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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Apple, Compiled And Revised By The
+      Kansas State Horticultural Society.
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apple, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Apple
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Kansas State Horticultural Society
+
+Release Date: March 22, 2010 [EBook #31729]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE APPLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Stephen H. Sentoff and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images produced by Core
+Historical Literature in Agriculture (CHLA), Cornell
+University)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>THE APPLE.</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><big>THE KANSAS APPLE</big>.<br />
+<big>THE BIG RED APPLE</big>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Luscious, Red-cheeked First Love of the Farmer's Boy.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Healthful, Hearty Heart of the Darling Dumpling.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>WHAT IT IS.</h3>
+
+<h3>HOW TO GROW IT.</h3>
+
+<h3>ITS COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.</h3>
+
+<h3>HOW TO UTILIZE IT.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><img src="images/page1.jpg" alt="Seal of Horticultural Society" /></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">COMPILED AND REVISED BY THE<br /><br />
+<big>KANSAS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY</big>,<br /><br />
+WILLIAM H. BARNES, <span class="smcap">Secretary</span>,<br />
+State Capitol, Topeka, Kan.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1898.
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><img src="images/page2.png" alt="J.S. PARKS PRINTER TOPEKA" /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_APPLE_WHAT_IT_IS" id="THE_APPLE_WHAT_IT_IS"></a>THE APPLE! WHAT IT IS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">DEFINITION.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (<i>Pyrus malus</i>),
+the origin of which is probably the wild crab-apple of Europe,
+cultivated in innumerable varieties in the temperate zones.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>It is scarcely known in the wild state, but as an escape from
+cultivation its fruit becomes small, acid, and harsh, and is
+known as the crab; the cultivated crab-apple is the fruit of
+other species of <i>Pyrus</i>. Of the cultivated crabs there are the
+Siberian (<i>Pyrus prunifolia</i>), the Chinese (<i>Pyrus spectabillis</i>),
+and the Cherry-crab (<i>Pyrus baccata</i>), all natives of northern
+Asia.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>The apple was first introduced into America from England,
+in 1629, by the governor of Massachusetts Bay.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LAWS_PERTAINING_TO_APPLE_ORCHARDISTS" id="LAWS_PERTAINING_TO_APPLE_ORCHARDISTS"></a>LAWS PERTAINING TO APPLE ORCHARDISTS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Extracts from General Statutes of Kansas, 1897.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">CUTTING OR DESTROYING FRUIT- OR SHADE-TREES.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2, p. 374.) � 423. If any person shall cut down, injure or destroy or
+carry away any tree placed or growing for use, shade or ornament, or any timber,
+rails or wood standing, being or growing on the land of any other person, or shall
+dig up, quarry or carry away stones, ore or mineral, gravel, clay or mold, roots, fruits,
+or plants, or cut down or carry away grass, grain, corn, flax or hemp in which he
+has no interest or right, standing, lying or being on land not his own, or shall
+knowingly break the glass or any part of it in any building not his own, the party
+so offending shall pay to the party injured treble the value of the thing so injured,
+broken, destroyed or carried away, with costs, and shall be deemed guilty of a
+misdemeanor, and shall be subject to a fine not exceeding $500.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">DESTRUCTION BY FIRE.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2, p. 372.) � 415. If any person shall wantonly and wilfully set on fire
+any woods, marshes or prairies so as thereby to occasion any damage to any other
+person he shall upon conviction be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred
+dollars and not less than fifty dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not
+more than six months and not less than ten days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">DECEPTION IN SALE OF TREES, PLANTS, ETC.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2, p. 318.) � 126. Any person or persons who shall misrepresent, deceive
+or defraud any person or persons in the sale of any fruit, shade or ornamental
+tree or trees, or any vine, shrub, plant, bulb, or root, by substituting inferior or
+different varieties, or who shall falsely represent the name, age or class of any
+fruit, shade or ornamental tree or trees, or any vine, shrub, plant, bulb, or root,
+shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be fined not less than
+$10 nor more than $200, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than thirty
+days nor more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, and shall
+be liable to the party or parties injured thereby in treble the amount of all damages
+sustained, to be recovered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">TO PRESERVE ORDER AT HORTICULTURAL FAIRS.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2. p. 955.) � 4. All county agricultural and horticultural societies, duly
+incorporated under the laws of this state, shall have power during the time of
+holding their fairs to appoint such police force and make such laws and regulations
+as shall be deemed necessary for the well ordering and government of the
+society.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2. p. 944.) � 11. Green apples shall weigh forty-eight pounds per bushel.
+Dried apples shall weigh twenty-four pounds per bushel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS.</p>
+
+<p>(Vol. 2, p. 934.) � 1. The owner of an orchard may at any time shoot blue-jays,
+orioles, or yellowhammers.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THE_APPLE">THE APPLE</a></td><td align="right"><i>page</i> 5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THE_STATE_BY_DISTRICTS">THE STATE, BY DISTRICTS</a></td><td align="right">42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_FOREGOING_DISTRICT_REPORTS">A SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING DISTRICT REPORTS</a></td><td align="right">187</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#MISCELLANEOUS_ARTICLES_RELATING_TO_ORCHARDS">MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES RELATING TO ORCHARDS</a></td><td align="right">191</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ENEMIES_OF_THE_APPLE">ENEMIES OF THE APPLE</a></td><td align="right">204</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#APPLES_FOR_THE_TABLE">APPLES FOR THE TABLE</a></td><td align="right">218</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td><td align="right">225</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_APPLE" id="THE_APPLE"></a>THE APPLE.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CHEMISTRY OF THE APPLE TREE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Written specially for "The Kansas Apple," By Prof. <span class="smcap">E. H. S. Bailey</span>, Chemist at the Kansas
+State University.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the cultivation of the apple tree, which, like most plants, gets its nourishment
+from two sources, the soil and the atmosphere, these must be first considered.
+From the soil come the mineral ingredients, those that are given back to
+the soil when the plant is burned, and from the atmosphere come the ingredients
+of no less importance in the growth of the tree, but which mostly disappear as
+invisible gases upon combustion. Upon the character of this soil, and upon the
+climate, a general term that may be said to cover the conditions of the atmosphere,
+depend the success of the horticulturist. In addition to this, insect pests
+are liable to constantly menace the crop.</p>
+
+<p>In the making of soils, a process that is constantly going on, the most important
+agents are water, air, frost, sunshine, and the action of living organisms. By
+this combined action, the mountain, with its rich store of mineral matter, is disintegrated,
+its constituents are partly dissolved in the water and partly carried
+mechanically to the plains below; the air is distributed through the soil; seeds
+are dropped; the living animal forms begin to multiply; the soil is enriched, and
+gradually it begins to be in a condition suitable to bear the simpler forms of vegetable
+life, which in turn decaying, add to the richness of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the mechanical condition of the soil has much to do with the
+successful growth of the plant. If the soil is extremely fine, it is liable to become
+so compact that the rootlets cannot easily penetrate it, when it is of such a composition
+as to bake readily in the sun; if very coarse, like gravel, there is not a sufficient
+capacity to retain moisture. It should, however, be porous enough to allow
+the air to penetrate it, for upon the aeration of the soil depends much of its fertility.
+We loosen the soil about the roots of plants to allow the air to penetrate and
+give an opportunity for the chemical changes constantly undergoing in the soil.
+Then, too, the work of the earthworms in loosening the soil, and thus adding to
+its porosity, should not be overlooked. In this soil workshop, too, live and labor
+certain minute organisms that make it their business to enrich the soil by helping
+the rootlets to assimilate the nitrogen of the air.</p>
+
+<p>Since the soil is composed mostly of ingredients that come from the decomposition
+of rocks, it follows that is must be of very complex composition. Fortunately,
+however, there are only a few of the ingredients of the soil that are of
+interest to the agriculturist, as only a few of the elements, as they are called, go
+to make up the plant structure, or at least only a few are essential ingredients of
+the plant. Nitrogen, though very abundant in the air, is not abundant in the soil.
+In fact, the soil has to depend largely on the nitrogen compounds that are washed
+out of the atmosphere in small quantities by the rain. Another source of nitrogen
+is the action of certain bacteria, that make little sacs on the rootlets and,
+living on the juices of the plants, fix the nitrogen of the air, and thus fertilize
+the soil; especially on plants of the leguminous family, as peas, beans, and clover.</p>
+
+<p>Silicon, which with oxygen makes ordinary sand, is essential to the growth of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+plants and is everywhere found in abundance. Sulphur, united with oxygen and
+the metals to form sulphates, is generally abundant enough. The same may be
+said of chlorine, which, united with sodium or potassium, is always present in our
+prairie soils. Phosphorus, as it occurs in the phosphates, is one of the most essential
+ingredients of a fertile soil. Calcium and magnesium are found in combination
+as carbonates and sulphates, and, though essential, are usually abundant,
+especially where limestone rocks underlie the soil and outcrop in so many places.
+Potassium is found united with chlorine or sulphuric acid. It is one of the elements
+that is most liable to be exhausted from the soil by a succession of crops.
+Sodium exists almost everywhere. It is one of the elements of common salt, and,
+though much like potassium, cannot take the place of the latter in plant nurture.
+Iron is abundant and at the same time necessary in small quantities. The elements
+above mentioned, together with oxygen, are to be found in the ashes of
+plants. Besides, there are two elements that come largely from the atmosphere,
+namely carbon and hydrogen, which, united with oxygen, make up the bulk of
+the plant. Thus, wood is a substance containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
+with small quantities of nitrogen and mineral salts. The mineral salts represent
+about one per cent. of air-dried wood.</p>
+
+<p>Having considered in a general way the constituents of the plant, and having
+noticed the source of each of these constituents, it may be of interest to look at
+the composition of the soil as revealed by chemical analysis. "A" is the analysis
+of a soil from Finney county, as made in the laboratory of the Kansas State University,
+by the author. "B" is a soil from Wyandotte county, as reported in the
+report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture for 1874. "C" is a prairie soil
+from Dakota, as reported by Prof. E. Richards, of the department of agriculture.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">"A"</td><td align="right">"B"</td><td align="right">"C"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Silica and insoluble</td><td align="right">71.66</td><td align="right">82.16</td><td align="right">69.82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Iron and aluminum oxides</td><td align="right">6.55</td><td align="right">6.70</td><td align="right">12.05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Calcium oxide</td><td align="right">4.41</td><td align="right">.68</td><td align="right">.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Magnesium oxide</td><td align="right">1.02</td><td align="right">.06</td><td align="right">.87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphoric anhydride</td><td align="right">.18</td><td align="right">.08</td><td align="right">.11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chlorine</td><td align="right">.01</td><td align="right">.03</td><td align="right">.03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Potassium oxide</td><td align="right">.75</td><td align="right">.05</td><td align="right">.72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sodium oxide</td><td align="right">.25</td><td align="right">.11</td><td align="right">.94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sulphuric anhydride</td><td align="right">.06</td><td align="right">.39</td><td align="right">.12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Volatile and organic matter</td><td align="right">3.98</td><td align="right">5.44</td><td align="right">8.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Moisture</td><td align="right">9.67</td><td align="right">3.80</td><td align="right">6.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Undetermined, carbonic acid, etc.</td><td align="right">1.48</td><td align="right">.30</td><td align="right">.22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100.00</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100.00</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>In some cases it happens that there is a sufficient quantity of an ingredient in
+the soil, but it is not in a sufficiently <i>soluble</i> form to be available. It will be
+noticed that in the analyses quoted above the amount of the necessary constituents
+of the soil to plant growth is not in any case large. The nitrogen may be
+present in the volatile and organic matter, and upon the proportion of this complex
+organic matter very often depends to a great extent the fertility of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>Some experiments made at one of the agricultural experiment stations upon
+the effect of "apple stock," that is, young trees raised for nursery purposes, on
+the soil, showed that in eleven tons of such stock the following quantities of ingredients
+were removed from the soil:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Silica</td><td align="right">50.6</td><td align="center">lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphoric acid</td><td align="right">21.4</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sulphuric acid</td><td align="right">14.3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chlorine</td><td align="right">1.3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Carbonic-acid gas</td><td align="right">94.9</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Iron oxide</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lime</td><td align="right">138.6</td><td align="center">lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Magnesia</td><td align="right">23.7</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Soda</td><td align="right">21.3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Potash</td><td align="right">27.1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">399.3</td><td align="center" style="border-top:1px black solid;">lbs.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is no inconsiderable quantity of material to be removed by a single crop.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Goessmann, in discussing the ash of fruits, gives the following analysis
+of the ash of the Baldwin apple; this would represent the mineral matter
+taken from the soil by the fruit: Potash, 63.54 per cent.; soda, 1.71; lime, 7.28;
+magnesia, 5.52, and phosphoric acid, 20.87. Comparing this with the ash of other
+fruits, it is seen that the amount of potash required is larger than in the case of
+other fruits except plums and peaches, and the amount of phosphoric acid is
+high, but not as high as in the case of some berries. The application is obvious;
+in order to successfully raise apples there must be an abundance of potash and
+of phosphoric acid in the soil, and these ingredients must be in an available form.</p>
+
+<p>If we compare the apple and the pear by an analysis for fertilizing constituents,
+or such constituents as are usually introduced into deficient soil by means of fertilizers,
+we have the following table: 1000 parts of the fruit contain, in the case
+of each,</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td align="right">N&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Ash</td><td align="right">K<sub>2</sub>O</td><td align="right">Na<sub>2</sub>O</td><td align="right">CaO</td><td align="right">MgO</td><td align="right">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td align="right">SO<sub>3</sub></td><td align="right">SiO<sub>2</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Apple</td><td align="right">831</td><td align="right">0.6</td><td align="right">2.2</td><td align="right">0.8</td><td align="right">0.6</td><td align="right">0.1</td><td align="right">0.2</td><td align="right">0.3</td><td align="right">0.1</td><td align="right">0.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pear</td><td align="right">831</td><td align="right">0.6</td><td align="right">3.3</td><td align="right">1.8</td><td align="right">0.3</td><td align="right">0.3</td><td align="right">0.2</td><td align="right">0.5</td><td align="right">0.2</td><td align="right">0.1</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>When we study the composition of the apple, to determine the "proximate
+principles," as they are called, it is noticed that we have the constituents mentioned
+in the discussion of the elements contained in the fruit combined to form
+various substances; thus:</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">Apples.</td><td align="right">Pears.</td><td align="right">Cherries.</td><td align="right">Peaches.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="right">82.04</td><td align="right">83.95</td><td align="right">75.73</td><td align="right">84.99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sugar</td><td align="right">6.83</td><td align="right">7.00</td><td align="right">13.11</td><td align="right">1.58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Free acid</td><td align="right">.85</td><td align="right">.07</td><td align="right">.35</td><td align="right">.61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Albuminous substances</td><td align="right">.45</td><td align="right">.26</td><td align="right">.90</td><td align="right">.46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pectous substances</td><td align="right">.47</td><td align="right">3.28</td><td align="right">2.29</td><td align="right">6.31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Soluble</td><td align="right">14.96</td><td align="right">10.90</td><td align="right">17.25</td><td align="right">9.39</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Free acid in fruits is not neutralized by sugar, but it is well known that an
+abundance of sugar will cover up the sour taste of a fruit. The constituents
+above noted are mostly found in the expressed juice of the fruit, and give it its
+characteristic flavor. Without the sugar in these juices it would not be possible
+to make any alcoholic beverages from them. In the process of fermentation, in
+the case of apple juice, we have first the change of the sugar to alcohol and carbonic-acid
+gas, which imparts to cider its characteristic taste and tang. Afterwards,
+the alcoholic solution, in the presence of the organic matter, is subjected to what
+is called acetic fermentation; that is, the vinegar plant grows at the expense of
+the organic matter in the cider, and this beverage is converted into vinegar, containing
+acetic acid. It is a familiar fact that the change does not readily take
+place except when cider is exposed to the air, and this is shown to be true from
+a chemical standpoint, as the cider really is oxidized to make the vinegar; that
+is, it takes up oxygen from the air.</p>
+
+<p>The greater the proportion of sugar, the greater the quantity of alcohol, the
+stronger the vinegar will be. Grapes contain more than twice as much sugar as
+apples; hence, a wine that is made from them is stronger in alcohol than a cider
+made from apples. Cherries, as will be seen by reference to the table above, contain
+a large amount of sugar; hence their use in making cherry brandy, which
+contains a large per cent. of alcohol. It should be said, however, that in order
+to make brandy the cherry juice must be distilled. In this respect the process
+is similar to that employed in making apple brandy.</p>
+
+<p>After the juice has been extracted from the apples the pomace that remains
+is sometimes used as a fertilizer. This is valuable chiefly on account of the mineral
+salts contained in it. An analysis of the pomace shows that it contains:
+Water, 69.90 per cent.; ash, .71; albuminous substances, 1.58; fiber, 4.87; nitrogen,
+free extract, 21.24; fat, 1.71.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The acid of the apple is usually considered to be malic acid, but really there
+are several acids mixed together. It is a mild and agreeable vegetable acid, and
+its presence adds much to the flavor of the fruit. The pectous and albuminous
+substances are those that assist in the formation of fruit jellies. Some of these
+substances are liquid when hot, and gelatinize on cooling; by too long boiling
+they lose this property of gelatinizing; hence the precaution that is taken in the
+making of fruit jellies not to boil the juice too long.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of the ripening of fruits like the apple has been extensively
+studied, as has also that of the subsequent decay. According to recent researches,
+early varieties of apples contain little starch when picked, and do not
+keep well. The season, soil, and age of the tree affect the composition of the
+fruit. It has been shown that sugar is sure to be formed from the starch in the
+process of ripening, after the fruit is taken from the tree, and during the winter
+the cane sugar is gradually, and finally almost entirely, changed to directly-reducing
+sugar. The maximum sugar content is reached earlier the earlier in
+the season the apple ripens. Late winter varieties reach this point as late as
+November. There is much starch in the latter when picked, which gradually
+changes to sugar on keeping. This process is analogous to the ripening of the
+banana. This fruit is picked while green, and from it is made by the natives of
+South America a flour which is a good farinaceous food, and readily answers the
+place of the starchy grains. We are familiar with the fact that as the fruit
+ripens it contains large quantities of sugar, and is edible uncooked, which fact
+is usually not true of starchy foods.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of the decay of the apple has been discussed in a very interesting
+way in the <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> for May, 1893, by Byron D. Halsted.
+Though chemical changes take place here, also, and the apple is finally resolved
+mostly into carbonic-acid gas, water, and mineral salts, yet these changes are
+brought about by the action of various fungi which find a soil favorable to their
+growth in the apple pulp.</p>
+
+<p>Though apples are considered digestible and wholesome, their digestibility
+is much increased by cooking. This is especially true if some of the starch is
+not converted to sugar, for, as noted above, starch, to be readily assimilated
+in the system, should be cooked. There is probably no fruit that is so uniformly
+wholesome and so deservedly popular with all classes as the apple. The apple and
+pear were known in England before the conquest, and, indeed, probably before
+the Saxon invasion. They have been gradually "improved" from the wild crab-apple
+of Europe. It is stated on good authority that there is no country on the
+globe so well adapted to the growth of this fruit as the temperate regions of North
+America, and this seems to be demonstrated by the fact that the apples of the
+United States are superseding the native fruit in most of the civilized countries.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ANALYSES OF THE ASH OF THE APPLE.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">Sap-wood.</td><td align="right">Heart-wood.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Potash</td><td align="right">16.19</td><td align="right">6.620</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Soda</td><td align="right">3.11</td><td align="right">7.935</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chloride of sodium</td><td align="right">.42</td><td align="right">.210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sulphate of lime</td><td align="right">.05</td><td align="right">.526</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphate of peroxide iron</td><td align="right">.80</td><td align="right">.500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphate of lime</td><td align="right">17.50</td><td align="right">5.210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphate of magnesia</td><td align="right">.20</td><td align="right">.190</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Carbonic acid</td><td align="right">29.10</td><td align="right">34.275</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lime</td><td align="right">18.63</td><td align="right">35.019</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Magnesia</td><td align="right">8.40</td><td align="right">6.900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Silica</td><td align="right">1.65</td><td align="right">.700</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Organic matter</td><td align="right">4.60</td><td align="right">2.450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;Totals</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100.65</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100.535</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ANALYSES OF APPLES.</p>
+
+<p class="center">One hundred pounds of average apples contain the following:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 1.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Fiber</td><td align="right">3.2&nbsp;</td><td align="center">lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gluten, fat, and wax</td><td align="right">.2&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Casein</td><td align="right">.16</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Albumen</td><td align="right">1.4&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dextrine</td><td align="right">.7&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sugar</td><td align="right">8.3&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Malic acid</td><td align="right">.3&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="right">82.66</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Error</td><td align="right">.08</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="center" style="border-top:1px black solid;">lbs.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center">No. 2.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Nitrates</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Carbonates</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phosphate</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100</td><td align="center" style="border-top:1px black solid;">lbs.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center">No. 3.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="right">85.0&nbsp;</td><td align="center">lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sugar</td><td align="right">7.6&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Acid</td><td align="right">1.0&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Albuminous substances</td><td align="right">.22</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Insoluble matter</td><td align="right">1.83</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pectous Substances</td><td align="right">3.88</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ash</td><td align="right">.47</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">100</td><td align="center" style="border-top:1px black solid;">lbs.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">WEIGHT OF APPLES.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-three hundred three-bushel barrels were weighed. The average net
+weight, barrel not included, was: Ben Davis, 134 pounds, or 44<span class="frac"><sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub></span> pounds per
+bushel; Missouri Pippin, 136<span class="frac"><sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub></span> pounds, or 45<span class="frac"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>9</sub></span> pounds per bushel; Winesap, 144<span class="frac"><sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub></span>
+pounds, or 48<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub></span> pounds per bushel. Apples vary in weight in different seasons.
+Jonathans weighed in quantity three seasons give 134, 136 and 140 pounds per
+barrel, averaging 45<span class="frac"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>9</sub></span> pounds per barrel. These weights are all net; they do not
+include the weight of the barrel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">TIME OF BLOOMING IN LEAVENWORTH COUNTY.</p>
+
+<p>Observations taken through a period of eight years&mdash;1890 to 1897&mdash;show the
+Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, Winesap and Ben Davis in full bloom on April 25,
+29, 30, 20, 22, 20, 22, 26.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>SOME APPLE-PRODUCING STATES.</h3>
+
+<p>Quantity of apples grown in 1889 in states having more than Kansas, taken
+from the United States census of 1890:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="right">13,789,278</td><td align="center">bus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Michigan</td><td align="right">13,154,626</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Kentucky</td><td align="right">10,679,389</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Illinois</td><td align="right">9,600,785</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Indiana</td><td align="right">8,784,038</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Missouri</td><td align="right">8,698,170</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">New York</td><td align="right">8,493,846</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Virginia</td><td align="right">8,391,425</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">North Carolina</td><td align="right">7,591,541</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="right">7,552,710</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Tennessee</td><td align="right">7,283,945</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Iowa</td><td align="right">5,040,352</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">West Virginia</td><td align="right">4,439,978</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Kansas</td><td align="right">3,713,019</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center">AMERICAN APPLES ABROAD.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Furnished by Walter Wellhouse, through courtesy of Simons, Shuttleworth &amp; Co., Liverpool.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px black solid;border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="center" colspan="8" style="border-top:2px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Ports of Export.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Date.</span></td><td align="center" colspan="8" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">Figures given represent barrels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">New York.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Boston.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Montreal.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Portland.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Baltimore.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Philadelphia.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Halifax.</td><td align="right" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">St. Johns.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-top:1px black solid;border-right:1px black solid;"><b>1897.</b></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Aug.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">201</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">14</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">232</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">21</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">829</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">28</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">986</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">30</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">592</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Sept.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,178</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">653</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">793</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,608</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">897</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,470</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,873</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">908</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,178</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">25</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,435</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,622</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,623</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,106</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Oct.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">10,448</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,849</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,306</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,000</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,233</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,823</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,279</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18,193</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,738</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,285</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,218</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">23</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">24,930</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">15,212</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,450</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,146</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">30</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">24,237</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19,660</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,806</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,410</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Nov.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">22,469</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19,237</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">31,811</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">390</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,216</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">15,747</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,201</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">20,816</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">20</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">27,219</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,526</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">31,441</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">363</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,000</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">27</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18,261</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,152</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,463</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,431</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,045</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,285</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Dec.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">15,649</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,449</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,889</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">200</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,610</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,231</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,799</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,605</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">718</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,706</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,244</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">300</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">330</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">25</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,588</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,939</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,735</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"><b>1898.</b></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Jan.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,349</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,521</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,469</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,749</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,643</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13,775</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,000</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">15</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,158</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,587</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,920</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,500</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">22</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,265</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,756</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">10,979</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">29</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">10,979</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,376</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,634</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">480</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">952</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Feb.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,463</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,997</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,950</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">200</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,046</td><td align="right">1,012</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,689</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,407</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,687</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">55</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">1,523</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,187</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,060</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,005</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,740</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">26</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,613</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,293</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,704</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">350</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,108</td><td align="right">1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Mar.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,886</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">677</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,832</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,005</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,375</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,963</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">230</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,702</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,497</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,048</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,294</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">135</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">26</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,730</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,368</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">299</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Apr.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,142</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,921</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,296</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,863</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,163</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,077</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">685</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,999</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,783</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">293</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,258</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">23</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,093</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">379</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">682</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">30</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,190</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">519</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,270</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">May</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,500</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">June</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,500</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Totals</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">361,894</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">176,322</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">163,313</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">126,261</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">55</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">3,943</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">78,038</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">4,170</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE APPLE BUSINESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">J. G. Thompson</span>, of Edwardsville, Kan.</p>
+
+<p>Often the title of a book or essay gives little information as to what will follow,
+and under "The Apple Business" there are a variety of subjects, on any one
+of which an essay might be written. In this short paper I shall speak of our
+foreign markets. A Kansas apple in London is a long way from home. But it
+is there, and not at all disconcerted by its strange surroundings. What is our
+apple doing there? Was it imported as a curiosity? Is it there as evidence of
+some venture or speculation? Neither; it has passed the experimental stage
+and is on a perfectly legitimate errand. It has gone over for English gold and
+will send the same back to its Kansas home. Now comes the interesting part,
+which makes business of the transaction. If profitable, it means prosperity;
+and a wave of prosperity is what the whole country needs, and when the wave
+comes there will be a lot of folks who will want to make the inundation permanent.
+Apples, on arriving in London or Liverpool, are sold at auction on the
+docks, immediately on arrival, usually in twenty-barrel lots. Of each lot two
+barrels are opened, one is poured out on a table, and one has the head removed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+so that the faced end may be seen. This is called a "show," and in the account
+of sales the "shows" are charged for at the rate of one shilling each.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">AMERICAN APPLES ABROAD.</p>
+
+<p class="center">European receivers of American apples, represented by Chas.
+Forster, 76-78 Park Place, N. Y.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px black solid;border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-top:2px black solid;border-right:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Ports of Import.</span></td><td align="right" style="border-top:2px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Date</span>.</td><td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Figures given represent barrels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Liverpool.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">London.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Glasgow.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Hamburg.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Various.</td><td align="right" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">Total.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"><b>1897.</b></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Aug.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">168</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">33</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">201</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">14</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">185</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">47</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">232</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">21</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">455</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">374</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">829</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">28</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,113</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">495</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">1,608</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Sept.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,044</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">580</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">3,624</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,605</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,370</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">9,975</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">10,933</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">70</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,813</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">143</td><td align="right">14,959</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">25</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12,960</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,494</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,425</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">657</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">250</td><td align="right">22,786</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Oct.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13,286</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,774</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,167</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,804</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">572</td><td align="right">28,603</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,325</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,252</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,499</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,747</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">512</td><td align="right">28,335</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">20,530</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,461</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,473</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,648</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">322</td><td align="right">37,434</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">23</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">29,381</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13,047</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,709</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,391</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">210</td><td align="right">57,738</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">30</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">26,641</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,055</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">14,619</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,432</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">366</td><td align="right">66,113</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Nov.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">39,615</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,449</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18,897</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,371</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,791</td><td align="right">78,123</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">33,631</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,338</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,579</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,650</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">566</td><td align="right">52,764</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">20</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">29,167</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,226</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18,288</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">13,755</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,113</td><td align="right">73,549</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">27</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">26,308</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,169</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,588</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,686</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,886</td><td align="right">46,637</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Dec.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18,091</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,724</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,154</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,597</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">231</td><td align="right">36,797</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">14,050</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,469</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,766</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,829</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">239</td><td align="right">25,353</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">18</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,613</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,794</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">211</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,475</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">487</td><td align="right">9,580</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">25</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,468</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,733</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,106</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">616</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">339</td><td align="right">12,262</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;"><b>1898.</b></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Jan.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,949</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,196</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">617</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">577</td><td align="right">15,339</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19,486</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,428</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">709</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,644</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">900</td><td align="right">33,167</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">15</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">17,747</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,952</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,450</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,011</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5</td><td align="right">35,165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">22</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16,332</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,885</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,316</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">567</td><td align="right">23,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">29</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11,974</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,174</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,539</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,601</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">142</td><td align="right">22,430</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Feb.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,546</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,987</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">417</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">718</td><td align="right">19,668</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12,584</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,709</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,101</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">673</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">294</td><td align="right">18,361</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12,320</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,160</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">521</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">41</td><td align="right">18,042</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">25</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">10,234</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,656</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,353</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,325</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">17,568</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Mar.</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,431</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">3,284</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">100</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">505</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">75</td><td align="right">12,395</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">12</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,192</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,389</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">424</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">270</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">16,275</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">19</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,671</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,026</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">117</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">160</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">13,974</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">26</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7,747</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,078</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">381</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">191</td><td align="right">12,397</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">April</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9,788</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">4,187</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">271</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">113</td><td align="right">14,359</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">9</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">6,917</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">8,493</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,192</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">185</td><td align="right">16,787</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">16</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">5,049</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,091</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">60</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">134</td><td align="right">7,334</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">23</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,059</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,095</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">4,154</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">30</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">543</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">2,436</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">2,979</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">May</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">7</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,500</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">June</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">11</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;">1,500</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right">1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Totals</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">490,138</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">198,281</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">123,828</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">88,780</td><td align="right" style="border-right:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">12,969</td><td align="right" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;border-top:1px black solid;">913,996</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>I have just received the apple catalogue of Woodall &amp; Co., of Liverpool, England,
+giving a list of sales made by them of 2451 barrels of American apples, from
+the 3d to the 10th of this month [December, 1897]. This catalogue gives the
+mark, brand or owner's name on barrel, the name of the variety, condition of
+fruit, and whether tight or loose in the barrel, the name of the vessel on which
+the fruit arrived, the point from which it was shipped, and the gross proceeds of
+the sales of these 2451 barrels&mdash;1047 were from Canada and 1404 from the
+United States. Last year I sold for export 1000 barrels of apples. The buyer
+told me it was very difficult to carry barreled apples across the water in good
+condition. And that, owing to the peculiar motion of the ship, apples which
+were tight when loaded would be loose and bruised on arrival at Liverpool. You
+may judge of the correctness of this statement when I tell you that, in the account
+of sales of 153 barrels, 142 are reported as loose and 11 tight. They are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+not all that bad, for further on 212 are reported as 171 tight and 41 loose. Apples
+when loose lose from $1 to $1.75 in value; a lot of 12&mdash;8 Winesap and 4 York
+Imperial, loose&mdash;were sold for 15s. 3d. or $3.80 per barrel; 43 Winesaps, loose,
+brought 14s. 9d. or $3.68. Newtown Pippins bring the highest price, ranging
+from $5 to $9 per barrel.</p>
+
+<p>The apples are mostly from Canada and New York, the varieties being principally
+Newtown Pippin, Baldwin, Greening, and [Northern] Spy; still I find in the
+list such familiar names as Ben Davis, Genet, and Winesap. On inquiry, I find the
+freight from Kansas City to New York is 63<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> cents, and from New York across
+the water, seventy-five cents per barrel. A report of sales would read something
+like this: One barrel Ben Davis, $3.80; freight, $1.35; commission, 20 cents;
+net proceeds, $2.25. This is supposing they should reach the other side loose.
+If, owing to superior skill in packing, they should reach their destination tight,
+the net proceeds would be $3 or $3.25. The Liverpool quotation on western Ben
+Davis, December 11, is $4 to $5 for tight; $3.50 to $4.38 for loose. I speak of one
+firm only; many others are in the same line.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+COMPARISON OF SEASONS, 1881 TO 1898.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" style="border-top:2px black solid;"></td><td align="center" colspan="10" style="border-top:2px black solid;border-left:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Ports of Export</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center" colspan="10" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Figures represent barrels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Date</span>.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">New York.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Boston.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Montreal.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Portland.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Halifax and St. Johns.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Philadelphia.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Baltimore.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Newport News.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Norfolk.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Annapolis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1880-81</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">599,200</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">510,300</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">145,276</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">39,908</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">24,250</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">9,872</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1881-82</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">75,889</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">65,093</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">56,433</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">6,497</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">13,805</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">21,535</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1882-83</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">169,570</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">102,409</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">64,390</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">16,890</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">18,542</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">3,900</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">19,893</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1883-84</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">53,048</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">7,145</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">7,445</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">9,811</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">3,758</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">325</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1884-85</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">256,314</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">307,130</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">84,487</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">71,460</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">41,207</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">8,612</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1885-86</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">466,203</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">221,724</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">68,716</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">87,301</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">37,982</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">186</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">3,161</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1886-87</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">175,595</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">303,479</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">106,713</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">100,569</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">94,606</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">26,965</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1887-88</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">275,696</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">163,916</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">93,058</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">25,215</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">32,652</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">17,884</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1888-89</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">474,337</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">382,199</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">291,307</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">145,825</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">94,691</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">860</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">18,190</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1889-90</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">169,557</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">132,589</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">162,526</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">122,433</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">53,627</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">37,030</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1890-91</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">76,503</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">23,123</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">182,095</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">80,365</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">89,190</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1891-92</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">537,247</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">339,964</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">320,457</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">163,145</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">87,379</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">550</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">72</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">1,337</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">215</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1892-93</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">218,037</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">204,138</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">429,243</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">235,395</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">116,725</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1893-94</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">29,396</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">4,796</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">56,255</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">49,344</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">35,058</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1894-95</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">221,398</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">523,123</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">273,353</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">155,878</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">264,410</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">1895-96<span style="font-size:200%;">{</span></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">230,705</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">84,771</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">128,027</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">141,955</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">165,797</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>13,610</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>1,861</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1896-97</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">570,327</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">1,015,029</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">700,274</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">221,350</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">409,733</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">3,133</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">1897-98</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">361,894</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">176,322</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">163,313</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">126,261</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">82,208</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">3,943</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">55</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Ports of Import</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Figures represent barrels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;"><span class="smcap">Date</span>.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Liverpool.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">London.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Glasgow.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Hamburg.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Various.</td><td align="center" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;">Total.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1880-81</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 839,444</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 177,936</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 216,391</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 95,036</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,328,806</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1881-82</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 133,784</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 46,147</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 59,266</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 55</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 239,252</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1882-83</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 253,432</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 46,975</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 81,269</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 13,318</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 395,594</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1883-84</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 46,661</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 4,843</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 29,685</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 343</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 81,532</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1884-85</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 491,898</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 123,081</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 137,631</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 16,590</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 769,210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1885-86</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 537,695</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 147,102</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 176,445</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 24,031</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 885,273</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1886-87</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 468,553</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 187,840</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 138,756</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 12,775</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 807,924</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1887-88</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 346,557</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 104,072</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 139,517</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 18,275</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 608,421</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1888-89</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 790,502</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 279,374</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 272,068</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 64,465</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,407,409</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1889-90</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 418,850</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 128,248</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 116,449</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 14,115</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 677,762</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1890-91</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 252,548</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 116,705</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 80,772</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,260</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 451,285</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1891-92</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 917,535</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 224,356</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 282,553</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 25,892</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,450,336</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1892-93</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 798,291</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 174,405</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 220,790</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 10,052</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,203,538</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1893-94</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 101,205</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 32,581</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 38,524</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 2,530</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 174,841</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1894-95</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 853,198</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 388,535</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 173,312</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 23,110</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 1,438,155</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">1895-96<span style="font-size:200%;">{</span></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 410,596</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 196,184</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 127,942</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 16,533</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 751,255</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>11,342</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>2,458</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>1,771</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"></td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>]15,471</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1896-97</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;">1,581,560</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 716,771</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 411,575</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 117,105</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 92,835</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;"> 2,919,846</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">1897-98</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 490,138</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 198,281</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 123,828</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 88,780</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 12,969</td><td align="right" style="border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> 913,996</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Boxes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>During the week ending December 11, 1897, there were exported from the
+United States to Europe 25,447 barrels of apples; of these, Liverpool got 3335,
+London, 2580, Glasgow, 3567, Hamburg, 5264; equaling 14,756. The total export
+to Europe this year from the United States, up to December 11, is 586,906
+barrels bringing this country over 1<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> million dollars. Last year we had a much
+larger crop, and up to this date had exported 2,087,573 barrels. Owing to the
+liability of getting loose in the barrel some shippers use boxes. We packed, last
+fall, 1000 boxes of Willow Twig and Ben Davis; these were packed in pear boxes,
+each apple wrapped in paper; the boxes (filled) would weigh about forty pounds.
+The apples are placed in layers six long by four wide and four layers deep, ninety-six
+apples to the box, putting the finest apples on top. The covers are put on
+with a lever press that presses on the ends of the boards and springs both the
+bottom and top of the box; the extra size in the middle is protected by cleats on
+the ends. The sides are of thicker boards and do not spring. If the apples
+should shrink in size, as apples do, the spring in the box will take up the slack.
+In loading on the car or ship, the boxes are placed on their edges. One thousand
+boxes make a good car-load, weighing about 40,000 pounds. A barrel will make
+about 4<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> boxes. These cases of selected apples are expected to sell readily for
+eight shillings (or $2) per box, and packed in this careful manner should go
+through in perfect condition. If they bring satisfactory prices, I predict that
+next year more than one Kansas orchard will be packing apples for foreign export.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE WELLHOUSE ORCHARDS.</h3>
+
+<p>In 1876 Mr. F. Wellhouse planted, at Glenwood, Leavenworth county, Kansas,
+117 acres of apple trees, as follows: 60 acres of Ben Davis, 32 of Missouri Pippin,
+and 25 of Winesap. This orchard yielded, in 1880, 1594 bushels of apples, which
+sold for $1.50 per barrel, or $797; and in 1881 it yielded 3887 bushels, which sold
+for $4 per barrel, or $5184.</p>
+
+<p>In 1878 he planted, near Gardner, Miami county, 160 acres, as follows: 80
+acres of Ben Davis, 40 of Missouri Pippin, 30 of Winesap, and 8 of Cooper's
+Early and 8 of Maiden's Blush. These two orchards, of 277 acres combined,
+yielded, in 1882, 12,037 bushels, which sold for $2.48 per barrel, or $9,950.</p>
+
+<p>In 1879 he planted, at Fairmount, Leavenworth county, 160 acres, as follows:
+80 acres of Ben Davis, 40 of Jonathan, 30 of Winesap, and 8 of Cooper's Early
+and 8 of Maiden's Blush.</p>
+
+<p>These three orchards, of 437 acres combined, yielded as follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1883,</td><td align="right">12,388</td><td align="center">bushels,</td><td align="center">sold at</td><td align="center">$3.00</td><td align="center">per barrel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1884,</td><td align="right">11,726</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">2.04</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1885,</td><td align="right">15,373</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">2.00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1886,</td><td align="right">34,909</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">1.45</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1887,</td><td align="right">33,790</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">2.11</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1888,</td><td align="right">20,054</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">1.81</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1889,</td><td align="right">11,952</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">2.49</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1890,</td><td align="right">79,170</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">3.00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1891,</td><td align="right">63,698</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">1.75</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1892,</td><td align="right">978</td><td align="center">bushels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1893,</td><td align="right">900</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1894,</td><td align="right">47,374</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left" colspan="3">sold at $2.50 per barrel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1895,</td><td align="right">59,138</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1896,</td><td align="right">784</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1897,</td><td align="right">3,758</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td><td align="right">3,639</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left" colspan="3">not sold yet.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>In 1889 he planted, near Wakarusa, Osage county, 800 acres, as follows: 300
+acres of Ben Davis, 200 of Missouri Pippin, 160 of Jonathan, 75 of York Imperial,
+and 65 of Gano. In 1895 this orchard yielded 3470 bushels.</p>
+
+<p>In 1894 he planted, near Tonganoxie, Leavenworth county, 300 acres, as follows:
+100 acres of Ben Davis, 100 of Gano, 33 of Jonathan, 33 of York Imperial,
+and 34 of Missouri Pippin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1895 he sold nearly 21,780 bushels, put in cold storage 9000 bushels, and
+sent to dryer 26,600 bushels, making a total for 1895 of 57,380 bushels.</p>
+
+<p>In 1896 he set out, near Summit, Leavenworth county, 140 acres, making a
+total acreage of 620 acres of Ben Davis, 76 of Winesap, 409 of Missouri Pippin,
+190 of Jonathan, 150 of York Imperial, 160 of Gano, 16 of Maiden's Blush, and
+16 of Cooper's Early.</p>
+
+<p>During this time he sold thousands of bushels of "culls" that are not counted
+in this statement, excepting in 1895. These culls sold, per bushel, as follows:
+1883, at 30 cents; 1884, at 15 cents; 1885, at 20 cents; 1886, at 13 cents; 1887, at
+27 cents; 1888, at 14 cents; 1889, at 18 cents; 1890, at 20 cents; 1891, at 15 cents;
+1894, at 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p>For profit, Mr. Wellhouse puts the Jonathan first, Ben Davis second, Missouri
+Pippin third, and Winesap fourth. He says Cooper's Early does not pay
+him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="REVISED_LIST_OF_APPLES" id="REVISED_LIST_OF_APPLES"></a>REVISED LIST OF APPLES</h3>
+
+
+<p>Recommended for Kansas by the votes of the members of the State Horticultural
+Society, at its annual meeting, December, 1896:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>List of Winter Varieties.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" style="width:15em;">Ben Davis</td><td align="right">44</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Winesap</td><td align="right">42</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jonathan</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Missouri Pippin</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gano</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">York Imperial</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Genet</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Smith's Cider</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Maiden's Blush</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grimes's Golden</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Willow Twig</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Huntsman</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mammoth Black Twig</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Early Harvest</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gilpin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Winter Pearmain</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Salome</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rome Beauty</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ortley</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wagener</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">White Pippin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Summer and Fall Varieties.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" style="width:15em;">Early Harvest</td><td align="right">19</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red June</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Maiden's Blush</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chenango</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yellow Transparent</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cooper's Early White</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Duchess of Oldenburg</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Astrachan</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Golden Sweet</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Keswick Codlin</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American Summer Pearmain</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wealthy</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Orange Pippin</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Summer Swaar</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p class="center"><i>Fall.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" style="width:15em;">Maiden's Blush</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grimes Golden Pippin</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rambo</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jonathan</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pennsylvania Red Streak</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cooper's Early White</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lowell</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fameuse</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fall Wine</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jefferis</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" style="width:15em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>Hay's Wine</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">vote.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Summer Rambo</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Munster</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fall Pippin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Northern Spy</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rome Beauty</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">vote.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hubbardston's Nonsuch</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Huntsman's Favorite</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sweet Russet</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p class="center"><i>List for Family Orchard.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" style="width:15em;">Jonathan</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">votes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Winesap</td><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Maiden's Blush</td><td align="right">22</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Early Harvest</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red June</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Missouri Pippin</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grimes's Golden Pippin</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ben Davis</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rawle's Genet</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">York Imperial</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rambo</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chenango Strawberry</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cooper's Early White</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yellow Transparent</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jefferis</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Huntsman's Favorite</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Smith's Cider</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wealthy</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Milam</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rome Beauty</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gano</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Winter Pearmain</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Willow Twig</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fameuse</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Benoni</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fink</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Duchess of Oldenburg</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gilpin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">vote.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Golden Sweet</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fall Pippin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Newtown Pippin</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sweet June</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jersey Sweet</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lansingburg</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whitney No. 20</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Astrachan</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">White Winter Pearmain</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American Summer Pearmain</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Minkler</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yellow Bellflower</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dominie</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sweet Rambo</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pennsylvania Red Streak</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stark</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lawver</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lowell</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fulton</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Roman Stem</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Winter Sweet</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Primate</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Klepsroth</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Garretson's Early</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Red Betigheimer</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wagener</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">BEN DAVIS.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: New York Pippin, Victoria Pippin, Victoria Red, Red Pippin,
+Kentucky Pippin, Baltimore Red, Baltimore Pippin, Baltimore Red Streak,
+Carolina Red Streak, and Funkhouser.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer, of Kentucky, writes
+that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in way of propagating.
+The tree is very hardy, a free grower, with very dark reddish brown,
+slightly grayish, young wood, forming an erect, round head, bearing early and
+abundantly. In quality it is not first rate, but from its early productiveness,
+habit of blooming late in the spring after late frosts, good size, fair, even fruit,
+keeping and carrying well, it is very popular in all the Southwest and West.
+Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often sides unequal.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splashed and striped with two shades
+of red, and dotted sparsely with aureole dots. Stalk medium, rather slender.
+Cavity narrow, deep, russeted. Calyx partially open. Basin wide, abrupt,
+slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid.
+Core medium to large. Good to very good. December to March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Ben Davis by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman (Leavenworth county): I favor Ben Davis because of its large
+size and good appearance; because it is long-lived, and attractive in appearance in
+market; because it is an early bearer; and, to sum it all up, because it is profitable
+to grow.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison (Butler county): I favor Ben Davis because it is one of the
+most hardy, even, regular bearers; because it succeeds on a great variety of soils.
+It is handsome in appearance and attracts the eye in every market.</p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon (Jackson county): I favor Ben Davis because it is the most
+profitable variety.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux (Shawnee county): It has a quality of sticking on until we are
+ready to pick. It gives good returns for our investment.</p>
+
+<p>J. F. Maxey (Franklin county): I favor it because of its large size and attractive
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>G. L. Holsinger (Wyandotte county): I vote for it.</p>
+
+<p>G. W. Bailey (Sumner county): The Ben Davis has been the most profitable
+with us. It is very attractive and popular, and a good seller.</p>
+
+<p>A member: On account of its large size, attractive appearance, and good
+market qualities, I vote for it.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith (Douglas county): I vote for it because it is the best commercial
+apple we have and stands high in the European markets. It sells for six dollars
+a barrel in Hamburg.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WINESAP.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Winesop and Potpie Apple.</p>
+
+<p>This is not only a good apple for the table, but it is also one of the very finest
+cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite with orchardists.
+The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form a handsome head, but it
+bears early, and the apples have the good quality of hanging late upon the trees
+without injury, while the tree thrives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very
+hardy, and one of the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Young
+wood reddish brown, with smooth red buds. Fruit of medium size, rather
+roundish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine dark red, with a few streaks, and a little
+yellow ground appearing on the shady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender,
+set in an irregular cavity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine
+plaits. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Very good. November
+to May.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Winesap by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook (Wabaunsee county): I strongly favor the Winesap, preferring it
+to any apple I grow.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison (Butler county): The Winesap is desirable because of its deep,
+rich color, its attractiveness, and high flavor. Its one principal defect is over
+bearing. It is a good seller.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: The excellences of the Winesap consist in its color, its flavor,
+and its keeping quality. I would not recommend it for a commercial orchard.
+I recommend it for the family orchard only.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano (Missouri): That is my view. I would not recommend it as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+commercial apple. The tree grows straggling, and is subject to insects, and the
+winds affect them greatly, making them unprofitable in our orchards. As a
+family apple, when grown to perfection, we can hardly dispense with it.</p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon: The Winesap trees on my farm are twenty-five years old, and
+last year yielded ten bushels of marketable apples [per tree], besides culls. I
+would not recommend the Winesap as a commercial apple, as it is usually small.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I must say a good word for the Winesap. It has many traits
+against it for profit; yet I would give it a place in the commercial orchard. It
+falls early, and must be picked early; but if planted in good, rich, black soil it
+will as a rule do well. It commands a good price, and is a good apple for variety.
+We cannot make it a leader, but should keep it among our commercial apples.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp (Morris county): I consider it a good apple for my soil. It is a
+good apple if planted in a cool and moist red clay. In this they grow to a marketable
+size.</p>
+
+<p>G. L. Holsinger: I think I would not plant another Winesap, unless for family
+use. I would place it fifth or sixth on the list. After one or two good crops
+they generally play out. This year they were about the size of crab-apples.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison: The Winesap in Butler county is prone to spur blight. In
+summer, when the hot sun comes, they dry up in clusters. As far south as we
+are they are hardly profitable. Farther north they do better. In Illinois, from
+one square of 200 trees (Winesaps) I gathered 3000 bushels of apples, in 1871.</p>
+
+<p>G. W. Bailey: I know no better apple for family use. In our country, in the
+low lands, they are fine, of fair size, producing well. While the tree is young the
+fruit is fine; after it gets older it overbears, and the fruit becomes small. I
+would not plant it for market.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter (Geary county): I consider the Winesap good for family
+orchards, but when old inclined to overbear, which enfeebles the tree. While
+the tree is young it is among the best. It does not pay for market.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: I would drop it from the commercial list. If I were to plant
+1000 trees I would plant only 200 Winesaps. I prefer the Ben Davis, but we
+should not all grow the same apple. We want variety.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: Every one likes Winesaps, but we cannot grow them at ordinary
+prices.</p>
+
+<p>George P. Whiteker (Shawnee county): I do not know a better apple. As
+remarked, when the tree gets old the fruit runs down in size. It is very deceiving.
+When it appears overloaded there are often not many on it.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: It has disappointed us every year. Some years they
+are very full, but many go to the cull piles. I vote against the Winesap. We
+have not planted any for ten years. Mr. Walter Wellhouse is here. He can tell
+us about the Winesap.</p>
+
+<p>Walter Wellhouse (Shawnee county): My experience is that, like some other
+apples, they will not grow in poor soils, but if the soil is suitable they are profitable.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. G. Bohrer (Rice county): I have noticed it is not so much in the quality
+of the soil as the quantity of moisture in it. Having trees on high ground, I
+irrigated one of them, and it bore fine apples. In Arkansas, where the land is
+too poor to raise corn the Winesap does well; but it will not grow on high, dry
+soil. They must have more than the ordinary amount of moisture.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Barnes: T. W. Harrison, ex-mayor of Topeka, has Winesap apples
+growing about seven miles southwest of the city that are phenomenal. They
+are the largest I ever saw. They have been exhibited at our past meetings, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+people would hardly believe them Winesaps. He cannot account for it; says it
+must be some kind of freak. I examined the trees myself. They are well grown,
+on high, rolling prairie. I would recommend those who desire Winesaps to get
+scions from Mr. Harrison. He has seven or eight trees in his orchard, all in one
+row, far ahead of any Winesaps I ever saw.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. G. Bohrer: Do you know whether there is a source of drainage to that
+point?</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Barnes: I do not. The trees are probably eighteen years old, and
+on rolling land.</p>
+
+<p>J. B. McAfee (Shawnee county): I have 145 Winesap trees in my orchard on
+high ground. They do reasonably well, but are not as large as Mr. Harrison's.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: Mr. Harrison's orchard lies on a southern slope. It is good orchard
+land. The soil is very loose. His Missouri Pippins are as good in proportion
+as his Winesaps. His apples are all good.</p>
+
+<p>J. F. Maxey: We have 300 or 400 acres in Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and
+Janet. I would not discard the Winesap.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">JONATHAN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: King Philip and Philip Rick.</p>
+
+<p>The Jonathan is a very beautiful dessert apple, and its great beauty, good
+flavor and productiveness in all soils unite to recommend it to orchard planters.
+The original tree of this variety is growing on the farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of
+Kingston, N. Y. It was first described by the late Judge Buel, and named
+by him in compliment to Jonathan Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who
+made known the fruit to him. It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of
+the best in quality, and most profitable either for table or market. The tree is
+hardy, moderately vigorous, forming an upright, spreading, round head. Young
+shoots rather slender, slightly pendulous, grayish brown. Fruit of medium
+size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or tapering to the eye. Skin thin and
+smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly covered by lively red stripes, and
+deepening into brilliant or dark red in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch
+long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, regular cavity. Calyx set in a deep,
+rather broad basin. Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy,
+with a mild, sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the Spitzenburg
+class. Best. November to March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Jonathan by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>Dr. G. Bohrer: Jonathan is probably the best apple I grow. They sell for
+the highest price in the general market. They produce fewer culls than other
+varieties. It is not a profuse bearer as far south as I am [Rice county]. It
+ripens too early, and is affected by strong winds.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: The Jonathan is one of the most desirable all-around apples,
+excellent as a dessert fruit, of a beautiful deep, bright color, of good quality and
+strong constitution. It is often called a fall apple, yet, if put in cold storage, it
+may be brought out even in June in good condition. I place it third as a commercial
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: The Jonathan should be picked early and put in cold storage.
+I would place it second as a commercial apple.</p>
+
+<p>W. J. Griffing (Riley county): We consider it about fourth on the list as a
+commercial apple.</p>
+
+<p>J. B. McAfee: It is large, and about the second for profits in my orchard,
+which has been planted twenty-seven years.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon: I would place the Jonathan about third as a commercial apple.
+In our county it is longer lived than any other apple tree and freer from insects.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: Its only objection is its inclination to fall. I suppose, if picked
+early and put in cold storage, they may be as good, but do not look as well.</p>
+
+<p>Walter Wellhouse: I think the demand for Jonathan is declining some among
+large dealers. A few years ago they sold for an advance of from fifty cents to
+one dollar per barrel. In Minneapolis and Chicago the market still seems good
+for them; but if I were to plant now I would not plant as many Jonathans as five
+or ten years ago.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: The Jonathan sells better in our market [Topeka] than
+any other apple. They have a good reputation; none better. They must be
+picked early.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I would place it fifth commercially, it drops so early, before
+coloring up; it stands more abuse than any other apple we have, and, if gathered
+early, will keep even without cold storage until the market improves.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Q. Bohrer: I agree with Mr. Sharp. I think the farther west we go the
+poorer the fruit gets. You have more rainfall in the eastern part of the state. It
+is hardy, possibly hardier than Ben Davis, but it falls early. It is much like
+Winesap, requiring more moisture than other varieties. When not much exposed
+to winds it does well. Of late our rainfall is not sufficient, and they are not doing
+so well, but since trying irrigation they do better.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: I live too far west for the Jonathan. It will not stand
+drought or wind. It ripens too early. It is a cold-storage apple. The worst
+spur blight I ever saw was on them.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: It is a good wet-weather apple. If there is plenty of moisture,
+they do fine. I gather them about the 10th of September, and they keep until
+the next spring. I tried to see how long I could keep them. They should be
+about third on the commercial list.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MISSOURI PIPPIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Missouri Keeper.</p>
+
+<p>It is said to have originated in the orchard of Brink Hornsby, Johnson county,
+Missouri. Tree hardy, a strong, upright, rather spreading grower, an early and
+abundant annual bearer. Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly oblique,
+somewhat flattened at the ends; skin pale, whitish yellow, shaded, striped
+and splashed with light and dark red, often quite dark in the sun, having many
+large and small light and gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep; calyx
+closed, or half open; basin rather abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish,
+a little coarse, crisp or breaking, moderately juicy, subacid; good; core small.
+January to April.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Missouri Pippin by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: I am a warm friend of the Missouri Pippin, and vote it second.
+It is a short-lived tree, but brings paying returns for expense and trouble. It has
+a fairly good flavor.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison: The Missouri Pippin is a young and profuse bearer, and quite
+hardy with me. I should place it second on the list.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: I have eliminated it from my family orchard, and give it only
+standing-room as a commercial fruit, and there rate it second [in quality]. There
+can be more money made from it in a few years than from any apple we have. It is
+the youngest bearing tree we have. It grows to a good size, and by some is preferred
+to Ben Davis. The great merit of this apple is in its youthful productiveness,
+good color, and marketable quality.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: I do not approve of planting it thickly, intending to let it remain.
+It is apt to overbear, break in pieces, and become almost worthless. With proper
+care and thinning when too thick we can partially overcome this.</p>
+
+<p>W. J. Griffing: It is my second best apple. I consider the Winesap the best,
+as it has paid me the best, and I am planting for winter profit only these two.
+All apple trees die young with us.</p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon: I can add nothing new, but place it second on the list.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: It has been my most profitable variety. About four-fifths
+have been marketable. As to dying young, I would rather grow new ones.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: We will have to stick to it awhile yet in Kansas.
+When of good size they command a price in advance of the Ben Davis.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: It gives good satisfaction as a commercial apple. It bears
+young; and you can get good returns for eight or ten years, and then put out a
+new orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I would place the Missouri Pippin second on the commercial
+list.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: It is the youngest to bear. It is a Western apple. Other
+varieties gradually die out, but it sticks. The farther west you go the better it
+is. It stands drought and wind best of all. While it breaks off on the top, it is
+not a short-lived tree.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: I would place it second on the commercial list.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GANO.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Howard county, Missouri. Tree very hardy; has never been injured
+by the cold winters; bears very young, roots readily from its own stock, and can
+almost be grown from a cutting. Fruit bright red on yellow ground, no stripes;
+large, oblong, tapering to the eye; surface smooth, takes a very high polish,
+making it valuable as a stand fruit, thought by many to surpass the Ben Davis.
+Minute dots; basin shallow, sometimes deep; stem medium to long; flesh white,
+fine grained, tender, mild, pleasant subacid. An early, annual and prolific
+bearer. December to May.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Gano by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: I cannot be against my namesake. I have found nothing yet
+that excels the parent trees. The Gano is creating a sensation, more especially
+in the southern part of Missouri. They prefer it to Ben Davis, and, where
+extensively planted and in bearing, it is creating a sensation. While I have no
+interest in it, other than the name, still I think we have in the Gano something
+that will stay. It is much like Ben Davis.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: I would class it and the Ben Davis as twins.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: I planted about 700 trees of it five years ago. This year I
+raised five apples. Two of these could not be told from Ben Davis. One looked
+like Jonathan.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: I class it with Ben Davis. It differs little except in color.
+Trees are alike, but I think it a younger bearer. I got my grafts from Lee's
+Summit, Mo., paying five dollars per 100 for them. One tree I gave to a friend
+was this year a wonder to all who saw it.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: We have seventy or eighty acres in Gano, planted five
+or six years ago. While the tree is much like Ben Davis, I can distinguish a
+difference in the apples. If I pile both kinds together I can see a difference; if
+I pick out a Gano and put it in the Ben Davis pile, neither I nor any other man
+on earth can tell it from the Ben Davis. I do not know whether it is distinct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+from the Ben Davis or not. If it is Ben Davis, it is all right. I hope it is distinct,
+but have so far been unable to settle the question.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: We originally found only one tree in an orchard in Pratt county,
+Missouri, and in the same orchard there were plenty of Ben Davis trees. There
+may have been a mix-up of these varieties, but you will not be disappointed if you
+get the Gano.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: Before planting, I went to Lee's Summit for three or
+four years in succession and examined the original trees, to see whether we ought
+to plant any; we concluded to plant, for if they were not a new apple they would
+be the Ben Davis anyhow. We may have obtained Ben Davis trees.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. A. Z. Moore: My husband handles many of them on commission, and
+favors them both in the orchard and in the market. He says they are known as
+Jonathan, not as Gano, and while you may not distinguish them in a pile of Ben
+Davis, you will know the difference if you put your teeth into them.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">YORK IMPERIAL.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Johnson's Fine Winter.</p>
+
+<p>Origin thought to be York county, Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous,
+productive. Young wood rich brown, downy. Fruit medium, oblate oblique,
+whitish, shaded with crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots.
+Stalk short. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish,
+firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core compact,
+small. November to February.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the York Imperial by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: I have planted heavily of York Imperial. They are not yet in
+full bearing. They have given me good results. The trees are of large size and
+the growth indicates that they will be strong bearers. They are of rather a twig
+growth. I would put them about sixth on the commercial list.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: The York Imperial is an old apple. It is new to many of us
+because of its late sudden popularity. It has been sent to Europe, holding its
+own with Missouri Pippin and others. It is large, a good keeper, and growers
+always seem pleased with it. It seems to be growing popular.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: I have about 500 or 600 trees I planted on the recommendation
+of President Wellhouse, six years ago. This year they produced about 100
+bushels. I think they will be profitable.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: I saw a gentleman from St. Louis who gathered about
+ten car-loads, and he was favorably impressed with it. We have many trees bearing.
+It keeps well in cellars.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I would place them third on the commercial list.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: Mine are just beginning to bear. It is not a youthful bearer.
+I think it will be a popular apple.</p>
+
+<p>G. L. Holsinger: They commence to bear young. We have some that are
+twenty-two years old. This year they were full. Like the Jonathan, they mature
+too early and fall off. What I put in the cellar this year kept well, very few
+rotting.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">RAWLE'S JANET.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Missouri Janet, Red Neverfail, Rawle's Jannet, Rawle's Jannetting,
+Rawle's Genet, Rock Remain, Rock Rimmon, Yellow Janett, Winter Jannetting,
+Jeniton, Jennett, Neverfail, Indiana Jannetting, and Raul's Gennetting.</p>
+
+<p>Originated in Amherst county, Virginia, on the farm of Caleb Rawle. Tree
+hardy, vigorous, spreading. It puts forth its leaves and blossoms much later<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury by late frost;
+it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and Southwest, where it is
+much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish brown; fruit rather large, oblate
+conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped with crimson; stalk short and
+thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity; calyx partially open, set in a rather
+shallow basin; flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to
+very good; February to June.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Rawle's Janet by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: I have been acquainted with the Janet from boyhood, but I have
+little, if any, use for them, because they overbear. It is a hard tree for me to do
+anything with; cannot get them into shape&mdash;die quick.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: I would only recommend a tree or two of them for the family
+orchard. It has had its day in the West, and is succeeded by more profitable
+varieties.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris (Osage county): I would not plant them to sell. They are too
+subject to diseases&mdash;bitter rot, etc.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: I think it could be discarded altogether.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: Will not pay for commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: Janets bring a good price. They are late keepers. We kept
+ours this year until we began to pick apples the following fall. It is not a good
+commercial apple.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I would place it on the retired list.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: Only fit for family use. Trees overbear; fruit small.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: I would place it on the retired list.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SMITH'S CIDER.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Smith's, Fuller, Pennsylvania Cider, Popular Bluff, and Fowler.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. This apple is widely grown and much
+esteemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, straggling,
+spreading grower, and productive. Young wood a rich, dark brown. Fruit
+medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and striped with red,
+sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of medium length, inserted in a
+deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, rather shallow basin.
+Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp, pleasant, mild subacid. Good December
+to March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Smith's Cider by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: I planted Smith's Cider pretty heavily, and now regret it. It
+blights badly, and the apples fall off. I intend to replace it with York Imperial.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: It deserves a place in the family orchard, and a small place in
+the commercial orchard. They are as large as Ben Davis, and as great bearers,
+but they fall from the tree sooner.</p>
+
+<p>James Sharp: We had 500 Smith's Cider. Nearly all blighted and died;
+have never paid me.</p>
+
+<p>G. Whiteker: It is a splendid apple, but blights; I think it will not be
+profitable.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: We should not drop it from the list; it is a fairly good apple.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MAIDEN'S BLUSH.</p>
+
+<p>A remarkably beautiful apple, a native of New Jersey, and first described by
+Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and continues until the last
+of October. It has all the beauty of color of the pretty little Lady Apple, and is
+much cultivated and admired, both for the table and for cooking. It is also very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+highly esteemed for drying. This variety forms a handsome, rapid-growing tree,
+with a fine spreading head, and bears large crops. It is very valuable as a
+profitable market sort. Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, and a little
+narrow towards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale
+lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, the two
+colors often joining in brilliant red. Stalk short, planted in a rather wide,
+deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender,
+sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Maiden's Blush by the members of the State Horticultural
+Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: It is all right to raise for a local market and for family use.
+Hardy tree. I planted probably 100. I cannot determine where to place it on
+the list. Probably others have had more experience with it than I have.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: The Maiden's Blush deserves a place in both the family and
+the commercial orchard. In its season it is unexcelled for market purposes, and
+is especially attractive. I should recommend it as a commercial apple.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris: I would place it first as a summer apple for local market.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: You certainly will not discard it.</p>
+
+<p>W. J. Griffing: It is about the earliest apple that will bear shipping in summer,
+and very profitable.</p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon: I find it rather a shy bearer, but the tree is long-lived and
+very hardy, and it deserves a place in the family orchard. I think there is no
+profit in them for a commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: They are long-lived and very hardy; I would recommend
+them for family, but not for commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: It comes at a time when there is much other fruit. I do
+not think it pays very well. Mine turn brown from some cause.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: It is our very best apple in its season; while talking of the
+commercial orchard, there is a demand for apples at all seasons of the year, and
+if we discard this, we will have nothing at its season. I would say, place it in
+the commercial orchard for export.</p>
+
+<p>W. J. Griffing: Do not know that it is profitable, but for quality the
+Maiden's Blush is worthy of a place among fruits.</p>
+
+<p>G. W. Bailey: As a summer apple for family and commercial orchards, I
+would place it at the head of the list.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: It is the best apple of its season for all purposes.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: It is the best commercial apple for summer trade we have.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Barnes: At the late meeting of the Missouri Horticultural Society,
+the secretary stated that he thought there was good money in the Maiden's Blush.
+He said the trouble was, they were raised in too limited quantities. He said they
+should be raised in car lots for shipping to Northern cities; that they were quick
+growers and brought ready money, and at their season had little competition in
+the market. They come in when there are few apples obtainable, and he considers
+them profitable.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris: In my experience it bears only every other year. Is that the
+experience of others?</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: The Maiden's Blush is the only summer apple that we
+have made pay.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison: We have not grown Maiden's Blush very largely here. It
+is one of our old apples in Illinois, and it is the earliest, most regular and profuse
+bearer, and the best keeper of its season to ship in hot weather. It was named<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+for its beauty, and is the most attractive apple grown. They last well if kept
+moderately cool. They are shipped largely in barrels, the earlier ones in boxes,
+from central Illinois north. The tree is tender in unusually cold seasons. Farther
+south there is no danger. I find it is a good apple to sell in a small way to grocerymen.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GRIMES'S GOLDEN PIPPIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Grimes's Golden.</p>
+
+<p>This valuable apple originated many years since on the farm of Thomas
+Grimes, Brooke county, Virginia. In its native locality it is highly prized for
+the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the most severe
+winters, and never breaking in its limbs; also, for its uniform regular annual
+productiveness. Tree vigorous, hardy, upright, spreading, very productive;
+branches with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the main
+limbs. Young wood dark, dull red brown, grayish. Fruit medium, roundish
+oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven. Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately
+with small gray and light dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity
+rather deep, sometimes slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin
+abrupt, uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly,
+spicy subacid; peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Very good to best. December
+to March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Grimes's Golden Pippen by members of the State Horticultural
+Society:</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: I have not tried to ship any Grimes's Golden. I would place
+it about second on the list of summer [?] apples. With me it is a good, thrifty,
+hardy tree, but my orchard is young.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison: I have grown it extensively. It is one of the best fall apples
+and one of the beauties. It does not keep well. It rots badly after it is gathered
+and goes to market in rather bad shape. It is not planted as much now as in the
+past.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: It stands in quality beside the Jonathan, and is a first-class
+dessert apple. It is a good bearer and ought to be in every family orchard, but I
+would not recommend it for the commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris: Mine bore very heavily and were large and fine. Sold well locally;
+never shipped any; think they should come next to the Maiden's Blush in
+the commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: The Grimes's Golden is the very best apple of its season. Should
+be in all family orchards, and have a small place in commercial orchards.</p>
+
+<p>J. B. McAfee: Like Mr. Gano, I consider it the very best apple that grows,
+and one of the most profitable in my orchard. I find it short-lived. I take best
+care of them for use of my family until about the 1st of November.</p>
+
+<p>F. W. Dixon: It is the best apple for family use, but drops badly. The tree
+is a good bearer but not long-lived.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: I plant Grimes's Golden and Maiden's Blush for profit.
+The Grimes's Golden is handsome and brings a good price, especially at this time
+of the year&mdash;December.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I have had experience with it for years. In the family orchard
+we cannot do without it. We aim to keep it for our family as long as it lasts,
+say until February. In my opinion it is better than any pear that grows in our
+state. We should handle them with care, as we do pears. Put away carefully,
+in a cold, dry cellar, they retain their flavor and keep well. I think them worthy
+of a place in the commercial orchard.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>J. F. Maxey: I like to eat them; most of us do. There is a place for them
+as a fancy apple.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: I consider it the best-flavored apple grown for family use.
+Missouri and Arkansas have brought the big red apple into history, but now the
+big yellow apple is preferred by many consumers. I consider them extra fine.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: I pack mine in boxes as well as barrels. I consider them fine.</p>
+
+<p>G. Y. Johnson (Douglas county): I find the tree is not as hardy as I would
+like to have it. As far as the apple is concerned, it sells as well as any.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HUNTSMAN'S FAVORITE.</p>
+
+<p>A seedling on the farm of John Huntsman, of Fayette, Mo. Tree vigorous,
+not a very early bearer, but is very productive annually when the tree has attained
+sufficient age; it is said to be a valuable and profitable fruit in the locality
+where it originated. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown; fruit large, oblate,
+slightly conic, often a little oblate; skin smooth, pale yellow, sometimes a shade
+of pale red or deep yellow in the sun, and a few scattering grayish dots; stalk
+short, small; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed, or nearly
+so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, crisp,
+tender, juicy, mild, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core rather
+small. December to March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Huntsman's Favorite by members of the State Horticultural
+Society:</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: The Huntsman is long-lived and deserves a place in our list.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: The Huntsman is of the York Imperial order, an old variety,
+not sufficiently known. In Kansas City, I saw them on sale at six dollars per
+barrel. The tree is a good bearer, and will be planted more than it has been; it
+never blights.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: I agree with Mr. Holman.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: It is a very desirable orchard tree; it is just wonderful how
+our old orchards hold out; its quality and size are good. It has one fault: if put
+in cold storage it bleaches out, as most yellow apples do. I cannot keep yellow
+apples in cold storage, and the Huntsman has disappointed me; but if taken out
+and sold when just right it is a success, and sells in Kansas City at six dollars per
+barrel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MAMMOTH BLACK TWIG.</p>
+
+<p>This apple originated with John Crawford, near Ray's Mills, Washington
+county, Arkansas. It is conceded to be a seedling of the Black Twig (said to be
+a misnomer for the Winesap). It has been exhibited as the "Arkansaw." Mr.
+Crawford says he brought to Arkansas and planted seeds of the Limber Twig
+and Black Twig over fifty-five years ago, and this apple sprang from one of those
+seeds. Really an enlarged and improved Winesap. Tree a fine, upright, spreading
+grower.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Mammoth Black Twig by members of the State Horticultural
+Society:</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: My trees set fruit for three years, but it all dropped off.</p>
+
+<p>President Wellhouse: Mr. Munger says his were very small this year, but
+also that all his apples were small.</p>
+
+<p>G. W. Bailey: I have a few, planted eight years, but the fruit this year was
+very small.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: Many Mammoth Black Twig trees have been extensively propagated
+by nurserymen. We should know more about them. This variety came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+before the public with a "hurrah," and people were told it was an apple with
+the quality of Winesap and the vigor of Ben Davis.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. A. Z. Moore (Missouri): My husband and I superintended sixty acres.
+We grew 500 bushels of them, all very fine. Of the tree I know little, but the
+apples were beautiful. They are of dark color and very handsome.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: Two years ago I was down the Port Arthur road, and saw some,
+and they were fine-looking apples; but on testing it I thought many others were
+better, though in the general trade I think it will do well. We have a few trees
+and they are rapid growers, but I would not recommend them for flavor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Adams: I can give you no particular information on this apple, but believe
+in the right location it is as fine as any grown. Location has much to do
+with its success.</p>
+
+<p>Walter Wellhouse: I examined some Mammoth Black Twigs in Leavenworth,
+and they were of good size&mdash;as large as any Winesap I ever saw, and of good
+color.</p>
+
+<p>L. D. Buck: It is a hardy grower. This year it is small.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">PECK'S PLEASANT.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Waltz Apple.</p>
+
+<p>A first-rate fruit in all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin class. It
+has long been cultivated in Rhode Island (where, we think, it originated) and
+in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves extensive dissemination. It
+considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown Pippin, with more tender flesh, and
+is scarcely inferior to it in flavor. The tree is a moderate, upright, spreading
+grower, but bears regularly and well, and the fruit commands a high price in
+the market. The apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those
+on the upper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly
+downy. Fruit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flattened,
+with an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and, when first
+gathered, green, with a little dark red; but when ripe a beautiful clear yellow,
+with bright blush on the sunny side and near the stalk, marked with scattered
+gray dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and flattened, short, and sunk in a
+wide, rather wavy cavity. Calyx woolly, sunk in a narrow, abruptly and pretty
+deeply sunk basin. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with
+a delicious, high aromatic, sprightly subacid. Very good or best. November to
+March.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on Peck's Pleasant by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris: We have a large number; while generally small, they can be
+made larger by cultivation and care. They are the longest keepers I know of,
+and carry well in shipping.</p>
+
+<p>William Cutter: I was well acquainted with it in Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Barnes: About a year and a half ago, Governor Morrill said to me,
+"Why don't you get your people to grow Peck's Pleasant? It is the best apple
+grown."</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: I have several trees, planted in 1870. They have been light
+bearers. The apple is of high quality, and keeps until January. The color is
+not so good as Huntsman. They die early.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Ferris: I cannot agree to that. I never had one die.</p>
+
+<p>C. C. Cook: It is a good apple for home use; not very profitable.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Gano: Good family apple; green; subacid; elegant in quality.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">INGRAM.</p>
+
+<p>A new variety, grown from seed of Rawle's Janet, by Martin Ingram, of
+Greene county, Missouri. Tree productive, and the fruit especially valued for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+its long keeping. Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow,
+mostly overspread with broken stripes of rich, warm red, gray russet dots, and
+slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, moderately
+juicy, crisp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds dark brown.
+February to June. (Hort.)</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Ingram by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. A. Z. Moore: I speak of this as the "coming apple" in southern Missouri.
+They are not very large; beautiful in color; have a tendency to overbear
+and grow in clusters. Must be picked by hand; is free from common diseases.</p>
+
+<p>J. F. Maxey: I am greatly interested in it. Very late last spring, while in
+Kansas City, I noticed a variety of apples that looked so fresh, with stems as
+green as if just picked, in shape and color like large Janets. They had come out
+of cold storage. I asked the name, and was told they were Ingram. I was told
+they were grown in the vicinity of Garden City, Kan. I wrote to Garden City,
+and received an answer from the grower, saying this apple was well worthy of
+growing.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. A. Z. Moore: I have seen it kept until the following August.</p>
+
+<p>G. P. Whiteker: I got twenty barrels of them from Mr. Rose in Kansas City.
+I brought them here [Topeka] and retailed most of them, and got six dollars per
+barrel for them. I do not think we found two bad apples to the barrel. Most
+people thought them Janets. I believe it a profitable tree to plant.</p>
+
+<p>B. F. Smith: In collecting apples in Douglas county for the World's Fair, we
+could not tell them from the Janet, except in size. It is beautifully streaked,
+and the grower called it a variety of the Janet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">LOWELL.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Queen Anne, Tallow Apple, Michigan Golden, Golden Pippin of
+some, Greasy Pippin, and Orange.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Young
+wood reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish, oval or conic, bright waxen yellow,
+oily. Stalk of medium length. Cavity deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt,
+and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, with a brisk, rich, rather
+acid flavor. Good to very good. September, October.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks on the Lowell by members of the State Horticultural Society:</p>
+
+<p>J. B. McAfee: I have realized more from my Lowells than from any other
+apple in my orchard. They are early and prolific. The Lowell has been the best-paying
+and the easiest-selling apple in our market [Topeka].</p>
+
+<p>Phillip Lux: I planted mine in 1870. They blight badly and the fruit is
+often knotty. Have made no money from them.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Robison: I grew it in Illinois. I planted it here in 1879 and 1880, and
+it paid there and here. It is a large, green, smooth apple, and follows the
+Maiden's Blush closely. The tree did not blight with me there or here. It is
+best cooked. It does not get mellow or soft. It is an old variety and is falling
+out.</p>
+
+<p>E. J. Holman: This apple is all right in such a market as Topeka in its season.
+It is not good to ship. Another apple we know little of is the Orange Pippin.
+There is two or three dollars in it where there is one dollar in the Maiden's Blush.
+It can be shipped to Liverpool and back in good condition. No other will compare
+with it in productiveness. It ought to be on our list.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">CELESTIA.</p>
+
+<p>Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami county, Ohio. A new variety, of good promise
+as an amateur sort. Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+Color pale yellow, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes
+large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven. Calyx
+closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather small, furrowed.
+Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant, rich, mild subacid.
+Core rather large. Very good. October.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MINKLER.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Brandywine.</p>
+
+<p>This is an old variety which was first exhibited before the Illinois Horticultural
+Society, and, because it could not be identified, received, for the time being,
+the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it will probably be found identical
+with some variety long since named and described. Tree an irregular
+grower; good bearer and keeper. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic,
+pale greenish yellow, striped and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish,
+compact, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January
+to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">KING OF TOMPKINS COUNTY.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: King, Tom's Red, Tommy Red.</p>
+
+<p>Origin uncertain; said to have originated with Thomas Thacher, Warren
+county, New Jersey. A valuable market apple. Tree very vigorous, spreading,
+abundant bearer annually. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, quite downy,
+especially toward the ends. Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes
+oblate, angular. Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed
+with crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat irregular
+cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly corrugated basin.
+Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an exceedingly agreeable, rich,
+vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Very good to best. December to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SUMMER QUEEN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Sharpe's Early, Lancaster Queen, and Polecat.</p>
+
+<p>This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and is a profitable
+sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory. The fruit is large
+and broad at the crown, tapering toward the eye. The stalk is rather long, and
+is planted in a pretty deep cavity, sometimes partially closed. Calyx but little
+sunk, in a narrow plaited basin. Skin fine deep yellow in its ground, though well
+striped and clouded with red. Flesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor.
+August and September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">LAWVER.</p>
+
+<p>Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Parks, of Parkville, Mo., and said
+to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas. Tree vigorous, spreading,
+an early and annual bearer; a beautiful fruit and a long keeper. Fruit large,
+roundish oblate. Color dark, bright red, covered with small dots. Stalk medium.
+Cavity deep, regular. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, furrowed.
+Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic, mild subacid. January to May.
+(<i>Prairie Farmer.</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">STARK.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown; grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long keeper
+and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots
+dark brownish red. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little
+elongated, and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin greenish yellow, shaded,
+splashed and striped with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface,
+and thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them aureole dots.
+Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed. Basin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately
+juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January to May.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WHITE WINTER PEARMAIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Campbellite.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown; by some thought to be an old Eastern variety; highly esteemed
+at the West. Tree spreading, hardy, and thrifty, a regular and good
+bearer. Young shoots very short jointed, dull reddish brown, slightly grayish or
+downy at the ends. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat
+oblique. Stalk short, in a deep cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Segments long.
+Basin uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight blush or warm cheek, thickly
+sprinkled with minute brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, very
+pleasant subacid. Very good. January to April.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SMOKEHOUSE.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Millcreek Vandevere, Red Vandevere, English Vandevere.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, near Millcreek, grown on the farm
+of &mdash;&mdash; Gibbons, near his smokehouse; hence its name. An old variety, and
+popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsylvania Vandevere,
+and is supposed to be a seedling of it. Tree moderately vigorous, with a
+spreading head, a good bearer. Young wood dark, dull reddish brown. Fruit
+rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded and splashed with
+crimson, and thickly sprinkled with large gray and brown dots. Stalk rather
+long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed, set in a wide basin of
+moderate depth, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy,
+crisp, rather rich subacid. Good. September to February. Valued for culinary
+uses.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">AUTUMN PEARMAIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Winter Pearmain.</p>
+
+<p>A slow-growing tree, but attains a large size. Branches slender, spreading.
+Fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowing gradually toward the eye. Color
+brownish yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side, but next the sun reddish,
+blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red, and sprinkled with numerous
+small brown specks. Stalk short, obliquely planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx
+small, set in a broad shallow basin, which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and
+obscurely plaited. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high
+flavored. Core rather small. Quality very good. October to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">CHENANGO (STRAWBERRY).</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Frank, Buckley, Sherwood's Favorite, Strawberry, Jackson
+Apple, and Smyrna.</p>
+
+<p>Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison county, New York. It is an apple
+pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wherever grown. Tree
+is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish brown, downy. Fruit medium,
+oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly ribbed. Color whitish,
+shaded, splashed and mottled with light and dark crimson over most of the
+surface; light dots. Stalk rather short, small. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven.
+Calyx closed, or partially open. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt,
+slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild subacid. Core
+rather large. Very good. September and October.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HAAS.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Horse Apple, Summer Horse, Yellow Hoss, and Trippe's Horse.</p>
+
+<p>Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual, early and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary purposes. Young wood light
+reddish brown. Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and
+small patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather firm and coarse, tender, pleasant
+subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HAAS.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Ludwig.</p>
+
+<p>Originated on the land of &mdash;&mdash; Ludwig, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and considerably
+grown in its native locality. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish,
+splashed, mottled and shaded with light red; many dots, with dark centers.
+Stalk short, slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish russet. Calyx closed.
+Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next the skin,
+fine grained, juicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to very good. November
+to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BAILEY'S SWEET.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Edgerly's Sweet, Howard's Sweet, and Patterson's Sweet.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown; introduced by J. Edgerly, of Perry, Wyoming county, New
+York. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. This variety is regarded
+as profitable for all purposes, although perhaps a little too tender skin for
+shipping long distances. Fruit large, form roundish conical often approaching
+oblong, obscurely ribbed; color yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped
+with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small,
+inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow, irregular
+basin. Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed
+sweet flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SWEET JUNE.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Summer Sweet and Hightop Sweet.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West. Growth
+upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, light reddish brown shoots.
+Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color light yellow,
+partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a deep, narrow
+cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow, slightly
+furrowed. Flesh yellowish, very sweet, not very juicy, but pleasant and rich.
+Very good. August.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WEALTHY.</p>
+
+<p>Originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn., from seed gathered
+in Maine about 1860. So far the tree has proved hardy, vigorous, and healthy.
+Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate; whitish yellow ground, shaded with
+deep, rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken stripes and mottlings in the shade,
+sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many light dots. Stalk short to
+medium, slender. Cavity green, russet. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep,
+abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine grained, stained with red, tender, juicy,
+lively, vinous subacid. Very good. Core small. Season, December to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">RED JUNE.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Knight's Red June, Blush June, Georgia June, and Wilson's
+June.</p>
+
+<p>Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very vigorous,
+upright, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the South and Southwest
+as their best early apple; ripe a few days after Early Harvest; not equal to
+it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard fruit. Fruit medium or below,
+oval, irregular, inclined to conic. Skin smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+with deep red, and almost of a purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with
+a light bloom. Stalk variable in length, inserted in a small, narrow cavity.
+Calyx closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very
+white, tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. Very good.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Carolina Striped June (Carolina June). This is generally confounded with the
+above, and is scarcely distinguishable, except that, as it ripens, it becomes striped. One is
+doubtless a seedling from the other.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="center">BALDWIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Woodpecker, Pecker, Steel's Red Winter, Red Baldwin, and
+Butters.</p>
+
+<p>The Baldwin stands at the head of all New England apples, and is unquestionably
+a first-rate fruit in all respects. It is a native of Massachusetts, and is
+more largely cultivated for the Boston market than any other sort. Tree vigorous,
+upright, spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Fruit large,
+roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow in the shade, but nearly
+covered and striped with crimson, red, and orange in the sun, dotted with a few
+russet dots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed,
+and set in a rather narrow plaited basin. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch
+long, rather slender for so large a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep
+cavity. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine
+and acid which constitutes a rich, high flavor. Very good. The tree is
+a vigorous, upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Ripe from November to
+March, but with us it is perfection in January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GOLDEN SWEET.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Orange Sweeting and Early Golden Sweet.</p>
+
+<p>A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a
+tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Young shoots reddish brown.
+Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, and well formed;
+when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk about an inch long, slender at
+its junction with the fruit. Calyx closed, and set in a basin of moderate depth.
+Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and excellent. Good to very good. August and September.
+A valuable sort for cooking, market, or stock feeding.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">COOPER'S EARLY (WHITE).</p>
+
+<p>Grown in Illinois and other Western states, where it is regarded by many as
+productive and profitable. Fruit medium, roundish, little flattened, pale yellow
+with faint blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly.
+September and October. (Elliott).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">NORTHERN SPY.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragrant and
+sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps until June, and
+always commands the highest market price. The tree is of rapid, upright growth,
+and bears moderate crops. It originated on the farm of Herman Chapin, of East
+Bloomfield, near Rochester, N. Y. The trees require high culture, and open
+heads to let in the sun; otherwise the fruit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be
+imperfect and knotty. Young shoots dark, reddish brown. The tree blooms late,
+often escaping vernal frosts. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical. Skin thin,
+smooth, in the shade greenish or pale yellow, in the sun covered with light and
+dark stripes of purplish red, marked with a few pale dots, and a thin white bloom.
+Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a very wide, deep
+cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine grained, tender, slightly subacid, with a
+peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor. Core large and open. Very good to best.
+December to June.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">DUCHESS OF OLDENBURG.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Smith's Beauty of Newark, Russian, Borovitsky, and New
+Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>This handsome Russian apple proves one of the most hardy and profitable
+varieties in cultivation, especially in our northwestern sections. The tree is
+vigorous, forming a roundish, upright, spreading head, requiring little or no
+pruning, and producing abundantly a fruit of fair, even and regular size, that,
+although not of the first quality, always commands a ready sale, as it is valuable
+for market and cooking, and passably good for dessert. Young shoots smooth,
+reddish. Fruit medium size, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Skin smooth,
+finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground. Calyx pretty
+large and nearly closed, set in a wide, even hollow. There is a faint blue bloom
+on this fruit. The flesh is juicy, sprightly subacid. Ripens early in September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EARLY HARVEST.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Prince's Harvest, July Pippin, Yellow Harvest, Large White
+Juneating, Tart Bough, Early French Reinette, and Sinclair's Yellow.</p>
+
+<p>An American apple; and taking into account its beauty, its excellent qualities
+for the dessert and cooking, and its productiveness, we think it the finest
+early apple yet known. It begins to ripen about the first of July, and continues
+in use all that month. The smallest collection of apples should comprise this
+and the Red Astrachan. Trees moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Young
+shoots reddish brown. Fruit medium size. Form roundish, often roundish oblate,
+medium size. Skin very smooth, with a few faint white dots, bright straw
+color when fully ripe. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender,
+inserted in a hollow of moderate depth. Calyx set in a shallow basin. Flesh
+very white, tender and juicy, crisp, with a rich, sprightly subacid flavor. Very
+good to best. Core small.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">TWENTY OUNCE.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Morgan's Favorite, Eighteen Ounce Apple, Aurora, Coleman,
+Cayuga Red Streak, Lima, and Wine of Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>A very large and showy apple. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not very
+high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and large size render
+it one of the most popular fruits in the market. The tree is thrifty, and makes a
+compact, neat head; bears regular crops, and the fruit is always fair and handsome.
+Young wood rich, brownish red. Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven,
+greenish yellow, boldly splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red.
+Stalk short, set in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep.
+Flesh coarse grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October to
+January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SWEET BOUGH.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Large Yellow Bough, Early Sweet Bough, August Sweet, Sweet
+Harvest, Bough, and Washington.</p>
+
+<p>A native apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the first quality, only
+second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so much esteemed for
+the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies and sauce, but it is generally
+much admired for the table, and is worthy of a place in every collection. Fruit
+above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth, pale greenish
+yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep. Flesh white, very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich, sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens
+from the middle of July to the 10th of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears
+abundantly, and forms a round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very slightly
+downy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">PEWAUKEE.</p>
+
+<p>Raised from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg by George P. Pepper, of Pewaukee,
+Wis., who sends us specimens, and writes that the tree is strong and vigorous,
+center upright, very spreading, an annual bearer, and one of the hardiest and
+best for the Northwest; young shoots dark, brownish red. Fruit medium to
+large, roundish oblate, skin bright yellow, striped, splashed and mottled with
+light and dark red over most of the surface, covered with a thin greenish bloom,
+and many large and small light dots, a few being aureole; stalk short, small;
+cavity small; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, a
+little coarse, breaking, half tender; juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; good;
+core small. January to May.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">NELSON SWEET.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular.
