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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas, by
+James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas
+
+Author: James E. Deacon
+        Artie L. Metcalf
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31513]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FISHES--WAKARUSA RIVER--KANSAS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 13, No. 6, pp. 309-322, 1 fig.
+February 10, 1961
+
+
+
+
+Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas
+
+
+
+BY
+
+JAMES E. DEACON AND ARTIE L. METCALF
+
+(Contribution from The State Biological Survey, and from the Department
+of Zoology of The University of Kansas)
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1961
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson
+
+
+Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 309-322, 1 fig.
+Published February 10, 1961
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1961
+
+28-5872
+
+
+
+
+Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas
+
+BY
+
+JAMES E. DEACON AND ARTIE L. METCALF
+
+(Contribution from The State Biological Survey, and The Department of
+Zoology of The University of Kansas)
+
+
+_Introduction_
+
+The Wakarusa River rises in the eastern edge of the Flint Hills and
+flows approximately 50 miles in an easterly direction and empties into
+the Kansas River near Eudora; with its tributaries, the Wakarusa drains
+458 square miles in parts of Wabaunsee, Shawnee, Osage, and Douglas
+counties of northeastern Kansas (Fig. 1). The average gradient is 6.3
+feet per mile. Turbidity is consistently more than 100 ppm in the lower
+portions of the mainstream and major tributaries, but is usually lower
+in the upper portions of tributaries. The channel of the mainstream is
+intrenched in its own alluvium (Dufford, 1958:36) and has high, muddy
+banks and mud- or sand-bottom; the upper parts of tributaries have
+lower banks and bottoms of gravel, rubble, or bedrock, although a few
+(such as Cole Creek) have areas of sandy bottom. A fringe forest of
+deciduous trees occurs along most streams. The topography and geology
+of the area have been discussed by Todd (1911), Franzen and Leonard
+(1943), and Dufford (1958).
+
+The five-year period prior to 1957 was the driest in the 70-year
+history of weather-records in Kansas (Metzler _et al._, 1958). Streams
+throughout the Wakarusa Basin suffered intermittency and, according to
+Mr. Melvon H. Wertzberger, the local Work Unit Conservationist with the
+Soil Conservation Service, many of them dried completely or contained
+only a few widely-scattered, stagnant pools. The effect of the drought
+on stream-flow at the mainstream gaging station 2.1 miles south of
+Lawrence is presented in Table 1.
+
+According to the Division of Sanitation, Kansas State Board of Health,
+no untreated domestic sewage or industrial waste is discharged into the
+Wakarusa River System at this time.
+
+The Wakarusa Watershed Association is in the preliminary stages of
+establishing a watershed control project in the basin. Objectives of
+the project are the improvement of land-use practices and the
+construction of several headwater retention structures. Such a program
+should have a long-range effect on the physical and biological
+characteristics of the streams of the basin. With this in mind we think
+it important to document the nature of the present fish-fauna and to
+attempt a historical resume of the fauna, based on collections made in
+the past sixty years.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of the Wakarusa River and its principal
+tributaries.]
+
+
+_Methods_
+
+Sodium cyanide, a 110-volt (600-watt) A.C. electric shocker, and
+seines (6, 12, and 25 feet long, 4 to 8 feet deep having 1/4-in. mesh)
+were used to collect fish in 1959. All fishes were preserved and
+examined in the laboratory with the exception of large, common species
+that were identified in the field and returned to the stream.
+
+TABLE 1. RECORD OF STREAM-FLOW, WAKARUSA RIVER 2.1 MI. S
+LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
+
+============+=========+===========+=========+======
+ Water Year |  Days   | Days with | Maximum | Mean
+  (Oct. 1   | with no | flow less |   for   | for
+ to Oct. 1) |  flow   | than 5cfs |  year   | year
+------------+---------+-----------+---------+------
+ 1951       |      0  |      0    | 22,600  | 596.0
+ 1952       |      0  |     85    |  5,000  | 179.0
+ 1953       |     83  |    191    |    685  |  10.2
+ 1954       |    194  |    123    |  2,010  |  17.2
+ 1955       |    116  |    174    |  2,630  |  22.3
+ 1956       |    122  |    183    |  2,550  |  20.7
+ 1957       |    141  |     84    | 11,700  | 137.0
+ 1958       |     0   |      9    |  6,370  | 213.0
+ 1959       |     0   |     46    |  8,000  | 184.0
+------------+---------+-----------+---------+------
+
+
+_Collection Sites_
+
+    The following collections were made by personnel of the State
+    Biological Survey of Kansas in the 1890's, from 1910 to 1912, and
+    from 1942 to 1953. These collections, all from Douglas County, are
+    deposited in the Museum of Natural History, The University of
+    Kansas. In the annotated list they are designated "KU":
+
+     1. Rock Creek, 1898.
