they avail themselves of this help in the enforcement +of their rules.</p> + +<p>All Health Boards use the strong arm +of the law, <i>i. e.</i>, a police inspector’s club, to +drive the ignorant and careless householder +to keep his premises from becoming a nuisance. +The newly-arrived, prospective citizen, +or more often citizeness, fails to understand +what it is all about—neither the words<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +nor the pantomime convey an idea, except +that this country is topsy-turvy anyway, for +everything is different in this new land.</p> + +<p>In the process of learning what not to +do, the dwellers in the alleys flee when the +health officer appears, and oppose a stubborn +indifference to his threats. When his +back is turned, matters go on as before and +nothing is gained, but an opportunity is lost. +Law is a potent educator when rightly applied, +but it may work more harm than good.</p> + +<p>Rules of action clearly explained are +soon accepted—like traffic rules, notification +of contagious diseases, disinfection, etc.</p> + +<p>The placing on the force of each town +of at least one specially trained “Explainer” +would result in cleaner back yards and less +illness and, better than all else, a more +friendly feeling between the officials and +those they honestly wish to help; for I do +not think there is often justification for such +remarks as were made to me by a shrewd +California countryman when I was showing +him about in the traveling exhibit, the +sanitation car: “Oh, this is all to get a job. +It’s another form of graft—to get some +money to spend.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>”</p> + +<p>It is true that the value of many health +measures does not appear on the surface. +Sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital +statistics to prove a gain.</p> + +<p>It is beginning to be thrown in the faces +of sanitary authorities that the laboratory +wisdom does not reach the street; that there +is not enough, or rapid enough, improvement +in general conditions. Newspapers +are ready, for the most part, to disseminate +information and benevolent societies write +tracts, but we must remember how little +<small>WORDS</small> mean—especially printed words—to +those unaccustomed to acquiring information +that way.</p> + +<p>The actual showing in an alley of the +process of cleaning up; the going into a +house and opening the windows at the top +and tacking on a wire netting to keep out +the flies; the actual cleaning of the garbage +pail, perhaps, or at least the standing by and +seeing that it is properly done—all such +actual doing, even if it is done only in one +house on a street, will spread the information +all over the neighborhood.</p> + +<p>One of the most helpful offices is to tell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +the woman where she can get the special +article needed, and what it will cost, and +to show her the thing itself, in a friendly +spirit. Such visits would soon revolutionize +the sanitary condition of any community.</p> + +<p>Villages need this help even more than +cities, for there they have fewer chances to +know about inventions and perhaps are less +resourceful in making them.</p> + +<p>There may be races, as there are individuals, +whom persecution drives to progress—who +do find means to execute unjust +commands—but the people a health officer +has to deal with can be better led by +kindness and will learn from teachers, if +the teaching is in the form of example or +demonstration.</p> + +<p>It is an incontrovertible fact that to +hasten sanitary reform it is only necessary +to hold out the helping hand; to encourage +the ignorant citizen to ask for instruction +and direction, instead of placing upon him +the task of making bricks without either +clay or straw. There are times and seasons +and individuals at which and on whom the +bludgeon must be used—the greater good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +covering the lesser evil; but such cases are +less common than present practice would +seem to indicate.</p> + +<p>The tenement house mother who has +only one pan for all her needs and one +broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily +understand why she must keep her milk +bottle for milk only. Who is to tell her so +that she will understand?</p> + +<p>The men may be shamed into cleaning +up the back yards and alleys by pictures of +such conditions in contrast to what might +result with a little effort. [The famous +Cash Register yards were started in this +way.] Neglected spots have been cleaned +up all over the country by similar influences. +Why does not the health officer take +a leaf from this book of recorded good work +and show conditions known to him? Is he +afraid of hard words from the owner? He +will have the approval and support of all +good citizens.</p> + +<p>Health Board regulations may be left at +a house <small>AFTER</small> they have been explained, and +a firm insistence on obedience may then have +an effect.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> + +<p>Why should there not be a constant +exhibit of the conditions found within the +boundaries of a district, with the changes +for the better indicated as soon as they +occur?</p> + +<p>The Health Board office is now in some +out-of-the-way place, where few people +ever go and where those who do go are +frequently not welcomed. Has the Board +ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood, +so hampered in its work? What +Board will be the first to take an office on +a busy street and put pictures and samples +with clearly printed legends in the windows—examples +of the evasion of the plumbing +laws on a T-joint pipe; photographs of a +dairy barn; photographs of a street at daybreak, +showing the few open windows, and +the one or two, if any, open at the top—these +would serve as texts for the newspapers’ +sermons, sure to be preached, and +back-alley conversations thereon.</p> + +<p>Why not? Rival water companies are +allowed to show filters to prove their claims.</p> + +<p>The basis of all successful sanitary progress +is an intelligent and responsive public.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> + +<p>The problem is to visualize cause and +effect to the ordinary individual, too absorbed +in his own affairs to study out the +principle for himself.