+Color dull green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk
+rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx medium,
+closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish yellow, firm,
+fine grained, juicy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to July. (<i>American
+Journal of Horticulture.</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">RED ASTRACHAN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Deterding's Early, Astrachan Rogue, Robert Astrakan, Vermillion
+d'Ete, and Abe Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with the White
+Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly with us, and its singular
+richness of color is heightened by an exquisite bloom on the surface of the fruit,
+like that of the plum. It is one of the handsomest dessert fruits, and its quality
+is good, but if not taken from the trees as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy.
+Tree a vigorous grower, upright, spreading. An early and abundant bearer.
+Young shoots clear, reddish brown. Fruit pretty large, rather above the middle
+size, and very smooth and fair, roundish, a little narrowed toward the eye. Skin
+almost entirely covered with deep crimson, with sometimes a greenish yellow in
+the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered with a pale
+white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Calyx partially closed,
+set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little irregular. Flesh quite white,
+crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable, rich, acid flavor. Good to very good.
+Ripens from last of July to middle of August.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BALTZBY.</p>
+
+<p>From Virginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, yellowish
+white, with a faint blush. Dots scattered, small, white. Flesh white, firm,
+somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MOUNTAINEER.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Mountain Sweet.</p>
+
+<p>From Pennsylvania. Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx
+small, closed. Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine
+grained, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">IMPERIAL.</p>
+
+<p>Of French origin. Fruit medium, oblate inclined to conic, yellow, shaded,
+splashed and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid. Good. October
+and November. (Warder.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">FULTON STRAWBERRY.</p>
+
+<p>Originated with A. G. Downing, Canton, Fulton county, Illinois. Tree vigorous,
+stout, spreading grower, hardy; does not come early into bearing. Young
+wood grayish brown, slightly downy. Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly
+overspread, striped, splashed and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish,
+tinged with pink, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ENGLISH SWEET.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Ramsdell's Sweet, Ramsdell's Sweeting, Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin
+Sweet, Avery Sweet, and Ramsdell's Red Winter.</p>
+
+<p>This old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it bears,
+and as a showy sweet apple for market, and profitable for stock feeding, as well
+as superior for cooking. The tree is very vigorous, grows remarkably straight
+and upright, comes early into bearing, and yields enormously every year. Young
+shoots clear, reddish brown, slightly grayish. Fruit rather above medium size,
+oblong, regularly shaped, and tapering slightly towards the eye; dark red, dotted
+with fawn-colored specks, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, very
+tender and mellow, usually sweet and rich. Good to very good. In weight the
+apple is light. October to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WHITE JUNEATING.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Joanneting, Juniting, Gennetting, Primiting, May of Virginia,
+Jennetting, Juneting, May Pippin, Caroline, Early May, Owen's Golden Beauty,
+Juneating, Ginetting, Early Jennetting, Yellow May, Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, and described by Ray in
+1688, and is a very tolerable little apple, ripening among the very earliest, during
+the last of June and the first of July. It is very distinct from the Early Harvest,
+sometimes called by this name. Tree a moderate grower, and forms a roundish,
+upright, spreading head. Productive. Fruit small, round, a little flattened.
+Calyx closed. Stalk rather long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow
+with sometimes a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant
+flavor, but soon becomes dry. Good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: John May, Old Town Pippin, and Hubbardston.</p>
+
+<p>A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of Hubbardston,
+Mass. The tree is a vigorous grower, forming a handsome branching head, and
+bears very large crops. Young shoots dull, grayish brown, slightly downy. It is
+worthy of extensive orchard culture. Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrowed
+near the eye. Skin smooth, striped with splashes and irregular broken stripes
+of pale and bright red, which nearly cover a yellowish ground. Calyx open.
+Stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, juicy, and tender, with an agreeable
+mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor. Very good to best. October
+to January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HOLLAND PIPPIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Summer Pippin, Pie Apple.</p>
+
+<p>This and the Fall Pippin are frequently confounded together. They are indeed
+of the same origin. One of the strongest points of difference lies in their
+time of ripening. The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the trees and is fit for
+pies about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of November is
+one of the very best kitchen apples. Fruit very large, roundish, a little more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+square in outline than the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good
+deal like it, a little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply
+sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin. Skin
+greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on
+one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large, greenish
+dots. Good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">YELLOW TRANSPARENT.</p>
+
+<p>A new Russian variety, which was imported from St. Petersburg in 1870 by
+the department of agriculture, Washington, D. C., and promises to be valuable
+for a cold climate as an early fruit of good quality, ripening before the Tetofsky,
+with more tender and delicate flesh, but does not continue long in use. It is said
+that the tree so far has proved to be very hardy, moderately vigorous, upright,
+an early and good bearer annually. Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, slightly
+conical, slightly angular; skin clear white at first, becoming pale yellow when
+fully mature, moderately sprinkled with light and greenish dots, somewhat obscure.
+Stalk short to medium, rather slender; cavity rather large, sometimes a
+little greenish; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated, sometimes
+small protuberances; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid;
+quality good to very good. Core medium. Season early in August, and a week
+or two before Tetofsky.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BENTLEY'S SWEET.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, good
+bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils. Fruit medium,
+roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes slightly oblique, and sometimes sides unequal,
+pale yellowish green, shaded with pale red and, moderately sprinkled with
+light and brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx
+large, closed, or partially open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a
+little recurved. Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact,
+sweet, somewhat honeyed flavor. Core small. Very good. January to May.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EARLY RIPE.</p>
+
+<p>Supposed origin, Pennsylvania, but unknown. Tree a free grower, and productive.
+Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few gray
+dots. Stalk long, in a slightly russeted cavity. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
+white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. August.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">DOCTOR WATSON.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Autumn Seek-no-farther.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown. A variety considerably grown in Indiana, where it is much
+esteemed. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit medium, oblate,
+sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish white, shaded and splashed in the
+sun with dull crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx
+open. Basin large, rather deep. Flesh whitish yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich
+subacid. Core medium. Very good. September and October.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MUSTER.</p>
+
+<p>Origin unknown. Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and
+splashes of crimson. Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic.
+Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WAGENER.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Penn Yan, Yates county, New York. Tree thrifty, upright, hardy, and
+early bearer. Requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit. When grown in
+the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light, reddish brown, slightly downy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+Buds prominent. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly
+shaded with crimson, obscurely striped, and splashed with light dots. Stalk
+nearly an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad, irregular cavity.
+Calyx small and closed, set in a rather abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin.
+Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous. Very
+good to best. A very delicate apple. Ripe November to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BROADWELL.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Broadwell Sweet.</p>
+
+<p>Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, Ohio. An extremely valuable
+sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree vigorous, quite hardy,
+very spreading, irregular, productive. Young shoots dull, reddish brown, downy.
+Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear, bright yellow, brownish
+blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, greenish, suffused
+beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx closed, with
+short segments. Basin regular. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Core
+small. Very good. November to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SUPERB.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Franklin county, North Carolina. Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading,
+and a prodigious bearer. Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate, regular.
+Skin green, rarely with a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity.
+Calyx large and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse grained, rich, subacid.
+Good to very good. November to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">RAMBO.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Fall Romanite, Gray Romanite, Striped Rambo, Delaware,
+Romanite, Seek-no-further, Bread and Cheese, Rambouillet, Trumpington, Large
+Rambo, and Terry's Redstreak.</p>
+
+<p>The Rambo is one of the most popular autumn or early winter fruits. It is a
+highly valuable apple for the table or kitchen, and the tree thrives well on light,
+sandy soil, being a native of the banks of the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous,
+rather spreading habit, quite productive. Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth,
+yellowish white in the shade, streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in
+the sun, and speckled with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved
+to one side, and deeply planted in a smooth, funnel-like cavity. Calyx closed, set
+in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish white, very
+tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to December. There is claimed
+to be distinct or subvariety of this, called Red Rambo, the fruit of which is
+more red; otherwise there is no perceptible difference.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ROME BEAUTY.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Gillett's Seedling.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower; succeeds well at the Southwest.
+Young wood clear, reddish brown, slightly downy or gray. A late bloomer.
+Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and striped with
+bright red, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a large,
+deep cavity, surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a narrow,
+deep basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Good. Core
+rather large. October to December.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ROMAN STEM.</p>
+
+<p>Originated at Burlington, N. J., and is much esteemed there. Tree very
+productive, spreading, irregular. Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+whitish yellow, with a faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet,
+and, when ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very fair.
+Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity under a fleshy
+protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a few plaits. Core hollow.
+Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky flavor. Very good. November
+to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SNOW.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Fameuse and Snow Chimney.</p>
+
+<p>A very celebrated Canada fruit (probably an old French variety), which has its
+name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from the village from
+whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent, productive, autumn
+apple, and is especially valuable in northern latitudes. Tree moderately vigorous,
+round-headed, hardy. Young shoots reddish brown. Fruit of medium size,
+roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin with a ground of pale, greenish yellow,
+mixed with faint streaks of pale red on the shady side, but marked with blotches
+and short stripes of darker red, and becoming a fine, deep red in the sun. Stalk
+quite slender, half an inch long, planted in a narrow, funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx
+small, and set in a shallow, rather narrow basin. Flesh remarkably white, very
+tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Very good. Ripe in October and November.
+A regular bearer and a handsome dessert fruit. There is a variety under
+the name Striped Fameuse, claimed to be distinct, the fruit being more striped
+and less highly colored.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">AUTUMN STRAWBERRY.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Late Strawberry.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps. Tree vigorous,
+upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish brown; a regular
+and early bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, inclined to conic, sometimes obscurely
+ribbed. Color whitish, striped and splashed with light and dark red,
+and often covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, curved. Cavity
+large, deep, slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yellowish
+white, tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous subacid. Very good. October to December.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GILPIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Carthouse, Small Romanite, Gray Romanite, Roman Knight,
+Romanite of the West, and Little Romanite.</p>
+
+<p>A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table fruit from
+February to May. A very hardy, vigorous and fruitful tree. Fruit of medium
+size, roundish, oblong. Skin very smooth and handsome, richly streaked with
+deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Calyx in a round, rather
+deep basin. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, and rich, becoming tender and sprightly
+in the spring. Good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MILAM.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Harrigan, Winter Pearmain, Blair, and Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>Origin uncertain; much grown in some sections of the West; very productive,
+and keeps well. Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish, shaded and striped
+with red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant subacid, not rich. Good. December to
+March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">LIMBER TWIG.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: James River.</p>
+
+<p>An apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North Carolina.
+Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat drooping.
+Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk of
+medium length, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded by thin, green russet.
+Calyx closed, set in a small, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender,
+juicy, with a brisk, subacid flavor. Good. January to April.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BENONI.</p>
+
+<p>This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree is of vigorous,
+upright, spreading habit; hardy and productive; light, reddish brown. It
+is a valuable variety for market or table use. Fruit rather below medium size.
+Form roundish, oblate conical. Color pale yellow, shaded, striped and marbled
+with dark crimson, and thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender.
+Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved.
+Basin abrupt, quite deep, somewhat uneven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender,
+pleasant subacid. Core small. Very good. August.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ORTLEY.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Ortley Pippin, Woolman's Long, Greasy Pippin, White Bell-flower,
+Van Dyne, Melting Pippin, Yellow Pippin, Woodward's Pippin, Davis
+White Bellflower, White Bellflower, White Detroit, Hollow-cored Pippin, Green
+Bellflower, Jersey Greening, Crane's Pippin, Inman, Tom Woodward's Pippin,
+Marrow Pippin, Ohio Favorite, Willow-leaf Pippin, White Pippin, Detroit, Davis,
+Warren Pippen, Golden Pippin, White Seek-no-further, and Tod's Golden Pippin.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, South Jersey. It grows pretty strongly,
+with upright, slender shoots, and bears abundantly. Fruit medium to large,
+roundish, oblong conic, greenish yellow, becoming fine yellow at maturity, sometimes
+with a sunny cheek. Stalk slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep,
+acute cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat
+corrugated basin. Flesh white, fine grained, tender, juicy, subacid, very pleasant.
+Good to very good. Core large. November to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">STAYMAN'S SUMMER.</p>
+
+<p>Originated on the grounds of Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan. Tree
+hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular, tough, wiry, droops like a weeping willow
+with ropes of fruit, never breaking a limb. An early bearer and very productive,
+very nearly equal to Benoni and Summer Pearmain, and handsomer. Fruit
+medium, round, regular, approaching conic; skin smooth, greenish yellow,
+splashed and striped with red and purple, covered with a white bloom; dots small,
+gray, scattered. Stem medium, rather slender. Cavity narrow, deep, irregular,
+russeted. Eye very small, closed. Basin narrow, shallow, furrowed. Core small,
+slightly open. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, brittle, sprightly, high flavored,
+mild acid. Very good. Use: Kitchen, table, and market. August and September.
+(<i>Western Pomologist.</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">STAYMAN'S WINESAP.</p>
+
+<p>A seedling of the Winesap, originated with Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth,
+Kan. We give his description: "Tree very vigorous, open, irregular, spreading.
+Wood very dark; dark heavy foliage. An early and very abundant bearer. Tree
+much in appearance like the Winesap. Fruit hangs well on the tree. Fruit
+medium to large, heavy, oblate conical, regular, greenish yellow, mostly covered
+and indistinctly splashed, mixed and striped with dark, dull red; dots medium,
+numerous, distinct gray. Stem of medium length, slender. Cavity wide, deep,
+much russeted, extending, regular. Calyx large, open, or half closed. Segments
+large, erect. Basin rather narrow, abrupt, deep, furrowed. Core medium.
+Flesh yellow, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic. Quality best.
+Season January to May."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GARRETTSON'S EARLY.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Somerset Harvest.</p>
+
+<p>Originated on the farm of John Garrettson, Somerset, N. J. Tree vigorous,
+upright, spreading, productive. Young wood brown, slightly downy. Fruit
+medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light specks. Stalk
+short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small, abrupt, furrowed basin.
+Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good; valuable for cooking. September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EARLY SUMMER PEARMAIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: American Summer Pearmain.</p>
+
+<p>A rich, highly flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is known. It appears
+to be quite different from the Summer Pearmain (of the English), and is probably
+a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the 10th of August to the
+last of September. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender branches, round
+headed. Young shoots dull, reddish brown. Fruit of medium size, oblong, widest
+at the crown, and tapering slightly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yellow in
+the shade, but streaked with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk
+three-fourths of an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk.
+Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh
+yellow, remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor. It often bursts when
+falling from the tree. Quality best. Core medium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EARLY JOE.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, orchard of Herman Chapin, Ontario county, New York. Tree of slow
+growth, productive; requires high culture for fair fruit. Fruit below medium,
+oblate, very slightly conic, smooth, yellowish, shaded and striped with red, and
+thickly sprinkled with greenish spots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a
+large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh
+whitish, tender, juicy, with a very agreeable vinous flavor. Best. Ripe middle
+of August to middle of September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">JEFFERIS.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Chester county, Pennsylvania. Growth medium, very productive. A
+fair and handsome fruit, of excellent quality, in use all of September. Young
+wood light, reddish brown, smooth. Fruit medium, oblate, inclined to conic, yellow,
+shaded and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with large whitish
+dots. Stalk very short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a
+round, open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid flavor.
+Very good. September.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WHITE PIPPIN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonym</i>: Canada Pippin.</p>
+
+<p>This apple is much cultivated at the West, but of unknown origin. It is of the
+Newtown Pippin class, distinct from Canada Reinette. Tree thrifty, upright, a
+regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark, clear, reddish brown, downy. Fruit
+large, form variable, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, greenish white, waxen,
+sprinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at maturity, sometimes having
+a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded
+by green russet. Calyx small, nearly closed, set in an abrupt-furrowed
+basin. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Very good to best.
+Core small. January to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">DOMINIE.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: English Rambo, Wells, Cheat, Hogan, Striped Rhode Island
+Greening, Cling Tight, English Red Streak, and English Beauty of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>This apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and west, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+much resembles the Rambo externally that the two are often confounded, and
+the outline of the Rambo may be taken as nearly a <i>facsimile</i> of this. The Dominie
+is, however, of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are
+very distinct, the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter apple, while
+the Dominie is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter fruit. Fruit of medium
+size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade, with stripes and splashes
+of bright red in the sun, and pretty large russet specks. Stalk long and slender,
+planted in a wide cavity, and inclined to one side. Calyx small, in a broad
+basin, moderately sunk. Flesh white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a
+sprightly, pleasant, though not high flavor. Young wood of a shoot lively light
+brown, and the trees are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious
+early bearers that we know&mdash;the branches being literally weighted down by the
+rope-like clusters of fruit. The Dominie does not appear to be described by any
+foreign author. Coxe says that he received it from England, but the apple he
+describes and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met with it
+in any collection here. It is highly probable that the Dominie is a native fruit.
+It is excellent from December to April.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">RHODE ISLAND GREENING.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Burlington Greening, Russine, Bell Dubois, and Jersey Greening.</p>
+
+<p>The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and so generally
+known, that it seems superfluous to describe it. It succeeds well in most of the
+northern sections of the United States, and on a great variety of soils. Where it
+succeeds it is one of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits.
+[In Kansas it drops too early.] Tree a very vigorous, spreading grower. Young
+shoots reddish brown. Very productive. [Shy in Kansas.] Fruit large, roundish,
+a little flattened, pretty regular, but often obscurely ribbed, dark green,
+becoming greenish yellow when ripe, when it sometimes shows a dull blush near
+the stalk. Calyx small, woolly, closed, in a slightly sunken, scarcely plaited basin.
+Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow,
+fine grained, tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, sprightly, aromatic,
+lively, acid juice. Very good. November to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">PENNOCK.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Pomme Roye, Large Romanite, Prolific Beauty, Roman Knight,
+Big Romanite, Neisley's Winter Penick, Pelican, Red Ox, Red Pennock, Pennock's
+Red Winter, and Gay's Romanite.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower,
+and very productive. Fruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally
+roundish oblong, fine, deep red, with faint, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh
+yellow, tender and juicy, with a pleasant, half-sweet flavor. Good. November
+to March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">KESWICK CODLIN.</p>
+
+<p>A noted English cooking apple, which may be gathered for tarts as early as
+the month of August, and continues in use till November. It is an early and a
+great bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most profitable of orchard
+sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy, forming a large, regular, upright,
+spreading, round head. Fruit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with
+a few obscure ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin
+greenish yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white,
+juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EMPEROR.</p>
+
+<p>Described by Verry Aldrich in the <i>Prairie Farmer</i> as follows: Fruit medium,
+roundish, one-sided, orange, striped and shaded with red on the sun side, covered
+with white specks. Stalk short and slender. Cavity deep. Flesh white,
+fine grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, almost sweet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EARLY MARGARET.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Margaret or Striped Juneating, Early Red Juneating, Red Juneating,
+Striped June, Eve Apple of the Irish, and Margaretha Apfel of the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>An excellent early apple, ripening about the middle of July, or directly after
+the Early Harvest. The tree while young is rather slender, with reddish brown,
+upright, woolly shoots. It is a moderate bearer. Fruit below medium size,
+roundish oblate, tapering towards the eye. Skin greenish yellow, pretty well
+covered by stripes of dark red. Flesh white, subacid, and, when freshly gathered
+from the tree, of a rich, agreeable flavor. Good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MOTHER.</p>
+
+<p><i>Synonyms</i>: Queen Anne, Gardener's Apple.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and productive.
+Young shoots grayish brown, downy. One of the best of apples for dessert;
+rather too tender for shipment. Fruit medium. Form roundish, slightly
+conical. Color yellow, almost entirely overspread with light, clear, rich red,
+splashed and marbled with many deeper shades, many minute little dots. Stalk
+short, small. Cavity acute, often a little russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small,
+corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best. November
+to February.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ARKANSAS BLACK.</p>
+
+<p>Medium, slightly conical, regular, smooth, glossy; yellow, generally covered
+with deep crimson, small, light-colored dots. Basin shallow. Eye small, closed.
+Cavity shallow, russeted. Stem medium. Flesh very yellow, fine grained, firm,
+juicy, subacid, rich. Very good. Arkansas. (Thomas.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">WHITNEY.</p>
+
+<p>Medium, handsome, rich, good. Very hardy. Illinois. (Thomas.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">NOTE.</p>
+
+<p>All the descriptions of apples given here are taken from Downing's "Fruit
+and Fruit-trees of America," excepting otherwise noted.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_STATE_BY_DISTRICTS" id="THE_STATE_BY_DISTRICTS"></a>THE STATE, BY DISTRICTS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>For convenience, Kansas was divided by the official board into four fruit
+districts, simply quartering the state. The first district is composed of the following
+twenty-seven counties, in the northeast quarter. Reports, or rather experiences,
+from each of these counties will be found immediately following. We give
+below the number of apple trees in the first district, compiled from the statistics
+of 1897. Many thousands were added during the spring of 1898.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>DISTRICT No. 1&mdash;APPLE TREES, 1897.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Not bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Total.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Atchison county</td><td align="right">150,024</td><td align="right">70,691</td><td align="right">220,715</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Brown county</td><td align="right">160,583</td><td align="right">57,488</td><td align="right">218,071</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Clay county</td><td align="right">89,725</td><td align="right">26,087</td><td align="right">115,812</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cloud county</td><td align="right">68,832</td><td align="right">24,451</td><td align="right">93,283</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dickinson county</td><td align="right">110,351</td><td align="right">31,926</td><td align="right">142,277</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Doniphan county</td><td align="right">156,661</td><td align="right">163,701</td><td align="right">320,362</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Douglas county</td><td align="right">159,706</td><td align="right">120,375</td><td align="right">280,081</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Franklin county</td><td align="right">126,906</td><td align="right">70,831</td><td align="right">197,737</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Geary county</td><td align="right">39,148</td><td align="right">19,357</td><td align="right">58,505</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jackson county</td><td align="right">123,485</td><td align="right">84,533</td><td align="right">208,018</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jefferson county</td><td align="right">120,509</td><td align="right">86,837</td><td align="right">207,346</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Johnson county</td><td align="right">88,395</td><td align="right">69,709</td><td align="right">158,104</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Leavenworth county</td><td align="right">199,212</td><td align="right">216,015</td><td align="right">415,227</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Marshall county</td><td align="right">157,279</td><td align="right">66,556</td><td align="right">223,835</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Miami county</td><td align="right">101,541</td><td align="right">82,069</td><td align="right">183,610</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Morris county</td><td align="right">93,182</td><td align="right">45,555</td><td align="right">138,737</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nemaha county</td><td align="right">140,278</td><td align="right">62,535</td><td align="right">202,813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Osage county</td><td align="right">246,265</td><td align="right">56,478</td><td align="right">302,743</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ottawa county</td><td align="right">40,538</td><td align="right">30,149</td><td align="right">60,687</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pottawatomie county</td><td align="right">117,234</td><td align="right">50,079</td><td align="right">167,313</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Republic county</td><td align="right">128,076</td><td align="right">58,662</td><td align="right">186,738</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Riley county</td><td align="right">103,053</td><td align="right">44,640</td><td align="right">147,693</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Saline county</td><td align="right">74,648</td><td align="right">24,400</td><td align="right">99,048</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shawnee county</td><td align="right">207,779</td><td align="right">130,720</td><td align="right">338,499</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wabaunsee county</td><td align="right">108,942</td><td align="right">50,195</td><td align="right">159,137</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Washington county</td><td align="right">152,768</td><td align="right">80,194</td><td align="right">232,962</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wyandotte county</td><td align="right">112,541</td><td align="right">79,903</td><td align="right">192,444</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total in district</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">3,377,661</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">1,894,136</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">5,271,797</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Acreage, about</td><td align="right">600,000</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">900,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fred Wellhouse &amp; Son</span>: Have been in Kansas since 1859, and grow no fruit
+but apples, having 117 acres in Leavenworth county, planted in 1876; 160 acres in
+Miami county, planted in 1878; 160 acres in Leavenworth county, planted in
+1879; 800 acres in Osage county, planted in 1889, 1890, and 1891; 300 acres in
+Leavenworth county, planted in 1894; 140 acres in Leavenworth county, planted
+in 1896&mdash;total of about 100,000 trees, set out from two to twenty-two years. We
+prefer for commercial orchard, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, Winesap,
+and York Imperial, and for family orchard would add to these, Red June, Chenango,
+Maiden's Blush, Huntsman, and Rome Beauty. We tried sixteen acres of
+Cooper's Early White, but have discarded them as unprofitable, shy bearers. We
+consider upland the best if soil is of good quality. We have them on all slopes;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+can see no particular difference where soil is equal. We prefer rich, black soil
+(vegetable mold), clay subsoil. We plant in furrows, the rows thirty-two feet
+apart, the trees sixteen feet apart in the rows, running north and south.</p>
+
+<p>The best trees to plant are two years old, the lowest limb or limbs not over
+two feet from the ground. We grow most of our trees from our own root grafts.
+Cultivation: We cultivate for the first five years, by throwing the soil first to
+and then from the trees, with a single or a double turning plow, and grow only
+corn. At five years from planting we sow the ground to clover, and this with
+other growths, such as weeds, is left on the ground as a mulch and fertilizer.
+We have never used any windbreaks at any of our orchards. Think they would
+be an advantage in some localities. We use traps for rabbits, knife and wire for
+borers. We prune very little, such as removing broken limbs. We have never
+fertilized any of our orchards. We do not believe it pays to pasture orchards,
+and do not allow it.</p>
+
+<p>The insects that trouble us most are: Canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, fringed-wing
+bud moth, handmaid-moth or yellow-necked caterpillar, roundheaded
+borer and the tussock-moth caterpillar on our trees; and codling-moth, gouger
+and tree cricket on and in our fruit. We spray annually, using a horse-power
+machine, illustrated in former reports of the State Horticultural Society, for the
+leaf-eating insects named, using London purple and clear water, sometimes adding
+lime. We spray before the blossom opens, for bud moth, canker-worm and
+tent-caterpillar, and after the petals have fallen for codling-moth, tussock-moth,
+and fall web-worm. We have been successful except as to bud moth and fall
+web-worm. We believe we have greatly reduced the codling-moth by spraying,
+and we know we have destroyed the canker-worm. Have never successfully combated
+borers, excepting with knife and wire. Fall web-worms are burned in
+the tree with a gasoline torch, or the small limbs with webs are removed and
+burned. We have as yet found no particular method for fighting the bud moth
+successfully.</p>
+
+<p>We gather our apples by hand in common two-bushel seamless sacks, used in
+the same manner as for sowing grain. A strap of heavy leather is attached,
+making it easy for the shoulder. A hook and ring are also put on to facilitate the
+removal of the sack when emptying. We prefer common straight ladders, with
+sides from sixteen to twenty inches apart at the bottom and six inches at the top,
+rounds fourteen inches apart. We use bushel boxes for hauling from the orchard
+to packing-house. We sort into three grades: No. 1, No. 2, and culls. No. 1's
+are all sound and firm apples, of about from two and one-fourth to two and one-half
+inches in diameter, the size of the smallest depending on the variety. We
+put in the No. 2 grade those that have any defects barring them from the first
+grade, yet they make a good second-class for immediate use; we also pack in
+this grade any sound apples that run uniformally small.</p>
+
+<p>Of all packages tried, we prefer and use the three-bushel barrel, 17<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub></span> inch head
+and 28<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> inch stave. When one head is removed, the barrel is turned over and a
+rap with the hand removes all trash. If we are packing a fine grade of fruit, we
+put a piece of white paper, cut a little less than the diameter of the barrel, in
+before facing. Barrels are double-faced or plated. We are careful to have the
+barrels rocked or shaken often while being filled. The name of variety and our
+trade-mark is put on the barrel with stencil or rubber stamp. No. 1's and
+2's are hauled to shipping station in barrels; culls in bulk in ordinary farm
+wagon. We have never sold our crop in the orchard; always preferred to have it
+picked and packed under our own supervision. Our apples have been sold in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+car lots. Firsts and seconds have gone to wholesale dealers. Culls we have
+evaporated, sold to men who evaporate, to cider-mills, and to dealers who handle
+bulk apples.</p>
+
+<p>For drying, we use the New York hop kiln, Rival No. 2 parers, and upright
+bleachers, all of which have been reasonably satisfactory. We believe them the
+best we can get, considering the class of evaporated fruit in demand. White
+stock is best handled in fifty-pound boxes; chops, peelings and cores in sacks.
+We always found a ready market for dried fruit. Some years it paid well.</p>
+
+<p>We have wintered only in cold-storage plants, always in barrels, and it has
+been profitable. Ben Davis and Winesap have kept best, with Missouri Pippin
+a close second. Jonathan keeps well under proper conditions. If kept as late as
+March, it is generally necessary to repack, but not always. Our greatest loss has
+been on Jonathan, which in some instances, when kept late in the season, has
+reached ten per cent.</p>
+
+<p>We have never irrigated or watered any part of our orchards.</p>
+
+<p>Prices have ranged as follows with us: For No. 1, from $1.50 to $4; and No.
+2, 90 cents to $2 per barrel. Culls have brought from 25 cents to 60 cents per 100
+pounds; evaporated apples from 4 to 13 cents per pound; all these free on board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. E. Houghton</span>, Weltbote, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-nine years; have 100 apple trees, fifteen years old, twelve inches in diameter.
+For commercial and family orchards, I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Rawle's
+Janet, Huntman's Favorite, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Rambo, and Jonathan.
+Have tried and discarded Dominie, Roman Stem, and Bellflower; the latter on
+account of shy bearing. Think bottom land, black, rich loam, and north aspect,
+the best. I prefer three-year-old, short, stout-bodied trees&mdash;the shorter the
+better&mdash;with limbs as low as they will grow. I cultivate my orchard to corn,
+potatoes or vines as long as it is possible to do the work. I use a plow, cultivator,
+and one-horse double-shovel plow. I cease cropping when they begin to
+bear, and plant to clover. I consider windbreaks essential; would not grow an
+orchard without one, and would use Osage orange, ash, Russian mulberry, or box-elder,
+planted in several rows on south and west.</p>
+
+<p>I wrap my trees with corn-stalks to protect from rabbits, and wash them with
+strong soapsuds, for borers, in May and June. I prune a great deal to let the sun,
+light and air in; I think it beneficial and that it pays. I never thin; but think
+it would be beneficial when the apples are large enough to tell the good ones from
+the bad. I think it advisable to use fertilizers on poor land. I never pasture my
+orchard under any circumstances whatever: do not think it advisable. My trees
+are bothered with borers. Some worm troubles my apples. I do not spray.</p>
+
+<p>I pick into a sack over the shoulder, as for sowing wheat. I sort into two classes
+as I pick, to avoid handling again, putting the sound, hand-picked in one pile and
+the windfalls in another; cover them with hay and let them stay out as long as
+I dare, then put them in the cellar; but the cellar is too warm; think an outdoor
+cellar or cave would be better; would like to put them in cold storage, which
+is far the best. I sell my apples in the orchard, or any way I can get the most
+for them; generally take them to town and sell them. I sell my second and
+third grades at home; feed the culls to the hogs. My best markets are Washington
+and Greenleaf. I have never tried distant markets. Never dry any. I
+store some apples in boxes, barrels, and bulk; am not very successful. I find
+that Winesap and Rawle's Janet keep best. I do not irrigate. Prices have been
+from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel. There is not much sale for dried
+apples. We do most of our own work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Taylor</span>, Delaware township, Wyandotte county: I have lived in
+Kansas twenty-seven years. Have about 5000 apple trees aged from eight to
+twelve years. The best varieties of apples for commercial orchards are not
+many. No one variety could be named which would be best for all locations or
+conditions. The Ben Davis is most largely planted in the West. Jonathan,
+Missouri Pippin, Willow Twig, Park's Keeper, are all valuable sorts. There are
+others. A family orchard is the most important orchard a farmer plants. It
+should contain a small number of trees and a large number of varieties. Two of
+a kind are a plenty. There should be at least twenty kinds. That will allow
+for a new variety to ripen in its season every two weeks or less in summer and
+fall and every three weeks during the winter. They should begin with the
+earliest and finish with the very longest keeper. These varieties will overlap, so
+that the farmer will almost always have two sorts to choose from. There should
+be sweet apples among them&mdash;particularly winter sweets.</p>
+
+<p>The names, characteristics, qualities, description, etc., of the twenty to thirty
+varieties that make up an ideal orchard would require a long chapter, if the
+subject was fully treated. Beginners in tree buying should be cautioned not to
+let the nurseryman run in half a dozen trees of each kind for the family orchard
+on them. Two trees of a kind are plenty, particularly as the surplus of the
+family orchard commonly goes to waste. The names should be carefully registered,
+so there will be no wondering what an apple is when it begins to bear.
+You can't keep company satisfactorily with an apple that you don't know the
+name of, any better than you can an unknown man.</p>
+
+<p>The best place to keep these family apples is in a dugout, in the side of a
+bank if possible, at all events good and deep, with the door at the north, and a
+good blow-hole in the south end. I don't know much about soils or location. I
+found myself in possession of some Kaw river timbered hills, clay soil carrying
+some sand; not good for much else; so I planted them&mdash;tops, sides, and draws&mdash;with
+apple trees, which have done well on the tops of the hills, sides of the hills,
+and in the valleys between the hills. Am inclined to suspect there is a great deal
+of gammon written about "slope" and "expanse" for orchards. My conclusion
+is that that is a good slope which you happen to have. Trees growing in the
+Kaw bottoms themselves, I observe, thrive and bear. The only cultivation I have
+ever given trees has been such as they got by being component parts of a corn-field,
+except that I have mainly given the tree rows extra cultivation, keeping
+them clean of grass and weeds. My orchards are now seeded to clover; clover is
+not valuable, for its own sake, among trees, but the trees thrive with it. Its
+greatest use, so far as I can see, is to make you mow the orchard where it is
+twice during the season. I prefer to stop cultivation in orchards when they are
+six years old.</p>
+
+<p>I have no knowledge of windbreaks, but I have had a great deal of "mechanical
+destruction" done by borers and rabbits. Both these pests are good
+"mechanics" in their way and willing to work. I have the borers hunted spring
+and fall. Small trees I have protected from rabbits by stalks, paper, or veneering.
+Rabbits are not hard to head off, but they won't let a case go by default.
+Some people depend upon traps, dogs, guns, poison, cats, washes, wagon grease
+and liver to keep the rabbits away. I have known all of these to fail, but I have
+never known a tree well tied up with corn-stalks to suffer from "mechanical destruction"
+via the rabbit route, unless the string broke. There is no law against
+having a good string. The only pruning I have ever done has been to take out
+water sprouts. I don't know whether it paid or not. But I like the looks of a
+tree better without the pompadour effect a top full of sprouts gives it. Never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+have thinned apples; orchards here are self-thinners. By picking time the fruit
+is fully half on the ground and commonly not too much on the trees. Have never
+used manure or any fertilizer on apple trees. I never pastured an orchard but
+once. One trial cured me. I judge that one trial is nearly always enough. It
+is not advisable to pasture orchards, not even with hogs. The greatest pest we
+have is the apple worm&mdash;son, I am told, of the codling-moth. Have made no
+effort to check it by spraying, or otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>I pick apples by hand; drop them into a sack hung over the shoulder; when
+the sack is full, it is emptied onto a sorting table. Make two classes of fruit:
+No. 1 and culls. Have never used any package but the barrel. Prefer the full-sized
+flour barrel. Fill barrel full enough to prevent rattling, when head is
+pressed in; mark faced head with variety, quality, and my name and address.
+Have never sold crop in orchard; often sell culls there. Have never sold a
+greater amount than one car-load at one time; have sold as little as one peck.
+The best market is sometimes at one place, sometimes at another. Minneapolis
+is the most distant market I have ever tried. Have mostly put my apples in
+cold storage. About one time out of three they have kept well. The fault was
+not in the apples; cold storage is either not understood or frequently mismanaged.
+Cold-storage people should be made to guarantee their work!&mdash;should
+not be paid for apples that are not delivered in the spring. Cold-storage rates
+(fifty cents per barrel) are absurdly high. I use male help, young and old, good
+and bad. Help commonly hard to get here in the fall. Wages ordinarily one
+dollar per day, without board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. D. Martindale</span>, Scranton, Osage county: I have been on this place
+thirteen years, and since coming here have set every tree now on it. Trees
+that I set out in the spring of 1885 measure six to ten inches in diameter. In
+1895 I put out 350 apple trees; in 1896 I planted 250 more, part of them were
+three- and four-year-old, when set. I lost only thirteen out of the 600. A few of
+the Missouri Pippins bore fruit last year. I consider the following varieties, in
+the order named, best for commercial orchard: Ben Davis, Jonathan, Winesap,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin; and for family use I would add Maiden's Blush, Cooper's
+Early White, Missouri Pippin, and Rawle's Janet. I have tried and discarded
+Smith's Cider and Lowell, as they blight too much. I prefer bottom land if it
+is properly drained, as it is apt to be richer and the trees will not suffer as much
+in a dry season&mdash;black loam, with a porous subsoil, to let the surplus water
+soak away. I think a northern slope best, as the trees do not suffer as much
+from the sun on hot summer days. Apple trees have done best for me on a black
+loam underlaid with a porous subsoil that will take the surplus water and still
+hold moisture in summer.</p>
+
+<p>I plant by plowing light furrows (thirty-four feet apart) across the lay of the
+ground, then plowing two or four furrows together up and down the slope thirty-four
+feet apart, and run a lister in this big furrow, breaking up the ground
+as deeply as possible. I dip the roots of my trees in lye water, using one pound
+carbonate of lye to eight gallons of water. Then fill in with a spade around
+the roots, being careful not to leave any holes for mice to nest in. Two- or
+three-year-old trees, with roots and top well balanced, no forks to split down
+when the tree gets older, bark smooth and good color, I consider best. I prefer
+piece-root to whole-root grafts. My experience is that we get better trees on
+piece roots, as the union is lower down in the ground and the scion throws out
+roots, which makes the trees healthy and not wholly dependent on seedling
+roots. I cultivate my orchard till ten or twelve years old, and keep all weeds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+and grass away, using an eight-inch plow with one horse next to the trees and
+backfurrow to every other row; then use two horses and fourteen-inch plow for
+the middles. The next year I backfurrow to the rows left the year before; in
+this way we have no large back or dead furrows, but keep the ground level. In
+cultivating I use a fourteen-tooth Peerless harrow each side of the row, and
+cultivate the rest with two-horse cultivator; then use a good sharp hoe close to
+the trees. Corn is the best crop to raise among young trees, as it acts as a windbreak
+and a partial shade. After an orchard gets to bearing, seed to red clover.
+I would change from corn to clover eight or nine years after setting.</p>
+
+<p>Windbreaks are essential. I would have them on the south and west sides
+of the orchard, at least. I would make them of evergreen, Osage orange, or mulberry.
+I would not plant black walnut, cottonwood, or maple, as they are injurious
+to apple trees. Plant peach trees between the apple trees; they grow fast,
+and protect the apple until large enough to stand the winds. The best thing I
+have found to keep rabbits, mice, etc., off the trees is a protector made of five
+lath two feet long, woven with wire; they can be left on summer and winter, as
+sunlight and air can pass through to the bark and keep it healthy and keep the
+sun from scalding the bark; it also keeps the borers and the whippletree from
+doing much damage; they can be left on until the trees outgrow them. I cut
+out all limbs that are liable to rub each other at any future time, and all limbs
+that are liable to split down as the tree gets older; I also trim high enough to
+let a small horse walk under the limbs. I take off the back pad while working
+among the trees, so it will not be catching on the limbs; I think that it pays, and
+is beneficial. I have not thinned the fruit while on the trees. My trees are
+planted in alternate rows of different kinds, so I cannot tell what is best, blocks
+or mixed. I use all the barn-yard litter broadcast that I can get, and wish I had
+more. I shall plow under a good crop of red clover about every other year, and
+seed again the same year to clover, as I think it beneficial; I would do the same
+on all lands that I have yet tried. I do not let horses or cattle over one year
+old pasture in the orchard. I let calves and small pigs have access to the orchard,
+as they will eat up a great many wormy apples that drop, and help keep down
+the weeds. I think it advisable to pasture with young stock, and that it pays.</p>
+
+<p>My apple trees are troubled with canker-worm, twig-borer, and leaf-crumpler.
+The codling-moth troubled my apples some last year. I have not tried spraying
+as yet. I have found borers in a few trees that were out in the grass near the
+fence. I pick my apples by hand; using step-ladders for the lower limbs, and
+longer ladders, wide at the bottom and very narrow at the top, for the upper
+limbs. While picking in the inside of a tree, I use a half-bushel sack made to
+hang on a limb, and so arranged that it can be let to the ground and emptied
+without getting out of the tree. I make three grades of my apples: First, good
+size, smooth, free from worms, and good calyx; second, apples under size, a little
+specked and wormy; third, culls. I have been sorting from the pile, but think I
+shall use a table made with the back end the higher, and the top made of heavy
+canvas without end, and passing over rollers at each end, so the apples can be
+brought in reach without handling them; then I would arrange my barrels so that
+the apples can be placed in them without bruising. I prefer the three-bushel barrel
+to ship in; but for handling I want a one-bushel box with handholes in the
+ends. I would pack the barrels as tight as possible, and then mark the name of
+variety, grade and name of grower on it. I would ship them by fast freight or
+express.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes I sell in the orchard. I have generally sold by retail and peddled,
+as I have a good set of customers. I can do as well to sell direct to the consumer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+as to sell at wholesale. I sell second grade to any one that will buy. I feed the
+culls to cattle and hogs, and let the hens have all they want. I have had a market
+near home for all I have grown; may have to look further when all my trees
+bear. I have not tried distant markets. What I have tried took all the profits.
+I do not think it pays to dry apples, unless on an extensive scale. I store my
+apples for winter market in a dry cellar. I pack in both barrels and boxes while
+in the cellar; prefer boxes, as they are easier to handle and sort from. I have
+not been as successful as I would like, but think I have done as well as many
+apple-growers have with the number of trees I have. The Ben Davis, Winesap
+and Janet have kept the best for me. I have not tried artificial cold storage.
+If apples are held any length of time, I repack, so as to be sure they are up to
+grade. I do not lose over two per cent. In the fall apples sold at about thirty
+cents per bushel, and through the winter fifty to eighty cents per bushel. I employ
+careful men to pick and handle my fruit. I pay from fifteen dollars to
+eighteen dollars a month and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. Reynolds</span>, Lawrence, Douglas county: I have lived in Kansas forty-three
+years; have an apple orchard planted from two to forty years. I planted my
+first orchard in 1858, and, not knowing anything about what sorts would be suitable
+for Kansas, I had to rely entirely on what the Missouri nurserymen recommended.
+Among the sorts planted which proved failures were Yellow Bellflower,
+Fulton Strawberry, White Winter Pearmain, Baldwin, the Russets and some
+others. Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Dominie and White Bellflower all did fairly
+well. Of all the sorts the Winesap has been the most profitable. If I had
+planted that first orchard chiefly to Winesaps, the cash receipts would have been
+more than double. My later experience and observations prove that the Missouri
+Pippin is the most profitable apple to grow for the market, the Winesap and Ben
+Davis following next in order. For a family orchard, I prefer Early Harvest,
+Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, and Winesap. I prefer second bottom, with a rich
+soil and a porous subsoil. I prefer two-year-old, vigorous trees, set in rows two
+rods apart. Use a potato hook.</p>
+
+<p>I consider the best plan of planting is to throw two furrows together, and
+plant on this double thickness of surface soil; the roots will luxuriate in this bed
+of fertile soil and with proper care the tree will make a vigorous growth. Plant
+early in the spring, before the buds start. I cultivate my orchard with a disc
+harrow followed by a common harrow, until they begin to bear; plant corn, potatoes
+or other hoed crop in a young orchard. Seed the bearing orchard to clover.
+Windbreaks are not essential in eastern Kansas. For rabbits I wrap the young
+trees; dig borers out. Pruning should be done at the time of planting. After
+that give the tree all the top it can grow. Never fear but the roots will keep
+pace with the top. Remember that every time you cut out a large limb you
+threaten the life of the tree. Give the tree plenty of room, so that the roots will
+not overreach each other. The moisture in the soil is only sufficient for one set
+of roots. About two rods apart is the proper distance. I prune with a knife to
+keep the limbs from crossing. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees, they
+usually thin themselves. My Ben Davis and Missouri Pippins are in mixed
+planting. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; I think it beneficial, and
+would advise its use on all soils after the trees begin to bear. I pasture my
+orchard in the fall after the fruit is gathered, with horses. I cannot see any injury.
+I never let horned cattle in.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with root aphis and roundhead borers. I do not spray.
+I find that all apples must be gathered before they are quite ripe if we want<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+them to keep well. In order to have them in the best condition for keeping they
+must be picked without bruises; I hand-pick mine in a sack over the shoulder.
+They must be kept perfectly cool and at an even temperature. This of course
+can be done by placing them in cold storage. I sort from a table in the orchard
+into two classes, large and medium. Pack in barrels, mark with grade, and haul
+to market. I sell apples in the orchard, generally wholesale them; sell the best
+to shippers. Sell the culls for cider. My best markets are west and north. I
+have tried distant markets, through agents, and found it paid. I do not dry any
+apples, but sell many low-grade apples to the evaporating factory. Do not store
+any; sell in the fall to shippers. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from one dollar
+per barrel up. Dried apples from four to six cents per pound. I employ young men
+at one dollar per day. The profits from a good apple orchard are more than those
+from any other crop which requires no more labor and expense. The profits from
+one good crop of apples are more than from three crops of wheat or corn; but apple-growing,
+as well as the growing of all other kinds of fruit, requires constant,
+patient labor and attention, in order to be successful, and even then the money
+will not come in with a great rush. In conclusion, I would say, that the business
+of growing fruit is much more certain of success than that of mercantile
+business. It has been ascertained from actual statistics that, of every 100 merchants,
+fifty utterly fail in business, forty are only moderately successful, and of
+the remaining ten only one will become rich.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. J. Griffing</span>, Manhattan, Kan.: Were that old fisherman, Izaak Walton,
+alive to-day, and an enthusiastic fruit-grower of eastern Kansas, he would probably
+express himself in the book he would write, "The Complete Horticulturist,"
+that "doubtless God might have made a better apple country than this, but
+doubtless He never did." If there is a strip of land in the United States equal
+in size to the eastern third of Kansas able to grow as many and as fine apples as
+this particular strip, it has yet to be discovered. Our own experience in this
+line dates back just forty years. In 1858 the old family account-book shows the
+purchase by my father of three dollars' worth of apple trees (the number not
+given). This amount judiciously expended now would secure considerable
+nursery stock; but the same record shows the purchase, the month previous, of
+wheat at two dollars per bushel; sugar, six pounds for one dollar; flour, five
+dollars per hundredweight; so the number of trees obtained was probably not
+large. The following year, however (1859), seventy-one apple trees and some
+cherry trees were purchased, at a cost of $17.75. These efforts to start an orchard
+were successful. The location was on the old homestead, about two and one-half
+miles east of what was at that time a frontier village called Topeka. The trees
+bore the first fruit in 1867. Other and more profitable orchards have been
+planted since then on the farm, but a few of the original plantation are still standing
+and bearing occasional crops of fruit (so my brother informs me).</p>
+
+<p>On locating at Manhattan in 1870, the sod was broken, and the following year
+an orchard was planted; and we have planted trees more or less every year since.
+It has proven a source of pleasure and profit. After it commenced bearing I do
+not recall a year when the crop was an entire failure, and though we cannot now
+command two dollars per bushel, as we could for the apples from the Topeka
+orchard, yet they have paid well. The number of varieties we have tried is no
+less than seventy-five, not including seedlings. The following varieties I would
+unhesitatingly recommend as having proved profitable and more or less hardy.
+For early summer, Early Harvest and Red Astrachan; both are tender apples
+when fully ripe and will then not bear shipping well. I have found it best to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+gather the ripest at least every other day and find buyers in the local market.
+The next to follow these, Chenango Strawberry, Maiden's Blush, and Pennsylvania
+Red Streak; the two latter are good shippers. The Pennsylvania Red
+Streaks are a decided success with me, and have paid nearly as well as my best
+winter sorts; don't fail to plant some of them. Next, I would recommend the
+following winter varieties in the order named: Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Ben
+Davis, Jonathan, and if you like a first-class sweet apple plant some Bentley
+Sweet, if you can obtain them. I have been obliged to top-graft some seedlings
+in order to perpetuate my own stock of them. I think it is also advisable to
+plant some Rawle's Janet trees. They are a late bloomer and will occasionally
+produce a crop when the other sorts have been injured by late freezing. In fact,
+they have the faculty of bearing in the "off" years, as we call them&mdash;years
+when the balance of the orchard is resting from previous labors.</p>
+
+<p>Much has been said as to the proper location for an orchard&mdash;bottom land or
+hilltop, level ground or sloping. The fact is, with careful attention to the trees,
+any good, rich soil will answer. Anything that can in a measure ward off the
+evil effects of the fierce summer gales and the droughts of July, August and September
+will tend to minimize the losses. Were it possible for me to choose a
+piece of land exactly to my notions, I should select a river-bottom farm in the
+neck of some large "horseshoe," being where it would be possible for the trees to
+reach down their roots and draw moisture during the dry season by natural subirrigation.
+Marketing the crop is the last but not the least work of the apple-grower.
+In fact, when the orchard is well established, this is about the only
+work connected with the orchard. And in that respect the orchard has a decided
+advantage over other farm crops, that require yearly preparation of the soil, sowing,
+harrowing, cultivating, etc., as well as the harvesting of the crop. The early
+summer apples can usually be sold on the local market at fair prices; the later
+summer and fall can be shipped, and are usually in fair demand by Western
+buyers. Ship only your best; it will hardly pay to send any other grade. There
+is usually a good demand at this point for winter varieties by farmers from the
+West, who come in and buy their winter supply by the wagon-load. Occasionally,
+if the Eastern crop is short, buyers from Chicago will be on the ground. We do
+not believe in holding apples long in the hope of obtaining higher prices. Cold
+storage will solve this difficulty of the orchardist; we hope it will prove a success.</p>
+
+<p>The most convenient thing to gather apples in from a tree or ladder that we
+have tried is a picking sack&mdash;a grain sack with a heavy wire or a stiff leather
+strap fastened around the mouth, and a broad strap connecting the top with
+the bottom of the sack. This can be carried over the shoulder with considerable
+comfort. There are always more or less inferior and unmarketable
+apples left after the best have been disposed of, and what to do with them is a
+question that confronts every great apple grower. For the last fourteen years
+we have been working this grade into vinegar. We found there was considerable
+to learn and care exercised to avoid losses. I will mention a few important things
+that are necessary to produce a good article of cider vinegar. First obtain good,
+iron-bound oak barrels&mdash;vinegar or whisky barrels preferred. Never use soft
+wood barrels of any kind. Paint them well with ocher before using; they will
+last longer. After filling with cider, keep in a shed until cool weather; then
+draw off and run into barrels in the cellar for winter, although, if well protected
+and not too full, they could remain out in the shed over winter. In the spring
+draw off again and run into other barrels; you will, in this, hasten the fermentation
+of vinegar and obtain an article free from sediment. It requires from one to two
+years for vinegar to cease working. Sell it then, and not before. Though it may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+be very strong, it will not keep pickles unless the process is complete. Much of
+the vinegar sold on the markets as apple vinegar is made from corn, and now
+that corn has risen in price it is possible that the price of this kind of vinegar may
+rise also. It has not the quality or flavor of cider vinegar, but it can be manufactured
+so cheaply that it has hurt the market for a better article.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maj. Frank Holsinger</span>, Rosedale, Wyandotte county: Has resided in Kansas
+since March 7, 1867&mdash;thirty years; has 1500 apple trees from one to twenty-nine
+years planted, "big as a barn." Prefers Gano, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin
+and York Imperial for commercial purposes, and Early Harvest, Cooper's Early
+White, Maiden's Blush and Jonathan added for family use. Says life is too
+short to tell how many varieties he has tried and discarded. Prefers a loose soil,
+and used to think hilltop best, but says there is no choice between bottom and
+hilltop, and that any particular slope is a delusion, as all are equal. Plants
+medium two-year-old trees, "usually roots downward&mdash;tops up." Cultivates
+with double-shovel plow and hoe up to seven years, planting with corn or potatoes.
+Then grows clover and weeds, "weeds mostly," ceasing to cultivate when
+it becomes inconvenient. Says windbreaks are unnecessary, and should only be
+made of the sun&mdash;"let her shine"&mdash;and does not understand how a rabbit can
+do a <i>mechanical</i> job of gnawing. Does not prune; he "trains"; leaves the pruning
+tools in the tool-house, and says it pays. Would thin apples on trees if labor
+did not come so high. His experience as to difference in fruitfulness between
+planting of one or of several kinds [together] is unsatisfactory. Believes fertilizers
+are good for trees if spread out, never if piled around the tree; would surely advise
+its use on all orchards. Would never allow an orchard pastured by any kind
+of live stock.</p>
+
+<p>Has a large list of insects to contend against, but is not bothered with leaf
+eaters, hence does not spray, and does not believe any one has lessened the
+codling-moth by spraying. Uses common sense on borers, and digs them out.
+He first mounds the tree, and thereby gets what larv� there may be deposited
+high up in the collar, few remain; these I dig out, which is all "simple enough."
+He describes gathering apples thus: "Pick 'em by hand; surround the apple
+with your fingers, break back gently, which loosens the stem, then lay gently in
+the basket. It is very simple, the process." Makes two classes, one the best,
+the other of seconds. In the first we put all that seem perfect; in the second,
+all others that are not culls. Packs in barrels, well shaken down and pressed;
+marks with name of variety, and always rolls [?] them to market. Sells the best
+any way possible, peddles seconds, and lets the culls rot. His best market is
+Kansas City&mdash;three miles. Never dries any. Stores for winter in various ways.
+Has had varying success, and believes loss in cold store was owing to varying
+temperature and lack of proper care. Does not irrigate, but trusts in the Lord.
+Prices range from six dollars to ten dollars per barrel. For help he uses "men
+and mules," and pays as "little as possible, believing that is often too much."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John E. Sample</span>, Beman, Morris county: Have been in Kansas twenty years;
+have 1000 trees planted twelve years, of Ben Davis, Rawle's Janet, Missouri Pippin,
+and Winesap; also Red and Sweet June, Early Harvest, and Maiden's
+Blush. Have discarded the Twenty-ounce Pippin as no good here. I have a deep,
+black loam with a clay subsoil, on upland, with southeast slope. I plant two-year-old
+trees a little deeper than they grow in the nursery, in rows thirty feet
+apart, and thirty feet in the rows, alternating the trees. I cultivate to corn and
+potatoes for about eight years, and then sow to red clover. I believe windbreaks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+beneficial, and would make them of red cedar or Russian apricots planted on the
+west, south and east sides, thirty feet from the orchard. I feed the rabbits corn
+and clover; have no trouble with borers. I prune heavily, to make the apples
+large and keep down too much wood growth. I fertilize my trees with timber
+dirt, and think it pays. I believe it pays and is advisable to pasture orchards
+with hogs. I pick by hand, and sort into three classes: large, medium, small
+and blemished. Have not dried any. Store in the cellar, in crates two feet long,
+ten inches wide, and eight inches deep. Have sold at fifty to eighty cents per
+bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. K. Wolverton</span>, Barnes, Washington county: I have resided in Kansas
+twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 18,500 trees from five to twenty-seven
+years old. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis, and for
+family orchard would add Duchess of Oldenburg. Have tried and discarded
+Winesap and Rawle's Janet on account of shy bearing and poor keeping quality.
+I prefer a rich bottom with a porous subsoil, an east and north slope. I prefer
+good, thrifty, two-year-old trees. I plant by wire after the principle of check-row
+corn-planting; make the links twenty feet long, tie a white cloth in each link
+coupling, make the line long enough to plant ten trees (eleven links in length),
+stretch the chain east and west, say on north side of plat intended for planting;
+stick a stake at every tag. Draw another line ten trees south of it, and stick a
+stake at every tag, and so on to the south side of the plat. Then draw the line
+from the northeast stake to the east stake of the second row, the one due south,
+having the north tag at the stake. Then plant at every tag, placing the tree on
+east side of wire. When the row is planted move the wire west to the next stake,
+and so on till you reach the west side. The ground should first be prepared by
+plowing as for corn; float off [?] every evening all that you have plowed that day,
+which leaves the ground in the best condition.</p>
+
+<p>I cultivate my orchard to corn for six to eight years. I plant twenty feet each
+way, and take an oak plant sixteen feet long, and place one section of a disc at
+each end of it, making it cut sixteen feet wide from outside to outside, and running
+within two feet of the trees at either end, leaving a space eight feet wide
+in the middle. Run another disc on that ground with another team and you
+have the space between the rows all clean of weeds if ground is in good condition
+when work is done. Cultivate both ways as often as necessary. I grow no crop
+in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits I tie coarse
+grass around the trees with label wire, and leave it on two years. I also use traps.
+I do not prune my trees; it is too injurious to the trees. I do not thin my
+apples while on the trees; it is too expensive. My trees are planted in blocks.
+I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; think it beneficial and would advise
+its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard. My apples are troubled with
+worms. I spray the first of May with London purple for canker and apple worms.</p>
+
+<p>I pick in baskets and sacks. Sort into two classes: marketable and culls,
+using a sorting table. Sell my apples in the orchard to wagons from the West.
+I evaporate the second- and third-grade apples when the crop is large; make the
+culls into cider and vinegar. I tried distant markets for two years and found they
+paid. When apples are abundant we dry for market; use the same kind of driers
+as are used at Fairmount; sell them in sacks to the stores, and find a ready market
+for them; but it does not always pay. I do not store any for winter market if
+I can sell them in the fall. I do not irrigate. Prices have been in 1896, twenty-five
+cents per bushel; 1897, forty cents per bushel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. A. Hewitt</span>, Hiawatha, Brown county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years,
+and have an orchard of 900 trees twenty-six years old. For commercial purposes
+I prefer the Ben Davis, Winesap, and Jonathan; and for family use would add
+Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Grimes's Golden. Have tried and discarded
+some; very few varieties pay. I prefer high prairie. Have never grown any
+seedlings. I cultivate my orchard by planting to corn&mdash;raising no small grain&mdash;for
+a few years, then use the disc and harrow as long as the orchard lasts. I
+plant nothing in the bearing orchard, and cease cropping about eight years after
+setting. Windbreaks are essential to a growing orchard. I prune my trees a little
+every year to keep them in shape, and to let the sun in; I think it beneficial, and
+that it pays. Do not thin the fruit while on the trees, but think it would save
+time and pay well. I can see no difference whether trees are in blocks [of one
+kind] or mixed plantings. I do not fertilize my orchard, but am sure it would
+be beneficial, judging by some that have fertilized; I would advise it on all soils.
+No! no! no! no! I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable; it does
+not pay. My apples are troubled with codling-moth. I do not spray. I sell my
+apples in the orchard at wholesale, yet sometimes retail them. I let my neighbors
+pick up the culls at ten cents per bushel. My best market is at home. I
+store apples successfully in bushel crates. I find the Winesap, Rawle's Janet,
+Ben Davis and Little Romanite keep best. I have to repack stored apples before
+marketing, losing about two per cent.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Dunlap</span>, Detroit, Dickinson county: Has lived in Kansas since October,
+1871. Has an orchard of 1200 apple trees, 300 planted sixteen years,
+700 planted eleven years, 200 planted six years. Considers Missouri Pippin,
+Winesap, Ben Davis and Jonathan best for market, and for family would
+add Red June, Early Harvest, Mammoth Black Twig, and Cooper's Early White.
+Have tried and discarded Yellow Transparent, Rambo, Fameuse, and others.
+Prefers bottom and eastern slope, sandy loam, with clay subsoil. Plants thrifty
+one-year-old trees in holes large enough to spread the roots out well, leaning the
+young trees slightly to the southwest. Cultivates both ways as close to the
+trees as possible, usually planting to corn until the orchard is about twelve years
+old; then pastures to calves in fore part of season, mowing off the grass and weeds
+later. Believes windbreaks very essential on north, west and south sides; uses
+Osage orange hedge and two rows of forest-trees, planting them seven feet apart
+and seven feet away from the apple trees, when orchard is started.</p>
+
+<p>For protection from rabbits he uses a wash of lye and soft soap on the tree.
+In pruning he believes it pays to cut out sap sprouts, and balance up the tree.
+He fertilizes by placing stable litter around the trees in winter, and spreading it
+in the spring, and says it pays. Says it certainly pays and does no harm to
+pasture the old orchards with calves. He is troubled with canker-worm, flathead
+borer, tarnish plant-bug, fall web-worm, and leaf-crumpler, also with codling-moth.
+He sometimes sprays for codling-moth and canker-worm, and thinks he
+has reduced both of them materially. Cuts out borers and washes the tree with
+lye. Has tried kerosene oil on borers and says it did not seem to injure the trees.
+He picks in baskets, dumps in piles in the orchard, and covers with coarse hay.
+Sorts into two classes&mdash;sellers and cider apples. Uses barrels as a package.
+Makes cider vinegar and hog feed of culls, and sells his good apples in various
+ways; has sold in orchard. His best markets are the surrounding towns and the
+neighboring farmers. Never dries any, and only stores enough for winter use of
+family. Price in 1896 was seventy-five cents for best, fifty cents for seconds.
+Hires no help.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Montgomery</span>, Troy, Doniphan county: Came to Kansas in 1857;
+served three years in the United States army, and have been here ever since. I
+have 4000 apple trees that have been set from twenty to thirty years. My market
+varieties are Ben Davis, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin. For family use I added
+Yellow Transparent, Red June, Chenango Strawberry, White Winter Pearmain,
+Rawle's Janet, and Nelson's Sweet. I have discarded the Baldwin, Spitzenberg,
+Northern Spy, Early Harvest, and Early Pennock. Bottom land is not good;
+hills and hollows are best, with north or east slope; what we call mulatto soil is
+best. I prefer thrifty two- or three-year-old trees with low tops. Half of my trees
+are planted thirty feet each way. I now plant in rows two rods apart north and
+south and one rod apart in the row. I raise corn and potatoes among my trees
+for five or seven years, cultivating with the plow and the hoe; afterward I seed
+to clover; a disc can be used to good advantage every year; I keep the orchard in
+clover. Windbreaks are beneficial on high land, made of cottonwood, or better
+of cedar or Norway spruce, planted on the south side when you plant the orchard.
+I protect from rabbits with wooden protectors, leaving them on the year round.
+I cut the borers out with a knife, also use a wire. I shape the head of young
+trees by cutting out all the watersprouts with pruning shears and saw; old trees
+must be pruned or the apples will be small.</p>
+
+<p>Barn-yard litter is beneficial on thin land, not necessary on rich land, but
+ashes are good on any soil. I pasture my orchard in summer with young horses
+and hogs. I think it advisable, as the hogs eat the apples that drop and destroy
+the worms. I have never sprayed. I pick in half-bushel baskets, and sacks with
+an iron hoop in the mouth; pour them in barrels and haul them to the barn,
+except those we wish to ship at once, which we sort in the orchard. I make two
+classes&mdash;good, sound, merchantable apples, and seconds. I have a culler that
+holds one barrel. I sort into a barrel, throwing the culls into another barrel,
+and I afterward sort the culls, for seconds; I pack in eleven-peck barrels, full and
+pressed solid, marked with the name of the variety written on the barrel. I sell
+the best at wholesale in barrels, the second grade by car-loads in bulk; the culls
+I give away, feed to hogs and cows, and make into cider. My best market is
+East and North. Have never shipped more than 500 or 600 miles away, and it
+paid. Have never dried any, and only store in barrels in my barn until I get a
+sale for them, never later than December. Price in the orchards in 1896 was
+seventy-five cents per barrel; in 1897, one dollar and a half. I use men for picking,
+at one dollar per day and their dinner.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. W. Dixon</span>, Holton, Jackson county: Has been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; has an apple orchard of 6000 trees, set from three to twenty-five years.
+Grows and recommends for commercial orchard: Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,
+Jonathan, Winesap, and Gano. For family orchard: Winesap, Ben Davis, Jonathan,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Maiden's Blush, and Rawle's Janet. Has tried
+and discarded Yellow Transparent, Early Harvest, Red June, Wagener, Willow
+Twig, Dominie, Roman Stem, Seek-no-further, Porter, Pound Sweet, Nyack Pippin,
+and Minkler, because they did not pay; some blighted and failed to bear.
+Prefer timber soil, or sandy loam with open clay subsoil; bottom land is good if it
+has not a hard-pan subsoil. Apples will not succeed well planted on ordinary sod,
+with impervious subsoil. Plant thrifty two-year-old trees, from four to six feet
+high, well branched. Cultivate as long as the tree lives; use turning plow in
+spring, and follow with harrow every week during summer until orchard comes
+into bearing; then get some tool that will stir the ground two to three inches
+deep, and cultivate often. Cultivation pays better than fertilizer or anything
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>else. He grows small fruit among the trees, but believes corn the
+best crop up to eight or nine years; then grows nothing. Does not think windbreaks
+essential, and would have none on the east or north; would not object to
+windbreak of Russian mulberry, or other hardy trees, on south and west. For
+rabbits, he wraps the trees, and keeps two good beagle hounds. Does not prune,
+except to keep watersprouts off, and cuts out limbs that cross. Thinks the wind
+thins the fruit sufficiently. Believes the best apples are self-pollenizers, and need
+no other varieties near, and that it does not pay to grow others. Never use any
+fertilizer. If orchard "runs out," would have another ready to take its place.
+Allows no stock in orchard. Is not troubled with insects. Has sprayed a little
+for tent-caterpillar. He digs out borers with a knife. His best market has been
+at home, selling by the bushel or wagon-load to farmers who do not grow any.
+Believes thorough cultivation better than irrigation. Prevailing prices, thirty-five
+to seventy-five cents per bushel. Uses male help, at one dollar per day without
+board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. H. Domoney</span>, Aurora, Cloud county: Have been in Kansas ten years.
+Have an orchard of &mdash;&mdash; trees, planted from twelve to fourteen years, of Ben
+Davis, Winesap and Missouri Pippin for market, and Red June, Duchess of Oldenburg,
+Cooper's Early White and Kansas Keeper for family use. I prefer limestone
+soil with gravelly subsoil, in the bottom, with north slope, if possible.
+Prefer trees two years old with low heads. "I like a tree with a tap-root."
+Plow deeply and plant in loose soil, thirty feet apart each way. I grow potatoes
+and sweet corn for six or seven years, after which I sow orchard-grass. The best
+tool for cultivating is a disc harrow. Growing no crop in the orchard. I think
+windbreaks are essential, and prefer Russian mulberry, three rows, planted six
+by eight feet apart. I like the mulberry best because they come into leaf early
+and hold their foliage late. I prune a little, to thin out and let the sun in. I
+believe it would pay to thin fruit on the trees. I use stable litter, and fertilizer
+from the hog-pen, and think it pays if not put too close to the tree. I tried pasturing
+with hogs, but don't think it advisable, as they destroy the trees to get
+apples. I spray some with London purple after the bloom falls, to destroy canker-worm
+and codling-moth, and think I have reduced the latter by such spraying.
+I dig borers out. We pick by hand, and sort into very best, second best, and
+culls. I sell at retail and to the grocers in Concordia, Kan. I make some cider,
+and feed culls to the hogs; never dried any; winter some in barrels and boxes,
+and find Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin the best keepers. I do not irrigate.
+Use no hired help. Prices have ranged from fifty cents in summer to eighty
+cents in winter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. L. Ferris</span>, Osage City, Osage county: A citizen of Kansas for twenty-one
+years. Have an orchard of 4000 apple trees&mdash;200 twenty years, 1800 seventeen
+years, 2000 sixteen years planted. Prefer, for commercial purposes, Ben Davis,
+Winesap, and Missouri Pippin; for family orchard: Winesap, Missouri Pippin,
+Jonathan, Romanite, and Maiden Blush; have discarded Rawle's Janet. Prefer
+good upland corn ground, with sand or gravel subsoil, north and east slope. I
+plow deep, and plant large two-year-old trees, shallow, and mound up; shorten
+roots and branches. Cultivate with plow and harrow from youth to old age.
+Grow corn in young orchard up to six years, afterward nothing. Prefer a windbreak
+on south, west, and north, of box-elders, Osage orange, or peach. Rub
+liver on trees to repel rabbits, and use a knife for borers. To prune with a little
+saw makes the trees grow faster, and the apples grow larger, and it pays. Use<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+stable and barn-yard litter to fertilize with, and it pays. Would not allow live
+stock to run in orchard. Am troubled with roundheaded borers and codling-moth.
+Spray in May and June for bitter rot and fungous diseases. Fight borers
+with a five-eighths chisel, a wire, and coal-tar. Pick from step-ladders into tin
+pails hung to branch with wire hook; haul in boxes on spring wagon to packing
+place. Sort on tables into three grades&mdash;first, second, and cider apples; pack
+into eleven- or twelve-peck barrels. Sell in all ways; have sold in orchard. Ship
+the best; best market in Texas. Send six-inch apples to where they are scarce;
+culls I sell cheaply at home, evaporate some, and make vinegar. Use a Zimmerman
+evaporator and Eureka parers. Sell dried fruit at retail, have shipped some;
+do not think it pays, do not find a ready market. Store for winter use in boxes in
+cellar successfully; find Romanite and Winesap keep best; lose about one-fourth.
+Have irrigated some from a pond with an eight-inch hose and steam-power pump.
+Average price has been fifty cents per bushel for apples and five cents a pound
+for dried apples. Use male help gathering, and female help at dryer, paying
+eight to ten cents per hour.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Oberndorf</span>, Centralia, Nemaha county: Have lived in Kansas nineteen
+years. Have an apple orchard of 4200 trees, from three to twenty years planted.
+I am told Ben Davis and Gano are the best apples for commercial purposes; for
+family use I would prefer Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburg,
+Maiden's Blush, Ben Davis, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. I prefer hilltop with
+northern slope. I prefer one-year-old, switch-like trees, set 16�30 feet. I plant
+young orchards to corn, using double-shovel and diamond plow, and harrow;
+plant the bearing orchard to clover and cease cropping at five years. For rabbits
+I use paint during summer and wrap during winter. I also use paint for
+borers. I prune with shears and knife to secure an open center; do not think it
+beneficial. Never thin apples. I fertilize with barn-yard litter; it seems to
+benefit the trees and prolong their fruitfulness. Do not pasture my orchard.
+My old trees are affected with flathead borer and leaf-roller. The codling-moth
+trouble my apples. I sprayed three seasons; saw no benefit, so quit. I pick by
+hand, in a basket. I sort into three classes: First class, for market; second class,
+for immediate sale, and small ones, for cider. I usually sell at the nearest market.
+Best market is at home. Never dry any. I store for winter markets in cellar, in
+barrels, boxes, and in bulk, and am successful; find that the Winesap and Rawle's
+Janet keep best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing; sometimes
+lose more than at other times. Do not irrigate. Price has been fifty cents per
+bushel. I hire help at one dollar per day, or twenty dollars per month and
+board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. M. Howard</span>, Clyde, Cloud county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years; have an apple orchard of 450 trees. For market purposes I prefer Ben
+Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet, and Jonathan; and for family
+orchard Ben Davis, Winesap, Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, and
+Wealthy. Would prefer a deep loam soil, clay subsoil, if not too close to the top,
+and almost level. I prefer two-year-old, low-head trees with no forks, planted in
+furrows. I cultivate my orchard to corn planted east and west as long as I can,
+using the plow and cultivator shallow; and cease cropping when the trees so
+shade the crop that there is no profit; I grow clover or weeds in a bearing
+orchard, and mow and leave on the ground for a mulch. Windbreaks are essential;
+I would make them of Osage orange planted in rows 2�4 or 2�6 feet. For
+rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks, and for borers I mulch and keep the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+trees growing. I prune my trees when planted; I think it beneficial. I never
+thin the fruit on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with anything of a coarse
+nature that is not easily disturbed; I would advise its use on all soils, unless
+very rich, deep clay soil; in such soil perhaps clean cultivation would be all that
+is necessary. I would add that my observations and experiences have taught me
+that the people of Kansas have lost millions of dollars from and through lack of
+knowing what we should have known. I think that the State Horticultural
+Society is doing a great and good work with <i>limited</i> appropriations. I have
+never seen any one yet who read the reports from the horticultural department
+but what was in full sympathy with your labors, but wondered why more reports
+were not sent out. I think our legislators should be more wise; consequently,
+more liberal in their appropriations for the work and distribution of the
+same, not only to the farmers, but to people in towns and cities; their needs are
+in proportion as great as the farmers'.</p>
+
+<p>As to the fruit business: On the southeast quarter of section 26, township 4,
+range 1, is one of the <i>best</i> orchards I know of in Republic county (not the largest).
+It consists of about 450 apple trees, also peaches, cherries, pears, and grapes.
+Myself, little girls and wife planted it. I wish to tell you how every one of the
+different fruits have abundantly paid for labor and all cost, and left their owners
+a fair profit. The soil of this successful orchard is a black loam, upland prairie,
+clay subsoil; loam eighteen inches to two feet deep, previously cultivated in corn
+and potatoes, plowed, not listed. Lay of land: Two slight ridges; a wide draw;
+slope east and west. Trees more vigorous and bear as well in draw as on upland.
+Varieties: Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Maiden's
+Blush, mostly the first four. Planting: Distance, thirty by thirty feet,
+furrowed out with a fourteen-inch plow, running two furrows across each way.
+Cleaned out all loose dirt to make room for all roots to spread without turning up.
+The little girls held the trees, tops leaning to the southwest about five degrees.
+I covered the roots well, tramped firmly, and filled with loose earth. Leave furrows
+so as to hold water on upper side of tree. After all trees were out I gave
+each one a slight mulch of sorghum refuse. Cultivation: Crop always corn;
+rows running east and west. Rows far enough from trees so horses or singletrees
+would not touch them. Cultivate shallow, with one horse, and light plow
+with very short singletree. Pruned some. All limbs where cut off were painted.
+Cut close and smooth; wounds healed readily. Tried to prune so that air and
+sun would go through and not against the trees. Pinch off all water or tender
+sprouts.</p>
+
+<p>To protect from rabbits and borers I stand corn-stalks running clear up to
+branches around body; tie at top and bottom; keep trees low, a little heavier on
+southwest side. I believe with thorough cultivation and stalk protection we
+would hear of less borers. All mulch was kept away from bodies of trees. I believe
+it all nonsense not to prune, but it should be done while they are young.
+My observation has been all my life that a well-balanced tree is longer lived, has
+more bushels of fruit, of better quality, smoother limbs and trunks. So I would
+say if you do not intend to protect the bodies of your young trees and prune do
+not buy or plant them; it does not do to sow oats, wheat, rye, millet or any grain
+crops in your orchard. It is an easy way to keep weeds down and a sure way to
+kill your orchard. It does not pay to pasture even with calves; chickens are at
+all times beneficial; hogs after your orchard has matured so the trees can resist
+the hog, when he rubs against them, which the hog is sure to do, and perhaps
+he will pull some of the lower limbs. I have never sprayed, but firmly believe it
+profitable. Next year I expect to plant out a new orchard and cultivate along<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+the line of the one I have told about, with such help as I can get from the horticultural
+department.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. S. Haines</span>, Edwardsville, Wyandotte county: Has been in Kansas twenty-six
+years; has 3000 apple trees from two to twenty-five years old. Commercial
+varieties, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, and Willow Twig; and for
+family use, Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, Grimes's
+Golden Pippin, Rawle's Janet, Celestia, and Winesap. Has tried and discarded
+Bellflower, Pennock, Baldwin, McAfee's Nonesuch and others for barrenness.
+Best location, hilltop, sandy loam with clay subsoil&mdash;any slope will do. Plants
+either in fall or spring, two-year-old thrifty trees, fifteen by thirty feet apart, a
+little deeper than they stood in the nursery. Grows corn, potatoes, cabbage, etc.,
+well cultivated, among the trees, but not to crowd them, for five or six years.
+Uses a spading harrow where no crop is grown. After six years sows to clover.
+Needs no windbreaks in his section. Traps and shoots rabbits. Takes borers
+out with knife. Prunes very little; cuts out dead or broken limbs, as they are no
+good, and take up room. Never has thinned apples on the trees, but believes it
+would be all right. Sees no difference in fruitfulness if trees are in blocks of a
+kind or mixed up. Would use barn-yard litter, but not close to the trees; believes
+in it on all soils. Does not pasture, and thinks it would not pay. Is
+troubled with borers, tent-caterpillars, leaf-rollers, leaf-crumblers, and codling-moths.
+Never sprays. Picks in sacks. Packs in orchard, in twelve-peck barrels
+well pressed. Uses table for sorting (described elsewhere) and makes Nos.
+1, 2 and 3 grades. Marks name of variety and own name on barrel head. Sells
+his best in car lots at wholesale, the culls to peddlers. Generally markets at
+Kansas City. Has tried distant markets and made it pay. Never dried any.
+Stores for winter in barrels in cold store; not always satisfactory; thinks the
+cold-storage business not yet fully understood; says Ben Davis and Jonathan
+keep best. Sometimes repacks, at a loss of one-tenth to one-sixth. Does not irrigate.
+Prices have ranged from two to five dollars per barrel. Paid last year
+one dollar per day to men who could do a good day's work.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. M. Gray</span>, Perry, Jefferson county: I have lived in Kansas forty years; my
+orchard of twenty acres has been planted twenty years. For market, I prefer
+Ben Davis and Jonathan on poor land; and Missouri Pippin and Winesap on rich
+land. For family orchard, Early Harvest, Red June, Winesap, Grimes's Golden
+Pippin, Missouri Pippin, and Huntsman's Favorite. Have tried and discarded
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Lawver, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Huntsman's
+Favorite; they are not profitable, are too small when grown on poor land. I
+prefer yellow clay bottom, with an east, south or northern aspect. I prefer large,
+healthy, two-year-old trees, planted with a lister, subsoil plow, and spade. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn, small fruit, potatoes and nursery stock seven years, with
+a cutaway disc harrow, and cease cropping after eight years; I plant nothing in
+a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Russian mulberry,
+Osage orange, or cedars, by planting two rows of them on the south and west
+sides of the orchard. For rabbits I keep a shot-gun and dogs. I do not prune;
+don't think it beneficial. I do not thin my apples while on the tree, but think
+it would pay. My trees are in mixed plantings; my Ben Davis are fuller and
+redder planted close by Jonathan and Winesap. I do not fertilize my orchard,
+but think it would be beneficial, and would advise its use on all exhausted soils
+in old orchards. Do not pasture my orchard; would not advise it, don't think it
+would pay. My trees are troubled with flathead borers, and my apples with
+curculio. I do not spray. I dig borers out with a knife.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pick my apples by hand; have light-weight men climb the trees and pick in
+meal sacks, then lay on tables. Sort into two classes: First, perfect, well colored,
+smooth, and good size; second, wormy, fair, and small size. Pack in three-bushel
+barrels, well rounded up; mark the variety of apples on the barrel with a stencil;
+haul to market on a hay-frame wagon. I sell in the orchard, wholesale, retail,
+and peddle; sell the best to highest bidder; sell the culls to driers or ship South
+or West. My best markets are where apples are scarcest. Do not dry any; it
+does not pay. Don't store any; I have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+losing about one-twelfth of them. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from $2 to
+$2.75 per barrel; dried apples, five cents per pound. I employ men at seventy-five
+cents per day. Apple-growing in Kansas, on high prairie land, is not very
+profitable to the grower, unless he has a good windbreak on south and west sides
+of his orchard. In 1880 I planted twenty acres of apples trees of many varieties;
+Ben Davis and Jonathan were the only ones that paid me on high land. In 1895
+I planted thirty acres to apples; fifteen acres on upland and fifteen acres on second
+bottom, sloping east and north. On the upland I put nothing but Ben Davis
+and Jonathan; on the bottom I planted Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Mammoth
+Black Twig, Gano, Winesap, and Jonathan&mdash;cross-fertilizing the Ben Davis every
+fifth row with the Mammoth Black Twig, Jonathan, and Winesap. I believe
+that cross-fertilization is beneficial to an orchard in making fruit more plentiful,
+larger, smoother, better color and quality. It is believed by many that Ben
+Davis, Jonathan and Winesap are self-fertilizers, and don't require crossing;
+that being the case, they should have the cross near by, in order to not decrease
+the species or run it out. Professor Darwin says self-fertilization is abhorrent to
+nature, and the same rule that applies to small fruits is equally applicable to
+apples. Why not?</p>
+
+<p>Fruits and premium awards are my best advertisers. I have succeeded in
+carrying off most of the awards in every show I exhibited at, and have premiums
+on file to show for some. All my fruits are set for cross-fertilization, and I shall
+continue to set that way. Many have said and will say they see no difference;
+perhaps they are not close observers, and have given the subject little study. I
+have given the subject twenty-five years' study and experience, and think I am
+not mistaken. I think there is more money to be made on our high upland in
+pears, small fruits, and stone fruits. They pay me better than apples. The
+Grimes's Golden Pippin would be a good apple to grow if the trees did not die
+after two or three crops. The Lawver apples fail to hang on the trees. The
+Missouri Pippin will not stand up on our high land unless surrounded by windbreaks;
+they look here like a Kansas cyclone had passed through them&mdash;the
+limbs all blew off last fall. Winesaps fall off badly, and are affected with bitter
+rot. For trial purposes, I recommend Mammoth Black Twig, Gano, and York
+Imperial.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Stayman</span>, Leavenworth, Leavenworth county: We came to Kansas
+thirty-nine years ago, and traveling over the eastern portion of the state selected
+Leavenworth as the most desirable point to commence tree and fruit-growing.
+We were then engaged in that business in Illinois, and had collected over 1000
+varieties of apples, which we brought to Kansas; among them were nearly all the
+leading varieties then grown and many new and rare kinds of local reputation.
+Our object in making this collection was to grow them side by side, under the
+same conditions, to ascertain their value. In 1860 we set an orchard of a few
+hundred trees, consisting of about seventy varieties, two years old. Among them
+were Ben Davis, Winesap, York Imperial, Willow Twig, Rambo, Rawle's Janet,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+White Pippin, and Jonathan, and the leading apples generally grown, including
+summer and fall varieties. At the same time we set out about 1000 root grafts in a
+nursery. We then collected over 1000 more [scions] and top-grafted them [into
+standard trees], to get the fruit sooner. Over 1000 of these were received from
+the late Charles Downing. From this collection, and from specimens of fruit
+received, we have been able to accurately describe over 2200 varieties, with an
+outline cut of each, with seeds and core and all other characteristics. And to
+ascertain what effect climate had upon each variety, we kept an accurate meteorological
+record of the weather. This we furnished to the Smithsonian Institution,
+Washington, D. C., for ten years. We also grew the leading varieties on an
+elevation 400 feet higher, and on various aspects not over two miles apart, and
+learned what effect elevation and aspect had upon the bearing quality of different
+varieties.</p>
+
+<p>For commercial orchard I prefer Stayman, Winesap, York Imperial, Jonathan,
+and White Pippin. It will be noticed that in the commercial list we omitted
+Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Gano, and Willow Twig. These varieties are all
+productive and profitable, but we believe the time has come (or soon will be) that
+the public will demand something better, and to meet this demand we have made
+the change; but to those who do not believe in progress the above varieties will
+prove at least productive, if not so profitable as in the past. In making out the
+list of apples we have hesitated somewhat in heading the list with Stayman, not
+from any doubt about the apple, but from the fact that it is not generally known;
+but this objection can be made against any apple when first introduced. The
+following is the description we gave twenty-one years ago in our fruit notes:
+"Fruit large, heavy, form oblate conic, regular; color greenish yellow; mostly
+covered, splashed and striped with dark red; flesh yellow, firm, fine, tender,
+juicy, rich, mild, aromatic, subacid; quality good to best; season January to May.
+Seedling of Winesap; bore the ninth year from the seed." After fruiting this
+apple over twenty years we can add the following: It is a strong grower, has a
+darker leaf, is a better bearer, hangs on the tree better, is of larger size, is of
+much better quality, and will keep better than Winesap. Charles Downing gave
+a similar description of this apple in his appendix. [Stayman Winesap.] R. J.
+Black, of Ohio, one of the best-posted pomologists, who has fruited it for years, puts
+it at the head of both the commercial and family lists, and says: "It has all the
+qualities of the Winesap without any of its faults." Prof. H. E. Van Deman, who
+has fruited it and seen it fruited in Delaware, puts it at the head of the list, and
+writes in respect to the change of name: "Stayman (apple) is worth almost a lifetime
+to produce." "Now, I have been so impressed with its coming value and
+popularity, that I have thought it ought to be shortened in name to <i>Stayman</i>."
+J. W. Kerr, of Delaware, says: "It is superior to its parent, the Winesap,
+in size, color, flavor, and keeping quality. The tree is more vigorous in growth.
+After several years' fruiting, I have no hesitation in saying it is the finest all-round
+winter apple that has come under my notice." Professor Heiges writes us
+about the same in substance. Prof G. H. Powell, of the Delaware Experiment
+Station, says: "In quality it equals the Northern Spy, and is in season from
+October to May." We could give many quotations of equal value from <i>Rural
+New Yorker</i>, <i>Green's Fruit Grower</i>, and <i>National Stockman and Farmer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Since writing the above we find the following in the last-named paper of May
+26: "One variety, Stayman, mentioned frequently in these columns, a seedling
+raised by our correspondent, Dr. J. Stayman, of Kansas, from the old Winesap,
+receives special commendation. It is remarkable that, in the wide section of
+country between Kansas and Delaware, in Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Missouri,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>wherever this variety has been tried, it has developed the same excellences
+of size, quality, and keeping, as well as of vigor and productiveness. Lovers of
+choice apples will not fail to make a note of this." Winesap we place second on
+the list, after a fair trial of over thirty-five years side by side with Ben Davis.