+
+     2. Washington Creek, 1898.
+
+     3. "2-1/2 miles east of Twin Mounds," Rock Creek, Sec. 1, T. 14 S,
+    R. 17 E, 1899.
+
+     4. Rock Creek, 1911.
+
+     5. Rock Creek, 1912.
+
+     6. Washington Creek, 2-3/4 mi. W and 1 mi. S Lawrence, 1946.
+
+     7. Tributary of Yankee Tank Creek, Secs. 4 and 9, T. 13 S, R. 19
+    E, July 24, 1951.
+
+     8. Rock Creek, Sec. 19, T. 13 S, R. 19 E, Aug. 11, 1951.
+
+     9. Drainage ditch, tributary to Wakarusa River, Sec. 18, T. 13 S,
+    R. 20 E, Aug. 24, 1951.
+
+    10. Wakarusa River, Sec. 20, T. 13 S, R. 20 E, Aug. 24, 1951.
+
+    11. Rock Creek, Sec. 27, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, Sept. 28, 1951.
+
+    12. Wakarusa River, Secs. 16 and 17, T. 13 S, R. 20 E, June 21,
+    1952.
+
+    13. Little Wakarusa River, Sec. 18, T. 13 S, R. 21 E, June 21,
+    1952.
+
+    14. Rock Creek, Sec. 33, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, Oct. 2, 1952.
+
+    15. Wakarusa River, Sec. 14, T. 13 S, R. 20 E, March 28, 1953.
+
+    Several collections made between 1912 and 1948 are deposited in the
+    University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. In the annotated list
+    these collections, all from Douglas County, are designated "UMMZ":
+
+     1. Rock Creek, June 9, 1912.
+
+     2. Oxbow Lake, 6 mi. E Lawrence, 1924 (several dates).
+
+     3. Wakarusa River, 7 mi. SE Lawrence, April 9, 1924.
+
+     4. Rock Creek, 9 mi. SW Lawrence, April 14, 1924.
+
+     5. Rock Creek, 12-1/2 mi. S and 8-1/2 mi. E Topeka, July 4, 1948.
+
+    Our collections, all of which were made in 1959, are identified by
+    the letters DM followed by a station-number. Stations are numbered
+    consecutively beginning at the mouth of the Wakarusa River and
+    proceeding up each tributary as it is encountered.
+
+
+_Description of Stations_
+
+     1. Wakarusa River, Sec. 4, T. 13 S, R. 21 E, March 14 and Oct. 18.
+     Mouth of Wakarusa to one-half mile upstream; width _ca._ 25 feet;
+     depth to 4 feet; bottom mud; banks mud, 10 feet high; current
+     slight; water turbid.
+
+     2. Wakarusa River, Sec. 7, T. 13 S, R. 21 E, March 21. Width
+    _ca._ 25 feet; bottom mud; banks mud, 10-20 feet high.
+
+     3. Little Wakarusa Creek, Sec. 19, T. 13 S, R. 21 E, May 2. Long
+    sandy riffles, 6-10 inches deep; pools to 3 feet deep; bottom sand
+    and mud; water slightly turbid.
+
+     4. Little Wakarusa Creek, Secs. 29 and 32, T. 13 S, R. 21 E, May
+    2. Riffles 8-10 inches deep having rubble bottom; pools to 4 feet
+    deep having mud bottom; width 15-30 feet.
+
+     5. Little Wakarusa Creek, Sec. 7, T. 14 S, R. 21 E, May 2. Riffles
+    6-8 inches deep having gravel bottom; pools to 3 feet deep; bottom
+    gravel and mud; width 8 to 15 feet; water slightly turbid.
+
+     6. Cole Creek, Sec. 21, T. 13 S, R. 20 E, May 2. Riffles 8-12 feet
+    wide, 6 inches deep, bottom of flat, fragmented shale; pools
+    having shale and mud bottom; water slightly turbid.
+
+     7. Cole Creek, Sec. 10, T. 14 S, R. 20 E, May 2. Small, shallow
+    creek having sand bottom; water slightly turbid.
+
+     8. Cole Creek, Sec. 23, T. 14 S, R. 10 E, May 2. Banks steep, 20
+    feet high; bottom sand and hard clay; water clear.