</p> + +<p>The success of the street cleaning brigade, +tried for one season in Boston; the +improvement in the condition of parks +wherever receptacles for wastes have been +placed; the tidy condition of corner lots +where civic improvement leagues have taken +the matter up with the children, all point +to a means neglected by the officials, and +hence to wasted opportunity and delayed +obedience to regulations.</p> + +<p>For the position of instructive inspector, +it goes without saying that a trained woman +will be worth more than a man, since most +of the regulations affect or would be controlled +by women.</p> + +<p>A gain in the speed of adoption of +sanitary reforms would be comparatively +rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman +as instructive inspector, and that there will +not be any great gain until such a measure +is adopted is the firm belief of the writer.</p> + +<p>Mrs. von Wagner’s work in Yonkers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +begun in 1897 under the Civic League, is +well known. After three years’ trial the +Board of Health established her in the position +of Sanitary Inspector. Her work in +the tenement districts has been most successful. +Several other cities have followed the +example of Yonkers, but the practice is by +no means general. Yet there is no doubt +that it would add efficiency to any Board of +Health.</p> + +<p>The most recent experiment was the +employment, the past summer, of an inspector +provided by the Women’s Municipal +League of Boston, to inspect and devise +means for bettering conditions in a district +of small shops where food is sold. The district +had been found by the Market Committee +of this organization to be in need of +such help. A graduate of the School for +Social Workers was chosen, who carried on +her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness +fostered by her training. She was given a +badge by the Board of Health, who have +been most sympathetic and cordial in their +support. The experiment has been justified +by the results and especially by the reception<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +accorded the inspector by the people +of the district. It has proved that there is a +responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever +its provisions are understood.</p> + +<p>Inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until +it is instructive. Man and the law will be in +accord when the benefits of the law to man +are appreciated.</p> + +<p>It is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities +to see to it that their efforts are not +wasted on an inert, partially hostile clientele.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Read before the American Public Health Association at Richmond, +Va., October, 1909.</p></div> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="EUTHENICS_OR_THE" id="EUTHENICS_OR_THE"></a>EUTHENICS, OR THE<br /> +SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE ENVIRONMENT</h2> + +<ul class="endlist"> +<li>Human efficiency and welfare due to</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 200%">Heredity (See Eugenics) and</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Environment</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">1. Natural, cosmical—climate—</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">2. Natural, modified by human effort</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Wet and dry soil</li> +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Waterways and forests</li> +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Food supplies</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">3. Artificial</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Housing—clothing—sanitation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.5em; line-height: 200%">EUTHENICS—Conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2.5em">I. Science in the laboratory</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Discovery of laws of science</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Knowledge of cause and effect</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2.4em">II. Dissemination of scientific knowledge</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Education</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2.3em">III. Application of science</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Habits of living</li> +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Technique</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Stimulus to civic improvement</li> +<li style="padding-left: 1em">Constructive legislation</li> + +<li style="line-height: 200%">I. Science acquired through laboratory and field research</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Universities</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Johns Hopkins, Clark, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Research institutes</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Rockefeller Institute</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Carnegie Institute</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Henry Phipps Institute</li> +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Sage Foundation, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">Sanitary Science = Application of acquired laws to</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">1. National welfare</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Hook worm, Pellagra, Yellow fever, etc., in Panama, + The Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">2. Individual health of body and mind</li> + +<li style="line-height: 200%">The people are reached by</li> + +<li style="line-height: 200%">II. A. Dissemination of scientific knowledge through</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">1. Schools</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">2. Publicity</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">a. Bulletins</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Boards of Health</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Department of Agriculture</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">b. Lectures</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Municipal</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Endowed</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">c. Magazines and newspapers</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">d. Placards</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">e. Commercial advertising</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Inventions of manufacturers</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Food fairs, electrical