+Give it good soil and high cultivation and but few apples will excel it. York Imperial
+we place third. It is not of the highest quality, but it is better than Ben
+Davis, and will keep in a common cellar, and command a high price. It is very
+productive in alternate years, and a hardy tree. Although we introduced this
+apple into the state thirty-eight years ago, yet its commercial value is scarcely
+known. Jonathan, perhaps, should stand at the head of the list for its great
+beauty, fine quality, and productiveness; but it matures so early, drops so badly,
+keeps so poorly, and requires so much care in handling, that we hesitate doing
+so. It is, however, a very profitable apple when well handled, and cannot be
+omitted, as no other in its season equals it. White Pippin: This apple of unknown
+origin and seldom mentioned should be better known, as it is far superior
+to the famous Newtown or Albemarle Pippin of the same type. We have had it
+in bearing on high and low land as long as any other apple, and find it very productive
+in alternate years, of the best quality, and bringing the best price. It
+keeps better, drops less, is of larger size, equal in quality, and will bring as high
+a price, where known, as the Jonathan. In a commercial orchard there should
+be few, if any, fall or summer varieties, unless favorably located; they should be
+of the best shipping and market varieties, as Early Ripe, Duchess of Oldenburg,
+Orange Pippin, Cooper's Early White, Jefferis, Muster, and Dr. Watson. These
+are all early bearers, very productive and salable, and of fine quality for table
+or kitchen. Those best for a family orchard are Stayman, Winesap, Jonathan,
+White Pippin, Mason's Orange, Summer Extra, Garretson's Early, Summer
+Pearmain, Early Joe, Jefferis, Early Ripe, Duchess of Oldenburg, Dr. Watson,
+Muster, and Wagener; and for sweet apples there are none better than Broadwell,
+Ramsdell, Superb, Baltzby, and Mountaineer.</p>
+
+<p>All these apples are early bearers, productive, and fine for family use, and we
+cannot well discard any; but eight or ten trees, of summer and fall varieties together,
+are enough to supply the largest family. It is better, however, to plant
+one of each variety, that we may have a succession of fruit throughout the season;
+also, if one variety should fail, others might not. It would require a very
+long list to name all we have tried and discarded, but we will name some:
+Rawle's Janet we reject, as it runs too small and cracks badly; Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, Willow Twig, Gano, Arkansas Black and Mammoth Black Twig
+are all productive, but of poor quality; Maiden's Blush, Lowell, Porter, Rome
+Beauty, Western Beauty, Fulton, Trenton Early, Cole's Quince, and many
+others, because they ripen too irregularly and drop too badly. The White Winter
+Pearmain, Lawver, McAfee and Kansas Keeper blight badly and are not sure
+bearers; Early Harvest and Red Astrachan are not hardy; Summer Rose,
+Early Strawberry and Benoni are fine, but too small; Primate, Chenango and
+Gulley of Pennsylvania are too tender to handle; Smith's Cider, Hay's Wine,
+Fallawater, Scott's Best and Nonpareil Russet are productive, but ripen early and
+are not profitable. Many Southern winter varieties are too small, such as Haley,
+Gully, Kittageskee, and Harris. Few if any Eastern winter apples are of any
+value here, as Northern Spy, Baldwin, Canada Red, Swaar, Sutton Beauty and
+Melon all ripen too early, and become poor, dry, fall apples. It is the same with
+all Northern apples, from whatever source or locality. It is a mistake to think
+we can find a winter apple adapted to Kansas that originated north of Kansas,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+under a lower mean temperature. This we have fully demonstrated beyond the
+possibility of a doubt.</p>
+
+<p>Early apples require a specific amount of heat to bring them to maturity from
+the time the fruit forms. If brought from a colder climate to a warmer one, you
+hasten its growth and accelerate its maturity just in proportion to the difference
+in mean temperature of the two localities, and consequently it ripens in the fall
+here. I prefer hilltop for quality, keeping, and color, and bottom for size. Hilltop
+and steep bluffs are the best for all kinds of winter apples, as they produce
+the richest fruit, with the finest color, and they keep the best and are not so subject
+to injurious pests. Fifty feet of abrupt elevation is equal in its effect to
+fifty miles of latitude south on frosty nights. It retards spring growth as much
+as forty miles north. An elevation of 400 feet makes a difference of from ten to
+twenty-five per cent. in the amount of saccharine matter in fruit, to which
+rich quality, fine flavor and aroma are due. Bottom land produces the largest
+apples, more murky in color and more irregular in bearing. Rolling, intermediate
+Kansas land will prove satisfactory. East and south slopes hasten the
+maturity of fruit, and are the best for early varieties; a northern slope retards the
+ripening of fruit and is the best for winter apples. The best specimens of apples
+we ever saw in Kansas grew on a northern bench about thirty feet below the top
+of an elevation of 400 feet, on good, rich, well-drained soil. They were large in
+size, clear in color, and perfect in form. We prefer any good soil that will produce
+a good corn crop, with a well-drained clay subsoil; mucky, wet or hard-pan
+soils are not fit for fruit. Land that produces a good crop of wheat is rich enough.
+We have seen a very heavy crop of York Imperial at its native home on quite thin
+freestone land. Almost any of the land in Leavenworth county is naturally rich
+enough if we only keep it so.</p>
+
+<p>I prefer two-year-old untrimmed trees, set in furrows made with a two-horse
+plow, no deeper than we plant the trees, but wide enough to take in the roots.
+We set them about two inches deeper than they stood in the nursery, on the
+solid subsoil, and pack the dirt firmly amongst the roots; lean or set the heaviest
+top to the southwest. The largest and heaviest roots, if convenient, should be
+in the same direction. After filling the hole, bank up a steep mound of earth
+around the tree. If this is properly done no ordinary wind will ever move it.
+We prefer two-year-old or strong one-year-old trees, because they can be set more
+rapidly, cost less labor, less money, live better, and grow more stocky. We want
+them taken up with care, give no pruning whatever, neither "cut their tops in
+to balance the roots," when planting in orchard. Trees that are taken up
+when young and set out in an open orchard without pruning grow stronger and
+more stocky, bear sooner, and are less subject to blight, sun-scald, and the attack
+of flathead and roundhead borers. We have root-grafted as many as 500,000
+in one season on sections of roots from two to six inches long with scions from
+three to twenty inches long, to see which were the best. Two-inch sections from
+one-year roots, grafted with scions about six inches long, set deep enough to
+form roots on the stock, are best. This "whole-root graft" is simply a <i>humbug</i>.
+It is the strength and vigor of seedling roots, not the length of them, that make
+the best-rooted trees. No sensible man will pretend to graft whole seedlings
+[roots] and set them out in a nursery. It cannot be done with success. We
+must cut off a portion of the root to do it. The question arises, how much? It
+is then not a whole root, and it becomes a question what length of root is best.
+It is not advisable to bud or graft seedling trees in the nursery, for all seedlings
+are not of the same vigor and hardiness; consequently the trees would differ
+similarly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes, garden-truck, and small fruits, and keep
+this up, with clean cultivation, using a Planet jr. horse hoe, until they begin to
+bear, and cease cropping after ten years, planting nothing unless the above-mentioned
+crops or clover in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are injurious unless
+planted at least 200 feet from the orchard. The best protection is to plant the
+two outer rows of fruit-trees close together; they can be cut out, if desired, when
+they become too thick. This is better than high-growing shelter trees or evergreens.
+We want a free circulation of air to pass among the trees. A high and
+heavy protection produces an eddy which blights and sun-scalds the trees, as
+well as hastens the ripening and dropping of apples. We have had no occasion
+to use any protection from rabbits and borers since we quit pruning off the
+lower limbs. Pruning is not thoroughly understood. Trees are pruned to make
+them live, grow fast and stocky, and also slender; to make them bear young, give
+form, light and air, and to make them look alike; to bear heavy crops and fine
+specimens. It is claimed all this can be done by pruning; it can be accomplished
+without pruning in a much shorter time and without extra labor. We do not
+recommend pruning apple trees at any times excepting <i>after</i> the trees are well
+established in the orchard; then the lower limbs <i>may</i> be gradually removed to
+form the head, about two feet from the ground; but the longer we allow them to
+remain the heavier and stockier they become; for the body of the tree increases
+in size just in proportion to the amount of foliage on the lower limbs. We prune
+off dead, broken and sucker limbs, and have no objections to taking off limbs that
+chafe each other (if this should happen from neglect). We have lost more trees
+from pruning than from all other causes together. We have seen large orchards
+just in their prime that have been so injured from pruning that they never recovered.
+On the other hand, I have seen orchards that were so neglected,
+dilapidated and crowded that I thought a thorough pruning would make them
+more productive. I never thin the fruit on the trees; it is not necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Pollination is no doubt an important factor in productiveness, size, quality,
+and form. We have had no opportunity to test the result with apples, as our
+varieties are all mixed up together. We would not plant in an orchard large
+blocks of any variety excessively; better have them intermixed with other varieties
+that bloom at the same time. The pollen of one variety may be congenial to
+some, while it may be neglected [repelled] by another; we will have to learn
+this by experience, or plant a less number of varieties together. We have little
+experience yet in planting large orchards of few kinds. Perhaps none of these
+varieties that are esteemed so highly are congenial to each other. We had better
+go slow about planting out 10,000 to 20,000 of one kind together. We may
+have gone too far now. We do not use any fertilizer for our trees only as we
+crop the land. The virgin soil of our county does not need fertilizing if planted
+in orchard until the tree comes into bearing, except we crop the land. It is,
+however, a mistake to think we can grow an orchard and crop the ground at the
+same time, without any injury to the orchard, unless we restore the lost fertility
+in some way. Orchards so exhaust the soil in about sixteen years' cropping that
+it is worth little afterwards. "It is estimated that an acre of apples in good bearing
+removes annually about forty-nine pounds of nitrogen, thirty-eight pounds of
+phosphoric acid, and seventy-two pounds of potash. If the fertility and productiveness
+of the orchard is to be kept up, these fertilizing elements must be returned
+in some form." At the market value of these fertilizing materials, it amounts annually
+to about twelve dollars an acre. It is estimated that an orchard will be in full
+bearing in about ten years. Then in six years of full bearing it will have exhausted
+the soil to the amount of seventy-two dollars per acre. Take in consideration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+the previous cropping of ten years, need we wonder what is the matter with our
+orchard? Should we diminish the feed of a vigorous horse annually for ten
+years, do you think he could pull the same load, or be of much value? The
+nitrogen is the most expensive element, representing about half of the whole, yet
+it can be restored to the soil by crimson or red clover, peas, vetches, beans, cow-peas,
+or turnips, which have the ability of converting the free nitrogen of the air
+into available plant food. The best method of accomplishing this end is to grow
+these crops on the land and plow them under in their green state at about maturity.
+I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable and does not pay. My
+apples are troubled with codling-moth. I do not spray. For borers, I bank the
+trees, so that if they deposit their eggs they can be gotten out easily.</p>
+
+<p>I pick my apples in baskets and sacks from a ladder, and sort them into three
+classes: first, second, and culls. I pack in baskets and barrels; press them in
+barrels, and mark with name of variety. I wholesale my apples in the orchard to
+dealers; market the best in baskets and barrels, sell my second and third grades
+the best way I can, and throw the culls away. My best market is at home. I
+never tried distant markets, and do not dry any. I am successful in storing
+apples for winter in boxes and barrels in a cellar, and find Ben Davis, Stayman,
+Willow Twig and York Imperial keep best. In storing apples for winter, they
+should be picked before they are too ripe and when the weather is not too hot;
+when picked they should be taken at once to shade and packed and stored away
+in the cool of the evening. They should be well sorted, packed in tight barrels,
+and headed up to exclude the light and air. They will keep longer if each apple
+is wrapped with paper. The temperature of your cave or cellar should be reduced
+as much as possible by throwing the doors open at night and closing them
+through the day. A gradual reduction and a regular temperature is better than
+a sudden change. Apples should not be hauled about in the hot sun before
+storing them away, neither should they be placed in cold storage at once. The
+change is too sudden. It is the same in taking them out of cold storage. It
+should not be done at once. A storing room for this purpose should be provided
+in every cold-storage plant. I do not have to repack stored apples if they are
+sold early, but if not until late we have to repack. The loss depends upon the
+variety. I have tried irrigation on a small scale, but do not irrigate now. Prices
+have been from fifty cents to two dollars per barrel. I employ men that are
+capable of packing apples, paying from five to ten cents per hour. We seldom
+hear anything about fall planting, as if it was a settled fact that the spring was
+the best or the only time it could be done successfully.</p>
+
+<p>All of our trees for the last thirty-eight years have been transplanted in the
+fall, excepting the last three years they were set out in the spring. The difference
+is decidedly in favor of fall planting; they start in growth earlier and make
+a much stronger growth the first season, and there is a gain of nearly a year in
+size over those planted in the spring, and they certainly have lived better. Why
+should they not do better? We have more time and less hurry to do the work
+well, the ground is in better condition, the trees have more time to callus and become
+firmly established. It is often too wet to take the trees up and transplant
+them early, and late setting is not advisable. The distance trees should be set
+apart is a more important matter than is generally supposed. Very few ever
+think how large a tree will grow and the space it will occupy. Almost every
+thrifty variety will grow and spread, and require a foot of space each year;
+that would be ten feet in ten years and forty feet in forty years; in other words,
+the trees will meet in forty years if set forty feet apart. This holds good in Kansas;
+consequently, forty feet apart is too close to plant trees if we expect an orchard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+to last that long. Apple trees will bear and be profitable for that length of
+time if they have sufficient space, receive proper care and cultivation, and the
+fertility of the soil is not allowed to become exhausted. Many set their trees
+16�32 feet for the purpose of getting a large crop when the trees first come into
+bearing, with the intention of cutting out every other row when they crowd, but
+we fear very few if any ever think this will have to be done in fifteen years from
+the setting or the orchard would be ruined and the land very much impoverished.
+It would be much better and more profitable to set the trees 24�24 feet and cut
+every other row out in twenty-four years, at least one way, and if they crowded,
+both ways, and not crop the land at all, except to keep up the fertility of the
+soil. By this method we could have a good bearing orchard for forty years or
+longer, which would pay better than closer planting and cropping the land to
+pay the expenses.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Brown</span>, Richmond, Franklin county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-four
+years; have an orchard of 2000 trees, averaging twenty years planted, composed
+entirely of Ben Davis, Jonathan, and Winesap; have discarded everything
+else. I would plant on nothing but deep upland soil, planting good yearling
+trees. I grow no crop in the orchard, and cultivate thoroughly always with plow
+and harrow. I have quit pruning, as it kills the trees. Never pasture the orchard.
+I spray with London purple for the canker-worm and codling-moth.
+Borers I cut out. I always sell at wholesale to shippers at about eighty cents
+per barrel. Never dry any or store any for winter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis Goble</span>, Leavenworth, Leavenworth county: Have been in Kansas
+over forty-three years. I have 13,000 apple trees, ranging in age from last
+spring's setting to forty years. For commercial purposes I use Ben Davis, Winesap,
+Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, Ingram, Maiden's Blush, Grimes's Golden Pippin,
+and Smith's Cider. For family use I would advise Jonathan, Winesap,
+Early Harvest, Rambo, and Milam. I have tried and discarded numerous varieties.
+I prefer medium to high land, with a clay and loam soil on a subsoil of
+clay and sand; any slope is better than southwest. I have planted trees of all
+ages, and all look well. I plant thirty-two feet east and west and sixteen feet
+north and south. I believe in thorough cultivation with plow, harrow, etc., as long
+as the orchard lives. Sometimes the orchard requires a certain kind of cultivation,
+at other times a different cultivation. In a young orchard I usually grow corn,
+potatoes, wheat, melons, or pumpkins. In a bearing orchard I usually grow
+nothing, though sometimes I take a crop of millet or pumpkins from the ground.
+I cease cropping entirely at from five to seven years. Windbreaks are not necessary
+here; they make their own windbreak if kept thoroughly cultivated and
+full of life. Thorough protection will largely prevent borers; if any are found in
+the tree I remove them with a knife and wire. For rabbits I wrap with paper or
+other material.</p>
+
+<p>I prune with a saw to keep down surplus wood growth and improve the quality
+of the apples. It is beneficial if carefully done, a little every spring and not much
+at once. I believe thinning will pay when the trees are abnormally full. Remove
+as nearly as possible all defective fruit when half grown, and what is left will be
+of higher grade in size, color, and quality. I believe a decomposed stable fertilizer
+is necessary on some soils. Better not pasture with any stock whatever; I do not
+think it advisable; I think the profit (?) would be an expensive one. Am troubled
+somewhat with canker-worm, bud moth, borers, leaf-rollers, codling-moth, curculio,
+and gouger. I sprayed one year for insects generally with London purple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+through the spring season, and do not think it was a success. I pick about as
+Judge Wellhouse does, and sort into three classes; the best we make firsts, the
+best half of the balance we call seconds, and the balance are simply culls. We
+pack in barrels and haul to market with wagons provided with racks holding sixteen
+barrels each. I sell my best apples at wholesale, but have never sold them
+in the orchard; the second grade I sell to groceries and peddlers; the culls I sell
+to anybody, usually in the orchard. I have never tried distant markets. I never
+dry any. I store for winter in a cold store built for the purpose on my own farm,
+which has been described in the paper. I have also tried artificial cold storage,
+and the Jonathans kept well. [See <a href="#COLD_STORAGE">Cold Store</a>.]</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. P. Diehl</span>, Olathe, Johnson county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years;
+have an apple orchard of 700 trees, twenty inches in diameter, twenty-nine years
+old. For market I prefer York Imperial, Jonathan, Winesap, and Ben Davis,
+and for family orchard Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Winesap, and York Imperial.
+Have tried and discarded Bellflower, Dominie, Pennsylvania Red Streak,
+and White Winter Pearmain. I prefer hilltop with a mulatto limestone soil,
+northeast aspect. Would plant two-year-old trees, forty feet apart. I plant my
+orchard to corn and potatoes for five years, using a cultivator; cease cropping
+after six years; plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; I
+would make them of trees, planted on the south, west, and north. I prune with
+a knife and saw; think it beneficial. I thin the fruit on my trees the latter part
+of May, and think it pays. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my
+orchard; think it beneficial and that it pays. Pasture my orchard very little,
+late in the fall, with horses; think it advisable and that it pays. My trees are
+troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bud moth, root aphis, bagworm,
+flathead borer, roundhead borer, woolly aphis, twig-borer, and oyster-shell bark-louse;
+and my apples with codling-moth. I spray with London purple, using a
+force-pump, and think I have reduced the codling-moth. Those insects not
+affected by spraying I dig out with knife and wire. I hand-pick my apples from
+a step-ladder into a sack with a hoop in the mouth. Sort into three classes:
+first, second, and third; pack by hand in three-bushel barrel, mark with stencil,
+and ship by rail. I sell my apples in the orchard, wholesale and retail. Sell my
+best ones to apple dealers. Sell my second- and third-grade apples at the stores;
+make vinegar of the culls. I have dried apples with an American dryer with
+satisfaction; after dry, pack in barrels; we find a ready market for them and
+think it pays. I store apples for winter in bulk in a cave and am successful; I
+find York Imperial and Rawle's Janet keep best. We have to repack stored
+apples before marketing, losing about twenty per cent. of them. I do not irrigate.
+I get six cents per pound for dried apples. I employ men at $1.25 per day.</p>
+
+<p>In the growing of apples in Kansas many things are to be well considered.
+That injunction of Davy Crockett's must be kept constantly in view to be successful:
+"Be sure you're right, then go ahead." First, to select varieties that
+are well adapted to your soil; next, location; last but not least, the preparation
+of the soil and future care. Many of the varieties that are well adapted to the
+Eastern states are unprofitable here. Another great mistake is the planting of
+too many varieties. When I first came to this state thirty years ago, I consulted
+Col. A. S. Johnson, now of Topeka. From him I obtained a great deal of valuable
+information, he having had thirty-six years of Kansas experience. I should,
+no doubt, have planted many that I did not, owing to the information obtained
+of him; so it may be seen that, by proper care, experience, and observation, we
+may be of benefit to the rising generation. Having selected your varieties by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+consulting the published fruit list of the Kansas State Horticultural Society,
+next select your location. Select, if you can, the highest northern slope; next
+east, next west. Put your ground in good order by plowing and subsoiling at
+least fifteen inches deep. Should there be any tenacious soil or spouty places,
+tile with four-inch tile, forty feet apart, three feet deep. A great mistake is
+made by many in planting too closely. I have trees twenty-eight years old, forty
+feet from tip to tip. Plant to some cultivated crop for six years, then seed to
+clover; trim your trees each February; keep the borers out, and if they do get
+into your trees hunt them out; spray your trees frequently at the proper time to
+prevent the noxious insects from getting the start of you, and when your trees
+commence to bear commence to fertilize by turning under clover and stable
+litter. Horace Greeley once said: "You might as well expect milk from a cow
+tied to a stake as apples from an orchard uncared for."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Munger</span>, Hollis, Cloud county: I have lived in Kansas fifteen years;
+have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees twelve inches in diameter, eighteen
+feet high, seventeen years old. I prefer for market Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,
+and, to a limited extent, Yellow Transparent and Grimes's Golden Pippin, and
+for a family orchard add Early Harvest and Maiden's Blush. Have tried and discarded
+the Willow Twig on account of blight and rot. I prefer bottom land, with
+a loose subsoil, and young and stocky trees. I plant my orchard to potatoes,
+beans and vines for ten years, and use a cultivator that keeps three inches
+very mellow, and cease cropping when impossible to cultivate. I grow weeds
+in the orchard and mow them. Windbreaks are not essential, but are very desirable;
+would make them of Osage orange, Russian mulberries, or box-elder. Set
+the first row four feet apart, the second six inches, and never trim; the third six
+feet. For rabbits I use traps and gun. I hunt the borers and encourage the
+birds. I prune my trees so as to give air and sunshine; think it pays. Do not
+thin the fruit while on the trees. My apples are in mixed plantings. I fertilize
+my orchard in the winter with stable litter fresh from the stable; it appears to
+do good, and would advise its use, with judgment, on all soils. I pasture my
+orchard with hogs and calves. I do not think it advisable among young trees.
+My trees are troubled with leaf-roller, and my fruit with codling-moth. I spray
+just after the blossom falls, with Paris green, for the codling-moth. Prices have
+been from 25 cents to $1 per bushel. What the future of apple-growing in
+northern central Kansas may be, it is of course impossible to tell, but from the
+success of the few orchards that have been planted, and after being planted have
+received some attention besides that bestowed by calves and pigs, it would seem
+well worth a trial. There are years when the best attention possible cannot prevent
+damage and some loss from drought, especially on upland. For this reason
+bottom land would seem more suitable for an orchard in this county, even though
+subject to some disadvantages. In some orchards on low land only a few feet
+above the water-level, where a sandy subsoil admits of a free natural subirrigation,
+the thrift and productiveness of the trees have been unusually good. Cold
+seems to be dreaded less than hot, dry weather in the latter part of the summer,
+although late spring frosts sometimes do damage. Even the traditional "north
+slope" might have its advantages somewhat balanced in this county by the valley
+lands that retain a large amount of moisture.</p>
+
+<p>A good soil with a loose subsoil that holds the greatest possible amount of
+water are the most important requirements as to location. If the cultivation
+is then such as to save the water of early summer rains to the best advantage
+until the dry weather of the late summer comes, it will be drawn upon, and some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+very dry seasons may be tided over without much loss. Plowing in the spring
+and very frequent shallow cultivation afterwards are, as yet, the best known
+means to this end; and as a general rule they are sufficient to answer every purpose
+as far west as central Kansas, without artificial watering, as the average rainfall
+shows; but if the early rains are allowed to go to waste by falling on the hard
+ground and running directly off, or by rapid evaporation from an undisturbed
+surface, where capillary force is rapidly carrying back to the surface what has
+already soaked in, we invite ultimate failure when the drought comes. Cultivate
+once a week, or after each rain, when they come oftener than that, with something
+that will keep two or three inches of very fine, mellow earth on the surface,
+and will cause an amount of water to be retained in the soil below the earth mulch
+that will surprise any one who has never tried it. An ordinary harrow will do very
+well, or better a five-tooth cultivator, behind which I fasten a 2�4 scantling with
+large wire nails driven through it, about two inches apart, weighted on the back
+edge to keep it right side up; the scantling is cut as long as the width of the
+cultivator. At one operation the cultivator and this harrow leave the ground
+about like a hand-rake would, marked only by the footprints of the driver. Last
+summer this was used several times where young peach trees had been set out,
+going around each row and sometimes over the entire ground. There was no
+time during the summer that the trees stopped growing or showed signs of
+needing more moisture than they had. Nine hundred and ninety-four lived, the
+horses killed two, and the borers two more. Fifteen years ago I bought a small
+farm having on it a small family orchard of seventy-two apple trees. It included
+several varieties, from summer to winter sorts.</p>
+
+<p>The trees were 28�28 feet apart, with peach trees alternating both ways, making
+three times as many peaches as apples in the orchard. The land was cultivated
+until the trees were ten years old, then sowed to timothy and clover. The
+timothy soon died out; but the clover lived for a few years, but is gone now. It
+happened that some of the years that it was not cultivated were some of the driest
+during the fifteen, and several trees died of blight. Would this have happened
+if the cultivation had been continued? I have gone to plowing and cultivating
+again, anyway, with no crop in the orchard. The trees are now fifteen or twenty
+feet high, and about twelve inches in diameter at the ground. The peach trees
+have mostly been cut out. Cannot see that they did any harm, unless it might
+have been harder on the apple trees during the dry season; but if it was, the
+peaches were worth about as much as the apples, and the trees make a quick,
+bushy growth, thus forming a shelter for the apple trees, which now stand straight
+and are well balanced. We have had a peach crop about half of the years. Potatoes,
+beans and vine crops were raised in the orchard the first few years. It
+was surrounded by a windbreak of cottonwood and box-elder trees, several rows,
+seven feet apart each way. This is certainly very beneficial; but Russian mulberries
+grow as well, make a thicker top, and at the same time invite birds to
+keep up their quarters there and make their homes with us, "a consummation
+devoutly to be wished." Osage orange, planted the same as for a hedge and
+never cut back, will make a better windbreak than cottonwood or box-elder, and
+a fence at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>This orchard has borne variable crops, some good, some light, but always
+fruits. It is on bottom land sloping very slightly to the southeast; soil a sandy
+loam with a clay subsoil. It has been pruned considerably, but not very much
+at a time. One man in this county who succeeds well with apples never prunes,
+except to keep the center open to sun and air. Another near him gave his orchard
+a severe trimming a few years ago, and had no fruit, but some dead trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+for two or three years afterward. In planting, the ground should be well plowed,
+then mark off one way with a plow or lister. Twice to the row with the lister,
+with three or four horses, and the subsoiler well down, will make a very good
+preparation for small trees without much digging, and small trees are best for
+several reasons: they are cheaper, less work to set out, and more likely to live.
+Set stakes to go by, and, in planting, cross the furrows. We have just finished setting
+2000 peach trees in this way, and very little digging was needed. Then cultivate
+well and often. Rub off shoots that start where limbs are not wanted, and
+start an evenly balanced top of four or five limbs. A year after the trees are set
+out, if any of them are leaning much, dig away the dirt on the side from which
+they lean, and set them up straight, tramping the dirt well on the opposite side.</p>
+
+<p>With winter will come the rabbits, and they will girdle the trees if not prevented.
+Many and varied are the sure cures for them, but none are perfect. A
+wash of ordinary whitewash and a pint of sulphur to the bucketful, applied with
+a brush or swab to the bodies of the trees, generally stops their work, but if the
+rain washes it off it must be put on again or they will resume operations. A little
+coal-oil added to the whitewash prevents the rain from having so much effect on it;
+make it thin, so it will not scale off so badly. Two applications have been enough
+for our young trees the past winter. We also use traps which are very similar to
+the Wellhouse traps, described in the Kansas State Horticultural Report for 1897.
+Tarred paper, corn-stalks, veneering, screen wire, cloth tied around the trees, or a
+woven-wire fence around the entire orchard, are all among the practical means
+used to fence against rabbits; but don't try the plan of one of my neighbors, unless
+you have too many trees; he applied coal-tar; it kept the rabbits off, and his
+orchard is now a treeless corn-field.</p>
+
+<p>During winter we haul manure direct from the stable and spread under the
+trees (not against them) out as far as the ends of the limbs. On good ground I
+would not do much of this until the trees get to bearing, as it would interfere
+somewhat with cultivation and would not be needed, but when a good annual
+crop is taken from the orchard something must be returned, or the
+supply is going to run out. On thin land rotten manure applied when the
+trees are small will do them good. Pasturing an orchard at any time is of doubtful
+expediency; it is safer not to. I have sprayed but once. That was done
+just after the blossoms fell, and again ten days later. There were fewer wormy
+apples than usual. That was last year. Think I will try it further.</p>
+
+<p>For a home orchard Early Harvest, Yellow Transparent, Maiden's Blush,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Winesap, Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis do well here
+and keep up a supply from first to last. For commercial planting Ben Davis is
+perhaps best here as elsewhere. Missouri Pippin does well; Winesap bears enormously,
+but is too small, and gets smaller as the trees get older. There is a good
+local demand here for Grimes's Golden Pippin and a few of any very early variety.
+Willow Twig has been worthless on account of blight and rot. Encourage birds
+by every means, and never let one, or a nest, be disturbed, unless it is that belligerent
+little alien, the English sparrow. They are at war with all the feathered
+tribe, even with their own relations, and should be exterminated. Don't
+begrudge birds a few feeds of cherries and berries, when they work for nothing
+and board themselves nearly all the year.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. H. Buckman</span>, Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years; have an apple-orchard of 1000 trees two to twenty-six years old.
+For market I prefer Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, Winesap, Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, and Huntsman's Favorite; and for a family orchard White Juneating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+(the earliest apple known), Red June, Early Ripe, Duchess of Oldenburg, Sweet
+June, Fulton Strawberry, Cooper's Early White, Smokehouse, Maiden's Blush,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Ben Davis, Ramsdell
+Sweet, Roman Stem, and Red Romanite. I have tried and discarded King, on
+account of rot, falls early, water core, short-lived; Kansas Keeper, on account
+of blight, poor tree; Yellow Bellflower, on account of being a shy bearer and
+rot; Willow Twig, on account of blight; Lansingburg, on account of blight
+when the tree is young; R. I. Greening, on account of its falling early, and rot.
+Baldwin, falls early and rots. Lawver, no good on my soil. McAfee's Nonsuch,
+poor bearer. Rambo, not acclimated. Northern Spy, rots. Pryor's Red, ripens
+unevenly, and is affected with scab. Dominie, there are many better of its
+season. Esopus Spitzenburg, rots badly. Rome Beauty, good some seasons.
+Ohio Nonpareil, poor bearer, falls before ripe. Lowell, blights while trees are
+young. Winter Swaar, rots before perfectly ripe. Autumn Swaar, good of its
+season, and should have a place in the family orchard. York Imperial, poor
+quality; rots too bad for commercial purposes. American Summer Pearmain,
+shy bearer while young. White Winter Pearmain, is affected with scab and is
+no good. Red Winter Pearmain, falls off early; the tree is poor. Gilliflowers,
+black and red, rot badly. Pennsylvania Red Streak, affected with scab; very
+good some seasons; trees die early. Sweet Bough, trees die early. Bentley
+Sweet, keeps all right, moderate bearer; tree appears to be tender. Clayton, rots
+and is no good. Calvert is a poor bearer and rots with me. Pound Pippin, no
+value. Iowa Blush, no value, small. Red Vandervere, no value; rots. Vandervere
+Pippin, moderate bearer and rots. Pennock Summer, good market in its
+season. Pennock, fairly good; we have plenty better. Early Harvest is affected
+with scab some seasons. Early Ripe is better and larger and to be preferred.
+Smith's Cider, blight, poor tree. Red Astrachan, poor bearer. Roxbury Russet,
+all russets fail with me. Jefferis, quality fine, but will not bear. Ortley,
+good, but is inclined to rot.</p>
+
+<p>I prefer hilltop having a drift soil, but the subsoil is of more importance than
+the surface soil. I prefer a north or northeast aspect. I prefer two-year-old,
+medium-sized trees, clear of root aphis, set in a dead furrow, with peach trees
+between north and south. I cultivate my trees six years after planting, with a
+plow and five-tooth one-horse cultivator. Plant the young orchard to corn; cease
+cropping after six or seven years, and then seed down to clover. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them by planting one to six rows of Osage orange, red
+cedar or catalpas all around the orchard. The boys hunt the rabbits with shot-guns.
+I wash the trees with a carbolic-acid wash for borers. I prune with a
+knife and saw to balance the top, keep down watersprouts, and to get rid of useless
+wood. I think it pays and is beneficial, as it shades the body of the tree
+and keeps off the flathead borers. I do not thin the fruit. Can see no difference
+whether trees are in blocks of one variety, or mixed plantings. I fertilize my
+orchard with stable litter all over the ground, and wood ashes around the trees,
+but do not believe it pays, and would not advise it on all soils; any soil that is
+suitable for an orchard will not need enriching until after it ceases to be profitable.
+I pasture my orchard with hogs and calves; I think it advisable under
+certain conditions, and find it pays. My trees are troubled with root aphis, roundhead
+borers and buffalo tree-crickets; and my apples with codling-moth. I do
+not spray. I pick my apples by hand, from a ladder, into a sack with a strap
+over the shoulder. I sell the bulk of my apples in the orchard, from piles, at
+wholesale and retail; sell the grocers and fruit dealers what are left of my best
+apples. Make cider of the second and third grades of apples. Feed the culls to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+the hogs. My best market is in Topeka. Never tried distant markets. Do not
+dry any. I store some apples for winter in bulk, in boxes and in barrels in a
+cellar. I have to repack stored apples before marketing. Apples have been
+about forty cents a bushel in the orchard for the last ten years.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. Higgins</span>, Seabrook, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years; have an apple orchard of 250 trees twenty-five years old. For market I
+prefer Winesap, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Smith's Cider, and Ben Davis; for
+family orchard, Winesap, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Red June, and Grimes's
+Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded Kansas Keeper on account of blight.
+I prefer hilltop; best below lime rock, with a northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old,
+low-headed trees, set thirty feet each way. I plant to corn for four years,
+then cease cropping, and seed to clover. I have a windbreak on the south side
+made of Osage orange, to keep the hot winds off. I prune lightly to thin out
+some of the middle branches; I think it pays. I do not thin my fruit. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter, and plow it under. I think it beneficial, and
+would advise its use on all soils. I sow my orchard to oats, and pasture with
+hogs with rings in their noses; they live on the oats, and don't hurt the trees,
+but with the help of the chickens they keep the canker-worms off. My trees are
+troubled with round- and flathead borers. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples;
+sort into two classes&mdash;shipping and cider. I sell my apples in the home
+market; sell second and third grades to the cider-mills. Never tried distant
+markets. I do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar;
+find Winesap to keep best. Prices have been from fifty to sixty cents per
+bushel. I employ young men at seventeen dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. C. Beckley</span>, Spring Hill, Johnson county: I have lived in the state thirty
+years; have an apple orchard of 130 trees, twenty-eight years old and large for
+their age. For a commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Jonathan, and Missouri
+Pippin; and for family use Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, and Winesap.
+I have tried and discarded Smith's Cider, Talman (Sweet), Rambo, Fameuse,
+Willow Twig, White Winter Pearmain, Roman Stem, Dominie, Fallawater, Wagener,
+Baldwin, and White Pippin, because they mature too soon, fall off and rot
+long before it is time to pick them. I prefer hilltop with a dark mulatto soil and
+a clay subsoil, with a western aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees, with plenty
+of fibrous roots, and a well-developed top, set forty by forty feet. I cultivate
+my orchard till it is six or seven years old with a common plow and harrow.
+In a young orchard I plant potatoes, corn, pumpkins, melons, and garden-truck;
+I cease cropping after eight or nine years, and seed bearing orchard to clover.
+Windbreaks are not essential, unless on the south and north sides; would make
+them of cedar or evergreens. I would not make a windbreak at all. For rabbits
+I wrap the trees. When hunting borers I take knife and chisel and pare
+all gum and dirt off of the roots; then I cut wherever I see signs of a borer
+until I get him, and if he has gone too deep to cut out I take a No. 20 wire six or
+eight inches long, bend a very small hook on one end, and run it up in the hole
+he has made, and ninety-nine times out of 100 pull him out. When done put
+some alkali of some kind around the tree, such as lime, ashes, or soft soap; then
+cover up.</p>
+
+<p>I prune with a saw or knife, cutting out the crossed limbs and shaping the
+top. I think it pays while the trees are young. I never thin the fruit while on
+the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with stable
+and hog manure; I think it very beneficial, and advise its use on all soils,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+especially on old orchards. I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable
+at times. It pays. My trees are troubled with canker-worms, roundhead
+borers, and leaf rollers, and my apples with codling-moths. I have never sprayed,
+but intend to this spring, in April and May. I am going to use a dust sprayer
+with London purple and Paris green for canker-worm. I pick my apples by
+hand from a ladder into a sack, sort into two classes by hand, pack in a two-bushel
+crate, fill full, with blossom end up, mark with the grade, and ship to
+market-place by freight. I retail apples in the orchard; sell my best ones in
+crates; feed the culls to hogs. Best market is at home; never tried distant
+markets. We sun-dry some apples for home use, then heat on the stove and put
+into paper sacks. I am quite successful in storing apples in bulk, boxes and barrels
+in a cellar. Ben Davis, Winesap and Little Romanite keep best. Sometimes
+I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing about one per cent.
+of them. Prices have been about sixty cents per bushel, and dried apples five to
+six cents; evaporated apples, seven to eight cents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert Perry</span>, Troy, Doniphan county: Have lived in Kansas forty-one
+years; have an apple orchard of 5000 trees, planted from five to twenty-four years.
+I grow for commercial purposes, first, Jonathan; second, Ben Davis, York Imperial,
+and Mammoth Black Twig. Ten years hence those who now plant Ben
+Davis will probably regret it. [?] There is a growing demand for a better eating
+apple. I now plant Jonathans and York Imperial. The latter is a good bearer,
+and a vigorous tree, however aged. For family orchard, I would advise adding
+to these Rambo and Fall Strawberry [Chenango]. I have tried and discarded
+many others. Prefer bottom, loess formation, near Missouri river. No slope has
+any advantage over another. Cultivate with plow and harrow, growing corn as
+an orchard crop for five years; then seed to clover and blue grass only. Do not
+care for windbreaks. Where there are windbreaks apples on trees do not get
+sufficient air. I protect from rabbits by tying corn-stalks about young trees.
+Prune some. I believe all apple blossoms are self-pollinating, and there is no advantage
+in mixed plantings. Need no fertilizers but clover in my locality. Believe
+it pays to pasture the orchard with horses in the winter; if you have a stack of
+hay for them to go to they will not harm the trees. Am troubled with codling-moth
+and apple curculio. Spray for codling-moth ten days after the apple is
+formed, and believe I have reduced their number. I use the knife for borers.
+Pick in baskets; deliver to packers in orchard. The aphis appears to do no particular
+injury to tree or fruit. Burn fall web-worm with a coal-oil torch. Sort
+into number one, fancy, number two, fair but defective in shape, color, or otherwise,
+and culls. Pack in three-bushel barrels, pressed so they will not shake.
+Sell firsts in orchard; sell seconds in car lots in bulk; sell culls in bulk for cider
+or vinegar. My best market is in the orchard. Have tried consigning to distant
+markets, but it did not pay. Have stored second grades for winter in boxes and
+barrels and in bulk, and made it pay. Ben Davis, Winesap and Rawle's Janet
+kept best. We sort and lose about one-fifth of the second grade only. Prices
+have run from $1 to $1.50 per barrel, of late years, in the orchard. For help in
+care of orchard I use men. In picking season I use all kinds of help. No experts.
+Pay from $1 to $1.50 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Roach</span>, Lowemont, Leavenworth county: Have been in Kansas forty-two
+years. Have an apple orchard of 5500 trees; 800 planted thirty years, 1200
+planted thirteen years, and 3500 planted three years. For commercial purposes
+I prefer Jonathan, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Willow Twig. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+family use I prefer Jonathan, Huntsman's Favorite, and Winesap. I have discarded
+Yellow Bellflower, Rawle's Janet, and Russets. I prefer black loam with
+red gravel subsoil, hilltop with extreme north slope, no matter how steep. I
+plant thrifty two-year-old trees, thirty-three feet apart each way, except Missouri
+Pippin, which may be closer. Cultivate up to twelve years of age; grow corn
+until seven, then clover two years; then corn one year, after that clover with a
+little timothy, to keep the weeds down. I cease cropping the clover when the
+orchard is from twelve to fourteen years old. I consider windbreaks harmful.
+Any good axle grease or "dope" will keep off rabbits. I trim until five years old
+with a pocket-knife, to give shape and stout branches. I believe fertilizers are
+beneficial, put on every second or third year. I pasture my bearing orchard with
+horses and cattle, after the fruit is gathered until the 1st of January; think it is
+advisable and a benefit; allow no hogs in at any time. Am bothered some with
+borers and codling-moth. Have never tried spraying, but would advise it. We
+pick in sacks fastened over the shoulder with a snap and ring. Usually sell in
+the orchard. Have tried artificial cold storage satisfactorily, and think it the
+most reasonable plan. Prices have ranged from $1 to $1.50 per barrel, for firsts
+and seconds, in the orchard. I employ men at seventy cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. D. Arnold</span>, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas twenty years.
+Have 300 apple trees, sixteen years planted, from ten to fifteen inches in diameter.
+Grow only Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin for all purposes. I
+prefer bottom land in this locality, sandy loam with a northern aspect. Plant
+two-year, stocky trees, with a low top. I cultivate with the plow and disc, and
+grow no crop in the orchard. I believe a windbreak of box-elder or evergreens is
+beneficial but not essential. I prune very little, using my knife with judgment.
+I use stable litter as a mulch, and think it pays. I never pasture my orchard.
+Have few insects but codling-moth. I shade the body of the tree to keep borers
+out, and dig them out if any get in. I use ladders, and pick into baskets, and
+sort into two classes&mdash;perfect and imperfect. My trees have never borne a full
+crop, only enough for home use and the neighbors. We have had several dry
+seasons, causing the fruit to fall badly.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. S. Gaylord</span>, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years; have 5000 apple trees, planted from one to twelve years. For market
+I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, Winesap, and York Imperial, and for family
+would add Yellow Transparent, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, Grimes's
+Golden Pippin, Jonathan, Rawle's Janet, and Little Romanite. I prefer hilltop
+with eastern slope, and would plant only two-year-old trees. I have grown both
+seedlings for stock and root grafts, in the nursery. I believe in thorough cultivation
+with two-horse cultivator and double-shovel plow, using a five-tooth cultivator
+near the trees. I crop with corn from seven to nine years, and then sow
+to clover. I do not think windbreaks essential. For rabbits and to prevent
+borers I use equal parts of carbolic acid and water as a wash. I prune a little
+by cutting back on the north side and keeping out the watersprouts, which I
+think pays. I think it pays to thin apples by hand in July and August. I have
+used some stable litter in the orchard, and think it pays. I pasture horses in
+my orchard during winter, but no stock at any other time. I spray, after blossoms
+fall, three times, two weeks apart, with Paris green, for the codling-moth,
+and my apples are quite free from worms. I dig out borers and pick off worm
+nests. I pick by hand in half-bushel baskets, sell at wholesale, and the buyer
+sorts to suit himself. I have never dried or stored any. Prices in 1896 and 1897,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+seventy-five cents per barrel; spring of 1898, $1.25 to $1.65. I use laborers at
+one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alex. Spiers</span>, Linn, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. For commercial orchard I prefer Jonathan, Cooper's Early White, Ben
+Davis, Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet, Dominie, Winesap; and for family orchard
+Jonathan, Winesap, Cooper's Early White, and Ben Davis. Have tried and discarded
+Yellow Bellflower on account of shy bearing. I prefer rolling upland,
+black, sandy loam with porous subsoil, and a southeast slope. I prefer two-year-old
+trees; have tried root grafts and seedlings with good success. I cultivate
+with a diamond plow up to bearing age. Windbreaks are essential, and I would
+make them of ash, box-elder, maple, and elm; I would plant either the young
+trees or seed. I prune with a saw, and use a chisel on watersprouts. I think
+it beneficial. I thin by shaking the tree when the fruit is small. I fertilize;
+think it benefits the trees, by making them grow stronger, and they fruit better;
+think it advisable on all soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs, but would not
+advise it; does not pay. Flathead borer and fall web-worm affect my trees. I
+spray, as soon as the bloom falls, with London purple. I sometimes sell my
+apples in the orchard, and sometimes from the cellar. I store apples in the cellar,
+and am successful. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five cents
+to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theo. Bedker</span>, Linn, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years;
+have an apple orchard of 100 trees from two to twelve years old. For market I
+prefer Ben Davis, and for a family orchard Winesap. I prefer bottom land with
+a sandy loam and a northeast aspect. I plant my trees in squares thirty feet
+apart. I cultivate my orchard for three years with a single-horse cultivator. Plant
+corn and potatoes in a young orchard; cease cropping after four years; plant
+timothy and clover mixed in bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would
+make them of willows, by planting on north and south sides of the orchard. For
+rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks in the winter, and dig the borers out. I
+prune my trees with a saw to make thinner; I think it beneficial, and that it
+pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. I do not think it would pay.
+I fertilize my orchard with slaked lime, and would advise it on all soils. It
+helps to keep off borers. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable.
+My apple trees are troubled with bud moth, twig-borer, and leaf-crumpler,
+and my apples with curculio. I have sprayed when in bloom with London
+purple, but do not think I have reduced the codling-moth. I pick my apples
+by hand, and sort into two classes&mdash;good keepers and cider apples. Put them
+all in one pile and then sort. I prefer barrels or boxes, from three to twenty
+bushels; fill them full. I retail my apples. I sell the best in sacks by the
+bushel. Make cider for vinegar of the culls. Never tried distant markets. I
+dry some for home use in the sun; this is satisfactory. I am successful in storing
+apples in boxes and barrels in the cellar. I find the Rawle's Janet and Winesap
+keep best. I never tried artificial cold storage; I lose about one-twentieth of
+my stored apples. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from thirty-five to fifty
+cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Fulcomer</span>, Belleville, Republic county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have raised for market Ben Davis, Winesap, and Jonathan; would
+prefer for family orchard Early Harvest, Red June, Duchess of Oldenburg, Cooper's
+Early White, Smith's Cider, Minkler, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Ben Davis,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+Golden Sweet, and Maiden's Blush. Have tried and discarded about all varieties
+excepting the above named on account of being tender and unprofitable. I prefer
+bottom land, limestone soil with a gravel subsoil, and a northeast or eastern
+slope. I prefer for planting strong, stocky yearlings&mdash;never over two years old&mdash;set
+at the crossing of furrows plowed with a lister. I cultivate my orchard to
+potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, melons, or any low hoed crop. I use an ordinary
+ten- or twelve-inch plow, and a five-tooth cultivator, and keep this up until they
+begin to bear; then seed to clover, mow it, and let it rot on the ground; then let
+the clover seed fall under, harrow, and let come up again. Windbreaks are beneficial;
+would make them of ash and Osage orange, by planting a few rows of trees
+inside of the hedge. To protect against rabbits, I wrap the trees. I prune with
+a saw and knife to remove chafing and dead limbs, and to make the tree more
+healthy and vigorous. I think it beneficial. I never thin the fruit on the trees.
+I fertilize my orchard with coal and wood ashes; think it beneficial, and would
+advise their use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled
+with canker-worm, and my apples with codling-moth. I never have sprayed to
+any extent. I hand-pick my apples, in one-half bushel splint baskets; sort into
+two classes as soon as picked.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Low. Miller</span>, Perry, Jefferson county: Have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have an apple orchard of 2400 trees from one to fifteen years old. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis, and for family
+orchard Early Harvest, Red Winter Pearmain, Cooper's Early White, and Rambo.
+I prefer bottom land, clay soil and a porous subsoil, with a north and east slope.
+I prefer two-year-old, low-headed, stocky trees, planted twenty-five by thirty
+feet. I cultivate my orchard to corn for six years, using a plow, cultivator, and
+harrow, and cease cropping after six or seven years. Grow only weeds in a bearing
+orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of maples, planted
+two rods apart around orchard. For rabbits I keep two hounds and a shot-gun.
+I get after the borers with a knife. I prune with a knife to keep out watersprouts.
+Never have thinned fruit on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with
+stable litter, and think it has proven beneficial, but would not advise its use on
+all soils. I pasture my orchard with horses, but would not advise it. I doubt
+if it pays. My trees are troubled with borers, and my apples with codling-moth.
+I do not spray. Pick my apples by hand into sacks. I sort into three classes&mdash;first,
+second, and culls&mdash;into baskets from the ground. I sell apples in the
+orchard at wholesale. I market my best apples in barrels; sell second and third
+grades to vinegar and cider-mills. My best market is at home. Never tried distant
+markets. Do not dry any. I store some apples in bulk in a cellar, and am
+successful. Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin keep best. Prices have been seventy-five
+cents to $1.50 per barrel. I employ men and boys at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Gurwell</span>, Fanning, Doniphan county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-five
+years; have 5000 apple trees, planted from two to thirty years. For
+commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, White Winter
+Pearmain, and Rawle's Janet; and would add for family use Early Harvest and
+Dominie. Have tried and discarded Yellow Bellflower; not prolific in this
+climate. I prefer hill with black loam and clay subsoil; any slope but southwest
+is good. I prefer two-year-old trees, and set them in holes dug two and half
+to three feet square with a spade, and set the trees two or three inches deeper
+than they stood in the nursery. Have tried home-grown root grafts, and was
+successful. I cultivate to corn, potatoes, pumpkins, and melons, using plow and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+harrow. I crop a bearing orchard lightly, and cease when in full bearing. I kill
+the rabbits. I prune with saw, knife, and clippers, and think it beneficial. I
+seldom thin fruit on the trees. My trees are planted in blocks. I fertilize the
+land near the trees with stable litter; I would advise its use on thin soil. I pasture
+my orchard with calves and hogs, and think it advisable; it pays in some
+orchards. Trees are troubled with borers; I hunt the borers with a wire. We
+pick carefully in large baskets and sacks from a step-ladder; I pack in barrels.
+My best market is northwest of here; I sometimes sell in the orchard at wholesale,
+retail, and peddle; dry and make cider of the culls; never dry for market.
+I sometimes store a few apples, and find the Winesap, White Winter Pearmain
+and Rawle's Janet keep the best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing
+them. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from 60 cents to $1.25 per barrel.
+I employ all kinds of help, and pay one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel H. Bert</span>, Moonlight, Dickinson county: Have been in Kansas nineteen
+years; have 500 apple trees from four to twenty-two years planted; the oldest
+are twelve inches in diameter. For commercial purposes use Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, and Janet, and for family use would add Red June and Maiden's Blush.
+Have tried and discarded Red Streak, Romanite, Rambo, and Bellflower. I
+prefer bottom in this locality with a northeast slope. I plant twenty-eight or
+thirty feet apart. I plant two-year-old trees; rather plant a yearling than three-year-olds.
+Have never tried root grafts or seedlings. I cultivate even my oldest
+trees, using a plow and harrow; it pays. I grow corn in young orchard until too
+large; then nothing, just cultivate. Windbreaks are essential, and should be
+made of Osage orange or mulberries; but not too close to the orchard. I tie
+corn-stalks around the trees to protect from rabbits, and keep the trees low,
+to shade the trunks to protect against borers. I prune to prevent forks, to
+keep from splitting. I thin apples when necessary; this should be done when
+they are about half grown. I prefer to plant my trees in blocks. An orchard
+should be fertilized with fine stable litter. I would advise the use of it, especially
+on upland soil. Never pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with flathead
+borers. Never sprayed much, but think it would be beneficial. I pick in
+sack hung over shoulder. We make three classes of our apples&mdash;large, small, and
+specked. Have no particular way to market; sell any way I can, but never in the
+orchard. We make cider, boiled cider and apple-butter of the culls. Never
+have tried distant markets. Never dry any. Store some for winter in bulk and
+in barrels in cellar; am successful; find that the Winesaps keep best. Have
+never tried artificial cold storage. We have to repack stored apples before marketing;
+lost very few this winter, as I kept them out of the cellar until December;
+then they kept well. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from 60 cents to $1.50
+per barrel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. E. Spohr</span>, Manhattan, Riley county: Have resided in Kansas twenty-six
+years. Have an orchard of 3000 trees, nineteen years planted. Originator of
+the Spohr apple (described elsewhere). Plants for commerce Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, and Ben Davis; for family orchard, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Maiden's
+Blush, and Early Harvest. Have tried fifty varieties, but think none of them paid
+better than those named. I live on bottom land, eight feet to water. Any slope
+is good. Prefer sandy loam. Plant two-year-old, well-pruned trees, in large holes.
+Cultivate thoroughly, planting to corn until seven years old; then seed to alfalfa.
+I favor windbreaks of Scotch or Austrian pines, planted in three rows ten feet
+apart. I believe in pruning, and always have my knife open when in the orchard,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+and trim at all times; like to have trees, not brush piles. The deity governing
+Kansas winds thins the fruit sufficiently. Apple trees are more fruitful if varieties
+are mixed in planting. Use all the two- and three-year-old stable litter I
+can get. Do not pasture my orchard. Spray with London purple one week
+before and two weeks after blooming, for canker-worm, leaf-roller, and codling-moth,
+and have reduced the latter by it. I hunt the borers and go after them
+with a hot (?) iron. Pick by hand, and sort to suit customers. Pack in eleven-peck
+barrels, and mark with stencil. Sell my best apples to shippers, and make
+vinegar and hog and cattle feed of culls. My best market is Colorado, but I sell
+in orchard. I store successfully for winter in a cave in bulk, and find Winesap
+and Missouri Pippin the best keepers, losing about ten per cent. Prices average
+fifty cents per bushel. Pay help from $12.50 per month to 75 cents per day and
+board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. D. Osborne</span>, Soldier, Jackson county: Have lived in the state thirty-one
+years; have 500 apple trees, from three to sixteen years planted. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Ben Davis, York Imperial, Gano, and Winesap; for family
+orchard, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and, for summer, Early Harvest, Maiden's
+Blush, and Cooper's Early White. Have tried and discarded Vandevere, as it
+does not bear, and Willow Twig on account of blight; Rawle's Janet no good on
+market. I prefer hilltop if well cultivated; otherwise bottom, with a loam soil
+and a sandy subsoil, and a southeast slope to protect from southwest winds. I
+plant two-year-old trees, three feet to head, not less than three limbs to form
+head, thirty feet each way. I cultivate with plow, harrow and spade the
+square immediately surrounding the tree. I plant corn in the young orchard
+and seed the bearing orchard to clover; cease cropping at five or six years. I
+think windbreaks essential on southwest, and would plant Osage orange or
+Russian mulberry. I wrap with grass or tarred paper to protect from rabbits.
+I prune in May to spread the top and thin the fruit. I seldom thin the fruit,
+but it will pay to thin the last of May. I fertilize with stable litter, but would
+advise it only on hill orchards. I pasture the orchard with hogs and horses, and
+think it advisable, and that it pays. My apples are troubled with codling-moth.
+I spray during May, after the blossom has fallen, with kerosene emulsion, sulphate
+of copper, and London purple, for codling-moth, blight, and insects generally.
+I think I have reduced the codling-moth. I treat borers with crude
+carbolic acid diluted with water. I dig around tree down to the roots, dam outside,
+fill around tree with water and acid strong enough to tingle your tongue.
+I hand-pick from ladders by the ordinary method. Never sell in orchard; make
+cider of second- and third-grade apples; feed culls to stock. My best markets
+are Holton and Topeka; never have tried distant markets. Never dry any.
+Store but few apples in an orchard cave, nine feet deep, eight feet wide by twenty-four
+feet long. The apples are put on shelves about ten inches deep.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. L. Jones</span>, Salina, Saline county: Have lived in Kansas forty-four years;
+have an apple orchard of 6000 trees, planted from five to twenty-five years. For market
+I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Jonathan, Lowell, Cooper's Early White,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Wealthy. For family orchard would plant Early
+Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin. Have tried and
+discarded Alexander as a shy bearer which rots on the tree. Prefer bottom land
+here, sandy soil, free from clay or hard-pan. Preferable with northeast slope.
+Plant well-branched two-year-old trees; turn deep cross-furrows the distance the
+trees are wanted apart; cultivate in corn until the trees are five or six years old;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+after that use the plow and disc harrow and plant nothing. I emphatically believe
+that windbreaks are essential. They may be made of anything hardy and
+suitable, as Osage orange, box-elder, walnut, etc. To protect from rabbits, wrap
+with grass or corn-stalks. I only prune with shears and saw, to clear the limbs
+off the ground a little. I believe stable litter is good for an orchard. I pasture
+very little, and do not think it good for an orchard. I spray as soon as the leaves
+start, with Paris green or London purple, mostly for canker-worm, and doubt
+its effect upon codling-moth. Thrifty trees are not usually bothered with borers,
+and unthrifty trees should be made into firewood. Our pickers use sacks with
+strap over the shoulder. We sort into four classes: First, large, sound fruit;
+second, small sound fruit; third, slightly damaged fruit; fourth, culls. Very
+little packing is done here; apples are usually sold to shippers in bulk. I sell
+my culls to hundreds of farmers in this and adjoining counties for canning, apple-butter,
+etc. My best market is here in Salina. I have tried distant markets,
+but it did not pay very well. Have never dried any; stored but few for winter
+in baskets and barrels. I find the Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Rawle's Janet and
+Romanite are the best keepers. Our loss in keeping varies with the season and
+the condition of the apples at picking time. Have never irrigated any. Prices
+during the past six years have varied from twenty-five to fifty cents per bushel.
+I use men and boys to help pick and at spraying time in the spring, usually paying
+one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N. Christensen</span>, Mariadahl, Pottawatomie county: I have lived in Kansas
+forty years. Have an apple orchard of four acres, from five to twenty-five years
+planted. For all purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap.
+I prefer second-bottom land with a black loam, a clay subsoil, and a northeast
+slope. I prefer good two-year-old trees planted thirty feet apart, alternated with
+peaches. I have cultivated my orchard to corn, but do not think it advisable.
+I used a plow, cultivator and disc for eight years. I have cultivated the young
+orchard both ways twelve times, and shall keep on with the disc and harrow. I cease
+cropping after six or eight years, and then grow alfalfa. Windbreaks are not essential.
+I use wire-cloth as a protection against rabbits; I would not risk an
+apple or pear tree without it. I prune with a knife, saw and shears when the
+trees are young; I think it beneficial, as it makes the trees healthier. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter; I spread it all over the ground and then harrow
+it in. I pasture my orchard with calves after it is six or eight years old and has
+been seeded to grass; I think it pays in an old orchard. My trees are troubled
+with tent-caterpillars and borers. I have not sprayed yet, but think I shall this
+spring with Bordeaux mixture. I pick my apples by hand; sort into two classes.
+I feed my second and third grades and culls to the calves and hogs; have made
+cider of them, but could not find market for it. I have tried shipping apples to
+distant markets, but it did not pay. I dry some apples for home use, using stove
+and sun; neither way is satisfactory. I store my best apples in bulk in a cellar
+under the house; am not very successful; I find Ben Davis and Winesap keep
+the best. Prices have been from twenty-five to fifty cents per bushel. I do not
+hire any help; the family does the work.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. R. Roberts</span>, Perry, Jefferson county: I have lived in Kansas since 1859;
+have an apple orchard from four to twenty-eight years old. For a commercial
+orchard I prefer Jonathan, Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Maiden's
+Blush; and for a family orchard Red June, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, Winesap,
+and Rawle's Janet. I prefer midland altitude or bottom, with a rich loam and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+clay subsoil, and a northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old trees with upright
+heads, set 30�40 feet in squares. I cultivate my trees with a plow and cultivator
+until they occupy most of the ground. I plant corn and potatoes in a young
+orchard, and cease cropping when the size of the trees renders it impossible. I seed
+the bearing orchard to red clover. Windbreaks are not essential; a hedge fence
+is all that is necessary, and this ought not to be nearer than forty feet of the trees.
+For rabbits I wrap the trees; and dig the borers out with a knife. I prune
+sparingly with a knife or sharp ax to remove all dead or injured limbs; I think
+it pays. I thin the fruit when the trees are overloaded, by taking off one-half
+after they are the size of marbles. My trees are planted in blocks for convenience
+in picking. I fertilize my orchard with all the barn-yard litter I can get,
+scattered broadcast; would advise its use on all soils unless already very rich.
+I am sorry to confess I have pastured my orchard with hogs; it is not advisable.
+My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, root aphis, roundhead
+borers, and buffalo tree-hopper; and my apples with codling-moth, curculio, and
+gouger. I have sprayed just as the buds open for canker-worm; have also
+sprayed for codling-moth. I pick all the apples I can reach from the ground in
+baskets, and the rest from ladders into sacks; I handle very carefully. I sort
+into two classes from a table as they come from the trees; pack in eleven-peck
+barrels for fall use, and twelve-peck barrels for winter use, carefully shaken and
+pressed; mark with the grade and name of variety and haul to market on wagon.
+I always sell in the orchard by car lots, when I can. I retail the scattered ones;
+send the third grade to the cider-mills. My best markets are sometimes both
+east and west of here. I never ship to commission men; it don't pay. I don't
+dry nor store any. I do not irrigate. I employ men and boys (men preferred).
+Pay one dollar per day and dinner.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. D. Kern</span>, Baldwin, Douglas county: I have resided in Kansas thirty-nine
+years. Have an apple orchard of 775 trees four years old. For market I prefer
+Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Willow Twig, and for family orchard Yellow
+Transparent, Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan. I prefer a loose, porous subsoil on
+a north slope. I prefer one- or two-year-old trees, set twenty-two feet apart north
+and south and thirty-three feet east and west. I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes,
+and clover, and keep up the cultivation until they are bearing well, using a
+diamond plow and one-horse cultivator. I never cease cropping. Windbreaks
+are not essential, but if they were I should make them of four or five rows of maple
+or some quick-growing trees, on the south and west sides of the orchard.
+For rabbits I use wooden tree wrappers, and dig the borers out. I prune to give
+the tree shape and let in the sun; I think it pays, as it keeps the tree from overbearing.
+I do not thin the fruit while on the trees, but think it would pay. I
+fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, and would advise it on all soils when
+it needs it. I pasture my orchard with hogs; I think it advisable, and that it
+pays. My trees are troubled with canker-worms, tent-caterpillars, borers, tree-hoppers,
+and leaf-rollers, and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I do
+not spray. I hand-pick my apples into buckets and sacks from step-ladders. I
+sell my apples in the orchard at wholesale. I sell the best to shippers, and the
+second and third grades the best way I can. I sell or feed the culls to the stock.
+Never tried distant markets. I do not dry any. Some years I am successful in
+storing apples in barrels and boxes in a cellar. Winesap and Missouri Pippin
+keep best. I never tried artificial cold storage. I have to repack stored apples
+before marketing, losing about one-fourth of them. I do not irrigate. Prices
+have been from sixty cents to one dollar per eleven-peck barrel. I employ men
+at ten cents per hour.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Sharp</span>, Morris county: Have been in Kansas twenty-eight years. Have
+an orchard in Morris county of 8000 trees, planted from two to thirteen years. I
+grow for market Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, and York Imperial;
+would add for family Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Winesap. Have tried
+and discarded Yellow Bellflower, Lawver, Willow Twig, and Smith's Cider; the
+former is barren, the others blight. I prefer second bottom with northeast slope;
+soil loose, black loam, with red clay subsoil. I plant in furrows each way, 16�30
+feet, running a subsoiler in the furrows, and use straight, smooth, two-year-old
+trees. Have tried root grafts, but they need nursery care at first. I cultivate
+at all ages, while young with plow, and old orchard with reversible disc. I grow
+corn in young orchard, and after five or six years keep the ground bare with the
+disc. I think windbreaks essential, and use Osage orange, elm, ash, Austrian
+pine, and cedars. Catch the rabbits; and cultivate well as a protection from
+borers. Do not prune much; take out a little brush if necessary to more readily
+reach the fruit. Never have thinned apples. Have never fertilized, and am decidedly
+opposed to pasturing orchards with any kind of stock. Am troubled
+with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, flathead borer, woolly aphis, twig-borer, fall
+web-worm, leaf-roller, leaf-crumbler, and codling-moth. Spray regularly with
+London purple; cannot say it has reduced the codling-moth any; for borers I
+keep my trees thrifty by constant cultivation. We pick in candy pails, but find
+it bruises the fruit too much. I sort by hand in three classes, commercial size
+Nos. 1 and 2, and culls. I pack in three-bushel barrels, stenciled with name of
+variety and grower, and ship by freight. Sell any way I can; have never sold in
+the orchard; sell culls for apple-butter, and make some cider; have marketed at
+good prices at Pueblo, Colo.; have never dried any for market. I store some for
+winter in boxes, barrels and in bulk in a cellar, and find that Ben Davis and Missouri
+Pippin keep best. I usually have to sort over those kept through, and lose
+perhaps one-fifth. Have never irrigated. My average returns are about fifty
+cents per bushel. For help I use men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>, Assaria, Saline county: Lived in Kansas twenty years; has
+an orchard of five acres, twenty-three years planted. For commerce he uses Ben
+Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan, and for family use would add Maiden's
+Blush, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Rawle's Janet. Has discarded Rambo as too
+shy a bearer. Prefers light soil, with a heavy subsoil in the bottom, with a southern
+slope. Plants thirty feet apart each way. Grows no crop in orchard, and
+cultivates with stirring plow and cultivator until the trees completely shade the
+ground. Believes windbreaks necessary, and would plant box-elder, three feet
+apart, in rows three feet apart, so as to shut out all wind. Binds with corn-stalks
+to protect against rabbits. Prunes by cutting off lower limbs and thinning center;
+says it is beneficial, and makes fruit larger and of better color. Thins apples on
+trees when the size of marbles, and believes it pays. On pollination he says: "I
+had one tree that stood alone, and never bore fruit until I got honey-bees;
+then it bore all right." Uses no fertilizers. Allows no live stock in the orchard.
+Has sprayed just after the blossom fell, with London purple and Bordeaux mixture,
+for the last five years, and it has reduced codling-moth. Uses knife and soap-suds
+for borers. Picks and sorts into three classes&mdash;sound and big, medium and
+affected, and culls. Sells in orchard and in Salina; makes vinegar and hog
+feed of culls. Never shipped any apples. Stores for winter by burying in bulk,
+and is successful. The Missouri Pippin and Rawle's Janet keep best. Prices
+from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel. Uses boys from fourteen to twenty
+years of age for help, and pays fifty cents to one dollar per day with board.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Williams</span>, Holton, Jackson county: I have lived in the state forty
+years; have an apple orchard of 225 trees of various ages, the oldest being thirty-nine
+years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and
+Jonathan; and for a family orchard Red Astrachan, Early Harvest, Dominie,
+Lowell, and Winesap. Have tried thirty varieties and discarded all excepting
+the above mentioned. I prefer a rich soil with a porous subsoil and a north slope;
+can see little difference between hilltop and bottom orchards. I prefer two-year-old
+trees, with symmetrical form, for setting; when planting I trim all
+affected roots and prune lightly; set them inclined to the southwest. I cultivate
+my orchard as long as it lives with a plow and harrow&mdash;plow shallow; plant the
+young orchard to potatoes, beans, vines, and sometimes corn, using a one-horse
+diamond plow, and am careful to harrow afterward. I cease cropping six or
+seven years after setting, and plant a bearing orchard to red clover. I think
+windbreaks are essential; would make them of most any kind of rapid-growing
+trees planted in groves on the east and south sides of the orchard. For rabbits I
+wrap the trees, and dig the borers out. I prune with a penknife to keep the
+trees in good shape. It pays if properly done, and is not too severe. I have
+thinned my fruit by hand when of the size of hickory-nuts. Think trees do best
+in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter and ashes; I
+think it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I pasture my orchard
+with hogs part of a day at a time when the apples fall badly. Don't let them in
+at will. I think it pays and is advisable, for they destroy the moth. My trees
+are troubled with both round- and flathead borers, and my apples with codling-moth.
+I spray, using a hand sprayer, with Bordeaux mixture and London
+purple, when the blossom falls, for codling-moth and curculio. It has not been
+beneficial. I burn the [tent] caterpillars. I pick my apples by hand in a sack
+over the shoulder, and sort into three classes&mdash;first, finest; second, fair; third,
+culls. I sort from the ground or a table. I sell apples in the orchard, wholesale
+and retail, and have no trouble in selling my first-grade apples. I sell and make
+cider of the second and third grades, and also dry some of them. Feed the culls
+to hogs or other stock. My best market is at home. We dry some in a common
+dry-house which is very satisfactory; after they are dry we put them into sacks
+to keep from millers; we find a market for them, but it does not pay well. I am
+fairly successful in storing apples on shallow shelves in the cellar; Winesap and
+Rawle's Janet keep best. I do not irrigate. Apples have been about fifty cents
+per bushel, and dried apples three to five cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Swanson</span>, Dwight, Morris county: I have resided in Kansas seventeen
+years, and have an apple orchard of 1800 trees eight years old, eight to ten
+feet tall. For market I prefer Winesap, Ben Davis, and Missouri Pippin; and
+for family orchard would add Jonathan and Maiden's Blush. I have tried and
+discarded Rome Beauty, Huntsman's Favorite, and Minkler. I do not like them.
+I have upland, with a poor soil and a gumbo subsoil, with a north and east
+aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees, set thirty feet apart each way. I cultivate
+my orchard with a stirring plow, and intend to keep it up as long as I
+live; plant corn or any cultivated crop in the young orchard, and cease when there
+is no room; plant nothing in the bearing orchard. I think a hedge fence all
+around the orchard as a windbreak would be beneficial. For rabbits, I wrap
+the trees with wire screening, and leave it on. I prune my trees every winter, or
+when I have time, to thin the top and to give shape; I think it pays, and is very
+beneficial. I do not thin my fruit&mdash;the wind does that for me. I fertilize my
+orchard, and think it beneficial, and would advise it on all soils. I do not pasture
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>my orchard; it is not advisable and does not pay. My trees are troubled
+with leaf-rollers and other insects. I give the culls to hogs. I am successful in
+storing apples in bulk in an arched cellar; Winesap, Ben Davis and Missouri
+Pippin keep best. I never tried artificial cold storage. I do not irrigate. Price
+has been seventy-five cents per bushel; dried apples eight to ten cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. B. Harris</span>, White City, Morris county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five-years,
+and have an orchard of 800 trees, planted from ten to fifteen years ago.
+For commercial purposes I prefer Maiden's Blush, Cooper's Early White, Ben
+Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. For a family orchard I would put out
+the same, adding Red June, Jonathan, and Smith's Cider. I have discarded
+the Willow Twig, as it rots too easily. I prefer hilltop, north slope, soil as deep
+as possible, and a gumbo subsoil. Would plant two-year-old trees with perfect
+crown growth, twenty feet north and south, thirty feet east and west. My last
+planting, ten years ago, was of root grafts, and I like it first rate. I grow corn
+in the orchard for about ten years, then nothing. I cultivate thoroughly, plowing
+until the soil is doubled, and then use the disc pulverizer. I believe windbreaks
+to be very, very, very essential, and would make of Osage orange on the
+outside, and any quick-growing forest-tree next to the orchard. For protection
+against rabbits, I tie with weeds and twine. I prune with a jackknife, a two-inch
+thin-bladed chisel, and mallet. It does pay, and is beneficial until the trees
+are ten years old. I tried thinning, but it proved more injury than profit. I use
+all the fertilizer from stables and stock-yards that I can get, spread all over the
+ground, and believe it would pay on any soil. I would allow no live stock in the
+orchard but poultry, and would not allow them to roost in the trees.</p>
+
+<p>I have some trouble with tent-caterpillars, roundheaded borers, fall web-worm,
+and curculio. I spray with London purple, first when the bloom falls,
+then every ten days until three times, with a spray pump, using London purple.
+I do not know whether I have reduced the codling-moth any or not. I treat the
+borers with penknife and probe, others with rough handling&mdash;eternal, vigilant
+destruction. I pick from step-ladders into pails; place in sack to haul to the
+barn or shed. We sort into two classes&mdash;first, all sound and marketable, second
+for cider. I sort by hand from the pile, three or four bushels at a time. We
+pack in bushel-and-a-half sacks, filled from the half-bushel measure, mark with
+the name of variety, and haul to market in spring wagon. I retail and peddle
+them, making the culls into cider and vinegar. My best market is our nearest
+town; tried distant market last fall and it paid. We dry some, pack into tight
+boxes as soon as dried and store in dark place, and find a ready market at the stores
+at six cents per pound. It does not pay very well, but saves waste. I only store
+for family use, in headless barrels; generally keep well. Ben Davis keeps the
+best. We lose from one-fourth to one-half. I believe irrigation would be a good
+thing. Prices have been from thirty-five cents to seventy-five cents per bushel.
+Use only home help.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. D. Weltner</span>, Westmoreland, Pottawatomie county: Have been in Kansas
+eighteen years. Planted 800 apple trees ten years ago. I do not own this orchard
+at present. I planted Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Jonathan, and Maiden's
+Blush. I prefer sandy or black loam, with clay subsoil, bottom land or gentle
+slope to the north. I set good, thrifty, clean, two-year-old trees. I thoroughly
+plow my ground, then run a lister for the row, and throw out with spade or shovel
+where the trees are to go. I cultivate with potatoes and corn, using the plow,
+harrow, and five-tooth cultivator, until ten or twelve years old, then sow to clover.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+I use no windbreaks. For rabbits I wrap with building paper or wire screen. I
+believe it pays to prune with the knife and saw a little each year, to train the tree
+to grace, beauty, and profit. I never tried thinning fruit. Would fertilize with a
+little stable litter spread over the ground. Never would pasture an orchard. Had
+some canker-worm and curculio, but never tried spraying. I pick from a step-ladder
+into a shoulder sack.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">V. E. Hathaway</span>, Council Grove, Morris county: Have lived in Kansas thirty
+years; have an orchard of 1000 trees two to twelve inches in diameter. Have
+tried and discarded Willow Twig and Smith's Cider on account of blight. I
+prefer a gravel or clay bottom with northern slope. I prefer healthy trees set
+forty by twenty feet. I cultivate my orchard to corn until too large, plowing
+very shallow. Windbreaks are beneficial; would make them of cedar. I prune
+by cutting out the inner limbs that rub; I think it pays. I do not thin the fruit
+on the trees. I sometimes fertilize with stable litter; would advise its use on all
+soils. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. My trees are
+troubled with canker-worm, and my fruit by codling-moth. I spray just after
+the blooms fall with London purple, and think I have reduced the codling-moth.
+I dig out insects not affected by spraying. I pick my fruit from inside of tree
+from a ladder. Sort into three classes. Pack in apple barrels, pressed down,
+and marked with the quality; then transport to market on a wagon. I wholesale,
+retail, and peddle; sometimes sell in the orchard. Feed the culls to hogs.
+My best market is at home; never tried distant markets. Do not dry any. I
+store apples in boxes or barrels, and am successful. I find Missouri Pippin,
+Winesap and Ben Davis keep best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+and lose about one-eighth or one-tenth. I do not irrigate. Prices have
+been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. Marty</span>, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight years;
+have an apple orchard of 200 trees from seven to fifteen years old, eight to ten
+inches in diameter. Have tried and discarded Grimes's Golden Pippin and Willow
+Twig. I prefer sandy bottom, loam soil, with a north or northeast aspect. I prefer
+two-year-old, low, stocky trees, set in rows thirty-six feet each way. Have
+tried root grafts with very good success. I cultivate my trees eight years; first
+four to potatoes, using a disc harrow; plow shallow among young trees; plant
+nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of
+Osage orange and box-elder on both south and west sides of the orchard. I trap
+and shoot the rabbits. I prune very little; only cut out the branches that interfere.
+I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter; I think it beneficial. I do not
+pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. Do not spray. Sort into two
+classes: good and bad.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. L. Steele</span>, Minneapolis, Ottawa county: Have lived in Kansas fourteen
+years. Have 200 apple trees from six to twelve years old. I prefer bottom land
+with sandy loam and similar subsoil, north slope. I plant two-year-old trees
+branched near the ground, in deep furrows made by plow. Have tried root grafts
+with good success. I cultivate with corn and potatoes, using disc and harrow all
+the time; plant nothing in bearing orchard; cease cropping when about eight or
+ten years old. Windbreaks are essential, on the south; would make them of honey-locust,
+two or three feet apart in the row. I wrap the tree with corn-stalks to
+protect from rabbits. Have not been troubled with borers. I only prune out
+the limbs that interfere with others. Never thin apples. I fertilize with stable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+litter, and think it beneficial; would advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture
+my orchard; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm. I spray
+with London purple when the worms first begin their work, to kill leaf-eating
+insects; do not think I have reduced the codling-moth. I irrigate with a 4<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span>-inch-cylinder
+pump and well.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. C. Campbell</span>, Campbell, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas fifteen
+years; have 250 trees from three to fourteen years old, eight to twelve inches in
+diameter. I prefer for family orchard Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and
+Rawle's Janet. I prefer hilltop with deep soil and red subsoil, and an eastern
+slope. I prefer three-year-old trees, set 24�30 feet, as deep as they were in the
+nursery. I cultivate in buckwheat for eight years with the plow; after that plant
+nothing. Windbreaks are essential on the southwest or north and south; would
+make them of Osage orange; plant them forty feet distant and do not trim. For
+rabbits I wrap with corn-stalks and leave them on summer and winter. I prune
+with a saw; then cover the wound with wax; I think it beneficial. Have never
+thinned fruit. Never use fertilizer; do not think it advisable. Do not pasture
+my orchard; would not advise it. My trees are affected with twig-borer and leaf-roller.
+The codling-moth troubles my apples. I do not spray. I pick my apples
+early and leave them in piles in the orchard until cold weather.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Young</span>, Brantford, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-one
+years. Have 200 apple trees, five to twenty-five years planted, four to twelve
+inches in diameter. I prefer for commercial orchard Winesap, Ben Davis, and
+Rawle's Janet. I prefer bottom land, with black loam and clay subsoil. I prefer
+three-year-old trees, good, smooth bark, and three or four branches. Have
+tried root grafts and seedlings with good success. I cultivate in corn, using
+plow for thirteen years; plow toward the trees one year, then away the next.
+Windbreaks are essential, and I would make them of cottonwood, box-elder or
+catalpa planted in rows on the north side. Am not troubled with rabbits or
+borers. I prune with a saw and knife, to produce better fruit; I think it beneficial.
+I fertilize with stable litter and wood ashes; I would advise its use on all
+soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs; think it advisable, and that it pays.
+My trees are troubled some with insects; codling-moth troubles my apples. I
+pick my apples by hand into a basket, then sort and put in the cellar. I sort
+into two classes, good and bad; we sort as we pick them. I sell my apples
+at home and in town, sometimes in orchard; retail, wholesale, or peddle. Make
+cider for vinegar of culls. My best market is Clifton; never tried distant markets.
+Never dry any. I store some for winter market in thin layers on shelves, in cellar
+seven feet deep, and find the Winesap keeps best. Prevailing price has been
+eighty cents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. E. Penny</span>, Hiawatha, Brown county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. Have 1800 apple trees&mdash;600 planted fifteen years, 1200 planted ten years.
+Grow nothing but Ben Davis. Planted two-year-old trees, twenty-four by thirty
+feet, on a southern slope. Cultivate in corn for ten years and then sow to clover.
+I prune only to keep the watersprouts from bothering the tree. I believe fertilizing
+pays, although I have not tried it. I never allow any stock but poultry in
+the orchard. I spray after the bloom has fallen, and ten days later, with Paris
+green, to destroy the codling-moth. We sort out only one grade, allowing the
+culls to rot. We pack in three-bushel barrels, and usually sell in the orchard at
+wholesale. Our best market is Minneapolis, Minn., but I have not made shipping
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>pay. I have tried artificial cold storage; they did not keep satisfactorily, I
+do not know why. I had to repack, and lost over twenty per cent. Prices have
+varied from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel. For help, I use boys at fifty cents to
+seventy-five cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. D. Hazen</span>, Leona, Doniphan county: Have been in Kansas forty years;
+have an apple orchard of 13,200 trees; 10,000 have been planted fourteen years, and
+3200 for two years. I would plant nothing but Ben Davis for commercial purposes.
+For the family orchard I would add Winesap, Jonathan, and Rawle's
+Janet. Prefer rather high land, well underdrained, with a northeast slope. I
+plant good two-year-old trees, in rows two rods apart east and west, and the trees
+one rod apart in the row north and south. I grow corn or potatoes for six years,
+then seed down to clover. I cultivate the trees while young with a small one-horse
+plow. I think windbreaks essential on the south and west sides; Osage
+orange is good, set the same as for a fence, and allowed to grow tall. I wrap my
+trees against rabbits, and try all ways to destroy them. I prune with the saw to
+get the trees up so I can get around them, and believe it pays, or I would not do
+it. Have been at it fifteen years, and see no harm. Don't think it would pay to
+thin apples on the trees. I believe it is better to mix varieties in the orchard; I
+have 7000 Ben Davis and 300 Winesaps in one orchard, and where the Winesaps
+are mixed with the Davis the trees are always fuller. I believe fertilizing would
+be good, but my orchard is too large to practice it. I pasture with horses in the
+spring, and believe it does no harm, and that it pays.</p>
+
+<p>Canker-worm is my worst insect pest, and I have been spraying for many years,
+using one pound of London purple to 160 gallons of water. I spray when the
+blossoms fall, using a big tank and a small engine to pump. I cannot say that I
+have reduced the codling-moth any by spraying. I cut borers out. I sort into
+two classes, No. 1's and No. 2's, bests and second bests; best ones go into firsts,
+and those that are not rotten in No. 2. I have a table, or what I call a culler;
+the apples are picked and put into these cullers; I have twelve men to each
+culler and a boss over them. They stand and cull the apples. I have the cullers
+numbered, so if any one puts up bad apples I can catch him. I use barrels for
+the No. 1's; fill and press so they will not shake. I put them up in good shape,
+and sell at wholesale to the first buyer that comes. I ship my culls and second-grade
+apples to western Kansas and to Nebraska in cars in bulk. I never send
+to commission men. I have never tried drying, or storing apples for winter. For
+family use I put away some in barrels, and keep the above varieties successfully.
+Prices, last year, two dollars per barrel; a year ago, one dollar per barrel; two
+years ago, $1.50 per barrel. I use any help I can get, paying seventy five cents per
+day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Avery</span>, Clifton, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years; have an apple orchard of 1500 trees, from five to fourteen years planted,
+three to fifteen inches in diameter. For planting I prefer two-year-old whips. I
+cultivate my orchard to potatoes or any hoed crop, when it is first planted; keep
+this up as long as the roots and branches will admit. I have used a disc and
+common drag harrow for the last three years. I plant my bearing orchard to
+clover. I prune my trees with a pruning knife and saw when necessary. I fertilize
+my orchard with thoroughly rotted stable litter. I think it beneficial and
+would advise its use on all soils. I have pastured eight acres of my orchard with
+calves; have not seen any injury. I sort my apples into three classes&mdash;first, second,
+and culls. I sell my apples to neighbors, restaurants, stores, etc. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+culls I dry, make cider, feed to pigs, and give away. Clifton is my best market;
+have never tried distant markets. I store some in boxes, barrels and sacks in a
+cellar.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. S. Anderson</span>, Oneida, Nemaha county: Have been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an orchard of 1000 trees fifteen years old, ten to eighteen inches in
+diameter. Prefer for market Ben Davis and Winesap; for family use, many
+kinds. Have discarded Rawle's Janet, Early Pennock, Bellflower, and Russets.
+I prefer limestone soil; bottom land with northern slope. I plant two-year-old,
+straight-bodied, thrifty looking, live trees. I cultivate in corn, with riding plow,
+for six years, and then seed to grass. I believe a windbreak is essential, and
+would make it of Osage orange, maple, or cottonwood. I prevent rabbits and
+borers by painting with ashes and lime. I prune with saw and knife to make
+larger apples, and give them better color, and think it pays. I do not thin, and
+would put fertilizer from the barn-yard on the land. I pasture my orchard with
+cattle and hogs, but do not think it advisable. I am troubled some with canker-worm,
+tent-caterpillar, root aphis, borers, codling-moth, and curculio, but do
+not spray. I gather only the best by hand, and put them immediately in a bin
+in the cellar. I sell to stores, use plenty at home, make cider, and feed the hogs
+on culls. My best market is Seneca, Kan. Have never tried drying apples. I
+store for winter on shallow shelves, six inches deep and two feet wide, in a dry
+cellar, and keep them successfully; Ben Davis and Winesap keep the best.
+Prices have ranged from twenty-five to seventy-five cents per bushel. I use common
+laborers, and pay from one to two dollars per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Howard Morton</span>, Tescott, Ottawa county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-two
+years; I have twenty old apple trees and 400 set two years ago. I prefer Ben
+Davis, Gano and York Imperial for market, and Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest
+and Winesap for family use. My orchard is in a bottom with a north slope. I
+plant two-year-olds with a fair amount of large roots, in furrows made with a
+lister, and enlarged with a spade where necessary. I cultivate with a disc harrow
+as long as possible, and grow nothing on the ground among the trees. I
+believe windbreaks are essential, and would make them by planting Osage orange,
+Russian mulberry and box-elders in rows six feet apart. I do not prune much;
+only thin out inside shoots to prevent contact. I believe it pays to thin the fruit
+some when the apples are perhaps half grown. I use no fertilizers. I do not
+pasture my orchard. I spray a little before the buds swell, after the blossoms
+fall, and two weeks later, with Bordeaux mixture, to prevent wormy apples. I dig
+out borers with a jack-knife and a small wire.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I. N. Macy</span>, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas fifteen years; have
+150 apple trees nine years old, from fifteen to eighteen feet high. For family
+orchard prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Jonathan. I prefer bottom land. I
+plant two-year-old trees. I cultivate in corn for the shade as long as there is
+room, using the plow, cultivator, and harrow, and cease cropping when trees
+shade the ground. Windbreaks are beneficial on the south. I prune to balance
+the top and prevent the limbs from chafing; I think it beneficial. I never thin
+apples. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, keeping my ground as rich
+as a garden, and would advise its use on all soils. I never pasture my orchard;
+it is sure death to it; allow nothing larger than chickens in it. I spray only for
+canker-worms, using Paris green and lime, when in bloom; am successful. I
+do not irrigate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. C. Griesa</span>, Lawrence, Douglas county: I have lived in Kansas thirty
+years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin,
+and, for a family orchard, the leading medium early and late sorts. I prefer
+upland or second bottom with a clay subsoil; all slopes, if well drained, are
+good, excepting south. I prefer good two-year-old trees, set in land laid off with
+a plow. I plant my orchard to corn for four years and use an eight-tooth cultivator;
+cease cropping when the trees are four or six inches in diameter; plant
+clover in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are not essential in this locality. For
+rabbits I wrap the trees, and dig the borers out. I prune when the trees are
+young to thin the top; I think it beneficial and that it pays. I do not thin the
+fruit while on the trees, but would advise doing so when the fruit is one-third
+grown. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, and would advise its use,
+especially on uplands. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable;
+it does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, root aphis, flathead
+and roundhead borers, and woolly aphis; and my apples with codling-moth. I
+do not spray, but would advise it. I am sure it would reduce the codling-moth.
+I hand-pick my apples in a sack over the shoulder.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. G. Axelton</span>, Randolph, Riley county: I have lived in Kansas forty years;
+have an apple orchard of 300 trees eighteen years old, sixteen feet high. For a
+family orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Maiden's
+Blush. I prefer black bottom land with a clay subsoil, and a northern slope.
+For planting I prefer two-year-old, straight, smooth trees. I cultivate my orchard
+till the trees begin to bear, with a cultivator and hogs, planting nothing. Windbreaks
+are not essential. For rabbits I wrap the trees with paper. I do not
+prune my trees, nor thin the fruit while on the trees. I do not fertilize. I pasture
+my orchard with hogs at certain times in the spring when worthless apples
+are dropping. My trees are troubled with canker-worm and tent-caterpillar. I
+do not spray. I pick my apples by hand and carry them to the cellar. I do not
+store any apples for winter market.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. H. Taylor</span>, Eskridge, Wabaunsee county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-eight
+years. Have 1400 apple trees, five to fifteen years old, six to twelve inches
+in diameter. For market I grow Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan; for
+family orchard I would advise Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Cooper's Early White,
+Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan; and I would discard nearly all others. I prefer
+bottom land, with black loam and open subsoil, north slope. Would plant one- or
+two-year-old, low-top trees, twenty-five feet apart each way. I have grown
+root grafts with success. I shall cultivate as long as the trees live, growing corn
+among them until the growth of the trees prevents it. I believe all the windbreak
+necessary is an ordinary fence. I use traps for the rabbits and a knife for
+the borers. I thin the fruit on the trees in the early summer, after they are well
+set. I believe barn-yard fertilizer beneficial to any orchard. I pasture my
+orchard with hogs, and think it advisable, and that it pays. I have some insects,
+but do not spray; I burn some. I pick by hand in half-bushel baskets; sort into
+two classes, market and cider; pack into barrels, and usually sell in the orchard
+at wholesale. Never shipped to a distant market. Do not dry any. Have stored
+some for winter in the cellar in bulk, and find that the Missouri Pippin, Winesap
+and Rawle's Janet keep the best. I do not irrigate. Price averages about
+twenty-five cents per bushel. I use ordinary farm hands at fifteen to twenty
+dollars per month.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank Seifert</span>, Strawberry, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 150 trees, from three to twenty
+years planted. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and
+Winesap, and for family orchard would add Maiden's Blush. Have tried and
+discarded Willow Twig on account of blight. I prefer limestone upland with
+an eastern aspect. I prefer three-year-old trees for planting. I cultivate my
+orchard for eight or ten years with a plow and harrow. I seed bearing orchard
+to red clover. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of one row of box-elder
+and two rows of plums. I fertilize my orchard with straw and hay, and
+think it advisable, on all soils. I never pasture my orchard; it is not advisable.
+I do not spray. I pick my apples the old way. [?] Sell my apples in the orchard.