+
+     9. Tributary to Yankee Tank Creek, Sec. 10, T. 13 S, R. 19 E, May
+    14. Width 2-10 feet; bottom mud; water turbid.
+
+    10. Washington Creek, Sec. 6, T. 14 S, R. 19 E, Feb. 26. Width
+    _ca._ 25 feet; bottom rubble and gravel; water clear.
+
+    11. Washington Creek, Sec. 11, T. 14 S, R. 18 E, Feb. 26, March 28,
+    March 30, and Oct. 18. One-half mile below dam at Lone Star Lake;
+    width 10-15 feet; bottom gravel; water clear.
+
+    12. Tributary of east arm of Lone Star Lake, Sec. 13, T. 14 S, R.
+    18 E, March 31. Width 5-7 feet; bottom limestone rubble; water
+    clear.
+
+    13. Tributary of southeast arm of Lone Star Lake, Sec. 24, T. 14 S,
+    R. 18 E, March 30.
+
+    14. Tributary of southwest arm of Lone Star Lake, Sec. 22, T. 14 S,
+    R. 18 E, March 30.
+
+    15. Tributary to Rock Creek, Sec. 34, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, Feb. 26.
+    Width 10 feet; water clear.
+
+    16. Rock Creek, Sec. 7, T. 14 S, R. 18 E, July 25 and Oct. 18.
+    Bottom gravel and mud; water clear.
+
+    17. Rock Creek, Sec. 23, T. 14 S, R. 17 E, July 25. Rubble riffles;
+    pools having mud and sand bottom; water clear.
+
+    18. Wakarusa River, Sec. 14, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, July 23. Rubble
+    riffles; pools having sand and mud bottom; water turbid.
+
+    19. Coon Creek, Sec. 27, T. 12 S, R. 18 E, March 21. Bottom rubble
+    and mud; water clear.
+
+    20. Dry Creek, Sec. 8, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, May 16. Bottom rubble;
+    water clear.
+
+    21. Deer Creek, Sec. 4, T. 13 S, R. 18 E, July. Pools having mud
+    bottom; rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    22. Deer Creek, Sec. 31, T. 12 S, R. 18 E, March 21. Bottom mud and
+    shale; water clear.
+
+    23. Elk Creek, Sec. 2, T. 14 S, R. 17 E, July 25. Stream
+    intermittent; bottom rubble; water turbid.
+
+    24. Wakarusa River, 1/4 mi. NE mouth of Elk Creek, Sec. 26, T. 14
+    S, R. 17 E, Oct. 17. Bottom mud and rubble; water turbid.
+
+    25. Camp Creek, Sec. 12, T. 14 S, R. 16 E, Oct. 17. Upland creek
+    having clear, flowing water; rubble riffles alternating with
+    shallow pools.
+
+    26. Strowbridge Creek, Sec. 11, T. 14 S, R. 16 E, July 25. Pools
+    having bottom of mud and detritus, emitting malodorous gases;
+    rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    27. Tributary of Strowbridge Creek, Sec. 29, T. 14 S, R. 16 E, July
+    30. Bottom rubble and mud; water clear, almost intermittent.
+
+    28. Lynn Creek, Sec. 24, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, April 4. Bottom rubble,
+    mud and gravel; depth more than 6 feet; water turbid.
+
+    29. Lynn Creek, Sec. 14, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, May 27. Bottom mud and
+    rubble; water turbid.
+
+    30. Lynn Creek, Secs. 14 and 15, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, July 28. Pools
+    having sand bottom; rubble riffles; water clear.
+
+    31. Lynn Creek, Sec. 10, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, July 28. Bottom sand,
+    rubble and mud; water clear.
+
+    32. Tributary to Lynn Creek, Secs. 11 and 12, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, May
+    16. Bottom rubble; water clear.
+
+    33. Burys Creek, Sec. 8, T. 14 S, R. 16 E, July 25. Bottom mud,
+    rubble and detritus; rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    34. Wakarusa River, Sec. 28, T. 13 S, R. 16 E, July 28. Bottom mud
+    and rubble; rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    35. Unnamed tributary of Wakarusa River, Sec. 24, T. 13 S, R. 15 E,
+    April 4. Bottom mud; water turbid.
+
+    36. Six Mile Creek, Sec. 17, T. 13 S, R. 15 E, May 16. Bottom
+    gravel and rubble; rubble riffles; water clear.
+
+    37. Wakarusa River, Sec. 25, T. 13 S, R. 14 E, May 16. Bottom mud
+    and coarse sand; water turbid.
+
+    38. South Branch of Wakarusa River, Sec. 8, T. 14 S, R. 14 E, July
+    30. Bottom rubble and gravel; water clear.