exhibitions, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">3. Expositions for limited purposes</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit</li> +<li style="padding-left: 7em">“Boston 1915”</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">4. Health Campaigns</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 7em">Tuberculosis classes, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em">B. Legislation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Restrictions</li> + +<li style="line-height: 200%">III. Application of science to living</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em">A. 1. Unconsciously acquired habits of the <small>CHILD</small>, through imitation + in the home, the school, the street</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">2. Conscious endeavor of</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. the trained parents in the home</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. the teacher in the school</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">c. the policemen in the street</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em">B. Conscious personal effort of the <small>ADULT</small> to better conditions + for himself and the community</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">1. Pioneer leading public opinion by</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. Personal example in right living</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. Precept and persuasion</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1em">C. Community progress</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">1. Semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. Remedial measures</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Endowed hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries, day + camps and hospital schools</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Charity organizations—material relief</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. Preventive measures</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 4em">Endowed schools (model and outdoor), extension + movements, settlements, model tenements, + model factories, garden cities</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Both are developed by social organizations, civic clubs, + women’s clubs, museums, libraries, lectures, exhibits, + statistical inquiries, etc.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">2. Private agencies leading to legislation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Special hospitals and schools</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Health organizations—sanitary inspection at model + dairies—private water supply</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">Consumer’s league</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 2em">3. Legislation. Temporary paternalism (protection). + Interpretation by individual becomes constructive. + The people work out freedom under law</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. City</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(1) Schools</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">Grade and trade and outdoor</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(2) Police</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">Building laws</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(3) Board of Health</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Shelter</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 8em">Sanitary laws</li> + +<li><table summary="layout" style="margin-left: 10em"> + +<tr><td>Air—light—refuse</td><td style="line-height: 400%; padding-left: 0.5em"><span style="font-size: 400%">{</span></td><td style="text-indent: 0em">Drainage<br />Garbage<br />Ashes</td></tr></table></li> + + +<li style="clear: both; padding-left: 6em">(b) Food</li> + +<li><table summary="layout" style="margin-left: 9em"> + +<tr><td>Milk—water—foods</td><td style="line-height: 300%; padding-left: 0.5em"><span style="font-size: 300%">{</span></td><td style="text-indent: 0em">Food values<br />Adulterations</td></tr> +</table></li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em; clear: both">(c) Sanitary laws for public places</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 8em">Buildings</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 8em">Streets</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Sewer</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Ice on sidewalk</li> +<li style="padding-left: 9em">Spitting</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(4) Beauty</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">Height of buildings, bill boards, telegraph wires, + parks</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(5) Amusements</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">Playgrounds, municipal music, parks, aquarium</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">(6) Other municipal activities</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Traffic regulation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(b) Medical inspection</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(c) Public baths</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. State</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Education</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Board of Health</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Factory legislation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Water supply (advisory power)</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Interstate commerce</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Food (advisory)</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Park reservations</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Textile laws</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Forest</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 3em">c. Federal</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 5em">Sanitation</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Pure food laws</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(b) Quarantine</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(c) Immigration restriction</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 6em">(d) Future needs</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 8em">Textile laws, etc.</li> +</ul> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable +environment, by Ellen H. 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