+I sometimes store for winter in bulk in an arched cellar, and am successful. I
+find the Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Winesap keep equally well. Prices
+have been from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. T. Travis</span>, Aurora, Cloud county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-six years;
+have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees from five to twenty years old. I prefer
+low land, black loam soil with clay subsoil, and a northern slope. I prefer
+two-year-old trees, straight, with no forks, the limbs low down, planted in furrows
+made by a plow. I cultivate my orchard as long as I can get through it,
+with potatoes and sweet corn, using a harrow often enough to keep weeds down
+and ground smooth. Cease cropping when the trees get too large for sweet corn
+to do any good. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Russian mulberry,
+planted in two or three rows, eight to ten feet apart, on all sides of the
+orchard. I prune little, only enough to thin out the tops and keep limbs from
+rubbing each other, and to give light. I fertilize my old orchard with any kind
+of coarse stable litter; I pile it in heaps between the trees and let it lay until
+it rots. I pasture my orchard with hogs when it grows to wild rye and is too
+large for me to plow; I think it advisable only when the trees get foul; it pays
+if not pastured with too many and they are not kept on too long. My trees are
+troubled with leaf-roller, and my apples with codling-moth. I have sprayed, but
+only to a limited extent.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sam Kimble</span>, Manhattan, Riley county: Have been in Kansas thirty-eight
+years. Have an orchard of 2500 trees not yet in bearing. They have been
+planted three, four and five years. I have set out for market Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, and Winesap, and for family use about thirty kinds, in variety. I
+am located on upland, with clay subsoil, mainly northwest slope. I planted
+three-year-old trees, stocky and low headed, in holes twenty-five by thirty feet
+apart, getting on my knees to work the soil in about the roots. I crop to corn,
+cultivating well, and shall keep this up as long as three rows can be fairly grown
+between two rows of trees. I believe in plowing if you do not get too close to the
+trees. When my orchard comes into bearing I shall keep up the cultivation but
+grow no crop. I believe windbreaks are very desirable, and should make them
+of cottonwood, elms, or any quick-growing forest-trees. To keep off rabbits I
+tie on corn-stalks with binder twine. I prune carefully to shorten the heads and
+keep down watersprouts, and believe it beneficial. I believe thinning will pay
+when the fruit sets too thickly. I believe in lots of fertilization, and use all the
+stable litter I can get; I don't think you can use too much. I believe that young
+calves might be pastured to advantage in an old orchard. Have not sprayed any,
+and depend on rains for water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Starns</span>, Fairmount, Leavenworth county: Have lived in the state forty-one
+years; have 1800 apple trees, extra large, seventeen years old. Planted for
+market Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin; and for early use
+Early Harvest, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, and the Gennettan.
+Have discarded the Red June as too small and falling too badly. My ground is
+black loam upland, sloping north and east. I planted two-year-old trees in furrows
+made by the plow, twenty by thirty-two feet. Would cultivate in corn for
+five years, using the breaking-plow and cultivator; then sow to clover. Windbreaks
+are not necessary here. I trap the rabbits. For borers I bank around
+the trees in May, and take it away in September; this exposes the tree, and the
+borers are taken out easily with a knife. I prune some, and think it pays to take
+off watersprouts and shape the tree a little. Do not thin, and do not fertilize.
+I pasture in the spring and fall, after the apples are gathered, with pigs; it is an
+experiment. I have some tent-caterpillar, twig-borer, and codling-moth. Have
+never sprayed any. I pick in sacks and baskets, emptying into bushel boxes,
+which are hauled on wagons made for that purpose, to the place for packing. I
+make three grades: shippers, seconds, and cider or driers. The boxes are taken
+from the wagon and culled, and shippers packed in barrels; the rest are put in
+piles, which are afterward culled, and the seconds put by themselves. We mark
+barrels with name of variety, and haul to market on wagons made for the purpose.
+We often sell at wholesale in the orchard; we sell the seconds in bulk. My best
+market is Leavenworth; have never shipped any away. Have never dried any,
+and do not store any for winter. Prices have ranged from 50 cents to $1.75 per
+barrel. I use men only, and pay $1.50 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. N. Barns</span>, Leavenworth, Leavenworth county: I have lived in Kansas
+thirty-seven years; have 2000 apple trees twenty years old. The best for commercial
+purposes is New York Pippin [Ben Davis]. For family orchard I prefer
+Jonathan, Winesap, Minkler, Huntsman's Favorite, and Lowell. I have tried
+and discarded Nonesuch. I prefer bottom land, with black loam soil and clay
+subsoil, with south slope, in my locality. I plant good, stout, thrifty trees, two
+to three years old, sixteen and one-half by thirty-three feet apart. I cultivate
+until the trees are large enough to shade the ground. In the young orchard, for
+the first seven or eight years, I usually grow corn, wheat, or oats; in a bearing
+orchard I grow orchard-grass and timothy and clover, separate or together. I
+have not yet ceased cropping. I believe windbreaks are essential, made of hills,
+trees, or hedge fence. For this purpose I would advise to first find the hills; then
+plant the orchard and trees or hedge. I dig out the borers, and trap or shoot
+the rabbits. I believe it pays to prune some to get rid of surplus wood. I believe
+it pays to thin apples and I do it in July. I fertilize by pasturing with
+cows, and believe it pays. Am troubled with some insects, but have never
+sprayed. We pick from a ladder, each man carrying two baskets; we sort into
+two classes on a table. In the first class we put apples not damaged too much
+and large enough, and in the other we place the small ones.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Ruhlin</span>, Wetmore, Nemaha county: Has been in Kansas seventeen
+years. Owns an apple orchard of 1150 trees, set out from one to three years.
+Set Ben Davis, Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and for family orchard
+would add the Maiden's Blush, Rambo, Rome Beauty, and Grimes's Golden Pippin.
+Has discarded Early Harvest, Red June, and Red Astrachan. Wants upland
+always, north or northeast slope if possible, and a loose, friable soil, with
+gravelly subsoil. On planting, he says he uses two-year-old, short, stocky trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+with bushy tops and lots of roots, which he prunes back at setting. Sets trees
+deeper than they grew at the nursery, 20�30 feet. Puts a barrel half full of soil
+and water on a sled, and puts ten to twenty trees into it at a time; takes out a
+tree and sets it with as little exposure of roots to the air as possible. Cultivates
+well, keeping the ground clean in the tree row all summer. This winter, 1897-'98,
+he saw fine ten-year-old trees completely girdled by mice, in an orchard that was
+neglected last summer, and weeds and grass allowed to grow next the trees;
+these held the snow around the trees, and allowed the mice to burrow under to
+the tree. Grows corn as a protection to the trees in summer, using a five-tooth
+one-horse cultivator, shallow and often, near the trees, until they begin to bear,
+when he sows to clover, and mows frequently. Thinks windbreaks are essential,
+and if used would make them of Osage orange or mulberry, not very close
+to trees on north and west sides. Protects from rabbits by wrapping with corn-stalks
+and will try leaving them on this summer as a protection from sun-scald.
+Prunes interlocking limbs to get into shape; believes it beneficial. Believes thinning
+would pay on choice varieties if tree was very full. Believes in using all the
+barn-yard litter possible, especially on poor soil. Never has pastured orchard,
+but might put in horses or sheep. Thinks it would hardly pay. Never has
+sprayed, but believes in it. Digs out borers. Prefers to wholesale fruit in
+orchard.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph C. Rea</span>, Brenner, Doniphan county: Have been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have 4000 trees six to twelve years old. I prefer for commercial
+orchard Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin; add, for family orchard, Minkler. Discarded
+Lawver because it did not bear. I prefer side-hill, clay loam, with a north
+slope. Prefer trees without forks, and plant a little deeper than in the nursery.
+I cultivate with the plow and cultivator until they begin to bear. I plant a
+young orchard to corn, a bearing orchard to clover, and cease cropping when
+they begin to bear. Windbreaks are not essential. I wrap my trees with corn-stalks
+to protect from rabbits. I prune to improve the fruit, and think it beneficial.
+Never dry apples. Think that if Jonathans are planted near other trees
+they are better, bigger, and fuller. Winesap and Chenango Strawberry are varieties
+adjoining mine. Do not fertilize; would not advise its use. Do not pasture
+orchard; not advisable. My trees are troubled with buffalo tree-hopper. I dig
+borers out. I pick by hand and sort from a table. I sort into three classes&mdash;first,
+the fairest and reddest; second, smaller and paler; third, rough and poor.
+I prefer three-bushel barrels to pack in; fill as full as possible, and mark with my
+name. I sell in orchard, also wholesale. Leave culls on ground. My best market
+is home; the buyers come and get them. I store in barrels, and find that
+Minkler and Mammoth Black Twig keep best. I got $1000 for 805 barrels last
+year. I employ young men and boys, and pay $1.25 to $1.50 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eli Hoffman</span>, Donegal, Dickinson county: Have been in Kansas nineteen
+years. Have 500 apple trees, nine years planted, made up of 150 Ben Davis, 150
+Missouri Pippin, 75 Winesap, and 125 of summer and fall varieties. I prefer bottom
+land; don't want hilltop, unless level; don't want any slope; would subsoil
+the year before planting, then plant twenty-four feet apart each way the following
+year. Grow corn or potatoes the first four years, and after that, nothing.
+Cultivate up to nine years old; the disc and corn cultivator are good the first
+years; I keep it as clean as a California orange grove; cease cropping after four
+years. I think windbreaks are necessary, and would make them of a double row
+of mulberries eight feet apart. For rabbits I put wire screen around the trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+I use the pruning-knife and saw to give air. I would not pasture an orchard.
+Have not sprayed, but intend to, with London purple.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. M. Glaspey</span>, Nortonville, Jefferson county: Have lived in Kansas fourteen
+years. Have 700 apple trees from twenty to twenty-five years old. Prefer Ben
+Davis, Missouri Pippin and Winesap for market; and Winesap, Golden Sweet
+and Early Harvest for family use. I prefer bottom land with a north aspect,
+soil suitable for wheat is good for apples; would turn in cattle after the crop is
+gathered, and think it pays. When the bloom falls I spray with London purple.
+I pick in half-bushel baskets and place in large piles in the orchard. I sort into
+three grades; No. 1 is best, which I generally sell to shippers; No. 2 next, which
+I sell in the city to families or to dealers; the culls I peddle out, and also make
+into cider. My best market is Atchison. I shipped once to a commission house
+in Topeka, but it did not pay. I never dry any; sometimes I store for winter in
+bulk in the cellar, and find that Missouri Pippin and Willow Twig keep the best. I
+employ men and boys at seventy-five cents to one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Tucker</span>, Effingham, Atchison county: Has lived in Kansas thirty-eight
+years; has an orchard of 500 trees, 200 of them planted twenty years and
+300 planted six years. Advises for commercial orchard Ben Davis, Gano, and
+Missouri Pippin, and adds to them for family orchard Early Harvest, Maiden's
+Blush, Genneting, and Jonathan. Has discarded Smith's Cider. Prefers rich,
+sandy upland with red clay subsoil, with a northeast slope. He planted vigorous
+four-year-old trees, first plowing, then twice harrowing; then furrow out
+deeply each way thirty feet apart, and set a tree at each crossing. He cultivates
+with ordinary tools from six to eight years, until trees begin to bear, growing corn,
+potatoes or beans in the orchard; then seeds to clover. Believes windbreaks
+essential and makes his of soft maple, ash, and walnut. For rabbits he uses
+Frazer's axle grease, and kills borers with knife. Prunes little until after the
+trees are fifteen years old; prunes only to give shape and keep from being too
+brushy. Uses stable manure and lime as fertilizers and believes it would pay on
+all soils he ever saw. Pastures his old orchard with hogs at certain times of the
+year, and says it pays. Is troubled some with insects, and sprays twice each
+year with London purple. Has not been fully successful. Picks in baskets and
+sacks. Makes two grades&mdash;selects and sound fair size. Packs only in barrels;
+often sells in orchard. For last few years has used a few culls for vinegar, and
+let the rest rot on the ground. Best market is at home. Has tried distant markets
+and made it pay. Never dries any, and for the last six years has stored
+none for winter. Prices have ranged from twenty to forty cents per bushel. Uses
+farm help at seventy-five cents to one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Hanson</span>, Olsburg, Pottawatomie county: Have lived in Kansas thirty
+years; have an orchard of 1500 trees, ten and twelve years old. Use for commercial
+purposes Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin. For family use I add
+Maiden's Blush and Early Harvest. My land is a black loam, in the bottom,
+with an east slope. I plow deep, then list a furrow each way, and plant at the
+crossing. I usually grow millet in the orchard for seven or eight years, and then&mdash;if
+anything&mdash;clover or orchard-grass. I believe windbreaks are essential, and
+would place on the north and west sides Osage orange or mulberry trees. For
+rabbits, I wrap my trees. For the borers, I use whitewash. I do not pasture.
+I have some insects, but have not sprayed. I pick by hand, and sort into two
+classes, according to size and quality. I retail my best in the orchard and elsewhere;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>of the culls I make cider. I store for winter in barrels in the cellar; am
+successful in keeping Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin, losing only about
+one-tenth. Prices have run from twenty cents to one dollar per bushel. For
+picking, I use boys from town.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William J. Henry</span>, Lowemont, Leavenworth county: Been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have 2500 apple trees; 1600 bearing and 900 younger. For market
+varieties I use Ben Davis and Jonathan; for family orchard, Winesap, Rawle's
+Janet, Maiden's Blush, and Early Harvest. I prefer bottom land for Ben Davis
+and hilltop for Jonathan; northeast slope is best. The soil preferred for most
+apples should be clay, while for Ben Davis I prefer black loam. I plant good
+healthy two-year-olds, twenty-four by twenty-four feet on the hill, and thirty by
+thirty feet in the bottom. I have grown root grafts with great success. I cultivate
+in corn for six years, with a diamond and shovel plow, with a single horse,
+and by all means avoid a turning plow. After this I grow weeds or clover, but
+use a mowing-machine. Windbreaks are essential here, and should be made of
+a heavy hedge or forest on the northwest. I wrap with brown paper for mice
+and rabbits. Use a knife on borers, which are the only insects that bother me.
+I prune to shape the tree when young, and to increase the quality of the fruit
+when older; it is beneficial, and pays. Winds in Kansas are more than sufficient
+for thinning purposes, and often thin to excess. I have tried apple trees in blocks
+of a kind, and also mixed, and can see no difference in fertility. I use stable litter,
+rotten straw, etc.; it is next to cultivation. I would always use such on thin
+soil, and on rich soil if it is not cultivated. I turn any and all kinds of stock in
+after gathering the fruit, and think it pays, but I would not allow any live stock
+in a young orchard. I am troubled some with canker-worm, flathead borer, and
+codling-moth. I spray from the shedding of the bloom until of the size of peas,
+using London purple, to perfect the fruit. I believe I have reduced the codling-moth
+some. For picking I use good careful hands, with baskets and ladders.
+We sort on a cull table in the orchard into No. 1 and No. 2. I prefer eleven-peck
+barrels, filled full enough to head without bruising, stencil the end and haul to
+market in a lumber wagon. I often sell in the orchard my best apples in barrels;
+the second grade I often sell in the orchard, too; third grade I peddle;
+culls I make into cider. My best local market is Lowemont; best distant market
+is Denver, Colo. I never dry any. I store in an out cellar covered with dirt, in
+barrels, and find Winesap keeps the best. I lose about one-tenth. Prices for
+the last four years have run from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel. I use the most
+careful men, and pay seventy-five cents and board, or $1.25 without board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. Warden</span>, Leonardville, Riley county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees, from five to sixteen years planted.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin; and for family,
+Maiden's Blush, and some other varieties. I prefer hilltop with black loam and clay
+subsoil, with an eastern slope. I plant two- and three-year-old trees in deep furrows
+thrown out with a plow. I plant my orchard to potatoes and beans for eight
+years, using a cultivator, and cease cropping when the trees shade the ground;
+plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them
+of soft maple, Russian mulberry, or ash, two rows around the orchard, three rods
+from the apple trees. To protect from rabbits, I wrap the trees with stalks and
+straw. I prune my trees with a saw, so that I can get in to pick the fruit. I
+think it beneficial. I never thin the fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard;
+think it has been beneficial, and would advise it on all soils. Do not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+pasture my orchard. Trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar. I spray after the
+apples have formed, with London purple, to kill the insects. After picking my
+apples, I leave them in piles in the orchard until cold weather, when I carry them
+in. Sort into two classes&mdash;cider, and selling; peddle my best apples, and make
+cider of the second and third grades. Clay Center is my best market. Never
+dry any. I store some for winter on shelves eight inches deep, and am successful.
+I find Winesap keeps best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+losing about fifteen per cent. I do not irrigate. Price has been
+seventy-five cents per bushel. I employ men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phillip Lux</span>, Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have an apple orchard of 1200 trees from six to nine years old. For market I
+prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, York Imperial, and Grimes's Golden
+Pippin, and for family would add to the above Benoni, Maiden's Blush, Early
+Harvest, Red June, Duchess of Oldenburg, Early Ripe, and Yellow Transparent.
+Have tried and discarded Willow Twig, Smith's Cider, Kansas Keeper, Wagener,
+Talman Sweet and White Winter Pearmain on account of blight and other good
+reasons. I prefer clay upland and subsoil, with northeast aspect. I use only
+number one two-year-old trees, planted in furrows opened up with a plow, and
+deep enough to receive them without the use of a spade. I plant sixteen by
+thirty-two feet. I cultivate my orchard to corn for four or five years, using a hoe,
+plow, and five-shovel cultivator with one horse; cease cropping after four or five
+years; grow clover and weeds in a bearing orchard, mowing twice a year and let
+lay on the ground. Windbreaks are not absolutely necessary. For rabbits I
+find wood veneers to be best and cheapest; they come in blocks; turn one end to
+the sun or fire to dry; then put on coal-tar and stick this end in the ground. I
+prune a little during the first five years after planting, keeping the heaviest part
+of top to the southwest. It will always pay if judiciously done. I never thin
+my apples while on the trees. Do not pasture the orchard with anything but
+chickens; it pays in eggs. My trees are troubled with roundhead borer, fall
+web-worm, leaf-roller, and canker-worm, and my apples with codling-moth. Have
+not sprayed, but soon intend to, with London purple. I dig borers out with a
+knife. I pick apples in half-bushel baskets; sort into two classes, putting all
+fine, sound and good size in first grade. I pack in three-bushel barrels and send
+to market as soon as ready by railroad. I sometimes sell my apples in the orchard.
+I also wholesale and retail, and sell the second and third grades where I
+can get the most for them; feed the culls to stock or let rot. Have tried distant
+markets and found it paid. Do not dry any.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fayette A. Smith</span>, Belleville, Republic county: I have lived in Kansas
+thirty-one years; have an orchard of 200 apple trees from six to eight years old.
+For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin; and
+for family, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Rawle's Janet. I have tried and discarded
+Cooper's Early White; it is too tender. I prefer two feet of good soil on a
+hill; don't care what is below if drainage is good; think a northern slope best. I
+prefer fresh, vigorous, two-year-old trees with well-formed top, set in land plowed
+for two preceding years in deep furrows both ways; open holes with hoe, then
+tramp dirt well around roots. I cultivate my orchard with corn or potatoes for
+ten or fifteen years, using a small one-horse stirring plow, wrapping the ends of
+the singletree. Cease cropping when the trees get too large. Windbreaks are
+not essential, but think they might be beneficial to some kinds, on the south
+side, to protect from hot winds. Would make them of Russian mulberry or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+willows. Any smell of blood or fresh meat will keep the rabbits off; I do not like
+wrappers, as they harbor vermin. I prune my trees some, cutting out small
+limbs to let in light; think it beneficial. I thin the fruit on my trees by knocking
+them off with a pole, if I can't do better, at any time; it pays when overloaded.
+I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; do not put it close to trees;
+think it beneficial if not too coarse; would advise its use on soils where it will
+not force too rank a growth. I pasture my orchard with growing calves, but do
+not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar,
+flathead borer, and leaf-roller; and my apples with codling-moth and curculio.
+I do not spray; but think it would be beneficial. I pick my apples from
+a common orchard platform ladder. Do not raise any apples for market. Do
+not dry or store any, or irrigate. Prices have been twenty-five to sixty cents in
+the fall, fifty cents to one dollar in the winter. Average about sixty cents
+per bushel for good apples. Dried apples have been five to seven cents per
+pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Cecil</span>, North Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty
+years. Have an apple orchard of 200 trees, six to eight years planted, three to
+four inches in diameter. I prefer for market Winesap, Grimes's Golden Pippin,
+York Imperial, and Missouri Pippin; and for family orchard Red June, Benoni,
+Summer Rambo, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet.
+My orchard is situated on a hill. I prefer mulatto soil, with red subsoil. I prefer
+young, thrifty trees, planted in furrows made with a plow and subsoiler. I plant
+my orchard four to six years with any cultivated crop; if it is corn or potatoes I
+use an ordinary corn cultivator; at other times I use an Acme harrow. I cease
+cropping when the trees begin to bear, and then plant to clover. Windbreaks are
+essential; I would make them of Osage orange, evergreens, or any body of timber,
+placed so remote that the orchard is not deprived of its nourishment. For rabbits
+I wrap the trees, and use potash for borers. I trim my trees while young
+with a knife, to encourage low heads; it pays if done moderately. It pays to thin
+Winesap and Rawle's Janet while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable
+litter; would advise its use on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are
+troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bagworm, flathead borer, buffalo
+tree-hopper, fall web-worm, leaf-miner, and leaf-crumpler; and my apples with
+codling-moth and curculio. I have spayed with Paris green for the above-mentioned
+insects; am satisfied that I have checked them.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James M. Williams</span>, Home, Nemaha county: I have lived in Kansas nearly
+eighteen years. I have 400 apple trees, fifteen years planted, and of good size.
+I prefer bottom land, black soil, with clay and limestone subsoil, sloping a little
+to the south. I prefer to plant good three-year-old trees, twenty-four by thirty
+feet apart; I cultivate all the time with cultivator and harrow. I grow corn in
+the orchard from eight to ten years, and oats after that. I think windbreaks are
+essential, and would make them of native timber, planted south of the orchard.
+I prune with a knife and saw, and believe it makes the fruit larger and better;
+I never thin on the tree. I like to put plenty of stable litter and old straw at the
+roots of the tree in winter. I pasture with hogs after the oats come up; they
+eat all the windfall apples and thus destroy insects. Am troubled some with
+caterpillars, borers, and codling-moth. Have never sprayed any. I pick by
+hand in sacks, from step-ladders, and put in piles. We sort by hand into three
+classes&mdash;No. 1's and No. 2's for market, and No. 3 for the hogs. I sell my best
+by the wagon-load in the orchard; my seconds I sell the same way, but cheaper.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+I never dry any. I store in the cellar, in barrels, for winter sales to winter dealers.
+I find the best keepers are Winesap and Rawle's Janet. Prices in the fall,
+forty cents; in the winter, seventy-five cents. I hire men for help and pay one
+dollar per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. C. Cooper</span>, Morganville, Clay county: I have been in Kansas twenty-eight
+years; have 300 apple trees, planted fifteen and nineteen years. The best
+for commercial purposes are Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Rome
+Beauty; for family use, Red Astrachan, Early Harvest, Grimes's Golden Pippin
+and Winesap. I have tried and discarded Willow Twig; it rots on the tree, and,
+by the time it gets to bearing, dies. The Snow rots on the south side and dies.
+The Keswick Codlin is a good bearer but too short-lived. I prefer side-hill,
+sloping to the north, soil a black loam, without hard-pan or joint clay. I prefer
+trees two years old, limbs two feet from the ground and not too heavy top, set
+thirty-five feet apart, at the junction of furrows run out both ways with a lister.
+I grow nothing in an orchard. Do not cultivate. I simply keep down the
+weeds, and let the tree take care of itself. I don't think the roots should be
+troubled in Kansas. I believe windbreaks are essential; and would put them of
+box-elder on the north and west of the orchard. For protection against rabbits,
+when you first set your tree take a good handful of slough-grass long
+enough to reach to the first limb, tie at the top, in the middle, and bottom, and
+leave it on till it rots off; neither rabbits, borers nor sun-scald will trouble a tree
+thus covered. Cut out watersprouts; but never cut off a limb without good
+reason. Put stable litter around your trees in a circle for the first three years.
+Never pasture the orchard. Am troubled with some insects, and have never
+sprayed but four trees as an experiment; the apples did not rot or fall off. We
+pick by hand from a ladder, and sort and place in piles in the cellar, each kind
+by itself. I market my best apples at home, selling some in the orchard; the
+culls I make into vinegar. I store some for winter in bulk in a cellar cave, and
+find that the Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep the best. I pay fifty cents per
+day for help.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Wilcox</span>, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-five
+years; have 4000 trees seventeen years planted. Prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin
+and Ben Davis for market, and would add Grimes's Golden Pippin, and
+Jonathan for family orchard. Have tried and discarded many varieties. I prefer
+a black loam, with clay subsoil, on a northern slope. I cultivate for six or
+eight years in corn, and then seed to clover. Do not think windbreaks are a necessity.
+I pasture my orchard with horses and cattle; don't think it advisable,
+and don't think it pays. I am troubled with canker-worm and round-headed
+borers. I spray with Paris green for canker-worm, and dig borers out with the
+knife. I sell my best fruit at wholesale, often in the orchard. With the poorest
+culls I do nothing. I find my best market right at home. Prices have ranged
+from seventy-five cents to two dollars per barrel. I pay three cents per bushel
+for gathering.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. A. Wise</span>, Reserve, Brown county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-nine
+years. Have an orchard of 22,000 apple trees; 150 are eighteen years old, the
+rest are twenty-four years old. I have the Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, York
+Imperial, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin, and for my own use add to the above
+Grimes's Golden, and some summer varieties. I have tried and discarded Willow
+Twig as short-lived, and Northern Spy for shy bearing. In this county I would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+choose upland, northern slope, with black loam soil. Would plant two-year-old,
+sound trees, without fork, thirty-three feet apart each way, and three inches
+deeper than they grew in the nursery. I cultivate thoroughly, planting to corn
+from six to eight years. I use a disc harrow and one-horse, five-tooth cultivator;
+I then sow to red clover, and cease cropping when the limbs reach out far enough
+to prevent me passing through with the hay-rack. While I would not object to a
+windbreak on the south side, I do not think it necessary. I wrap my trees with
+grass and am not bothered with rabbits. I believe in pruning trees while young;
+I cut off limbs that do not stand at an angle of forty-five degrees, and thin out
+to prevent being top-heavy. I have never thinned apples on the trees, but believe
+it would pay. I fertilize the ground all over with stable litter. I believe it does
+no harm and pays to pasture the orchard with hogs. I have never sprayed any.
+I pick apples by hand from a step-ladder into half-bushel measures, and sort into
+three grades&mdash;first, sound, and not wormy; second, may be wormy, but otherwise
+sound; third, cider. I pack in barrels, and sell at wholesale, usually in the
+orchard. I sell the second-grade apples in bulk; make culls into cider and feed
+to horses and cattle. Never have tried a distant market. Never dried any.
+Sometimes store a few for winter in bulk in a cave; not satisfactory. Find that
+the Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best. Some years apples keep better than
+they do others. Have never tried irrigation. Prices have varied from sixty cents
+to $1.25 per barrel. I use all kinds of help, paying from seventy-five cents to one
+dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. M. Rice</span>, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have resided in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of 8000 trees&mdash;5000 one year planted, 500
+five years planted, 1000 seven years planted, 500 nine years planted, 1000 ten
+years planted. Planted for commercial purpose Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, and for family use advise Winesap, Grimes's Golden
+Pippin, Jonathan, Red June, Rawle's Janet, and Romanite. Declare Golden
+Russet and Sops of Wine no good. Use upland; prefer north or northeast slope;
+any good corn land will do. Plant good, thrifty two-year-old trees, eighteen feet
+apart north and south, and thirty-four feet apart east and west. Am trying
+5000 root grafts. Cultivate with five-tooth cultivator with twenty-inch singletree,
+and a mule; up to bearing age, with corn and potatoes as a ground crop;
+after that seed to clover. Do not think windbreaks essential for large orchards;
+would advise three rows of soft maples around small orchards. Use against rabbits
+a wash of equal parts carbolic acid and water. It pays to remove watersprouts.
+Use all the barn-yard litter available. Pasture with horses and colts
+in winter only; it pays. Spray from the time the leaves appear until the apples
+are as big as hickory-nuts, to kill canker-worm, codling-moth, and leaf-crumpler.
+For borers, wash trees about June 1 with equal parts carbolic acid and water,
+and if any get in after that dig them out with a knife. Sort into firsts, seconds,
+and culls. Use barrels well shaken and pressed, marked with variety and name
+of grower. Usually wholesale as soon as picked. Make culls into vinegar when
+I cannot sell them in bulk. Never dried any, and put none away for winter except
+a few in boxes for family use. Find that Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet
+and Romanite keep the best. Prices run from $1.50 to $3 per barrel. Use men,
+women, and boys, and pay 1<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> to 2 cents per bushel for hand picking.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. C. Riggs</span>, Wetmore, Nemaha county: Has lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; has an orchard of 400 trees, set from two to twenty years. Advises for
+market Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and for family use adds Cooper's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+Early White, Red June, and Jonathan. Has discarded Willow Twig and White
+Winter Pearmain, because both "rot on the trees." Prefers porous clay or loam
+in dry bottom, with north aspect. Plants two-year-old, low-top, fibrous-rooted
+trees with a spade, after marking out both ways with a plow. Grows corn and
+potatoes in orchard, and cultivates up to eight or ten years with double-shovel
+plow. Would put windbreaks of cottonwood or soft maple on southern exposure.
+Protects from rabbits by wrapping. Prunes with saw and chisel, and says it pays.
+Uses well-rotted stable litter while orchard is young. Thinks cautious pasturing
+with hogs or young calves would pay. Is troubled with some insects, but does not
+spray. Picks and sorts into three classes: "Winter storage," "immediate use,"
+and "cider apples." Sells mostly in orchard. Dries only for family use. Stores
+in bulk, and finds that Ben Davis keeps best. Says that his trees that got the
+waste water from the well were much benefited. Price, about seventy-five cents
+per barrel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. S. Taylor</span>, Eskridge, Wabaunsee county: Have been in Kansas thirty-two
+years; have 1100 trees planted eleven years, that are now thirty-two inches in circumference.
+I prefer for market Ben Davis, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and York
+Imperial, and for family use would advise Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin,
+Winesap, and York Imperial. Have discarded Rawle's Janet, Cooper's Early
+White, and Smith's Cider, also Winesap as a market apple. Prefer a deep, sandy
+loam, with clay subsoil, bottom or slope land, with northeast aspect. Plant thrifty,
+medium-sized, three-year-old trees twenty feet apart north and south, and forty
+feet east and west. I cultivate for six years in corn and potatoes; then sow to
+clover, plowing this under every third or fourth year, using the Acme harrow run
+shallow. I believe windbreaks are beneficial, and would prefer two rows of white
+elms mismatched. I wrap the trunks of trees, for protection against rabbits.
+I believe in pruning out all watersprouts and crossing branches; it facilitates
+gathering and the fruit colors better. I have tried thinning on Missouri Pippins,
+Winesaps, and Romanites, knocking them off with a pitchfork. I believe in
+fertilizing orchards on all prairie soils with barn-yard litter. I pasture my
+orchard when the trees are vigorous and the soil not wet, with calves and pigs; I
+believe it pays if done with moderation. I spray after the petals fall, using Paris
+green for codling-moth, and believe I have reduced them. For borers I use a
+knife and wire. I pick by hand in half-bushel baskets and sort into three classes:
+perfect, medium size, and culls. We sort from bins in a light, airy shed, and pack
+carefully by hand into standard barrels, marked firsts and seconds, and haul to
+market on springs. I sell my second grade fruit to western wagoners; we feed
+culls to hogs and cows. We do best in our home market. For winter we store
+in bins in the cellar, and are usually successful. Prices have ranged from fifty
+cents to one dollar. For help I employ only my three sons, and give them an
+interest in the proceeds.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Arbuthnot</span>, Cuba, Republic county: Have been in Kansas thirty
+years. Have 6000 apple trees nine years old. I prefer two-year-old trees, five to
+six feet tall, planted after a lister run as deep as possible. I cultivate with the
+plow and disc, growing corn in the orchard for six or seven years; after that nothing.
+I believe in windbreaks. I prune a little. Never thin the fruit. Do not
+use any fertilizer on the ground, and never pasture the orchard. I do not spray,
+but use a torch every evening to burn the insects; one torch will draw the insects
+about 300 feet, and we think this better than spraying. [Such lights are liable to
+destroy as many beneficial as noxious insects.] I sell to wagons, as there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+sufficient demand here from the western counties to take in that way all that I
+have to spare. Have never dried any, nor stored any for winter. I do not irrigate.
+Prices have been, twenty-five cents for culls, and forty to fifty cents per bushel
+for everything else. My orchard is only commencing to bear fruit on all the trees.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elbridge Chase</span>, Padonia, Brown county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-nine
+years. Have 2800 apple trees thirteen years old, running from five to eight
+inches in diameter, made up of equal numbers of Ben Davis, Jonathan, Winesap,
+and Rawle's Janet. I would discard the latter. I prefer hilltop with deep
+vegetable or sandy loam. My trees are doing best on an eastern slope. I plant
+thrifty four-year-olds. I believe in cultivation with the plow and disc harrow
+until the trees shade the ground so that weeds cannot grow much. I grow corn
+for a few years, then clover for two years, after that no crop whatever. Have
+no use for windbreaks, and use lath two feet long stuck in the ground around
+the trees to protect from rabbits. I prune with a saw, knife, and shears, to keep
+the trees in good shape and not too brushy, and believe it pays. I do not believe
+it would pay to thin apples on the tree. I would not pasture my orchard. I do
+not spray. I gather in sacks hung over the shoulder, as for sowing grain. Sort
+into two classes, packed into three-bushel barrels, pressed in and marked with
+the name of the variety. I sell at wholesale, but never have sold in the orchard.
+Minneapolis, Minn., has been my best market. We use part of the culls for
+cider. Never dried any. Do not store any for winter, and do not irrigate.
+Prices have ranged at from one dollar to two dollars per bushel. I use men and
+boys, and pay from two to three cents per bushel for fruit left in baskets at foot
+of trees. For other work than picking I pay $1.25 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Bateman</span>, Holton, Jackson county: Have lived in Kansas forty years.
+Have 900 apple trees; 200 have been planted twenty-five years, 700 have been
+planted four years. Have made more money out of Ben Davis than any other.
+For family use my choice is White Winter Pearmain and Rawle's Janet. I have
+tried and discarded Dominie and Winesap. I prefer hilltop, with northeast
+slope, and a deep, friable soil; hard clay is not good. I would plant two- or
+three-year-olds, in a deep furrow, preferably subsoiled. Would cultivate as long
+as it don't cut the roots, with a two-horse cultivator, and would grow corn four
+or five years, then seed to clover. I believe windbreaks are very beneficial;
+would make them of walnut or maple. Osage orange is fairly good; all may be
+raised from young trees or seed. I wrap young trees in the fall with paper to
+protect from rabbits. I prune with the knife to prevent friction. Never tried
+thinning on the trees; believe it would be beneficial. Fertilizers make the trees
+thriftier, but cause the roots to run nearer the surface; consequently the trees
+suffer more in drought. I have pastured to a limited extent with calves and
+horses; hogs injure the trees. The worst insects I have are the flat-headed
+borer, which I cut out, and the curculio. Have never sprayed, but think I will.
+We pick from a ladder into pails or baskets and sort into two classes; we pick
+the best from the trees, and shake the others to the ground. I sometimes sell
+in the orchard; I wholesale when I can, but sell more to the buyers at the railroad
+station. I make some cider, and feed the balance of the culls to hogs. Our
+best markets are the apple buyers at Holton. Have never shipped any or dried
+any. I store only for home use, in boxes in my cellar, and find that Rawle's
+Janet and Romanite are the best keepers. I use farm hands at from seventeen
+dollars to twenty dollars per month.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Graves</span>, Day, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-one
+years. Have an orchard of 6025 trees; 25 of these have been planted twenty
+years, 400 seventeen years, 1200 ten years, 400 seven years, 4000 two years. For
+market I grow Winesap and Ben Davis. For family use I add Missouri Pippin,
+Snow, and Early Harvest. Winesap best of all. I prefer hilltop, as the gophers
+are bad on the bottom. I prefer a black soil with lots of gravel and small stones
+in it. Believe that north and east slopes are best. I plant two-year-old trees
+with short bodies, twenty-five feet apart each way. I cultivate with corn for
+about ten years, using the stirring plow and cultivator. I believe windbreaks
+are essential, and would use four rows of cherry trees set close together, or a row
+of hedge or box-elder, mainly on the south; some on the north. For protection
+from rabbits I tie corn-stalks around the trees, and keep them on for three or
+four years, winter and summer. I prune some with the pocket-knife and saw.
+I do not thin the fruit unless I think the limbs are going to break. I would use
+no fertilizer unless the soil is very poor. Never pasture the orchard. I sprayed
+one year with London purple, using a barrel with a pump in it. I could not see
+that it did any good, so I let them go. I pick in buckets from a step-ladder.
+People come from the west with wagons and take the apples right out of the
+orchard, and they don't sort much. I make some culls into cider and let the
+rest lay under the trees and rot. The price last year was seventy-five cents per
+bushel, and the year before thirty-five cents. I store a few for winter in thin
+layers, one above another, in a rack in the cellar, and am successful. Winesaps
+keep the best. For picking I use good careful men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Godfrey Fine</span>, Maxson, Osage county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-nine
+years. I have 700 trees planted, five, ten and twenty-seven years. For market
+I use Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis; for family use I plant Early Harvest,
+Maiden's Blush, Lowell and Jonathan for summer, and Missouri Pippin and
+Winesap for winter. If I were putting out now I would only plant Missouri Pippin
+and Winesap. I prefer bottom, and such soil as has formerly been brush and
+timber land. A part of my orchard slopes a little to the south. I plant thrifty
+two-year-olds, with the top leaning to the southwest. I cultivate until they begin
+bearing; the plow is as good a tool as any, but care must be taken not to
+injure the roots. The best crop is buckwheat or potatoes; I have had strawberries
+and blackberries in the orchard, but do not consider it best; I cease cropping
+after they come into bearing. I believe in windbreaks; I do not know what
+would be best; mine is protected by natural forest-trees and Osage-orange hedge.
+To protect from borers, I use a wash with lye or strong soap-suds. I tie corn-stalks
+around young trees to protect from rabbits. I believe it pays to prune
+with the saw to improve the quality of the fruit. I think stable litter is good
+for old orchards, but should not be put close up around the body of the tree. I
+should pasture very little, as stock of all kinds destroy the trees and injure the
+fruit. I have sprayed little, but cannot say much about it. I pick by hand, and
+do not pack at all, as those that I do not find a market for here at home I sell to
+shippers. I sell many in the orchard, and when there is a full crop I sell to shippers
+and they grade and mark them. I sell culls for cider when there is a call
+for them. I tried drying, but did not find it profitable. I do not store any apples
+for winter, as I have no good place. Prices per bushel have ranged from
+twenty-five to fifty-five cents. I use men for help, and pay seventy-five cents per
+day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse Wolverton</span>, Barnes, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-three years; have an apple orchard of 6000 trees, five to twenty-one years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+planted. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap,
+Rawle's Janet, and Jonathan, and for family orchard would add Early
+Harvest, Oldenburg, and Smith Cider. Have tried and discarded Willow Twig,
+Lawver, Talman's Sweeting, Stark, Wagener, Missouri Superior and Red Astrachan
+on account of blight and shy bearing. I prefer hilltop or bottom with a
+porous subsoil which is reasonably rich. My trees planted on hard-pan are dying.
+I prefer two-year-old, straight, thrifty trees, planted in land prepared as for corn.
+I cultivate my orchard to corn (once to broom-corn) as long as the corn does well,
+using a double shovel and a twelve-inch plow. I sow bearing orchard to oats,
+one bushel to the acre, and let stand. Cease cropping after seven or eight years.
+To protect the trees from rabbits I wrap with long grass. I prune some to form
+heads two or three feet from the ground, and cut all watersprouts with a knife;
+but do little of this until the trees are twelve years planted. Have thinned
+apples on trees; it does not pay. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize
+my orchard with all the barn-yard litter I can get, and think it beneficial. A
+neighbor fertilizes his orchard very heavily and receives splendid crops. I
+pasture six acres of my orchard with hogs; they keep it well cultivated; have
+not thought it an injury yet. No orchard ought to be seeded to grass in this
+county. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, and leaf-crumpler;
+my apples with codling-moth and gouger. I sprayed twice last year
+with London purple, one or two pounds [?] to a barrel of water, before and
+after they blossomed; it was an utter failure. When the worms appeared I increased
+the amount to three pounds to the barrel, without any effect. [This
+must have been poor London purple.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sec.</span>] I gather my apples in sacks with a
+hoop in the open end; then put on the sorting table, using bushel boxes and a
+wagon with a plank platform to haul them on. I sort into three classes: firsts,
+seconds, and culls. Sell firsts in orchard to Ryan &amp; Richardson; sell second and
+third grades to teams. Make cider of the culls and those we cannot sell. My
+best markets are north and northwest. I never dry any. I store from 5 to 700
+bushels in a basement under granary, and am fairly successful; find Ben Davis
+and Rawle's Janet keep best. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five
+to seventy-five cents per bushel. I employ men, and pay from fifty cents to
+one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theodore Olsen</span>, Green, Clay county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have an apple orchard of 200 trees, fifteen feet high, eighteen years old. I prefer
+for commercial purposes Ben Davis and Winesap, on second bottom, black soil,
+with a northeast slope. I plant three-year-old trees, not very deep, and cultivate
+my orchard to corn, using a cultivator run very shallow every year, and cease
+cropping when they begin to bear; then plant nothing. Windbreaks are essential
+here; I have trees planted around my orchard. I protect from rabbits by
+wrapping the trees with corn-stalks. I never prune, and do not thin the fruit on
+the trees. I fertilize my orchard with straw, and would advise its use on all
+soils. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with flathead borers
+and leaf-crumplers, and my apples by gouger. I spray with Paris green in June;
+have not reduced the codling-moth. Pick my apples; sort into two classes, pack
+in bushel boxes, sell in the orchard, also retail; I make cider of culls. My best
+market is Green. I never dry any. I store some in boxes in a cellar, and am fairly
+successful; I find Ben Davis keeps best. We have to repack stored apples before
+marketing, losing about ten per cent. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from
+twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harry L. Brown</span>, Muscotah, Atchison county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-two years. Have an apple orchard of 150 trees, ten to twenty-five years
+old. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and
+Grimes's Golden Pippin; and for family orchard Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest,
+Red June, Smith's Cider, and Rambo. I prefer hilltop, with a deep, sandy loam,
+and a gravel subsoil, northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old, straight, thrifty
+trees, carefully set, 30�35 feet. I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes, beans and
+garden-truck for ten or twelve years, using a one-horse cultivator between the
+rows and around the trees, and cease cropping after twelve or fifteen years; plant
+strawberries or small fruits in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of two rows of evergreens planted around the orchard. I trap
+the rabbits, and wash and cut out the borers. I prune to thin and keep the tree
+in shape; think it beneficial, and that it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on
+the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with horse- and
+cow-stable litter; think it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils,
+unless very rich. I pasture my orchard with nothing but chickens; it is not advisable;
+does not pay. My trees are troubled with flathead and twig-borers, leaf-rollers
+and crumplers; and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I do not
+spray. I pick my apples from ladders into baskets and sacks, and sort, as I gather
+them, into three classes: perfectly sound, second best, and culls. I pack in baskets
+and boxes. I retail and peddle my apples; feed the culls to stock. My best
+markets are near-by towns; never tried distant markets. We sun-dry some, and
+pack in sacks and boxes; we find a ready market for them; it pays. Am successful
+in storing apples for home use in boxes and bins in a cellar, and find Ben Davis,
+Winesap, Rawle's Janet and Smith's Cider keep the best. I have to repack
+stored apples before marketing. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from forty
+to fifty cents per bushel, and dried apples five cents per pound. I pay men
+eighteen to twenty dollars per month, or one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. W. Wilcox</span>, Corning, Nemaha county: I have resided in the state twenty-three
+years; have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees, all sizes and ages. For
+market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Wealthy. I prefer a dark, loose soil, on
+a hillside with a north and east slope. I prefer good, healthy three-year-old
+trees, set in holes dug two feet deep and three feet across. I plant my orchard
+to sweet corn, using a cultivator, and cease cropping when I think necessary and
+seed down to red clover. Windbreaks are essential&mdash;would make them of Osage
+orange. I prune my trees with a saw to give shape; I think it pays. I do not
+thin the fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with rotten stable litter,
+but would not advise its use on all soils. I pasture my orchard with horses, and
+think it advisable, and that it pays. My trees are troubled with canker-worms,
+tent-caterpillar and flathead borer. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand
+in pails. Sort into three classes&mdash;first, second, and cast out. I do not dry any.
+I store a few for winter market. I do not irrigate.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Anderson</span>, Leonardville, Riley county. I have lived in Kansas seventeen
+years; have an apple orchard of 200 trees from one to sixteen years old, four
+to sixteen feet high. For market I prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan,
+and Ben Davis, and for a family orchard Early Harvest, Missouri Pippin, Winesap,
+Jonathan, and Ben Davis. I prefer bottom land with black loam and clay
+subsoil, with a southern slope. When setting trees, I dig holes four feet in diameter
+and three feet deep; put black loam in the bottom for the roots. I plant
+my orchard to potatoes for three or four years, using a plow. I cease cropping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+at the end of this time, and mow, and leave everything on the ground. Sow red
+or white clover in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential on the north and
+south sides of the orchard; would make them of maple, cottonwood, or Osage
+orange. I have Osage orange on the north and a creek with native timber on
+the south. For rabbits I wrap the trees. When I see a black spot on a tree I
+hunt for and dig borers out. I prune off all the interfering branches and watersprouts.
+I do this for fruit; it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees.
+I keep the varieties together when planting. I fertilize my orchard by putting
+stable litter a foot thick on the north side, which is the highest, and when it
+rains the liquid from it runs all the way down and fertilizes the trees. I
+think it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my
+orchard. It is not advisable, and does not pay. My trees are troubled with
+canker-worm, and my apples with codling-moth. I have sprayed with all the
+sprays recommended, and think I have reduced the codling-moth a little. I pick
+my apples by hand from a step-ladder, and sort into two classes&mdash;sound, wormy
+and windfalls. Put the sound ones in the cellar; make cider of the others. I
+sell apples in the orchard, mostly at retail. They sell the best in town in the
+winter. My best market is in towns west of here. I have tried distant markets,
+but it did not pay. I do not dry any. I store a few apples in boxes, barrels, and
+bulk, in a cellar. Those that keep best are Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis,
+and Jonathan. Have to repack stored apples before marketing; lose about ten
+per cent. The average price has been fifty cents per bushel. I employ men at
+twenty dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. A. Schermerhorn</span>, Ogden, Riley county: I have lived in the state thirty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of 4000 trees from twelve to thirty-seven
+years old. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan;
+and for a family orchard Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Missouri Pippin, Maiden's
+Blush, and Early Harvest. I have tried and discarded Willow Twig and
+Smith's Cider on account of blight; and McAfee, Snow and Lawver on account
+of shy bearing. I prefer rolling land having a clay loam and clay subsoil. I
+prefer two-year-old trees, with heads twenty inches from the ground, set in the
+spring, about two rods apart. I cultivate all the time, even in bearing orchards,
+using an Acme harrow, planting corn; cease cropping after four years; put nothing
+in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are not essential if the orchard is large. For
+rabbits I wrap the trees. I dig borers out with a knife. I prune my trees, and
+think it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are planted
+in blocks&mdash;800 Ben Davis in one and 700 Missouri Pippins in another; all bear
+well. I fertilize my orchard some, but not much. I think it would be beneficial
+on poor soil, but would not advise it on all soils. I pasture my orchard with
+horses after the fruit is gathered; can't see any harm. My trees are troubled
+with canker-worm and root aphis, and my apples with codling-moth. I spray as
+soon as the bloom falls, and two or three times afterward, with arsenic, for insects.
+Think I have reduced the codling-moth. I wash young trees twice during the
+summer season with diluted soft soap for borers. Pick my apples by hand, and
+sort into two classes. I pack in the standard apple barrel, fill with a head press,
+mark with variety and grade, and haul to depot on wagon. I sometimes sell
+apples in the orchard by the wagon-load. I ship my best apples, and sell the
+culls for what I can get. My best market is west. Have tried distant markets
+and found it paid. I do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in barrels;
+Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin keep best. I do not irrigate. Prices last
+fall were two dollars per barrel or fifty cents per bushel to wagoners. I employ
+men at one dollar per day and board.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Chandler</span>, Argentine, Wyandotte county. Have lived in the state twenty-two
+years; have an apple orchard of 400 trees from one to nine years old. For
+market I prefer Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and York Imperial;
+and for family orchard Huntsman's Favorite, Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan.
+Have tried and discarded Grimes's Golden Pippin and Smith's Cider on
+account of blight. I prefer hilltop, with a clay soil and a light subsoil, and an
+east slope, as it will get the morning sun and no southwest winds. I prefer two-year-old
+trees five to six feet high, well branched, set twenty-eight by thirty feet;
+I also have some twenty by thirty feet. I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes,
+tomatoes and cabbage for seven years, using a cultivator and harrow (I like the
+Acme and spading harrow). Cease cropping after seven years; plant bearing
+orchard to blackberries and raspberries, but this is not advisable; clover or cow-peas
+are better. Windbreaks are essential on the prairie; would make them of
+a double row of Osage orange or evergreens, on the south and west. For rabbits
+I wrap the trees with paper or veneering, and for borers I mound the tree up.
+I prune a little with my pocket-knife to remove dead and crossed limbs; it does
+not pay to saw and chop. I thin my fruit by hand when the crop is heavy, not
+later than July 15. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with
+ashes and bone-meal; both are beneficial, but not necessary in good potash soils.</p>
+
+<p>I pasture my orchard with six-months-old pigs&mdash;think it advisable in an orchard
+that is over four years old. My trees are troubled with canker-worms,
+round- and flathead borers and tent-caterpillar, and my trees with codling-moth,
+curculio, and gouger. I spray with London purple and Paris green, using a
+hand pump. For borers I wash the trees with whale-oil soap, carbolic acid, and
+sulphur, and then mound the trees up. I pick my apples in baskets, from a
+ladder wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, and leave the apples in the
+orchard four to six weeks, then sort into three classes, from a padded table 5�12
+feet, sloping; pack into twelve-peck barrels, mark with variety, and haul to market
+on a spring wagon. Sometimes I sell apples in the orchard at retail; pack
+my best apples in one-peck baskets for stand trade, my second grade in barrels.
+Feed the culls to the hogs; cider does not pay. My best market is Kansas City.
+Have tried distant markets, but it did not pay&mdash;too great freight and commission
+charges. I am successful in storing apples in barrels in an earth cave five
+feet deep, earth sides and roof; keep it open when not freezing; apples can be
+stored in bulk by leaving a space of six inches at the sides and bottom. Jonathan
+and Gano keep best. I have tried artificial cold storage and lost fifteen per cent.
+of my apples. I found it too expensive and unreliable. I have to repack the
+stored apples before marketing, and lose from fifteen to forty per cent. of them.
+I do not irrigate. Prices have been: Jonathan, $3 to $5 per barrel; Ben Davis,
+$2.25 to $3 per barrel. I employ men mostly, at from $1 to $1.25 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen Stout</span>, Axtell, Marshall county: I have lived in the state nineteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 800 trees twelve to fifteen years old. For market
+I prefer Winesap, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Cooper's Early White,
+Duchess of Oldenburg, and Huntsman's Favorite; and for family orchard, the
+first five varieties mentioned. Have tried and discarded Willow Twig and White
+Winter Pearmain, because the trees are not healthy. I prefer hilltop, with a
+black loam, and a clay subsoil having a reddish color, and a northeast slope. I
+prefer two-year-old, low-head, heavy, stocky trees, set in big holes, leaning the
+tree a little to the southwest; fill the hole half full, and then pour in a pail of
+water and fill up with earth. I have always plowed and cultivated my orchard,
+but I will have to quit soon, as the trees are getting too large. I use a stirring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+plow, spring-tooth cultivator, and a harrow. Plant corn in a young orchard, and
+leave the stalks standing all winter; cease cropping after ten or twelve years;
+grow great big weeds in a bearing orchard, and plow them under in July. Windbreaks
+are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard; would make by
+planting Osage orange seed very thick, and tend well for three years. For rabbits
+I paint the trees with a mixture of sulphur, soap and lard the first fall after
+planting, then every alternate year for three or four times; it will also keep off
+insects, mice, and bark-louse, and the trees will be slick and smooth, with no
+place for insects to harbor. I prune very little; keep out watersprouts, and let
+the sun into the top. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are in mixed plantings, but cannot see any benefit from it. I fertilize
+my orchard by plowing under the green weeds. I think a vegetable mold is what
+the trees require; think it beneficial, and would advise it on all soils. I pasture
+my orchard in the spring with sows and pigs; think it advisable, and that it pays.
+Codling-moth troubles my apples. I spray right after the blossom falls, and a
+few days later, with London purple, for the codling-moth, and we are getting
+away with him. For borers and other insects I allow the birds in the orchard,
+and do not allow the boys to go in with guns, or disturb them at all. I pick my
+apples by hand from a step-ladder, and pile them under the tree. I sort in two
+classes from a long, wide, sloping board with sides. I pack in barrels from the
+piles in the orchard. Wagons come from the west and buy the apples from the
+orchard at wholesale; sell the second grade to apple peddlers; make cider for
+vinegar of the culls. My best market is at home; never have tried distant markets.
+Do not dry any. I store apples for our own use, and have apples the year
+round. The Little Romanite keeps best. I do not irrigate. Apples wholesale
+at twenty-five cents per bushel in the orchard. I employ men at $1.25 per day.</p>
+
+<p>I had twenty-four very fine Siberian crabs&mdash;Hyslop, Transparent, and Whitney.
+They were affected with blight. Nearly all of the Siberian trees were dead
+from the effects of it, and one day, while in the orchard watching the movements
+of the birds and boys, I saw a striped woodpecker fly to one of the trees, and he
+found what he supposed to be a grub, but when he got through the bark he was
+very much disappointed, wiped his bill, and flew to another tree, where he continued
+to wipe and clean his bill; so I went to the tree mentioned, and found the bark
+very loose and sour where he had punctured it. I compared the smell and taste
+with the blighted twigs and found them the same. I cut the bark that was
+loose from the tree, and found the rapid growth of the bark and the flow of the
+sap had bursted the bark from the wood, and this sap had soured and been taken
+up by the other sap and poisoned the ends of the new growth; hence, it blighted.
+It was sap poison, like blood poison. I then used the knife freely, splitting the
+body and limbs. I saved twenty out of twenty-four of the trees. I then
+went over the orchard and cured all the trees in one season; never been bothered
+since. The woodpecker taught me a lesson, and I relate it to show the
+value of birds in the orchard.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. C. Moore</span>, Wanamaker, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-three
+years; have an apple orchard of 400 trees, from twelve to seventeen years
+old. For market I prefer Winesap, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis;
+and for a family orchard Red Astrachan, Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Smokehouse,
+and Winesap. Have tried and discarded Tulpehocken; it rots on the tree
+and will not keep. I prefer bottom land, with sandy loam and clay subsoil, and a
+north slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, with full top and roots, set fifteen inches
+deep, in furrows checked with the plow; plant where furrows cross. I plant my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+orchard to corn eight years, using a plow, harrow, and cultivator; cease cropping
+at the end of this time and seed to clover. Windbreaks are essential on the
+south; would make them of Osage orange fifteen rods distant, to protect the
+orchard from the hard and hot south winds. For rabbits I wrap the young trees
+with paper. I prune my trees after they are eight years old, with the saw, to give
+light and thin the top. I think it beneficial. I do not thin my apples; enough
+fall off. I fertilize my orchard by mowing the clover, and think it beneficial to
+young trees, and would advise the use of clover fertilization on all soils. I do not
+pasture my orchard; is not advisable. My trees are troubled with borers, and
+my apples with some insect that stings them and causes them to fall off. I do
+not spray. I pick my apples by hand with care. Sort into two classes, pack in
+barrels, in layers, by hand, mark with variety, and haul to shipping place or market
+in lumber wagon. I wholesale my best apples; make vinegar of the second
+and third grades and culls. Topeka is my best market; never tried distant markets.
+I do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in barrels in a cellar;
+I also bury some. I find Romanite keeps best. I have to repack stored apples
+before marketing, losing about one-eighth of them. I do not irrigate. Price has
+been fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Buckman</span>, Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in the state
+twenty-nine years. Have an apple orchard of 1300 trees from six to twenty-seven
+years old. For market I prefer Ben Davis and Jonathan; and for family orchard
+Rare Ripe, Maiden's Blush, and Winesap. I prefer black soil with a porous
+subsoil, and a northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old, small-size trees, with good
+roots, set in holes dug with spade in well-cultivated ground. I cultivate my
+orchard six years with a five-tooth cultivator; plant corn in a young orchard,
+and cease cropping when six years old, and sow clover in the bearing orchard.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Osage orange, by setting the
+plants twelve inches apart. For the rabbits I use traps and wrap the young
+trees with corn-stalks. I dig the borers out with a knife. I prune to remove
+crossed limbs and to keep the tree well balanced; I think it pays. I do not thin
+the fruit while on the trees. I do not fertilize my orchard, but think it would
+be beneficial on all soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs, but do not think it
+advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with roundhead borers, and
+my apples with codling-moth and tree-cricket. I spray, after the blossom falls,
+with London purple. Pick apples into a sack over the shoulder from a slide
+ladder; sort under the tree, and put the best in crates made to hold one bushel
+level full; we let them remain in the shade of the tree until danger of freezing;
+then sort and store in the cellar, one box on top of another. I sell apples in the
+orchard, wholesale and retail to customers in Topeka; make cider of the second
+and third grades, and give the culls to hogs. Topeka is my best market. Have
+tried distant markets, but they do not always pay. I do not dry any. I am successful
+in storing apples in bushel crates. I find Rawle's Janet and Winesap
+keep best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing about one-fifth
+of them. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from thirty cents to one
+dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Sanders</span>, Broughton, Clay county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of 400 trees, three to ten inches in diameter. For
+market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Red Astrachan;
+and for family orchard Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. I prefer
+bottom land having a sandy subsoil, and a southeast slope. I prefer two-year-old,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>low-headed trees. In the spring I open deep furrows both ways with a
+plow, and plant the trees at the cross, fill the hole with good soil. I cultivate my
+orchard for six or eight years, using a common plow till four years old, then use
+a shovel plow, and plant early corn, potatoes, etc., in the young orchard; cease
+cropping after six or eight years; plant nothing in a bearing orchard, but keep
+up shallow cultivating with a disc or plow. Windbreaks are essential; I would
+make them of three rows of box-elder or Osage orange. I prune with a small
+saw or knife, to thin the top. I fertilize my orchard with yard litter and ashes,
+scattering it all over the ground; would advise it on all soils. I have pastured
+my orchard with hogs, but have quit it. I now pasture with cows; I tie their
+heads down, but do not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled
+with tent-caterpillar, bud moth, and twig-borers, and my apples with codling-moth.
+I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand in a basket, and sort into two
+classes. Sell my apples to storekeepers and Indians; make cider and vinegar,
+and give away the second and third grades; feed the culls to the hogs and cattle.
+My best market is at home; never tried distant markets. Don't dry any. I
+have stored apples in boxes and barrels, and find Ben Davis and Winesap keep
+best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing one-third to one-half
+of them. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty cents to one dollar
+per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Reed</span>, Oak Hill, Clay county: I have resided in the state twenty years;
+have an apple orchard of 100 trees six years old. For market I prefer Ben Davis
+and Winesap; and for family orchard add Jonathan and a few early varieties.
+I prefer low land with a porous subsoil, and a northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old
+trees with branches one foot from the ground. When setting I dig big holes
+and loosen up the subsoil about a foot. I find this gives the best satisfaction.
+I have always cultivated my orchard, and intend to do so three or four years
+longer; I plow twice a year&mdash;in spring, and the middle of June; I keep the
+ground well stirred. I planted corn the first three years, listed it in, but would
+not recommend it, as the trees will do better if the land is plowed. Windbreaks
+are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard; would make them of
+two rows of cottonwood trees planted zigzag with one another. For rabbits I
+wrap with corn-stalks. I dig borers out and wash the trees with lye water twice
+a year for the first three years; it keeps the tree nice and clean and the borers
+out. I prune my trees, by cutting out the limbs that cross, and to keep the trees
+from leaning to the north, and it pays. I fertilize my orchard with decayed
+corn-cobs. I think it beneficial, and would advise it on all soils, as I think too
+much straw mulching is an injury to the trees when they get old. I do not pasture
+my orchard; it does not pay. My trees were troubled with canker-worms
+last spring. I do not spray. My best market is in the neighborhood. Prices
+last fall were fifty to sixty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. R. Barnes</span>, Chapman, Dickinson county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an apple orchard of six acres old enough to be at their best.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, and Winesap, and for
+family use Early Harvest, Red June, Maiden's Blush, and Missouri Pippin. I
+prefer a low bottom with a black loam, and a north slope. I prefer two-year-old,
+well-balanced trees, set in holes large enough to receive them, twenty-four by
+twenty-four feet. I cultivate my young orchard to corn and potatoes, using a
+disc harrow, and cease cropping when they begin to bear. I plant nothing in a
+bearing orchard. Windbreaks would be beneficial on the south to protect the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+orchard from the hot south winds. I would make it of walnut trees, because
+they sap the ground the least. To protect them from the borers, I leave the
+branches low down, and when we see any sawdust I dig him out with a knife. I
+prune very little with knife and saw to balance the trees. I do not thin the fruit
+on the trees. Some say if you expect to get a load of apples from a tree you must
+give it a load of manure every time it bears, and I think this is right, but don't
+put it too close to the tree. I pasture my orchard with nothing but poultry; it
+is not advisable; it makes the ground too hard. Codling-moth troubles my apples
+very much. I do not spray. I sell apples in the orchard; peddle the best
+ones; make cider and vinegar of the culls. Don't dry any for market&mdash;just
+enough for family use. Prices have been from forty to seventy-five cents per
+bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. M. Engle</span>, Moonlight, Dickinson county: I have lived in Kansas nineteen
+years. Have an orchard of 600 apple trees ten to eighteen years old. For commercial
+orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Rawle's Janet, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap.
+I prefer bottom or low land with a dark loam, and a north or northeast
+aspect. I prefer stout, low-headed, two-year-old trees, planted sixteen or eighteen
+feet east and west and thirty or thirty-two feet north and south. I think an
+orchard ought to have as much cultivation as a corn-field. I grow early corn in
+my young orchard, using an Acme and cutaway harrow, and cultivate as for corn.
+I cease cropping when fairly bearing. Plant nothing in a bearing orchard unless
+for fertilizing, but keep cultivating. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of evergreen, box-elder, Osage orange, maples, cottonwood, etc. For rabbits
+I rub the trees with axle grease, or tar and fish oil, or old lard, mixed; apply
+with a cloth. For borers I wash with lye or strong soap-suds. I prune my
+trees severely when planting, and watch them for several years, and cut out all
+branches that rub or crowd, and cut out buds so that the tree will not have too
+many limbs for foundation; I think it pays. I thin the fruit while on the trees;
+begin early when the trees are full, and continue all through the season, whenever
+I see imperfect fruit; think it pays big. My trees are mixed plantings. I
+fertilize my orchard with well-rotted stable litter and wood ashes; I would especially
+advise the use of wood ashes. I pasture my orchard very little; would put
+hogs in if the limbs were not too low and full of apples; I think it would pay.
+My trees are troubled with flathead borer and canker-worm, and my apples with
+codling-moth. I intend spraying this year with Paris green and London purple
+for the worms, and Bordeaux mixture for blight and fungous diseases, as soon as
+the blossoms fall.</p>
+
+<p>In picking I use foot ladders and one-half-bushel baskets, unless the variety
+is very hard; then I use sacks. Sort into three classes. Pack in barrels shaken
+and pressed down, then headed, and marked with name of variety, and haul to
+shipping point on wagon. Sell some apples in the orchard; let the grocer have
+the best to sell on commission; sell second and third grades the best way I can;
+make cider of culls. My best market is at Abilene; never tried distant markets.
+Dry only for home use. Am successful in storing apples in barrels and tight
+boxes, in a cave; find Winesap and Rawle's Janet keep well till June. Put my
+apples in the cave when the weather is cold, and keep it open cold nights, but
+am careful to not let it freeze. Think it best to repack stored apples when kept
+late. If they are well managed you will not lose five per cent., probably not two
+per cent. Do not irrigate, but would if I had water facilities. Prices last fall
+were from forty to fifty cents per bushel in the orchard, but the apples I kept
+over netted me $1.25 to $1.35 per bushel. I employ men and women; think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+women best and cheapest for sorting. Pay fifty, sixty and seventy-five cents
+per day.</p>
+
+<p>I do not consider myself a successful horticulturist, but believe, if I had known
+as much about the nature or necessity of the orchard when we came to Kansas
+nineteen years ago as I do now, I could have made a success of it, even here in
+central Kansas. I would especially say that I do not believe there can be success
+with an orchard exposed on upland. There might possibly be some success as a
+family orchard, with a good windbreak planted around it, especially on the south
+side, but I would not take ten, twenty or thirty acres of exposed upland, with
+apple trees enough to plant it, as a gift, if I must plant and tend it, for the produce
+of it for ten or more years. I do not know of a single such orchard that
+is worth having. I would advise selecting low ground, sloping north and east,
+with an elevation or good timber protection on south and west; land inclining to
+bottom or good "draw." My belief is that, with a good selection of varieties,
+and the proper kind of land and location, apple-raising could be made quite
+profitable here. Keeping the apples in cellars is a mistake; a good cave kept as
+cold as possible without freezing is far better. I think apples should be placed
+on the north side of some shed or building before being put in the cave, and kept
+cool, and put into cave before freezing. Last fall I sold my choice apples at the orchard
+at from forty to fifty cents per bushel. I kept some in barrels in the
+cave. They were in good demand later. About the holidays I got $1.25, and
+since then $1.35. I had a contract with a grocer to sell them for fifteen per cent.,
+and they netted me as above. I have some in very fine condition in my cave yet
+[April 27]. I still open the cave on cold nights.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas E. Taylor</span>, Pearl, Dickinson county: I have lived in the state
+seventeen years. Have an apple orchard of seventy trees, fifty of which
+are twelve years old, and the other twenty are eighteen years old. I prefer
+Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. Have tried and discarded Lowell,
+Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Willow Twig, on account of blight.
+I prefer bottom land having a sandy soil and a clay subsoil, with a north
+slope. I prefer two-year-old healthy trees, set in ground which has been plowed
+very deep. I water the tree well when I plant it. I have cultivated as long as
+it was possible to get between the trees. I generally use a common plow and
+disc harrow during the summer, where I have no crop in. I grow corn, Kafir-corn
+and potatoes in a young orchard. Cease cropping my orchard when twelve
+years old. I mow the weeds with a machine. I think windbreaks a benefit;
+would make them of box-elder, ash, or red cedar. I use a pruning-knife on my
+trees every year, leaving the branches quite thick on the south side. I think it
+pays. Never have thinned the fruit on the trees. I fertilize my orchard every
+two or three years with stable litter. I think it beneficial. I do not pasture my
+orchard; it is not advisable, does not pay. Do not spray. Prices at picking
+time are forty to fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. Dubois</span>, Burlingame, Osage county: I have lived in Kansas forty-one
+years. Have an orchard of fifty apple trees from ten to twenty years old. For
+market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin, and would add for
+family orchard Early Harvest, Duchess of Oldenburg, and Maiden's Blush. I
+prefer a rich bottom having a red subsoil, and a northeast slope. I prefer thrifty,
+two-year-old, medium-height trees, set thirty feet each way. I cultivate my
+orchard as long as it lives with a shovel plow and cultivator, and keep the ground
+stirred. Plant potatoes in a young orchard, and cease cropping when the trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+begin to bear; then sow oats and let the pigs eat it off while it is green. Windbreaks
+are not essential here, but some have forest-trees planted on the north
+side of their orchards. I prune my trees in the spring to give shape; cannot say
+whether it is beneficial or not. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter. I
+pasture my orchard with pigs until the ripe fruit begins to fall; I think it advisable
+and that it pays, as the pigs eat all the wormy and worthless fruit that falls.
+My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar, root aphis, round- and flat-headed
+borers, and woolly aphis, and my apples with codling-moth.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. J. Kleinhans</span>, Grantville, Jefferson county: I have lived in the state forty-one
+years. Have an apple orchard of 300 trees, twenty to twenty-five years old.
+For market I prefer Winesap and Ben Davis; and for family orchard Summer
+Astrachan, Bellflower, and White Winter Pearmain. Have tried and discarded
+Missouri Pippin, Russet, Baldwin, Red Astrachan, Little Romanite, and Pound
+Pippin. My orchard is situated in the Kaw valley. I plant my orchard to corn,
+until the trees get too large; then cease cropping and seed to clover and timothy.
+I prune lightly, to keep the limbs off the ground and let in the sun and light;
+I think it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. I pasture my orchard
+late in the fall with young dehorned cattle; I think it advisable and that it
+pays. My trees are troubled with canker-worms; and my apples with codling-moths.
+I do not spray. I sell apples in the orchard at wholesale.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Atkinson</span>, Perry, Jefferson county: I have resided in Kansas seventeen
+years; have an apple orchard of 2100 trees from two to eighteen years old. For
+market I prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan. I have tried and discarded
+Ben Davis; the tree is not hardy. I prefer a porous, red-clay subsoil, and
+a northeast or east aspect. I cultivate my orchard to corn six years from setting,
+and cease cropping after twelve years. I seed the bearing orchard to clover.
+Windbreaks are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard; when possible,
+natural forest is best. I prune my trees sparingly to improve the grade of
+fruit; I think it pays when properly done. I do not thin the fruit on the trees.
+Can see no difference whether trees are in block [of one kind] or mixed plantings.
+I fertilize my orchard when it needs it with barn-yard litter and wood ashes;
+would not advise it on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are
+troubled with root aphis, and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I
+spray twice after the blossom falls, with Paris green. I can get rid of borers only
+by persistent effort. I sort my apples into four classes: No. 1, No. 2, drying, and
+stock and cider. Pack in twelve-peck barrels, and market in apple racks. I
+sometimes wholesale my apples in the orchard. Never tried distant markets. I
+do not dry any.</p>
+
+<p>Am successful in storing in barrels in a fruit house which is built near the
+crest of a hill with a fall of 14 in 100 feet. Excavated twenty-three by fifty-three
+feet; depth at extreme back end, fourteen feet; at front seven feet. Tile ditch
+fourteen inches deeper than the excavation next to bank, filled with broken
+rock. Stone wall ten feet high; fine broken rock between wall and bank from
+ditch to top of wall around the entire building. The front end of the building
+stands three feet out of the ground, allowing two windows in the front with refrigerator
+shutters, also a refrigerator door. Heavy timbers, supported by posts
+covered with bridge lumber, constitute the framework, upon which is seven
+feet of earth. Through the roof are five sewer-pipe ventilators covered by
+thimble tops. In the front end are four small ventilators. In the extreme back
+end is placed an elevator building forming an opening six feet square; this extends
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>eight feet above the top of the earth covering. There are three windows
+and one door in the elevator building. By means of small ventilators the house
+can be ventilated very gradually, but by the elevator opening in the back end of
+the building, and the windows and door in the front end, the air can all be
+swept out by natural draft and replaced by fresh air. Five minutes is sufficient
+to thoroughly ventilate. During all this extreme wet weather the floor of the
+building has been dust dry.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Chas. Williamson</span>, Washington, Washington county: I have lived in
+Kansas forty years. My first planted orchard is thirty-eight years old and the
+second thirty years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin,
+and Rawle's Janet; and for family use Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, Rome
+Beauty, Rambo, Early June, and Romanite. I have tried and discarded Cooper's
+Early White, because it is a short-lived tree and a shy bearer. I prefer bottom
+land with a black loam and a clay subsoil, with a north and east slope. I plant
+trees thirty feet apart. I would advise cultivation for three years; seed bearing
+orchard to white clover. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of mulberries
+and cedar; plant seed for mulberries and set small cedars. For rabbits
+I use traps and dogs. I prune, but not very much; I cut out watersprouts and
+dead limbs, and thin out the top so as to let sun in. I never have thinned
+the fruit on the trees, but think it would pay. I keep bees to help pollinize the
+blossoms. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; trees and plant life, as well as
+stock, need food. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable. I have
+sprayed with London purple. I protect my trees from the sun, and the bark
+being full of sap the borers will not trouble them. I hand-pick my apples and
+pack in barrels in the orchard. I sell in the orchard at retail. My best market
+is at home. Do not dry any. I store some apples, and find Ben Davis, Winesap
+and Missouri Pippin keep best. When packing apples for storing I wrap each
+apple in paper and put a paper between the layers in the boxes; then put them
+in the cellar, and they keep well. I open the cellar door on warm days. Prices
+have been from 35 cents to $1.10 per bushel.</p>
+
+<p>There is not a state in the union but what is profiting by the experiences of
+such men as friend Wellhouse, the "Apple King," and other horticulturists,
+who are leaving a legacy to future generations. My experience in orcharding
+has been as an amateur ever since 1856. My orchard has been for home use,
+but now, with my experience gained here in Kansas, I am planting in the Ozark
+country, near Olden, exclusively for market purposes (the same can be done in
+Kansas), but takes longer to come to maturity. Taxes are low in Missouri. The
+orchardist should not be assessed on his fruit-trees and pay the penalty for
+being energetic and a pusher in horticulture. In Kansas, thanks to the life
+work of the members of the State Horticultural Society, we have reached a
+point where the culture of fruit is an assured success; and there is more money
+in it than in hog or corn raising. The trouble has been, too many worthless
+varieties have been planted, and now that they are bearing are profitless; and
+the worst of it is they are repeating the same mistake each year. I have saved
+some valuable trees from the borers by taking a quarter-inch bit and boring a
+hole and putting in strychnine or sulphur, and the tree lived on while all others
+died; even in the black locust it was successful. I then plug the outside portion
+of the hole. Let some one explain the reason who understands the circulation
+of the sap.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ernst Fairchild</span>, Hiawatha, Brown county: I have lived in Kansas thirty
+years; have an apple orchard of fifteen acres, twelve years old. For market I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+prefer Jonathan, Ben Davis, and Rawle's Janet; and for a family orchard Snow,
+Winesap, and some sweet varieties. I prefer an east slope. I cultivate my orchard
+to corn or oats for eight or nine years, using a disc and harrow, and cease
+cropping at the end of this time and seed down to clover. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of forest-trees set in rows, on the north and west sides. I
+prune my trees to give shape. I pick my apples in square tin pails which have
+false bottoms; slide the fruit out at the bottom. I make vinegar of the cull
+apples. Prices have been from sixty cents to one dollar per barrel. I employ
+men and boys&mdash;men at one dollar per day and boys seventy-five cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Neils Hanson</span>, Willis, Brown county: I have resided in the state thirty-two
+years; have an orchard of 200 apple trees twenty years old. For all purposes, I
+prefer Ben Davis, Jonathan, Willow Twig, and Strawberry. Have tried and
+would discard Willow Twig and Lawver. I prefer bottom land having a clay
+soil and a north or east slope. When planting trees, I dig a hole two feet deep
+and four feet square. I cultivate my orchard eight or ten years, using a plow,
+and spade around the trees. I plant corn or oats in a young orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of maples or willows and cultivate the
+same as a crop. I prune to thin the tops, and think it beneficial. I thin the fruit
+when small, if the trees are overloaded. Can see no difference whether the trees
+are planted in blocks of one kind, or mixed up. I fertilize my orchard, but not
+close to the trees; would not advise it on bottom land. I pasture my orchard
+with calves and hogs, but it is not advisable; it does not pay.</p>
+
+<p>I do not spray. I am experimenting with my trees; I make a hole two inches
+deep, one-fourth inch in diameter, put in medicine and plug up tight with grafting
+wax over it. It is claimed to kill all the insects on the tree for four or five
+years to come. I can tell the results this fall. It costs $10 to try it. [Hear!
+hear!] My neighbors spray their trees when in blossom, and say it pays. I pick
+my apples by hand, sort into two classes, and pack in barrels, filled full, and marked
+with consignee's name and hauled to shipping place on wagon. I never sell apples
+in the orchard, because they [the pickers] ruin the trees. I wholesale my best,
+second and third grade apples to the one offering the most for them. I feed the
+culls to hogs. Hiawatha is my best market. I never tried distant markets; it
+would not pay, unless in car-load lots. I dry apples, put them in sacks and
+hang in a dry place, and find a ready market for them; it pays. Am successful
+in storing apples in boxes&mdash;made of lath an inch apart&mdash;in an arched cave. I
+find Ben Davis and Rawle's Janet keep best. I have to repack stored apples
+before marketing, losing about one-tenth of them. I do not irrigate. Prices
+have been about one dollar per barrel. I pay eighteen to twenty dollars per
+month and board for help.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac M. Taylor</span>, Richmond, Franklin county: I have lived in Kansas thirty
+years; have about fifty apple trees eight years old, ten feet high. For market I
+prefer Jonathan and Ben Davis; for a family orchard, Romanstem, Gilpin,
+Rawle's Janet, Winesap, and Hubbardston's Nonesuch. Have tried and discarded
+McAfee Nonesuch, Belleflower, and Missouri Pippin. I prefer a gentle
+east slope at the bottom of a hill, with a deep sandy loam or four feet of red
+land on lime rock. I prefer two-year-old trees set thirty by thirty feet apart, in
+holes dug eighteen inches deep, and filled one-third full of surface soil. I cultivate
+my orchard as long as it lasts with a twelve-inch plow; throw the dirt away
+first of June, and back in August; then harrow it. I plant potatoes and corn in
+a young orchard, and cease cropping after ten years. I plant nothing in a bearing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of rows of Osage
+orange on the north and south sides of the orchard. I prune as little as possible.
+I fertilize my orchard with cow-stable and horse-stable litter mixed; I think it
+beneficial, and would advise it on all soils, unless very rich. I pasture my
+orchard once in a while with hogs without rings in their noses, so they can hunt
+worms. My trees are troubled with borers. I do not spray. I pick my apples
+in sack from ladders. Sort into three classes, and peddle them. I use Topping's
+driers and Williams's parers; they are satisfactory. After drying I pack
+in fifty-pound boxes. I find a ready market in Kansas City for them, but it does
+not pay. I am successful in storing apples in small boxes and barrels in a cellar;
+Gilpin and Ben Davis keep best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+losing about five per cent. I do not irrigate. Prices were thirty-five to fifty
+cents in the fall; seventy-five cents to one dollar in the spring [1897].</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Gregg</span>, Willis, Brown county: I have been in Kansas since '68; have
+an apple orchard of 120 trees about twenty years old. For a commercial orchard
+I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Gano, and Dominie; and would add for a family
+orchard Red June, Holland Pippin, and Yellow Transparent. I have tried and
+discarded Willow Twig on account of blight, and Missouri Pippin on account of
+blight and shy bearing. I prefer high land with a porous clay subsoil, and a
+north, northeast or northwest aspect. When planting trees I dig deep, wide
+holes, lean the tree to the southwest, apply water, then fill and tramp well. I
+cultivate my orchard for five years with an orchard disc; plant corn and potatoes.
+Seed bearing orchard to clover. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of
+honey-locust, maple, ash etc., on the south and west sides of the orchard. For
+rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks. I prune mostly in June, to give the
+trees shape; I think it pays. I do not thin my fruit, but think it would pay. I
+do not fertilize my orchard to any extent; think clover is good left on the ground.
+I do not pasture my orchard; it does not pay. My apples are troubled with
+codling-moth. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand into a basket or sack.
+The shippers do the sorting. I wholesale, retail and peddle my apples; sell the
+best to shippers, culls to neighbors or make cider of them. My best market is
+at home; never tried distant markets. Do not dry or store any. Prices have
+been from seventy-five cents to one dollar per barrel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Cutter</span>, Junction City, Geary county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 4000 trees. For a commercial
+orchard I prefer the list recommended by the State Horticultural Society. I prefer
+a rich bottom with a north aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees four or five
+feet tall, branched low. I cultivate my orchard as long as it lives with a disc
+harrow or plow. The first five years I plant a crop that requires cultivation, and
+plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are very beneficial; would
+make them of two rows of Russian mulberries set ten feet apart in a row. I
+prune very little when young to balance the tree; I think it pays. I do not thin
+my fruit while on the trees, but think it would pay if I had time. I fertilize my
+old orchard with stable litter, and think it advisable on all soils. If you do not do
+this you must prune. I do not pasture my orchards. My trees are troubled with
+canker worm, root aphis, flathead borer, roundhead borer, woolly aphis, and leaf-roller,
+and my apples with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. I spray for
+canker-worm and codling-moth&mdash;the oftener the better. I think I have reduced
+the codling-moth. I dig the borers out, and kill the rabbits. I carefully
+pick my apples by hand from a step-ladder, into half-bushel baskets, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+sort into three classes&mdash;first, second, and culls. Pack in barrels rounded up and
+marked on the head; then send to market by rail. I sell some apples in the
+orchard, usually at wholesale. My best markets are south&mdash;Texas. I do not
+dry any. I am successful in storing in boxes, barrels and bulk for home market;
+I find Fink keeps best. Never tried artificial cold storage. I have to repack
+stored apples before marketing, losing about one-fourth of them. I do not irrigate.
+Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel. I pay my help
+one dollar per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. H. Griesa</span>, Lawrence, Douglas county: I have lived in the state thirty-one
+years. Have an apple orchard of 1000 trees, from six to eighteen years old.
+For a commercial orchard I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Winesap;
+and for a family orchard Yellow Transparent, Early Melon, Jonathan, and Gano.
+I have tried and discarded Gilpin, Lawver, and McAfee; they were not productive
+or good. I prefer a sandy river bottom. I prefer one-year-old trees, set as they
+grew in the nursery. I cultivate my orchard to small fruits, using a disc or cultivator;
+cease cropping when the trees spread too much. The more cultivation
+the better. Windbreaks are not essential. I trap the rabbits; and dig the borers
+out in May and September. I prune my trees a little each year, to let in sunshine;
+I think it pays and is beneficial. I thin the fruit while on the trees a very
+little; but it would pay to while the fruit is small. My trees are in mixed plantings.
+I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter and ashes; and would advise
+their use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; but think it would pay, with
+calves and young pigs. My trees are troubled with borers and aphis, and my
+apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. I pick by hand, and sort into three
+classes; pack in three-bushel barrels, facing the bottoms, and ship to market by
+freight or express. I sell apples in the orchard; sell the second and third grades
+to evaporators. I have tried distant markets, and found it paid. I do not dry
+any. I am fairly successful in storing apples in boxes and barrels, in a barn
+cellar, for market and family use, and find the Fink and Cullins keep best. Never
+tried artificial cold storage. I have to repack stored apples before marketing;
+the per cent. lost depends on the variety. I do not irrigate. Prices have been
+from seventy-five cents to two dollars per barrel. I pay my help one dollar per
+day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Bond</span>, Rossville, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-one
+years; have an apple orchard of about 300 trees, from five to twenty-five years
+old. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap; and for a
+family orchard would add Chenango Strawberry and Maiden's Blush. I have
+tried and discarded Rawle's Janet on account of rot, worms, and shy bearing, and
+Smith's Cider on account of blight. I prefer bottom land having a deep, porous
+subsoil and an east or south slope. I prefer two-year old trees, set in rows thirty
+feet apart each way. I cultivate my orchard with corn or potatoes for six or
+eight years, using a common cultivator, and cease cropping at the end of this
+time; plant the bearing orchard to clover. Windbreaks would be beneficial;
+would make them of forest-trees or Osage orange, by planting in three close rows
+on the south and west sides of the orchard. For rabbits I tie split corn-stalks
+around the trees. I prune very little; just enough to keep the head open and the
+watersprouts off. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are
+planted with one variety in a row. I do not fertilize my orchard. I do not pasture
+my orchard; it is not advisable. My trees are troubled with canker-worms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+and flathead borers, and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. I pick
+my apples by hand. I sell apples in the orchard; also wholesale, retail and
+peddle some. The home market is best; never tried distant markets. I do not
+dry or store any. I do not irrigate. Apples were fifty cents per bushel in the
+fall of 1897. I paid my help one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reuben Walton</span>, Aurora, Cloud county: I have lived in Kansas twenty years.
+Have an apple orchard of 200 trees from six to eighteen years old. For a commercial
+orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Late Emperor, and Maiden's Blush; and for
+a family orchard Winesap, Cooper's Early White, Late Emperor, Maiden's Blush,
+and Rhode Island Greening. I prefer a north slope with a rich black loam and
+limestone subsoil. I prefer two-year-old, well-rooted trees, set twenty feet apart.
+I cultivate my orchard to potatoes for ten years, using a double shovel plow, and
+cease cropping at the end of this time, planting the bearing orchard to grass.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of evergreens. I dig borers out. I
+prune to give the trees more air and better shape; I think it pays. I do not thin
+the fruit while on the trees; the hail and dry weather generally do that for me.
+My trees are in mixed plantings. I have one apricot tree which never bore until
+a swarm of bees came and lit on it, and it has borne every year since then [??].
+I do not fertilize my orchard; our soil does not need it. I pasture my orchard
+all the time, with hogs and pigs. It is not advisable, as they injure the trees, but
+they pick up the wormy fruit. My trees are troubled with canker-worms, and my
+apples with codling-moth. I spray with London purple and Paris green three
+times, when we have the time and water to spare. Think I have reduced the
+codling-moth. I pick my fruit by hand and sell some apples to the neighbors
+in the orchard. I feed culls to pigs. I never tried distant markets. I have
+apples dried on shares for family use. It does not pay to dry for market. I am
+partially successful in storing apples in barrels in a cellar under the house. I find
+Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, Duchess of Oldenburg and Emperor keep
+best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing one-fourth of them.
+I do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty to thirty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. D. Cellar</span>, Edwardsville, Wyandotte county: Been in Kansas twelve
+years; have 2000 apple trees from two to eight years of age, comprising Ben
+Davis, Jonathan, Gano and Missouri Pippin for commercial purposes, and
+Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest, Bailey Sweet, Huntsman's Favorite, Grimes'
+Golden Pippin and Winesap for family orchard. I have discarded the McAfee
+and Lawver as unproductive. I prefer loose soil, and hill land with an east and
+north slope. Plant thrifty two-year-old trees, in rows 25�30 feet. I cultivate to
+corn, berries, etc., until seven or eight years old, with the Planet jr. horse hoe,
+and then sow to clover. Windbreaks are not needed in our locality. I prune
+conservatively, cutting out broken or interlacing branches, and suckers at the
+base; I believe it pays. Have never thinned on the tree, and fertilize with barn-yard
+litter and clover. I do not pasture my apple orchard. Am troubled some
+with insects, but have not sprayed. I dig out borers, which I think may be
+largely prevented by the use of wooden tree wrappers. I pick in the ordinary
+way and divide into two classes: select, sound, smooth apples above two inches
+in diameter; number two, sound apples too small for select. I do this on a sorting
+table, and pack in twelve-peck barrels, pressed down, and marked with a
+stencil. I sell at wholesale, sometimes in the orchard; culls I sell in the orchard
+or the Kansas City market. Our best market is Kansas City. I have shipped to
+distant markets and made it pay. Have never dried any. Have stored for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+winter in barrels in cold store; they have not kept satisfactorily, I cannot say why;
+Jonathan and Missouri Pippin kept best this past winter. I had to repack this
+spring and lost twenty per cent. Prices have ranged from 10 cents to $1.50 per
+bushel. For help I use men, and pay one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. D. Gaiser</span>, Lansing, Leavenworth county: Have lived in Kansas forty
+years. Have 5000 trees eight years old, of Gano, Ben Davis, Jonathan, and
+Huntsman's Favorite; I grow no others. My location is hilltop, with good,
+rich soil, and a clay subsoil; slope makes no difference. I plant two- and three-year-old
+trees, 15�30 feet, and cultivate to corn for seven or eight years, and then
+sow to clover and timothy. I never prune, thin, or fertilize; and allow no stock
+in the orchard. I do not spray, but dig the flat-headed borer out with a knife.
+I use ladders, and gather in baskets and pour into a wagon, and sort in unloading;
+I make only two classes, culls and good apples. I ship my best apples to
+different points in barrels, and it pays; my culls I make into cider. Have never
+tried drying apples. I store some for winter in bulk, and keep them successfully.