+
+    39. South Branch of Wakarusa River, Sec. 5, T. 14 S, R. 13 E, July
+    30. Bottom bedrock; flow slight; rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    40. South Branch of Wakarusa River, Sec. 36, T. 13 S, R. 12 E, July
+    30. Bottom mud; rubble riffles; water turbid.
+
+    41. Middle Branch of Wakarusa River, Sec. 21, T. 13 S, R. 14 E,
+    April 4. Bottom mud; gravel riffles; water turbid.
+
+    42. Tributary of Middle Branch of Wakarusa River, Sec. 29, T. 13 S,
+    R. 14 E, April 4. Bottom mud and bedrock; rubble riffles; water
+    turbid.
+
+
+_Annotated List of Species_
+
+    _Lepisosteus osseus oxyurus_ Rafinesque. DM 2. The longnose gar is
+    abundant in most large rivers of Kansas. The scarcity in the
+    Wakarusa is probably attributable to the small size of the stream.
+
+    _Lepisosteus platostomus_ Rafinesque. UMMZ 2. The shortnose gar is
+    common in the Kansas River but seems less inclined than the
+    longnose gar to ascend small streams.
+
+    _Dorosoma cepedianum_ (LeSueur). UMMZ 2; DM 1. Gizzard shad.
+
+    _Carpiodes velifer_ (Rafinesque). UMMZ 2. This record for the
+    highfin carpsucker is based on a single specimen (UMMZ 63182). It
+    was re-examined by Bernard Nelson who stated (personal
+    communication) "The dorsal fin is broken and the 'pea-lip' smashed.
+    A trace of the 'pea' is still discernible. The body is deeply
+    compressed and other measurements agree with [those of] _C.
+    velifer_. It was identified as _C. cyprinus_ at first, but later
+    changed by Hubbs." _C. velifer_ probably was more abundant in
+    Kansas during and before the early 1900's than at present. Several
+    early records of the species are available, but the only specimen
+    obtained in Kansas in recent years was captured in the Neosho River
+    by Deacon in 1958.
+
+    Moore (1957:80) states that _C. velifer_ occurs in the clearer
+    rivers and lakes of the Mississippi valley, westward to Nebraska
+    and Oklahoma. The almost complete disappearance of this species
+    from Kansas probably resulted from an increase in turbidity, of the
+    rivers, accompanying settlement and cultivation of the land.
+
+    _Carpiodes carpio carpio_ (Rafinesque). KU 5, 12, 15; DM 1, 16, 21,
+    37. The river carpsucker occurred at stations scattered throughout
+    the drainage, except in the smallest creeks. The largest numbers
+    were found in the lower mainstream.
+
+    _Ictiobus cyprinella_ (Valenciennes). KU 10; UMMZ 2; DM 1. The
+    big-mouth buffalo was taken only near the mouth of the river; black
+    buffalo, _Ictiobus niger_ (Rafinesque) and smallmouth buffalo,
+    _Ictiobus bubalus_ (Rafinesque), possibly also occur there but were
+    not taken in our survey.
+
+    _Catostomus commersonnii commersonnii_ (Lacepede). KU 4, 8, 14;
+    UMMZ 1, 5; DM 10, 11, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 42. The
+    white sucker occurs primarily in upstream-habitats in the Wakarusa
+    Basin.
+
+    _Moxostoma aureolum_ (LeSueur). KU 15; DM 1. The northern redhorse
+    was taken only in downstream portions of the basin. Minckley and
+    Cross (1960) regard specimens from the Wakarusa River as
+    intergrades between _M. a. aureolum_ and _M. a. pisolabrum_.
+
+    _Cyprinus carpio_ Linnaeus. KU 9, 12, 15; DM 1, 2. The carp, though
+    most abundant in downstream situations, probably occurs throughout
+    the drainage and is a potential pest in all impoundments likely to
+    be constructed in the basin.
+
+    _Notemigonus crysoleucas_ (Mitchill). KU 9; DM 9, 27, 33, 41. The
+    golden shiner was found only in tributaries.
+
+    _Semotilus atromaculatus_ (Mitchill). KU 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12,
+    13, 14; UMMZ 4, 5; DM 3, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23,
+    24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. The creek chub was usually abundant
+    in small upland tributaries.
+
+    _Hybopsis biguttata_ (Kirtland). KU 1, 3; UMMZ 4. The hornyhead
+    chub seemingly was common in early collections but has not been
+    found since 1924. The fish characteristically inhabits clear
+    streams having gravel-bottom. Disappearance of the species from the
+    Wakarusa may have resulted from increased siltation and
+    intermittency of flow.
+
+    _Hybopsis storeriana_ (Kirtland). KU 10; UMMZ 3.
+
+    _Hybopsis aestivalis_ (Girard). KU 10; UMMZ 3; DM 1. This species
+    and the preceding one are common in the Kansas River but do not
+    ascend far up the Wakarusa. _Hybopsis gelida_ (Girard) and
+    _Hybopsis gracilis_ (Richardson) occur in the Kansas River and may
+    be expected in the lowermost portion of the mainstream of the
+    Wakarusa.
+
+    _Notropis percobromus_ (Cope). KU 12; DM 1, 2. The plains shiner
+    shows little tendency to move far upstream from the Kansas River,
+    where it is abundant.
+
+    _Notropis umbratilis_ (Girard). KU 5, 11, 14; UMMZ 1, 4, 5; DM 9,
+    10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37,
+    38, 39, 41. In our survey the redfin shiner was the most abundant
+    species at several stations, especially at those in the lower and
+    middle portions of tributaries to the mainstream.
+
+    _Notropis cornutus frontalis_ (Agassiz). KU 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 14; DM
+    16. Judging from the numbers preserved in early collections, the
+    common shiner was more abundant and widespread in the 1890's than
+    in 1959. A watershed improvement program effecting more stable flow
+    and decreased turbidity might benefit this shiner.
+
+    _Notropis lutrensis_ (Baird and Girard). KU 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
+    12, 13, 14, 15; UMMZ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; DM all stations _except_ 5, 11,
+    12, 13, 14, 19, 35. The red shiner was ubiquitous, and was the
+    dominant species at a majority of stations.
+
+    _Notropis stramineus_ (Cope). KU 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; DM
+    1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 31, 37. The sand
+    shiner was most common in two environments: (1) near the mouth of
+    the Wakarusa where abundance of the species may be attributed to
+    the close proximity of a large population of _N. stramineus_ in the
+    Kansas River, and (2) in upland tributaries that drain areas in
+    which sand is found (especially in Cole Creek).
+
+    _Notropis topeka_ (Gilbert). KU 1, 14; UMMZ 1, 4, 5; DM 22, 25, 27,
+    33. Minckley and Cross (1959) describe the habitat of the Topeka
+    shiner as pools of clear upland tributaries with slight flow. We
+    found the Topeka shiner in such habitat in Deer Creek, Strowbridge
+    Creek and Burys Creek. The largest population occurred in a
+    tributary of Strowbridge Creek. This stream probably was
+    intermittent in 1958, and Deer and Burys creeks may have been
+    intermittent at some time in 1957-1959. Although Minckley and Cross
+    (1959:215) have stated that Rock Creek is "unsuitable for this
+    species," we suspect that Rock Creek served as a refugium for _N.
+    topeka_ in time of drought. It was found there (KU 14) in 1952, and
+    again (DM 16) on April 8, 1960.
+
+    _Notropis buchanani_ Meek. UMMZ 3. Inclusion of the ghost shiner is
+    based on two specimens (UMMZ 63107) collected by C. W. Creaser in
+    1924.
+
+    _Phenacobius mirabilis_ (Girard). KU 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15;
+    UMMZ 4; DM 3, 6, 16, 18, 21, 22, 34. The suckermouth minnow
+    occurred in several collections but was nowhere dominant. The
+    largest populations were at DM 3, 6, and 22.
+
+    _Hybognathus nuchalis_ Agassiz. KU 8, 15; UMMZ 3; DM 1, 6. The
+    silvery minnow was taken only in the downstream portion of the
+    Wakarusa and its lower tributaries.
+
+    _Pimephales promelas_ Rafinesque. KU 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14,
+    15; UMMZ 1, 4, 5; DM all stations _except_ 1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14,
+    30. The fathead minnow was ubiquitous, and was dominant at several
+    stations on the smallest creeks.
+
+    _Pimephales notatus_ (Rafinesque). KU 1, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15; UMMZ 1,
+    4, 5; DM 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37, 41. The
+    bluntnose minnow occurred at several stations on tributaries but
+    was not common.
+
+    _Campostoma anomalum_ (Rafinesque). KU 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14;
+    UMMZ 4, 5; DM 3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,
+    25, 30, 32, 33, 34. The stoneroller was usually abundant at
+    upstream stations and was found in the mainstream of the Wakarusa
+    River.