+I use men and boys for help. I sell for $1.25 to $1.50 per barrel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Robinson</span>, Dunlap, Morris county: Has lived in Kansas thirty years;
+has 1000 apple trees, planted from two to nineteen years. Prefers Ben Davis,
+Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Grimes's Golden Pippin and Jonathan for commercial
+purposes, and Early Harvest, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg
+and Cooper's Early White for family use. Has turned down Rawle's Janet, as
+they rot on the trees. All on best bottom land, clay subsoil. Plants two-year-old
+trees thirty-five feet apart each way, with nothing [?] between. Plants to
+corn, and cultivates well up to twelve years. Is protected on the southwest by a
+belt of timber. Keeps rabbits off by wrapping with corn-stalks. Prunes to
+make the tree healthier and apples finer; says it pays. Plants varieties in alternate
+rows, but does not say why. Uses all the stable litter he can get. Pastures
+with cows after gathering; says they eat the culls and wormy fruit, and it pays.
+He advises others to try it. Sprays with London purple before blooming, after
+blooming, and ten days later for tent-caterpillar and codling-moth, and believes
+he has reduced both of them. Has no borers&mdash;thinks "a stitch in time saves
+nine." Picks and sorts into two classes, first and second. Always sells in the
+orchard to western apple haulers. Lets the cows have all culls he does not use
+for cider. Price in orchard for picked apples, forty to fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Taylor</span>, Rhinehart, Dickinson county: Lived in Kansas twenty-two
+years. Have 700 apple trees, out from one to nineteen years. Prefer, for commercial
+purposes, Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Rawle's Janet; and
+for family orchard add Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, and Rambo. Have discarded
+all the specially recommended eastern [?] varieties as shy bearers, and too
+warm for Grimes's Golden Pippin. Prefers to plant on good black loam, in ravines
+facing north. Plants two-year-old thrifty trees, some 33�33, others 33�16<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> feet.
+Have tried to grow root grafts, with poor success. Cultivate all the time with
+disc and plow; grow corn for five or six years, afterward nothing. Does not
+need windbreak, but would use if required&mdash;about fifteen rows of ash and catalpa,
+planted four by four feet. Wraps trees from rabbits. Mice ate bark off
+and completely girdled roots six inches in diameter under the ground last winter
+(1897-'98). Prunes some to keep the top balanced and low, to prevent sun-scald and
+effects of wind. Uses fresh stable litter as a mulch, and believes it pays. Does
+not pasture at any time. Has few insects, and does not spray much, says rains<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+wash it off too readily. Picks in baskets, and finds the family the best market;
+stores for winter in boxes and barrels, and is successful with Rawle's Janet, Winesap,
+and Missouri Pippin. Prices have run from fifty cents to one dollar per
+bushel. Uses farm help at fifteen to eighteen dollars and board per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Lawry</span>, Hollis, Cloud county: I have lived in the state sixteen years;
+have an apple orchard of 140 trees from six to fourteen years old. For all uses I
+prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. I have discarded the Willow
+Twig because they die out. I prefer a clay soil. I prefer three-year-old trees set
+in big holes. I cultivate my orchard about five years with a one-horse shovel
+plow. I plant potatoes or sweet corn in a bearing orchard, and cease cropping
+when the trees cover the ground, and sow red clover in a bearing orchard.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of mulberries. I prune with a saw,
+to make them more productive; I think it pays. I never thin my fruit while on
+the trees. Can see no difference whether trees are in block of one kind or mixed
+plantings. I do not fertilize my orchard, or spray. I pick my apples by hand
+from a ladder. I do not sell in the orchard. I do not pasture my orchard.
+Don't dry any.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Levi Kimmal</span>, Concordia, Cloud county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five
+years; have an apple orchard of 120 trees eighteen years old. For market I prefer
+Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap; and for a family orchard Missouri
+Pippin, Winesap, Limber Twig, and Maiden's Blush. I have tried and discarded
+Golden Russet on account of shy bearing. I prefer a sandy loam with a clay
+subsoil, having a north or northwest aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees for
+planting. I plant my orchard up to bearing with potatoes and corn; then seed
+down to red clover. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of several
+rows of Osage orange on the south side of the orchard. I prune my trees; thin
+out the top to let the sun in for coloring. My trees are more fruitful when
+planted in blocks. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; I think it beneficial
+because it mulches, enriches, and holds the moisture, and would advise its use on
+all soils; no land is so good but what stable litter will make it better. I do not
+pasture my orchard; I do not think it advisable; but I mow all the weeds or
+whatever grows in the orchard and leave it on the ground for a mulching. My
+trees are troubled with twig-borers and leaf-rollers, and my apples with codling-moth.
+I have sprayed my trees when in blossom with Paris green; did not succeed
+last year. I dig borers out and pick the bad fruit (if there is any) off. I
+hand-pick my apples for winter use into baskets from step-ladders. I sell apples
+in the orchard; would rather sell that way than to hold them. I feed the culls
+to pigs. My best market is at home; I never tried a distant market. I do not
+dry any. I am successful in storing apples for home use in a cellar. I do not
+irrigate, but use stable litter for moisture. Winter apples brought fifty cents
+per bushel; dried apples three or four cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seneca Heath</span>, Muscotah, Atchison county: I have lived in the state thirty-one
+years; have an apple orchard of 2080 trees from three to thirty-six years old.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, York Imperial, Jonathan,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Stark, and on rich, moist soil, Winesap; and for a family
+orchard Early Margaret, Early June, Early Harvest, Cooper's Early White,
+Sweet Bough, Keswick Codlin, Maiden's Blush, Red Astrachan, Autumn and
+Summer Pearmain, Rambo, Fulton, Smith's Cider, and Newtown Pippin (if given
+extra care). Have tried and discarded Tompkins County King&mdash;the borers kill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+it on all soils&mdash;and Willow Twig on account of blight. I prefer upland with a
+black sandy or gravelly loam and a good limestone soil, with a porous subsoil as
+a necessity, and a northeast slope. I prefer thrifty one-year-old trees, set in
+plowed furrows and covered with a spade; "hill up" rather than "dig down."
+I cultivate my orchard to corn or any cultivated crop for eight years, using a
+plow and harrow, and cease cropping at the end of this time, and plant nothing
+in a bearing orchard; it does not pay. Windbreaks are essential, especially on
+upland. I would make them of red cedar, soft maple, or Osage orange, by planting
+in rows and cultivating four to six years. For rabbits I use tarred paper,
+and wood ashes for borers. I prune my trees with a saw and shears to produce
+fruit and shape; I think it pays, but the Ben Davis and Jonathan grow into
+handsomer shapes if left alone. If a tree is growing too rapidly to set fruit,
+prune in June. I thin the fruit while on the trees by picking off the wormy and
+defective ones. I keep this up until nearly grown; it pays. My trees are in
+mixed plantings, and believe they are more fruitful.</p>
+
+<p>I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, ashes, salt, and lime, and would
+advise it on all excepting rich soils, where it ought not to be used until after the
+trees have fruited five to eight years. Probably the cheapest and best fertilizer
+on upland is clover mowed and left to decay where it fell. Weeds are also good
+if mowed when two feet high and left on the ground. I pasture my orchard with
+pigs, calves, and horses, but it does not pay. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillars
+and round-headed borers, and my apples with codling-moth. I
+spray with a two-horse wagon sprayer, also a hand sprayer, when the blossom
+falls, with Paris green, and think I have reduced the codling-moth. I burn
+tent-caterpillars with a coal-oil lamp or torch. I pick my apples by hand into
+half-bushel baskets, from ladders. I sell my apples in the orchard. I sell, feed
+to the stock, and make cider of the culls. I do not dry any, but think it would
+pay. I have stored apples in barrels, and found the Winesap, Rawle's Janet,
+Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Stark and Baldwin keep best. I am not always
+successful; will not store any more until I build a fruit house. I do not irrigate,
+but intend to. Prices have been from 75 cents to $1.75 per barrel. I employ men
+and boys, and pay two cents per bushel for picking.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ed. Sandy</span>, Linn, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of 100 trees, fifteen years old. I prefer a north
+slope. I plant my orchard to corn, using a cultivator; and continue cultivating
+bearing orchard. I prune my trees. Do not thin the fruit while on the trees. I
+fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, and think it beneficial; I would advise
+its use only on upland. I do not pasture my orchard. My apples are troubled
+with codling-moth and curculio. I have sprayed with Paris green for worms,
+and am not very successful.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. A. Courter</span>, Barnes, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas since 1869;
+have an apple orchard of 150 trees, set from nine to twenty-five years. I prefer
+bottom land with a northeast slope. I cultivate my orchard to corn all the time.
+Windbreaks are not essential. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; my
+trees grew fine, but for the last three or four years they have blighted badly. I
+do not spray. I store some apples for winter use in boxes in a cave.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Brown</span>, Palmer, Washington county: I have resided in the state
+twenty-eight years. Have an apple orchard of 500 trees from three to twenty
+years old. For a commercial orchard I prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+Ben Davis, and for family orchard Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, and
+Jonathan. I prefer sandy land on an east slope. I plant trees in rows sixteen by
+twenty-one feet. I mulch my orchard with straw, and plow every three or four
+years. Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of maple or box-elders,
+planted around the orchard. I prune some, but it does not pay. I do not thin
+the fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; I think it
+beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I pasture my orchard some
+with swine, but it is not advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with
+fall web-worms. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand. I sometimes sell
+the apples in the orchard at retail. My best market is at home; I never tried
+distant markets. I do not dry any. Am successful in storing apples in boxes
+and barrels in a cellar. Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best. I never tried
+cold storage. I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing about one-third
+of them. I do not irrigate. Prices have been about fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. J. Fraser</span>, Peabody, Marion county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-three
+years; have 380 apple trees ten inches in diameter, twenty-two years planted. I
+prefer for commercial purposes Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Grimes's Golden
+Pippin, and Maiden's Blush; and for family use would add Early Harvest,
+Sweet June, and Winesap; have tried and discarded about thirty other varieties,
+because they did not yield or were subject to disease. I prefer bottom land,
+with north slope, made land. I plow out deep, dead furrow; set trees and plow
+the earth back to the trees. I prefer two- or three-year-old strong trees. Have
+tried root grafts and seedlings with good success. I cultivate the trees the first
+ten years with the plow and harrow. I grow nothing in a young orchard, and
+seed the old orchard to clover. I think windbreaks are essential on the south,
+and would make them of Osage orange or mulberry, planted in double rows, a
+few feet apart. Wrap trees for rabbits, and for borers keep trees thrifty. I
+prune some to keep the top balanced, and think it beneficial. I have thinned
+fruit some, but do not think it pays. My trees are in mixed plantings, and I
+keep bees. I have used fertilizer, but could not see much benefit; would advise
+it only on thin soils. I have pastured my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable;
+it pays. My trees are bothered with canker-worm, root aphis, flathead
+borer, and twig-borer; the codling-moth troubles my apples. I have sprayed
+with Bordeaux mixture, London purple, and Paris green; could not see much
+good; have reduced the codling-moth some. I pick my apples the old-fashioned
+way&mdash;with a sack. Practically, the crop has been so light that very few have
+been sold, and they were fall apples. Have never dried any; have never stored
+any. Do not irrigate. Prices have been unsatisfactory.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Mosher</span>, Lawrenceburg, Cloud county: I have lived in Kansas seventeen
+years. Have an orchard of 150 trees, planted from one to seventeen years.
+For family orchard would plant Early Harvest, Cooper's Early, Duchess of Oldenburg,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, and Ben Davis.
+Medium elevation, with northern or northeastern slope, and clay-loam soil with
+clay subsoil, is preferable. When planting, I dig a hole large enough to receive
+the roots, and plant healthy two-year-old trees, trained to a switch, so that I can
+train the top to suit. Have tried root grafts and seedlings; both have done well.
+I cultivate while the trees are young, and use only harrow and mowing-machine
+after they begin to bear. I plant any hoed crop among the trees while young,
+and cease when the trees begin to bear. I think windbreaks essential, and use
+maple, box-elder, and Scotch pine. For rabbits I use traps and shot-gun. I use<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+a knife for the borers. I prune when the tree needs it; use the saw on large
+trees and the knife on small trees. I thin the fruit sometimes when it sets too
+thickly, as soon as it shows, and it pays most emphatically. I cannot see any
+difference in trees whether set in blocks or mixed up. I use some barn-yard fertilizer,
+and think it beneficial; would advise its use as the trees begin to bear.
+I pasture my orchard with pigs and poultry; think it advisable, and think it
+pays.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with bud moth, flathead borer, and twig-borer; some
+seasons I also have leaf-roller and leaf-crumpler. The codling-moth troubles my
+apples. I spray some to destroy these insects, with indigo and London purple,
+using a pump. I do not know that I have reduced the codling-moth any. For
+borer I form a basin around the tree and fill with water, repeating several
+times; I sometimes pick them. I use an ordinary fruit ladder, and sack with
+ends tied together and swung over the shoulder. I make but one class, viz.,
+market all the perfect apples. I carefully put in a fruit-house and let stay a week
+or so, then carefully sort over by removing all unsound or faulty ones. I do
+not ship. I have a good market at home. I never sell in the orchard; usually
+market in bushel boxes. I usually feed second- or third-class fruit to hogs. My
+best market is Concordia. Have never tried distant markets. I have never
+dried any apples. I store some for winter use in an ordinary cellar; am successful,
+and find Winesap, Rawle's Janet and Missouri Pippin keep the best. We
+have to repack after storing, and lose about one-third. I do not irrigate. Winesap,
+Missouri Pippin and Rawle's Janet usually sell at one dollar per bushel;
+Ben Davis, at seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. C. Gardiner</span>, Bradford, Wabaunsee county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-nine
+years, in this county fourteen years; have 750 apple trees ten years planted.
+For commercial orchard I would plant Ben Davis, Winesap and Missouri Pippin;
+for family use, add Jonathan and Maiden's Blush. Have tried and discarded
+Keswick Codlin; tree is tender. I prefer hilltop, north and west or
+northeast slope, black loam with a yellowish clay subsoil. I plant thirty feet
+apart, using one- and two-year-old, low-headed trees. Have tried root grafts; had
+good success. I cultivate until the trees are six or seven years old with the plow
+and cultivator. I grow corn in a young orchard, and clover in a bearing orchard;
+cease cropping when six or seven years old. Windbreaks are beneficial on the
+south and west; they should be made of quick-growing trees. I wrap the trees
+with paper to protect against rabbits. I prune but little to thin top; am doubtful
+if it pays. Never thin apples on trees. I fertilize the land with well-rotted
+manure, but not close the trees; I would advise its use on all soils; I think
+it beneficial; I sometimes pasture my orchard with hogs; do not think it advisable;
+pays only in getting rid of wormy fruit. My trees are troubled with
+leaf-roller, and my apples with codling-moth. Do not spray. Gather my apples
+by hand, and sort into two classes, first, second and culls.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac E. Wolf</span>, Longford, Clay county: Have been in Kansas twenty-one
+years; have 200 apple trees nineteen years old, and 100 apple trees six years old.
+Prefer Ben Davis, Winesap and Missouri Pippin for market, and Maiden's Blush,
+Duchess of Oldenburg and Smith Cider for family orchard. The Red Astrachan
+and Early Harvest are shy bearers. My orchard is on sandy soil with clay subsoil;
+the trees look healthy. I prefer two-year-old trees, and lay the ground off
+in squares, making large holes. In young orchard I plant corn for ten years,
+cultivating both ways; after that I grow nothing, but cultivate with the disc as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+long as I can get through it. Am cultivating my old orchard. I think windbreaks
+are a necessity on the south, west, and north, and would make them of
+walnut and box-elder. For rabbits I rub on strong grease. I prune with shears
+such limbs as rub one another, and am sure it pays. I don't think it pays to
+thin fruit on the trees. I believe in fertilizing the ground, but not too close to
+the trees; it won't hurt any soil. Allow no stock in the orchard. The twig-borer
+is the worst insect in my orchard. I tried spraying on some trees, and some I
+did not, and my apples were all alike. I watch for borers closely, and cut
+them out. I pick in a grain sack, and make three classes. The best I keep for
+spring, the second class for winter, and the culls I turn into cider. I peddle my
+apples out at home. We dry some apples and have a good market at home. We
+store for winter in the cellar in bulk, and find that Winesap, Rawle's Janet and
+Missouri Pippin are the best keepers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FRUIT DISTRICT No. 2.</h3>
+
+<p>Following is the second fruit district, comprising twenty-three counties, in the
+northwest quarter of state. Reports, or rather experiences, from each of these
+counties will be found immediately following. We give first the number of apple
+trees in this district, compiled from statistics for 1897. Many thousands were
+added in the spring of 1898.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Not bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Total.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cheyenne</td><td align="right">211</td><td align="right">1,708</td><td align="right">1,919</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Decatur</td><td align="right">3,925</td><td align="right">4,990</td><td align="right">8,915</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ellis</td><td align="right">3,846</td><td align="right">1,321</td><td align="right">5,167</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ellsworth</td><td align="right">17,491</td><td align="right">12,474</td><td align="right">29,965</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gove</td><td align="right">214</td><td align="right">1,202</td><td align="right">1,416</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Graham</td><td align="right">508</td><td align="right">3,636</td><td align="right">4,144</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jewell</td><td align="right">120,509</td><td align="right">56,550</td><td align="right">177,059</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lincoln</td><td align="right">19,619</td><td align="right">18,846</td><td align="right">38,465</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Logan</td><td align="right">468</td><td align="right">1,465</td><td align="right">1,933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mitchell</td><td align="right">55,806</td><td align="right">20,624</td><td align="right">76,430</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Morton</td><td align="right">264</td><td align="right">171</td><td align="right">435</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Norton</td><td align="right">7,220</td><td align="right">6,803</td><td align="right">14,023</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Osborne</td><td align="right">21,647</td><td align="right">15,043</td><td align="right">36,690</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Phillips</td><td align="right">16,765</td><td align="right">9,486</td><td align="right">26,251</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rawlins</td><td align="right">806</td><td align="right">2,065</td><td align="right">2,871</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rooks</td><td align="right">8,127</td><td align="right">6,815</td><td align="right">14,942</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Russell</td><td align="right">6,788</td><td align="right">5,045</td><td align="right">11,833</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sheridan</td><td align="right">218</td><td align="right">1,148</td><td align="right">1,366</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sherman</td><td align="right">169</td><td align="right">1,477</td><td align="right">1,646</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Smith</td><td align="right">41,919</td><td align="right">22,988</td><td align="right">64,907</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Thomas</td><td align="right">509</td><td align="right">470</td><td align="right">979</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Trego</td><td align="right">745</td><td align="right">1,409</td><td align="right">2,154</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wallace</td><td align="right">223</td><td align="right">1,343</td><td align="right">1,566</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total in district</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">327,997</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">197,079</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">525,076</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Estimate in acreage</td><td align="right">60,000</td><td align="right">35,000</td><td align="right">105,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Baird</span>, Vesper, Lincoln county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees, from one to fifteen years old;
+the old ones measuring twelve inches in diameter. For commercial purposes I
+prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Huntsman's Favorite; and
+for family orchard Maiden's Blush, Ben Davis, and Missouri Pippin. Think
+I shall discard Red Astrachan and Red Betigheimer on account of shy bearing.
+I prefer bottom, sandy soil, clay subsoil, and a northwest slope. I prefer
+good, stocky, low-headed, yearling trees set from twenty-five to thirty feet in
+the row; have tried root grafts; that is the only successful way to grow trees
+here. I cultivate my orchard to potatoes for the first two or three years,
+after that to any kind of vines. I use a stirring plow, plowing very shallow
+near the trees and deeper near the center. I grow nothing in a bearing
+orchard, and cease cropping after five years. I think windbreaks are essential,
+and would make them of seedling peach, Russian mulberry or any quick-growing
+trees, in three or four rows on the south side of the orchard. I trap
+the rabbits, and use my knife on the borers; am not troubled with them very
+much. I prune trees while young to give the proper shape to the top, and
+later to remove the crossed limbs and cause them to spread out and shade the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+trunk and as much space as possible. I have thinned the fruit on trees to a
+limited extent; it should be done when about the size of quail eggs. Think it
+makes little difference whether trees are planted in block or mixed up.</p>
+
+<p>I do not fertilize my orchard; the soil is rich enough; water is what it needs.
+I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable, as they eat all the
+wormy fruit and destroy many insects by rooting; I find it pays. My trees are
+troubled with root aphis; my apples are bothered by codling-moth, gouger, and
+blue jays. I spray with London purple and lime, about 100 gallons of water to
+one pound of purple and six pounds of lime. I think Paris green would be better.
+I spray for canker-worm as soon as I see them, and am of the opinion that
+one application is enough, but do not think spraying of any use for codling-moth,
+as the moth itself does not eat anything but the honey from the base of the
+bloom, and not enough of the poison reaches them to amount to anything. My
+method of fighting them is, as soon as the moth appears in the spring, to put old
+fruit cans in the trees filled with sweet water. This attracts the moths and they
+drown in it. I also burn torches in the orchard at night. Another way is to
+hang a lantern over a tub of water that has a little coal-oil in it; this will kill a
+great many insects.</p>
+
+<p>I hand-pick my fruit into sacks slung over the shoulder; I use a step-ladder
+for those I cannot reach. I sell apples in orchard; also retail; sell best ones to
+best customers; I dry second and third grades; of culls I make cider and vinegar
+and feed to pigs. My best market is at home. I dry some apples; use a Victor
+evaporator, and one that I made; after drying we heat in an oven, and put in double
+paper bags, and find a ready market; but it does not pay. I store apples in five-bushel
+boxes, in a tunnel-like cellar, dug in solid sand-rock; it is fifty feet long,
+five feet wide, and six and one-half feet deep, with rooms on each side; it is perfectly
+dry and the temperature even, but it is too warm for winter; I find it is
+excellent for summer and fall apples. Those that keep best are Rawle's Janet
+and Missouri Pippin. We have to repack stored apples before marketing; I do
+not lose many. I use or sell as soon as fit. I irrigate my orchard from a small
+creek fed by springs. I have two large dams, with ditches running along the
+hillside, with gates to let the water into the ditches; from the main ditch I have
+laterals, also provided with gates; the surplus and seepage goes back into the
+creek below the main dam; the creek below the dam has small dams in it to hold
+the seepage water at the desired height&mdash;which serves for subirrigation, the
+best irrigation in the world. The water should not stand nearer than five feet
+of the surface for apples. I run the water between the rows in wide, shallow
+ditches, any time from March to September. It is not necessary to have a creek
+to irrigate an orchard. A good, big ditch along the hillside above the orchard
+will catch enough melted snow and rain to pay for its construction; this should
+run into a reservoir. Prices have been from seventy-five cents to one dollar, and
+dried apples from five to twelve and one-half cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Noon</span>, Vesper, Lincoln county: I have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have forty apple trees eleven years old, eight to ten inches in diameter, twelve to
+fifteen feet high. I prefer for all purposes Winesap and Ben Davis. I prefer
+bottom land with a black soil and sandy subsoil. I plant young trees in rows
+twenty-five feet each way. I cultivate my orchard for seven years with plow and
+harrow, raising no crop. Windbreaks are essential; I use cottonwood trees,
+planted in three rows, around my orchard. I prune with a saw to make the trees
+bear better and keep them from getting top-heavy; I think it beneficial. I thin
+my fruit on the trees by hand in July. I never pasture my orchard. My trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+are troubled with bud moth. I do not spray. I pick by hand. Never dry any.
+Do not store any. Do not irrigate. Prices have been from seventy-five to eighty
+cents per bushel, and dried apples eight cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Weidman</span>, Lincoln, Lincoln county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of about 1000 trees, nineteen years old. For
+commercial purposes I prefer Winesap, Ben Davis, Rawle's Janet, Huntsman's
+Favorite, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest, Grimes's Golden Pippin,
+Duchess of Oldenburg, Autumn Strawberry, Rambo, and Gano. For family
+orchard would prefer Winesap, Huntsman's Favorite, Gilpin, Milam, Early Harvest,
+Maiden's Blush, Red June, and Limber Twig, the last one being a very
+good keeper. Have tried and discarded Red Astrachan, Lawver, Golden Russet,
+Yellow Bellflower, Willow Twig and Smith's Cider on account of blight. I
+prefer bottom land with rich soil and loose subsoil, with a northern slope. I prefer
+two-year-old stocky trees planted in a furrow. I have tried root grafts with
+the best success; the best trees in this county were grown by me. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn, using a stirring plow; I cease cropping after six years, but
+keep cultivating until the trees smother the weeds. Windbreaks are essential.
+I have native timber on three sides, the south, west, and north; and a hill on the
+east. For rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks, which also protects them
+from sun-scald. Am never troubled with borers. I prune moderately to give
+shape to young trees, and to let the sun and air to the fruit on old trees; many
+trees are injured by heavy pruning. I never thin.</p>
+
+<p>Mixed plantings of trees are best; my Jonathan do well; all do well that bloom
+at the same time. I do not fertilize. I never pasture my orchard; would not advise
+it. My trees are troubled with woolly aphis and root-louse. I have sprayed with
+London purple; last year I sprayed with Paris green and my apples were free
+from worms; if London purple is used without lime it burns the leaves; Paris
+green does not mix well, and has to be stirred all the time. I am going to use
+carbonate of soda and white arsenic this year; four parts carbonate of soda to
+two parts of white arsenic, and one gallon of water; boil for fifteen minutes, then
+add another gallon of water and use two quarts of this to fifty gallons of water. I
+pick my apples in a sack from a ladder. I sell apples in the orchard; have regular
+customers for the winter apples. I supply some stores with early and fall
+apples; never peddle any. I put my second-grade apples in piles of about thirty
+bushels each, and cover lightly with dirt until cold weather comes. A little
+freezing will not hurt them. In March or April I market them, and get as much
+for them as I get for the first-class ones in the fall. Those that keep best are:
+Ben Davis, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Gilpin, and Milam. We dry some apples for
+home use. We put them on frames in a spent hotbed under glass, to keep flies
+off. I have a large cellar in which I store apples; have never packed them in
+barrels. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from 35 cents to $1.50 per bushel.
+Have help of my own.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. P. Ashcroft</span>, Shibboleth, Decatur county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-two
+years. Have 100 apple trees, eight to twelve years old, four to ten inches in
+diameter. I prefer for commercial purposes Ben Davis, Winesap, and Willow
+Twig. I prefer upland with a south slope. I plant two-year-old, low, bushy,
+stout-top trees. To set, I plow deep and dig deep holes, in the fall. I cultivate
+my orchard every year from May 1 to July 1, and late in the fall. I use the harrow
+in the spring, disc and harrow later on, and lister in the fall. I think windbreaks
+would be beneficial on the south, and would make them of buildings and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+sheds of all kinds. I am troubled with small borers in the limbs. I prune out
+the inside of trees to let sun and air through. I think it beneficial, and that it
+pays. I never thin apples; the wind does the thinning. My trees are in mixed
+plantings, and I believe would bear every year if they did not freeze. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter on top of heavy snows. I think it beneficial, if
+not too close to the trees. I would advise its use on all soils if applied at the
+right time and in the right manner. I do not pasture my orchard; it does not
+pay. My trees are troubled with small borers, and my fruit with some insects. I
+do not spray. I have used coal-oil for borers, but do nothing now. We pick
+our own fruit.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. D. Street</span>, Oberlin, Decatur county: I have resided in the state thirty-seven
+years. Have an apple orchard of fifty trees seven or eight years old, about
+six inches in diameter. My orchard is situated on low, bottom land. I prefer
+two-year-old trees, set in plowed land and dug holes. I plant my orchard to garden
+crops, corn, and potatoes. I plow shallow, and use a harrow and weed-cutter.
+I plant the same crops in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; mine
+are natural timber along the creek. I prune a little with knife and saw, to preserve
+shape; cannot say that it has been beneficial, or that it pays. I do not
+thin the fruit while on the trees; it would probably benefit. I fertilize my orchard
+some with stable litter. I think it beneficial, as the land is heavily
+cropped with truck. I would not advise it on all soils. I pasture my orchard
+with cattle, horses, and hogs, but do not think it advisable. I have not sprayed
+yet, but intend to when my orchard is older. I pick my apples by hand. I store
+apples for home use. With a dam across a creek, I raise water into a pond, and
+irrigate. Seepage, percolation and capillary attraction do the rest.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James L. Williams</span>, McDonald, Rawlins county: I have resided in Kansas
+nineteen years. Have an apple orchard of sixty trees, planted eight years;
+planted ten acres in 1895. I prefer for family orchard Jonathan, Rambo, Senator,
+Rawle's Janet, and Gano. I planted my orchard on a hillside; the small
+orchard is in the bottom; they have a clay subsoil, and slope in every direction,
+but would prefer a northern slope. I prefer three-year-old trees, set in holes dug
+four feet deep, five feet wide, filled in the bottom with soil hauled from the
+creek. [?] I cultivate my trees with a cultivator and harrow; I think the life of
+the tree depends on the cultivation, and that we will have to keep it up as long
+as the tree lives. I plant potatoes and turnips in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+would be a benefit, and should be made of Russian mulberry or red
+cedar, set in four or five rows around the orchard. For rabbits I rub axle grease
+on the trees. I commence pruning when I set the trees out, using a knife and
+saw, to keep the tops from getting too heavy and to give shape; I think it pays.
+Never have thinned the fruit while on the trees, but would if my trees should
+ever be overloaded; I think it would pay. I fertilize my orchard from the sheep
+corral; it keeps the ground moist and is food for the trees. Would not advise its
+use on bottom land, as the growth would be too rapid. I pasture my orchard
+with hogs, but do not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled
+with grasshoppers and flathead borers. I dig borers out in the spring, then
+wash the tree with strong soap-suds, which I think eradicates all lice and insects
+that may be in the bark of the tree; it gives the tree a hearty, vigorous growth.
+I do not irrigate, but cultivate instead.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. R. Caldwell</span>, Oberlin, Decatur county: I have lived in Kansas thirteen
+years. Have an apple orchard of 110 trees, thirteen years old, six inches in diameter.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>For fall or winter market I prefer Winesap, Ben Davis, and Jonathan,
+and for summer, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, Red June, Winesap,
+Ben Davis, and Jonathan. Have tried and discarded Rawle's Janet; it is not a
+good bearer in this locality. I prefer upland, with a deep, rich loam, and an
+eastern slope. I prefer three-year-old trees, with lengthy bodies and not much
+top, set in holes dug three by three, one and one-half to two feet deep; fill the
+bottom with some of the same dirt. I cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes
+ten or twelve years, using a cultivator and stirring plow; cease cropping after
+ten or twelve years. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of forest-trees,
+by planting or transplanting them. For rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks.
+I prune to keep the limbs from rubbing; for any other reason it does not
+pay. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are planted in rows.
+I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter; think it beneficial, and that it would
+be good for all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable, and does
+not pay. My trees are troubled with flathead borer and tent-caterpillar, and my
+apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples and sell them
+in our home market. I do not dry or store any. Do not irrigate. Price has been
+one dollar per bushel. Dried apples have been from five to six cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Campbell</span>, St. Francis, Cheyenne county: I have lived in Kansas
+since 1885. Have an apple orchard of 200 trees, from two to seven years planted.
+I prefer bottom land, subirrigated, that is sandy, with a northern aspect. I prefer
+one-year-old trees planted in rows twenty feet apart. I cultivate my orchard
+to vegetables as long and as often as I can, using a harrow; cultivate after every
+rain if possible, and the drier the ground, the oftener the better. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of cottonwood, as they make the finest growth
+with us. For rabbits I wrap the trees with cloth; have not been able to catch
+or poison the gophers yet. I prune to maintain low heads and to make shapely
+trees without forks, and think it beneficial. I never thin my fruit. Do not
+think it makes any difference whether trees are planted in blocks of one variety,
+or mixed up. I mulch my orchard to retain moisture; would not advise it on
+all soils, as the moles make their home in it and soon kill the trees. I do not
+pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. The gophers have done more
+damage by cutting off the roots than all the other pests. Am also troubled with
+grasshoppers. Never have sprayed, but am going to this spring; will use the
+same chemicals as are used at the experiment station. I irrigate [sub]; can
+flood the ground, but don't need to; it is wet enough without.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Somer</span>, Wilson, Ellsworth county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-two
+years; have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees. For all purposes I prefer
+Ben Davis, Winesap, and Smith's Cider. Have tried and discarded Arkansas
+Black, Lawver, Jonathan, and Rawle's Janet. I prefer limestone bottom land
+with southeast slope. I prefer two-year-old trees three to five feet tall. I cultivate
+my orchard two or three years with a common stirring plow and cultivator,
+and plant nothing. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of forest-trees,
+walls, or Osage hedge. They ought to be planted before starting the orchard.
+For rabbits I wrap my trees with corn-stalks. I prune only to make trees symmetrical.
+Do not thin my apples. I mulch my trees; think it beneficial, but
+would not advise it on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are troubled
+with twig-borer.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. D. Griffiths</span>, Kanopolis, Ellsworth county: Have lived in Kansas eighteen
+years; have an apple orchard of thirty trees. Have some trees planted on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+bottom land. I cultivate my orchard to sweet corn as long as the trees will admit,
+using a plow and a one-horse, five-tooth cultivator. I prune to give trees
+good shape. I fertilize my orchard with well-rotted stable litter. Do not pasture
+my orchard. Am troubled with no insect but borers. I spray the trees when
+leafing out, and once a week for five or six weeks after that time, to ward off the
+insects. I probe for insects not affected by spraying. I do not irrigate. Prices
+have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel. Dried apples have been
+about eight cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. E. Wells</span>, Athol, Smith county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six years;
+have an orchard of twelve acres, from five to fourteen years. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin; and for family orchard Early
+Harvest and Winesap. I prefer hilltop of thin clay, resting on yellow silt, with
+a northern slope. I prefer two-year-old, stocky trees planted in dead furrows. I
+cultivate my orchard to corn as long as there is space enough between the rows;
+use two five-tooth cultivators lashed together, and cease cropping after twelve
+years. Windbreaks are not essential. I protect against rabbits and borers by
+eternal vigilance in hunting them. I prune by cutting out limbs, so they will
+not crowd each other; think it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees.
+My trees are in mixed plantings. I do not fertilize my orchard; I think shallow
+cultivation is better. I do not pasture my orchard with anything excepting
+chickens. Trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar; some worm affects my
+apples. I sometimes spray with lime and copperas, and have not been very successful.
+Insects not affected by spraying I dig out with penknife and wire.
+I pick my apples by hand from a common ladder; sort into three classes&mdash;first,
+smooth and free from worms; second, free from worms; the balance in the third
+grade. I sell apples in the orchard; also retail them. I handle the best apples
+very carefully, one at a time, and place in crates. Keep the second and third-grade
+apples at home; feed the culls to hogs. My best market is in the orchard;
+never tried distant markets. Never dry any. I store apples for winter in a
+cellar on shelves, one layer of fruit on each shelf&mdash;am successful; Ben Davis
+keeps best. Never tried artificial cold storage. Do not irrigate. Price has been
+fifty cents per bushel. I employ women, because they handle the fruit with
+more care than men do; I pay one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Clark</span>, Oberlin, Decatur county: I have lived in Kansas ten years. I
+have 1250 apple trees, eight years planted, as fine as they can be. My market
+varieties are: Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet, and Ben Davis, and for
+family I added Maiden's Blush, Red Astrachan, and Sweet June. I prefer clay
+soil, on hilltop; any slope is good. Plant trees in good condition and fine appearance,
+on ground plowed deep and disced just as deeply. I cultivate very
+often with five-tooth cultivator, and never quit. Every third year I plow with a
+one-horse diamond plow. I raised melons for the first three years; after that
+nothing. I have no use for windbreaks. I tie with corn-stalks, to protect against
+rabbits. I prune very little, to form the top, with knife and saw; keep straggling
+branches out. I use very little fertilizer; only on thin soil. I never pasture the
+orchard. Have some twig-borers and leaf-crumplers. I have never sprayed yet;
+it may soon be necessary. I have kept my trees tied up with corn-stalks for six
+years; the bodies are healthy; no sun-scald and no borers. My best market is at
+home. I have stored some for winter, in barrels in a cave, and find that the
+Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Rawle's Janet keep best, the latter keeping until
+July. I have been able to sell in the spring at fifty cents per peck.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John M. C. Kroenlin</span>, Lincoln, Lincoln county: I have resided in Kansas
+twenty-one years. Have an apple orchard of 178 trees, from four to fourteen
+years old, three to twelve inches in diameter. For market I prefer Winesap and
+Missouri Pippin, and for family use Missouri Pippin, Cooper's Early White, and
+Winesap. I prefer bottom land, with a black loam soil and sandy subsoil; I believe
+a level location best. For planting I prefer two-year-old trees, set in holes
+dug three feet square and one and one-half feet deep; throw out all soil and use
+good surface soil; never apply water to the roots. I cultivate my orchard until
+the trees are seven years old, using a disc, and then a harrow to level the ground,
+and plant no crop. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Russian
+mulberries, on south and west sides. I have cottonwood windbreaks on the east
+and north of my orchard; those on the east protect the trees from the morning
+sun, thereby lessening the danger when there is frost on the buds, and those on
+the north I keep trimmed high, so as to admit of a free circulation of air, which
+is a protection against frost. For rabbits I wrap my trees with corn-stalks, which
+I think the best way. I prune with an ax, knife, and saw, and think it beneficial
+and that it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are
+in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with well-rotted cow-stable litter,
+which I think has been beneficial. I do not pasture my orchard; I do not think
+it advisable. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, but not bad, and my
+apples with codling-moth. I spray after the blossoms fall, with London purple
+(which will kill every time), for canker-worm. I stand on step-ladder and pick
+my apples by hand. I sell them in the orchard, at retail, and feed the culls to
+the chickens. Lincoln is my best market. Have never tried distant markets.
+Don't dry any; it does not pay. I am successful in storing apples in bulk in a
+cellar, and find Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best. I do not irrigate. Prices
+have been from ten cents to two dollars per bushel, the same season; dried apples
+four cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Sayles &amp; Son</span>, Norcatur, Decatur county: Have been in Kansas fifteen
+years; have 300 apple trees, eight years planted, six inches in diameter. For
+market I planted Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Winter Duchess (?), and
+I added for family use Jonathan, Duchess of Oldenburg, and Red June. I have
+tried and discarded the Mann, Walbridge, Baldwin, Northern Spy, and Red
+Astrachan. I have black, northwest Kansas prairie soil, with northeast slope.
+Our well is seventeen feet deep, and fruit never fails. Plant low, healthy, two-year-old
+trees, in deep furrows, plowed parallel with the slope, putting the trees
+twenty by thirty feet. I have raised some splendid seedlings. I draw on large
+quantities of stable litter. I grow nothing in the orchard; cultivate with double
+shovel, drag, and hoe, keeping the ground flat. I believe windbreaks are essential,
+and would make them of Russian mulberry and white elm, set one row of
+elm one year old, twelve to twenty-four inches, then two rows of Russian mulberry
+six feet apart, alternating. For rabbits I fence with wire. I prune with
+knife and saw, thinning out the tops, and think it pays. I believe in thinning
+the fruit as soon as it is large enough, and would plant mixed varieties. Our
+Jonathan never bore until the Ben Davis near by bloomed. I scatter stable litter
+as for grain, and it is beneficial, as trees not fertilized die out here; it is good on
+all kinds of soil. Never pasture the orchard. We have some leaf-roller, fall web-worm,
+and codling-moth, but have never sprayed any. We dig borers out with a
+wire. We pick by hand, and sort into three grades: numbers 1 and 2, and
+cider stock. We never sell in the orchard, but retail our best in one-bushel
+crates. Our culls we feed out to farm stock early. Our best market is at home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+and west; never tried distant markets. Have never tried drying or storing for
+winter. Do not irrigate, but cultivate often. Prices range from 60 cents to $1.25
+per bushel. We use some farm help at fifteen to eighteen dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. J. Brumage</span>, Beloit, Mitchell county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-four
+years; have an orchard of 1000 very large apple trees, from twelve to twenty
+years old. For commercial purposes would prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Early Harvest, Red June, Willow Twig, Maiden's
+Blush, Cooper's Early White, and Pewaukee, and for family orchard Ben Davis,
+Winesap, Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Duchess of Oldenburg. I prefer
+hilltop, clay loam, with northeast slope. I plow a ditch and set two-year-old
+trees a little deeper than they were in the nursery. Have tried root-grafts and
+seedlings; were no good. I cultivate with garden-truck until twelve or fourteen
+years old, using a plow to stir the ground, and seed bearing orchard to grass. I
+use no windbreaks. I prune to keep the tree from getting bushy; I think it
+beneficial. I never thin my fruit. Cannot see any difference in trees whether
+planted in blocks or mixed up. Use no fertilizer, and would not advise its use.
+Do not pasture orchard; do not think it advisable. My trees are troubled with
+canker-worm, flathead borers, twig-borer, and leaf roller. Codling-moth and
+curculio trouble my fruit. I spray with London purple, using a pump, just after
+the blossom falls, for the codling-moth, and think I have reduced them. I pick
+my fruit by hand, and pack in barrels. I sort into two classes, good and bad.
+Have sold them in the orchard; sometimes retail; my best market is home; have
+never tried distant markets. I make vinegar of the culls. Never dry any. Store
+some for winter market in bulk in a cave; am successful; Winesap, Willow Twig
+and Ben Davis keep the best. Have never tried artificial cold storage. Have
+to repack stored apples before marketing; we lose about one-fourth. Do not
+irrigate. Prices average about fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John E. David</span>, Winona, Logan county: Have lived in Kansas thirteen years;
+have an apple orchard of ninety trees from seven to ten years old. I prefer level
+land, black loam with a clay subsoil, and an eastern slope. I prefer thrifty,
+healthy trees, set in holes three feet deep. I cultivate my orchard to beans and
+melons, using a cultivator and plow for six years; then cease cropping. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of honey-locust, planted in rows on north
+[?] and south. For protection from rabbits I use wire screening, and dig the
+borers out. I prune my trees with a knife to give big growth, and think it beneficial.
+I never thin my apples while on the trees. My trees are planted in blocks.
+I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; think it beneficial and would advise it
+out here. I never pasture my orchard. Am not troubled with insects. Do not
+spray. Do not irrigate.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. F. Johnson</span>, Oberlin, Decatur county: Have lived in Kansas seven years;
+Have 200 apple trees, four to eight years old, and seven to fifteen feet high. For
+commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis. For family use, Red June, Winesap,
+Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan, and Ben Davis. I prefer bottom land, with
+deep, black loam and clay subsoil, north slope. I plant two-year-old trees, in
+rows north and south, as close as the different varieties will allow. I cultivate as
+long as the trees live, with plow and cultivator, allowing them to go no deeper
+than three inches. I plant the young orchard to beans, pumpkins, and squashes;
+the same in a bearing orchard, and never cease cropping. Windbreaks are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+essential. I would make them of Russian mulberry and ash, and keep them
+cultivated. I tie dry corn-stalks around young trees to protect from rabbits.
+Never prune. Never thin. I use stable litter as a fertilizer and mulch; I think
+it advisable in this latitude. I pasture my orchard in fall and winter with hogs,
+and think it advisable. My trees are troubled with roundhead borer, twig-borer,
+and grasshoppers. I do not spray. Have never irrigated, but intend to soon.
+Prices have been from $1 to $1.50 per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. B. Stockard</span>, Beloit, Mitchell county: I have lived in the state since 1871.
+Have an apple orchard of 800 trees. For all purposes I prefer Missouri Pippin,
+Winesap, Jonathan, and Jefferis. Have tried and discarded Ben Davis and Limber
+Twig. I prefer bottom land with a clay subsoil; southeast slope. I prefer two-year-old
+trees, planted twenty-four feet apart, then thin them out when they
+crowd. I cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes, using a cultivator and drop
+harrow, and cease cropping when about six years old; plant nothing in a bearing
+orchard. Windbreaks are not essential. To protect the trees from rabbits I
+rub with rabbits' blood, and whitewash for borers. I prune very little; remove
+dead limbs, and clip the others; think it beneficial if not too severe. I do not
+thin my fruit while on the trees; it does not pay. It is not necessary to set
+trees in mixed plantings when you keep bees. I fertilize my orchard with stable
+litter; think corn-stalks best, it has proven beneficial; would advise its use on
+all soils. Do not pasture my orchard; is not advisable; does not pay. My trees
+are troubled with tent-caterpillar, bud moth, root aphis, bag-worm, roundhead
+borer, woolly aphis, twig-borer, oyster-shell bark-louse, and my apples with curculio.
+I spray just before the bud swells, and after they bloom, with white
+arsenic; sal soda and lime for canker-worms and moths; think I have reduced
+the codling-moth. I hand-pick my apples; sort into two classes. Sell in the
+orchard, wholesale, retail, and peddle; keep the best apples at home; make vinegar
+of the second and third grades, and culls. Never tried distant markets. Find
+a ready market for dried apples; but it does not pay. I store apples for winter
+use in a circular arched cave, in barrels; find Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep
+best. I do not irrigate. Price has been fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. Wagner</span>, Dresden, Decatur county: I have lived in the state twelve years.
+Have an apple orchard of fifty trees, planted last spring. I prefer hilltop, with
+an east or north aspect. I cultivate my orchard with a cultivator and harrow,
+growing no crop. Would make windbreaks of locust trees. For rabbits I use
+barrel staves. I do not prune, or thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are
+in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter, and think it beneficial,
+and would advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; do not
+think it advisable; it does not pay. I do not spray. I water my orchard. Apples
+have been one dollar per bushel; dried apples, five cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Elder</span>, Glen Elder, Mitchell county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an apple orchard of 280 trees, from twelve to twenty-six years
+planted. For family orchard I prefer Cooper's Early White, Early Harvest,
+Chenango Strawberry, Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis. Have
+tried and discarded Willow Twig, Lowell, and White Winter Pearmain, on account
+of blight and sun-scald. I prefer hill land, with black loam soil and clay
+subsoil; a northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, planted in dead furrows.
+I cultivate my orchard to corn for a number of years, using a lister, while the
+trees are young, and a disc when they get older. I cease cropping after six or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+eight years, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. When windbreaks are
+close enough to do good they sap the ground too much. I wrap the trees to protect
+them from rabbits, and keep them growing and healthy, for borers. I prune
+my trees, and think it beneficial. I do not thin the fruit on the trees. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter, and think it keeps a tree healthy and growing,
+which will protect it from borers and other insects. Do not pasture my orchard;
+do not think it advisable. My apples are troubled with curculio and gouger. I
+have sprayed after the blossom fell, with Paris green, London purple, and blue
+vitriol; don't know that I reduced the codling-moth any. For insects not affected
+by spraying I bored a one-half inch hole in the trees this spring and filled it with
+sulphur; then plugged it up. [?????] I sell apples in the orchard; also retail.
+I do not dry any. Prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per
+bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Perdue</span>, Beloit, Mitchell county: Have lived in Kansas eighteen years.
+Have an apple orchard of about 250 trees. I prefer the Missouri Pippin for commercial
+purposes. I prefer a black loam soil with a clay subsoil; north slope.
+In planting trees, I would set them thirty feet apart; mine are twenty feet and
+are too close. I have cultivated my orchard, but think I did not do it right. A
+light culture to keep the soil loose on top, to act as a mulch, would, I think, be
+beneficial. Think it best to grow no crop in the orchard. I think windbreaks
+would be beneficial. For rabbits I use woven wire. I prune to lessen the tops;
+I think it ought to be done every year, so as never to cut any large limbs; I think
+it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees, but think it would be an advantage.
+I have put stable litter in my orchard two or three times during the
+last fifteen years, but do not think it necessary; the land is rich enough without;
+would not advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable;
+it does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar,
+bud moth, and flathead borer. I do not spray. Always sell in the local
+market. I do not dry any. I store some for winter use, in a cellar in boxes, barrels,
+and bins. We have to repack stored apples before marketing. Prices for
+winter apples have been from fifty to seventy-five cents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. Vail</span>, Colby, Thomas county: I have lived in Kansas twelve years;
+have an apple orchard of 150 trees seven years old, from seven to eleven feet. I
+plant my orchard to corn and potatoes for two or three years, then nothing; use
+a common cultivator. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits I use tar
+paper. I prune very little, and rub off young sprouts. Can see no difference
+whether trees are in blocks of a kind or mixed plantings. I do not fertilize my
+orchard; it is very injurious here. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are
+troubled with tobacco worms [?] and grasshoppers. I do not spray. Do not
+irrigate.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hudson Bros.</span>, Kanopolis, Ellsworth county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-four
+years; have an apple orchard of fifty trees, six to thirty years old, from four
+to eighteen inches in diameter. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis,
+Missouri Pippin, and Winesap, and for family use would add Duchess of Oldenburg.
+I prefer sandy bottom land. I plant three-year-old trees thirty feet apart
+each way, in well-plowed land. I cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes till
+the trees are ten years old; sow rye in bearing orchard; mow in June, and then
+plow; never have ceased cropping. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of forest-trees planted in a belt around the orchard. I fertilize my orchard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+with barn-yard litter; think it beneficial; would advise its use to a certain extent
+on all soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable. My
+trees are troubled with flathead borers. I do not spray.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. W. O'Toole</span>, Collyer, Trego county: I have resided in Kansas nineteen
+years. Have an apple orchard of sixty-four trees, twenty-two of which are fourteen
+years old, and thirty-seven inches in circumference. For commercial orchard
+I prefer Ben Davis, and for family Early Harvest and Winesap. I prefer black
+loam with sandy bottom, south slope. I plant two-year-old trees, in rows eighteen
+feet apart. I do not cultivate my orchard, but mulch it with hay for four years.
+Windbreaks are essential here; would make them of cottonwood trees, planted in
+rows around the orchard. For protection against rabbits I use whitewash and
+tar paper. I prune to thin the tops; think it beneficial. The wind thins my
+apples for me. I fertilize my orchard with hay; think it beneficial, and would
+advise its use on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. I shall spray this year
+after the bloom falls with London purple and lime water. I peddle my apples.
+This is the best market, because they are scarce. I am successful in keeping a
+few bushels in a pit; the Missouri Pippin keeps best. I do not irrigate. I am
+located on bottom land. Price has been one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. A. Wilson</span>, Atwood, Rawlins county: I have resided in the state nineteen
+years; have an apple orchard of fifty trees ten years old, six inches in diameter.
+For all purposes I prefer Winesap and Ben Davis. I prefer bottom
+land with a dark loam and a clay subsoil, with a northern slope. I prefer two-year-old
+trees with good tops and stocky bodies, set in early spring, sixteen to
+twenty feet apart. I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes, and garden-truck, using
+a hoe and cultivator; have never ceased cropping. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of Russian mulberries planted twelve feet apart each way;
+trim and cultivate them. For rabbits I wrap the trees with rags or burlap cut
+in strips three or four inches wide; begin at the bottom and wind up; if the limbs
+are near the ground, wrap them, too. I prune with a small keyhole saw and
+shears to keep the tree hardy, and think it pays. I thin my apples when they
+are about half grown; it pays. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; it has
+been beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard.
+Trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and flathead borer. I do not spray. I
+stand on a step-ladder and pick my apples, laying them in the baskets as carefully
+as though they were eggs. I sort into two classes&mdash;best, and second grade.
+I sell apples in the orchard; retail the best, second and third grades; use and
+sell the culls. Home is my best market. I do not dry or store any for winter
+market. I irrigate, lifting the water twenty feet by an elevator and horse power
+from creek. Prices have been from $1 to $1.60 per bushel. Dried apples, sixteen
+pounds for one dollar. I employ hands at from fifteen dollars to eighteen
+dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. T. M. Dutcher</span>, Phillipsburg, Phillips county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-six years; have an apple orchard of 100 trees from eight to ten years old.
+For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Winesap, and for family
+orchard Ben Davis and Winesap. I prefer a bottom which has a sandy soil and
+a clay subsoil, with a northeast slope. I set two-year-old trees in listed ditches.
+I plant my orchard to potatoes as long as possible; use a five-tooth cultivator;
+cease cropping when the trees shade the ground, and plant nothing in a bearing
+orchard. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits I tie corn-stalks around<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+the tree, leaving them on the year round. I prune my trees with a knife; think
+it beneficial, and that it pays. I thin apples, if necessary, as soon as established.
+I fertilize my orchard with stable litter, and would advise its use on all soils. I
+never pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. My trees are troubled
+with borers, and my apples with curculio. I do not spray. I dig borers out. I
+make only one grade of my apples, and feed the culls to pigs, and use all the
+rest at home. I do not dry any. I irrigate a little; have a pond around the
+trees.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. E. Stevens</span>, Norton, Norton county: I have resided in the State eighteen
+years. Have an apple orchard of 100 trees from ten to fifteen years old, three to
+six inches in diameter. My orchard should be composed of Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, Pewaukee, Jonathan, Willow Twig, Maiden's Blush, Snow and two kinds
+of Russets (and I haven't a Russet in the orchard!!), Early Harvest, one or two
+sweets (and I haven't a sweet in the orchard!), which proves to me that an agent
+will sell you any variety you want, and ship what they happen to have. I prefer
+bottom land with a loamy soil and a clay subsoil, with a northern slope. I prefer
+three-year-old, low-top trees, cut back, set in a furrow made with a lister and dug
+out with a spade. I plant my orchard to corn, using a stirring plow and harrow,
+and am still cultivating; would plant corn or clover in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of Russian mulberries. For rabbits I
+wrap with fine meshed wire. I prune my trees with a saw and knife to give sunlight,
+and make larger fruit; think it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the
+trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I mulch my orchard late in the fall
+with coarse manure; would advise it on all soils, unless very rich. Feed your
+soil if you would have thrifty trees. I pasture my orchard with hogs; I think it
+advisable, and that it pays because they keep the soil loose. Trees are troubled
+with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, and borers; and my apples with worms. I do
+not spray, but ought to. I hand-pick my apples. I dry some for family use. I
+do not irrigate, but am confident we need more water.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse Royer</span>, Gove, Gove county: Have lived in Kansas thirteen years.
+I have four apple trees seven years old. I prefer upland with an eastern or
+northeast slope. For planting, I prefer good two-year-old trees. I cultivate my
+orchard all the time; would plant corn, and cultivate with any tool that would do
+good work and kill the weeds; would not plant any crop in a bearing orchard.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of any kind of forest-trees excepting
+walnut; plant two or three rows of them all around the orchard. I prune
+some to give shape to trees and take out all dead branches, and think it pays. I
+think a good rich [?] mulching would be beneficial, and would advise its use on
+all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. I would spray if it was necessary; insects
+are not very bad here. I do not dry any.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FRUIT DISTRICT No. 3.</h3>
+
+<p>Following is the third fruit district, comprised of thirty-one counties in the
+southwest quarter of the state. Reports, or rather experiences, from each of
+these counties will be found immediately following. We give below the number
+of apple trees in the third district, compiled from the statistics of 1897. Many
+thousands were added in the spring of 1898.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Not bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Total.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Barber</td><td align="right">12,901</td><td align="right">16,384</td><td align="right">29,285</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Barton</td><td align="right">25,146</td><td align="right">24,196</td><td align="right">49,342</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Clark</td><td align="right">735</td><td align="right">1,942</td><td align="right">2,677</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Comanche</td><td align="right">1,010</td><td align="right">1,512</td><td align="right">2,522</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Edwards</td><td align="right">3,378</td><td align="right">6,672</td><td align="right">10,050</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Finney</td><td align="right">6,139</td><td align="right">10,559</td><td align="right">16,698</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ford</td><td align="right">2,281</td><td align="right">4,178</td><td align="right">6,459</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grant</td><td align="right">852</td><td align="right">300</td><td align="right">1,152</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gray</td><td align="right">410</td><td align="right">2,715</td><td align="right">3,125</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greeley</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">402</td><td align="right">412</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hamilton</td><td align="right">741</td><td align="right">2,242</td><td align="right">2,983</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Harper</td><td align="right">36,296</td><td align="right">20,508</td><td align="right">56,804</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Haskell</td><td align="right">328</td><td align="right">141</td><td align="right">469</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hodgeman</td><td align="right">415</td><td align="right">675</td><td align="right">1,090</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kearny</td><td align="right">4,405</td><td align="right">7,312</td><td align="right">11,717</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kingman</td><td align="right">39,249</td><td align="right">23,416</td><td align="right">62,765</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kiowa</td><td align="right">1,683</td><td align="right">2,212</td><td align="right">3,895</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lane</td><td align="right">1,647</td><td align="right">2,524</td><td align="right">4,171</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Meade</td><td align="right">1,340</td><td align="right">2,200</td><td align="right">3,540</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ness</td><td align="right">1,188</td><td align="right">1,630</td><td align="right">2,818</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pawnee</td><td align="right">11,137</td><td align="right">7,800</td><td align="right">18,937</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pratt</td><td align="right">12,894</td><td align="right">12,963</td><td align="right">25,857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Reno</td><td align="right">141,460</td><td align="right">280,713</td><td align="right">422,173</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rice</td><td align="right">65,069</td><td align="right">45,133</td><td align="right">110,202</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rush</td><td align="right">2,118</td><td align="right">2,629</td><td align="right">4,747</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Scott</td><td align="right">229</td><td align="right">1,936</td><td align="right">2,165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Seward</td><td align="right">432</td><td align="right">602</td><td align="right">1,034</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stafford</td><td align="right">22,914</td><td align="right">27,377</td><td align="right">50,291</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stanton</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="right">160</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stevens</td><td align="right">897</td><td align="right">1,651</td><td align="right">2,548</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wichita</td><td align="right">90</td><td align="right">959</td><td align="right">1,049</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total in district</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">397,304</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">513,633</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">910,937</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Estimated acreage</td><td align="right">60,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">160,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. J. McNeal</span>, Scott, Scott county: I have lived in Kansas ten years; have
+an apple orchard of sixty-five trees five years old, seven feet high. I prefer a
+clay soil with a north aspect. I plant two-year-old trees in ground that has been
+plowed for two years before planting. I cultivate my orchard with a disc harrow
+and cultivator, and plant nothing. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of cottonwoods. I rub rabbits' blood on the trees to protect them from
+other rabbits. I prune my trees with a knife and a fine saw; I think it beneficial.
+I have fertilized my orchard with stable litter, but it causes a too rapid
+growth; I would not advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; it
+is not advisable; it does not pay. I am not troubled with insects, and do not
+spray. I do not irrigate, but think it would pay.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. O. Vick</span>, Fowler, Meade county: Have lived in Kansas fourteen years. I
+planted an apple orchard twelve years ago; have about fifty Missouri Pippins,
+that have not failed to give us a crop for seven or eight years; last fall we got
+three bushels from a single tree&mdash;the most ever taken from one tree by us. They
+are fine keepers, and are said to be much better, both in color and flavor, than
+those grown farther east. We have kept them in fine condition until July following,
+and then the supply gave out. Have no trees where they can be irrigated,
+but hope to put out an orchard next spring that can be irrigated. I have the
+finest location [for irrigation] in the West, and will do my best. I prefer valley
+land, with a southeast slope. Prices have been two dollars per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Blackmore</span>, Sharon, Barber county: I have lived in the state about five
+years; have an orchard of 1100 apple trees, three years old, two inches in diameter,
+seven feet high. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap,
+Early Harvest, Benoni, and Maiden's Blush. When planting a family orchard
+select varieties from the earliest to the latest, that they may be well supplied.
+In planting a commercial orchard I would study the wants and demands of the
+people, also the varieties best adapted to our soil and climate. Do not be like
+an experiment station and plant all varieties catalogued. A mongrel orchard,
+like mongrel stock, is not good property. The man who has a hundred bushels
+of some one good variety of apples can always get the best price for them; but if
+the hundred bushels consisted of ten or a dozen varieties there would not be enough
+of any one variety to attract a buyer, and consequently he must take what he can
+get for them. Select such varieties as the market demands, and then confine
+your planting to as few varieties as possible, and your commercial orchard will
+attract buyers. I prefer a bottom, with a dark, sandy or red land, with a reddish
+clay subsoil, north or northeast slope. I plant thrifty two-year-old trees, in
+ground plowed deeply and marked off with a lister sixteen by thirty feet; then
+set the trees four to six inches deeper than they stood in the nursery, in holes
+dug at the crossings. I haul my trees to the field in a barrel two-thirds full of
+water, take them out one at a time and trim all the broken and long roots, arranging
+them in natural positions and turning the ends down in the hole, leaning
+the tree toward the two <span class="smcap">P. M.</span> sun; then I fill the hole, using a rammer while a
+boy shovels the dirt in. If the soil is dry pour two or three gallons of water on
+the roots. When the water has soaked away finish filling the hole, and tramp
+the soil lightly around the tree. When they are all set, cut them well back.</p>
+
+<p>I cultivate my orchard from early spring to the 1st of September, using a
+plow, cultivator, and disc; I plant corn in a young orchard, and cease cropping
+after eight years, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are
+essential on the south and west, and I would make them of Russian mulberries.
+For rabbits I rub rabbits' blood on the trees twice during the winter. Borers I
+cut out the first year; after that I drown them out by cultivation. I prune my
+trees while they are small, to give shape. I think it pays, as you do not have to
+cut off large branches when grown. Do not have to thin fruit here in Kansas.
+I do not plant a solid block of any one kind of trees; I intermingle the varieties
+in alternate rows, and insure more perfect pollination. I fertilize my orchard
+with stable litter; it pays especially well on sandy soil, and I would advise its
+use on all soils. Don't expect your trees to produce something for nothing; feed
+them. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable, and does not pay. My
+trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bud moth, root aphis, bag-worm,
+flathead borer, roundhead borer, woolly aphis, twig-borer, and oyster-shell
+bark-louse, and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. Hunt the insect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+eggs and nests in your trees, and destroy the source of much loss to your fruit
+this season. In picking, I use a ladder to reach the apples in the top of the
+trees; put them in a grain sack over my shoulder with a stick in the mouth; have
+gathered sixty bushels per day for weeks at a time in this way. Prices have
+been from one dollar to two dollars per bushel, and dried apples five to eight
+cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. D. Einsel</span>, Greensburg, Kiowa county: I have lived in the state twelve
+years. I plant thrifty one-year-old trees, in holes large enough to receive the
+roots, cover the roots with earth, and then pour in a pail of water. When this is
+soaked away fill the hole nearly full of earth. I cultivated my orchard to corn,
+using a spring-tooth harrow, to keep the soil loose and kill the weeds. Am going
+to plant another apple orchard. I think western Kansas will yet grow apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. N. Patterson</span>, Ford, Ford county: I have lived in Kansas seventeen
+years. Have an apple orchard of 100 trees five years old. I fertilize my orchard
+with stable litter. Do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. I do
+not irrigate.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Hinds</span>, Olcott, Reno county: I have resided in the state thirteen years.
+Have an apple orchard of 500 trees; 375 of them are three years old, and the balance
+eight years old. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, and Grimes's Golden Pippin; and for family
+orchard Early Harvest and Maiden's Blush. I have tried and discarded Greening,
+Baldwin, and Missouri Keeper. I prefer a sandy bottom with a clay subsoil,
+and eastern aspect. I prefer three-year-old trees, set in the spring. I prune the
+roots and tops when setting. I plant my orchard to corn or potatoes for six or
+eight years; plow shallow; cease cropping after eight years, and plant nothing
+but clover and orchard-grass in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of mulberries planted one or two feet apart all around the
+orchard. For rabbits I make a varnish and apply to the trees in the fall. I
+prune my trees in June when they are large, so as to let in light and sun; I use
+a tree pruner; think it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees
+are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter, but do not put
+it close to the trees; I think it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I
+pasture my orchard with hogs; I think it pays. My trees are troubled with fall
+web-worm and leaf-roller. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand; sort into
+three classes from piles. Pack them in barrels and haul to market on wagon. I
+sell apples in the orchard at retail. Make vinegar of the culls. I store some
+apples for home use. Price has been one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Miller</span>, Ulysses, Grant county: Have lived in Kansas fifteen years.
+I have 256 apple trees, nine and ten years planted, from three to five inches in
+diameter. I grow for market Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Ben Davis, adding
+for family use Maiden's Blush and Grimes's Golden Pippin. I prefer bottom
+land, northeast slope, sandy soil, and gypsum subsoil. I plant in squares twenty-four
+by twenty-four feet. I have cultivated up to date with stirring plow and
+cultivator. I grow garden-truck among my trees until seven years old; after that
+nothing. I believe windbreaks essential in this county, and would make them
+of Russian mulberry, cottonwood, and locust. I would plant on the outside a
+row of mulberry four feet apart; next, a row of cottonwood or locust eight feet
+apart. To prevent destruction by rabbits I rub with fresh blood. I prune with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+a knife to prevent watersprouts from getting too thick; I am sure it pays, and
+lets sunshine into the center of the trees. I use stable litter, straw or rotted hay
+for fertilizer. I do not pasture my orchard, and have no insects but grasshoppers.
+Our crop has been light, owing to dry weather. I sell largely in the orchard.
+Our best market is at home. We dry a few for home use. I keep some
+for winter use, in a cave dug out and covered with earth. I do not irrigate.
+The prevailing price for apples is one dollar per bushel, and of dried apples, six
+cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. T. Daniels</span>, Kiowa, Barber county: I have lived in the state twenty-five
+years. Have an apple orchard of 150 trees, from ten to sixteen years old, four to
+eight inches in diameter. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Jonathan,
+Twenty-ounce Pippin, Maiden's Blush, and Rawle's Janet. Would plant
+the same varieties for a family orchard. Have tried and discarded Ben Davis,
+Early Harvest, Smith's Cider, Lawver, Fink, Walbridge, and McAfee; they will
+not stand the heat and drought. I prefer bottom land, with heavy loam and red
+subsoil, southeast slope, sheltered from north and south winds. I prefer a good
+yearling tree, planted in a dead furrow; after planting, plow two furrows to the
+tree, and then harrow. I plant my orchard to corn for two years only, using a
+twelve-inch plow, cultivator, and harrow. I cultivate my orchard as long as it
+lives, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential on the
+south and north; would make them of a belt of deciduous trees, six rods wide on
+the north, and one-half as wide on the south; would make this of native trees&mdash;elm,
+ash, or mulberry. For rabbits I wrap the trees with hay. I prune my
+young trees with the thumb and finger mostly, forming low heads; bearing trees
+I prune very little, except to take out the blighted limbs. I thin my apples
+when too full, when about the size of marbles; believe it pays. My trees are in
+mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter and ashes, but cannot
+see any benefit; think it would do no harm, unless heavy coats of coarse manure
+are plowed under. Never have pastured my orchard, but am going to very soon;
+am fencing now, so I can turn in hogs. My trees are troubled with twig-borer,
+and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. I sell apples in the orchard,
+and peddle the best second and third grades; give the culls to the hogs. My best
+market is in Oklahoma; never have tried distant markets. I am successful in
+keeping apples for family use in bulk in a cyclone cellar dug in the red rock.
+Missouri Pippin keep the best for me. Prices have been from fifty cents to one
+dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. D. White</span>, Enon, Harper county: Have lived in Kansas twenty years;
+have 500 apple trees planted from three to eighteen years. For commercial purposes
+I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. For family orchard I
+would add Maiden's Blush and Grimes's Golden Pippin. I prefer sandy bottom
+with an eastern slope. I would plant yearling trees, with every limb cut off, in
+rows twenty feet north and south, and forty feet east and west. Cultivate with
+double-shovel plow until they get too big to get among them, and grow nothing
+near them. I believe in a windbreak of mulberry, or any trees planted thickly,
+on the south. I prune only so that I can get under the trees. I use plenty of
+barn-yard litter, for it pays in the orchard. I pasture my orchard with hogs, and
+think it advisable, as it pays. I have sprayed, but never saw any good in it. I
+dig the borers out with a wire, unless they are in the heart of the tree, and then
+there is no help for the tree. I pick from a step-ladder, and sort into three
+classes: windfalls, wormy, and perfect. In picking we drop the decayed and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+gnarly to the ground, carry the rest in baskets to the barrel, put the perfect ones
+in one barrel, and the others in another. Do not disturb the best ones until you
+sell; the others should be sorted again before you sell. I sell some in the orchard,
+but peddle mostly; my best I sell to the stores in the spring; of the culls
+I make cider. My best market is the towns in the "Strip." I dry some satisfactorily
+on a cook-stove evaporator, pack in flour sacks, and find a ready and
+profitable market for them in the spring. I store successfully for winter in bulk
+and in barrels in a cave with eighteen-inch wall arched over from the bottom. I
+find that Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Winesap keep the best. We lose, perhaps,
+one-sixteenth. I do not irrigate. Prices range from 50 cents to $1.50 per
+bushel, and dried apples from five to twelve cents per pound. I use only farm
+hands at fifteen dollars per month and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Amos Johnson</span>, Ellinwood, Barton county: Have been in Kansas twenty-three
+years; have an orchard of 2000 apple trees, planted from three to twelve
+years. Varieties for market: Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Smith's Cider, and
+Northern Spy; for family use, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Smith's Cider, Maiden's
+Blush, and Red June. Have no use whatever for Ben Davis. Prefer bottom
+land, with black, sandy soil and a southern aspect. Plant good, thrifty two-year-old
+trees 25�25 feet. I plant corn or potatoes for three or four years, and after
+that nothing; thoroughly cultivate with the plow, disc, and harrow. I think
+a windbreak on the south side very essential, and would make it of cottonwood
+and Russian mulberry, in five rows, alternating, six feet apart. I use soap and
+turpentine for the borers, and hounds for the rabbits. I believe pruning pays,
+and makes the fruit much nicer. I use common pruning shears, and prune so
+that the sun can get in. Never have thinned apples on the trees, but believe it
+would be a good thing. I believe in fertilizing with stable litter; think it keeps
+the orchard thrifty and more fruitful. I have never kept any stock in the
+orchard, but believe it would be advisable and no detriment to pasture with hogs
+in June and July. Have never sprayed any. I pick from step-ladders into baskets,
+and sort into three classes: No. 1 are sold in barrels, No. 2 in bulk, and
+No. 3 go for cider. I have sold a few wagon-loads in the orchard, but I sell my
+best apples by the bushel late in winter; I usually sell the second-grade apples
+first, and make the culls into cider. My best market is in the counties north
+and west of us; have never tried a distant market. Never dried any. For winter
+we store in barrels, and are successful. The Missouri Pippin and Willow
+Twig keep best. I irrigate on a small scale. Prices average about one dollar
+per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Dickinson</span>, Larned, Pawnee county: Has lived in Kansas thirty-three
+years, and has an apple orchard of 1800 trees, planted from seven to fifteen years.
+For commercial purposes he prefers Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Willow Twig, Ben
+Davis, and Rome Beauty, and for family use adds early apples. Has tried and
+discarded Red Winter Pearmain, because of blight. He is located in river bottom,
+with sandy soil, and a blue clay subsoil. Prefers a north and east slope.
+Plants two-year-old trees, with heads two feet from the ground, in deep dead furrows.
+Cultivates until the middle of July with a disc harrow, plow, and weeder.
+Never ceases cultivation. In the young orchard he plants corn, potatoes, and
+garden-truck, and would plant the same in a bearing orchard, and cease cropping
+when the trees got too large. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of
+any fast growing timber, by planting two rows, six to eight feet apart, and three
+feet in the row. For borers and rabbits he uses paint, whitewash, and poison.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+He prunes his trees with a knife and shears, and thins out the tops to let the sun
+in, and thinks it pays, and is beneficial. He thins the fruit as soon as he sees that
+it is too thick. His trees are in mixed plantings, and fertilized with all the
+stable litter he can get. He finds it beneficial, and would advise its use on all
+soils. Does not pasture his orchard, excepting in late fall and early winter, when
+he lets the calves run in to tramp the ground, and thinks it advisable. His
+trees are troubled with canker-worm, bark-louse, and some other insects; and his
+fruit with codling-moth. He sprays his trees twice before the buds open, with
+Bordeaux mixture and arsenical solution, for blight; thinks he has reduced the
+codling-moth. Picks his apples from the trees into sacks, and hauls in a padded
+wagon box. Sorts them from tables into three classes&mdash;extra, good, and medium.
+Never sells apples in the orchard; wholesales, retails and peddles them. His best
+market is at home, but he has not enough to fill it. Does not dry any. Is successful
+in keeping a few apples for winter market in barrels and boxes in a cellar,
+as near air-tight as possible. They keep well until May 25, and he does not find
+it necessary to repack stored apples before marketing. He does not irrigate.
+Prices have been: Wholesale, 60 cents to $1.20 per bushel; retail, 80 cents, $1.40
+to $1.60 per bushel. He employs good help at one dollar per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. F. Hansberry</span>, Larned, Pawnee county: Have resided in Kansas twenty-three
+years. Have 1400 apple trees nine years planted. For market, Ben Davis,
+Winesap, Red Edgar (?), Haas, and for family orchard Ben Davis, Winesap,
+Maiden's Blush, and Whitney (crab) No. 20. I have discarded the Missouri
+Pippin, as the tree is too short-lived. I prefer second bottom, with sandy soil
+and clay subsoil; always choose north or northeast aspect. I always plant good
+one-year-old trees, twenty by thirty feet apart, putting Missouri Pippins between
+the wide way, to be cut out later on. I grow and graft all my trees. Cultivate
+with a disc cultivator until the trees come into full bearing; after that every second
+year. I grow no crop in the orchard. I believe windbreaks are essential on
+south side; I think mulberry trees best, and would plant a double row two feet
+apart, in rows four feet apart, the nearest row forty feet away from apple trees.
+I shoot and trap the rabbits. I only prune enough to keep the tree well balanced.
+I often thin Winesaps on the tree because I think they need it, and it pays. I
+believe in mixed plantings, and therefore plant Ben Davis among all the others.
+I spread stable litter among my trees after they come into bearing; sandy soil, I
+think, requires the most fertilizer. I pasture in a small way, putting my little
+calves in, in the spring. Am only bothered with a few codling-moth and flat-headed
+borers. I do not spray, but I make way with all the fallen fruit. I hunt
+borers and kill with a wire. Pick by hand as soon as well colored; sort into two
+classes; the best is first, and all sound smaller fruit second. We pack in barrels
+by hand, marking with the variety and class. We sell ours all at home; usually
+they are engaged before they are picked. Our second grade we keep at home;
+culls are made into cider. Our apples are sold in Dodge City and Larned. Have
+never shipped any; have never dried any. I store some second grade in barrels
+and bulk in the cellar, and find that Missouri Pippins, Ben Davis, and Winesaps
+keep the best, and I do not lose over three per cent. Some seasons I irrigate,
+with windmills. Prices vary from 75 cents to $1.25 per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. G. Morgan</span>, Richfield, Morton county: I have lived in Kansas forty-three
+years; have an apple orchard of 125 trees, medium size, ten years old. For all
+purposes I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Maiden's Blush. I prefer
+black loam bottom, with clay subsoil, northern slope. I plant two-year-old trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+with small tops, well rooted, in large holes, and filled in with well-worked soil. I
+cultivate my orchard to vines, using a stirring plow and hoe, and cease cropping
+after six years, but keep cultivating, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of forest-trees planted in hit-and-miss
+rows around the orchard. Am not troubled with rabbits and borers. I
+prune with a saw and knife to give shape; think it beneficial. I thin apples on
+the trees as soon as large enough. My trees are in mixed plantings; Maiden's
+Blush are surrounded by Pippins and Rambos. I think they are more fruitful.
+I do not fertilize. I pasture my orchard with chickens and turkeys; I think it
+advisable, to keep out bugs. Trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar. I pick
+my apples by hand into baskets from step-ladders, and sort into three classes,
+choice, common, and culls, while gathering. I pack in barrels, placing a layer in
+the bottom, mark with paint, and haul to market on a wagon. I sell apples in
+the orchard, also retail to merchants; make cider of culls. Richfield is my best
+market. Do not dry any. Am successful in storing apples for winter in boxes
+and barrels in cellar; find Missouri Pippin and Winesap keep best. Lose about
+two per cent. of the stored apples. I irrigate my trees direct from a well, in
+ditches running close to the trees. Price has been one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. Morgan</span>, Hutchinson, Reno county: I have lived in Kansas seventeen
+years; have sixty acres of apples, from four to sixteen years old. For commercial
+orchard I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Winesap; and for family
+orchard Early Harvest, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, and
+Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded Snow and Early Pennock on
+account of blight. I prefer river bottom with a clay subsoil. I plant two-year-old,
+large, thrifty trees, at the crossings of furrows made with a lister, twenty by
+thirty feet. I cultivate for the first four years to corn and garden-truck, using a
+Planet jr. cultivator, then use a one-horse plow for two years, and cease cropping
+when bearing begins heavily, and plant nothing. Windbreaks are essential; would
+make them of one row of Osage orange, on the west side of orchard. For rabbits
+I use tree paint and wood veneers. I prune my trees in the winter, to produce
+health and give good form; think it beneficial, and that it pays. I do not thin
+my fruit while on the trees, but think it would pay. I fertilize my orchard with
+stable litter; think it beneficial; would advise its use on sandy land. My trees
+are troubled with flathead borer, and my fruit with codling-moth and curculio.
+I do not spray. I pick my apples from ladders; pile those taken from eight
+trees together and cover with hay. Sort into three classes: First, sound and
+large; second, sound and small; third, spotted. I sell apples in the orchard,
+also wholesale and retail; pack my best in bushel boxes and sell to grocers. Sell
+my second and third grades to peddlers and farmers from the west. My best
+market is at home. Have tried distant markets and found they paid. Am successful
+in storing apples in bulk in a bank cellar, Winesap and Missouri Pippin
+keeping the best. Do not irrigate. Good apples sold here this winter for one
+dollar per bushel. I employ farm hands at farm wages.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. H. Longstreth</span>, Lakin, Kearny county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-nine
+years. I have 3400 apple trees&mdash;500 eleven years old, 1200 eight years old,
+700 six years old, and 1000 set this spring. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, and Winesap. For family use I would advise Early Harvest, Red
+June, Maiden's Blush, Chenango Strawberry, Smith's Cider, Huntsman's Favorite,
+Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. Have
+discarded the Red Astrachan, Willow Twig, and Cooper's Early White, as they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+will not bear. I prefer second bottom, not too high or too low; sandy loam, with
+loose clay subsoil; any slope is good, north preferred. I prefer small-sized, well
+rooted, two-year-old trees, planted with a spade, in deeply plowed, thoroughly
+prepared ground, and would cultivate until they die of old age. I use a sixteen-inch
+disc, Acme harrow, Thomas's smoothing harrow, and Barnes's weeder. I
+grow small fruit and vegetables among the trees until of bearing age. Would
+plant windbreaks of six or eight rows of North Carolina poplars, honey and black
+locust, Russian mulberry, white ash, and box-elder, one-year seedlings, two feet
+apart, in rows four feet apart, on the north and south side of orchard. For rabbits,
+I wrap my trees as soon as possible after planting. I prune with a knife to
+admit sun and air, and to keep down suckers and limbs that rub each other. I
+thin all through the season, taking out imperfect fruit as far as possible, and it
+pays. I don't think it necessary to mix varieties to insure fruitfulness, yet this
+spring I planted 1000 Missouri Pippins, filling every sixth row with Winesaps for
+a test. The varieties I have discarded as not bearing were thoroughly mixed in
+with other kinds. I would use no fertilizers unless on very thin soil, and then would
+prefer to use before planting. I use fertilizers after the trees come into bearing, but
+up to bearing age good, thorough cultivation in the early part of the season is all
+that I would give. I do not pasture orchards; it might be advisable to turn hogs
+in to eat up windfalls affected with codling-moth, but never any other stock.</p>
+
+<p>Am troubled only with root aphis, codling-moth, and curculio. I spray right
+after the blossoms fall with London purple, for codling-moth, and have reduced
+them to a great extent. Have prevented borers by wrapping. I contemplate using
+kerosene emulsion on curculio and insects that I cannot reach with poison. I
+pick in canvas lined half-bushel baskets, and sort into firsts, seconds, and culls,
+carefully, by hand. I pack in boxes, if I can get them; have used barrels well
+shaken and pressed down, marked with stencil, and shipped by rail. Denver has
+been our best market thus far; sometimes I have sold most of my apples in the
+orchard; never have to peddle any. I feed the culls to my hogs. Never dry any,
+but think I will try it in the near future, as there is a good home market for a
+large part of them. Have stored a good many in cellar in barrels and in bulk;
+some I have buried. I don't like either plan, and am figuring to put up some
+kind of cold-storage building for future use. Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and
+Ben Davis, in the order named, have kept best for me, my losses being about one-fifth.
+I irrigate by flooding the ground all over thoroughly when necessary.
+Prices have ranged from 75 cents to $1.25 per bushel; from $2.50 to $3 per barrel.
+I use the best men I can get, and pay $1 a day and board, or $1.50 per day without
+board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. W. Switzer</span>, Hutchinson, Reno county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years; have 2000 apple trees twelve, fifteen and eighteen years old. Winesap,
+Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis for market purposes; Maiden's Blush, Rambo
+and Roman Stem added for family use. Have discarded Limber Twig and Willow
+Twig, both subject to blight. I prefer bottom land, sandy loam soil, and sandy
+subsoil; north slope is best. Plant two-year-old, low-headed trees, in holes large
+enough to receive all the roots without crowding, one inch deeper than in the
+nursery. Plant to corn until five or six years of age; then nothing. Plow and
+cultivate both ways to kill the weeds. I believe windbreaks are a necessity, and
+should be made of trees planted two or three rods wide, four feet apart, on the
+south side. Wrap the trees with straw or hay to protect from rabbits and borers.
+I prune with a saw to thin out where too thick, and to keep down the watersprouts;
+it certainly pays. I use stable litter and old hay in the orchard for fertilizer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>Do not think it pays or is advisable to pasture orchard. I spray when
+the bloom begins to fall, three times for codling-moth, with London purple and
+Paris green, and I am satisfied I have reduced them. For the borer I use a
+knife and a wire. I pick in baskets, and pile in long rows in the orchard. I sort
+into two classes, and sell the best in the orchard to men who haul them west.
+The culls go for cider. I do not irrigate, and I do not dry or store any apples.
+Prices have varied from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel. I use common
+farm labor at fifteen to eighteen dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. C. Curran</span>, Curran, Harper county. I have lived in Kansas fifteen years.
+Have fifty apple trees eleven years old. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben
+Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and York Imperial, and for family orchard add
+some summer and fall varieties. Have tried and discarded Rawle's Janet, on
+account of slow growth. Bellflower is a fall apple here; and Jonathan is too
+small. I prefer bottom land, sandy loam, subirrigated, water at six feet. I prefer
+good two-year-old trees, head twenty-eight inches from the ground, planted in
+spring, after March winds. I cultivate my orchard all the time with a disc drawn
+by four horses. I plant no crop. Have some weeds and rabbits. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of mulberries planted not closer than forty feet to
+the first row of trees; would buy the mulberry sprouts from the nursery. I
+keep the rabbits down with dogs and shot-guns; dig borers out. I never thin
+my apples; the wind does it for me. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard
+litter, but think it injurious to the trees. Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are
+troubled with canker-worm and tent-caterpillar, and fruit with curculio. I do not
+spray. Pick apples by hand. Never dry apples; it does not pay. Do not irrigate.
+Prices have been fifty cents per bushel in the fall, and one dollar per
+bushel in the winter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John H. Gosch</span>, Norwich, Kingman county: I have lived in Kansas twenty
+years. Have an apple orchard of 100 trees eighteen years old. I prefer a bottom
+having dark soil. I plant two-year-old trees in large holes, well watered. I
+cultivate my orchard shallow, and mulch, using a disc. Never plant anything
+among the trees. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of two or three
+rows of mulberries, on the north and south sides of the orchard. I fertilize my
+orchard with stable litter, but do not put it near the trees; think it beneficial,
+and would advise its use on all southwestern Kansas soil. Am not bothered with
+insects. Do not spray. Apples have been one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. W. Leach</span>, Kingman, Kingman county: I have lived in Kansas twenty
+years. Have an apple orchard of about 300 trees, from fourteen to eighteen
+years old. Those that do the best here are Red June, Maiden's Blush, and
+Cooper's Early White.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. E. Jesseph</span>, Danville, Harper county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five
+years; have an apple orchard of 800 trees, 100 of them but one year old and the
+other 700 are fourteen years old. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben
+Davis, and Winesap, and for a family orchard Grimes's Golden Pippin, Stark,
+and Cooper's Early White. Have tried and discarded the Nonesuch. I prefer
+bottom land with a deep loam that goes to water, with a north aspect. I prefer
+two-year-old trees set sixteen feet apart. I plant my orchard to corn for about
+eight years, using a disc harrow; and cease cropping at the end of that time.
+Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of Osage orange, Russian mulberries,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>or cottonwood, by planting all around the orchard, making it the
+heaviest on the south side. For rabbits I wrap the young trees with corn-stalks,
+and borers I dig out. I prune with pruning-shears and a chisel to increase the
+fruit; I think it pays. I thin my fruit while on the trees in June and July, and
+find it pays. My trees are in mixed plantings. I do not fertilize my orchard,
+but would advise it on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it
+advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with flathead borer, and my
+fruit with codling-moth. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples in a sack, one
+corner of which is tied up to the top, it has a strap eighteen inches long to put
+over the shoulder; spread the top of the sack and pick with both hands. Sort
+my apples into two classes: first and second. I pick the best first, letting the
+inferior ones stay on the trees; I afterwards shake these off and send to the cider
+mill. I sell apples in the orchard. Make cider and vinegar of the second and
+third grades and culls. My best market is at home in the orchard. Never tried
+distant markets. Do not dry any; cannot find a ready market for them and it
+does not pay. Am successful in storing apples for winter use in bulk, in an outside
+cave; find the Little Red Romanite and Missouri Pippin keep best. I do
+not irrigate. Prices have been from sixty to seventy-five cents per bushel. I
+employ careful young men at one dollar per day or twenty-five dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sam Jones</span>, Springfield, Seward county: I have lived in Kansas thirteen
+years. Have an apple orchard of fifty trees. I am not keeping them for
+the fruit, but for the pleasure of the birds&mdash;to build nests and sing their
+sweet songs in. I cultivate my orchard all the time to keep the weeds
+down; plant it to vines, such as squashes, pumpkins, melons, etc. Do not
+pasture my orchard. I do not know of anybody that ever irrigated. In regard
+to "the Kansas Apple," in this part of the state, they are no good. I will
+say there never was ten bushels of apples grown in Seward county. I planted
+out two acres of apple trees ten years ago; they grew, and looked very well. I
+took good care of them, but they never would bear; and that is the experience
+of every one else. I cannot tell the cause, unless it gets too dry and hot, with
+hot winds. [Such things were said of the whole state of Kansas by many intelligent
+men thirty years ago. Mr. Jones does not tell what varieties he tried, and
+his remarks need not discourage any whose lot is cast in Seward county. While
+there are only 1034 apple trees reported in the whole county, yet the low price of
+trees should encourage every farmer to plant a few of the hardier varieties, if
+only as an experiment.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Secretary.</span>]</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Bainum</span>, Langdon, Reno county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five
+years. Have an apple orchard of twenty trees, most of them ten years old. For
+market I prefer Missouri Pippin and Winesap, and for family would add Early
+Pennock and Maiden's Blush. Ben Davis would not do any good for me. I prefer
+bottom or table land with a heavy subsoil and a northern slope. I prefer
+two-year-old trees with low heads, set in a ditch. I cultivate my orchard to corn
+as long as I can get in with a plow; I also use a disc and harrow. I cease cropping
+when the trees need all the moisture; do not plant anything in a bearing orchard.
+Windbreaks are essential; would make them of mulberry trees, set thirty or
+forty feet away from the orchard. For rabbits I use axle grease and sulphur
+mixed. I prune, leaving the tops low, and thin out the branches so as to give air
+and produce larger fruit; it has paid me. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter
+but do not put it close to the trees; I think it beneficial, and would advise its
+use on all soils. I have pastured my orchard with cattle and hogs; do not think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+it advisable; it does not pay. Trees are troubled with flathead borer and leaf-roller,
+and my apples with codling-moth. I have sprayed, but not lately, with
+London purple for codling-moth, just after the blossoms fell; it did not pay&mdash;did
+not reduce the codling-moth any. I go after insects not affected by spraying
+with a small wire. I pick my apples by hand in half-bushel baskets; sort into
+three classes&mdash;largest and sound, second best, and cider. I wholesale, retail, and
+peddle, and make the culls into cider and vinegar. Never have tried distant
+markets. I dry some with a Stutzman dryer; it is satisfactory. I pack them
+in cracker boxes and find a ready market for them at times; it does not pay.
+Am successful in storing apples two feet deep in bins, one above another, in a
+cellar walled up with rock; never tried any excepting Missouri Pippin and Winesap.
+I have to repack stored apples before marketing, losing about five per cent.
+I irrigate my orchard with water pumped into a reservoir 80�120 feet, and three
+feet deep. Prices have been from 50 cents to $1.25 per bushel; dried apples, ten
+cents per pound. I employ women at fifty cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. S. Drake</span>, Bucklin, Ford county: Have lived in Kansas twenty years, and
+have 330 apple trees from three to eleven years old, part of them ten inches in
+diameter. I prefer good keeping apples for family use. I prefer bottom land,
+subirrigated, with a north and east slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, set the
+same depth as they grow in the nursery. I cultivate my orchard from three to
+eight years, in potatoes, with a plow and harrow; I plant nothing in a bearing
+orchard, and cease cropping when they shade the ground. Windbreaks are essential
+where orchards are exposed. I would make them of forest-trees. I protect
+from rabbits by wrapping with poultry wire. I dig borers out. I prune very
+little, just enough to stop top growth; I think it has been beneficial. I thin my
+apples when the limbs are unable to support them. I mulch only to hold back
+the bloom. I do not pasture my orchard. Borers trouble my trees. My apples
+are not troubled with insects. I pick my apples by hand, and put them carefully
+into a basket. I sort into two classes: first, sound and smooth; second, unsound.
+I do this work by hand. I pack in barrels, pressed full. My best market is at
+home; we eat and cook the best, and the culls I donate to the children. I never
+dry any. I store some in barrels, and am successful. I find those I keep from
+the family keep best. [?] The prevailing price has been one dollar per bushel.
+I employ men by the month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fred Moore</span>, Great Bend, Barton county: I have lived in Kansas twelve
+years. Have 200 apple trees from one to sixteen years old. For family orchard I
+prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Maiden's Blush. I prefer bottom land, with
+north slope. I cultivate every year with stirring plow and harrow; plant nothing;
+think windbreaks essential, made of forest-trees. I wrap my trees with rags to
+protect from rabbits. I prune with a saw to thin the branches. I never thin
+apples. I fertilize with stable litter. My trees are troubled with flathead borers.
+Worms trouble my apples. I do not spray. I dig borers out with a knife, in
+August and September. Price has been fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. G. Osborne</span>, Medicine Lodge, Barber county: Have lived in Kansas since
+1865. Have 150 apple trees, from two to fourteen years planted. I prefer root
+grafts, and plant in rows twenty to twenty-five feet each way. I cultivate in corn,
+using a plow. Keep rabbits down with hounds. I prune with a knife. I fertilize
+with barn-yard litter. Do not spray or irrigate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Lewis</span>, Bluff City, Harper county: I have been in Kansas twenty-two
+years; have an orchard of 1000 trees; the first were set in 1881. The varieties
+are Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis and Winesap for market, and Duchess of Oldenburg,
+Maiden's Blush and English Rambo for family use. I prefer bottom land,
+of level, sandy loam. I plant two-year-old thrifty trees in rows two rods apart.
+I grow nothing in the orchard, and never cease cultivating with a stirring plow,
+disc, and harrow. I believe windbreaks are essential in this county, and would
+make them of any thrifty forest-tree; Russian mulberry is good. I would put
+double rows around the orchard. I prune with shears and saw to thin the tops.
+I never use any fertilizer, and never allow stock in the orchard. Am troubled
+some with the flat-headed borer, which I remove with a knife. I spray with
+London purple just as the bloom begins to fall. I pick by hand, and sell in the
+orchard and otherwise; never dried any. I store for winter market in a cave in
+bulk, and am successful. The best keepers I find are Limber Twig, Striped
+Vandevere, and Ben Davis. Prices prevailing have been fifty cents per bushel;
+dried apples, from five to seven cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Pimm</span>, Enon, Barber county: I have lived in Kansas sixteen years.
+Have an apple orchard of 2250 trees from four to twelve years old. For
+commercial purposes I prefer York Imperial, Ben Davis, Mammoth Black
+Twig, and Nero, also Shackleford; and for family orchard Jonathan, Early
+Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. Have tried and
+discarded White Winter Pearmain, Red Astrachan, and Mann. I prefer
+bottom land with a northern slope. I prefer two-year-old trees planted in
+a deep dead furrow. I cultivate my orchard to corn and garden-truck; cultivate
+four or five times during a season, the more the better; I use a disc; believe an
+orchard should always be cultivated. I cease cropping after six or seven years,
+and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of two rows of mulberries. For rabbits I use wrappers of wood veneer. I
+prune to shape the tree and to get rid of all surplus wood, and think it beneficial.
+I do not thin my fruit on the trees; the insects and wind do it for me. I do
+not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with flathead borer and twig-borer,
+and my apples with codling-moth. I have sprayed with London purple.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. L. Lovette</span>, Toronto, Woodson county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-two
+years; have an apple orchard of thirty trees twelve to twenty years old. For
+market I prefer Missouri Pippin and Winesap, and for family use would add
+Early Harvest and Smith's Cider. Have tried and discarded Fall Pippin,
+Northern Spy, and Rambo. I prefer level prairie land well enriched, with black
+limestone soil and a sandy subsoil, northern aspect, to hold the trees back in the
+spring. I prefer large, smooth trees with good roots, planted in large holes with
+rotten chip manure. I cultivate my orchard to hoed crops, using a diamond
+plow. I plant bearing orchard to white beans, peanuts, etc., and cease cropping
+when well in bearing. Windbreaks are essential; I use soft maple four feet
+apart, in four rows around the orchard. For rabbits I wrap my trees with slough
+grass. I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable. My trees are
+troubled with tent-caterpillar and borers, and my apples with curculio. I
+sprayed once with Bordeaux mixture; have no faith in it; I may possibly have
+reduced the codling-moth a little. I now watch and burn the insects. [?] I pick
+my apples in a sack over the left shoulder, from a step-ladder wide at the bottom
+and narrow at the top. Sort into three classes: first take out all inferior for
+cider, then put the sound ones in the barn until late in the fall, when I sort,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+keeping No. 1's for spring, No. 2's for winter, and use all the rest for cider. I
+sell some apples in the orchard to neighbors, and some to grocerymen. I haul
+my best apples to market in a spring wagon with hay under them. We use
+many culls and give some away. My best market is at home. I dry some for
+market, then put them in sacks and keep in a cool place; find a ready market for
+them, but it does not pay. I store apples for winter market in a pit; am successful;
+find Winesap, Rawle's Janet and Missouri Pippin keep best. We have
+to repack stored apples before marketing, losing about ten per cent. of them. I
+water my trees artificially. Prices have been from $1 to $1.50 per bushel. I
+employ young men at one dollar per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Cox</span>, Fowler, Meade county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-one years;
+have an apple orchard of 125 trees ten years old, six to ten inches in diameter. For
+family orchard I prefer Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Ben Davis, Gennetting,
+and Rawle's Janet. I prefer hill land, with a northeast slope, having a clay subsoil.
+I prefer two-year-old trees, set at crossing of furrows run both ways. I
+cultivate my orchard all the time with a plow and harrow; it is too dry in this
+climate to let weeds grow. Do not plant any crop. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of African tamarix, set in three or four rows around the orchard.
+For rabbits I grease lightly in the fall and wash off in the spring. I
+prune my young orchard with a knife, to balance the tree properly. I think it
+pays. Never have thinned the fruit while on the trees. My trees are in mixed
+plantings. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter. I think it has been
+beneficial, and would advise its use on all clay soils. I do not pasture my orchard.
+My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and roundhead borer, and
+my apples with worms. I spray when in bloom, and again after blooming, with
+London purple. Do not think I have reduced the codling-moth any. I pick my
+apples by hand, and sort into two classes&mdash;family apples and hog apples. Am
+successful in storing apples for winter use in boxes in a cellar. I find Ben Davis
+and Rawle's Janet keep best. I irrigate my orchard, using a windmill and pump
+with a four-inch cylinder. Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per
+bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. James Myers</span>, Hutchinson, Reno county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-nine
+years. Have about 3000 apple trees eight years old, six to eight inches in
+diameter; fine, large trees. For market I prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and
+Ben Davis; for home use, Early Harvest, Northern Spy, and Maiden's Blush.
+Most other varieties that are a success in the East are a failure here. I am satisfied
+with a few of the best varieties. In this county lowland is the best. I
+prefer a sandy land, on a clay subsoil, and a north slope, every time. I plant
+two- and three-year-old, clean, thrifty trees. I mark the ground in squares of one
+rod and plant in every other crossing, mismatching to make the trees zigzag. I
+will cultivate the orchard for forty years in this county if they live so long. I
+would grow corn amongst them for the first three or four years; after that, nothing;
+the less crop the better. I believe windbreaks are essential in small orchards,
+but in large orchards the trees will protect each other. For windbreaks
+I would plant maple or mulberry, at least two rods away from the apple trees.
+For protection against rabbits and borers, take lime and Portland cement, equal
+parts, mix with sweet milk to the consistency of paint; add one tablespoonful of
+Paris green, and apply with a brush; it will never fail. I prune while the tree
+is young; then the wound does not affect them so much; it pays, and is very necessary.
+I have never thinned, but think it necessary, just before the apples are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+half grown. I use no fertilizer whatever. I do not pasture my orchard much,
+but when I do it is with hogs, and I think it advisable when the fruit is wormy
+and falling off. I have some insects, but have never sprayed. For borers I use
+a knife. I pick in baskets, just as late as possible.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. O. Emery</span>, Cimarron, Gray county: Have lived in Kansas twelve years;
+have 400 apple trees four years planted, of the following varieties: Ben Davis,
+Missouri Pippin, Arkansas Black, Mammoth Black Twig, Rawle's Janet, and a
+few Yellow Transparent. Prefer bottom land in this county; plant only fifteen
+feet apart each way on account of the wind. Grow no crop in the orchard, and
+cultivate every two weeks until the 1st of August with a five-tooth cultivator.
+Have a double row of locusts and Osage-orange hedge all around the orchard,
+and consider windbreaks a necessity. I prune out the inside branches, leaving
+only four or five limbs, so they will not grow scrubby, and think it beneficial. I
+plowed under forty loads of stable litter to the acre before planting. I would
+not pasture an orchard. Am troubled some with web-worm and twig-borer, and
+have used a spray in June and August of concentrated lye and cold water; also,
+some Paris green and London purple for worms. I irrigate my orchard once
+every two weeks, from a reservoir 70�140 feet, and have apple trees that made 4<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span>
+feet of growth last year. My reservoir is supplied by two windmills running
+four- and six-inch pumps.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ben. McCullogh</span>, Ellinwood, Barton county: Have been in Kansas twenty-two
+years; have the biggest grove in Comanche township, Barton county, covering
+twenty acres, most of it in fruit of all kinds. Have 300 apple trees, planted from
+five to fourteen years, from eight to sixteen inches in diameter; varieties, Ben
+Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. Have discarded the Nonesuch.
+My orchard is second bottom, black, sandy soil, and perfectly level. I planted
+two-year-old trees in rows both ways. I grow corn and potatoes in the orchard
+until the trees shade the ground pretty well, and then I grow nothing, but cultivate
+the ground until they get big and old enough to go without it. I believe
+windbreaks are essential in this country; mine is composed of three rows around
+the orchard, of box-elder and cottonwood. I wrap my trees while small to protect
+from the rabbits. Wash with lye for borers. While small I prune out the
+middle of the tree with knife and saw, but let the lower limbs grow to protect the
+trunk. I believe stable litter beneficial in an orchard, and use plenty of it. I do
+not believe in pasturing an orchard. I never spray. I always sell my fruit in
+the orchard; some wagons come forty miles for it, and pay me from fifty to
+seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. Leonhart</span>, Kiowa, Barber county: Have lived in Kansas thirteen years.
+Have 300 apple trees, planted from nine to ten years. Am uncertain as to best
+varieties. Plant in low ground or a "draw"; advise any loose soil, but no clay
+subsoil (?); like east or northern slope. Plant fresh one-year-old trees, in "deep
+subsoil trenched." Have planted root grafts eighteen inches long, where they
+are now growing, and are the pride of my orchard. Hot sun and wind make
+the fruit woody and sapless. Plant no crop in orchard, but plow yearly and harrow
+all summer. Believe in windbreaks made of locust or anything that will
+grow, planted in deep subsoiled furrows on south and west of orchard. For rabbits
+I use, in summer, lime, grass, and cow-dung, mixed. In winter I use clay
+with dead rabbit pounded into it. Prune to keep limbs from rubbing, and shorten
+in for bearing; not sure that either pays. Plant permanent orchard, and fill between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>with early-bearing varieties like Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, etc. [presumably
+to cut out afterward]. Use no fertilizers. Never let stock run in orchard.
+Encourage the birds, and spray some years with London purple and Bordeaux
+mixture before and after leafing out. Think I have reduced codling-moth.
+Thrifty trees never contain borers.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. L. Liggitt</span>, Belpre, Edwards county: Has resided in Kansas thirty years;
+has a family orchard of 125 trees, planted from three to thirteen years,
+and advises Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Jefferis. For commerce he
+recommends Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin. Prefers valley land sloping east
+or west, with sandy soil and clay subsoil. Plants sixteen feet east and west, and
+thirty-two feet north and south, after a lister. Plants to corn and beans for fifteen
+years, lessening the number of rows as the trees grow; uses a one-horse
+cultivator. Thinks a windbreak a necessity, and would make of evergreens, if possible;
+next, of box-elder, planted four feet each way after deep listing. Uses axle
+grease against rabbits. Prunes sparingly for shape, and says it certainly pays.
+Thinks thinning should frequently be done when trees appear to be overloaded.
+Believes trees should be in mixed plantings to produce best. Uses barn-yard
+litter to fertilize, and says it will pay, if scattered over the entire surface. Believes
+that pasturing with hogs is advisable, and makes the trees more productive.
+Has never sprayed, and is seldom troubled with leaf-eating insects. Removes
+borers with a wire or some pointed instrument twice a year. Picks from
+step-ladder by hand into baskets or buckets. Makes three classes&mdash;first, perfect
+in form and color; second, sound but not so regular in size; third, culls.
+Packs in three-bushel barrels carefully by hand, marked with name of variety
+and quality or class. Sells any way possible. Has shipped successfully to Missouri
+river cities.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. Clay Hodgson</span>, Little River, Rice county: Has been in the state twenty-six
+years. Has an orchard of 5000 trees, planted from five to twenty years. Uses
+Winesap, Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin for both commercial and family orchard.
+Has tried and discarded Willow Twig, Lawver and Smith's Cider on account of
+blight. Says bottom land of black loam, with clay subsoil, is preferable in this
+section. Plants two-year-old trees, in trenches made with plow and subsoiler.
+Cultivates with disc and harrow, from one to twelve years, growing corn for first
+five to eight years, afterward nothing. Thinks windbreaks made of several rows
+of Osage orange or box-elder on south side a great help. Prunes while young to
+make a more open head. Advises the use of manure on all orchards. Does not
+allow stock in the orchard. As soon as the leaves appear he sprays with London
+purple for canker-worms, and believes he has reduced codling-moth by it. Picks in
+sacks, with corners tied together and hung over the shoulder. Makes two classes,
+market and culls. Piles his apples as picked in the orchard, and sorts out for
+market from the piles, leaving the culls for cider. Sells mostly in orchard. Best
+market is home towns; never shipped any. Stores some in a cave, in bulk, for
+winter, and makes a success of it. Winesaps keep best. Sold last fall (1897) at
+75 cents per bushel; during winter, at $1 to $1.25. Uses ordinary farm help at
+twenty dollars per month and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. S. Huff</span>, Sharon, Barber county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years; have an apple orchard of 130 trees ten years old. For commercial purposes
+I prefer Ben Davis, Large Romanite, and Missouri Pippin, and for family
+orchard Missouri Pippin, Little Romanite, Limber Twig, and Winesap. I prefer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+level land with sand as deep as I can get it, with [natural] subirrigation. I use
+strong, thrifty trees, set in furrows plowed as deeply as possible, and then dug
+out. I cultivate my young orchard to corn with one-horse, five-tooth cultivator,
+as long as I can get in the orchard, and cease cropping only when they commence
+bearing, and plant nothing after that. Windbreaks are essential, and I
+would make them of Russian mulberry or box-elder, set six feet apart in rows
+running east and west, on the north and south sides. I protect from rabbits by
+wrapping with corn-stalks, and use lye for borers. I prune very little with a saw
+to keep out watersprouts, hardly enough to pay here in Kansas. Do not thin
+the fruit on my trees; it thins itself. I do not need to fertilize; would advise it
+on clay soil. I never pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable, unless you
+wish to destroy your trees. My trees are troubled with flathead borer, and my
+apples with curculio. Never have sprayed; insects not affected by spraying I
+gouge out with a wire, and apply concentrated lye in April and August. I pick
+my apples from ladders set up around the trees, one with four legs made solid,
+with steps on one side and a broad board on top to set baskets on. I sort into
+four classes, keeping those of a uniform size separate from the small ones. I
+keep my apples in an apple house. I generally sell in the orchard; always get
+$1.50 for my best, packed in boxes and sold at the nearest towns, at retail. I
+make cider for vinegar of the culls. My best market is at home; never tried distant
+markets. Never dry any; it does not pay. I store all I do not sell in orchard,
+in a cellar 12�16 feet, six feet in the ground, with earth on top; they do
+not freeze. I find the Winesap, Limber Twig and Little Romanite keep best.
+We do not have to repack stored apples before marketing; only lose about one
+per cent. I do not irrigate. Prices have been $1.25 per bushel. I hire no help;
+my own family does the work.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. F. Reeve</span>, Greensburg, Kiowa county: I have lived in Kansas twenty years;
+I prefer Missouri Pippins for a commercial orchard. I like a sandy bottom with
+a north slope. I prefer two- or three-year-old trees having bright bark; plant
+them by throwing out a deep furrow, and then making large holes in the furrow.
+I cultivate my orchard with a one-horse cultivator, planting no crop, and keep
+the orchard clean, never stopping cultivation. Windbreaks are essential; I would
+make them of Russian mulberry or Osage orange, on the north, west and south
+sides of the orchard, especially on the south. I do not prune my trees, nor thin
+my apples. I do not fertilize my orchard, and would not advise it in this section.
+I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar. Have
+not sprayed. Sort my apples into one class, cut out the rot, and make into apple
+dumplings [?]. Never sell apples in the orchard; keep them all for home use;
+my best market is at home. I do not dry any for market; they sometimes dry
+on the trees, the effect of hot winds. This is not very satisfactory, and does not
+pay. I do not store any for market. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from
+seventy-five cents to one dollar per bushel; dried apples, eight and one-third cents
+per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. W. Hollenback</span>, Coldwater, Comanche county: I have resided in the
+state thirty-seven years; have an apple orchard of 200 trees from six to nine
+years old, four to eight inches in diameter. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin,
+Ben Davis, and Winesap, and for family orchard Maiden's Blush, Smith's
+Cider, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded Rawle's Janet on
+account of poor quality, and Willow Twig on account of shy bearing. I prefer
+a northeast slope, with sandy loam and clay subsoil; bottom causes the trees to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+grow too rank. I prefer two- or three-year-old trees with low, well-balanced
+tops, set thirty feet each way. I give my orchard thorough cultivation, on
+account of lack of moisture; I will continue indefinitely using a plow and corn
+cultivator, and plant nothing. Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of
+double row of peach trees on south side, to keep the trees in shape. I prune to
+give form; I think it pays, as they would become too dense if not pruned. I do
+not thin the fruit while on the trees, but think some varieties would be better
+if they were. My trees are planted with each variety in a separate row. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter; think it beneficial, but would not advise its
+use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard. Flathead borers are in my trees,
+but if they are kept thrifty the borers will give little trouble. My apples are
+troubled with codling-moths. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand and
+sell in bulk in the local market. I do not dry any. I am quite successful in
+storing apples in pits for winter use; the Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis and Winesap
+keep the best. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from $1 to $1.25 per
+bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. J. Ablard</span>, Lawndale, Pratt county: I have lived in Kansas twelve years.
+Have an apple orchard of 200 trees from three to six years old. For family
+orchard I prefer Missouri Pippin, Nickajack, Winesap, and Maiden's Blush. I
+prefer second bottom, sandy loam, with clay subsoil, and an eastern or northern
+slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, four feet high, branched low, planted 24�24
+feet, in a furrow plowed very deeply, north and south. I plant my orchard to
+corn, using a cultivator, plow, and cutaway harrow, and cease cropping when
+the trees need all the support. Windbreaks are a benefit; I would make them
+of white or green ash and mulberry, by planting and cultivating three or four
+rows on the south and west. For rabbits I wrap the trees with rags, long straw,
+or grass. I prune just enough to balance the head; I think it pays and that it
+is beneficial. My trees are in mixed plantings. I do not fertilize, and would not
+advise its use. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with flathead
+borer and grasshoppers, and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray,
+and I dig the borers out. I do not dry any.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. E. Bradstreet</span>, Dighton, Lane county: I have lived in Kansas nineteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 200 trees; my oldest are nine years. I think
+Jonathan a good family apple; I have not discarded any. I prefer bottom with
+a loam, porous subsoil, and a southern slope. I prefer two-year-old whole-root
+trees, set twenty feet east and west and thirty feet north and south. I cultivate
+my orchard to garden vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, etc., using a one-horse
+cultivator; have not ceased cropping yet. Windbreaks are essential, and
+I would make them of two rows of locusts, close together, all around, excepting
+on the east side of the orchard. I prune with a saw to thin the top; I think it
+has paid. I never thin fruit on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings, and
+think it best. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; it is beneficial in keeping
+the weeds down, but would not advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture
+my orchard. I do not spray. I never dry any apples. Never store any. Do not
+irrigate. Prices have been one dollar per bushel. Do not hire any help; myself
+and boys do the work.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. L. Gunn</span>, Heizer, Barton county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-one years.
+Have an apple orchard of 110 trees, from ten to twenty-five years old; the largest
+ones are fifteen inches in diameter. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Maiden's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>Blush, and Duchess of Oldenburg, and for family orchard Early Harvest
+and White Winter Pearmain. I prefer creek bottom with a loose and porous
+soil and subsoil. Young trees should not be headed too low, as the lower limbs
+will lay on the ground when the tree gets older and begins to bear. I cultivate
+my trees until too large, using a disc harrow. I do not plant any crop; do not
+think it advisable in this dry climate. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of forest-trees, on the north and south. I prune my trees, but have not had
+enough experience to tell whether it is beneficial or not. I thin my fruit while
+on the trees to prevent the limbs from breaking. I do not fertilize; it is not
+needed here. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable. My apples are
+troubled with codling-moth and curculio. I spray with London purple about the
+time the blossoms fall. I do not dry any apples nor irrigate. Price has been
+seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Simon</span>, Garden City, Finney county: I have lived in the state eighteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 150 trees, from two to fifteen years old. For
+market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap; and for family
+orchard Early Harvest, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. Have tried
+and discarded Russet and Willow Twig. I prefer second bottom, sandy soil,
+with clay subsoil. I prefer one- or two-year-old trees, set twenty-five to forty
+feet apart. I plant my orchard to garden-truck, using a disc harrow, and cease
+cropping when they begin to bear. I plant nothing in a bearing orchard, but
+keep up the cultivation to keep the ground clean and loose. Windbreaks are
+essential; would make them of cottonwood, box-elder, and Osage orange, putting
+a belt of timber around the orchard. For rabbits I wrap with corn-stalks in the
+fall. I prune with knife and shears to keep the tree in shape; I think it pays.
+I never have thinned the fruit while on the tree, but think it would pay on some
+varieties. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter while I am cropping the
+ground; but would not advise its use unless you have plenty of water. I do
+not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable, and does not pay. My trees are
+troubled with twig-borer, canker-worm, and leaf-roller, and my fruit with codling-moth.
+I spray when the bloom falls, and ten days later, with London purple,
+for codling-moth; and I think I have reduced them. Borers do not trouble my
+trees when they have plenty of water. I hand-pick my apples; sort into three
+classes&mdash;first, second, and refuse. I sell some apples in the orchard, but retail
+most of them to the stores; make cider of the third grade and culls. My best
+market is at home. I do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in bulk
+in a cellar; find the Missouri Pippin, Winesap and Arkansas Black keep best.
+I irrigate thoroughly in the winter, early spring, and again before the fruit begins
+to ripen. Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. G. Bohrer</span>, Chase, Rice county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five
+years. Have an apple orchard of 700 trees from nineteen to twenty-two years
+old. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, and for family use I add
+Smith's Cider, Wagener, and White Pippin. Have tried and discarded Missouri
+Pippin and Winesap; they require more moisture than the others mentioned
+above. I prefer a bottom, with black loam and a porous subsoil; an eastern
+slope. I prefer well-grown one-year-old trees, set thirty-four feet east and west,
+and twenty feet north and south. I plant my orchard to corn for ten years, using
+a plow and harrow; think a disc would be as good. I cease cropping after ten
+years, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential on the
+south and west sides of the orchard, and I would make them of Osage orange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+or box-elder, planted ten feet apart. For rabbits I wrap the trees with slough
+grass until six years old. I prune lightly, taking out the limbs which rub each
+other and balancing the trees. I think it pays. I do not thin the apples while
+on the tree. I do not fertilize my orchard; it is not needed in this locality. I
+pasture my orchard with horses and pigs, and think it advisable. I find it does
+not injure the trees. My apples are troubled with codling-moth. I do not spray.
+I pick by hand for storing, and sort into two classes, the good and the bad ones;
+the bad I make cider of and feed to hogs. I generally sell my best apples in the
+orchard on the trees, or any way I can. We sun-dry some apples, and find a
+ready market for them. It pays. I am fairly successful in keeping apples in
+bulk in a cave, and find Ben Davis and Rawle's Janet keep best. I irrigate a
+few trees. Prices have been from twenty cents to one dollar per bushel, and dried
+apples six to seven cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. T. Everhart</span>, Pratt, Pratt county: I have lived in the state twenty years.
+For a family orchard I prefer Missouri Pippin, on sandy bottom land, with a
+north slope. I plant two-year-old trees, deeply. I plant my orchard to potatoes
+for five years, using a plow. Plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of rows of Russian mulberries planted every six
+feet. I prune only to keep the tree in shape. I do not thin the fruit while on
+the trees. Cannot see any difference whether the trees are in blocks of a kind or
+in mixed plantings. I do not fertilize; would not advise its use on the soil here.
+I pasture my orchard with hogs; think it advisable, and that it pays. My trees
+are troubled with borers and sun-scald. I spray my trees when in bloom, and
+after it has fallen, with London purple only. My best market is at home; never
+have tried distant markets. I irrigate my trees on the upland four or five months.
+Prices have been from 75 cents to $1.50 per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Craig</span>, Garden City, Finney county: Have been in Kansas nineteen
+years. Have an orchard of 1300 trees, planted twelve years, trees running from
+twelve to eighteen feet high. Cultivate up to this time with twenty-inch disc
+harrow, and grow no crop. Windbreaks are essential in this county. I would
+not allow stock in my orchard. I dig out the borers, and intend to try spraying
+this year. I pick by hand, and sell largely in the orchard. My best market is
+Garden City. I make cider and vinegar of the culls. I have never dried any.
+I store in bulk for winter, and am successful in keeping the Missouri Pippin,
+Winesap, and Ben Davis. I irrigate by flooding. The average price has been
+about sixty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Bailey</span>, Harper, Harper county: I have resided in Kansas twenty years.
+Have an apple orchard of 400 trees, set sixteen years, eight to twelve inches in
+diameter. For all purposes I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Jonathan.
+Have tried and discarded Rawle's Janet, because the fruit cracks open, Snow,
+because they are poor, and White Winter Pearmain, because the tree is subject
+to disease. I prefer good, sandy soil, with a northeast slope. I prefer healthy
+two-year-old trees, with good roots, planted twenty-eight feet apart each way. I
+cultivate my orchard every year with a cultivator and harrow, to keep the ground
+loose and mellow, and plant nothing. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits
+I wash the tree with weak lye and sulphur; have found no remedy for borers,
+excepting to keep the trees healthy and growing. I prune, to let in sun and keep
+the limbs from rubbing; I think it pays, and that it has been beneficial. I thin
+my fruit by pulling it off when small; I think it pays; it keeps the trees from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+breaking. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; I think it beneficial, and
+would advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; I do not think it
+advisable. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, woolly
+aphis, and twig-borer, and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I spray
+after the blossoms fall, and once a week for three or four weeks after that, with
+London purple, for all insects. I dig borers out with a fine wire. I sort my
+apples into three classes&mdash;first, second, and cider. I sell my apples in the orchard,
+wholesale, retail, and peddle. Sell the best ones in barrels. Make cider and
+vinegar of the culls. My best markets are at home and Oklahoma territory. I
+do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in bulk; find the Missouri
+Pippin keeps best. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five cents to
+one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Rediger</span>, Maherville, Barton county: I have lived in Kansas twelve
+years. Have an apple orchard of 200 trees eighteen years old. I prefer sandy
+bottom land near the river, with a north slope. I cultivate my orchard all the
+time with a disc and harrow, planting no crop. Windbreaks are not essential.
+I prune with a saw and knife, and think it pays. Never have thinned my apples,
+but if it were necessary would do it before they begin to hang down. My
+trees are in mixed plantings. I mulch my orchard with stable litter and straw;
+would not advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard, but think it
+would be advisable, as they would eat insects. My trees are troubled with flathead
+borer, and my apples with curculio. The first of June I dig the borers out
+with a penknife and cut their heads off. I pick my apples by hand. I sell apples
+in the orchard at retail; feed the culls to hogs. My best market is among the
+neighbors. I store apples for my own use by burying, and find the Missouri
+Pippin, Ben Davis and Romanite keep best. I do not irrigate, but ought to.
+Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel at picking time.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N. Mayrath</span>, Dodge, Ford county: I have lived in Kansas twenty years.
+Have 250 apple trees eight to twelve years old, six to ten inches in diameter. I
+prefer upland for fruit, a sandy loam, with a northern aspect. I prefer two-year-old
+grafts, planted thirty by thirty feet east and west. Have tried root grafts
+with success. I cultivate my orchard to garden-truck and hoed crops, using
+plow in spring, then the disc or Acme harrow. I keep the ground clear of weeds
+and mellow up to the middle of July. I cease cropping after four or five years,
+planting nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential here in western
+Kansas, and I would make them of Russian mulberry, in one or more rows, north
+and south of the orchard.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. M. Wilson</span>, Zionville, Grant county: I have resided in Kansas fourteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees ten years old, four to six inches in diameter.
+I prefer sandy bottom land.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas E. Hockett</span>, Hugoton, Stevens county: I have lived in the state
+thirteen years; have an apple orchard of sixty trees eight years old, eight to
+twelve feet high. I prefer dark, sandy loam. I dig large holes, set one-year-old
+trees, putting top soil around the roots. I cultivate my orchard with a stirring
+plow and hoe, and plant nothing; am still cultivating. Windbreaks are essential.
+I would make them of two or three rows of mulberry trees. For protection
+from rabbits I rub dead rabbit on the tree, and repeat if necessary when we
+have much rain. I prune very little. Do not thin the fruit while on the trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+My trees are planted in blocks. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; think
+it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard.
+I do not spray; am not troubled with insects. I hand-pick my apples. I do not
+dry or store any for market. I do not irrigate.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. T. Elliott</span>, Great Bend, Barton county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-one
+years. Have an apple orchard of 800 trees from two to ten years old, and
+three to seven inches in diameter. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben
+Davis, and Jonathan. I prefer a sandy bottom, with a northeast aspect. I prefer
+three-year-old trees set twenty feet apart, in land which has been plowed
+deeply and subsoiled. I cultivate my orchard as long as I can get among the
+trees, with a disc that throws dirt out first, and one that throws dirt in second.
+I cease cropping after the first year; plant nothing in a bearing orchard. I have
+a windbreak made of black locust and mulberries. I prune with pruning-knife
+and shears to form the tops. I think it pays. I do not thin my apples while on
+the trees. I believe all orchards should be set in mixed plantings. I fertilize
+my orchard with stable litter, and think it beneficial on sandy soil. I do not
+pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are
+troubled with flathead borers and tent-caterpillars, and my apples with curculio.
+I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples. I do not irrigate; but think a windmill
+and a good pond would pay.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Schlichter</span>, Sterling, Rice county: I have lived in Kansas since 1871.
+For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Willow Twig, and Rawle's Janet,
+and for a family orchard Maiden's Blush and Early Harvest. I have tried and
+discarded Ben Davis because they died when eighteen or twenty years old; they
+are no good here. I prefer a northeast slope, with a sandy loam and a clay subsoil.
+I prefer small two-year-old trees, set 16�24 feet, rows running north and
+south. I plant my orchard to corn up to bearing age, using the plow and harrow,
+and plant nothing after they begin to bear, but keep up the cultivation. Windbreaks
+are essential; I would make them of two or three rows of Russian mulberries,
+on the south side of the orchard. I do not prune my trees; it does not
+pay. I do not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings.
+I do not fertilize my orchard. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable.
+I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand, the old way; sort into two classes. I
+dry some.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FRUIT DISTRICT No. 4.</h3>
+
+<p>Following is the fourth district, composed of twenty-four counties in southeast
+quarter of the state. Reports, or rather experiences, from each of these
+counties will be found immediately following. We give below the number of
+apple trees in the fourth district, as compiled from the statistics of 1897. Many
+thousands were added in the spring of 1898.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Not bearing.</i></td><td align="right" style="width:6em;"><i>Total.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Allen</td><td align="right">122,015</td><td align="right">64,449</td><td align="right">186,464</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Anderson</td><td align="right">111,372</td><td align="right">46,719</td><td align="right">158,091</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bourbon</td><td align="right">175,961</td><td align="right">40,570</td><td align="right">216,531</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Butler</td><td align="right">182,827</td><td align="right">53,966</td><td align="right">236,793</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chase</td><td align="right">46,762</td><td align="right">25,191</td><td align="right">69,953</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chautauqua</td><td align="right">96,865</td><td align="right">22,853</td><td align="right">119,718</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cherokee</td><td align="right">238,331</td><td align="right">92,067</td><td align="right">330,398</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coffey</td><td align="right">167,255</td><td align="right">68,247</td><td align="right">235,502</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cowley</td><td align="right">172,648</td><td align="right">50,767</td><td align="right">223,415</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Crawford</td><td align="right">143,089</td><td align="right">34,798</td><td align="right">177,887</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Elk</td><td align="right">101,601</td><td align="right">34,343</td><td align="right">135,944</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenwood</td><td align="right">117,840</td><td align="right">70,224</td><td align="right">188,064</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Harvey</td><td align="right">85,471</td><td align="right">30,613</td><td align="right">116,084</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Labette</td><td align="right">257,915</td><td align="right">83,345</td><td align="right">341,260</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Linn</td><td align="right">108,654</td><td align="right">45,285</td><td align="right">153,939</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lyon</td><td align="right">161,295</td><td align="right">116,176</td><td align="right">277,471</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Marion</td><td align="right">86,838</td><td align="right">64,359</td><td align="right">151,197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">McPherson</td><td align="right">122,538</td><td align="right">38,498</td><td align="right">161,036</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Montgomery</td><td align="right">121,282</td><td align="right">35,572</td><td align="right">156,854</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Neosho</td><td align="right">159,443</td><td align="right">61,754</td><td align="right">221,197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sedgwick</td><td align="right">182,363</td><td align="right">74,742</td><td align="right">257,105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sumner</td><td align="right">140,613</td><td align="right">36,961</td><td align="right">177,574</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wilson</td><td align="right">139,869</td><td align="right">47,876</td><td align="right">187,745</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Woodson</td><td align="right">72,815</td><td align="right">24,485</td><td align="right">97,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total in district No. 4</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">3,315,862</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">1,163,660</td><td align="right" style="border-top:1px black solid;">4,479,522</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Estimated acreage</td><td align="right">650,000</td><td align="right">220,000</td><td align="right">870,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Snyder</span>, Towanda, Butler county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an orchard of 1200 trees&mdash;200 twenty-six years old, diameter twelve
+to fifteen inches, thirty feet high; 700 twelve years old, eight to ten inches in diameter
+at base, twelve to fifteen feet high; 300 eight years old, five to six inches
+in diameter at the ground, eight to ten feet high. For all purposes I prefer Summer
+Rose, Early Harvest, Duchess of Oldenburg, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan,
+Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Ben Davis. Bottom land is best for Ben
+Davis and Winesap; other varieties named will do better on high ground. Northeast
+slope is preferable; black loam with clay subsoil. I plant healthy three-year-old
+trees, branching three feet from ground, in deep furrows, crossmarked
+with plow; stand trees erect, and tramp earth firmly about the roots. I cultivate
+my orchard five years with plow and cultivator, and grow corn in young
+orchard. I cease after five years, and grow nothing in bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of peach, Russian mulberry, or cedar, by
+planting several rows on south of orchard. For rabbits, fence with two-foot
+poultry netting; for borers, whitewash and cultivate. I prune just a little with
+saw or shears to remove interlocking branches only; it pays. Never have thinned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+my fruit; believe it does not pay. Can distinguish no difference whether trees
+are in blocks of one kind or mixed plantings. I do not fertilize my orchard.
+Stable litter would, I think, benefit thin soil. I do not pasture my orchard; it
+is not advisable, and does not pay.</p>
+
+<p>My apple trees are troubled with canker-worm, root aphis, and fall web-worm.
+Have sprayed for fifteen years, for canker-worm and codling-moth. Have used
+London purple and arsenate of lime. I spray for canker-worm as soon as they
+hatch and the buds begin to open, and again before bloom opens; for codling-moth,
+at time the bloom drops. I have reduced the codling-moth very much. I
+pick my apples by hand, from a ladder, into baskets, and sort into two classes
+usually; first class, for market, picked by hand; second class, for cider, shaken
+off. Have never used packages of any kind. Usually deliver in wagon. I sell
+apples in the orchard, wholesale and retail. Sell best to my neighbors, in orchard.
+Second and third grades I sell cheap and convert into cider and vinegar.
+The culls I feed to cattle and hogs. My best market is in the orchard and at
+Wichita; never have tried distant markets. Never dry any. Sometimes I store
+apples for winter market in a cellar, but prefer a cave; store in boxes and bulk.
+Am fairly successful; have apples in cellar at this time (May 1), Missouri Pippin,
+Winesap, Ben Davis, and Grimes's Golden Pippin, in the order named. Never
+have tried artificial cold storage; have to repack stored apples, if late, losing
+from ten to fifteen per cent. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from 50 cents
+to $1.50 per bushel. I employ the best help I can get, and pay seventy-five cents
+per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. O. Graham</span>, Altoona, Wilson county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have an apple orchard of forty trees from five to eight years old. For
+market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Willow Twig, Rawle's Janet, and
+Grimes's Golden Pippin; and for family orchard I would add Maiden's Blush,
+Red Astrachan, and Red June. I have tried and discarded Belleflower, Limber
+Twig, and King of Tompkins County; they are no good. I prefer a clay bottom,
+with a north or northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old, round-top trees, with
+whole roots, set in dug holes, in the fall or spring, as deeply as they stood in the
+nursery. I cultivate my orchard five to eight years, with a hoed crop, or just
+keep the ground clean, and sow oats and sometimes red clover in a bearing
+orchard. Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of Osage orange. I
+prune to give shape, and to keep limbs from crossing; I think it beneficial, and
+that it pays. I seldom thin my fruit while on the trees; I pick them off when
+the size of walnuts. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize my orchard
+with well-rotted stable litter; put it between the rows; it has proven very beneficial;
+I would advise it on all soils, but less of it on bottom land. I never pasture
+my orchard, excepting with pigs, to eat the oats or clover, which I think
+advisable, and that it pays.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with bark-louse, twig-borer, web-worm, tent-caterpillar,
+and canker-worm, and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I spray my
+trees while in bloom, and two or three times afterward, with London purple and
+some Paris green; have greatly reduced the codling-moth. For rabbits I wrap
+the trees with corn-stalks and tie with a string. Borers I dig out, and then with
+a goose-quill or a spray nozzle I blow insecticides into the hole. I pick my
+apples by hand into sacks or pails from a step-ladder; sort into three classes;
+pack very closely into two and one-half bushel barrels, and mark with variety
+and grade; haul to market on wagon. I have sold apples in the orchard; I dispose
+of them any way I can; I feed culls to the hogs. My best markets are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+Kansas City, Denver, and Western points; have tried distant markets, and found
+it paid; but better sell at home. I do not dry many apples; it does not pay for
+good apples. I am fairly successful in storing apples in boxes, barrels and bulk
+in a cellar. I find Ben Davis, Jonathan and Rawle's Janet keep best. Never
+tried artificial cold storage. I have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+losing about ten per cent. of them. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from 75
+cents to $1.25 per bushel for winter apples. I employ men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fred. Wahlenmaier</span>, Arkansas City, Cowley county: I have resided in the
+state thirty-five years. Have an apple orchard of five acres, twenty-four years
+old. I prefer Maiden's Blush for a family orchard. I prefer a sandy loam, hilltop,
+with a north slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, planted thirty feet apart. I
+plant my young orchard to corn, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. I prune
+my trees, to produce better and more fruit. I do not thin the fruit while on the
+trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter. I pasture my orchard with
+calves. My trees are troubled with canker-worms and roundhead borers. I
+sprayed last year for canker-worms, with coal-oil and water, when the leaves
+were coming out. I wholesale my apples. Make cider of the culls. My best
+market is Arkansas City. We sun-dry some apples for our own use. I have
+stored some apples in the cellar; never have tried artificial cold storage. I do
+not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five to sixty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. R. Davidson</span>, Yates Center, Woodson county: I have lived in Kansas
+fifteen years; have an apple orchard with trees from five to twenty years old.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, Winesap, and
+Maiden's Blush, and for family orchard add Early Harvest. Have tried and discarded
+Yellow Bellflower; it will not bear. I prefer bottom land with a northern
+slope which has a black loam. I prefer two- or three-year-old trees, set in
+rows thirty feet east and west, and sixteen feet north and south. I plant my orchard
+with corn four or five years, using a cultivator, and cease cropping after
+six or eight years; Kafir-corn does well in a bearing orchard. For rabbits I
+think wire screening is best. I prune my trees to let in air; think it beneficial,
+and that it pays. Do not thin the fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard
+with stable litter; it strengthens and invigorates the trees; would advise
+its use on all soils unless very rich. I pasture my orchard with calves, because
+they do not hurt the trees; I think it advisable, and that it pays. My trees are
+troubled with web-worm, and my apples with curculio. I spray with London
+purple, one tablespoonful to two gallons of water, to destroy the curculio. I
+think I have reduced the codling-moth. For borers I use ashes; throw them
+around the tree, or make a lye of them, and wash the tree and throw some
+around the roots. I pick my apples from a ladder into baskets.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. K. Ayers</span>, Furley, Sedgwick county: I have lived in the state twenty-seven
+years. Have an apple orchard of 300 trees, twenty-one years planted, eight
+to fourteen inches in diameter. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis,
+Jonathan, Rome Beauty, and Winesap, and for family orchard Sweet June,
+Duchess of Oldenburg, Maiden's Blush, Baldwin, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan,
+Rome Beauty, and Winesap. Have tried and discarded Red Astrachan
+and Rambo for unproductiveness; White Winter Pearmain as unproductive,
+short-lived, and a poor seller. I prefer for an apple orchard the best corn land,
+in a bottom. I prefer two-year-old trees, with good roots not mangled, set in
+squares thirty feet each way. I cultivate my orchard to corn or vines, using a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+plow, harrow and cultivator eight or ten years in the orchard, and cease cropping
+after ten years. I plant a bearing orchard to orchard-grass and timothy (blue-grass
+is injurious). Windbreaks would be an advantage on the south and west;
+would make them of live trees; plant Osage orange next to orchard and forest-trees
+outside of it. For rabbits I wrap the young trees; also shoot and trap them,
+especially the jacks.</p>
+
+<p>I prune very cautiously, and mostly on the north side, using a saw and knife,
+to give symmetry and keep limbs from crowding; I think it beneficial. I fertilize
+portions of my orchard with stable litter; would not advise it on all soils, as
+I think an orchard can be overstimulated. I have pastured the orchard with
+calves and hogs, but do not now; it does not pay; do not think it advisable.
+My trees are troubled with canker-worm, flathead borer, and fall web-worm, and
+my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I spray April 15 and May 10, on later
+date, with London purple, for insects. Think I have reduced the codling-moth.
+For insects not affected by spraying, I keep the tree in a healthy condition.
+Pick my apples by hand; sort into three classes&mdash;market, cooking, and cider.
+I sell apples in the orchard, wholesale, retail, or peddle; sell the best apples in
+the orchard or to dealers; peddle the second and third grades; make cider of
+the culls. I find the nearest markets to be the best; never have tried distant
+markets. Do not dry any. Do not store any, but think I shall. Do not irrigate,
+but would if I had the water. Prices have been fifty cents to one dollar per
+bushel for best winter apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. A. Condra</span>, Longton, Elk county: I have resided in Kansas twenty-one
+years; have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees, twenty years old, ten to sixteen
+inches in diameter, twenty to twenty-five feet high. I have thirty more
+which are but two years old. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan,
+and Missouri Pippin; and for family orchard Red Astrachan, Maiden's
+Blush, Rawle's Janet, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. I prefer a bottom which
+has a rich loam, with a gravel subsoil and a north or east slope. I prefer two-year-old
+trees having but two limbs, both starting from the same place, set in
+holes four to six feet in diameter, two feet deep, filled in with good dirt. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn&mdash;so as to keep weeds down and hold moisture&mdash;use a
+disc harrow and cultivator so as to keep the soil loose and fine two or three
+inches down. I cease cropping after eight or ten years, and plant nothing in a
+bearing orchard. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits I use tin from the
+roofs of burned buildings or building paper. I prune with a saw and an ax to
+thin the tops and keep the limbs above my head; think it pays. I do not thin
+the fruit while on the trees. My trees are planted in blocks [of same kind]. I
+fertilize my orchard with any well-rotted manure; I think it beneficial, and
+would advise its use on all soils, especially on old orchards. I do not pasture my
+orchard; do not think it advisable; it does not pay.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, leaf-roller, and leaf-crumpler,
+and my apples with codling-moth. I spray when the leaves first come
+out, when in blossom, and once or twice afterwards, ten days apart, with London
+purple and Bordeaux mixture for codling-moth and leaf-eating worms. Think I
+have reduced the codling-moth some. I stand on a step ladder and pick my apples
+by hand in a small basket, then pour them into a wagon. I sort into three
+classes&mdash;sound, blemished, and rotten. Sound ones are put in crates, blemished
+are made into cider, and the rotten ones go to the hogs. I pack in crates, for
+convenience, and then store in the cellar. They are made of lath and 1�12 boxing
+lumber. The lath are sawed across in the middle, the lumber into lengths of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+fourteen inches. The bottom and sides are lath one-half inch apart. This makes
+an airy crate, easy to handle, two feet long, fourteen inches wide and twelve
+inches deep, which when rounded up will hold one and one-half bushels of apples.
+I sell apples in the orchard; also retail and peddle. My best apples are usually
+sold in the orchard. Of the second and third grades we make cider, apple-butter,
+and vinegar. The hogs get the culls. My best market is at home. I do not dry;
+cannot find a ready market, and it does not pay.</p>
+
+<p>I am successful in storing apples in crates in a cellar which has a wareroom
+overhead; the walls are of sandstone two feet thick, with six inches of dry sand
+between the ceiling of the cellar and the floor of the wareroom. A door is in
+the south end, and a window in the north, with screens so the outside shutter is open
+all the time except at noonday sun, and when raining or freezing. There
+is an air-shaft through ceiling to roof. The racks or shelves are made of 1�4
+lumber, and there is one inch of space between the crates when slipped in, thus
+allowing the air to circulate around them. I have apples in the cellar now
+(April 25) while my neighbors who stored in bulk have none fit to eat; all are
+rotten. I find Rawle's Janet and Winesap keep best. I have to repack stored
+apples before marketing, losing about one-tenth of them. I do not irrigate.
+Prices have averaged thirty-five cents per bushel. Dried apples have been four
+cents for sun-dried and eight cents for evaporated.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. H. Guest</span>, Grafton, Chautauqua county: I have lived in this county twenty
+years. Have an apple orchard of 3000 trees ten years old. For market I prefer
+Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, White Winter Pearmain, and Little Romanite; and
+for family orchard Red June, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, Early Harvest,
+and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded Bellflower and
+Willow Twig on account of blight. I prefer bottom land, with a black, sandy
+loam, clay subsoil, and northern aspect. I prefer one-year-old trees&mdash;switches&mdash;planted
+with a lister. I cultivate my orchard to corn eight years, then use a disc
+harrow, running both ways, keeping a dust mulch; I cease cropping at bearing
+age and plant nothing. Never put alfalfa in an orchard. Windbreaks are not
+essential here. For rabbits I use lath and woven wire, and concentrated lye for
+borers. I prune with a saw and shears, to increase the size and color of the fruit;
+I think it beneficial, and that it pays. I never thin the fruit while on the trees,
+but believe it would pay. My trees are in mixed plantings; I have Gilpin or
+Little Romanite growing beside Missouri Pippins; they blossom the same time.
+At picking time in the fall I have noticed a very marked difference in the Gilpin,
+it having the peculiarities of the Missouri Pippin: the increase in size, with the
+white specks and oblong shape peculiar to the Missouri Pippin. I also noticed a
+difference in the Romanite for two rows in; I tried keeping some of them until
+spring; some were quite mellow, and the flavor was much superior to that of the
+Romanites not near the Missouri Pippins. I fertilize my orchard with stable
+litter, but would not advise its use on heavy soils. Do not pasture my orchard;
+it is not advisable, and does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm,
+tent-caterpillar, root aphis, flathead borer, fall web-worm, and leaf-roller; and
+my apples with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. I spray successfully when
+the fruit buds appear in the spring, with Paris green, London purple and Bordeaux
+mixture for canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, and curculio. I hand-pick my
+apples in sacks and baskets from step-ladders, and sort into two classes&mdash;first and
+second&mdash;as we pick them; put them into two different vessels, and let the culls
+drop. I pack my apples in two-bushel packages, with blossom end down, mark
+with the grower's and consignee's names, and haul to market on a heavy truck.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+I sell some apples in the orchard to buyers from the territory. I make cider and
+vinegar of the culls, but do not dry, store nor irrigate any. Prices have been
+from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. W. Rhodes</span>, Lowe, Chautauqua county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-two
+years. Have an orchard of 500 apple trees from five to twenty years old.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis and Jonathan, and for family orchard Ben Davis,
+Ortley, Maiden's Blush, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded
+Lawver, King and Baldwin on account of shy bearing. I prefer hilltop, with
+deep loam, limestone soil, and clay subsoil, with northeast slope. I prefer
+straight one-year-old trees, with plenty of roots, set in squares of twenty-five feet.
+I cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes while the trees are small, using a plow
+and cultivator, and cease cropping after ten years; plant nothing in a bearing
+orchard. Windbreaks are not essential, but would be beneficial; would make
+them of evergreens. For borers I wash the trunks of small trees with carbolic
+acid and strong soap-suds. I prune to thin the tops, so I can get in to gather the
+apples; it pays. I have thinned the fruit while on the trees, but not lately;
+haven't time; but think it pays. My trees are planted in rows, each variety by
+itself. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter while I am cultivating; when
+the trees get larger I mow the grass and weeds and let lay as a mulch, and afterwards
+as a manure; this is all needed. Never have pastured the orchard, but
+think hogs with rings in their noses would be a benefit. My apples are troubled
+with codling-moth. I spray after the blossom falls with arsenates, for all kinds
+of insects that come early, especially the codling-moth; think I have reduced
+them. I pick my apples by hand from a ladder, bench, or get into the tree. We
+sort into two grades, large and small; sell them in the orchard to people from
+the west and Oklahoma, who haul them off in wagons. We have a great many
+dried apples, dried by the neighbors on shares; we find a ready market for them.
+I am quite successful in storing apples in bulk in a cave arched over with stone.
+Ben Davis, Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best. Prices have been from
+twenty-five to sixty cents per bushel in the fall, and from $1 to $1.50 in the
+winter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jason Helmick</span>, Cloverdale, Chautauqua county: Has lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. For all commercial purposes he prefers Missouri Pippin and Winesap,
+and adds a few summer and fall varieties for family use. Has tried and
+discarded Bellflower, because the fruit drops off, and Ben Davis, because it cannot
+stand heat and drought&mdash;the trees decay early. He prefers north or northeast
+slope, bottom land, with a deep, porous soil, the more porous the better. He
+pastures his orchard with horses, cattle, and hogs, and thinks it advisable if done
+with care; it pays. His trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar, flat-headed
+borer, and leaf-roller, which do little damage. His greatest drawback is drought
+and heat. He does not spray, and cuts borers out in August or earlier, and kills
+the caterpillars. Picks his apples by hand. Never sells them in the orchard;
+raises mostly for home use. Stores some in boxes in a cellar. Does not irrigate.
+Marketable apples usually sell for twenty-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Goodell</span>, Sedan, Chautauqua county: Have lived in Kansas fifteen
+years; have an orchard of 200 trees, which are nine years old. For a commercial
+orchard I would plant Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin; and for a
+family orchard would add Early Harvest. Have tried and discarded Lowell and
+Yellow Bellflower as too tender for the climate. I prefer bottom land having a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+black, sandy loam, and a northern slope, and plant one-year-old trees, thirty by
+thirty feet. I cultivate with a disc, and am still cultivating, growing corn in the
+orchard for nine or ten years. Windbreaks are essential. I would make them
+of natural oak if possible. For borers and rabbits I use concentrated lye and
+lath jackets. I prune my trees with a saw and shears, and think it pays and is
+beneficial. I never thin apples while on the trees, and have never fertilized.
+Do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar,
+root aphis, fall web-worm, and leaf-roller, and my apples with codling-moth
+and gouger. I spray for canker-worm and all other insects before and after
+the foliage appears, and think I have reduced the codling-moth. I dig the
+borers out with a wire and wash the tree with lye. Pick my apples into baskets,
+and sort into firsts, seconds, and culls. I sell in the orchard, and make cider of
+the culls. Do not dry any. I store some for winter market in a cave. Do not
+irrigate. Prices have been from forty cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. D. Chambers</span>, Hartford, Lyon county: Have been in Kansas thirty-two
+years. Have 3500 apple trees; 1500 of them have been planted twenty-five years;
+2000 of them six years. I prefer for market Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and
+Winesap, and for family orchard would add Early Harvest, Red Astrachan,
+Maiden's Blush, and Rambo. Have discarded Yellow Bellflower because it
+won't bear; Milam, because it is too small; Rawle's Janet, off on color. Only
+a few varieties should be in a commercial orchard. I prefer bottom land; mine
+slopes to the north. Any soil is good, either clay or loam. I would set thrifty
+two-year-old trees in furrows. I have raised thousands of root grafts in the
+nursery, growing my own seedlings to graft on. I cultivate in corn until they
+begin to show fruit, then in millet twice; I have never cultivated the orchard
+without a crop. When the ground gets bad, break it up and put in millet to
+shade the ground. I have never used any windbreaks; plant my trees close, to
+protect each other from the wind. I use axle grease for rabbits, and have had
+very little trouble with borers. I prune in the early years to shape the tree; later,
+to remove surplus wood, and think it increases the size of the apple. I believe
+stable litter is beneficial; I have applied it only on heavy clay soil. I pasture
+my orchard to a slight extent with horses and cows. I do not gather the down
+apples, but let my stock gather them. I have sprayed with London purple for
+canker-worm and tent-caterpillar; I use a barrel and a wagon, from first of May
+on, and am only partially successful; I think I have reduced the codling-moth
+some. I pick with baskets and wagons, and pile the apples in the orchard. I sort
+into three classes&mdash;first, shipping; third, culls; second, betweens. As I sell to
+shippers at wholesale, I put in the first class as small ones as the contract will
+allow; the second class includes all that look salable, and I sell them in the home
+markets; I sell what culls I can, and make cider of the others. I do not ship
+any. My apples mostly go south. I tried shipping once, but it did not pay. I
+do not dry any, nor store any for winter. Have never irrigated. Prices vary
+from 20 cents to $1.25 per bushel, according to variety, time of year, etc. I use
+men and women for picking, and pay three cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. Roney</span>, Benedict, Wilson county: Have lived in Kansas since the fall of
+1869; have 1400 apple trees, planted from six to twenty-seven years. For market I
+prefer Baldwin, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, Ben Davis; for family,
+Red June, Maiden's Blush, Winesap, Rawle's Janet, and Jonathan. I have discarded
+the Russets (the fruit is inferior), and Bellflower (the trees are not hardy).
+I prefer north-slope upland with deep limestone soil and clay subsoil. I plant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+thrifty three-year-old, not overgrown trees with good heads, thirty feet east and
+west, twenty feet north and south, to protect from the wind. I set in the spring,
+in a rye-field or stubble ground, running out furrows and putting in with a spade.
+I cultivate with a small stirring plow with one horse, for the furrows next the
+tree. I grow corn until the trees should bear, and then change to red clover,
+and mow to keep the weeds down. I believe windbreaks are essential, but care
+should be taken not to have many soft-wood trees near the orchard to breed insects.
+An elevation on the south or southwest will be found beneficial. For rabbits,
+wrap in the winter; for borers, wash with lime in the spring. Keep out all
+watersprouts; thin the top of the tree, so that the sun may penetrate; balance the
+top; cut out the center shoot&mdash;it pays. After trees begin to bear I would fertilize
+with stable litter. Hogs are good in the orchard in the spring to destroy insects,
+but should not be allowed to root much. I spray with London purple and
+Paris green when in full bloom [how about bees?], and again in ten days, and
+give a third spray a few days after, if any insects are on the trees. We have a
+good home market. For winter I find that Rawle's Janet and Romanite keep
+the best. Prices have ranged from forty to seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. Hildreth</span>, Altamont, Labette county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-nine
+years; have an orchard of 1225 trees, from ten to twenty-seven years old.
+For commercial orchard prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Jonathan for
+winter, and Early Harvest and Red June for summer; for family use I prefer
+Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Rambo, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan. Have
+tried and discarded Golden Russet and many others. I prefer a porous or well-drained
+soil, north by northeast slope; it is too hot in bottom, and too dry on
+hilltop. I plant two-year-old trees in rows running north and south, trees twelve
+to sixteen feet apart in the row; have grown very few seedlings. I cultivate with
+corn while young, and rye or wheat and keep it pastured down when bearing.
+I plow between rows once in fore part of July. I have a tall hedge for windbreak.
+I prune to keep the top balanced, and do not allow it to get too thick;
+I think it has been beneficial. Have never thinned apples on the trees. My
+trees are in mixed plantings, the varieties are Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and
+others. I fertilize sometimes, I think it beneficial and would advise it on poor
+land. I pasture my orchard with hogs and sheep, and think it advisable; it pays.
+Have some insects but not in great quantity. I spray with London purple after
+the bloom falls off&mdash;one pound of London purple in from 50 to 100 gallons of
+water. Think I have reduced the number of codling-moth. In picking I use a
+sack swung over the shoulder, and a light ladder. I classify to suit the purchaser,
+doing the sorting in a cool place and usually packing the best in barrels,
+and sell at wholesale, often in the orchard; feed the culls to hogs; never tried
+distant markets. I sometimes store for winter market in barrels and keep in
+cave surrounded with hay; am not always successful. I find those that keep best
+are Little Romanite, Rawle's Janet, Ben Davis, and Missouri Pippin; never
+tried artificial cold-storage. Seldom have to repack stored apples before marketing;
+lose about one-fourth. The prevailing price this year has been fifty to
+seventy-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. S. Dennison</span>, Columbus, Cherokee county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-one
+years; have an apple orchard of 200 trees, fourteen years old. I prefer for
+commercial purpose Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin; and for family
+use Red June and Early Harvest. I prefer bottom land, with black loam,
+gravel subsoil, and northeast slope. I prefer one-year-old trees, set sixteen feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+at first; thin to thirty-two feet. I cultivate my young orchard with potatoes
+and strawberries for ten years, then sow to clover, plowing again in two years; I
+never cease cropping; cultivate with plow, disc, and harrow. I wrap the trees
+for rabbits. I prune with a saw and knife, and think it beneficial. I never thin
+apples. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter, but would not advise it on all
+soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs and calves, and think it advisable, and
+that it pays. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar, and my apples with
+codling-moth. I spray for codling-moth with London purple and Paris green
+immediately after the blossoms fall, and again in ten days. I think I have reduced
+the codling-moth. I dig borers out. I pick my apples from a ladder in a
+basket. I sort into three classes&mdash;sound, medium, and small and unsound. I
+pack in barrels carefully, and haul to shipping point in spring wagon. I sell in
+orchard; also wholesale, retail, and peddle; market most of them at home; make
+vinegar of the culls. My best market is home. Never dry any. I store some
+for winter in barrels in cellar; am not always successful; Ben Davis keeps best.
+I have to repack stored apples before marketing, and lose about ten per cent.
+Do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per
+bushel. I employ men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. C. Seibert</span>, Columbus, Cherokee county: Has been in Kansas twenty-two
+years, and has an orchard from five to twenty years old. For commercial purposes
+he prefers Ben Davis and Limber Twig, and for the family adds Maiden's
+Blush. Prefers dark soil with a low southern slope, if not wet. Prefers two-year-old
+trees set about thirty feet apart. Cultivates with a disc harrow until
+four or five years old. Grows corn for five or six years. Thinks windbreaks essential;
+would make them of Osage orange all around the orchard. Prunes his
+trees, and thinks it beneficial, and that it pays. Does not thin apples on the
+trees; says the wind does that for him. Fertilizes his trees while young with
+stable litter, and would advise it on all soils. Pastures his orchard with calves
+and hogs, and thinks it advisable, and that with the hogs it pays. His trees are
+troubled with bark-louse and leaf-roller, and his apples with codling-moth. He
+sprays his trees with London purple, and thinks he has reduced the codling-moth;
+for borers, and other insects not affected by spraying, he throws salt over the
+roots of the trees. Picks his apples by hand. Wholesales, retails and peddles
+them. His best markets are in his county; has never tried distant markets.
+Does not dry any. Is successful in storing apples in bulk in a cave for winter
+markets, the Limber Twig and Rawle's Janet keeping best; has never tried
+artificial cold storage. Does not irrigate. Prices have been from forty to sixty-five
+cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Johnson Keller</span>, Arkansas City, Cowley county: Have lived in Kansas for
+twenty-one years. Have 2000 apple trees fourteen years old. I grow for market
+Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Smith's Cider. For family orchard I prefer
+Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Cooper's Early White, Ben Davis, and Missouri
+Pippin. I have discarded Gennetting, Winesap, Rambo, Red Astrachan, and
+many others that were worthless in this locality. I prefer second bottom, dark
+sandy loam, with north and east aspect. I plant two-year-old trees thirty feet
+apart, in holes four feet square, dug one foot too deep, and filled up with surface
+soil. I cultivate thoroughly as long as the orchard lives, with stirring plow and
+disc, and crop with corn as long as it will even make fodder, or until the trees
+shade the ground too much to raise anything. For small orchards I would recommend
+a windbreak of Osage orange set far enough apart on the south to grow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+in the shape of trees. For rabbits I use nothing but corn-stalks tied around the
+trees. I prune in moderation to keep the trees low; much pruning will kill
+trees in this locality. I thin apples some on the trees, at any time after they are
+the size of hickory-nuts. I find the best pollinators are a good apiary of bees.
+I believe in using plenty of stable litter well mixed with potash, but in moderation
+near the trees. Nothing except hogs should be allowed in an orchard. They
+destroy nearly all the insects. I spray for canker-worm as soon as they begin to
+hatch, and believe I reduced the codling-moth fifty per cent. last spring. For
+borers I wash the bodies of the trees early in spring and twice in May with soft
+soap and lime. For picking I use a long-handled device of my own invention,
+and sort into two classes: No. 1, best and largest; No. 2, medium. One week
+after they are put in the packing-house we pack in barrels, with hay or straw
+between the layers. We market our best apples and sell our second and third
+grades at home, and make all culls into cider and vinegar. Have tried distant
+markets, but did not generally pay. Never dried any. We store for winter in a
+fruit house and cave, in barrels, and are successful. Our best keepers have
+been Missouri Pippin and Winesap. Our loss on winter apples runs from three
+to five per cent. Prices in the fall, twenty-five to forty cents; in winter, 75 cents
+to $1.25 per bushel. For help we use common laborers at from seventy-five
+cents to one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. N. Smith</span>, Brownsville, Chautauqua county: I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-eight years. I have an apple orchard of fifty trees twenty years old and
+twelve inches in diameter. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri
+Pippin, and Winesap, and for family orchard I would add Maiden's Blush
+and Bellflower. I prefer bottom land, black, sandy loam, with a clay bottom and
+a north slope. I plant my trees thirty-six feet each way. I plant my orchard to
+corn and potatoes, using a disc, and plant tame grass in a bearing orchard, and
+cease cropping when they begin to bear. Windbreaks are essential. I would
+make them of Osage orange, and would surround the orchard with a fence of
+the same. I prune to keep the limbs from rubbing, and I think it pays. I do
+not thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I do not
+fertilize my orchard; am on bottom land, which does not need it, but think it
+would be beneficial on some soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs, but do not
+think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm,
+tent-caterpillar, flathead borer, roundhead borer, twig-borer, and leaf-roller. I
+spray with Paris green and London purple when the worms are at work on the
+leaves. I dig borers out. I hand-pick my apples in baskets from ladders, and
+sort into two classes&mdash;large and perfect in number one, small and perfect in number
+two; the balance for cider. I pack in barrels filled full, and mark with the
+grade; then haul to market in a wagon. I make the culls into cider. Coffeyville
+is my best market. I dry some and find a ready market for them; it pays. I am
+successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar, and find Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin
+and Winesap keep best. Prices have been about fifty cents per bushel; dried
+apples, five cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. E. Hildreth</span>, secretary Altamont Horticultural Society, Altamont, Labette
+county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven years. I have an apple orchard of
+15,000 trees eight years old, five inches in diameter, and prefer Ben Davis, Jonathan
+and Missouri Pippin for market; and for family use Early Harvest, Red
+June, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. I prefer gray
+or red soil, porous subsoil, with an eastern slope. I set first-class, two-year-old,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+well-branched trees, in large furrows, deeply plowed out, twenty feet north and
+south, and thirty-two feet east and west. For six years I grow corn in the
+orchard, cultivating well; after that nothing. I plow shallow, and disc or harrow
+until midsummer as often as the weeds start. I cultivate as long as the
+trees live. To protect from rabbits I use sixteen-inch lath woven with four
+strands of wire. I prune, to allow only three or four main branches. I believe
+in fertilizer, and would use it if I had it. I think pasturing in the orchard
+advisable, with young cattle or hogs, and that it pays. Am troubled some
+with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, and codling-moth; for these I spray with
+London purple, using a tank, with a pump run by a sprocket and chain, from a
+wagon wheel. I believe I have reduced the codling-moth by spraying. We pick in
+a sack over the shoulder, as used in sowing oats. I sort only into first class and
+culls, as emptied by the pickers on canvas-covered tables. I use eleven-peck
+barrels, marking the name of variety and quality. Sell only at wholesale, making
+cider of the culls. Have shipped to distant markets, but it did not pay. Have
+never dried any, but think I ought to.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. S. Hackney</span>, Walton, Harvey county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have an orchard of 325 apple trees twenty-four years old, eight to sixteen
+inches in diameter. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Snow,
+Maiden's Blush, Huntsman's Favorite, and Grimes's Golden Pippin, and would
+plant the same for family orchard. Have tried and discarded Winter Strawberry
+and Paradise Pippin for shy bearing. I prefer high land, rich subsoil, with north
+slope. I prefer two-year-old grafts, the more fibrous roots the better. I checked
+my land to corn and then dug out the hill of corn where tree was to stand. I
+raise my own root grafts. I cultivate my young orchard with corn, wheat, and
+oats, using disc and smoothing harrow. I plant a bearing orchard to clover, and
+cease cropping when the limbs interfere with work. I think windbreaks are
+essential, and would make them of rapid-growing forest-trees. To protect the
+trees from rabbits, I wash them with blood and liver and tie up. I prune while
+young to shape and balance the top, and think it beneficial. I never thin apples.
+I fertilize with barn-yard litter and wood ashes. I pasture my orchard with
+hogs and young cattle; think it advisable, and that it pays.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar; my fruit with codling-moth,
+curculio, and gouger. I spray for the above-named insects after the blossom
+has fallen and until apples are as large as quail eggs. I think I have reduced
+the codling-moth. For the insects not affected by spraying I wash with soap
+and strong lye. I spray with London purple, Paris green, and kerosene emulsion.
+We pick apples by hand and are careful not to bruise them. I sort into
+two classes; the small and defective go to the chickens. I generally retail my
+apples toward spring; sell second and third grades wherever I can; make cider of
+culls. My best markets are home and Newton. Do not dry any for market. I
+store 300 or 400 bushels of apples in a cellar 32�32 feet, cemented sides and
+bottom, with plenty of windows and doors for ventilation; am fairly successful;
+Ben Davis and Winesap keep best. I have to repack them before marketing. I
+do not irrigate. Prices have been 40 cents to $1.75 per bushel. I employ
+ordinary farm hands at $200 per year.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. C. Brown</span>, Cherryvale, Montgomery county: I have lived in Kansas eighteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 600 trees from six to twenty-four years old.
+For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis and Jonathan, and for family orchard
+would add Maiden's Blush, Lowell, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+and discarded Missouri Pippin, Lawver, and Roxbury Russet. I prefer a first or
+second bottom, with a northern or western aspect, sandy loam with gravelly subsoil.
+I prefer two-year-old, well-headed trees, set thirty by thirty. I have some set
+thirty by fifteen feet, but intend to grub every other one out when large. I plant
+my orchard to corn or potatoes, cultivating two or four times a year until they
+begin to bear, using a stirring plow, Acme harrow, and Planet jr. horse cultivator.
+Never cease cropping, but pasture with hogs. Sow grass and clover in a
+bearing orchard. Do not cut and take crop off more than twice after they begin
+to bear. Windbreaks are not essential, but if they were I should make them of
+any kind of trees or hedges, by planting on south and west sides. For rabbits I
+inclose the tree with wire screening. I dig the borers out. I prune trees while
+young, until they begin to bear, by cutting out the cross branches and watersprouts.
+This will promote wood growth, if done in early spring. It is generally
+beneficial. I have thinned the fruit sometimes, but it does not pay. Can't see
+any difference whether trees are in blocks of one variety or in mixed plantings.
+I fertilize my orchard with lime and ashes in limited quantities. It is beneficial
+only on loose, loamy soil; would not advise its use on heavy clay soils. I pasture
+my orchard after it comes into full bearing with swine and poultry. I think it
+advisable and that it pays, if too many are not put in.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, root aphis, twig-borer,
+fall web-worm, and leaf-roller. I spray just after the leaves start and
+three times afterwards, a week or ten days apart, using London purple and lime
+water for the foliage and fruit-eating insects; think I have reduced the codling-moth
+materially. I spray early for canker-worm, and just after the blossoms
+drop for codling-moth and curculio. I hand-pick my apples from a step-ladder,
+in a sack hung over the shoulder; sort into three classes&mdash;first, smooth and not
+specked; second, rough and specked; third, partly rotten, for vinegar. I sort
+into baskets from a table which has a rim around the edge. I pack my first-grade
+apples in barrels pressed full, then headed, marked with a stencil, and
+hauled to market on a wagon. I wholesale my best apples to home buyers, and
+also fill orders from a distance; sell my second- and third-grade apples to home
+buyers, and make into sweet cider; make vinegar of culls and feed them to hogs.
+My best market is at home; have tried distant markets; did not pay. Do not
+dry any. Am fairly successful in storing apples in barrels, boxes and shallow
+bins in a cellar; find Rawle's Janet, Ben Davis and Jonathan keep best.
+Weather is too warm in the fall in this latitude to keep apples successfully. I
+have to repack stored apples two or three times, losing from one-third to three-fourths
+of them; it varies with the season and time of picking. I do not irrigate.
+Prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel. I employ the
+best help there is to be had, at from 75 cents to $1.25 per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Hart</span>, Sedan, Chautauqua county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years, and have an apple orchard of 400 trees, ten years planted. I prefer for
+commercial orchard Ben Davis, and for family orchard Early Harvest, Maiden's
+Blush, Winesap, Ben Davis, and Arkansas Black. I prefer sandy bottom land,
+and plant my trees in furrows. I cultivate my orchard to corn as long as it is
+possible to grow anything, but plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are beneficial. I would make them of Osage orange or wild goose plums. I prune
+with a saw, to thin out the centers and keep off suckers. I think it beneficial.
+I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter. I think it beneficial, and would
+advise its use on some lands. I do not pasture my orchard, nor would I advise
+it. I spray with London purple in the spring, and am successful. I sell my apples
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>in the orchard, and do not dry any for market. Missouri Pippin keeps better
+than other stored apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James McNicol</span>, Lost Springs, Marion county: Have been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have an apple orchard of 12,000 trees, set from three to ten years.
+Prefer Missouri Pippins alone for commercial orchard, and Early Harvest, Maiden's
+Blush, Missouri Pippin and Grimes's Golden Pippin for family orchard.
+Have discarded White Winter Pearmain as not hardy. I prefer bottom land,
+northern slope, with rich surface soil and porous subsoil. After plowing out
+deep furrows, subsoil with a lister; then select well-rooted, two-year-old trees and
+plant carefully. Distance apart is an important matter; if too close, the trees,
+no matter how well cultivated, will suffer for moisture; if too far apart, the wind
+will play havoc with trees and fruit. I would plant close rows running east and
+west, as each row would help break the wind when the trees in the row reach
+each other. I would plant twenty feet apart in the row, and the rows thirty feet
+apart, and would recommend planting a row of cherry, dwarf pear, plum or
+peach between the apple rows, provided they are cut out at the proper time to
+not allow them to rob the orchard of moisture. Cultivate often to a good old
+age with a disc and Acme harrow. Grow corn or Kafir-corn for five or six years,
+leaving a good space next the trees, not for weeds, but to be well cultivated. A
+silly policy is to cultivate the corn that costs less than five cents per row for seed
+four times, and leave the tree row that costs two dollars or more uncultivated.
+Do not use a stirring plow; it hills up around the trees too much. If you list
+your corn, go east and west one year, north and south the next year. Keep the
+ground well cultivated; grow nothing after five or six years, not even weeds or
+clover. Cultivate at right angles and diagonal. Whenever you are blessed with
+a good rain in summer don't wait until the weeds start, but cultivate as soon as
+the ground will bear it. Keep a dust mulch on by cultivation; few know the
+great value of a dust mulch. For a family orchard a five-tooth cultivator near
+the trees, and a two-horse cultivator for the middles, will do. Use the harrow
+often. Six days' work at the proper time will keep a five-acre orchard in
+good shape through the season. Some say this is not a fruit country. It is not
+and never will be to the one who has no time to cultivate; but to the careful
+cultivator there is great reward, for the very same reason. I believe it essential
+to have windbreaks, and advise planting three or more rows of honey-locust and
+Russian mulberry for windbreaks, on the south and west sides. For rabbits I
+use wooden tree wraps, also traps, guns, and dogs. I prune a little, to keep the
+top balanced. I use no fertilizers, and would never allow stock pastured in orchard.
+Am troubled with root aphis, leaf-crumpler, and codling-moth. I practice
+spraying with blue vitriol for codling-moth. I prevent borers by keeping the
+ground well cultivated.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mike Gamer</span>, Strong City, Chase county: Have lived in Kansas since February
+14, 1877. Have 180 apple trees from one to twenty years old. For commercial
+orchard would prefer Maiden's Blush and Ben Davis. Have tried and
+discarded Rambo and Pennock, because of rot. I prefer dry bottom. I prefer
+trees four to six feet high, planted thirty feet apart. I cultivate in corn for ten
+years, and seed a bearing orchard to grass. I think windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of Osage orange or trees, a row outside of the orchard. Am
+troubled with rabbits and borers. I prune, and think it beneficial. I pasture
+my orchard with pigs, and think it advisable. My trees are troubled with flathead
+borer, and my fruit with codling-moth. I wash the trees with soap-suds for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+insects. I sell my apples in the orchard; make cider of the culls. I store apples
+in bulk in a cellar, and find the Romanite and Missouri Pippin keep the best.
+Prices have been from twenty-five to sixty cents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Schenck</span>, Le Roy, Coffey county: Have lived in Kansas eighteen
+years, and have 1200 apple trees from ten to thirty years old. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Ben Davis and Winesap. I prefer bottom land. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn, using a lister and other tools; I crop as long as it is possible
+to cultivate. Windbreaks are not essential. I think fertilization with barn-yard
+litter beneficial on upland orchard, but would not advise its use on rich bottom.
+I have pastured my old orchard with calves and hogs.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. F. Pflager</span>, Elk, Chase county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have 300 apple trees from one to twelve years old. For commercial
+orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Romanite;
+for family orchard, Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest, Yellow Transparent,
+and Baldwin. I have tried and discarded Sweet Gennetting, because of rot, and
+when ripe it is too small for market; Caswinculet, because it sun-scalds and dries
+up, and Early White will not stand the climate. I prefer bottom land, with sandy
+soil. I prefer two-year-old trees, with low top, without forks, set four inches
+above the graft, at an angle of thirty degrees south. Have grown some seedlings
+with good success. I cultivate my orchard with potatoes and tobacco, using a
+plow and cultivator, until four years old; I plant nothing in a bearing orchard,
+and cease cropping when they commence to bear. Windbreaks are essential
+here, and I would make them of Osage orange and forest-trees; if Osage orange is
+used, plant it twenty feet from the orchard, or it will injure the fruit-trees. I wrap
+my trees with corn-stalks or rags to protect from rabbits, and wash the trees with
+lye water for borers; I also dig them out. I have pruned with clippers, and found
+it injurious to the trees; I only cut out watersprouts. I never thin my apples;
+they thin themselves. My trees are in mixed plantings and bear well.</p>
+
+<p>I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter; I also use fertilizer from the
+chicken yard, and would advise its use on all soils. I never pasture my orchard;
+it injures the trees, and does not pay. My trees are troubled with canker-worm,
+tent-caterpillar, flathead borer, and leaf-roller. Curculio trouble my apples.
+I do not spray, but my neighbors do, and are not successful. I pick my apples
+by hand into half-bushel baskets, and put them in a wagon, with hay in the bottom.
+I sort into three or four classes, putting the red, yellow and green in
+separate piles. I pack my apples in sacks, and haul to market in a wagon. I
+often sell in the orchard; retail my best at stores, peddle the second and third
+grades, and make cider for vinegar of the culls. My best markets are Elmdale,
+Chase county, and Marion, Marion county; have never tried distant markets.
+We dry a few apples; use a parer, corer, and slicer; it is satisfactory; then pack
+them in flour sacks; but it does not pay. I store some in boxes and barrels in a
+cave; am successful; those that keep best are Romanite and Red Winter Pearmain.
+Never have tried artificial cold storage. We have to repack stored apples
+before sending to market; lose about five per cent. Prices have been from fifty
+cents to one dollar per bushel, and dried apples five cents per pound. I employ
+farm hands at from ten dollars to eighteen dollars per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas W. Smith</span>, Baxter Springs, Cherokee county: Have lived in Kansas
+twenty-eight years. My trees were destroyed in the storm of 1895. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. Prefer hilltop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+with an east slope. I cultivate at six years; seed a bearing orchard to clover.
+Windbreaks are not essential. Never thinned apples. Pasture my orchard with
+cows and horses. Prices during winter have been forty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. H. Bailey</span>, Uniontown, Bourbon county: I have lived in Kansas fifteen
+years, and have an orchard of 150 apple trees thirty years old. I prefer Canada
+Pippin [Downing calls this White Pippin], Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Jonathan,
+Missouri Pippin, and Maiden's Blush, for all purposes. I prefer hillside land,
+with a northeastern slope. I plant apple trees thirty feet apart each way. I cultivate
+in potatoes, corn, or any hoed crop, using a hoe and cultivator. I sow a
+bearing orchard to clover, and cease cropping at ten or twelve years. Windbreaks
+are essential, and I would make them of Osage orange planted thirty feet from
+the trees. I prune a little every year, to get rid of dead limbs, and also thin out
+the center of trees, to improve the fruit. I use a saw and knife. My trees are in
+block. It is beneficial to mulch with old hay or straw in drought. I pasture my
+orchard with small calves, but would not advise it, as it does not pay. I sprayed
+with a pump, using London purple, but it did little good. I cut borers out, and
+then pour coal-oil in the holes. I hand-pick my apples in a sack, using a ladder.
+I sort into two classes&mdash;good and second best. If for home use, I put them in
+rail pens for about three weeks; then sort out the good ones and make cider of
+the culls. I pack in three-bushel barrels, and ship to Kansas City. I sell my
+best apples to shippers. I dry and make cider of the second- and third-class apples,
+and feed the culls to the hogs and cows. I store some for home use, and
+would store more if I had cold storage. We have to repack stored apples before
+selling, and lose about one-half of them. I have sold Canada Pippins from fifty
+cents to two dollars per bushel. I employ men and boys, and pay from fifty
+cents to seventy-five cents per day and board.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. T. Walters</span>, Emporia, Lyon county: I have been in Kansas nearly
+twenty-one years. I have 700 apple trees; 200 thirty years old, 100 eleven years old,
+and 400 seven years old. Market varieties, Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, and Jonathan; and for family have added Red Astrachan, Red June,
+Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Rambo. I prefer bottom land if not too
+low; I have apples when they dry up on the hill. Prefer a rich, dark loam, with
+a slightly porous subsoil, and northeast slope. Use two-year-old thrifty trees,
+with well-balanced head. Fall plow deeply, throw two or three furrows each
+way, leaving a deep dead furrow, cross lightly with one furrow, and plant at the
+crossings. I grow corn, sweet and Irish potatoes for eight or ten years, then
+seed to clover. I cultivate with a one-horse plow, using a hoe around trees. In
+my oldest orchard I grow nothing, but use the disc freely. I believe windbreaks
+necessary on upland, but not in our bottom. Use corn-stalks tied around the
+tree for rabbits. I prevent borers by keeping the trees thrifty. I prune with
+knife and saw only to remove dead limbs and keep others from rubbing together,
+and I think it pays. I think thinning would pay, with cheap labor. Have used
+coarse stable litter in my orchard; think it has paid in larger and better-colored
+fruit; would advise its use for bearing trees. I would pasture my orchard with
+calves, hogs, and sheep, if I had them; I believe if judiciously done it would pay.
+I spray before the buds open, after the bloom drops, and ten days later, with
+London purple and lime, for canker-worm and codling-moth; have kept the
+canker-worm in check, but have not prevented my apples from getting wormy
+and falling. I hand-pick in sacks and baskets; pack in tight, eleven-peck barrels;
+but sell most of my apples in the orchard to teamsters from the West. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+sell culls to the cider and canning factories. My best market is in the orchard.
+Never shipped but once; not satisfactory. I store some in tight barrels in the
+cellar, and find Winesaps keep the best. We lose from ten to twenty-five per
+cent. of them; some winters they keep better than others. Never dried any, and
+have not irrigated. Prices from thirty to fifty cents per bushel at picking time.
+I use men and boys at from fifty cents to one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. L. Kendrick</span>, Waverly, Coffey county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-five
+years. Have an apple orchard of 375 trees, eighteen years planted. For commercial
+purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap; for
+family orchard, Early Harvest, Summer Queen, and Sherwood's Favorite [Chenango].
+Have tried and discarded Bellflower and Rawle's Janet; they are a failure.
+I prefer hilltop, with a deep clay soil, slightly sandy, and a north or northeast
+slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, with smooth, heavy bodies, and a low top, set
+in holes forty feet apart, with a little loose dirt thrown in the bottom, the trees
+leaning a little to the southwest. I cultivate my orchard to sweet corn and castor-beans,
+using a disc run deep, excepting close to trees; I cease cropping after five
+years, and sow a bearing orchard to clover. Windbreaks are essential, and I
+would make them of maple, Russian mulberry, or Osage orange, set in rows close
+together, and cut top off maples at four feet. I use building paper as a protection
+against rabbits, and for borers I whitewash the trees; then remove about
+three inches of earth from the trees and pour some around the roots. I prune
+with a saw and shears, to admit more air and sun; I think it beneficial, and that
+it pays. I never thin my fruit on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings, and
+I find them and Mrs. Garrison's and several others' are thus more fruitful; the
+varieties used are Ben Davis, Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Sherwood's
+Favorite, planted in alternate rows east and west. I never fertilize my
+orchard; I think clover left in an orchard for two years and then plowed or cut
+in with a disc is the best fertilizer for an orchard after it begins to bear. I never
+pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable.</p>
+
+<p>My trees are troubled with bag-worm, roundhead borer, bark-louse, and fall
+web-worm. My apples are troubled with curculio. I spray with London purple
+and lime, with a pump, just after the fruit is formed, for web-worm and curculio.
+I think I have reduced the codling-moth by spraying. I get after insects not
+affected by spraying with a knife. I gather apples by hand in a sack, and sort
+into three classes: the large and smooth, second size, and culls. I sort from the
+piles after picking; then sell or bury them. I prefer two-and-one-half-bushel
+barrels, with straw in the bottom and around the sides, marked with a tin tag,
+and hauled to market in a heavy spring wagon. I sell in the orchard, wholesale,
+retail, and peddle; I sell my best apples to shippers, peddle the second and third
+grades, and make cider of the culls. My best market is Ottawa; have never
+tried a distant market. I store apples in bulk or bin, in a fruit house built on a
+well-drained place; the house is made of flax straw, posts, and wire or boards to
+hold the straw in place; the walls are three and one-half feet thick, four and one-half
+feet high, and the roof two and one-half feet, with ventilator in the center.
+The door is in the east end. I use two doors, one on the inside, and one on the
+outside, filling the space between with flax straw. Am successful in keeping
+apples, and find those that keep best are Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin,
+and Smith's Cider. Winter apples have been forty-five cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. J. Albright</span>, Julia, Kingman county: Have lived in Kansas eighteen
+years; have an apple orchard of 500 trees, six to seventeen years old, four to ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+inches in diameter, I prefer bottom land for an orchard. I cultivate my orchard
+by subsoiling and shallow cultivation, using a disc and Acme harrow; I
+grow nothing in a bearing orchard, not even weeds. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of Osage orange or Russian mulberries. Am not troubled
+with rabbits or borers. I prune some; it makes better trees. I do not thin the
+fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with cow-stable litter, but do not
+think it beneficial. I do not pasture my orchard. My apples are troubled with
+codling-moth. I sprayed five years with Paris green and London purple, and
+was not successful. I gather my fruit off the ground. My best market is at
+home. We dry apples for home use, and do not store any. I irrigate with a
+windmill and earth reservoir; it makes big trees.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. J. Haines</span>, Galena, Cherokee county: Has been in Kansas nineteen years.
+Has an orchard of 2500 trees, fourteen years planted, averaging eighteen inches
+in diameter, planted for commercial purposes, and comprising Willow Twig, Ben
+Davis, and Winesap, which varieties he would also recommend for family orchard.
+Has tried and discarded Snow and Missouri Pippin, as they would not bear fruit;
+cannot tell why. Prefers alluvial soil, with clay subsoil susceptible of good
+drainage, south slope preferred. Cultivates always with plow, leaving a deep
+center furrow. Tries to eradicate all growth between the trees in a bearing orchard.
+Believes windbreaks are essential; uses maple. Prunes, to stimulate
+trunk and fruit growth. Fertilizes with wood ashes, and says they should be
+used on all soils that lack potash. Pastures his orchard in spring with calves
+and hogs, and believes it pays. Sprays April 1, April 30, and June 1, with London
+purple, copperas, Paris green, and Bordeaux mixture. Not fully successful,
+but believes he reduces the codling-moth. For borers he lixiviates the ground.
+This, he claims, kills by contact under the ground. Plow in fall in time to let
+the rains settle in, and too late to keep it from freezing; freeze them out. Sorts
+into three classes: Middling [fair], bad, and worse. Hand packed in barrels,
+stem down, best on top, and marked "First class." He sells at wholesale, sometimes
+in orchard. Feeds culls to stock. Has found Kansas City, Omaha and
+Denver to be the best markets. Dries apples on Fay drier, made in Cincinnati,
+for home use only, and not satisfactory. Stores apples for winter in bulk in cave,
+and finds Ben Davis the best keeper. For help he uses boys at fifty cents per
+day, and men at one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. J. Saltzman</span>, Burrton, Harvey county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-one
+years. Have an apple orchard of 500 trees from one to twelve inches in diameter.