+
+    _Ictalurus punctatus_ (Rafinesque). KU 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15; DM
+    1, 2, 18, 24. Channel catfish were taken by us only in the
+    mainstream; anglers sometimes catch channel catfish in several of
+    the tributaries.
+
+    _Ictalurus melas_ (Rafinesque). Black bullhead. KU 1, 2, 5, 6, 9,
+    14; UMMZ 2, 5; DM 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39,
+    40.
+
+    _Ictalurus natalis_ (LeSueur). Yellow bullhead. KU 9, 14.
+
+    _Pylodictis olivaris_ (Rafinesque). KU 8, 10; DM 18. The flathead
+    catfish comprises a small but consistent part of the sport fishery
+    of the Wakarusa, especially in the mainstream.
+
+    _Noturus flavus_ Rafinesque. Stonecat. KU 10, 11, 12.
+
+    _Noturus exilis_ (Nelson). DM 11. The slender madtom is recorded
+    only from riffles in Washington Creek below Lone Star Lake. These
+    riffles, because of the influence of the reservoir, are probably
+    the most permanent in the drainage at present. The slender madtom
+    may become more widespread if other reservoirs are built that
+    stabilize stream flow in the basin.
+
+    _Perca flavescens_ (Mitchill). The yellow perch is present in Lone
+    Star Lake, and probably will become established in future
+    reservoirs that are constructed.
+
+    _Percina caprodes_ (Rafinesque). Log perch. KU 11, 14, 15; DM 11,
+    12, 16, 37, 41.
+
+    _Etheostoma nigrum_ Rafinesque. KU 8, 14; UMMZ 1, 3, 4, 5; DM 16,
+    17. The johnny darter, like the common shiner, has been taken
+    recently only in Rock Creek, where darters flourish. Often, ten to
+    fifteen johnny darters were taken with one sweep of a 6- or 12-foot
+    seine in shallow pools having mud bottoms. Watershed improvement
+    may benefit this species.
+
+    _Etheostoma spectabile pulchellum_ (Girard). KU 7, 10, 12, 14; UMMZ
+    4, 5; DM 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26. The
+    orangethroat darter was most abundant in Deer Creek, Rock Creek and
+    Washington Creek.
+
+    _Micropterus salmoides salmoides_ (Lacepede). DM 16, 17, 21, 30,
+    32, 34, 37. The largemouth bass occurs throughout the drainage at
+    present, and should become established without supplemental
+    stocking in future reservoirs. The absence of this species in early
+    collections suggests that widespread stocking of bass in various
+    impoundments in the area in recent years has increased populations
+    in the streams. An anomalous individual, lacking a right pelvic
+    fin, was found in Lone Star Lake.
+
+    _Chaenobryttus gulosus_ (Cuvier). The warmouth is present in Lone
+    Star Lake. This species typically inhabits lakes and probably will
+    establish itself in other reservoirs.
+
+    _Lepomis cyanellus_ Rafinesque. Green sunfish. KU 6, 8, 9, 10, 11,
+    13, 14, 15; UMMZ 2, 4, 5; DM all stations _except_ 11, 12, 13, 14,
+    27, 30, 31, 39, 40.
+
+    _Lepomis macrochirus_ Rafinesque. KU 6; DM 10, 16, 17, 24, 31, 33,
+    37, 41, 42. Both bluegill and green sunfish are common throughout
+    the drainage and will contribute to the sport fishery of any
+    reservoir constructed. The absence of the bluegill in early
+    collections suggests that its population has increased recently
+    owing to introductions in many impoundments.
+
+    _Lepomis humilis_ (Girard). Orangespotted sunfish. KU 6, 9, 11, 14,
+    15; UMMZ 1, 2, 4, 5; DM 4, 6, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32, 33,
+    34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.
+
+    _Lepomis megalotis breviceps_ (Rafinesque). Longear sunfish. KU 8
+    (one individual taken in Rock Creek, 1951).
+
+    _Pomoxis annularis_ (Rafinesque). KU 9, 15; UMMZ 2. White crappie
+    occur in Lone Star Lake and in farm ponds in the basin.
+
+    _Pomoxis nigromaculatus_ (LeSueur). Specimens of black crappie were
+    obtained from Lone Star Lake and in farm ponds in the basin.
+
+    _Aplodinotus grunniens_ Rafinesque. Drum. KU 12.
+
+
+_Discussion_
+
+Our data show that the present fish-fauna of the Wakarusa River has
+three major components:
+
+(1) A group of species that are mainly restricted to the lower
+mainstream; all of them are common in the Kansas River (_Lepisosteus
+osseus_, _Carpiodes carpio carpio_, _Ictiobus cyprinella_, _Moxostoma
+aureolum_, _Cyprinus carpio_, _Hybopsis storeriana_, _Hybopsis
+aestivalis_, _Notropis percobromus_, _Hybognathus nuchalis_ and
+_Pylodictis olivaris)_.
+
+(2) A group of species that are ubiquitous; they comprised the entire
+fauna in some tributaries, despite the existence of habitats that
+seemed suitable for other species (_Notropis lutrensis_, _Pimephales
+promelas_, _Ictalurus melas_, and _Lepomis cyanellus_).
+
+(3) A group of species having distributions centered in Rock Creek,
+Washington Creek, Deer Creek, and some nearby tributaries (_Catostomus
+commersonnii_, _Semotilus atromaculatus_, _Hybopsis biguttata_,
+_Notropis cornutus_, _Notropis topeka_, _Notropis umbratilis_,
+_Phenacobius mirabilis_, _Pimephales notatus_, _Campostoma anomalum_,
+_Noturus exilis_, _Percina caprodes_, _Etheostoma nigrum_ and
+_Etheostoma spectabile_).
+
+The distributions of groups (2) and (3) provide clues to the effect of
+drought on the fish-population, and on the relative ability of various
+species to repopulate areas where they have been extirpated.
+
+Larimore _et al._ (1959) studied the re-establishment of stream-fish
+following drought in Smiths Branch, a small warmwater stream in
+Illinois. They found that 21 of the 29 species regularly occurring
+there reinvaded most of the stream-course within two weeks after the
+resumption of normal flow, and that all but three species were present
+by the end of the first summer. Our study indicates a much slower rate
+of dispersal by many of the same species. This is presumably
+attributable to the ecological barrier presented by the Wakarusa
+mainstream.
+
+During the drought (1952-1956) the mainstream with its turbid water and
+mud bottom could hardly have served as a refugium for species requiring
+the clear water and gravel bottom of upland tributaries. Probably the
+main refugia for these species [group (3)] were in the upper portions
+of Rock Creek, Washington Creek and possibly Deer Creek. While
+collecting we observed that these creeks had larger proportions of
+gravel-rubble bottom, clearer water, deeper pools, and appeared to be
+more stable than other creeks in the drainage. In Washington Creek,
+Lone Star Lake enhanced stability of flow.
+
+At the end of the drought, fishes in group (3) probably were extirpated
+or decimated in other tributaries of the Wakarusa. After normal flow
+recommenced in 1956, fishes re-entered the previously uninhabitable
+streams or stream-segments. The rate of redispersal by various species
+probably depended upon their innate mobility, and upon their tolerance
+of the muddy mainstream of the Wakarusa.
+
+Our observations suggest that certain species in group (3) dispersed
+rapidly from refugia in Rock Creek, Washington Creek, and possibly Deer
+Creek. These species may, of course, have survived in a few remaining
+pools in tributaries throughout the basin, thereby necessitating only
+minor redispersal within these tributaries following drought.
+
+Species of group (3) that were most tolerant of drought or that
+dispersed most rapidly are _Catostomus commersonnii_, _Notropis
+umbratilis_, _Pimephales notatus_, and _Percina caprodes_; these were
+present in the uppermost portions of the basin in 1959. Fishes having
+lesser capacity for survival or dispersal are _Semotilus
+atromaculatus_, _Notropis topeka_, _Phenacobius mirabilis_ and
+_Campostoma anomalum_; in 1959, they were not found farther upstream
+than Burys Creek. _Etheostoma spectabile_, the orangethroat darter, was
+taken in Rock Creek, Washington Creek, Deer Creek, Strowbridge Creek,
+Elk Creek, and at station 24 on the Wakarusa. This is a
+riffle-dwelling, comparatively sedentary fish, not a strong swimmer.
+These traits, coupled with the long, muddy pools and infrequent riffles
+of the Wakarusa mainstream, provide a reasonable explanation of the
+comparatively slow rate of dispersal by the orangethroat darter.
+
+Several species showed no tendency for redispersal following drought,
+in that they were confined to Washington Creek or Rock Creek in 1959.
+_Noturus exilis_ was taken only in Washington Creek immediately below
+Lone Star Lake. Rock Creek is the last stream in the Wakarusa Basin in
+which _Notropis cornutus_, _Hybopsis biguttata_ and _Etheostoma nigrum_
+have survived. These species require comparatively permanent streams
+having pool-and-riffle habitats and gravelly bottoms for spawning.