+For commercial orchard I would prefer Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Ben Davis,
+Cooper's Early White, and Jonathan; and for family orchard Early Harvest, Lawver,
+Jonathan, and Winesap. Have tried and discarded Willow Twig and Large
+Romanite on account of blight, and the fruit rots and specks. I prefer hilltop,
+with sandy loam and clay subsoil, and a north or northwest aspect. Prefer two-year-old
+trees, with good, thrifty roots, planted thirty feet apart each way. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn, potatoes, Kafir-corn and cane for five or six years, with
+plow and cultivator, and cease cropping when the orchard begins to bear.
+I plant bearing orchard to rye, oats, and artichokes, and then turn in hogs.
+Windbreaks are essential; would makes them of evergreens or Russian mulberries,
+planted four feet apart. I prune with a saw, pruning-hook, knife, and sometimes
+an ax, to give proper shape to the tree, and to let in air and light; I think it pays.
+I do not thin the fruit on the trees, but think it should be done. I fertilize my
+orchard with barn-yard litter, and think it beneficial; I would advise its use on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+all soils. I pasture my orchard after five or six years with hogs, and think it advisable
+and that it pays. My trees are troubled with root aphis, but not bad, and
+my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples, in baskets,
+or in a sack over the shoulder, and put them in barrels, boxes, or wagon. I sort
+into two classes: first, sound, for market or home use; second, for vinegar. I
+sort them as I pick, and drop the vinegar ones on the ground, and gather afterwards.
+I pack my apples in bushel boxes (that is the best way) while picking.
+I sell apples in the orchard; also wholesale, retail, and peddle. I make second- and
+third-grade apples into vinegar, or feed them to hogs. My best market is at
+home. Have tried distant markets, and found it sometimes paid. I do not dry
+any, and am successful at storing apples in bulk in a cellar; sometimes I bury
+them; I find Winesap, Limber Twig and Little Romanite keep best. We have to
+repack stored apples before marketing, losing from ten to fifteen per cent. of them.
+I do not irrigate, but think it would pay. Prices have been from forty cents to
+one dollar per bushel; dried apples from five to six cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Saxe</span>, Fort Scott, Bourbon county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-nine
+years. Have an apple orchard of 800 trees from fifteen to twenty-seven
+years old. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis and Willow Twig,
+and for family orchard would add Winesap and Jonathan. Have tried and
+discarded Baldwin, Yellow Bellflower, Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest, Sweet
+Bough, Bailey's Sweet, Roxberry Russet, Fall Strawberry, King of Tompkins
+County, and several Russian varieties; all are worthless. I prefer hilly
+land, with loam soil and clay subsoil, northeast slope. I prefer one- or
+two-year-old medium-sized trees, set twenty to thirty feet apart. Plant my
+orchard to corn, raspberries, and blackberries, using a plow and cultivator&mdash;a
+one-horse cultivator between the rows, for five or six years; cease cropping
+when the trees begin to bear. Windbreaks are not essential. I poison the
+rabbits, and am not bothered with borers. Prune a little with a pruning knife to
+keep the head open; think it pays, and is beneficial. Have never thinned
+apples while on the trees. I do not fertilize; our soil is rich enough; ashes or
+potash might be beneficial. I think hogs beneficial in an orchard. My trees
+are troubled with root aphis, and my apples with codling-moth and curculio.
+Pick apples by hand from a ladder into a bag. Sort into two classes, perfect and
+imperfect, from piles on the grass or ground. Pack my apples in barrels by
+hand, mark with my name, and haul to market in a spring wagon. Generally
+sell apples in the orchard, also wholesale; peddle the second and third grades,
+and make culls into cider for vinegar. Never dry any. I stored some in boxes
+in the cellar last fall, also buried some in the ground, and was successful. Found
+Limber Twig and Rawle's Janet kept best. We had to repack stored apples
+before marketing; lost about one-half of those in the cellar, but very few of those
+buried in the ground. Do not irrigate. Prices were about forty cents per bushel
+at wholesale in the fall on the trees.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. F. C. Garrison</span>, El Dorado, Butler county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an apple orchard of 1000 trees, twenty to twenty-five years old,
+ten to twelve inches in diameter. I prefer for commercial purposes Ben Davis,
+Winesap, King of Tompkins County, and Rawle's Janet; and for family orchard
+Maiden's Blush, Milam, Jonathan, and Sweet Bough. Have tried and discarded
+Keswick Codlin, Willow Twig and Dominie on account of blight. I prefer second
+bottom, reddish soil, with liver-red subsoil, and a north slope. I prefer two-year-old,
+short-trunk, smooth and round trees. In planting, plow both ways with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+a coulter and subsoiler, then dig out. I cultivate my orchard to corn for three or
+four years, using a plow; I cease cropping after eight years, and plant nothing
+in a bearing orchard. I use sulphur mixed with axle grease to protect against
+rabbits. For borers I use fish oil spurted in with sewing-machine oiler. I prune
+the under limbs to prevent hanging on the ground. It does not pay, and is not
+very beneficial. I thin Rawle's Janet apples when the smallest ones are as large
+as marbles. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize with stable litter, and
+think it beneficial; but would not advise its use on all soils. Never pasture my
+orchard. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, root aphis, twig-borer, leaf-roller,
+and bark-louse, and my apples with curculio. I spray with London purple
+and strychnine when the leaves are small; think I have reduced the codling-moth.
+I pick my apples (from step-ladders where high) into baskets. Sort into
+three classes: cider, specked, and sound. We leave them in piles until they
+sweat, then dry and sort. I prefer two-and-one-half bushel barrels, packed with
+a nice layer on the bottom (this will be top when opened), then mark with the
+name of fruit, and haul to market by rail or wagon. I sell in orchard, wholesale,
+retail, and peddle, and make cider of the culls. My best markets are Wichita,
+Pueblo, Leadville, the Strip, and Eldorado. Have tried distant markets, but it
+does not pay.</p>
+
+<p>I never dry any for market. I store some apples for winter market in bulk;
+am not very successful; find Winesap keeps the best. Have to repack stored
+apples before marketing; lose about ten per cent. I do not irrigate. Prices
+have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel; dried apples, four and
+one-half cents per pound. I employ young men, at from seventy-five cents to one
+dollar per day. I have sprayed carefully for three years, and am glad to report
+no worms this year [1898]. Winesap not full&mdash;too full and dry last year,
+Maiden's Blush full, Rawle's Janet very full, Sweet Bough full, Limber Twig
+full, Milam full, Ben Davis fair, Northern Spy fair, Little Romanite light, Jonathan
+light, Willow Twig and King (of Tompkins county) full, Talman Sweet
+full, and Pound Sweet full.</p>
+
+<p>Trees must not be trimmed up too high, as is too much the practice. A low,
+broad top will hold the least sprinkle of rain longer, and the wind will not have
+much chance to dry the earth under the trees. There are millions of hair roots
+just at the surface, in the compost, or loose earth, to immediately absorb the
+moisture if wind and sun are kept off. The buds set better when the trunks are
+short, and kept as cool as possible, so that the sap can run freely to the terminal
+buds, and also make buds, when, if high and dry, no bud formation can occur.
+Trees should be short in trunk, broad top, and limbs nearly to the ground. No
+hogs nor calves should be allowed in the orchard, but all the chickens possible.
+Cut off all dead branches, and fill up vacancies. Trees should be two or three
+years old when set. When setting make a good large hole, and in the center
+make a hill or cone of earth. Then spread the roots out in their natural position,
+and after this fill in some earth and press lightly. Set two or three inches deeper
+than they grew in the nursery, trim close, and leave no acute forks. Compel the
+limbs to start at obtuse or right angles from the trunk; if they bend over to the
+north, anchor with string and stake. The art and science of horticulture are
+little studied in Kansas. It takes good judgment and a scientific turn of mind to
+be successful in orcharding. Chemistry, botany and physiology are especially
+necessary to make it a delightful work in life. We must run back to the original,
+which was no doubt far beyond anything we as yet have, or we could not improve
+at all. The beauty ran down as man did, and it will be a long time before perfection
+is reached.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. M. Adams</span>, Rome, Sumner county: I have lived in Kansas fourteen years;
+have an apple orchard of 140 trees from eight to twelve years old. For market I
+prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. I prefer bottom land for an
+orchard. I prefer three-year-old trees set fifteen by thirty feet; mine are planted
+thirty by thirty. I plant my orchard to corn for four years, using a cultivator
+and harrow, and cease cropping after four or five years. I plant nothing in a
+bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential here. For rabbits I use a gun and
+traps, and for borers I wash with soap-suds. I should thin my apples if there
+was a heavy crop. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter, and think it beneficial.
+I do not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable. My trees are troubled
+with borers. I do not spray.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Price</span>, El Dorado, Butler county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-five
+years; have 1200 apple trees, planted twelve to eighteen years, running from
+eight to twelve inches in diameter. My market varieties are Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, Ben Davis, Large Romanite, and Jonathan; for family I have added
+Early Harvest, Red June, Red Astrachan, and Maiden's Blush. I have discarded
+Rawle's Janet, as they grow in clusters and rot on the trees. My location
+is on hilltop, with a loose clay soil, and a north aspect. I plant two-year-old
+upright trees, with good roots, in deep furrows thrown out each way, and subsoiled.
+I cultivate same as corn, and grow corn as a crop, for small grains and
+millet breed insects. In the bearing orchard I grow nothing. I cultivate with
+the disc harrow, cultivator, and plow, until the trees cover the ground, from
+twelve to fifteen years from planting. I wash the trees three times a year with
+a solution of soft-soap suds and crude carbolic acid. I believe windbreaks are
+essential, and would make them of rapid, dense-growing trees; I use Russian
+mulberry, planted in three rows, twelve feet apart, mismatched. For rabbits I
+rub the trees with sulphur and grease. If trees are washed with carbolic acid
+and soap-suds, no borer will ever attack them. I trim very slightly to keep down
+watersprouts; to trim as they do in the East does not pay here. I do not thin,
+but believe fruit would sometimes be larger and better for it. I believe in fertilizing,
+and prefer cow-yard litter, sheep litter, and hay; on rich bottom land I
+would use hay mulching. Mulching should be removed from around the trees
+for hoeing, and then replaced. I never pasture an orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Am troubled some with canker-worm, twig-borer, and codling-moth. I spray
+three or four times in a season, from eight to ten days apart, according to the
+weather, beginning as soon as the blossoms appear, with a large force-pump, and
+a rod with double nozzle, for canker-worm, web-worm, and codling-moth. I have
+lessened the codling-moth by using copper sulphate solution very early [?]. For
+borers I use London purple, copper sulphate, Bordeaux, and Paris green [?].
+We pick by hand, and sort into two classes: First, the finest fruit; third, the
+culls, and second, betweens. Sell some in the orchard, from a bushel to wagon-loads.
+Sell my best apples on orders from merchants and citizens. The second
+grade same as the first, if desired. The culls I make into vinegar, which I sell
+in the home market. Our best market is at home. I tried shipping, but transportation
+charges were too high; have not tried drying. I store for winter outdoors,
+covered with hay and dirt, so as not to freeze. The Romanite keeps best.
+I make my piles of twenty bushels, and lose perhaps one-twentieth. Do not irrigate.
+Prices of late: First class, fifty cents; second class, thirty-five cents per
+bushel. I use young men and boys at from fifty cents to one dollar per day and
+board. I have one of the best small orchards in the state. Have been successful
+in planting and growing trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. E. Lawrence</span>, Wichita, Sedgwick county: I have resided in the state
+twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees from twenty to twenty-four
+years old. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis, and for
+family orchard would add Winesap, Early June, and Grimes's Golden Pippin.
+I prefer bottom land with a sandy loam soil and porous subsoil. I prefer two-year-old
+trees set thirty feet apart each way. I cultivate my orchard to corn or
+potatoes for several years, using a common cultivator; cease cropping when they
+begin to bear, and sow to orchard-grass. Windbreaks are essential; would make
+them of forest-trees. I prune to thin the branches; think it beneficial. Do not
+thin the fruit while on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I do not fertilize
+my orchard. I do not pasture my orchard. Codling-moth troubles my
+apples; have not sprayed. Pick my apples by hand; sort into two classes&mdash;marketable
+and cider. I sell some apples while in the orchard at retail. Sell my
+best apples in home market, and make cider of culls. Never tried distant markets.
+Do not dry any. Don't store any. Do not irrigate. Prices have been
+from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Weatherby</span>, Le Roy, Coffey county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have 500 apple trees, twelve years planted, six inches in diameter. Grow
+only Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. Have discarded Willow Twig on
+account of blight. My location is in the bottom, with rich loam and sandy subsoil.
+I have planted in rows thirty-two feet distant; cultivate in corn for four
+years after planting, and use the disc harrow as much as possible. In a bearing
+orchard I would put clover. Believe windbreaks are essential, made of any kind
+of forest-trees, planted thickly, in two or three rows around the orchard, and
+cultivated while small. Protect from rabbits with a dog and gun, and also by
+wrapping the trees. Prune very little; simply keep down sprouts and remove
+crossed limbs. Have never thinned on the tree, and believe barn-yard litter useful
+as a fertilizer. I pasture with a few calves, but think it does not pay. Am
+troubled with some insect, and spray moderately in May with London purple, for
+web-worm and leaf-crumpler. Pick from the wagon, driving under the trees.
+Sell at both wholesale and retail, and my best market is the commercial buyer.
+Feed my culls mostly to the pigs. Never have dried any, nor stored any for
+winter. Have a pipe running from my water-tank, by which means have watered
+a few trees for a number of years, and these trees are very large and yield very
+fine fruit. If I were to start again, instead of planting 500 apple trees I would
+plant sixty, and dig a well and put a windmill in the midst of them; and I am
+confident I would get more satisfactory returns.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. A. Mullineaux</span>, Cherryvale, Montgomery county: I have been in Kansas
+twenty-nine years. Have 350 apple trees of various ages and sizes, mainly Ben
+Davis and Missouri Pippin. Have tried and discarded the Romanite as too small.
+I prefer bottom or second-bottom land, red soil, with sandy subsoil, and a south
+slope. I plant two-year-old trees in the spring, 32�32 feet; cultivate for four
+years, growing oats as a crop; also grow oats in a bearing orchard. Believe
+windbreaks or an Osage-orange hedge are beneficial. I tie corn-stalks around
+my trees to keep off the rabbits. I never prune at all. Do not thin fruit on the
+trees. I fertilize with stable litter while trees are young. Believe it pays to
+pasture orchards with hogs, as they destroy worms. I am troubled some with
+borers, web-worms, and codling-moth, but have never practiced spraying. I
+pick by hand, and sort into first and second classes, and pack in bushel boxes,
+selling at wholesale; haul to market on a rack; make my culls into cider. My<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+best market is Cherryvale. Never have dried any. Do not irrigate. I store for
+winter in bulk in the cellar, and am successful in keeping Missouri Pippin and
+Ben Davis. Price here is $1.50 per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O. M. Record</span>, Thayer, Neosho county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-one
+years; have 400 apple trees eight years old. My land is eastern slope, clay subsoil;
+I plant 20�28, first subsoiling the row. Cultivate to corn and potatoes with
+a plow, common cultivator, and five-tooth cultivator, until eight years old; then
+sow to clover. I believe a windbreak is essential, and like Russian mulberry
+planted on the south and west. To protect from rabbits and borers I use a wash
+made of soap, lime, and crude coal-oil. I prune with the shears to balance the
+top properly, and think it pays. I think varieties that grow in clusters like
+Rawle's Janet should be thinned to a single specimen. I use stable litter, as my
+land is a light, sandy loam and needs it. I pasture my orchard with hogs, but
+not too many; if they run short of feed they will sometimes bark the trees. I am
+troubled some with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, leaf-roller, and codling-moth.
+I spray as soon as the bloom is off and twice afterwards with lime and crude oil,
+to kill the leaf eaters and fungus, and have probably reduced the codling-moth.
+I look for borers in the fall and dig them out with a knife. My orchard is yet
+too young to describe picking, sorting, etc. I intend to build a pond and try
+wetting the ground when the trees need it.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. Diemurt</span>, Murdock, Butler county: I have been in Kansas thirty
+years; have 400 apple trees eight years old. I have Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri
+Pippin, Dominie, Grimes's Golden Pippen, Rome Beauty, Rambo, Early
+Harvest, Bellflower, Rawle's Janet, Willow Twig, Red June, Maiden's Blush,
+and Duchess of Oldenburg. I prefer hilltop, with sandy soil, and a red, sandy
+subsoil, with western slope. I plant two-year-old, low, stocky trees, two rods
+apart each way. I cultivate with plow and cultivator. I whitewash with lime
+and blood to keep the rabbits off, and lime to keep off borers and other insects.
+I prune, taking off only surplus limbs, and think it beneficial. I never thin
+apples. I fertilize to improve the tree; I think it advisable. Am troubled with
+canker-worm, leaf-crumplers, and codling-moth. I spray when the leaves are
+just out with London purple for canker-worm, and think I have reduced the
+codling-moth. For insects that are not affected by spraying, I wash the trees
+with lime during the fall, and in the spring with strong soap suds. I pick my
+apples by hand, and sort into two classes&mdash;best for eating, second for cider. For
+packing I prefer boxes made of slats [lath?], two feet wide by four feet long,
+and one foot deep. I sell some in the orchard, make cider of the culls, and store
+some in boxes, and am successful. I find the Missouri Pippin and Winesap
+keep best. Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. M. Savage</span>, Burden, Cowley county: Have been in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have a small orchard of 375 trees that have been set from four to twenty-two
+years. I would recommend for all purposes Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri
+Pippin. Tried Northern Spy, but it did not do well. My location is on
+hilltop, north slope, with a black loam soil and clay subsoil. I plant two-year-old
+thrifty trees with a spade, in large, deep holes. Would cultivate as long as
+they live, with a plow, and grow no crop among the trees. I think a windbreak
+of several rows of Osage orange on the south side is a necessity. For borers and
+rabbits wash with whale-oil soap, digging out any borers that may be in with a
+knife. I prune with a knife, saw, and ax, and believe it pays. I use stable litter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>in my orchard. Tried pasturing my orchard once with hogs, but do not think
+it advisable. Have some borers, tent-caterpillars, and codling-moth, but have
+never sprayed any. Pick in baskets, buckets, and sacks, and sort into two
+classes&mdash;first, to sell or put away; second, culls. Prefer large boxes, with the
+fruit laid in carefully, each kind by itself. I wholesale as many as possible, sell
+some in the orchard, and make cider of culls. My best market is at home. Have
+never tried drying. Keep them successfully over winter in bulk in the cellar for
+family use; Winesap keeps best. Prices have run from twenty-five cents to one
+dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. B. Brown</span>, Waverly, Coffey county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years. Have 1100 apple trees from three to twenty-five years old. My market
+varieties are Winesap and Missouri Pippin; for family orchard I add Yellow
+Transparent and Grimes's Golden Pippin. My location is hilltop, with a northern
+slope. I plant two-year-old trees by running a furrow with a plow and opening
+holes with a shovel. I cultivate with a plow and cultivator from ten to
+twelve years, growing corn for ten years; after that, nothing. I believe windbreaks
+are essential, and would make them of Osage orange or maples, on the
+east, north, and northwest. For rabbits I wrap the trees; for borers I wash
+with soft soap. I prune to make the apples larger. I use stable litter between
+the rows. I do not think it advisable to pasture the orchard. I do not spray,
+and am troubled with canker-worm, flat-headed borer, and curculio. We hand-pick
+into sacks, and sort into four grades&mdash;No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and culls. I peddle
+my best apples; make culls into cider. My best market is Waverly; never
+tried distant markets. I have dried apples on the Zimmerman drier with satisfaction.
+I box the dried product and find a ready market for it, and think it
+pays. I do not store any apples. The prevailing price for apples is fifty cents
+per bushel, and for dried apples twelve cents per pound. I use men for help, and
+pay one dollar per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dick May</span>, Elk, Chase county: Have lived in Kansas since 1860. Have a
+family apple orchard of sixty trees eighteen years old. I prefer Ben Davis and
+Winesap, on bottom land with a second slope. I cultivate my orchard fourteen
+years, using a cultivator, and plant corn in a young orchard and orchard-grass
+in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of timber
+by planting in groves. For rabbits I wrap the trees; and use soap-suds for
+borers. I prune with a pruning-knife, and think it pays. I do not thin the
+fruit while on the trees. I would advise the use of fertilizers on all soils. I do
+not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees
+are troubled with roundhead borer, and tent-caterpillar. I do not spray. I
+pick by hand and sort into two classes. I haul to market in a wagon and
+wholesale them. I have put apples in cold storage and find Winesap and
+Missouri Pippin keep best and satisfactorily. I have to repack stored apples
+before marketing. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from fifty cents to one
+dollar per bushel, and dried apples six cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. O. Beavers</span>, Ottumwa, Lyon county: Have been in Kansas twenty-three
+years. Have 2000 apple trees, from one to twenty-three years planted. Prefer
+for market Winesap, Mammoth Black Twig, Gano, Ben Davis, and Missouri
+Pippin; and for family use Winesap, Mammoth Black Twig, Gano, Ben Davis,
+Jonathan, and Early Harvest. Have tried and discarded Lawver, because they
+do not hang on until maturity. I prefer a north slope of high, level, bottom land,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+with black soil and clay subsoil. Plant two-year-old, whole-root, round-topped
+trees, in large holes dug two feet deep and filled for six inches with surface soil,
+packed well. Have now in bearing some good seedlings. Grow corn in orchard
+from eight to ten years, and cultivate the tree rows well with shallow plowing,
+and harrow and cultivator. After ten years sow to red clover. Want a windbreak
+of timber on south. Shoot the rabbits. Prune with saw and axe to "get
+nicer apples," and think it pays exceedingly well. Prefer to plant in blocks of a
+kind, as they are more fruitful. Use stable litter, but not close up to the trees.
+Believe it pays to pasture with hogs, if not overstocked. Have canker-worm and
+codling-moth; spray three times, the first before blooming, for canker-worm.
+Have surely reduced codling-moth by spraying. Borers never bother any. Pick
+by hand from common ladders, with sack over shoulder. Sort into three classes:
+No. 1 perfect, No. 2, and culls. Have a different man to pick out each grade.
+Use eleven-peck barrels; face two layers, then fill, shake, and press. Usually sell
+marketable fruit in orchard to shippers. Sell culls by wagon-loads in orchard.
+My best near-by market is Emporia, Kan. Have shipped to a distant market
+and made it pay. I have stored some in barrels in cellar, and all kept well, Winesap
+perhaps a little the better. Prices range from forty to sixty cents per bushel.
+I employ the best experienced men I can get, and pay one dollar per day of ten
+hours.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. Ellison</span>, Chautauqua, Chautauqua county: Has lived thirty-two years in
+Kansas. Has an orchard of 800 trees&mdash;300 fifteen years, and 500 twelve years
+planted. Prefers Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet and Jonathan for
+market, and for family use adds Maiden's Blush. Has discarded every other
+kind; the above are the only profitable ones. Prefers sandy loam with clay subsoil,
+high eastern slope, protected on north. Sets three-foot yearling trees in
+spring, marking out with fourteen-inch plow, thirty-five feet apart each way, and
+set at crossing. Cultivates with stubble plow in April, then keeps harrow going
+until August 1. Uses hoe around trees. Grows corn in orchard until ten years
+old; then keeps ground well cultivated. Does not desire windbreaks. Feeds the
+rabbits poisoned fruit. Says borers are not troublesome if cultivation is kept up
+every two weeks through June and July. Prunes any time from January to
+June, to improve the fruit and prolong the life of the tree. Says stable litter on
+all sandy loam, not nearer than three feet from the tree, will make the fruit
+larger, crisper, and better flavor. Allows no stock but poultry in the orchard.
+Sprays with London purple, on April 10, 20, 30, and May 10, for canker-worms,
+and destroys them completely. Has cleaned out the codling-moth, too. For
+borers he washes his trees in June and September with carbolic acid ten pounds,
+sulphur forty pounds, lime enough to make a thick whitewash. On picking he
+sorts into three grades: No. 1, select, large, sound, smooth; No. 2, small and sound;
+No. 3, knotty and specked. Uses for marketing one-bushel baskets packed full.
+His best market is in the orchard, selling by wagon-loads. He uses some culls
+for vinegar and gives many to his neighbors. Does not dry any. Stores some
+for winter in trenches in bulk, in the soil, covered with pure earth, and they
+keep as follows: Missouri Pippin, first; Rawle's Janet, second; Ben Davis,
+third. Prices vary from forty cents to one dollar per bushel. Uses common
+farm help at sixty cents to eighty cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N. Sanford</span>, Oswego, Labette county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have an apple orchard of 150 trees, twenty-four years old, ten inches in
+diameter. For all purposes I prefer Red June, Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>Rome Beauty, and Winesap. Have tried and discarded Ben Davis, White
+Winter Pearmain, Red Winter Pearmain, and Missouri Pippin; they don't do
+well here. I prefer clay bottom land with north aspect. I prefer well-grown
+two-year-old trees, set a little deeper than nurserymen recommend. I cultivate
+my orchard to corn or potatoes four years, using a five-tooth cultivator, and cease
+cropping after six years. I plant nothing but raspberries and blackberries in a
+bearing orchard. Windbreaks are not essential. For rabbits I wrap the young
+trees with cloth. I prune the tree while young to give shape and get rid of dead
+branches; I think it pays. I do not thin my apples while on the trees; it does
+not pay. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter and ashes; would advise their
+use on all soils. I pasture my orchard in early spring and during the fall and
+winter with horses and cattle; think it advisable, and that it pays. My trees are
+troubled with canker-worm, bud moth, root aphis, and twig-borer, and my apples
+with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. I spray with a force-pump; use Paris
+green, London purple and Bordeaux mixture for canker-worms and all other
+pests. I pick my apples from ladders with care; sort into two classes&mdash;first, all
+large and sound; second, small and sound; pack them in eleven-peck barrels as
+we pick them; fill the barrels full with a little pressure; mark with variety and
+grade. I wholesale, retail and peddle my apples; I evaporate the second and
+third grades and culls. My best market is Colorado; I have tried distant
+markets and found they paid. I dry apples with a home-made drier, which is
+quite satisfactory; after they are dry we pack in fifty-pound boxes, but do not
+find a ready market; they pay some years if the quality is good. Am successful
+in storing apples in barrels in a stone cellar, and find Winesaps keep best. I
+have to repack stored apples, losing about one-sixth or one-eighth of them. Do
+not irrigate. Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel; dried
+apples from five to nine cents, if fancy. I employ women at fifty cents per day
+for preparing the evaporated apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. G. Wickersham</span>, Parsons, Labette county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six
+years. Have an apple orchard, the oldest of which are twenty-seven years.
+For all purposes I prefer Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Winesap. I
+prefer hilltop, with the very best of black soil, having a north or northwest slope.
+I prefer two- or three-year-old medium-sized trees, set in holes dug for them. I
+cultivate my orchard to potatoes, using a common cultivator, and cease cropping
+after ten or fifteen years; nothing should be planted in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of three to six rows of elms. We destroy
+all the rabbits we can. I prune the trees when first set out to shorten in the
+limbs; then keep it up every year; it pays big. I do not thin the fruit on the
+trees; the wind does it for me; it pays to not have the trees too full. Makes no
+material difference whether the trees are in block of one variety or mixed plantings.
+I fertilize my orchard with slightly rotted stable litter, and think it pays,
+and is beneficial. I would advise its use on all soils, but not as extensively on
+rich soils. I pasture my orchard with chickens only; they are a benefit and pay
+well. My apples are troubled with codling-moth, curculio, and bud moth. I
+spray with London purple, Paris green, and Bordeaux mixture. I pick my apples
+by hand, sort in from three to six grades, and put them on hay in the shade.
+Pack in one- and one-and-a-half-bushel packages. I wholesale, retail and peddle
+a very little. Give the culls to neighbors who have no apples. Have tried distant
+markets, but it did not pay. Home market is best. I do not dry any. I
+store some in a frost-proof house. Have to repack stored apples. I water my
+orchard frequently.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O. W. Heckethorn</span>, McPherson, McPherson county: I have resided in Kansas
+twenty-four years; have an apple orchard of 350 trees; 180 of them are twelve years
+old; the balance are younger. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin and Maiden's
+Blush; for family use, Maiden's Blush. I prefer a sandy loam with an east or
+northeast aspect. I prefer two-year-old, low-headed trees, planted in rows thirty
+feet apart. I cultivate my orchard as long as the weeds grow, and plant a young
+orchard to corn, using a small cultivator and disc. Cease cropping after eight
+or nine years, and plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential;
+would make them of peach trees planted close together. I have pruned to
+shape trees, but do not prune at all now. I do not thin the fruit while on the
+trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; I think it beneficial, and would
+advise its use on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard. My trees are troubled
+with tent-caterpillar, and my apples with curculio.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. B. Mann</span>, Toronto, Woodson county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years. Have an apple orchard of fifty trees, twenty years old, twelve inches in
+diameter. For all purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri
+Pippin. My trees are planted on a hilltop, with north slope, having a black limestone
+soil. I prefer two-year-old trees, set in rows twenty feet apart. I cultivate
+my orchard to sweet corn until four years old, using a plow and harrow, then
+cease cropping; put clover in a bearing orchard. We make windbreaks of Osage
+orange on the north side of the orchard. For rabbits I use lath, and dig borers
+out. I prune with a chisel and mallet; think it pays. I do not thin the fruit
+while on the trees. I do not mix my trees when planting. I fertilize my orchard
+between the rows with stable litter; would not advise its use on all soils. I have
+pastured my orchard with hogs, but do not think it advisable, as it does not pay.
+My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and flathead borer, and my apples
+with codling-moth. I do not spray; my neighbors do, without success. I hand-pick
+my apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. W. Cozad</span>, La Cygne, Linn county: I have resided in the state twenty-five
+years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Jonathan, Willow Twig, and Missouri
+Pippin, and for family orchard, Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Winesap,
+Rawle's Janet, and Huntsman's Favorite. Have tried and discarded Lawver,
+Yellow Bellflower, Gilpin, and Cooper's Early White, on account of shy bearing,
+poor quality, and small size. I would choose hill for some and valley land for
+others, according to variety planted; would prefer southeast aspect with limestone
+soil and porous subsoil. I prefer one-year-old trees. I cultivate my orchard to corn
+and potatoes, using a surface cultivator and harrow; cease cropping at bearing age
+and sow to clover. Windbreaks are essential. I would make them of double rows
+of evergreens on the north and west. Protect from rabbits and borers by "eternal
+vigilance." I prune with a saw and knife for symmetry, air, and light, and
+think it pays. I thin the fruit while on the trees, at different times; it pays. I
+fertilize my orchard with stable litter and clover; would advise its use on all
+soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs; think it advisable, and that it pays. My
+trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, root aphis, flathead borer,
+and woolly aphis; my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I pick my apples
+by hand; sort into three classes, sound and large, sound and small, and culls. I
+sell apples in the orchard, wholesale, retail, and peddle. Sell my best apples
+from the cellar, also second grade. Of the culls we make cider and feed to the
+hogs. My best market is at home. I do not dry any. I am successful in storing
+apples in barrels in a cellar and a cave; I find the Gilpin, McAfee, Rawle's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+Janet and Willow Twig keep best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing,
+losing about one-twentieth of them. I do not irrigate. Prices have been:
+Summer, twenty-five to thirty cents; fall, forty to fifty cents; winter sixty to
+eighty cents per bushel. I employ men at ten cents an hour.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. M. Barngrover</span>, Hamilton, Greenwood county: I have been in Kansas
+seventeen years, and have an orchard of 100 apple trees fifteen years old, twenty-four
+inches in circumference. For market I prefer Ben Davis, and for family use
+Winesap. I prefer bottom land, with a black loam soil and a red clay subsoil.
+I prefer two-year-old, low-headed trees, set in big holes. I cultivate my orchard
+about every four years with a disc and harrow, and sow English blue-grass in a
+bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential to orchards on the hills; I would
+make them of a row of maples between every row of apple trees. For rabbits
+and borers I paint the body of the tree with a solution of coal-tar and carbolic
+acid. I prune my trees to protect them from the hard winds; always trim the
+highest limbs&mdash;never the low ones. I fertilize my orchard with about twelve
+inches of old hay for four years, and think it should be used on all soils, as the
+tree growth will be one-third larger. I pasture my orchard with calves, and
+think it advisable and that it pays. My trees are troubled with leaf-rollers. I
+spray with Paris green. In picking, I use a step-ladder and a pole with a hook
+on the end. On the under side of the pole I sew a long sack [a canvas tube]; the
+apples fall in this sack and roll down to me. I pack in barrels; sell in orchard;
+use the waste apples at home. Have tried distant markets; it did not pay. Do
+not dry any. I store apples for winter in barrels, and find White Winter Pearmain
+keeps best. I have to repack stored apples before marketing; the loss
+depends a great deal on the season. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from
+thirty cents to one dollar per bushel. Home-dried apples, four and one-half cents
+per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Lehman</span>, Halstead, Harvey county: I have resided in Kansas nineteen
+years; have an orchard of 180 apple trees sixteen years old, eight to twelve
+inches in diameter. For market I prefer Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis,
+and Jonathan, and for family orchard would add Maiden's Blush. I prefer hilltop
+with a black loam and an east slope. I prefer one- or two-year-old trees, two
+feet tall, with good roots, set thirty feet apart in rows. I cultivate my orchard
+to corn for ten years, using a harrow and five-tooth cultivator very shallow.
+Cease cropping after ten years, and plant turnips in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of red cedar, ash, or catalpa, by planting
+eight by eight feet in rows. I prune my trees when young with a pruning-knife
+to get rid of all unnecessary limbs; I think it pays. I fertilize my orchard with
+stable litter that will not heat, and would advise its use on all soils, but lightly
+on rich soils. I pasture my orchard with hogs, but do not think it advisable; it
+does not pay. My trees are troubled with borers, and my apples with curculio.
+For insects not affected by spraying, I use one box of concentrated lye and four
+ounces of tincture of tobacco to four gallons of water; wash well with a swab
+three times a year&mdash;the 15th of June, July, and August.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. W. Gardner</span>, Chanute, Neosho county: Has lived in Kansas thirteen
+years. Has 1000 well-grown trees, set seven years. Prefers for commerce Ben
+Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Huntsman's Favorite, and for family
+orchard adds Maiden's Blush and Rome Beauty. Prefers north slope, upland.
+Plants two-year-olds, with straight centers, at sixteen to eighteen feet apart, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+rows twenty-two to twenty-four feet apart. Cultivates with two-horse cultivator,
+often enough to keep the weeds down; then harrows, aiming to keep the
+ground mellow. Grows corn from nine to ten years, then clover; says small
+grain hurts trees. Thinks evergreens best for windbreaks, but does not think
+such protection essential. Keeps dogs for the rabbits. Prunes with hedge shears,
+and says it certainly pays. Believes barn-yard litter beneficial in any orchard, on
+any soil. While he thinks pasturing not advisable, and that it will not pay, he
+says he will probably pasture in fore part of seasons with calves, after he has
+seeded to clover. Sprays with London purple and lime as soon as canker-worm
+appears. Is not troubled with borers. Would irrigate if he could. Has yet had
+too little fruit to market.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Neil</span>, Weir, Cherokee county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight
+years; have 148 apple trees, from three years old to very large. For market I use
+Ben Davis; for family, Early Harvest, Winesap, and Romanite. I prefer hilltop,
+with an eastern slope, black loam soil, with gravelly subsoil. I plant two-year-old
+thrifty trees, thirty-three feet apart each way, in the spring. I cultivate
+until they bear, growing corn and potatoes, after that grass. I prefer a disc cultivator.
+I think windbreaks are a great help; and Osage orange is the best I
+know of. For rabbits I tie stalks or wire cloth around the tree. Have never
+had any borers. I trim with a saw and knife to take out superfluous wood and
+give light, and I think it pays. I never have thinned any. I think barn-yard
+fertilizer will pay in the orchard. I pasture my orchard very little, and think it
+does not pay. I have never sprayed any, and believe tent-caterpillar is the worst
+insect that troubles me. I pick in a sack tied over my shoulder, and sort into
+three classes&mdash;number one, the very best; number two, those that are specked;
+number three, culls. I generally sell to retailers, at our home market, and make
+cider of the culls; never tried a distant market. Have never dried any. I store
+sometimes in bulk in a cellar under the house, and find that Winesap and
+Romanite keep the best. Prices run from twenty-five cents to one dollar per
+bushel, and dried fruit from two and a half to six cents per pound. I use regular
+monthly farm help.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John A. Magill</span>, Roper, Wilson county: I have resided in Kansas thirty-one
+years. Have an orchard of 7000 trees, sixteen acres of it twenty-five years
+old, and sixty acres six years old. I think Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin are
+the best varieties for all purposes. Discarded the Bellflower because it would
+not bear. I prefer bottom land with a north aspect, black soil, and clay subsoil.
+Plant good one-year-old trees, 33�20 feet. Cultivate with plow and "gopher."
+I grow corn and castor-beans in the orchard as long as it will pay. Believe windbreaks
+are necessary, made of anything that will check the wind; would plant
+trees on the south and west. Keep rabbits off by wrapping. I prune enough to
+keep in shape. I believe it pays to pasture the orchard with hogs in the winter,
+and think they get away with canker-worms. I spray for canker-worm and
+codling-moth with London purple, and think I have checked the codling-moth to
+some extent. I pick and sort by hand in two classes only&mdash;marketable and culls.
+I wholesale in bulk, make cider of the culls, and find my best market in Texas.
+I never dry any; never store any for winter; have never irrigated. Average price
+about forty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. T. Cochran</span>, Ottumwa, Lyon county: Have lived in Kansas thirteen years;
+my orchard is in Coffey county, and contains 800 trees; 100 have been planted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+thirty-five years, and 700 twelve years. I market Winesap, Ben Davis, and Missouri
+Pippin, and add to this for family use Jonathan and some early apples. I
+prefer ashy bottom land. I would plant trees in good condition thirty by thirty-five
+feet. Cultivate in corn about eight years, then sow to clover. I believe that
+a windbreak of hedge or forest-trees should be planted on the southwest, in rows
+four feet apart. I prune in fall and winter with a saw, and my experience is that
+it makes better fruit. I have never thinned on the tree. Barn-yard litter scattered
+through the orchard improves the land. I pasture with hogs early in
+spring and late in fall; they eat the refuse apples. Am troubled with canker-worm,
+web-worm, and codling-moth. I spray with London purple and air-slaked
+lime just as soon as I see the insect, or as soon as the trees are in bloom. I
+think I have reduced the codling-moth. I pick in a sack tied and hung on the
+shoulder, using a ladder against the tree. I sort into two classes: No. 1, clear of
+rot; No. 2, clear of bruises. Pack in eleven-peck barrels, full and pressed. I
+wholesale mostly; suits me best to sell in orchard. The culls and seconds I sell
+at home. My best market is Fort Worth, Texas. Freight is too high to send
+farther. Never dry any; store in a cellar in barrels for home use only. Am not
+always successful. Winesap keeps best. I lose one-fourth sometimes. Prices
+range from 70 cents to $1.37 per barrel. I use good trusty men, at one dollar per
+day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. M. Fleeharty</span>, La Cygne, Linn county: Have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have an orchard of 325 trees, mostly thirty years old, twelve to twenty-four
+inches in diameter. I prefer for commercial purposes Winesap, Ben Davis, and
+Willow Twig, and for family use Winesap, Willow Twig, Rawle's Janet, and
+Milam. Have tried and discarded Esopus Spitzenburg, on account of sun-scald.
+Prefer hilltop with square-jointed [?] subsoil, and northeast slope, deep, rich
+soil. I plant in check plats. Have tried root grafts. I cultivate until the trees
+interfere with working. I plant young orchard to corn and potatoes; bearing
+orchard to nothing, and cease cropping when it injures the limbs of the trees.
+Windbreaks are essential sometimes, and should be made of Osage orange, because
+of its quick growth. I prune when limbs interfere. I thin apples a little.
+Do not mix my trees; bees do the work. Fertilizers are beneficial on all soils.
+Pasture my orchard with hogs and calves. My trees are troubled with canker-worm,
+root aphis, bag-worm, flathead borer, roundhead borer, woolly aphis, twig
+borer, fall web-worm, leaf-roller, leaf-crumpler, and others. My apples are
+troubled with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. Spray when the blossoms are
+open, with Bordeaux mixture; have not reduced the codling-moth. I use the
+knife on borers and insects that are not affected by spraying. Sort into two
+classes; have both perfect. Sell in the orchard sometimes. Store some apples
+for winter market; have not tried artificial cold storage. We have to repack
+stored apples before marketing, losing one to ten per cent. The prevailing price
+has been sixty cents per bushel. I employ men at from fifteen to eighteen dollars
+per month.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. L. Kenoyer</span>, Independence, Montgomery county: I have lived in the state
+ten years, and have an apple orchard of 240 trees from three to nine years
+old. For market I prefer Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis, and for
+family use add Maiden's Blush. I prefer hilltop with a sandy loam and a porous
+subsoil. I prefer two-year-old, low-headed trees, with plenty of roots. I plant
+them one rod north and south, and two rods east and west. I will cultivate my
+orchard as long as the trees live with a Planet jr. twelve-tooth cultivator. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+plant strawberries in a bearing orchard; they are as good as clover. Windbreaks
+would be beneficial; I would make them of Osage orange. For rabbits I rub
+blood on the trees. I dig the borers out with a knife and wire. I prune very
+little, with the pruning shears, to remove watersprouts and interlocking limbs. It
+preserves their symmetry, but does not make them more fruitful. I do not thin
+the fruit while on the trees; the wind does it for me. My trees are in mixed
+plantings. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter between the trees. It is very
+beneficial, and I would advise its use on all soils excepting very rich bottoms,
+where it would cause too much wood growth at the expense of the fruit. I do
+not pasture my orchard; it is not advisable. My trees are troubled with canker-worm,
+tent-caterpillar, root aphis, roundhead borer, and leaf-crumpler, and my
+apples with codling-moth and curculio. I am successful in spraying, using
+London purple with a pump when the canker-worms appear, and a few days
+afterward. For root-lice I remove the earth from around the trees and pour in
+tobacco water. I do not dry any. I do not irrigate. Prices have been forty
+cents for apples in the fall, one dollar per bushel during the winter, while home-grown
+lasted, and two dollars per bushel now (April). Dried apples sold for five
+to ten cents per pound, according to quality.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Bilsing</span>, Udall, Cowley county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years. Have an orchard of sixty apple trees from sixteen to twenty-six years old.
+For market I prefer Ben Davis, Limber Twig, Jonathan, and Grimes's Golden
+Pippin, and for family use Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Red June, and
+Maiden's Blush. Have tried and discarded Big Romanite; it is a good grower
+but a poor bearer. I prefer bottom land with sandy loam and clay subsoil, and
+a north slope. Prefer thrifty two-year-old trees, set in land which has been plowed
+as deeply as possible, and the soil loosened fifteen to eighteen inches by digging.
+My trees are set 30�30 feet; this is a little too wide north and south. I am still
+cultivating my first planting of trees, use a plow, harrow, and cultivator. Plant
+corn in a young orchard, and cease cropping after eight or ten years. Windbreaks
+are essential; would make them of peach groves for quick growth, or for
+slower and surer growth would make them of several rows of Osage orange or
+ash, set fifteen to sixteen feet east and west by breaking rows. I prune my trees
+from the beginning with a pocket-knife; think it pays. Do not thin the fruit on
+the trees. Fertilize my orchard with ashes and stable litter; think it beneficial, as
+it keeps the ground from packing, and also keeps the trees vigorous; would not
+advise its use on very sandy soils. Do not pasture my orchard; am going to try
+it with young pigs and calves. My trees are troubled with root aphis and borers,
+and my apples with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. Have sprayed three
+seasons, soon after the blossom fell and until the apples were the size of marbles,
+using London purple; think I killed the first brood of codling-moth, but a later
+brood came which hurt the fruit.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. H. Burnett</span>, Benedict, Wilson county: I have lived in the state fifteen
+years. Have 2200 apple trees six years old, of fair size. Planted for market
+Gano, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan, and for family use Jonathan,
+Winesap, Gano, Early Harvest, and Maiden's Blush. Bottom land is best in
+this locality. I prefer soil somewhat clayish, underlaid with limestone, with a
+north or east slope. Prefer good one- and two-year-old, stocky, low-headed trees.
+Would plant on upland twenty by thirty-two feet, and on rich bottom twenty-four
+by thirty-six feet. I believe in thorough cultivation, and during the first
+two years I use the hoe. I cultivate until five or six years old, usually growing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+corn, as it protects the trees from the strong south winds. I then sow to clover,
+changing every two or three years to castor-beans or corn. Trees planted close
+north and south form their own windbreaks. For rabbits, wrap the trees. I
+prune a little to keep the trees from getting too heavy on the north side. I
+should thin Missouri Pippins to keep from overbearing. I should use sawdust
+and barn-yard fertilizer on hard-pan spots. I allow no live stock in the orchard
+but poultry. Am troubled some with leaf-rollers and canker-worm. I spray as
+soon as the leaves start, for canker-worm and leaf-roller, using one pound of
+London purple to 120 gallons of water. For borers, keep the trees thrifty; borers
+cannot thrive, as the sap will kill them. I believe it would be well during the
+first two years to wash the trees with a solution of soft soap, coal-oil, and water,
+in May and June. I sort in first, second, and cider or culls; pack in three-bushel
+barrels so full they cannot bruise. I expect to put in an evaporator and
+use natural gas for fuel, and think it will pay. I recommend subsoiling to
+retain moisture. Prices have ranged here from thirty to fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. S. Hall</span>, Fulton, Bourbon county: Has lived in Kansas fourteen years.
+Have 10,000 apple trees from two to eight years old. For commercial purposes the
+Ben Davis and Arkansas Black are doing best. Will not plant any more Missouri
+Pippins. My orchard is on a hill, with northeast slope, black soil, set
+thirty-three feet east and west and sixteen feet north and south. Set one- and
+two-year-old well-branched trees. Cultivate entirely with a disc, and allow
+nothing to grow within six feet of the trees. Grow only clover, and expect to
+grow only clover in my orchard. Think an Osage hedge a good windbreak. Use
+tar paper and traps against rabbits. Prune nothing above twenty inches from
+the ground. Never thinned apples on trees. Fertilize with ashes and all the
+manure I can get, and turn under clover. Think such fertilizers beneficial for
+apples on all soils. Opposed to pasturing an orchard. Not much troubled with
+insects. Spray before and after blooming, first with Bordeaux mixture, then
+sulphate of copper and either Paris green or London purple. Think I have reduced
+the codling-moth by this method. Keep down borers by cultivation and a
+wash of lime, concentrated lye, and carbolic acid.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. N. Mark</span>, Strawn, Coffey county: Have lived in Kansas thirty years.
+Have an orchard of twelve acres; trees twelve years old. For commercial purposes
+I prefer Winesap and Ben Davis. Timber bottom is best. I cultivate my
+orchard to corn and potatoes, and cease cropping when ten or twelve years old;
+plant potatoes in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential on the south;
+would make them of forest-trees. To protect from rabbits I wrap young trees, or
+kill rabbits, cut open, and rub thoroughly on the tree. I prune my trees to give
+proper shape, and think it beneficial, especially on poor land, as it makes the
+trees more productive. Do not thin fruit on the trees. I pasture my orchard
+carefully with hogs and calves at any time when it is not wet. Trees are troubled
+with canker-worm. I spray early and often with London purple. I pick my
+apples in sacks from ladders. The shipper [buyer] sorts from barrels in orchard.
+I sell my first grade in the orchard; also second- and third-grade apples in the
+orchard. We sell the culls. Do not dry any; does not pay. I store very few.
+Average price of apples is fifty cents per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. M. French</span>, Chicopee, Crawford county: I have resided in the state
+eighteen years. Have an apple orchard of 200 trees twelve years old, averaging
+six inches in diameter. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>Willow Twig, and Jonathan; and for family orchard would add Early Harvest,
+Maiden's Blush, and Rambo. Have tried and discarded Limber Twig; it
+does not mature. I prefer bottom with an eastern or northern slope, having a
+good deep soil with a clay subsoil. I prefer three-year-old, stocky trees, set in
+holes dug 3�3 feet and 2<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> feet deep, filled with surface soil. I cultivate my
+orchard to corn as long as I can without injuring the trees, and use a plow;
+avoid ridging too much. I cease cropping after nine to twelve years. I sow the
+bearing orchard to millet or something to be mowed. Windbreaks are not essential,
+but think they would be beneficial; would make them of catalpa or maples,
+set in two or three rows on north, south and west sides. I prune my trees with
+a saw to keep the top from getting too heavy; I think it beneficial, and that it
+pays. Shall not thin my fruit this year. I can see no difference whether trees
+are in blocks of one kind or mixed. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter,
+putting it in trenches between the trees; I avoid putting it around them. I
+think it has proven beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils, unless very
+rich and the tree growth very strong. I pasture my orchard a little with calves,
+but do not think it advisable. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar. I
+do not spray. I hand-pick in a basket from a step-ladder. I sort into two
+classes, and wholesale, retail, and peddle. The home market takes all my best
+apples; the culls are fed to hogs and made into cider. Never have tried distant
+markets. Do not dry any. Am successful at storing apples in bulk in a cellar;
+find Ben Davis, Winesap, Willow Twig and Rawle's Janet keep best. I do not
+irrigate. Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. C. Ross</span>, Havana, Montgomery county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-seven
+years; have an orchard of 100 apple trees twenty-three years old. I prefer for all
+purposes Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap. Have tried and discarded
+Rawle's Janet and Romanite. I prefer low land at foot of hills, with deep loam
+subsoil and a medium slope. I set my trees twenty feet apart. I cultivate in
+oats and corn up to bearing with common twelve-inch stirring plow. Windbreaks
+are essential on north; would make them of Osage orange planted in rows. Rabbits
+are hard to contend with; for borers I use a solution of slaked lime. I prune
+with a saw; do not think it very beneficial, as the rain gets in, and the wood decays.
+I never thin apples. My trees are in mixed varieties. I mulch my trees
+with straw, and think it beneficial. I pasture with calves and hogs; do not think
+it advisable; it does not pay. Am somewhat troubled with insects; I spray with
+a solution of coal-oil, using a small pump; think I have reduced the codling-moth.
+For borers I dissolve lime to a paste in water, and apply to the roots with a
+scrub broom. I pick my fruit from ladders. I sort into three classes: first, second,
+and third. I use common barrels to pack the fruit in; mark, and send by
+freight to near-by markets. I wholesale sometimes, and sometimes sell in orchard;
+market my best apples at near-by towns; I make cider and vinegar of
+culls. I dry some fruit; use a large pan filled with hot water; then put in sacks
+and boxes. I find a ready market; think it pays. I store some apples in a cellar
+in large, open boxes, and in bulk. Some rot; those that keep best are Winesap,
+Rawle's Janet, and Romanite. We have to sort stored apples before
+marketing them; we lose from one-fourth to one-third of them. I do not irrigate.
+Prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel. I use any kind of
+help I can get, and pay seventy-five cents per day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. K. P. House</span>, Cloverdale, Chautauqua county. I have lived in Kansas
+twenty-seven years, and have 250 large trees, planted twenty-six years. I prefer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+for commercial orchard Ben Davis, and for family orchard Dominie, Early Harvest,
+Rhode Island Greening, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. I prefer bottom land,
+with a black loam and clay subsoil, with north slope. I plant two-year-old, medium-top
+trees, in well-cultivated ground, and mix the top soil with the roots. I
+have tried root grafts, but not satisfactory. I cultivate shallow every year, using
+the cultivator after the tree is grown. I grow oats in a young orchard, but nothing
+in a bearing orchard, and cease cropping when about eight years old. Windbreaks
+are essential on high ground. I would make them of walnut trees
+planted in rows. I never thinned the fruit. My trees are in mixed plantings,
+and prove satisfactory. I do not fertilize, and would only advise it on high land.
+I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it advisable. My trees are troubled
+with tent-caterpillar, bagworm and roundhead borer. I pick in a sack swung
+around the neck. I sell fruit in the orchard, and make cider of the culls. My
+best market is at home; but I have shipped to distant markets. It paid in an
+early day. I have dried some apples in the sun, then heat and pack in barrels,
+and find a ready market for them, but it does not pay. I store some fruit for
+home use, and find that Winesap and White Winter Pearmain keep best. I have
+never tried artificial cold storage. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from $1
+to $1.50 per bushel, and for dried fruit six to eight and one-third cents per pound.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Burden</span>, Leeds, Chautauqua county: Have been in Kansas twenty-one
+years. Have 400 apple trees from eight to twenty years old. I prefer for
+commercial orchards Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Winesap, and for family
+orchard Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan. Have tried and discarded
+Willow Twig, Rawle's Janet, and Russet. I prefer limestone bottom
+land, with north slope. I plant twenty-eight by thirty feet, using two-year-old
+trees. I cultivate eight years with plow and cultivator. I grow corn among
+young trees, clover in a bearing orchard, and cease cropping after eight years.
+Need no windbreaks. Wrap trees with corn-stalks to keep off rabbits. I prune
+to keep down watersprouts and limbs from rubbing; I think it beneficial. Never
+thin the fruit on the trees. Have not tried mixed plantings of trees. I do not
+fertilize. I pasture my orchard with horses, but do not think it advisable. My
+trees are troubled with root aphis, roundhead borer and leaf-roller. Do not
+spray. I pick fruit by hand. I sell mostly to farmers living farther west; sometimes
+sell in the orchard and sometimes retail. Make vinegar of culls. Never
+tried distant markets; never dry any. Store some apples in cave in boxes; am
+successful; find that Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Winesap keep best. Do
+not irrigate. Prevailing price, thirty cents per bushel; five cents per pound for
+dried apples.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ebert Simon</span>, Welda, Anderson county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-one
+years; have 300 apple trees, fifteen inches in diameter, twenty years old. I prefer
+for commercial orchard Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Gano; and
+for family orchard Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan. I prefer hilltop,
+with black loam and porous subsoil, with north slope. I plant three-year-old
+whole-root grafts. I cultivate in corn for five years with one-horse cultivator;
+seed a bearing orchard to clover. Windbreaks are essential on the south. I
+prune with the saw to let the sun in, and think it beneficial. Never have thinned
+apples. I sometimes use stable litter as a fertilizer, but would not advise its use
+on all soils. Sometimes I pasture my orchard with hogs and horses, and think
+it advisable. I hand-pick my apples. I sell in the orchard, peddle the second
+and third grades, make vinegar of culls, and feed some to hogs; never tried distant
+markets. Never dry any. Prices have been from $1 to $1.50 per barrel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_FOREGOING_DISTRICT_REPORTS" id="A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_FOREGOING_DISTRICT_REPORTS"></a>A SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING DISTRICT REPORTS.</h2>
+
+<p>Ben Davis is the leading market apple, followed closely by Missouri Pippin.
+These two lead all others, and are followed by Winesap and Jonathan. Rawle's
+Janet, York Imperial, Huntsman's Favorite, Grimes's Golden Pippin and
+Maiden's Blush are also favorites. We find the Yellow Bellflower, Newtown Pippin,
+Lawver and a few others are condemned all over the state.</p>
+
+<p>In the eastern third of the state hilltop or slope is preferred to bottom land,
+but in the central and western portions bottom land is preferred. The reason for
+this is obvious. Any good soil is satisfactory, if subsoil is porous.</p>
+
+<p>The favorite distance seems to be thirty-two feet east and west and sixteen to
+twenty feet north and south, some putting peach or early-bearing apples between,
+the wide way, to be cut out when they crowd. This undoubtedly brings the
+quickest returns, but many believe it robs the permanent trees of their future
+sustenance.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four prefer one-year-old trees; 7 one to two years old; 153 two-year-old;
+10 two- to three-year-old; 21 three-year-old; 3 want four-year-old, and 59
+give no age. It is only a matter of cost and convenience. A one-year-old tree
+costs less and allows the would-be orchardist to set more trees for a given amount
+of cash. The one- and two-year-old trees require the removal of less earth, and
+are more readily handled and planted. There is no reason why an apple tree
+three inches in diameter cannot be transplanted as easily as an elm or maple.
+A man is willing to set a few large shade-trees at a cost of one dollar to five dollars
+per tree, but cannot feel that it is economy to set orchard trees at as great
+individual expense.</p>
+
+<p>"Whole-root grafts" is a misleading appellation, as it will be found to be only
+a crown graft. Its advocates make great claims that are at variance with the
+facts. There can scarcely be such a thing unless grafted on a seedling without
+removal of such seedling from the earth. Our best nurserymen prefer the second
+cut, about one and one-half to three inches taken from the seedling root a
+couple of inches below the crown. In any case the piece of root taken has little
+influence on the future tree. All our ordinary varieties make roots from the
+scion, and the original seedling root may be found&mdash;like the piece of potato we
+plant&mdash;shriveled and useless in the midst of the new roots. The nature of the
+root growth shows this plainly, as all its peculiarities will be found to be a counterpart
+of the roots of the variety from which the scion was cut. It is folly to
+pay any added price for so-called "whole-root grafts."</p>
+
+<p>A very great majority believe in thorough cultivation, at least for from six to
+ten years; some during the life of the tree. Nearly all agree that Indian corn is
+the best crop to grow in a young orchard; it shades the ground, and protects
+from wind. The corn in a young orchard should not be cut in the fall, neither
+should the stalks be pastured; let them stand till spring as a partial protection;
+it pays.</p>
+
+<p>Many parts of the state, especially the western half, believe windbreaks on the
+south and west very valuable, if not quite necessary. Forest-trees with the outside
+row or rows of Russian mulberries, and perhaps an Osage orange hedge,
+seem to meet the general opinion.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a protection from rabbits, the ever-present corn-stalks seem most economical,
+and the favorite. The cost is little, and the boys and girls, or the farmer
+and his wife, at odd times can put them on. It is an open question as to the
+benefit or harm of leaving them on permanently for the first five years. It looks
+slovenly, but certainly has many arguments in its favor.</p>
+
+<p>The serio-comic idea of boring into an apple tree and placing therein sulphur,
+asafetida or other drugs does not really deserve a serious thought. It is impossible
+for the tree to assimilate these substances, especially sulphur, and carry them
+to the foliage or fruit for preventive or any other purpose. Boring and plugging&mdash;like
+any other threatened death to the tree&mdash;may cause temporary fruitfulness,
+as also will girdling.</p>
+
+<p>While several washes are claimed to prevent or destroy borers, the large majority
+of extensive orchardists believe the knife and a hooked wire in the hands of a
+thoroughgoing employee the best and surest way of knowing that you destroy
+the larva of this persistent and destructive insect.</p>
+
+<p>Smearing trees with any undiluted grease, especially axle grease made from
+petroleum refuse, is hazardous, and the man who advises it is an enemy to your
+orchard. If you have applied it, the sooner you wash it off the longer will your
+orchard thrive.</p>
+
+<p>Pruning has its advocates, but the Eastern style of a long stem has scarcely a
+follower in our state; a great majority simply cut out "watersprouts" and limbs
+that cross or rub, or are wind-broken.</p>
+
+<p>Thinning on the trees has many advocates, but few followers. All admit it
+would often improve the size and quality, yet most growers believe the difference
+would not be sufficient to pay for the labor, and it would require skilled labor to
+do it without injury.</p>
+
+<p>A large number, perhaps a majority, believe it pays to apply fertilizers, more
+especially barn-yard litter, to the orchard; but cases are known where it has
+done much harm. All agree that it should be kept away from the body of
+the tree.</p>
+
+<p>As to pasturing the orchard, some think it pays; others that it does no harm;
+others still&mdash;and they are many&mdash;condemn it. The larger proportion of those
+who pasture confine the stock to calves, colts, and pigs. Some would allow only
+poultry in the orchard, and the poultry must not roost in the trees. This latter
+point is an excellent one.</p>
+
+<p>We find we have plenty of insects; this is natural. Insects settle in a country
+that provides proper food for them and their larva. As apple trees are
+planted in new localities the insects that delight in apple-tree wood, apple-tree
+roots, apple-tree foliage and apple-tree fruits immigrate, grow, and multiply.</p>
+
+<p>Spraying or using some preventive or destroyer has become necessary, and
+the man who believes it unnecessary and intends to trust to nature or providence
+or God will find no truer saying than "God helps those who help themselves."
+Sit down calmly and watch the worms eat your trees, trust to the
+woodpecker and the sparrows, and you will in time buy apples from your more
+active, thoroughgoing neighbor, or go without.</p>
+
+<p>Methods of picking do not vary much, yet all agree that it should be done
+carefully. If shaken from the tree, poured out carelessly, or jolted about in a
+lumber wagon, it simply increases the culls and decreases the cash returns.</p>
+
+<p>Sorting is done in various ways (a sorting table or device is explained elsewhere),
+but a majority seem to make three classes: First class, the unblemished
+best of each variety; culls, which are the unmarketable, specked, bruised
+and gnarled fruit; second class, which are between the other two, and really<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+valuable for immediate use. In some cases the "second best" have been put in
+cold storage, and they sold well after the usual fall glut.</p>
+
+<p>Packing: While there are many who handle in a small way in boxes&mdash;and
+the time is near when all fancy apples will be marketed in boxes&mdash;yet all the
+larger growers use barrels, and it is encouraging to find they use full twelve-peck
+barrels. The eleven-peck barrels should be boycotted out of existence.</p>
+
+<p>Marketing: In our large apple-growing districts the crop is generally wholesaled,
+either in the orchard or subject to delivery at the railroad, generally in barrels.
+In the western half of the state the apples are largely taken in bulk, in
+wagons, hauled farther west and south, and sold at a good profit to the wagoner.
+Thousands of wagon-loads are thus disposed of every year. The same wagons
+often appear in the same neighborhood year after year, to the mutual advantage
+of all. Shipping to distant markets by the growers, especially when consigned,
+has been generally unsatisfactory. I need not give reasons; my own experience
+along similar lines makes me "hot under the hat" when I think over it.</p>
+
+<p>Drying is not practiced to the extent that it ought to be. It seems almost a
+sin to allow so many thousands of bushels of apples to rot on the ground every
+year simply because the owner lacks faith in his ability to turn them into a product
+that will keep while he looks up a market. Dried apples are in demand&mdash;hundreds
+of tons of them&mdash;and Kansas dried apples stand as good chances to
+bring as remunerative prices to the manufacturer as those from other states. If
+the work is economically done a profit is sure. Storing for winter is described
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Cold storage, cave storage, and cellar storage: All know that, after the perishable
+and inferior apples are gone, good winter apples bring sure and large returns.
+How best to preserve them is a vital question. The art of keeping apples
+by the artificial cold-storage process is yet imperfect and unsatisfactory, and the
+losses have been so great that, unless the owner of the plant will take part of
+the risk, at least to the extent of his fee, he will find the average grower
+standing back. To lose your apples, and then pay fifty cents per barrel to the
+man whose ignorance or carelessness may have caused the loss, is a burden too
+heavy to be borne. The hillside cave is described elsewhere, and the orchardist
+who has such a cave well built, and gives it careful attention, will save a large
+portion of the fee, and have his apples always under his own supervision, besides
+saving in hauling, and perhaps railroad freight to and from a distant cold-storage
+plant. House cellars, small caves and buried heaps each and all have their advocates,
+mostly for family use or among the small growers.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to be determined that the Winesap is the better keeper, followed
+closely by the Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis. Of less marketable varieties,
+Rawle's Janet and Rambo seem to keep best. The per cent. of loss, excepting
+in a few cases, does not seem great considering the (usually) greatly increased
+value of the sound apples.</p>
+
+<p>The reports from those who irrigate are not as full as we could wish. It is
+claimed that with irrigation every apple becomes a perfect specimen of its kind;
+that there are no culls. If this is so, and we hope it is, what a grand opening
+for those rightly situated.</p>
+
+<p>Our Lakin correspondent sells his apples at top prices at the tree for cash, to
+men who could but do not heed the injunction, "Go thou and do likewise."
+Prices, like wages, vary greatly. Apples put on board cars in a northeastern
+county at twenty cents per bushel often retail in western groceries at one dollar
+per bushel. The railroad and grocer get the "lion's share."</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, a close study of all that is in this book ought to give an impetus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>to the planting of proper varieties, the careful and complete destruction of
+insects, the growing, picking, packing and marketing of more profitable apples,
+all to the glory of the Kansas grower and incidentally swelling his bank account.
+This means better dwellings, better furniture therein, better food on the tables,
+better education for the children, and more and better literature in the house.
+If these aims are realized, then the labor of the compiler shall not have been in
+vain, but will prove to be a help in making Kansas and the Kansas apple known
+throughout the whole world.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="MISCELLANEOUS_ARTICLES_RELATING_TO_ORCHARDS" id="MISCELLANEOUS_ARTICLES_RELATING_TO_ORCHARDS"></a>MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES RELATING TO ORCHARDS.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>APPLE CULTURE.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>A paper read by <span class="smcap">Jacob Good</span>, of Coffeyville, Kan., before the Kansas State Horticultural
+Society, at a summer meeting in Coffeyville, June 22, 1898.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Beginning in the early Roman period, the apple has been handed down
+through the successive ages as the standard fruit. True, the hard, bitter, uneatable
+crab or wild apple of former times was not much like the tempting apple
+of to-day; yet it is the parent of all, or nearly all, the varieties of apples so much
+prized at the present time. From its great hardiness, easy cultivation, and long
+continuance through the whole twelve months, it may be styled the "king" of all
+fruits. The apple tree is now one of the most widely diffused of fruit-trees, and
+in the estimation of many is the most valuable. But what has brought about
+this great change in tree and fruit? The same cause which makes the man of
+America or Europe superior to the tribes of northern Africa or India. The
+same cause by which the most wonderful inventions of any age have been placed
+before the public, viz., cultivation and constant attention. Having made these
+questions a study for twenty-five years or more, and having gathered all the
+points possible from the experience of the fruit-growers with whom we have
+come in contact, we have become thoroughly convinced that the growth of a perfect
+fruit is possible in this climate. One of the main difficulties in a general
+fruit-growing business is encountered in a hard subsoil&mdash;too hard when it is
+dry and too soft and yielding when wet. Deep and thorough draining is therefore
+a great requisite in tree culture.</p>
+
+<p>The next step would be the means for securing plenty of moisture. We would
+first open trenches each way not less than twenty-five feet apart. They should
+be thrown out as deep as can be done with a plow, then followed by subsoiler
+twelve to eighteen inches deep. Draw the surface earth back into the crosses
+creating a mound. Plant the trees there and fill up the ditches by back-furrowing,
+and bring the land to a perfect level. It will not pay to plant trees on hard-pan
+soil without preparation. It is better to avoid the hard-pan altogether, and
+select a deep, rich subsoil. Trees planted in river bottoms have been known to
+be vigorous and productive after twenty-five years; while those on the prairie
+hard-pan planted at the same time have entirely disappeared. The best time
+for planting is in November, in order that the fiber roots may be ready for the
+first warm days of February. Nice, healthy trees, from two to three years old,
+should be selected; cut the tops back and trim off most of the fiber roots. The
+reason for cutting the tops back is to make the tree more productive, more
+easily harvested, and to aid in keeping off the tree borers, of which we will speak
+later. Our orchards should not be allowed to grow up in waste and neglect,
+neither should they be planted in those things which sap the life of the soil and
+leave nothing to sustain the tree. One of the main causes of non-productiveness
+of the apple orchard is land starvation. An orchard cannot produce fruit in
+addition to a crop of wheat, oats, rye, etc.; and so, if a man continues to take off
+crops of these every year, he simply does it at the expense of his trees. There
+are crops, however, which may be used with good effect, such as corn, peas,
+hay, potatoes, etc. In this the owner gets the profit of his fruit and also the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+use of his land. Yet, with all our care of the soil, minuteness in following
+directions as to setting out and trimming, etc., there are other difficulties still to
+overcome.</p>
+
+<p>Many kinds of insects may infest the trunks and larger branches of the trees.
+Among them are the apple-tree louse, round- and flathead borers, San Jose scale,
+canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, etc. I would name the borers and San Jose scale
+[None yet found in the state.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sec.</span>] as being the worst of the pests with which
+to contend. The borers attack the trunks and larger limbs of the trees; they
+seek the sunny side of the tree, not being found where the sap is abundant or
+where there is a continual shade. Under the first they drown, and under the
+last they weaken and die. This is a strong argument in favor of low heading and
+shady growth of the trees. The parent of the borer, a long, green or pale brown
+beetle, may be caught and destroyed, but it is not to be presumed that all the
+beetles can be caught; it becomes necessary to examine the trees quite often, in
+order to destroy the worms hatched from the eggs of the uncaptured beetles. To
+detect the spots which indicate the whereabouts of these worms is, to the inexperienced,
+quite a difficult undertaking; for during the spring, and until quite
+late in the summer, there are no external marks save a small speck, or perhaps a
+dark blue line so fine that it will not attract the attention of those not understanding
+the cause. When they are first detected a sharp knife may be used to
+remove them, but if they have entered the wood, about the only way of removing
+them is by means of a probe made of common broom wire, with which to thrust
+them through or drag them out of their holes.</p>
+
+<p>The San Jose scale, a native of Australia, was first found on the American
+continent in California in 1873. It has not troubled Kansas yet, but it is quite
+prevalent in the Western States, and, as it spreads rapidly, it is much feared.
+Its detection is almost the work of a specialist, yet there are a few general characteristics
+which may be detected by the naked eye; for instance, the bark of
+the tree loses its vigorous, healthy appearance, and takes on a rough, gray,
+scurfy deposit. As yet I have heard of no permanent cure. Spraying has a
+great deal to do with keeping off the insects&mdash;of which the canker-worm is getting to
+be one of the worst&mdash;from the upper branches of the trees. It is a mistake
+to think that a tree should not be sprayed because it has not been infested
+by any insect or fungous growth. The attacks of both are often unnoticed at
+first, and the man who is not prepared for them often neglects spraying until it
+is too late to save the crop of that year.</p>
+
+<p>My experience in regard to the varieties of apples grown has been quite varied.
+My first orchard, in 1871, did well; I took great pains in setting it out, and for
+five years there were none of the injurious insects which make us so much trouble.
+In my second orchard, ten years later, I made great mistakes in the varieties I
+chose, some of them not being adapted to either soil or climate. By the time I
+set my third orchard, six years from then, my experience had taught me that the
+varieties which were best for home and commercial purposes, and which were
+best adapted to both the soil and climate, were the Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,
+and Mother, and in these varieties I planted most of my orchard. The habits
+of the Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin are too well known to need further description.
+In my orchard I found them both short-lived. My Ben Davis began to
+die out at twenty years, and a very few reached the age of twenty-six. The
+Mother is an apple not so well known. It originated at Bolton, Mass. Tree is
+moderately vigorous, upright, and productive; one of the best apples on the list
+there, and I consider it equally so here. Thomas, the American fruit culturist, in
+his description of the apple, says it is rather large, oblong, ovate, approaching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+conical; slightly and obtusely ribbed; color a light, warm, rich red, on a yellow
+ground; moderately juicy, rich, very mild subacid, with a mixture of sweet.
+Growth slow; late autumnal and early winter. However, it ripens earlier in this
+climate; follows the Maiden's Blush. Downing says no orchard is complete
+without it.</p>
+
+<p>While the Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Mother are my favorites for productiveness,
+we have other varieties that are quite productive and long-lived
+trees, such as the Early Margaret or Striped June, that is an annual and profuse
+bearer and one of our earliest. Duchess of Oldenburg has never failed with me.
+Maiden's Blush has given good success. We have the Romanite, Rawle's Janet
+and Limber Twig that are good keepers, but owing to size are not desirable for
+home use or market. I find more complaint of the Ben Davis than any other
+apple, though its beauty invariably causes it to sell. My greatest mistake in
+planting was in selecting Rhode Island Greening and Nonsuch, which have
+proven almost non-bearers. The trees are healthy and grow almost like an elm
+or oak. A number of varieties, such as the Mammoth Black Twig, Arkansas
+Black, Muklen, Rome Beauty, I have not fruited, and cannot tell as to their
+qualities in this locality. In all my experience in the apple line I find that no
+orchard will grow and bear without attention, and constant attention at that.
+The apple tree requires as much interest from its owner as cattle do from the
+stock-raiser. From a tiny seed, it is subject to disease and pests which, if not
+destroyed, will destroy it. I would say in conclusion that success in apple
+raising comes only through eternal vigilance.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>ORCHARD CULTURE.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>By <span class="smcap">James McNicol</span>, Lost Springs, Marion county, Kansas.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Orchard culture being my subject, of course the varieties of trees are supposed
+to be carefully selected and planted; but the distance apart is important.
+If too close, no matter how thorough the cultivation, they will suffer for moisture;
+and if too wide apart the winds will play havoc with the trees and fruit. What
+is best for this locality, to break the prevailing south winds and yet have plenty
+of space for the roots to find moisture? Is it better to plant closely north and south
+or east and west? I would prefer close rows running east and west, as each row
+would help break the wind when the trees in the row reached each other&mdash;then
+how close in the row and how far apart the rows? I would plant the trees twenty
+feet apart in the rows and the rows thirty feet apart. I would like to recommend
+planting a row of cherry, dwarf pear, plum or peach between each apple row,
+provided they are cut out when they rob each other of moisture.</p>
+
+<p>Eternal vigilance is the price of fruit, but, in central Kansas, to eternal vigilance
+you must add thorough cultivation. For a few years cultivated crops may
+be grown, leaving a good space next to the trees to be cultivated&mdash;not to grow up
+in weeds. Do not, like one of my neighbors, cultivate the corn row, that cost
+only about five cents a row for seed, four times, and leave the tree row, which
+cost two dollars per row, uncultivated. Do not use a stirring plow; it will hill up
+earth around the trees too much. With a lister you can list in your corn or furrow
+out potato rows, running east and west one year, and north and south the
+next. Growing crops for five or six years is long enough; then cultivation should
+be done with a disc, an Acme or a common harrow; I prefer a reversible disc.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+Acme is all right if you do not let the weeds get the start of you (which you
+should never do, but you will sometimes); then the disc is the implement.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever tool you use keep it a going, east, west, and diagonal, and when
+blessed with a good rain through the summer don't wait till the weeds get started,
+but cultivate as soon as dry enough to form a dust mulch. Few seem to know
+the value of a dust mulch. A high state of cultivation can be kept up in the
+orchard with what implements the farmer has. Use the one-horse, five-tooth
+cultivator close to the trees, and the two-horse cultivator for the middle, going
+both ways; then pulverize with the harrow; use the harrow often. Six days'
+work at the proper time will keep a five-acre orchard in good shape the whole
+season. "But," says some one, "it doesn't pay; this is not a fruit country."
+No, it is no fruit country, and never will be, to the one who has no time to
+cultivate; but to the one that will there is a big reward, for the very reason that
+it is not a fruit country.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>ORCHARD TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>A paper read before the Kansas Horticultural Society, by <span class="smcap">W. D. Cellar</span>, of Edwardsville, Kan.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A wide difference of opinion prevails as to the proper distance apart for apple
+trees, some growers maintaining that forty feet is close enough, while others plant
+as close as fifteen feet. With varieties that come into bearing early, planting close
+in the row north and south, with the intention of cutting out every other tree
+when they are large enough to crowd, may be good husbandry. Two or three
+crops might be secured before it would be necessary to cut out the extra trees.
+The objections are, that the orchard cannot be so thoroughly cultivated, and the
+drain necessary to grow the extra trees might so debilitate the soil as to seriously
+affect succeeding crops. One grower says: "I am satisfied it will pay in the short
+run, but it remains to be seen whether it will pay in the long run." In this section,
+where we have so much wind and sunshine, twenty-five to thirty feet seems
+to be the proper distance for apple trees, fifteen feet for plums, and fifteen by
+twenty feet for peach and cherry, and twenty feet for pear trees. Upland is
+thought better than river bottom for orchards, and a north or east slope is chosen
+for apples.</p>
+
+<p>A difference in location is required for different varieties of apples. A vigorous-growing
+variety will do well on the thin soil of the hills, while a variety deficient
+in root vigor, which might be profitable in deep soil, would not thrive on
+the hilltops. I gathered this year from eight-year-old Missouri Pippin trees,
+planted in the deep soil of a creek bottom, five bushels of apples to the tree,
+while Missouri Pippins in the same orchard, on the hilltops, planted at the same
+time and having the same treatment, yielded scarcely a bushel to the tree. In
+the same orchard Jonathans yielded about as well on the hill as in the valley. I
+would not choose an exposed north or northwest slope for peaches or cherries.
+Better an east, or even a south slope. Professor Whitten, of the Missouri State
+Agricultural College, has recommended whitening peach trees in winter by spraying
+with lime to prevent premature swelling of the buds.</p>
+
+<p>In my locality the best varieties of apples, from a commercial standpoint, are
+Ben Davis, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin. More Kieffer and Duchess pears are
+planted than any other kind. The leading peaches are Elberta, Old Mixon Free,
+Stump, Champion, Smock, and Salway. The most profitable plum is the Wild
+Goose. Some of the Japans, Abundance and Burbank promise well. Of cherries,
+Dyehouse, Early Richmond, Montmorency, English Morello and Ostheim<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+make a succession in the order named, and are the best for either a family or
+commercial orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation of the orchard for the first few years is deemed absolutely necessary
+to success, but it is a serious problem how to cultivate the hills, and at the
+same time keep them from washing into the hollows and so denuding the roots
+of the trees at the top. I know one orchard in which a back furrow has been
+thrown to each tree row in the same direction for several years, leaving a dead
+furrow (which has become a ditch) between the rows. It looks like a field of
+huge sweet-potato rows, with the trees standing on tripods or "quadrapeds" at
+the top of the ridges. Neither back furrow nor dead furrow should be made in
+the tree row. As few dead furrows as possible should be left. They should be
+frequently changed, and should never run up and down the hill. If ditches have
+started, they cannot be stopped by plowing them full of earth; the loose soil will
+wash out at the first rain. Fill them with old hay, straw, stalks, or brush. Old
+raspberry or blackberry canes are excellent for this purpose. Begin at the bottom
+and work up the hill, letting the forkfuls overlap like shingles. Drive a
+stake through at frequent intervals, and secure firmly at the top; else a hard
+freshet will wash it all out. Deep ditches may be filled by dams of loose stone a
+rod or two apart. On many farms these stones need to be gathered anyway, and
+one may "kill two birds with one stone" by filling a big ditch with a good many
+stones. "An ounce of prevention, however, is worth a pound of cure," and the
+best prevention from washing that I know of is clover. I would advise seeding a
+hill orchard as soon as the trees have had a year or two of vigorous growth. The
+orchard may be cultivated after the spring rains, and seeded again in time to prevent
+washing the next winter. After the orchard is seven or eight years old, I
+should leave it in clover and weeds, mowing two or three times a year to make a
+mulch and prevent tall growth of weeds.</p>
+
+<p>"Hogs in the orchard" is generally condemned. I have seen old orchards,
+however, that were decidedly benefited by hogs. Hogs and plums go together.
+This is no theory, but an established fact. Let them rub the trees as much as
+they will; let them tramp the ground till it is as bare and as hard as the road.
+It will do no harm; it will do good. Hogs may not like green apples, but there
+is something specially delectable to a hog in a green, wormy plum. He will pick
+up every one that drops, and so diminish the crop of curculio. In my locality,
+pruning of apple and cherry orchards is practiced very sparingly. Cutting out
+broken, decayed and interlacing branches and the suckers at the base seems to
+be about all the pruning that is desirable. Peach and plum orchards are likewise
+neglected, though some growers practice heading in to make the trees grow
+more compact, and to thin the fruit. I think that, with tall and straggling apple
+trees, such as Missouri Pippin, Winesap, or Minkler, heading in might be profitably
+practiced.</p>
+
+<p>The question as to the profit of spraying for insects and fungi, as far as my
+observation goes, is not settled yet. The theory is all right&mdash;indeed, it has become
+one of the strongest articles of faith in the horticulturist's creed. When
+the subject comes up in the horticultural meeting all commend it. Very few
+growers, however, make a business of spraying. Most of the growers in my locality
+who used to spray have quit it. They deny that they have lost faith in it,
+but they don't do it. My opinion, based not on my own experience, but the
+practice&mdash;or rather lack of practice&mdash;of others, is that, save in exceptional cases,
+it doesn't pay; that the ravages of codling-moth and curculio are not appreciably
+lessened by spraying; that the loss from scab in this dry climate is so light
+as not to justify the cost of spraying; that, just as many of the doctrines of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+churchmen would die out if the preachers should turn teachers, so the doctrine
+of spraying as a cure-all would die out if the pump men and experimenters should
+turn fruit-growers; that the average man believes in a perfunctory way many
+things which his experience forbids him to practice.</p>
+
+<p>The damage from borers is a serious drawback to orcharding. There are various
+patent contrivances and washes that are recommended to prevent the work
+of borers, but all, so far as my observation goes, fall short of complete success.
+The only safe way is to hunt the borers out. This should be done twice a year,
+late in August, when the newly hatched ones are large enough to be easily seen,
+and in April or May, after they have come up out of the roots, to get the ones
+overlooked in the fall.</p>
+
+<p>Rabbits the past year have been specially troublesome. In my locality they
+frequently attack large trees, six to ten inches in diameter, and, in some instances,
+entirely destroy them. Their mischief for the most part, however, is confined
+to young orchards, and may be prevented by wrapping the trees with grass,
+stalks, paper, or, better than anything else, wooden wrappers made especially for
+the purpose. These wrappers are now manufactured in Kansas City. They cost
+about one-third of a cent each, are easily put on, and last four or five years.
+They are said to protect the tree from sun-scald and borer also, but I would not
+rely on them as a protection from borers, but would remove them and hunt the
+borers at least once a year.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>PICKING AND PACKING.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>Description of sorting table used by <span class="smcap">D. S. Haines</span>, Edwardsville, Wyandotte county, Kansas.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our packing-house is on hilly land, and it is considerable trouble to haul
+apples to it. My packer now sorts and packs right in the orchard, using a sorting
+table. This table stands say three feet high and ten feet long, and three and
+one-half feet wide, with a common six-inch board on edge on the side. The men
+in picking use a ladder twelve to eighteen feet long. We did wrong in making our
+ladders; we could have bought them already made that were lighter and just the
+right thing. We set this sorting table among the trees; the men fill their sacks,
+emptying them on this table, which is carpeted; they barrel the apples up beside
+this table by letting them through an opening into a barrel. An apron is so arranged
+as to let the apples fall on it, and gently roll into the barrel without bruising.
+A man heads the barrels as soon as packed. In packing apples in the field
+we found that something solid was needed upon which to shake the barrels. The
+man who fills the barrels shakes them to make them more solid; then when
+pressed they bruise less. Our man can head about 100 barrels a day. In our
+rough country it is a great advantage to sort and pack in the orchard. We move
+this table about in the orchard. The expense to pick and pack a barrel of apples
+is about twenty cents.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A PICKING SACK.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>Description of one used by <span class="smcap">Fred Wellhouse</span>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We usually pick two rows of apples at a time, using gangs of twelve men
+with a foreman. We cannot use more to advantage. Each man has a common
+grain sack with a leather fastened to the bottom, as used in sowing grain. These
+picking sacks are made by taking a strong two-bushel grain sack. Sew a leather
+strap six inches long and four inches wide to a bottom corner of the sack. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+the loose end of this strap fasten a strong metallic hook. To the upper corner on
+same side of sack fasten a strong metallic ring or link. Opposite this ring fasten
+with rivets a piece of iron six or eight inches long and about half an inch wide
+and one-eighth an inch thick, rounded, across the sack mouth at the edge to hold
+the sack open. This sack is worn under the left arm, the strap going over the
+right shoulder and hooking in front. We use ladders from twelve to sixteen feet
+long. The top of the ladder is made narrow so it can be put between the limbs,
+being just wide enough at top to set one foot on at a time. The apples are
+picked and put in bushel boxes on a platform on a wagon. The boxes are sixteen
+inches wide, twenty-four inches long, and eight inches deep, holding about a
+bushel, sixteen to a wagon.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A DISCUSSION ON PACKAGES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Snyder</span>, Jefferson county: I want to say something about marking
+packages. I had a nice crop of Jonathan apples; expert men barreled them for
+me, and put my address on the end of the barrel, outside. The commission man
+just took his little knife and raked it [the address] off. It is policy to put your
+name on [packages] if going to a wholesaler, but not to a commission house. I
+know economy pays in handling fruits, from packing to marketing. I should
+think boxes better [than barrels]. We have had trouble with barrel hoops breaking.
+I do not believe it best to sort too closely. If you put first-class apples on
+top, and second-class on the bottom, your customers expect to find the best on
+top and worst on bottom.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Smith</span>: I have been in Kansas City, and never saw a name scratched
+off a barrel yet. In grading strawberries, give each picker six boxes in a tray;
+have them fill three with large berries and three with medium size [impracticable];
+allow no inferior or small ones put in.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: About fifty per cent. of our fruit, especially apples, is not readily
+marketed. Can we possibly handle this fifty per cent. so as to make it pay the
+expense of handling the better part of the fruit?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Taylor</span>: If the culls are fifty per cent. of the crop, it is not difficult
+to make them pay for handling the entire crop. This year the culls would readily
+sell at fifteen cents in the orchard. Last year there was no trouble to sell "down
+apples" for ten cents in the orchard. The cost of packing is slightly more or
+less than fifteen cents a barrel. If your apples are scattered, more; if near together,
+less.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. G. Bohrer</span>: Would it not pay better to work them [the culls] into cider
+and vinegar?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Taylor</span>: No, sir. I had rather they would rot on the ground than be
+made into cider.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Our second grade brought forty cents a crate; the best, sixty
+cents. It pays me best to mix them. I ship to Kansas City, and they handle
+my fruit with success.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. L. Ferris</span>: This year I sent a Minnesota man a car load of very small
+Winesap and Missouri Pippin apples, such as we use for making cider, in exchange
+for potatoes. I sold part of the potatoes at seventy-five cents and eighty
+cents, and some are in the cellar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. Van Houten</span>: In our state [Iowa] we are most successful in handling
+apples in barrels. For a small trade, bushel boxes made of light material may
+serve better. Many car-loads are sent out in eight-pound baskets.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>HOGS IN THE ORCHARD.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: <i>Does swine grazing injure orchards?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Robison</span>: Not if the hogs are kept out of it. It is death to an orchard
+to let hogs in. To let them rub against the trees closes the pores, and
+growth ceases. We notice in the newspapers that fish oil, axle grease, etc., keep
+off rabbits. I tried using axle grease two years. You could see the mark around
+where the oil had been, and note where growth had stopped below this mark.
+By washing this with soap, we were enabled to get the trees to grow again.