+_Hybopsis biguttata_ has been recorded only from Rock Creek, where it
+was last taken in 1924. It is interesting to note that this species had
+not reinvaded Smiths Branch, in Illinois, three years after the
+resumption of stream-flow (Larimore _et al._, 1959). _Notropis
+cornutus_ and _Etheostoma nigrum_, although formerly more widespread in
+the Wakarusa Basin, have been taken recently only in Rock Creek.
+
+Faunal changes that have occurred in the basin in the past 60 years
+indicate a decrease in extent of clear, continuously flowing
+stream-habitat.
+
+
+_Comparisons with Faunas of Nearby Streams_
+
+Minckley (1959) reported 13 species from the Big Blue River Basin that
+were not taken in our survey of the Wakarusa. Most of the 13 are fishes
+that probably occur throughout the lower mainstream of the Kansas River
+and might enter the lower Wakarusa occasionally. _Chrosomus
+erythrogaster_ and _Notropis rubellus_ were reported by Minckley but
+have not been found in the Kansas River Basin east of the Flint Hills,
+either in recent or in early collections. On the other hand, five
+species have been reported from the Wakarusa but not from the Big Blue
+River. Two of these, _Notemigonus crysoleucas_ and _Chaenobryttus
+gulosus_, may have been introduced by man. The remaining three,
+_Hybopsis biguttata_, _Noturus exilis_ and _Percina caprodes_, have not
+been taken farther west than Mill Creek, Wabaunsee County. In general
+the faunas of the two systems are similar; forty species are common to
+both.
+
+Comparison of the faunal list reported from the Cottonwood River
+drainage (Arkansas River System) by Cross (1954) with that here
+reported reveals 26 species in common, 19 found only in the Wakarusa
+and 15 species found only in the Cottonwood.
+
+
+_Acknowledgments_
+
+    We thank Dr. Frank Cross, Mr. Bernard Nelson and Mr. Wendell
+    Minckley for their suggestions and data, and Mrs. James E. Deacon
+    for assistance in preparation of the manuscript. We are grateful
+    also to landowners in the Wakarusa Basin for permitting us to
+    collect on their properties, to Mr. Melvon H. Wertzberger for
+    varied assistance, and to The Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game
+    Commission for financial assistance to one of us. The Kansas State
+    Board of Health and the Water Resources Board supplied pertinent
+    information.
+
+
+_Literature Cited_
+
+CROSS, F. B.
+
+1954. Fishes of Cedar Creek and the South Fork of the Cottonwood River,
+Chase County, Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 57:303-314.
+
+DUFFORD, A. E.
+
+1958. Quaternary geology and ground water resources of Kansas River
+Valley between Bonner Springs and Lawrence, Kansas. Kansas Geol. Surv.
+Bull. 130, Part 1, pp. 1-96.
+
+FRANZEN, D. S., and LEONARD, A. B.
+
+1943. The Mollusca of the Wakarusa River Valley. Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull. 29(9):363-439.
+
+LARTMORE, R. W., CHILDERS, W. F., and HECKROTTE, C.
+
+1959. Destruction and re-establishment of stream fish and invertebrates
+affected by drought. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 88(4):261-285.
+
+METZLER, D. F., CULP, R. L., STOLTENBERG, H. A., WOODWARD, R. L.,
+WALTON, G., CHANG, S. L., CLARKE, N. A., PALMER, C. M., and MIDDLETON,
+F. M.
+
+1958. Emergency use of reclaimed water for potable supply at Chanute,
+Kansas. Jour. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 50(8):1021-1060.
+
+MINCKLEY, W. L.
+
+1959. Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas. Univ. Kansas Mus.
+Nat. Hist, Publ. 11(7):401-442.
+
+MINCKLEY, W. L., and CROSS, F. B.
+
+1959. Distribution, habitat, and abundance of the Topeka shiner,
+_Notropis topeka_ (Gilbert) in Kansas. Amer. Midi. Nat. 6(1):210-217.
+
+1960. Taxonomic status of the Shorthead Redhorse, _Moxostoma aureolum_
+(LeSueur) from the Kansas River Basin, Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.
+63(1):35-39.
+
+MOORE, G. A.
+
+1957. Fishes. _Transmitted November 8, 1960._ Vertebrates of the United
+States, by Blair, W. F., Blair, A. P., Brodkorb, P., Cagle, F. R., and
+Moore, G. A. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, pp. 31-210.
+
+Todd, J. E.
+
+1911. History of Wakarusa Creek. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 24:211-218.
+
+
+_Transmitted November 8, 1960._
+
+
+28-5872
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas, by
+James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf
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