+Hogs, as I stated before, will, by rubbing, close the pores. The tramping hardens
+the soil and shuts out any percolation of water into it. As well plant a tree
+in the middle of the road as where hogs have been. They, of all animals, tramp
+the ground the hardest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Reynolds</span>: Would pigs injure the soil?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. A. Stanley</span>: I have had experience in this, yet, while I do not know anything
+about the gentleman's land packing, I believe it benefits some orchards to
+run hogs in them. I tried it on an orchard that had ceased bearing. I inclosed
+the orchard and put hogs in for a year or more. New growth started on the
+trees, and they at once began to bear, and bore for several years after I took the
+hogs out. I could see no injury caused by their rubbing the trees. I do not
+think they will rub the trees if the orchard is large. I do not see what injury they
+do. After the apples grew large enough, if wormy they fell, and the hogs ate the
+apples and the worms also.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Taylor</span>: I have had a little experience in that line. I fenced around
+a twenty-acre orchard, expecting to combine horticulture and agriculture right
+there. My hogs were lousy, and they did rub the trees, and whenever they rub
+they destroy. Anybody who tries it will find they will absolutely squeal for
+something to eat when there are bushels of apples on the ground. I was at large
+expense to fence, but was so disappointed with the hog business that I took the
+fence down.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="COLD_STORAGE" id="COLD_STORAGE"></a>COLD STORAGE.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>By <span class="smcap">Geo. Richardson</span>, of Leavenworth, Kan.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It has been well said that "Necessity is the mother of invention." Cold
+storage of the present time is understood as "mechanical refrigeration," and in
+general, the preservation of perishable articles by means of low temperature,
+hence, the act of reducing the temperature of any body, or maintaining the same
+below the temperature of the atmosphere, is called refrigeration, or more familiarly
+known as cold storage, produced by the employment of machinery of various
+types. Of those mostly in use, are the compression system, using anhydrous
+ammonia as a refrigerant, by expanding the ammonia either directly through
+coils of pipe arranged in the storage rooms, or through coils of pipe that are submerged
+in salt brine, where the brine is reduced to a low temperature and then
+forced and circulated through pipes in the storage rooms, one being known as
+direct expansion, the other, brine circulation, but both accomplish same results.</p>
+
+<p>To utilize anhydrous ammonia requires complicated and expensive machinery,
+and to those not acquainted with the subject it may seem strange that more
+units of heat are produced by the burning of coal, wood or oil than there are
+units of cold produced to reduce the temperature of storage rooms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of the uses and benefits of cold storage it can be truthfully stated, that nothing
+in recent years has been of more direct benefit to the farmer, stock-raiser, and
+fruit-grower. But a brief period has passed since cellars, caves and underground
+grottos served as the best means, and in a limited way under certain conditions
+of weather, for the protection and preservation of perishable articles.</p>
+
+<p>To-day machinery has made it possible to control temperature at any degree
+and in all climates. The burning heat under the equator would not be an impediment
+to secure a zero temperature in a cold-storage room.</p>
+
+<p>The construction and successful operation of the mammoth packing-houses
+are the outgrowth of the success of the application of mechanical refrigeration,
+where any day of the year a market is made for live stock. But few years have
+elapsed since the vast herds of South American cattle had no value, except for
+their hides, horns, and tallow, and the great bands of Australian sheep for their
+wool. Now immense refrigerating plants are in operation, freezing the beef and
+mutton, with fleets of ocean steamers equipped with refrigerating machinery and
+storage rooms filled with frozen meat for European markets. From the United
+States the dressed-beef traffic is of large proportions. Storage speculators are
+always ready buyers at remunerative prices for butter and eggs, that in value
+exceed the great wheat crop of America.</p>
+
+<p>To fruit-growers, especially those engaged in apple culture, cold storage is
+attracting more than common interest, as it has been demonstrated a grand success
+in the preservation of apples from three to six months longer, in good condition,
+than in natural storage that is subject to the changeable influences of the
+atmosphere. At the same time, the apples retain their original and individual
+flavor, color, and crispness.</p>
+
+<p>Cold storage, or mechanical refrigeration, arrests fermentation and decay, or,
+better stated, prolongs the life and keeping qualities.</p>
+
+<p>Of the advantages gained, it offers a place of safe-keeping for future market,
+and affords a protection for the grower if market conditions are not favorable;
+such as an overstocked market, consequently low prices, caused largely and influenced
+by many other varieties of fruit that are in season while the apple crop
+is being gathered.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the fact of the existence of cold-storage houses has brought into the
+field speculators, which has a wholesome influence, and oftentimes strengthens
+the markets and lessens the quantity that would of necessity be forced on sale at
+an earlier period at a great sacrifice, which is the situation this year, where the
+enormous crops of New York, New England and Michigan apples are being sold
+at from fifty to seventy-five cents a barrel (including barrels) placed aboard cars,
+for the want of proper and sufficient storage facilities to relieve part of the
+burden. No such condition or low price has yet been felt by the Western grower.</p>
+
+<p>There may be years when the buyers will look far into the future and think
+they can see visions of long prices, when it would be wise for the growers to sell,
+as there is some risk to be taken as to future markets being lower than prices in
+the fall, but such is not the rule.</p>
+
+<p>From six years' experience with mechanical refrigeration and the storage of
+Western-grown apples, there has not been a year but what a profit has been shown
+over and above the cost of storage, insurance, and minor incidental charges. One
+of the first to make the experiment, and who have been patrons of Ryan &amp; Richardson's
+cold storage, at Leavenworth, since the plant was erected, were Wellhouse
+&amp; Son, the largest apple growers in the United States, and the records
+show a net profit of from fifty cents a barrel, as the lowest of any year, to as high
+as $1.50 other years. It is gratifying to state that, in all the years, not a single<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+car-load was rejected when sold. Much of the success must be given credit to the
+grower who gathers his crop at the right time, in a careful manner, graded and
+packed according to the requirements of the trade. Then, if the cold storage to
+which he intrusts the care of his crop uses the same watchfulness as to necessary
+temperature, proper ventilation at the right time, the result usually will be
+gratifying and remunerative to both.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A FRUIT DRYER.</h3>
+
+<p>The dryers used by Wellhouse &amp; Son are made as follows: A rough building
+eighteen feet square and sixteen feet to the eaves is built. In building the roof,
+a lantern or ventilator is built along the ridge, over an opening in the ridge two
+feet wide. At eight feet from the ground is built a slatted floor. The timbers
+[?] upon which this floor is laid are best made of one-inch boards, ten to twelve
+inches wide, placed only ten or twelve inches apart. The floor slats are best
+made of poplar, as pine often flavors the fruit. They are sawn from inch lumber
+one and one-half inches on one face and one and one-quarter inches on the
+other face. The slats are nailed to the floor joists [?] with the wide faces uppermost
+and about one eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch apart, thus making the
+crevices wider below, which, together with the narrowness of the floor joists [?],
+allows free circulation and prevents clogging. The lower floor is of earth, cinders,
+stone, or other material. On each side, near the ground, are two openings,
+each two feet square, with shutters to close them; these are to admit fresh
+air, and can be closed to regulate draft. A chimney is built up through the center
+of the building, out through the roof. A door is made to each floor; in front
+of the upper door is built a balcony reached by outside stairs. This completes
+the dryer.</p>
+
+<p>It may be used for storing hay, fodder, tools, etc., after the drying season is
+over. The upper floor might be made removable. Many farmers have a suitable
+building if the slatted floor is added. Any kind of a wood or coal stove (or a brick
+furnace) is placed in the lower room and a good heat kept up; maximum 150 degrees.
+The prepared fruit is simply spread evenly upon the slatted floor from
+four to twelve inches deep. Fire must be continuous, and a dryer eighteen feet
+square will dry 100 bushels in twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Bleaching is done as follows: An upright box about two feet square and twelve
+feet long is built outside against the balcony. A set of trays are made to fit it;
+these trays have bottoms of galvanized-wire screening. A pot of sulphur is kept
+burning on the ground under the center of said box, the apples, peeled and cored,
+are placed in the tray and the tray slid in above the sulphur. An endless chain
+mechanism moves the tray up ten to twelve inches and another goes in; as they
+come to the top an employee removes them and runs the fruit through a slicer and
+then spreads it out on the drying floor. In twenty-four hours the product will
+be dry, but not alike; they are then piled up under cover, and pass through a
+sweat, making them alike throughout. As soon as cool they are packed, and
+pressed into boxes for shipment. This dryer costs but little, and the building
+may be used eight to ten months of the year for any cleanly purpose. President
+Wellhouse has six of these dryers in a row in one of his orchards. A single
+bleacher answers for several dryers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>THE MOYER FRUIT EVAPORATOR.</h3>
+
+<p>Bill of lumber for dry-house: Four pieces 2�4, 10 feet long; flooring, 150
+feet; 1�1 strips, for trays, 400 feet, lineal measure; 1�2, 47 feet, lineal measure;
+1�4, for tray rest in center, 47 feet, lineal measure.</p>
+
+<p>How to build and operate: For the house or box part, take four pieces of 2�4,
+56 inches long, and four pieces 2�4, 37<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> inches long; nail together with the short
+pieces on the inside, lapping the long ones on the end of the shorter&mdash;thus making
+a frame 52�37<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> on the inside. This makes the sills and plates. Close three
+sides of this with matched flooring, up and down, seven feet high; now you
+have a box seven feet high, 52�37<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> inches. Leave the one side open to be
+closed with four doors similar to double stable doors, and in the exact center of
+this door space nail a 1�2 inch piece up and down to nail tray rest to. This will
+give two rows of trays.</p>
+
+<p>Put comb roof on with the flooring, leaving a vent open at comb two inches
+the entire length of box. Make a V trough, which turn upside down with one
+inch blocks under the corners; this gives ventilation and also keeps out the rain;
+also make two six-inch holes below, to be opened or closed as needed; this admits
+cold air and drives the hot air up, causing complete draft. When the evaporator
+is full of fruit, the holes below should be open full size, except at night, when
+fruit is nearly dried, they should be closed, or partly so, which is done by tacking
+a small piece of board over hole, which can be pushed to one side and a nail
+or screw hold it in place. For the trays to rest on, take a piece 1�4, 37<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> inches
+long, nail a two-inch piece of same length in center of this, on top; this gives
+one inch on each side for rabbet; this is for center, and the rabbet rest is nailed
+to it through the 1�2 inch in front, and through the siding on rear side. For
+the outside rabbet, one piece 1�1 inch, 37<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> long; this nailed to the end of the box
+forms rabbet for the trays to rest on. As many of these tray rests can be made
+as needed to fill the box to near the top of doors. Place the first ones twelve
+inches from bottom of box, and continue up, placing them three and one-half
+inches apart. The trays are made of 1�1 inch strips for the frame part, and are
+2�3 feet square; bottom is made of plastering lath sawed in two, and also cut in
+two lengthwise, as they are too wide; nail these to bottom of frame, three-sixteenths
+of an inch apart. When used for berries or sweet corn, tack cheese cloth
+stretched tightly over the lath. There should be four doors, in order to have as
+small a space open as possible in attending to the fruit; these are hung by light
+hinges to outside and fastened by a wooden button screwed to center upright.
+The lumber can all be bought at planer ready for use cheaper than it can be cut
+by hand.</p>
+
+<p>For the furnace, build a box of brick or stone as large on the inside as the
+house, letting the most of the wall extend on the outside, in order to have all the
+space possible inside, for heating. Build into this wall at the bottom and ends
+a piece of heavy stack or sheet iron; any old smoke-stack will do, but must be at
+least one foot in diameter: if smoke-stack is used, split it and spread as much as
+possible, to have large enough place for fire and all the heating surface possible.
+This open edge of iron must be well plastered down with mortar, or brick and
+mortar, that no smoke may get inside. Let it extend just through the wall to a
+flue built at the end on the outside, of brick or stone, as high or a little higher
+than the wall; then a common six-inch stovepipe set on, to run as high as the
+evaporator, will do. A damper in pipe is an advantage to check draft and control
+heat, and pipe should be at least one foot from evaporator.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The mouth of furnace should be at same end as the ventilator holes in the
+evaporator, and can be closed by a piece of sheet iron with a small draft underneath,
+the same as a stove door.</p>
+
+<p>Set your box evaporator on this wall, and mud or plaster it down tight. In
+using, always have your house well heated before putting in fruit. The top of
+wall must be fully one foot above top of iron; this will make two feet space from
+iron to first tray. In putting the trays in, shove the first one clear back, let second
+be flush in front, the third clear back again&mdash;placing them the same in both
+sides; this sends the heated air directly over each tray to the top.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A MISSOURI APPLE HOUSE.</h3>
+
+<p>The property of Col. J. C. Evans, Harlem, Mo., president of Missouri State
+Horticultural Society. Dimensions: Length, 200 feet; width, 46 feet; depth, 11
+feet; earth bank, 5<span class="frac"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></span> feet thick. Capacity, 15,000 barrels. Cost, $1,000 and
+eighty-five loads of sawdust. Double floor overhead, with eight inches of sawdust
+between. Roof projects three feet all round. Ground slopes away rapidly,
+to carry away water. Winter entrance through anteroom 12�12. Driveway
+twelve feet wide through whole length.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>MANY WAYS OF USING CULL APPLES.</h3>
+
+<p>Cider: Newly made sweet cider is both pleasant and healthful, and is a useful
+ingredient in some culinary preparations; but it should be used fresh from
+the press or not more than twenty-four hours old. To make it, cut out all the
+rotten and bruised spots, also the worms and their burrows. To make cider or
+vinegar from rotten and wormy apples ought to be considered a crime. The
+famous Russet cider of New York is made from sound Russet apples and brings
+top price.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet cider may be canned or bottled and will keep interminably, if heated
+to 160 degrees and kept hot for twenty minutes, then canned and sealed as for
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Boiled cider, that is, reduced to one-fifth by boiling, and canned, is a nice
+article for culinary use, for making apple-butter, apple-sauce and in apple or
+mince pies. It would sell.</p>
+
+<p>Cider vinegar is the best for home use and market. No one having an apple
+orchard should ever buy vinegar, and ought to have some to sell to neighbors or
+at the stores. To make: Sweet cider carefully made should be placed in clean,
+sweet, oak barrels, placed in a room where sun and frost cannot reach it. The
+barrels should be laid on their sides, with the open bung-hole upward, and double
+mosquito net or wire tacked over it. It requires from eighteen months to two
+years to become first class, but there is no more labor excepting to rack or siphon
+it off from the sediment; do not be impatient; make some every year, and if you
+are a "rustler" you will make good money out of it. Our home demand requires
+over 50,000 barrels per month.</p>
+
+<p>Apple-butter, to be good, requires boiled cider, and if to the boiled cider is
+added the good parts of the best culls, and carefully and skilfully boiled, either
+with or without spices, it sells for one dollar per gallon and is very profitable.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dried apples: The best of the culls, carefully trimmed, peeled, cored, and
+quartered or sliced, may be dried in the sun and air anywhere in Kansas. A
+cheap rack of poles or slats three or four feet above the ground, a lot of trays
+made of lath with muslin bottoms and plenty of mosquito netting to spread on
+hoops or bars above the fruit to keep off flies, are all that is needed. Do not
+leave them spread out during rain, or at night. The trays can be piled at night,
+with the fruit in them, under a shed or cover. Keep all vermin from them
+and stir often.</p>
+
+<p>Evaporated apples sell better, and by many are preferred. [I like the sun-kissed
+ones the best.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sec.</span>] There are numerous patent evaporators, all very
+good; but any ingenious man can make his own. The evaporators in which
+the Wellhouse culls are dried are very simple. President Wellhouse says he
+spent over $2,500 on patent dryers without any satisfaction, and then built his
+own, which are described elsewhere.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ENEMIES_OF_THE_APPLE" id="ENEMIES_OF_THE_APPLE"></a>ENEMIES OF THE APPLE.<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> We are pleased to acknowledge our obligations for much of the following valuable information
+on our insect enemies and for the loan of cuts used to Prof. J. M. Stedman, of Columbia
+College, Mo., and Prof. E. E. Faville, of the Kansas Agricultural College.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>APPLE-WORMS.</h3>
+
+<p>Many believe that worms are the parents of worms, and that they come suddenly,
+like a "wolf on the fold." A letter is received at this office telling of the
+sudden appearance in immense numbers of a worm that is destroying all that is
+before it, and wondering where they came from "so suddenly." Speaking of
+apple pests, the canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, the worm (larva) of the handmaid-moth,
+and the apple-worm (larva of the codling-moth), they did not come
+(travel) from anywhere; and no difference if they cover your trees, or are like
+the "sands on the seashore," they were all hatched right there on your trees.</p>
+
+<p>An observer looks at an apple or a nut with a hole in it, and says, "There is
+where the worm went in." It is directly the opposite; that is where the worm
+went out. He hatched from an egg, placed on, near by or just under the
+surface of the fruit; and eating a burrow to the core it grew large and plump,
+became a full-grown worm, burrowed to the surface, and passed out. When you
+see worms hanging in great numbers from single webs or the bole of your tree
+alive, with myriads of worms crawling, some up, some down, some crosswise,
+know of a surety that they are not going <i>up</i>, but coming <i>down</i> to Mother Earth.
+Insect life changes more in a day than humanity does in a year. These worms
+have quit feeding, and are in a nervous, uneasy, often blind and skin-tight condition,
+going through a change from the luxury of leaf or fruit eating to a desire
+and ability to burrow into a living tomb several inches below the earth's surface.
+These myriads of worms are doing you no harm now; they will never eat again,
+no matter how tempting the morsel. This shows the absurdity of bands of cotton,
+etc., placed about a tree when the bole is covered with worms, "to keep them
+from going up."</p>
+
+<p>The real parents, the ones that lay the eggs and propagate their species, are
+usually winged moths or butterflies. A beautiful moth that you admire and
+will not allow your child to hurt may be the parent of the disgusting and destructive
+worms covering your trees or shrubs. In the following pages, we
+have tried in the least and simplest language to describe our commonest and
+most objectionable apple pests.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>SPRING CANKER-WORM.</h3>
+
+<p>This is the worm that the amateur and the very busy man suddenly discovers
+in April defoliating his apple trees, and, on examination, he finds them in such
+myriads that he imagines some power has suddenly sown them broadcast over
+his orchard. See <a href="#FIGURE_1">fig. 1</a>. Had he been observant during the sunny middays
+of February, he would have noticed insects similar to <a href="#FIGURE_2">figure 2</a> crawling up the
+bole of the tree, and looking closer, a little later, he would see small masses of
+eggs, shown in <a href="#FIGURE_3">figures 3 <i>a</i> and <i>b</i></a>, glued fast, usually near the base of limbs or
+twigs.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figleft"><a name="FIGURE_1"></a><a href="images/figure1full.png"><img src="images/figure1.png" alt="Fig. 1" title="Fig. 1 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_2"></a><a href="images/figure2full.png"><img src="images/figure2.png" alt="Fig. 2" title="Fig. 2 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>
+Adult Female.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_3"></a><a href="images/figure3full.png"><img src="images/figure3.png" alt="Fig. 3" title="Fig. 3 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Eggs deposited
+at base of limb.<br />
+<i>b</i>, Egg mass.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="clear:both;"><a name="FIGURE_4"></a><a href="images/figure4full.png"><img src="images/figure4.png" alt="Fig. 4" title="Fig. 4 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Larva, or worm.<br />
+<i>b</i>, Cluster, and a magnified egg.</p>
+
+<p>Along early in April these eggs, warmed by the same sun that swells the buds
+and causes the green tips of the leaves to protrude, hatch into tiny worms looking
+like a dark thread snipped into bits about an eighth of an inch long. These
+millions of tiny worms, scarcely visible, occupy their time eating and growing,
+and the orchardist is possibly unaware of the army he is feeding until they grow
+into lusty, fat worms, from one and one-eighth to one and one-fourth inches long,
+of a dark olive-green color, with black heads. See <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_4">fig. 4</a>. If disturbed they
+quickly spin a single web and fall suspended at its end, as in <a href="#FIGURE_1">fig. 1</a>. Their life,
+as worms, lasts only about six weeks, then they seem suddenly to have vanished.
+They have gone into the earth to pass into the pupa state, coming out the following
+spring as adults; the males with wings to fly, the female wingless, as in <a href="#FIGURE_2">fig. 2</a>,
+to crawl up the tree as described. Now, as these myriads of tiny worms must
+make the tons of grown worms entirely from the foliage on the trees in which
+they hatched, it is plain that the said foliage must suffer, and it will look as if
+scorched by fire.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> Bands smeared with sticky material put tightly around the tree
+bole early in February has stopped many a female from crawling up to lay her
+eggs. Spraying with London purple or Paris green, one pound with two pounds
+of lime and 150 gallons of water, is the common remedy. To be efficacious the
+drug must be of a normal strength, say forty-five per cent. arsenic, and as the
+worms grow larger and stronger the water must be lessened. When the worms
+are an inch or more long it may require only fifty gallons of water. Another
+formula is, two pounds white arsenic, four pounds sal soda, two gallons of water;
+boil until the arsenic is dissolved. One pint is enough for forty gallons of water.
+As the worms usually feed on the under side of the leaves, spraying should be
+from below as much as possible. "The early bird catches the worm" is true
+here. Therefore, spray while the worms are tiny and the foliage thin, and the
+work will count as the "stitch in time," destroying nine hundred and ninety-nine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>TENT-CATERPILLAR.</h3>
+
+<p>Nearly every one has seen the "tents" of these in neglected trees. See <a href="#FIGURE_5">fig. 5</a>.
+They usually betoken the too busy man&mdash;the man with too many irons in the fire.
+They are large, unsightly bunches of webs, closely woven together at the forks
+of twigs at the ends of limbs or branches. The parents of these worms are
+moths (see <a href="#FIGURE_6">fig. 6</a>) which appear in June each year, and deposit their eggs in
+clusters containing two or three hundred, surrounding small twigs. See <a href="#FIGURE_7">fig. 7</a>.
+Sharp eyes, a sharp knife and nimble fingers will bring many to the kitchen fire.
+These eggs hatch in the warm days of spring, and the tiny worms immediately
+seek and devour the tender buds and leaves. The day they hatch they begin to
+build the "tent." Those from the same mass of eggs, say 250, combine to make
+the home nest or tent. They come out from this tent to feed in the morning, return
+for a <i>siesta</i> or sleep, and emerge again in the afternoon for a second feed.</p>
+
+<p class="figleft"><a name="FIGURE_5"></a><a href="images/figure5full.png"><img src="images/figure5.png" alt="Fig. 5" title="Fig. 5 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span><br />
+Tent with larv�.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_7"></a><a href="images/figure7full.png"><img src="images/figure7.png" alt="Fig. 7" title="Fig. 7 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="clear:both;"><a name="FIGURE_6"></a><a href="images/figure6full.png"><img src="images/figure6.png" alt="Fig. 6" title="Fig. 6 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span><br />
+Adult.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_8"></a><a href="images/figure8full.png"><img src="images/figure8.png" alt="Fig. 8" title="Fig. 8 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span><br />
+Tent-caterpillar.</p>
+
+<p>They live in this way four or five weeks, becoming, when full grown, about
+two inches long and nearly as large as a lead-pencil. See <a href="#FIGURE_8">fig. 8</a>. They are black,
+with light-colored tufts of hair on the back. Down the center of the back is a
+white line bordered with irregular yellowish lines. The sides of the body are
+marked with pale blue, while the under side of the worm is black. When grown
+they pass to the ground and hunt a sheltered place, where they spin a cocoon,
+from which, in about three weeks, emerges the adult moth, <a href="#FIGURE_6">fig. 6</a>, the color of
+which varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The front wings each contain
+two oblique, whitish lines, dividing the wing into three nearly equal parts. These
+moths are night flyers during the last half of June and first half of July. They
+eat nothing. The female lays her eggs as described, and dies.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> Spare the birds; put up boxes for the bats and owls. Cut off
+the egg clusters during the winter. Cut and burn the tents, or burn the tents
+on the tree, with any kind of a torch. Early morning or late evening is the time,
+as they are then all home. Spray the foliage nearest the tents with solutions for
+canker-worm.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>CODLING-MOTH.</h3>
+
+<p>The apple-worm, which every apple eater has found many times in the apple,
+is the child of the codling-moth. See <i>b</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_9">fig. 9</a>. It is a scourge all over the apple-growing
+district. It destroys or reduces the value of the apple crop many
+millions of dollars annually.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_9"></a><a href="images/figure9full.png"><img src="images/figure9.png" alt="Fig. 9" title="Fig. 9 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Female Codling-moth.<br />
+<i>b</i>, Larva of same in apple.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>The parent&mdash;adult insect, or moth&mdash;see <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_9">fig. 9</a>, is a small moth with a spread
+of wings three-fourths of an inch, the first pair marked with wavy lines of gray
+and brown, with a large, oval brown spot, streaked coppery, on hinder margin.
+The hind wings are yellowish brown. These moths appear, and begin to lay on
+the surface of the leaves, in the calyx, or on the surface of the apple, about the
+1st of May. The eggs hatch in about one week, and the young worm immediately
+begins to burrow into the apple, working its way to the center, where it
+works around the core, gaining strength and size for about three weeks, when it
+leaves the apple and seeks a hiding place in which to spin its cocoon, the favorite
+place being under projections of the rough bark of the tree. When first hatched
+these worms are small, hardly one-eighth of an inch long, white, with a black
+head and shoulders. When mature, the body is pinkish and the head and
+shoulders brown. The adult, <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_9">fig. 9</a>, issues from the cocoon in about two
+weeks, appearing near June 15. They commence at once to lay eggs. The worms
+of this, the second brood, live in the apple all winter, and it is these that disgust
+the apple eater and cut the profits of the orchardist.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> The same spray as for canker-worms, used just after the petals of
+the blossom fall. No eggs are deposited earlier than this. At this time the calyx
+cup is open, and a little poison in it is apt to prove fatal to the infant worm. In
+a few days after the egg is laid the calyx closes, and no spray will reach the
+worm. Remember, this early spraying does away with the parents of the <i>second</i>
+brood, and hence should not be neglected. Bands of burlaps, paper or other
+material, loosely tied about the tree before June 1, make attractive places for the
+worms to pupate in. These bands should be examined often, say weekly, and all
+worms killed. Fallen fruit should be gathered and fed to stock. Cellars, caves
+and fruit houses should be thoroughly cleaned and fumigated and the cleanings
+burned every spring, as many thousands of moths are wintered over in them.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FLAT-HEADED BORER.</h3>
+
+<p>The adult, <a href="#FIGURE_10">fig. 10</a>, is flat, about three-eighths of an inch long, of a greenish
+black with coppery reflections. They appear about the last of May and deposit
+eggs from then until September. They generally lay their eggs in a diseased
+portion of the tree, where it has been bruised, or sun-scalded, or in trees of weak
+vitality, in bad health from lack of cultivation or moisture, or from soil poverty.
+The eggs are small and yellowish, and are found singly or in numbers in crevices
+in the bark. The larva, or borer, <a href="#FIGURE_11">fig. 11</a>, when young, is yellowish, with a broad,
+flat head; it soon bores to the sap-wood, where it feeds. At this time it is easily
+discovered by the "castings" from the opening. As they become older and larger
+they bore into the harder wood, making flattened chambers. In about a year
+they gnaw a channel to the outside, excepting a thin layer of bark, and backing
+a little way they crowd castings to the front and change into the perfect insect,
+emerging about the last of May.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_10"></a><a href="images/figure10full.jpg"><img src="images/figure10.jpg" alt="Fig. 10" title="Fig. 10 at 50 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span><br />
+Adult Flat-headed Borer.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_11"></a><a href="images/figure11full.png"><img src="images/figure11.png" alt="Fig. 11" title="Fig. 11 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span><br />
+Larva of a Flat-headed Borer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> Keep the tree thrifty, free from bruises or sun-scald, and the
+flow of sap will drown them. If any are detected by the castings, cut in, and
+use a hooked wire to pull them out. Some washes will deter the female from
+depositing eggs. For instance: Equal parts of soft soap and sal soda, with
+enough crude carbolic acid to give a strong odor. Apply with a brush several
+times in a season, especially where the bark appears unhealthy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+<h3>ROUND-HEADED BORER.</h3>
+
+<p>Attacks the same trees under the same conditions as the flat-headed borer.
+The adult, <a href="#FIGURE_12">fig. 12</a>, is about five-eighths of an inch long, brown above, with two
+white stripes the whole length of the back. Head and under surface grayish.
+It is a night flyer. The female appears about June 1, and stays until September.
+She deposits her eggs at night, in small incisions made angling into the
+bark, generally near the ground. In about two weeks they hatch, and the little
+borers, <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_13">fig. 13</a>, begin to bore their way into the inner bark and sap-wood, leaving
+the bore filled with "castings," <a href="#FIGURE_14">fig. 14</a>. For two summers they stay in the
+sap-wood and do great damage, often girdling young trees. After the second
+winter they cut channels up into the hard wood; attaining their growth by fall,
+they burrow outward to the under side of the bark, and there remain until spring,
+changing to adults. See <i>b</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_13">fig. 13</a>. They then gnaw through the bark, and
+emerge about June 1 to propagate their species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> Same as for flat-headed borer.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_12"></a><a href="images/figure12full.jpg"><img src="images/figure12.jpg" alt="Fig. 12" title="Fig. 12 at 50 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span><br />
+Adult Round-headed Borer, greatly enlarged.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_13"></a><a href="images/figure13full.jpg"><img src="images/figure13.jpg" alt="Fig. 13" title="Fig. 13 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span><br />
+Larva and pupa of the Round-headed Borer.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_14"></a><a href="images/figure14full.jpg"><img src="images/figure14.jpg" alt="Fig. 14" title="Fig. 14 at 50 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Incision in which egg is deposited; <i>b</i>, same, the wood has been split along line <i>a</i>;
+<i>e</i>, showing egg in place; <i>c</i>, showing how egg is inserted under bark; <i>d</i>, egg greatly magnified;
+<i>e</i>, hole through which adult emerged; <i>f</i>, channel of larva; <i>g</i>, insect in pupal
+state just before issuing as an adult.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>TREE WASHES FOR BORERS.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>Observations by members of the Kansas State Horticultural Society.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Chandler</span>: I used a tree wash last year on apple trees for borers and insects.
+I have been troubled in my timber (recently cleared) land with borers,
+and if I had not taken this precaution they would have been worse. It is known
+as the "Carnahan tree wash." Obtaining it ready prepared in a can, I applied
+it in June with a whitewash brush to the tree trunks and a portion of the limbs,
+and found it very beneficial. While it will not <i>destroy</i> the borer, I think it will
+prevent the borer beetle from depositing eggs on the outside. From the healthy
+appearance of the tree and the smooth appearance of the bark, I think it equals
+anything I ever tried. It is also good for the prevention of other insects, as tree-crickets,
+etc., and I think it will destroy the curculio to some extent, and will
+prevent insects climbing the trees. My trees never looked more thrifty. I cannot
+say it will prevent root-rot.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">F. Holsinger</span>: I would like to inquire whether your ground was thoroughly
+cultivated?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Chandler</span>: All the cultivation I could give would not prevent borers. I
+applied the wash from the ground up, as far as I could reach. It costs about two
+cents per tree from four to six years old, and I do not know but what that might
+be reduced. This wash is obtained in gallon and half-gallon cans. It should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+applied about twice a year&mdash;spring and fall&mdash;costing about four cents per year
+for each tree.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. A. Stanley</span>: Would not a strong lime wash do as well.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. Chandler</span>: No; I have no success with it. If the borer is in the tree,
+you must dig him out with a knife. By examination you can tell whether borers
+have deposited eggs or not. I do not say it will rid the tree of borers if they have
+been allowed to deposit eggs and are left for years. It makes the tree grow more
+vigorous. I do not know what is in this tree wash, but it did no damage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Smith</span>: Chandler has tried this wash, and it has proven successful with
+him. There are always new things being tried. If he has found something good
+for trees, we should not object to it. If I receive a package I will try it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. A. Stanley</span>: My experience with borers will date back as far as fifty years
+ago, when I was a boy, and the best thing to exterminate them with was a jack-knife.
+A Boston gentleman visiting my father went into the orchard and asked
+father if he had ever seen any borers. Father told him he knew nothing about
+them (they were something new in those days). Examining a tree, he took out
+his jack-knife and went to work near the ground, and he soon showed why the
+tree was not doing well. With his knife he dug the borer out and said the jack-knife
+was the best exterminator he knew of. My experience is, if you will attend
+to it about the 1st of June, when the beetles come out on the tree and
+deposit their eggs behind loose scales of bark, and wash the tree with strong
+lime wash, it will kill them. I prefer lime wash to any "nostrum" ever introduced.
+When they once get into the tree no wash will take them out. Horticulturists
+have been deceived enough by patent nostrums.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. J. Holman</span>: By instinct this insect never lays its eggs on the surface. It
+lays as completely in the wood as the locust, which punctures almost to the heart
+of a twig. A borer lives three years in the wood; the third year it comes out in
+perfect form. It goes below in the wood every winter, and the third spring
+passes the cocoon stage there. They lay about fifty eggs, each placed separate
+and apart in the wood. Rarely does an egg fail to hatch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Robison</span>: These beetles are very fierce. Put a half dozen into a bottle
+and they will beat a bull fight, and will not stop until they kill each other. She
+is a philosopher; she makes punctures sideways, so the eggs can be laid in a row,
+and the bark close over them. It is only a few days until they hatch; open the
+lip where deposited and you can see them plainly. Without cutting the bark,
+thrust your knife under the lip and you can hear the eggs crack. The larva
+works round and round until of the size of a pea, and then usually starts upward
+until he gets level with the surface of the ground, staying there until the next
+season. He comes up early in the spring. My practice is to hoe around the tree
+before the time for the round-headed borer to deposit eggs. I keep the weeds
+clear, so that I can see where the borer went in. If he has been in a year or two
+he is near the middle, and you had better let him alone, as it will injure the tree
+to remove him. It is impossible to get rid of these borers by a wash, because
+the eggs are covered. There is no connection between the round-headed and
+flat-headed borers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">T. A. Stanley</span>: It requires three years for the borer to mature and come out.
+In my experience, the borer selects a spot where loose bark is on the tree, and
+goes in where it is tender. It lays eggs in even rows. These eggs stay under the
+bark but a short time when they hatch and the little worm eats into the tender
+bark, and goes through it, to live and grow there; when large enough they go
+into the body of the tree. They stay there for three years. Scrape off the bark
+and put whitewash on the eggs and it will destroy them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">President Wellhouse</span>: By taking a knife, cutting into the tree, and running
+a hooked wire in, you can pull them out. Each female beetle deposits fifty or
+sixty eggs, and we find it better and less expensive to hunt the borers early in
+the spring. By carefully examining the bottom of the tree for six or eight inches
+above the ground you will see a little brown spot. He came to the bark the fall
+previous, and sets about two inches back in his cavity. If you wait till May, he
+is out and gone; he is easier taken out in spring than later. By killing the insect
+you prevent the egg laying. We always have our men hunt for the insects
+that are about to come out. It is easy to find the little brown spot about the
+size of your finger end, and you can kill them by pouring a few drops of coal-oil
+from a machine can into the cavity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Stayman</span>: Can we prevent the borer from entering the tree? I have
+practiced banking up my trees as steep as I can, about a foot high; less may do.
+The beetle will not deposit eggs where the tree is banked up. I have practiced
+this for thirty years, and have never seen a borer in my trees since I began it.
+Like these gentlemen, I at first cut out the borers. We can prevent them by
+banking up early in the spring. By instinct, it knows the bank will wash down.
+If it deposits its eggs, how easy to scrape away the mound. I never saw a flathead
+borer on a tree that was banked. They always work on the south side,
+where the sun shines on the tree.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>BUD MOTH.</h3>
+
+<p>This insect is often very destructive, attacking the blossom and leaf-buds,
+and in a few mouthfuls destroying that which must make the leaves and fruit,
+"nipping in the bud" the entire crop of fruit and debilitating the tree. This
+worm works in early spring, as soon as the buds begin to open; it delights in the
+prominent terminal buds and its work stops all new growth, causes many leaves
+to turn brown, and thus brings to the notice of the orchardist its bad work. The
+moth measures about three-quarters of an inch across its wings, and is mainly a
+gray color, the middle of the fore wings being lighter, or creamy. This insect
+first appears on the buds as a small, dark brown worm, about one-fourth of an
+inch long, with shining black head and shoulders. It imbeds itself in the center
+of the bud, tying the leaves together with its web. It is an irregular worker,
+and leaves the bud in a ragged, brown, dilapidated condition.</p>
+
+<p>Its work is most destructive in the nursery, destroying terminal shoots, which
+sadly interferes with the growth and symmetry of the young tree. Sometimes
+it burrows from the bud into the pith of the twig for several inches, killing the
+shoot to the tip. The worm finally settles upon a leaf, cutting the leaf stalk
+partly off, so that the leaf withers; it then rolls this soft, wilted leaf into a tube
+around its body, fastening it with webs and lining it for a nest. From this tube
+nest it comes forth only at night to feed, and when disturbed it hastens into it
+out of sight. In feeding, it draws leaves towards its home by silken threads,
+thus forming a bunch of partly eaten leaves, which turn brown, making the nest
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>After attaining its growth it lies as a pupa in its silk-lined tube about ten
+days, when it emerges an adult moth, and in three or four days begins to lay its
+eggs. These moths appear from about June 1 and remain to July 5 or July 10.
+They are night flyers, and do no damage in the winged state. As the worms are
+leaf-eaters, spraying with London purple or Paris green, as for canker-worms, must
+kill many. Whenever their nests are seen they should, if possible, be gathered
+and burned, and in a badly infested orchard it will pay to rake and burn all the
+leaves under the trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>APPLE CURCULIO.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_15"></a><a href="images/figure15full.jpg"><img src="images/figure15.jpg" alt="Fig. 15" title="Fig. 15 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Beetle, natural size; <i>b</i>, beetle, magnified;<br />
+<i>c</i>, side and back view of same, magnified.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_16"></a><a href="images/figure16full.png"><img src="images/figure16.png" alt="Fig. 16" title="Fig. 16 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span><br />
+<i>a</i>, Pupa stage; <i>b</i>, larva, or worm. Hair-lines
+to the left of pupa show natural size.</p>
+
+<p>This insect, <a href="#FIGURE_15">fig. 15</a>, is usually of a uniform rusty brown color. Four humps
+or tubercles are easily seen, two on each wing cover near the rear. The snout
+varies from half to the full length of the insect. With this snout it drills round
+holes into the apple; these holes are made for food, and are about one-tenth of an
+inch deep, widened out below like a gourd. The female deposits an egg in such
+hole, which soon hatches into a tiny worm that usually burrows to the core, and
+produces a reddish excrement. In a month, when fully grown, the worm is soft
+and white, without feet, wrinkled, and curved crosswise, as in <i>b</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_16">fig. 16</a>; too
+humped and crooked to crawl about out of the apple, it stays in and changes to
+pupa, as in <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_16">fig. 16</a>, leaving the apple as a perfect beetle after two or three
+weeks. It passes the winter in the adult state and begins laying eggs about
+June 1, continuing until late in August. President Wellhouse says he has surely
+reduced them by spraying.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>LEAF-CRUMPLER, <span class="smcap">OR</span> LEAF-ROLLER.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_17_18"></a><a href="images/figure17_18full.jpg"><img src="images/figure17_18.jpg" alt="Fig. 17 and 18" title="Fig. 17 and 18 at 50 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Fig. 18.</span><br />
+Here <i>a</i> represents worm case; <i>b</i>, case attached to a limb; <i>c</i>, head and first segments; <i>d</i>, perfect
+moth. All are magnified; the hair-lines just under the moth, <i>d</i>, represent the natural size.</p>
+
+<p>The parent of this is a small grayish moth, <i>d</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_17_18">fig. 17</a>, which emerges from the
+unsightly mass of dry leaves, as in <i>b</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_17_18">fig. 18</a>, formed the previous season by the
+insect, and may be seen, gathered, and burned, during the winter. The female
+immediately begins laying eggs upon the leaves of the tree. During the fore part
+of June small, brownish worms appear, which at once construct tubular silken
+cases, in which they hide. They leave these cases, generally at night, to feed.
+As they grow they attach webs to the partly eaten leaves and gather them about
+themselves, so that finally the irregular mass of leaves completely hides the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+tubular case. In the spring, as the buds swell and the leaves appear, they
+come out and do great damage. They grow until in May, when they close up
+the opening to the case, and in two weeks the moth emerges, as above.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedies.</i> There are two parasites that prey upon them. Collect the cases
+and tufts of leaves during the winter and burn them. The spray recommended
+for canker-worm is successful in destroying them.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>TWIG-GIRDLER, TWIG-PRUNER, <span class="smcap">AND</span> TWIG-BORER.</h3>
+
+<p>Sometimes trouble orchards, but in Kansas they are not bad. Their habits
+are indicated by their names, and it is scarcely necessary to describe them in
+this work. Numerous bulletins are issued free, describing them and their
+habits. See <a href="#FIGURE_19">fig. 19</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_19"></a><a href="images/figure19full.jpg"><img src="images/figure19.jpg" alt="Fig. 19" title="Fig. 19 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 19.</span><br />
+Twig-girdler at work.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>ROOT-LOUSE, <span class="smcap">OR</span> WOOLLY APHIS.</h3>
+
+<p>The young are hatched from a minute egg laid in crevices of the bark,
+near the ground, and are covered with white down. The grown female measures
+about one-tenth of an inch in length, oval in shape, with black head and feet,
+dusty legs and antenn�. They attach themselves to the branches and trunk
+with their long beaks, sucking the vitality from the tree, which they will kill if
+in large numbers. During the summer the females are wingless, but at autumn
+both sexes have wings, and it is in this condition that they spread rapidly. They
+are produced alive at this time of the year with wonderful rapidity. Where
+plentiful the trunk and branches have a moldy appearance. "Lady-birds" and
+their larv�, the larv� of lace-winged flies and syrphus-flies, the small chalcid fly
+and spiders devour them. No birds are known to feed upon them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedy.</i> Plenty of lye wash, even soap-suds or soap wash is good. Kerosene
+emulsion is good. The insect above described is only one form, viz., woolly
+aphis. The other form, as root-louse, is described below. To the public they
+are two distinct insects.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>ROOT-LOUSE.</h3>
+
+<p>They work underground, puncturing the root to draw its nourishing juice,
+causing the root tissue to expand into knots and irregularities, <i>a</i>, <a href="#FIGURE_20">fig. 20</a>, thus
+making the roots unhealthy and very brittle. These insects are often found in
+myriads, looking like bluish-white wool, on the roots. Certain beetles, maggots
+and flies prey upon them, but to only a small extent.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_20"></a><a href="images/figure20full.jpg"><img src="images/figure20.jpg" alt="Fig. 20" title="Fig. 20 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span><br />
+Root-louse.</p>
+
+<p><i>Remedy.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> Scalding water, at 150 degrees, poured on the uncovered roots. If
+some concentrated lye is added it is still better. Filling above the roots with tobacco
+dust is recommended. Soap-suds and wood ashes are beneficial. Young
+trees from the nursery, if infested, should have the roots well trimmed (burn the
+trimmings) and then dipped in lye. If quite hot it is still better.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FRINGED-WING APPLE-BUD MOTH.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_21"></a><a href="images/figure21full.png"><img src="images/figure21.png" alt="Fig. 21" title="Fig. 21 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span></p>
+
+<p class="figleft"><a name="FIGURE_22"></a><a href="images/figure22full.jpg"><img src="images/figure22.jpg" alt="Fig. 22" title="Fig. 22 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><a name="FIGURE_23"></a><img src="images/figure23.jpg" alt="Fig. 23" title="Fig. 23 at 100 dpi" /><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span></p>
+
+<p style="clear:both;">The following is condensed from bulletin No. 42, written by Prof. J. M. Stedman,
+entomologist of the state university, Columbia, Mo.: The fringed-wing
+apple-bud moth is a new and heretofore undescribed species of insect, increasing
+rapidly and infesting new areas. The best spray to destroy them is, one pound
+pure Paris green, three pounds of fresh lime, and 150 gallons of water, constantly
+agitated while spraying. First application as soon as the buds open sufficiently
+to give the tree a green tinge; second, five days later; third, at time flower-buds
+open; if it rains do it over at once. Kill the worms before they eat into the bud.
+The egg is very small, light yellow, and oval, and apt to escape notice. The
+young worm is also very small when hatched and of a light yellow color, which
+afterwards turns to pale green, a shining black head, and a brown spot (which
+soon turns black) back of the head. It has three pairs of dark-colored true legs
+under its fore parts, and five pairs of prolegs under the rear three-fifths of the
+body. As soon as hatched they begin to feed on the unfolding leaves, and at
+once crawl to the heart of the expanded flower or leaf-bud.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_24"></a><a href="images/figure24full.jpg"><img src="images/figure24.jpg" alt="Fig. 24" title="Fig. 24 at 50 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span><br />
+Work of the Fringed-wing Apple-bud Moth.</p>
+
+<p>The destructive effects cause the tree to look as if swept by fire, owing to the
+brown and partly developed foliage. See <a href="#FIGURE_24">fig. 24</a>. These worms (<a href="#FIGURE_21">fig. 21</a>) complete
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>their growth in about four weeks, enter the earth, and, passing one or two
+inches below the surface, spin a cocoon. They come out as adult moths in about
+six weeks, or about the middle of July. <a href="#FIGURE_22">Fig. 22</a> is the moth enlarged; <a href="#FIGURE_23">fig. 23</a>,
+natural size. The females soon begin to lay eggs, singly, on the young apple
+leaves. From these eggs a second brood is hatched more quickly than the spring
+brood. This second brood often eats through the heart of the terminal bud into
+the twig. When grown, this second brood enters the ground as did the first, but
+do not come forth as adults until the following spring.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>RABBITS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_25"></a><a href="images/figure25full.png"><img src="images/figure25.png" alt="Fig. 25" title="Fig. 25 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="FIGURE_26"></a><a href="images/figure26full.png"><img src="images/figure26.png" alt="Fig. 26" title="Fig. 26 at 100 dpi" /></a><br />
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Wellhouse rabbit trap, of which we here give description and illustrations,
+is one used by President Wellhouse. He has 3000 of them, distributed two per
+acre, and says it is the result of thirty years' experience. He uses nothing else
+to protect his trees. <a href="#FIGURE_25">Figure 25</a> is a longitudinal section of the trap. <a href="#FIGURE_26">Figure 26</a>
+is a front-end view of the trap, on a scale three times that of <a href="#FIGURE_25">fig. 25</a>, and shows
+the details of the door. The trap consists of a box made of fence boards (old
+ones preferred) six inches wide and one inch thick. The boards are cut twenty-two
+inches long, and the top and bottom boards are nailed onto the side boards,
+thus making the opening four inches wide and six inches high. The door, <i>a</i>, is
+made of wire, shaped as shown in <a href="#FIGURE_26">fig. 26</a>, and hung to under side of the top board
+with two staples, shown at <i>dd</i>. The trigger, <i>b</i>, is of wire, bent as in <a href="#FIGURE_25">fig. 25</a>,
+spread out, or with a loop or figure 8, at the hanging end, and is fastened loosely
+along the center on the under side of the top board with two staples.</p>
+
+<p>To operate the trap, push the door, <i>a</i>, inward, and with the forefinger catch the
+hooked end of the trigger, <i>g</i>, and pull it forward until the door rests on the wire
+above the hook at <i>g</i>. The rabbit enters the trap, prompted by curiosity or otherwise,
+and by so doing pushes the trigger, <i>c</i>, back as he would a little brush in a
+hollow log, without any suspicion or alarm. This action loosens the door, which
+falls behind him, its lower edge resting against the shoulder at <i>f</i>, and bunny is
+then caught. This trap was invented by Walter Wellhouse, but it is not patented.
+He uses no bait. The trap cannot be sprung by birds or wind. If new
+lumber is used, it must be stained some dark color, using material not offensive
+to a rabbit's delicate sense of smell.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPLES_FOR_THE_TABLE" id="APPLES_FOR_THE_TABLE"></a>APPLES FOR THE TABLE.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>Compiled, by request, by <span class="smcap">Miss Gertrude Coburn</span>, Professor of Domestic Economy,
+Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Chemical analysis of apples, fairly representing the average composition, indicates
+that the total nutriment is about fifteen per cent. of the whole weight, and
+consists principally of sugar, organic acid, and pectin (which gelatinizes when
+boiled and cooled). Although the fruit is thus shown to be but slightly nutritious,
+it is generally palatable and wholesome. It easily supplies variety in diet
+throughout the year, and it has the advantage of being suitable for any meal and
+combining agreeably with many other common food materials.</p>
+
+<p>When ripe, and carefully selected, the uncooked apple is toothsome and
+healthful, either alone and between meals or as one of the table fruits. The indigestible
+skin and cellulose, with the water and acid, contribute to the dietetic
+value, in that they make the whole raw apple a laxative food, especially effective
+when eaten before breakfast or at night.</p>
+
+<p>Cooked entire, and without any addition, the well-flavored apple is among the
+most perfect and economical of the subacid fruits for every-day use, and for the
+invalid's tray is seldom surpassed. Baked in its own juice, with sugar and additional
+flavoring, or boiled in syrup, it is relished equally with the breakfast mush,
+the dinner meat, and the supper bread and cake. Combined with cream, custard,
+whipped white of egg, or tapioca, which add nutriment without destroying the
+fruit flavor, it affords a delicate dessert, inexpensive and easily prepared. Steamed
+or baked, with a light covering or crust of biscuit dough or pastry, it has a variety
+of forms, all used for dinner, and usually made complete with sweetened cream,
+or in other cases with a bit of good cheese.</p>
+
+<p>The skin, while not digestible, is not often injurious, and as the best flavor is
+contained in the surface portion of the apple, careless paring is wasteful and unnecessary,
+especially when the fruit is to be baked. The unbroken envelope retains
+the steam produced as the juice is heated, thus hastening the process of expanding
+and bursting the tiny cells and converting the firm pulp into a delicate
+sauce. This suggests that, in order to produce the desirable lightness, the oven
+should be sufficiently hot to change the water of the fruit into steam. If the
+skin is tough or for other reasons is removed, the clean, unblemished parings,
+with the cores, may be simmered in water until the flavor and color make it a
+useful addition for pudding sauce, preserves, or jelly. It is usually best to remove
+the core before cooking, and, when the apple (as for compote) is not to be
+otherwise cut after paring, it should be cored before the skin is taken off, to
+prevent breaking.</p>
+
+<p>The various forms of boiled and steamed apples are attractive and generally
+liked. The requisites are: To select good fruit and wash it clean before cutting;
+to remove only a thin paring, <i>all</i> of the core, and the bruised, discolored and defective
+parts; to intensify rather than obscure the apple flavor, using only enough
+of sugar, spice, or lemon, when any is needed, to accomplish this purpose; to use
+granite or porcelain-lined utensils (avoiding even tin covers) and silver or wooden
+spoons; to retain by slow cooking and careful handling the perfect form of the
+fruit, or else to produce, by stirring and straining, a light, lumpless sauce; to
+serve the apple preparation with the same respectful and dainty care that is usually
+bestowed upon the rarer but not more worthy pineapple and orange.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the summer and autumn, when the fruit is at its best, no additional flavor
+is needed. Toward spring, when it becomes less palatable, the deficiency may be
+best supplied with a little lemon juice and grated rind, a bit of pineapple or
+quince, a few drops of almond extract or rose water, or a few whole cloves.
+Sweet apples which are dry and rather tasteless may be utilized satisfactorily if
+stewed, canned or preserved with one-third their bulk of quince.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apples, Raw, for Breakfast.</span>&mdash;Select fresh, unspotted apples of good flavor,
+but not very sour, wash and wipe thoroughly, and arrange tastefully, alone or
+with other fruit. For serving, use small plates and fruit-knives, to be removed
+with them. Individual taste must decide whether the fruit should be eaten before
+or after the heavier part of the breakfast.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apples and Cream.</span>&mdash;A delicious breakfast dish, to be served with the
+cooked cereal or alone, consists of fresh, mellow, sweet apples, pared and sliced,
+sprinkled with fine sugar and dressed with cream.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apples and Bread and Milk.</span>&mdash;For a summer luncheon, a bowl of rich milk
+and bread may be pleasantly varied by the addition of a ripe sweet apple, pared
+and thinly sliced. If the fruit is not thoroughly ripe and mellow, it is improved
+by slow baking until quite soft.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baked Apples.</span>&mdash;Select moderately tart or very juicy sweet apples, of equal
+size. Wash them, remove the cores (or at least the blossom ends) and any imperfections,
+with the skin also, if it is objectionable. Put in a shallow baking
+dish, and fill the cavities with sugar and such flavoring as seems to be demanded,
+allowing from one-third to one-half of a cup of sugar and about one-fourth of a
+teaspoonful of nutmeg or cinnamon to eight apples, with sometimes the juice and
+grated rind of half a lemon. Cover the bottom of the dish with boiling water
+(which may need to be replenished if the fruit is not very juicy), and bake in a
+hot oven until soft, basting often with the syrup in the dish. Sweet apples need
+to bake longer and more slowly than sour, and when done should be very soft.
+Set the baking dish in a cool place until the fruit is almost cold, then transfer
+the apples to a glass dish and pour the syrup, which should be thick and amber
+colored, around them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apples in Bloom.</span> (By consent, from "Boston Cooking-School Cook-Book,"
+by Miss Farmer.)&mdash;Select eight red apples, cook in boiling water until soft, turning
+them often. Have water half surround apples. Remove skins carefully, that
+the red color may remain, and arrange on a serving dish. To the water add one
+cup sugar, grated rind one-half lemon, and juice one orange; simmer until reduced
+to one cup. Cool, and pour over apples. Serve with sweetened whipped
+cream or cream sauce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baked Apple-Sauce.</span> (By consent, from "Every-Day Dishes," by Mrs. E. E.
+Kellogg.)&mdash;Pare, core and quarter apples to fill an earthen crock or deep pudding
+dish, taking care to use apples of uniform degree of hardness and pieces of the
+same size. For two quarts of fruit thus prepared, add a cup of water and, if the
+apples are sour, a cup of sugar. Cover closely, and bake in a moderate oven several
+hours, or until of a dark red color. Sweet apples and quinces, in the proportion
+of two parts of apple to one of quince, baked in this way, are also good.
+Cut the apples into quarters, but slice the quinces much thinner as they are more
+difficult to cook. Put a layer of quince on the bottom of the dish, and alternate
+with layers of apple until the dish is full. Add cold water to half cover the fruit,
+and stew in the oven, well covered, without stirring, until tender. Fruit cooked
+in this way may be canned while hot and kept for a long period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stewed Apples.</span>&mdash;Pare, quarter and core six or eight tart apples; put them
+into a granite kettle, strew with one cup or less of sugar, add juice of half a
+lemon and a few bits of the yellow rind; cover with boiling water and simmer
+(not boil) until tender. Dish carefully, without breaking, and serve cold.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Green-Apple Sauce.</span>&mdash;For sour green apples it is best to use a sharp silver
+knife, to prevent discoloration. Cut the apples in quarters, remove the cores and
+skin, and drop them as fast as pared into a bowl of cold water. Skim them out
+into a granite kettle with a large bottom, so that there will not be much depth to
+the apples. Add boiling water enough to show among the pieces, cover tightly,
+and cook quickly. Shake the pan occasionally, and as soon as the fruit is soft
+mash it with a silver fork, add sugar to taste, and when it is dissolved remove
+from the fire. Serve hot or cold. This sauce should be free from lumps, light
+colored and not very sweet. A pinch of salt may be an improvement.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple-Sauce For Goose or Pork.</span>&mdash;Pare, quarter and core six tart apples.
+Put them in a granite saucepan, cover with water, boil until tender, and press
+through a colander; add a teaspoonful of butter, a dash of nutmeg or cinnamon,
+and sugar to taste, being careful to keep the sauce tart.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canned Apples.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Rorer's "Philadelphia Cook-Book.")&mdash;To
+four pounds of apples use one pound of sugar, the juice and yellow
+rind of one lemon, and one quart of water. Choose fine ripe Pippins or Bellflowers.
+Pare, core, and throw them into cold water. When you have sufficient
+to fill one or two jars, lift them carefully from the water, weigh, then put them
+in a porcelain-lined kettle, cover with boiling water, bring quickly to the boiling-point,
+and then stand them over a moderate fire, where they will scarcely bubble,
+until tender. While they are cooking, put the sugar and water into another kettle,
+stir with a clean wooden spoon until the sugar is thoroughly dissolved, add the
+lemon, and boil three minutes. With a perforated skimmer lift the apples from
+the water, hold a moment until drained, and then slide them carefully into the
+boiling syrup; continue until the bottom of the kettle is covered; boil until the
+apples are sufficiently tender to admit a straw, then lift them carefully and slide
+one at time into the jar. The jars should be thoroughly cleaned and heated and
+set on a folded wet towel. After passing a silver spoon handle around the inside
+of the filled jar to break any air bubbles present, screw on the top as quickly as
+possible. Stand the jars in a warm place in the kitchen over night, and in the
+morning again tighten the covers and put away in a cool, dark, dry closet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Compote.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Lincoln's "Boston Cook-Book.")&mdash;Make
+a syrup with one cup of sugar, one cup of water, and a square inch of stick
+cinnamon. Boil slowly for ten minutes, skimming well. Core and pare eight or
+ten tart apples and cook until nearly done in the syrup. Drain, and cook them
+for a few minutes in the oven, with the door open. Boil the syrup until almost
+like a jelly. Arrange the apples on a dish for serving, fill the core cavities with
+jelly or marmalade, and pour the syrup over them. Put whipped cream around
+the base and garnish the cream with jelly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Preserves.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Rorer's "Philadelphia Cook-Book.")&mdash;Core
+and pare fine ripe Pippins, and cut them into quarters. Weigh,
+and to each pound allow one pound of granulated sugar and a half pint of boiling
+water, the grated rind of one and the juice of two lemons. Boil the sugar and
+water until clear (about three minutes), skimming when necessary; add the
+lemon juice and rind, then the apples, and <i>simmer</i> gently until they are clear
+and tender, but not broken; then stand aside to cool. When cold put them into
+jars, cover closely, and stand them in a cool, dark place for one week. At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+end of that time turn them carefully into the kettle, bring them to the boiling-point,
+and <i>simmer</i> for five minutes; then return them to the jars, cover closely
+with tissue paper brushed over with the white of an egg, and put in a dark, cool
+place to keep.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Butter.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Rorer's "Philadelphia Cook-Book.")&mdash;This
+should be made from new cider, fresh from the press, and not yet fermented.
+Fill a porcelain-lined kettle with cider, and boil until reduced one-half. Then boil
+another kettleful in the same way, and so continue until you have sufficient quantity.
+To every four gallons of boiled cider allow a half-bushel of nice, juicy apples,
+pared, cored, and quartered. The cider should be boiled the day before you make
+the apple butter. Put the boiled cider in a very large kettle, and add as many
+apples as can be kept moist. Stir frequently, and when the apples are soft beat
+with a wooden stick until they are reduced to a pulp. Cook and stir continuously
+until the consistency is that of soft marmalade and the color is very dark brown.
+Have boiled cider at hand in case it becomes too thick, and apples if too thin.
+Twenty minutes before you take it from the fire add ground cinnamon and nutmeg
+to taste. It requires no sugar. When cold, put into stone jars and cover
+closely.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Jelly.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Rorer's "Philadelphia Cook Book.")&mdash;Lady
+Blush or Fall Pippins are best for jelly. The first make a bright-red jelly,
+and the latter an almost white jelly. Wipe the fruit, cut it into pieces without
+paring or removing the seeds. Put into kettle and barely cover with cold water;
+cover the kettle, and boil slowly until the apples are very tender; then drain
+them through a flannel jelly bag&mdash;do not squeeze or the jelly will be cloudy.
+To every pint of this juice allow one pound of granulated sugar. Put the juice
+into the kettle and bring it quickly to the boiling-point; add the sugar and stir
+until dissolved, and then boil rapidly and continuously until it jellies, skimming
+as a scum rises to the surface. Twenty minutes is usually sufficient for the boiling,
+though not always. After fifteen minutes' boiling begin the testing by taking
+out one teaspoonful of the boiling jelly, pouring it into the bottom of a
+saucepan, and standing it in a cool place for a moment. Scrape it up with the
+side of a spoon, and, if jellied, the surface will be partly solid; if not, boil a few
+minutes longer and try again; as soon as it jellies roll the tumblers in boiling
+water and fill with the boiling liquid. Stand aside until cold and firm (about
+twenty-four hours). If the glasses have lids put them on; if not, cover with two
+thicknesses of tissue paper and paste the edges down over the edge of the tumbler.
+Then moisten the papers with a sponge dipped in cold water, so that when
+it dries it will shrink and be tight. Keep in a cool, dark place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Rose Cream.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. E. E. Kellogg's "Every-Day
+Dishes.")&mdash;Wash, core, slice and cook without paring a dozen fresh Snow apples
+until soft and very dry. Rub through a colander to remove skins, add sugar to
+taste and the beaten whites of two eggs, beating vigorously until stiff; add a
+teaspoonful of rose-water for flavoring, and serve at once or keep on ice. It is important
+that the apples be very dry, as otherwise the cream will not be light.
+Other varieties of apples may be used, and flavored with vanilla or pineapple. It
+is sometimes better to steam the apples than to stew them tender.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Tapioca Pudding.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Lincoln's "Boston Cook-Book.")&mdash;Pick
+over and wash three-quarters of a cup of pearl tapioca. Pour one
+quart of boiling water over it, and cook in the double boiler until transparent;
+stir often and add a half teaspoonful of salt. Core and pare seven apples. Put
+them in a round baking dish and fill the core cavities with sugar and lemon juice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+Pour the tapioca over them and bake until the apples are very soft. Serve hot
+or cold, with sugar and cream. A delicious variation may be made by using half
+pears or canned quinces and half apples.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple and Rice Pudding.</span>&mdash;Steam one cupful of rice in two cupfuls of boiling
+salted water until soft. With this, line a buttered pudding dish on the sides
+and bottom, leaving a portion for the top. Fill the dish with thinly sliced tart
+apples and cover with the remainder of the rice. Put the dish in a steamer and
+steam until the apples are found to be tender by running a fork into them. Set
+it away to cool and invert the dish so that the pudding will come out entire.
+Serve with sweetened cream, thin custard, or fruit sauce. Flavoring may be
+added to the apple according to taste.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dutch Apple Cake.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Lincoln's "Boston Cook-Book.")&mdash;One
+pint flour, one-half teaspoonful salt, two heaping teaspoonfuls
+baking-powder, one-fourth cup butter, one egg, one scant cup milk, four sour
+apples, two tablespoonfuls sugar. Mix the dry ingredients in the order given;
+rub in the butter, beat the egg and mix it with the milk, then stir this into the
+dry mixture. The dough should be soft enough to spread half an inch thick on a
+shallow baking pan. Core, pare and cut four or five apples into eighths; lay
+them in parallel rows on top of the dough, the sharp edge down, and press enough
+to make the edge penetrate slightly. Sprinkle the sugar on the apple. Bake in
+a hot oven twenty or thirty minutes. To be eaten hot with butter as a tea cake,
+or with lemon sauce or with sugar and cream as a pudding.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scalloped Apples.</span> (By consent, from Mrs. Lincoln's "Boston Cook-Book.")&mdash;Mix
+half a cup of sugar and an eighth of a teaspoonful of cinnamon or the
+grated rind of half a lemon. Melt half a cup of butter and stir it into one
+pint of soft bread crumbs; prepare three pints of sliced apples. Butter a pudding
+dish, put in a layer of crumbs, then sliced apple, and sprinkle with sugar;
+then another layer of crumbs, apple, and sugar, until the materials are used.
+Have a thick layer of crumbs on top. When the apples are not juicy, add half a
+cup of cold water; and if not tart apples, add the juice of half a lemon. Bake
+about an hour, covering at first to prevent burning. Serve with cream. Ripe
+berries and other acid fruits may be used instead of the apples, and oat-meal or
+cracked-wheat mush in place of the bread crumbs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brown Betty.</span> (By consent, from "Century Cook-Book.")&mdash;In a quart pudding
+dish arrange alternate layers of sliced apples and bread crumbs; season each
+layer with bits of butter, a little sugar, and a pinch each of ground cinnamon,
+cloves, and allspice. When the dish is full pour over it a half cupful each of molasses
+and water mixed; cover the top with crumbs. Place the dish in a pan
+containing hot water, and bake for three-quarters of an hour, or until the apples
+are soft. Serve with cream or with any sauce. Raisins or chopped almonds improve
+the pudding.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friar's Omelet.</span> (Mrs. Treat.)&mdash;Stew six or seven good-sized apples as for apple-sauce;
+when cooked and still warm stir in one teaspoonful of butter and one
+cupful of sugar; when cold, stir in three well-beaten eggs and a little lemon juice.
+Now put a small piece of butter into a saucepan, and, when hot, add to it a cupful
+of bread crumbs and stir until they assume a light-brown color. Butter a
+pudding mold, and sprinkle on the bottom and sides as many of these bread
+crumbs as will adhere; fill in the apple preparation, sprinkle bread crumbs on
+top, bake it for fifteen or twenty minutes, and turn it out on a good-sized platter.
+It can be eaten with or without a sweet sauce.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baked Apple Dumplings.</span>&mdash;Make a short pie-crust; roll it thin and cut it
+into squares large enough to cover an apple. Select apples of the same size, core
+and pare them, and fill the space with sugar, butter, and a little ground cinnamon
+or nutmeg. Place an apple in each square of pie-crust; wet the edges with water
+or white of egg, and fold together so that the points meet on the top. Pinch and
+turn the edges so that they are fluted. Bake in a moderate oven about forty
+minutes, or until the apples are soft without having lost their form. Serve with
+hard sauce or with sugar and cream.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Steamed Apple Dumplings.</span>&mdash;Core and pare six or eight apples. Make a
+biscuit dough, using four cups of flour, two heaping teaspoonfuls of baking-powder,
+one large tablespoonful of butter, one teaspoonful of salt, and one cup of
+milk. Use more or less milk as is needed to make a soft dough that will roll out
+without being sticky. Roll the dough about half an inch thick and cut in squares
+to cover the apples, as in the preceding recipe, after sweetening and flavoring.
+Place the dumplings on a dinner plate which can be set in the steamer. Steam
+forty minutes and serve from the same plate, with hard sauce or sweetened cream.
+A variation of this recipe, which is sometimes more convenient, is as follows:
+Cut the apples into eighths, and put them, with half a cup of water, into a granite
+pudding pan; roll the biscuit dough out to fit the pan, and cover the apples;
+cover the pan, and steam or cook in the oven. Sprinkle sugar thickly over the
+top and serve in the pudding pan, with hard sauce in another dish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Pie.</span> (By consent, from "Boston Cooking-School Cook-Book," by
+Miss Farmer.)&mdash;Four or five sour apples, one-third cup sugar, one-fourth teaspoon
+grated nutmeg, one-eighth teaspoon salt, one teaspoon butter, one teaspoon
+lemon juice, few gratings lemon rind. Line pie plate with paste. Pare, core, and
+cut the apples into eighths; put row around the plate one-half inch from the
+edge, and work toward the center until the plate is covered; then pile on the
+remainder. Mix sugar, nutmeg, salt, lemon juice and rind and sprinkle over the
+apples. Dot over with butter. Wet edges of under crust, cover with upper crust,
+and press edges together. Bake forty to forty-five minutes in a moderate oven.
+A very good pie may be made without butter or lemon. Cinnamon may be substituted
+for nutmeg. Evaporated apples soaked over night in cold water may be
+used in place of the fresh fruit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Fritters.</span>&mdash;Core and pare three or four apples. Cut them crosswise
+into slices one-third of an inch thick, leaving the opening in the center. Sprinkle
+with lemon, sugar, and spice. Let stand one hour. Dip each slice in fritter batter,
+and fry in deep, hot fat. Drain, and sprinkle with powdered sugar. Serve
+hot, with or without hard sauce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Batter For Fritters.</span>&mdash;One cup flour, one-fourth teaspoonful salt, two-thirds
+cup milk, yolks and whites of two eggs beaten separately, one tablespoonful olive
+oil or melted butter. Mix salt and flour, add milk gradually, yolks of eggs, butter,
+and stiff whites. A tablespoonful of sugar may be added, if liked.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fried Apples.</span>&mdash;Cut slices one-half inch thick across the apple without removing
+skin or core, or cut the apple in quarters and remove the core. Saut�
+the apples in butter or drippings until tender and light brown, but not soft
+enough to lose form. Serve on the same dish with pork chops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apple Water</span> (for invalids).&mdash;Wipe, core and pare one large sour apple.
+Put two teaspoonfuls sugar in the core cavity, and bake until tender. Pour one
+cup boiling water over the baked apple, let it stand one-half hour, strain, and
+serve.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<p>
+American apples abroad:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exports, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comparison of seasons, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Analysis of the apple, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of apple ash, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Apple, what it is, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">business, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">culture, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for the table, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tree, chemistry of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Apple trees in district No. 1, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in district No. 2, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in district No. 3, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in district No. 4, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Birds, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cellars for apples, Evans, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">other, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chemistry of apples, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of apple trees, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of prairie soil, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cider, boiled, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sweet, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vinegar, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cold storage, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Geo. Richardson, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Crabs, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Culls, to use, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Description of varieties:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arkansas Black, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Autumn Pearmain, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Autumn Strawberry, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey's Sweet, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baldwin, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltzby, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ben Davis, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benoni, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bentley's Sweet, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broadwell, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celestia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chenango (Strawberry), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper's Early (White), <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dominie, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Watson, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Oldenburg, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Harvest, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Joe, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Margaret, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Ripe, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Summer Pearmain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English Sweet, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fulton's Strawberry, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gano, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garretson's Early, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilpin, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden Sweet, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimes' Golden Pippin, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haas, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holland Pippin, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hubbardston's Nonsuch, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huntsman's Favorite, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imperial, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ingram, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jefferis, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keswick Codlin, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Tompkins County, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Large Yellow Bough, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawver, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Limber Twig, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Romanite, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lowell, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maiden's Blush, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mammoth Black Twig, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milam, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minkler, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Missouri Pippin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mother, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mountaineer, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muster, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson's (Sweet), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Northern Spy, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ortley, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peck's Pleasant, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pennock, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pewaukee, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rambo, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rawle's Janet, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red Astrachan, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red June, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhode Island Greening, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman Stem, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rome Beauty, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith's Cider, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smokehouse, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snow, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stayman's Summer, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stayman's Winesap, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Summer Queen, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Superb, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweet June, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweet Bough, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty Ounce, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wagener, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wealthy, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Bellflower (see Ortley), <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Juneating, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Pippin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Winter Pearmain, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitney, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winesap, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yellow Transparent, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">York Imperial, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<br />
+Discussion on packages, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on tree washes and borers, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dried apples, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br />
+<br />
+Drugging trees, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Evaporated apples, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br />
+<br />
+Evaporator, Moyer's, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellhouse, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fruit house, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Grain injurious to orchards, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hogs in orchard, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br />
+<br />
+House for apples, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Insects:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bud moth, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canker-worm, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Codling-moth, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curculio, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flat-headed borer, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fringed-wing bud moth, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaf-crumpler, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaf-roller, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Root-louse, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Round-headed borer, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tent-caterpillar, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twig-borer, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twig-girdler, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twig-pruner, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woolly aphis, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Worms, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Irrigation, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Laws for orchardists, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Orchard treatment, by W. D. Cellar, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">culture, by James McNicol, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Packages, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br />
+<br />
+Picking and packing, by D. S. Haines, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sacks, by F. Wellhouse, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quantity in states exceeding Kansas, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Kansas, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Rabbits, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+Rabbit remedies, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br />
+<br />
+Rabbit trap, Wellhouse, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br />
+<br />
+Receipts for cooking apples:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apples, baked, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in "bloom", <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with bread and milk, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">for breakfast, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Brown Betty, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">butter, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">canned, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">compote, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and cream, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dutch cake, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dumplings, baked, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dumplings, steamed, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Friar's omelet, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fried, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fritters, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">jelly, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pie, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">preserves, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and rice pudding, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rose cream, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sauce, baked, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sauce for goose, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sauce, for pork, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sauce, green, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scalloped, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stewed, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">for the table, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tapioca pudding, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">water, for invalids, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Secretary's summary of report, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br />
+<br />
+Sorting table, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<br />
+Spraying, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+Spray mixture, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+State apple production, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Time of apple blooming, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<br />
+Trees, number in first district, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number in second district, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number in third district, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number in fourth district, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Varieties referred to in this book, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+Voted list of apple varieties, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+<br />
+Vinegar, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Washes for borers, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br />
+<br />
+Weight of apples, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<br />
+Wellhouse apple orchard, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+<br />
+Whole-root grafts, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br />
+<br />
+Windbreaks, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br />
+<br />
+Worms, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>REPORTS ON APPLE CULTURE.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First District&mdash;Northeastern Counties.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Atchison county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Henry L., Muscotah, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaylord, J. S., Muscotah, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heath, Seneca, Muscotah, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rice, H. M., Muscotah, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tucker, W. H., Effingham, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilcox, J. B., Muscotah, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brown county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chase, Elbridge, Padonia, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairchild, Ernst, Hiawatha, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gregg, John, Willis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanson, Neils, Willis, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hewett, J. A., Hiawatha, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penny, H. E., Hiawatha, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wise, Geo. T., Reserve, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Clay county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold, A. D., Longford, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper, H. C., Morgantown, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macy, I. N., Longford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marty, S., Longford, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olsen, Theo., Green, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, John, Oak Hill, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanders, Max, Broughton, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolf, Isaac E., Longford, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cloud county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Domony, S. H., Aurora, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howard, P. M., Clyde, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kimmal, Levi, Concordia, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawry, James, Hollis, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mosher, J. B., Lawrenceburg, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Munger, A., Hollis, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Travis, J. T., Aurora, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walton, Reuben, Aurora, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dickinson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barnes, George R., Chapman, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bert, Samuel, Moonlight, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunlap, James, Detroit, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Engle, A. M., Moonlight, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoffman, Eli, Donegal, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, T. E., Pearl, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, J. H., Rhinehart, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Doniphan county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gurwell, Wm., Fanning, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hazen, J. D., Leona, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montgomery, Robt., Troy, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perry, A., Troy, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rea, Joseph C., Brenner, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Douglas county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griesa, A. C., Lawrence, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griesa, A. H., Lawrence, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kern, W. D., Baldwin, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynolds, Samuel, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Franklin county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, David, Richmond, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, Isaac M., Richmond, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Geary county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cutter, Wm., Junction City, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jackson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateman, J. H., Holton, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dixon, F. W., Holton, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Osborne, R. D., Soldier, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, J. W., Holton, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jefferson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atkinson, J. W., Perry, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glaspey, E. M., Nortonville, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gray, E. M., Perry, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kleinhans, A. J., Grantville, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Lou, Perry, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roberts, H. R., Perry, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Johnson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beckley, J. C., Spring Hill, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diehl, E. P., Olathe, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Leavenworth county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barns, D. N., Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaiser, C. D., Lansing, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goble, Francis, Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, William J., Lowemont, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roach, J. H., Lowemont, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Starns, J. B., Fairmount, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stayman, Dr. J., Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellhouse, Walter, Topeka (orchard in Leavenworth county), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Marshall county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stout, Stephen, Axtell, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Morris county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris, F. B., White City, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hathaway, V. E., Council Grove, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Morris county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robinson, W. H., Dunlap, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sample, John E., Beman, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sharp, James, Parkerville, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swanson, Andrew, Dwight, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nemaha county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, T. S., Oneida, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oberndorf, jr., A., Centralia, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riggs, H. C., Wetmore, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruhlin, J. F., Wetmore, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilcox, F. W., Corning, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, James M., Home, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Osage county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dubois, H., Burlingame, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferris, H. L., Osage City, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fine, Godfrey, Maxson, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martindale, C. D., Scranton, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ottawa county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morton, Howard, Tescott, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steele, J. L., Minneapolis, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pottawatomie county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christenson, N., Mariadahl, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanson, J. F., Olsburg, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weltner, M. D., Westmoreland, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Republic county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arbuthnot, Thos., Cuba, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fulcomer, John, Belleville, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Fayette A., Belleville, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Riley county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, James, Leonardville, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Axleton, A. G., Randolph, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffing, W. J., Manhattan, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kimble, Sam., Manhattan, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schermerhorn, F. A., Ogden, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spohr, G. E., Manhattan, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warden, Chas., Leonardville, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Saline county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones, H. L., Salina, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilson, James, Assaria, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Shawnee county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bond, William, Rossville, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buckman, A. H., Topeka, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buckman, Thomas, Topeka, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cecil, J. F., North Topeka, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Higgins, E., Seabrook, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lux, Phillip, Topeka, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moore, A. C., Wanamaker, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wabaunsee county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardiner, C. C., Bradford, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, C. H., Eskridge, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, P. S., Eskridge, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Washington county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Avery, J. B., Clifton, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedker, Theo., Linn, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Thomas, Palmer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campbell, J. C., Campbell, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courter, J. A., Barnes, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graves, John, Day, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houghton, A. E., Weltbote, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sandy, Ed., Linn, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seifert, Frank, Strawberry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spiers, Alexander, Linn, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williamson, Dr. Chas., Washington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolverton, E. K., Barnes, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolverton, Jesse, Barnes, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Young, William, Brantford, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wyandotte county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cellar, W. D., Edwardsville, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chandler, A., Argentine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haines, D. S., Edwardsville, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holsinger, F., Rosedale, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor, Edwin, Edwardsville, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second District&mdash;Northwestern Counties.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Cheyenne county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campbell, B. F., St. Francis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Decatur county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ashcroft, L. P., Shibboleth, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caldwell, J. R., Oberlin, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, Isaac, Oberlin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, P. T., Oberlin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sales, S. H. &amp; Son, Norcatur, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Street, W. D., Oberlin, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wagner, P., Dresden, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ellsworth county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffiths, J. D., Kanopolis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hudson Bros., Kanopolis, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somer, J. W., Wilson, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gove county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royer, Jesse, Gove, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lincoln county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baird, William, Vesper, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kroenlin, John M. C., Lincoln, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noon, Peter, Vesper, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weidman, Jacob, Lincoln, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Logan county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, John E., Winona, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mitchell county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brumage, W. J., Beloit, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder, John, Glen Elder, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perdue, C. A., Beloit, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stockard, W. B., Beloit, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Norton county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stevens, D. E., Norton, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Phillips county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dutcher, F. T. M., Phillipsburg, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rawlins county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, James L., McDonald, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilson, M. A., Atwood, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Smith county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wells, M. E., Athol, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Thomas county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vail, Chas., Colby, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Trego county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Toole, E. W., Collyer, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Third District&mdash;Southwestern Counties.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Barber county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blackmore, A. C., Sharon, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniels, E. T., Kiowa, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huff, A. S., Sharon, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leonhart, B., Kiowa, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Osborne, W. G., Medicine Lodge, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pimm, John, Enon, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White, D. D., Enon, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Barton county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elliott, Geo. T., Great Bend, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gunn, C. L., Heizer, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, Amos, Ellinwood, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moore, Fred., Great Bend, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCullough, Ben., Ellinwood, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rediger, Jacob, Maherville, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Comanche county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hollenback, G. W., Coldwater, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Edwards county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liggitt, J. S., Belpre, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Finney county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craig, James, Garden City, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, John, Garden City, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ford county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drake, A. S., Bucklin, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayrath, Nicholas, Dodge, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patterson, A. N., Ford, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Grant county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miller, Henry, Ulysses, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilson, M. M., Zionville, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gray county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emery, J. O., Cimarron, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Harper county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, John, Harper, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curran, J. C., Curran, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesseph, H. E., Danville, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, Joseph, Bluff City, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Kearny county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longstreth, C. H., Lakin, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Kiowa county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Einsel, A. D., Greensburg, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reeve, E. F., Greensburg, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Kingman county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albright, J. W., Julia, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gosch, John H., Norwich, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leach, L. W., Kingman, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lane county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bradstreet, D. E., Dighton, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Meade county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cox, B. F., Fowler, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vick, G. O., Fowler, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Morton county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morgan, L. G., Richfield, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pawnee county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dickinson, S. S., Larned, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hansberry, F. F., Larned, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pratt county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ablard, L. L., Lawndale, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everhart, J. T., Pratt, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reno county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bainum, Joseph, Langdon, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hinds, John, Olcott, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morgan, E., Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Myers, Dr. James, Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Switzer, A. W., Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rice county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohrer, Dr. G., Chase, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hodgson, H. Clay, Little River, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schlichter, J. B., Sterling, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Seward county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones, Sam., Springfield, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Scott county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McNeal, D. J., Scott, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Stevens county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hockett, Thomas E., Hugoton, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fourth District&mdash;Southeastern Counties.</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Anderson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, Ebert, Welda, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Bourbon county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, S. H., Uniontown, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, F. S., Fulton, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxe, J. B., Fort Scott, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Butler county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diemurt, Chas., Murdock, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garrison, S. F. C., El Dorado, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Price, William, El Dorado, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snyder, Wm., Towanda, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chase county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gamer, Mike, Strong City, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">May, Dick, Elk, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pflager, Chas. F., Elk, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chautauqua county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burden, William, Leeds, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellison, J., Chautauqua, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goodell, J. W., Sedan, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guest, T. H., Grafton, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hart, John, Sedan, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helmick, Jason, Cloverdale, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House, J. K. P., Cloverdale, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhodes, G. W., Lowe, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, W. N., Brownsville, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dennison, A. S., Columbus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haines, L. J., Galena, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neil, Henry, Weir, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seibert, D. C., Columbus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Thomas W., Baxter Springs, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Coffey county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, S. B., Waverly, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kendrick, C. L., Waverly, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mark, R. N., Strawn, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schenck, Geo., Le Roy, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weatherby, S. S., Le Roy, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cowley county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bilsing, J. H., Udall, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keller, Johnson, Arkansas City, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savage, F. M., Burden, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wahlenmaier, Fred., Arkansas City, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Crawford county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French, W. M., Chicopee, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Elk county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Condra, H. A., Longton, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Greenwood county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barngrover, W. M., Hamilton, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Harvey county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hackney, J. S., Walton, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lehman, David, Halstead, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saltzman, A. J., Burrton, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Labette county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hildreth, C. E., Altamont, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hildreth, Geo. A., Altamont, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanford, N., Oswego, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wickersham, C. G., Parsons, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Linn county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cozad, D. W., La Cygne, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleeharty, W. M., La Cygne, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lyon county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beavers, E. O., Ottumwa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambers, A. D., Hartford, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cochran, J. T., Ottumwa, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walters, W. T., Emporia, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Marion county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fraser, D. J., Peabody, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McNicol, James, Lost Springs, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br />
+<br />
+McPherson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heckethorn, O. W., McPherson, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montgomery county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowen, P. C., Cherryvale, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good, Jacob, Coffeyville, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kenoyer, F. L., Independence, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mullineaux, J. A., Cherryvale, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross, J. C., Havana, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Neosho county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardner, W. W., Chanute, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Record, O. M., Thayer, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sedgwick county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ayers, G. K., Furley, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, R. E., Wichita, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sumner county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, D. M., Rome, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wilson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burnett, F. H., Benedict, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham, R. O., Altoona, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magill, John A., Roper, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roney, B., Benedict, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Woodson county:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davidson, C. R., Yates Center, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lovett, L. L., Toronto, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mann, A. B., Toronto, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h2>
+
+<p>There was no table of contents in the original; I added a short one for the reader's
+convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'horticulural' to 'horticultural' on page 4: "horticultural societies".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'CoO' (cobalt oxide) to 'CaO' (calcium oxide) in header of table on page 7.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers in table No. 1 on page 9 only add to 97 lbs. I left them as is. A
+good guess would be that water should be 85.66 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>Changed '49<span class="frac"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>9</sub></span>' to '45<span class="frac"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>9</sub></span>' to correct the arithmetic on page 9: "averaging 45<span class="frac"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>9</sub></span>
+pounds per barrel".</p>
+
+<p>The last two lines of text on page 11,
+"like this: One barrel Ben Davis, $3.80; freight, $1.35; commission, 20 cents;
+net proceeds, $2.25. This is supposing they should reach the other side loose.",
+apparently belong on page 12. They were moved after
+"A report of sales would read something".</p>
+
+<p>The acreages for the Wellhouse orchards don't add up right on page 14,
+but I just left them as is.</p>
+
+<p>On pages 29 and 30, there are two varieties both called Haas. I've left them
+as is.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'greet' to 'great' on page 40: "on a great variety of soils".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Average' to 'Acreage' in table on page 42 to be consistent with other tables:
+"Acreage, about".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page 43: "canker-worm and
+tent-caterpillar".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'successfuly' to 'successfully' on page 43: "never successfully combated".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Kanses' to 'Kansas' on page 48: "suitable for Kansas".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'togther' to 'together' on page 48: "two furrows together".</p>
+
+<p>Left 'oak plant sixteen feet long' on page 52, although I suspect the
+author meant 'plank'.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'wifh' to 'with' on page 58: "with a knife".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'occassion' to 'occasion' on page 63: "had no occasion".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page 66: "canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bud moth".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'of' on page 67: "amount of water".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'staight' to 'straight' on page 69: "set them up straight".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'paris' to 'Paris' on page 72: "London purple and Paris green".</p>
+
+<p>Changed comma to period on page 75: "planted two rods apart around
+orchard."</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Domine' to 'Dominie' on page 75: "Early Harvest and
+Dominie".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'spliting' to 'splitting' on page 76: "keep from splitting".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'caterpillas' to 'caterpillars' on page 81: "the [tent] caterpillars".</p>
+
+<p>Changed comma to period on page 81: "Winesap and Rawle's Janet keep
+best."</p>
+
+<p>Added comma on page 82: "Westmoreland, Pottawatomie county".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'mixure' to 'mixture' on page 86: "with Bordeaux mixture".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'empyting' to 'emptying' on page 89: "emptying into bushel boxes".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra period at end of sentence on page 93: "with London purple."</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'fell' to 'fall' on page 94: "fall web-worm".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'the' on page 102: "all the way down".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'out' on page 104: "twenty out of twenty-four".</p>
+
+<p>Left the text "I plant potatoes or sweet corn in a bearing orchard" on page 116,
+although it seems more likely that "non-bearing" was intended.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'filed' to 'filled' on page 122: "filled with sweet water".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'a' between 'I' and 'plow' on page 124: "I plow shallow".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'stable-litter' to 'stable litter' on page 129: "with stable litter".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'north-east' to 'northeast' on page 129 for spelling
+consistency: "a northeast slope".</p>
+
+<p>Removed repeated word 'for' on page 141: "wind does it for me".</p>
+
+<p>Changed period to semi-colon on page 143: "plant nothing;".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'nor' to 'not' on page 143: "Do not spray".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page 144: "tent-caterpillar and borers".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra hyphen after 'in' on page 146: "in the orchard".</p>
+
+<p>Changed comma to period to end sentence on page 155: "in the order named.".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Tomkins' to 'Tompkins' on page 155: "King of Tompkins County".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'thing' to 'think' on page 164: "think it advisable".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'culivator' to 'cultivator' on page 167: "plow and cultivator".</p>
+
+<p>Changed comma to period to end sentence on page 167: "they thin themselves.".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'windbreake' to 'windbreaks' on page 170: "windbreaks are essential".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'nothwest' to 'northwest' on page 170: "northwest aspect".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'two-year old' to 'two-year-old' on page 171: "two-year-old medium-sized trees".
+Also on page 174: "prefer two-year-old trees".</p>
+
+<p>Changed comma to period to end sentence on page 176: "repack stored apples
+before marketing.".</p>
+
+<p>Inserted hyphen on page 179: "codling-moth".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'yearss' to 'years' on page 184: "eighteen years".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'a' on page 187: "a couple of inches".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'cornstalks' to 'corn-stalks' on page 188 to be consistent with all other
+spellings: "the ever-present corn-stalks".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'of' on page 189: "part of the risk".</p>
+
+<p>Changed garbled text 'o beet nasily see' to 'to be easily seen' on page 196.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'figures 3 and 5' to 'figures 3 <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>' on page 204 to
+match up with the figures.</p>
+
+<p>The caption for figure 4 on page 205 is missing the explanation for figures <i>c</i>
+and <i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'coccoon' to 'cocoon' on page 206: "spin a cocoon".</p>
+
+<p>Removed extra word 'a' between 'one' and 'at' on page 220: "one at time into the jar".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Domine' to 'Dominie' on page 225: "Dominie, 39".</p>
+
+<p>Changed 'Burrto' to 'Burrton' on page 229: "Saltzman, A. J., Burrton".</p>
+
+<p>Kept both 'leaf-crumpler' and 'leaf-crumbler', though I suspect the different writers
+meant the same insect.</p>
+
+<p>Kept inconsistent spelling of
+'Axelton' and 'Axleton';
+'bagworm' and 'bag-worm';
+'Belleflower', 'Bell-flower' and 'Bellflower';
+'Christensen' and 'Christenson';
+'Domony' and 'Domoney';
+'Gennetting', 'Genneting' and 'Gennettan';
+"Grimes'" and "Grimes's";
+'jackknife' and 'jack-knife';
+'Lovett' and 'Lovette';
+'McCullogh' and 'McCullough';
+'Morganville' and 'Morgantown';
+'Nonsuch' and 'Nonesuch';
+'Pippin' and 'Pippen';
+'pollenizer' and 'pollinator';
+'round-headed' and 'roundheaded';
+'Sayles' and 'Sales';
+'soap-suds' and 'soapsuds';
+'Spitzenburg' and 'Spitzenberg';
+'Vandevere' and 'Vandervere'.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apple, by Various
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 19:56:19 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 19:56:19 -0700
commit	90470037506ba4487d02cd8f282e019f5cec98d2 (patch)
tree	3986f64aea953ca8b9fdd1765de5f58d4fde156f /31729-h